SODIUM DODOXYNOL-40 SULFATE Nom INCI : SODIUM DODOXYNOL-40 SULFATE Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

cas no 6381-77-7 Isoascorbic acid, sodium salt; D-Araboascorbic acid, monosodium salt; D-erythro-Hex-2-enonic acid, gamma-lactone, monosodium salt; Erythorbic Acid Monosodium Salt; Monosodium erythorbate; Neo-cebitate; 2,3-Didehydro-3-O-sodio- D-erythro- hexono-1,4-Lactone; 2,3-Didehidro-3-O-sodio-D- eritro-hexono- 1,4-Lactona: 2,3-Didéhydro-3-O-sodio-D- érythro-hexono-1,4-Lactone; Sodium D-araboascorbate; sodium D-isoascorbate;

SYNONYMS Isoascorbic acid, sodium salt; D-Araboascorbic acid, monosodium salt; D-erythro-Hex-2-enonic acid, gamma-lactone, monosodium salt; Erythorbic Acid Monosodium Salt; Monosodium erythorbate; Neo-cebitate; 2,3-Didehydro-3-O-sodio- D-erythro- hexono-1,4-Lactone; 2,3-Didehidro-3-O-sodio-D- eritro-hexono- 1,4-Lactona: 2,3-Didéhydro-3-O-sodio-D- érythro-hexono-1,4-Lactone; Sodium D-araboascorbate; sodium D-isoascorbate; CAS NO. 6381-77-7

Sodium erythorbate, also known as sodium isoascorbate or sodium D-isoascorbate, is a sodium salt of erythorbic acid.
Sodium erythorbate is a synthetic variation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative in the food industry.
Sodium erythorbate is chemically designated as sodium salt of 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid and is commonly used to enhance the color, flavor, and stability of processed foods.

CAS Number: 6381-77-7
EC Number: 228-973-9

Synonyms: Sodium isoascorbate, Sodium D-isoascorbate, Erythorbic acid sodium salt, Erythorbate de sodium, E316, Antiscorbutine, Sodio eritorbato, Sodio eritórbico, Sodio isoascorbato, Sodio eritorbato



APPLICATIONS


Sodium erythorbate is extensively used as an antioxidant in the food industry.
Sodium erythorbate is added to processed meats such as sausages and bacon to prevent oxidation and maintain color.

Sodium erythorbate helps in preserving the flavor and texture of cured meats during storage.
In the beverage industry, Sodium erythorbate is used to stabilize vitamin C content in fruit juices and soft drinks.

Sodium erythorbate enhances the shelf life of canned fruits and vegetables by preventing discoloration and maintaining quality.
Sodium erythorbate is utilized in bakery products to improve dough handling and maintain freshness.

Sodium erythorbate acts as a dough conditioner, improving the elasticity and texture of baked goods.
Sodium erythorbate is added to dairy products like cheese to prevent oxidative rancidity and extend shelf life.
Sodium erythorbate plays a crucial role in maintaining the color and texture of seafood products during processing and storage.

Sodium erythorbate is used in salad dressings and sauces to prevent color changes and maintain product stability.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as an antioxidant and stabilizer in vitamin and mineral supplements.

Sodium erythorbate finds application in pet foods to preserve nutrient content and enhance product shelf life.
Sodium erythorbate is used in the production of instant noodles to prevent lipid oxidation and maintain quality.

Sodium erythorbate is added to canned soups and ready-to-eat meals to enhance flavor retention and reduce oxidative spoilage.
Sodium erythorbate is employed in the production of frozen foods to preserve color, texture, and nutritional value.
Sodium erythorbate is used in the manufacturing of sauces and condiments to prevent flavor degradation over time.

Sodium erythorbate helps in preserving the quality of fruit jams, jellies, and preserves by preventing color loss and flavor changes.
In the confectionery industry, Sodium erythorbate is added to candies and chocolates to prevent oxidation of fats and oils.

Sodium erythorbate is used in the production of dietary supplements and functional foods for its antioxidant benefits.
Sodium erythorbate is included in salad kits and pre-cut vegetables to maintain crispness and freshness.
Sodium erythorbate plays a role in the preservation of nutritional drinks and meal replacements, ensuring stability of vitamins and minerals.

Sodium erythorbate is used in the production of fermented foods such as pickles and sauerkraut to maintain quality.
Sodium erythorbate is utilized in the preservation of foodservice and institutional foods to extend shelf life and reduce waste.

