As a radical group Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is called a succinyl (/ˈsʌksɪnəl/) group.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white, odorless solid.
CAS Number: 110-15-6
EC Number: 203-740-4
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
Linear Formula: HOOCCH2CH2COOH
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4
SYNONYMS:
succinic acid, butanedioic acid, 110-15-6, Amber acid, Asuccin, Dihydrofumaric acid, Wormwood acid, Katasuccin, Bernsteinsaure, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, Wormwood, Succinicum acidum, Butandisaeure, Acidum succinicum, Butanedionic acid, Kyselina jantarova, Butane diacid, Ethylene dicarboxylic acid, acide succinique, Bernsteinsaure [German], Bernsteinsaeure, Kyselina jantarova [Czech], HSDB 791, acide butanedioique, NSC 106449, UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L, AB6MNQ6J6L, AI3-06297, EINECS 203-740-4, MFCD00002789, succ, NSC-106449, BRN 1754069, DTXSID6023602, E363, FEMA NO. 4719, CHEBI:15741, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, DTXCID303602, EC 203-740-4, 4-02-00-01908 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NSC25949, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic Acid, NCGC00159372-02, NCGC00159372-04, Succinellite, Sal succini, WLN: QV2VQ, SUCCINIC ACID (II), SUCCINIC ACID [II], SIN, SUCCINIC ACID (MART.), SUCCINIC ACID [MART.], Succinic Acid; Butanedioic acid, Ethylene succinic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, butandisaure, succinic-acid, sodium succinate (anhydrous), SUCCINIC ACID (USP IMPURITY), SUCCINIC ACID [USP IMPURITY], succinate, 9, CAS-110-15-6, ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Succinic acid [NF], Succinic acid (8CI), 1,4 Butanedioic Acid, Butanedioic acid (9CI), Dihydrofumarate, Succinicate, Butanedioic acid diammonium salt, 1cze, 1,4-Butanedioate, Succinic acid, 6, Succinic acid, FCC, Succinic Acide,(S), SuccinicAcid(IndustrialGrade&FoodGrade), Succinic acid, 99%, Succinic acid, natural, 4lh2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, suc, Succinic acid, ACS grade, bmse000183, bmse000968, CHEMBL576, SUCCINIC ACID [MI], SUCCINIC ACID [FCC], A 12084, SUCCINIC ACID [HSDB], SUCCINIC ACID [VANDF], GTPL3637, SUCCINIC ACID [USP-RS], SUCCINIC ACID [WHO-DD], SUCCINICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], BDBM26121, Succinic acid (Butanedioic acid), HMS3885O04, HY-N0420, STR02803, Tox21_111612, Tox21_201918, Tox21_303247, BBL002473, LMFA01170043, Succinic acid, Amber acid, Asuccin, Bernsteinsaure, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Wormwood acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Wormwood, Kyselina jantarova, Acid of amber, Ethylene succinic acid, Sal succini, Salt of amber, Succinellite, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, NSC 106449, Succinate, Butanedioic acid, Butanedioate, Dihydrofumaric acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, amber acid, asuccin, dihydrofumaric acid, bernsteinsaure, katasuccin, wormwood acid, succinate, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid, Butanedioic Acid-13C2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic Acid-13C2, 1,4-Butanedioic Acid-13C2, A 12084-13C2, Amber Acid-13C2, Asuccin-13C2, Dihydrofumaric Acid-13C2, Katasuccin-13C2, Wormwood Acid-13C2, Yantar-antitox-13C2, Butanedioic-1,4-13C2 acid, Succinic-1,4-13C2 acid, SA,Butanedioic acid,AMBER ACID,Wormwood,008008-93-3,Succnic acid,Succinic acid（N）,SUCCINIC ACID FCC,Succinic acid ACS,Succinic acid, 99%, NSC-25949, NSC106449, s3791, STK387105, Succinic acid, >=99%, FCC, FG, Succinic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%, AKOS000118899, Tox21_111612_1, CCG-266069, DB00139, NCGC00159372-03, NCGC00159372-05, NCGC00159372-06, NCGC00257092-01, NCGC00259467-01, Succinic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, BP-21128, Succinic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, CS-0008946, NS00002272, S0100, Succinic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Succinic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EN300-17990, Succinic acid, purum p.a., >=99.0% (T), Succinic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), C00042, D85169, Succinic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, AB01332192-02, Q213050, SR-01000944556, J-002386, SR-01000944556-2, Z57127453, F2191-0239, 37E8FFFB-70DA-4399-B724-476BD8715EF0, Succinic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Succinic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (T), matrix substance for MALDI-MS, Y99.5%(T), Succinic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8, Succinic acid, matrix substance for MALDI-MS, >=99.5% (T), Ultra pure, Succinic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Succinic acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, Succinic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 26776-24-9, Butanedioic acid, Succinic acid, Butanedioic acid, Succinic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4 Butanedioic acid, 1,4-Butanedioate, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), 1cze, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose, Amber acid, Asuccin, butanedioic acid, ion(2-), Dihydrofumarate, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Succinate, Wormwood acid, Acide butanedioique, Acide succinique, Acidum succinicum, Bernsteinsaeure, Butandisaeure, Butanedionic acid, e363, Ethylenesuccinic acid, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, Spirit OF amber, Butanedionate, Ethylenesuccinate, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4 Butanedioic acid, Ammonium succinate, Butanedioic acid, Potassium succinate, Succinate, ammonium, Succinate, potassium, 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-GlcNAc, N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-Acetylchitosamine, N Acetyl D glucosamine, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose, 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglucose, Acetylglucosamine
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white, odorless solid.
In an aqueous solution, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) ionizes to anions (that is, conjugates to a conjugate base) called succinate , which plays a role in the citric acid cycle
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a four-carbon acyclic dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a flavoring agent, contributing a sour and astringent component characteristic of the umami taste.
The anion, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), is a key component of the citric acid or TCA cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase (SDH) plays an important role in mitochondrial function, being both part of the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle.
SDH, with a covalently attached FAD prosthetic group, is able to bind several different enzyme substrates (succinate and fumarate) and physiological regulators (oxaloacetate and ATP).
Oxidizing succinate links SDH to the fast-cycling Krebs cycle portion where it participates in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA throughout the entire Krebs cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also a microbial metabolite. Indeed, urinary succinic acid is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Proteus mirabilis, Citrobactes frundii, Enterococcus faecalis.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also found in Actinobacillus, Anaerobiospirillum, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium and Basfia.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also known as “Spirit of Amber.”
When it was first discovered, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was extracted from amber by pulverizing and distilling it using a sand bath.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a carboxylic acid used in food (as an acidulant), pharmaceutical (as an excipient), personal care (soaps) and chemical (pesticides, dyes and lacquers) industries.
Bio-based Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is seen as an important platform chemical for the production of biodegradable plastics and as a substitute of several chemicals (such as adipic acid).
Studies conducted within the food industry show Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has anti-oxidant properties: even though this does not imply the same will be exerted when the substance is applied topically, it gives an indication that suitable tests could be carried out to understand whether Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) maintain such effect once formulated in a cosmetic product.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used as an intermediate to manufacture several chemicals, amongst which raw materials for the cosmetic and personal-care industry, e.g. emollients, surfactants and emulsifiers.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with a pair of carboxylic acid functional groups.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is widely used in the food industry as a chelating agent and as a pH adjuster.
The FDA has granted Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) with the GRAS status (Generally Recognised as Safe Substance).
The terminal carboxylic acid groups can react with primary amine groups in the presence of activators (e.g. EDC, or HATU) to form a stable amide bond.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a calcium salt of succinic acid that can be used as a chemical reagent.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has been shown to have protective effects against ischemic preconditioning, which may be due to its ability to inhibit the production of nitric oxide.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a crystalline carboxylic acid, HOOC(CH2)2COOH, that occurs in amber and certain plants.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) forms during the fermentation of sugar (sucrose).
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white crystals or shiny white odorless crystalline powder. pH of 0.1 molar solution: 2.7.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has very acid taste.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), also referred to as butanedioic acid, is an organic acid, which can be synthesized by various microorganisms from different carbon sources.
In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling.
As such, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.
Dysregulation of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is marketed as food additive E363.
The name of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber.
In 2004, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was placed on the US Department of Energy's list of top 12 platform chemicals from biomass.