Sodium erythorbate contributes to the stability of flavorings and seasonings used in processed foods, ensuring consistent taste over time.
Sodium erythorbate serves as a versatile ingredient in the food and beverage industry, contributing to product quality, safety, and consumer satisfaction.

Sodium erythorbate is commonly used in the canning of fruits and vegetables to maintain their natural color and prevent browning.
Sodium erythorbate is employed in the production of fruit-based jams, preserves, and fruit fillings to enhance their shelf stability.

Sodium erythorbate is added to salad dressings and mayonnaise to maintain their texture and prevent flavor degradation.
In the wine industry, Sodium erythorbate is used to prevent oxidation during wine production and bottling.

Sodium erythorbate is utilized in the production of beer to stabilize flavor and prevent oxidative reactions that can alter taste.
Sodium erythorbate is an important additive in the production of frozen desserts like ice cream to prevent crystallization and maintain smooth texture.

Sodium erythorbate is used in the processing of frozen seafood products to retain their natural color and flavor.
Sodium erythorbate finds application in the production of packaged snacks such as potato chips and crackers to extend their shelf life.

Sodium erythorbate is added to breakfast cereals and granola bars to prevent the oxidation of fats and maintain freshness.
Sodium erythorbate is used in the production of canned soups and broths to enhance flavor stability and prolong shelf life.
Sodium erythorbate is employed in the manufacture of infant formulas and baby foods to ensure nutrient retention and safety.

Sodium erythorbate is included in dietary supplements and health drinks for its antioxidant properties, supporting overall health and wellness.
Sodium erythorbate is used in the cosmetic industry in skincare formulations to stabilize active ingredients and maintain product efficacy.

Sodium erythorbate is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry as a stabilizer in oral medications and vitamin preparations.
Sodium erythorbate is added to pet foods and treats to preserve nutrient content and enhance palatability.

Sodium erythorbate is used in the production of processed meats such as ham and turkey to improve color retention and prevent flavor loss.
Sodium erythorbate finds application in the production of sauces and condiments such as ketchup and barbecue sauce to maintain flavor consistency.

Sodium erythorbate is included in nutritional bars and meal replacement shakes to protect vitamins and minerals from degradation.
Sodium erythorbate is used in the production of packaged rice and pasta dishes to prevent rancidity and ensure quality.
Sodium erythorbate is employed in the manufacturing of bakery mixes and doughs to improve dough handling and baking performance.

Sodium erythorbate is added to ready-to-eat meals and convenience foods to preserve texture and flavor during storage and heating.
Sodium erythorbate is used in the production of shelf-stable juices and beverages to maintain their nutrient content and sensory properties.

Sodium erythorbate is employed in the canning of beans and legumes to prevent color fading and maintain product appearance.
Sodium erythorbate is used in the production of processed cheeses and cheese products to prevent oxidation and maintain flavor integrity.
Sodium erythorbate plays a critical role across various industries by enhancing product quality, extending shelf life, and ensuring consumer satisfaction.



DESCRIPTION


Sodium erythorbate, also known as sodium isoascorbate or sodium D-isoascorbate, is a sodium salt of erythorbic acid.
Sodium erythorbate is a synthetic variation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative in the food industry.
Sodium erythorbate is chemically designated as sodium salt of 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid and is commonly used to enhance the color, flavor, and stability of processed foods.

Sodium erythorbate is a white to slightly yellow crystalline powder with a mild odor.
Sodium erythorbate is derived from erythorbic acid, a stereoisomer of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

Sodium erythorbate is highly soluble in water, making it easy to incorporate into various food and beverage applications.
Sodium erythorbate is valued for its antioxidant properties, which help prevent oxidative degradation of food products.

Sodium erythorbate functions by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the formation of undesirable compounds such as nitrosamines in processed meats.
In food preservation, it acts as a preservative by maintaining the color, flavor, and texture of fruits, vegetables, and meats.

The chemical stability of sodium erythorbate allows it to be used in a wide range of pH conditions without losing effectiveness.
Sodium erythorbate is commonly used in the food industry to extend the shelf life of products without impacting taste or nutritional value.
Sodium erythorbate is a versatile ingredient in the production of cured meats, where it helps maintain the pink color and prevents rancidity.

Due to its water solubility, it is also used in beverages to stabilize vitamin C content and improve flavor stability.
Sodium erythorbate is known for its dough-improving properties in baking, aiding in better gluten development and dough handling.
In dairy products, sodium erythorbate helps preserve freshness and prevent oxidative deterioration.