Acylation with Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is called succination.
Oversuccination occurs when more than one Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) adds to a substrate
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) appears as white crystals or shiny white odorless crystalline powder.
pH of 0.1 molar solution of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is 2.7.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has very acid taste.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has a role as a nutraceutical, a radiation protective agent, an anti-ulcer drug, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a conjugate acid of a succinate(1-).
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Phomopsis velata, and other organisms with data available.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.
The anion, succinate, is a component of the citric acid cycle capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is created as a byproduct of the fermentation of sugar.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) lends to fermented beverages such as wine and beer a common taste that is a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a common intermediate in the metabolic pathway of several anaerobic and facultative micro-organisms.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), a dicarboxylic acid, is a relatively new nonhygroscopic product approved for food uses.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid)'s apparent taste characteristics in foods appear to be very similar to the other acidulants of this type, although pure aqueous solutions tend to have a slightly bitter taste.
USES and APPLICATIONS of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a starting material in the synthesis of new elastic polyesters, fumaric acid, succinic anhydride and alkyd resins.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid)'s derivative viz diethyl ester is used as a substrate in the Stobbe condensation.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used crystallization grade pH 7 for formulating screens or for optimization.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) plays an important role as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry, as an excipient in pharmaceutical products and acts as a cocrystallising agent in organic synthesis.
Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following products: adsorbents, fertilisers, inks and toners, washing & cleaning products, water softeners, adhesives and sealants, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, polymers and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), or its anion succinate, is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products to control acidity or as a counter ion.
In 2004, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was identified by the Department of Energy of the United States of America as one of twelve molecules that can be produced from plant sugars through biological or chemical processes and that have a potential to subsequently be converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was primarily used externally for rheumatic aches and pains.
Almost infinite esters can be obtained from carboxylic acids.
Esters are produced by combining an acid with an alcohol and removal of a water molecule.
Carboxylic acid esters are used in a variety of direct and indirect applications.
Lower chain esters are used as flavoring base materials, plasticizers, solvent carriers and coupling agents.
Higher chain compounds are used as components in metalworking fluids, surfactants, lubricants, detergents, oiling agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, textile treatments and emollients.
Esters are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of a variety of target compounds.
The almost infinite esters provide a wide range of viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.
Producing five heterocyclic compounds, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as an intermediate for dyes, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals, alkyd resins, plasticizers, metal treatment chemicals, and coatings.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used in the manufacture of medicines for sedatives, antispasmers, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoers, contraceptives, and cancer-curing.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, anti-freeze products, metal surface treatment products, heat transfer fluids, hydraulic fluids, washing & cleaning products, fertilisers, water softeners and cosmetics and personal care products.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction, health services and scientific research and development.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used for the manufacture of: and plastic products. Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, water softeners, cosmetics and personal care products, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners, paper chemicals and dyes and polymers.
Release to the environment of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, metal surface treatment products, leather treatment products, metal working fluids and laboratory chemicals.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and scientific research and development.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture, in the production of articles and as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was identified in essential oil from Saxifraga stolonifera and has antibacterial activity.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is widely use as organic intermediates for the pharmaceutical, engineering plastics, resins etc.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used for the synthesis of sedatives, contraceptives and cancer drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the chemical industry for the production of dyes, alkyd resin, glass fiber reinforced plastics, ion exchange resins and pesticides.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an acidulant that is commercially prepared by the hydrogenation of maleic or fumaric acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a nonhygroscopic acid but is more soluble in 25°c water than fumaric and adipic acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has low acid strength and slow taste build-up.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is not a substitute for normal acidulants.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) combines with proteins in modifying the plasticity of bread dough. Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) functions as an acidulant and flavor enhancer in relishes, beverages, and hot sausages.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as an analytical reagent for the determination of nitrate reductase activity in biological samples.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used as a reagent for coordination geometry in organic chemistry.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has a wide range of applications in agricultural, food and pharmaceutical industries.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also utilized as a raw material in the industrial chemical synthesis of numerous chemicals including adipic acid, 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, succinate salts and γ-butyrolactone.
In addition, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can also be used in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers such as polybutyrate succinate (PBS), polyamides and green solvents.
Succinic anhydride, in contrast, is the only commercially available anhydride for food uses.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a dietary supplement for symptoms related to menopause such as hot flashes and irritability.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used to manufacture polyurethanes, paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants, artificial leathers, cosmetics and personal care products, biodegradable plastics, nylons, industrial lubricants, phthalate-free plasticizers, and dyes & pigments.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the preparation of active calcium succinate, as a starting material for active pharmaceutical ingredients (adipic acid, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, succinate salts, etc.), as an additive in drug formation, for medicines of sedative, antispasmer, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoter, contraception and cancer curing, in the preparation of vitamin A and anti-Inflammatory, and as antidote for toxic substance.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is commonly used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) plays a role in the citric acid cycle, an energy-yielding process and is metabolized by succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase (SDH) plays an important role in the mitochondria, being both part of the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle.
SDH with a covalently attached FAD prosthetic group, binds enzyme substrates (succinate and fumarate) and physiological regulators (oxaloacetate and ATP).
Oxidizing Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) links SDH to the fast-cycling Krebs cycle portion where it participates in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA throughout the whole Krebs cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e.g. malate.
Mutations in the four genes encoding the subunits of succinate dehydrogenase are associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations (i.e.: Huntington's disease.
Succinate also acts as an oncometabolite.
Succinate inhibits 2-oxoglutarate-dependent histone and DNA demethylase enzymes, resulting in epigenetic silencing that affects neuroendocrine differentiation.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
-Precursor to polymers, resins, and solvents:
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic acid as a precursor.
The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on BDO to produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing beams.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications.
-Food and dietary supplement:
As a food additive and dietary supplement, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.
As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion.
Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) and its derivatives are used as flavoring agents for food and beverages.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) could be used as feedstock for dyes, insecticides, perfumes, lacquers, as well as in the manufacture of clothing, paint, links, and fibers.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is widely used in medicine as an antistress, antihypoxic, and immunity-improving agent, in animal diets, and as a stimulator of plant growth.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also a component of bio-based polymers such as nylons or polyesters.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) esters are precursors for the known petrochemical products such as 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, c-butyrolactone, and various pyrrolidinone derivatives.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) production by Y. lipolytica was reported for the first time when it was grown on ethanol under aerobic conditions and nitrogen limitation.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) amount was 63.4 g/L as the major product of batch fermentation in this process.
However, the disadvantage was low yield of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) on ethanol (58 %), and a high cost of production.
Kamzolova et al. developed a novel process for the production of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid).
It includes the synthesis of a-ketoglutaric acid by a thiamine-auxotrophic strain Y. lipolytica VKMY-2412 from n-alkanes, and subsequent oxidation of the acid by hydrogen peroxide to Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid).
The concentration of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) and its yield were found to be 38.8 g/L and 82.45 % of n-alkane consumed, respectively.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) production was also studied by genetically modified strains using glucose and glycerol as substrates.
Yuzbashev et al. constructed temperaturesensitive mutant strains with mutations in the Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase encoding gene SDH1 by in vitro mutagenesis-based approach.
Then, the mutants were used to optimize the composition of the media for selection of transformants with the deletion in the SDH2 gene.
The defects of each Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase subunit prevented the growth on glucose, but the mutant strains grew on glycerol and produced succinate in the presence of the buffering agent CaCO3.
Subsequent selection of the strain with deleted SDH2 gene for increased viability was allowed to obtain a strain that is capable to accumulate Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) at the level of more than 450 g/L with buffering and more than 17 g/L without buffering.
Therefore, a reduced Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase activity can lead to an increased succinate production.
Y. lipolytica is able to produce Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) at low pH values.
High amounts of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can be achieved by genetic engineering
OTHER ANIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*sodium succinate
RELATED CARBOXYLIC ACIDS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*propionic acid
*malonic acid
*butyric acid
*malic acid
*tartaric acid
*fumaric acid
*valeric acid
*glutaric acid
ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*Fatty acids and conjugates
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds
SUBSTITUENTS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*Fatty acid
*Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound
FEATURES OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*Sterile filtered solution
*Formulated in Type 1+ ultrapure water: 18.2 megaohm-cm resistivity at 25°C, < 5 ppb Total Organic Carbon, bacteria free (
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Historically, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber.
Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol. Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also produced from butane via maleic anhydride.
Global production of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is estimated at 16,000 to 30,000 tons a year, with an annual growth rate of 10%.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2.
This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation. Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can be used to derive 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran.
BIOCHEM/PHYSIOL ACTIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a byproduct of anaerobic fermentation in microbes.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid and an intermediate in Kreb′s cycle.
Polymorphism in Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase leads to succinate accumulation.
High levels of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) impair 2-oxoglutarate epigenetic signalling.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) levels may modulate tumor progression.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) inhibits histone demethylation and may contribute to epigenetic changes.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is crucial for interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) synthesis during inflammation and immune signalling.
OCCURRENCE OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is found in all plant and animal materials as a result of the central metabolic role played by this dicarboxylic acid in the Citric Acid Cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) concentrations are monitored in the manufacture of numerous foodstuffs and beverages, including wine, soy sauce, soy bean flour, fruit juice and dairy products (e.g. cheese).
The ripening process of apples can be followed by monitoring the falling levels of succinic acid.
The occurrence of > 5 mg/kg of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) in egg and egg products is indicative of microbial contamination.
Apart from use as a flavouring agent in the food and beverage industries, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) finds many other non-food applications, such as in the production of dyes, drugs, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals and coolants.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is widely distributed in almost all plants, animals and microorganisms where it is a common intermediate in the intermediary metabolism.
A way to utilise this is with fermentation of biomass by microorganisms.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is therefore a good candidate for biobased industrial production.
A concept for a large scale production plant is patented by the company Diversified Natural Products.
The plant consists of a fermentation stage and a separation stage.
During the separations the Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) produced in the fermenter is crystallised to the final product, succinic acid.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a normal constituent of almost all plant and animal tissues.
Succinic anhydride is the dehydration product of the acid. Succinic acid was first obtained as the distillate from amber (Latin, Succinum) for which it is named.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) occurs in beet, brocoli, rhubarb, sauerkraut, cheese, meat, molasses, eggs, peat, coal, fruits, honey, and urine.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is formed by the chemical and biochemical oxidation of fats, by alcoholic fermentation of sugar, and in numerous catalyzed oxidation processes.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also a major byproduct in the manufacture of adipic acid.
AIR AND WATER REACTIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is slightly water soluble.
REACTIVITY PROFILE OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) reacts exothermically to neutralize bases, both organic and inorganic.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt.
Such reactions are slow in the dry, but systems may absorb water from the air to allow corrosion of iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) reacts slowly with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) reacts with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) may generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) may react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can be oxidized exothermically by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) may initiate polymerization reactions.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Traditionally, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is produced by petrochemical synthesis using the precursor maleic acid.
However, there are some microorganisms that are able to produce Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) (e.g. Actinobacillus succinogenes, Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens and Mannheimia succiniciproducens).
Maximum product concentrations of 106 g.L-1 with a yield of 1.25 mol of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) per mole of glucose and a productivity of 1.36 g.L-1.h-1 have been achieved by growing A. succinogenes on glucose .
A high productivity of 10.40 g.L-1.h-1 has been reached with A. succinogenes growing on a complex medium with glucose in a continuous process with an integrated membrane bioreactor-electrodialysis process.
In this process, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) concentration has been 83 g.L-1 .
Moreover, metabolic engineering methods were used to develop strains (e.g. C. glutamicum, E. coli, S. cervisiae and Y. lipolytica) with high productivity and titer as well as low byproduct formation.
For example, growing C. glutamicum strain DldhA-pCRA717 on a defined medium with glucose, a high productivity of 11.80 g.L-1.h-1 with a yield of 1.37 mol of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) per mole of glucose and a titer of 83 g.L-1 has been reported after 7 h.
An extended cultivation resulted in a product concentration of 146 g.L-1 after 46 h.
PREPARATION OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can also be manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of malic or fumaric acids.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has also been produced commercially by aqueous acid or alkalihydrolysis of succinonitrile derived from ethylene bromide and potassium cyanide.
Today Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is mainly produced from fossil resources through maleic acid hydrogenation.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can also be produced through fermentation of sugars.
In that case, in addition to Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), other carboxylic acids (such as lactic acid, formic acid, propionic acid) and alcohols (such as ethanol) are also obtained.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid),C02H(CH2)2C02H, also known as butanedioic acid,butane diacid, and amber acid, is a colorless odorless prisms or white crystalline powder that melts at 185°C (364 of).
Soluble in water and alcohol, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a chemical intermediate,
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in lacquers,medicine,dyes,and as a taste modifier.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste.
In an aqueous solution, succinic acid readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) (/ˈsʌksɪneɪt/).
As a diprotic acid, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) undergoes two successive deprotonation reactions:
(CH2)2(CO2H)2 → (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− + H+
(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− → (CH2)2(CO2)22− + H+
The pKa of these processes are 4.3 and 5.6, respectively.
Both anions are colorless and can be isolated as the salts, e.g., Na(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) and Na2(CH2)2(CO2)2.
In living organisms, primarily Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), not succinic acid, is found.
As a radical group Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is called a succinyl (/ˈsʌksɪnəl/) group.
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
pKa: 4.16 (at 25°C)
Form: Powder/Solid
Color: White to off-white
pH: 3.65 (1 mM solution); 3.12 (10 mM solution); 2.61 (100 mM solution)
Odor: Wormwood at 100%
Odor Type: Herbal
Water Solubility: 80 g/L (20°C)
Merck: 14,8869
BRN: 1754069
Dielectric Constant: 2.4 (26°C)
Stability: Stable.
InChIKey: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.59
CAS DataBase Reference: 110-15-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA 21 CFR: 184.1091; 582.1091
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): SUCCINIC ACID
SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances): Succinic acid
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: AB6MNQ6J6L
NIST Chemistry Reference: Butanedioic acid(110-15-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Succinic acid (110-15-6)
Molecular Weight: 118.09 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 118.02660867 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 118.02660867 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 92.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Molecular Weight: 118.09
EC Number: 203-740-4
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
Molar Mass: 118.088 g·mol−1
Density: 1.56 g/cm3
Melting Point: 184–190 °C (363–374 °F; 457–463 K)
Boiling Point: 235 °C (455 °F; 508 K)
Solubility in Water: 58 g/L (20 °C) or 100 mg/mL
Solubility in Methanol: 158 mg/mL
Solubility in Ethanol: 54 mg/mL
Solubility in Acetone: 27 mg/mL
Solubility in Glycerol: 50 mg/mL
Solubility in Ether: 8.8 mg/mL
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 4.2, pKa2 = 5.6
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): -57.9·10−6 cm3/mol
Physical State: Crystalline
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: Succinic acid
Formula: C4H6O4
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 118.088
Exact Mass: 118.02660868
SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4
Molecular Weight: 118.09 g/mol
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 1110
ChEBI: CHEBI:15741
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Melting Point: 185°C
Color: White
pH: 2.7
Boiling Point: 235°C
Formula Weight: 118.09 g/mol
Physical Form: Powder
Water Solubility: 211 g/L
logP: -0.53
logP: -0.4
logS: 0.25
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.55
Physiological Charge: -2
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Refractivity: 23.54 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.14 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Average Molecular Weight: 118.088
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 118.02660868
CAS Number: 110-15-6
EC Number: 203-740-4
Hill Formula: C₄H₆O₄
Chemical Formula: HOOCCH₂CH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 118.09 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 19 80
Boiling Point: 235 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.57 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Ignition Temperature: 470 °C
Melting Point: 188 °C
pH Value: 2.7 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk Density: 940 kg/m3
Solubility: 58 g/l
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Weight: Average: 118.088
Monoisotopic: 118.02660868
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: Succinic acid
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
SMILES: [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H]
CBNumber: CB9852802
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4 Lewis structure
Molecular Weight: 118.09
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
MOL File: 110-15-6.mol
Melting Point: 185 °C
Boiling Point: 235 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor Pressure: 0-0 Pa at 25℃
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.4002 (lit.)
FEMA: 4719 | SUCCINIC ACID
Flash Point: >230 °F
Storage Temperature: 2-8°C
Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, and methanol.
Insoluble in toluene, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether
FIRST AID MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
HANDLING and STORAGE of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available