Sodium erythorbate is often added to canned foods to preserve texture and nutritional quality during storage.
Sodium erythorbate is recognized for its role in reducing the need for synthetic additives by enhancing natural preservation methods.

Sodium erythorbate contributes to the safety of processed foods by reducing the risk of microbial growth and spoilage.
The use of sodium erythorbate aligns with consumer preferences for clean-label ingredients in food products.

Sodium erythorbate is an important component in the formulation of nutritional supplements and fortified foods, ensuring stability and efficacy.
Sodium erythorbate has a regulatory status as a safe food additive in many countries, including the United States and the European Union.
Its ability to enhance color retention in food products makes it valuable in enhancing visual appeal and consumer acceptance.

Sodium erythorbate's application in meat processing helps meet industry standards for quality and safety in cured meats.
Sodium erythorbate is effective in reducing the formation of undesirable flavors and odors caused by oxidation in processed foods.

Its usage in food manufacturing supports sustainable practices by reducing food waste and extending product shelf life.
Sodium erythorbate undergoes rigorous testing to ensure its safety and efficacy in food applications before being approved for use.

Sodium erythorbate is essential in the production of ready-to-eat meals and convenience foods, maintaining freshness during distribution.
Sodium erythorbate is a valuable ingredient that plays a critical role in food preservation, antioxidant protection, and quality enhancement across various food and beverage industries.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: White to slightly yellow crystalline powder
Odor: Mild odor
Density: ~1.65 g/cm³ (bulk density)
Melting Point: ~168-172°C (334-342°F)
Solubility:
Highly soluble in water
Slightly soluble in ethanol
pH (1% solution): ~5.5 - 8.0
Molecular Weight: Approximately 216.1 g/mol


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C6H7NaO6
IUPAC Name: Sodium (2R)-2-[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-oxobutanoyl]oxy-2-hydroxypropanoate
CAS Number: 6381-77-7
EC Number: 228-973-9
Synonyms: Sodium isoascorbate, Sodium D-isoascorbate, Erythorbic acid sodium salt
Structure: Sodium erythorbate is the sodium salt of erythorbic acid, which is a stereoisomer of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
Stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
Acidity/Basicity: pH dependent, generally neutral to slightly alkaline in aqueous solutions.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If respiratory irritation occurs due to dust or aerosol exposure, move the person to fresh air.
Allow them to rest in a well-ventilated area.
If breathing difficulties persist or worsen, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse affected skin thoroughly with soap and water.
If irritation or redness develops and persists, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

Flush eyes gently with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness persists after flushing.


Ingestion:

If Sodium erythorbate is ingested accidentally and the person is conscious, rinse their mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical professionals.
Seek immediate medical advice or contact a poison control center.


Personal Protection:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and goggles when handling Sodium erythorbate in bulk or concentrated forms.
Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure to ensure safety.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling Conditions:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, when handling Sodium erythorbate.
Use respiratory protection if there is a risk of inhalation exposure to dust or aerosols.

Handling Precautions:
Avoid direct contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Minimize dust generation by handling Sodium erythorbate in a well-ventilated area or under local exhaust ventilation.
Use tools and equipment that are resistant to corrosion by Sodium erythorbate.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling Sodium erythorbate.
Remove contaminated clothing promptly and wash before reuse.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the chemical.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Clean up spills immediately to prevent environmental contamination.
Use absorbent materials (e.g., vermiculite, sand) to contain and absorb spills.
Dispose of cleanup materials according to local regulations.

Storage Compatibility:
Store Sodium erythorbate in tightly sealed containers to prevent exposure to moisture and air.
Ensure containers are labeled properly with the chemical name and hazard information.
Keep away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizing agents and acids.


Storage Conditions:

Temperature:
Store Sodium erythorbate in a cool, dry place.
Avoid storage in areas subject to direct sunlight or high temperatures, as this may lead to degradation.

Ventilation:
Provide adequate ventilation in storage areas to disperse any potential vapors or dust.

Containers:
Use containers made of materials compatible with Sodium erythorbate, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Ensure containers are tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and moisture ingress.

Segregation:
Store Sodium erythorbate away from foodstuffs, beverages, and animal feed to prevent accidental contamination.

Handling Cautions:
Handle containers carefully to prevent damage and leakage.
Do not store near sources of ignition or combustible materials.

Emergency Preparedness:
Have appropriate spill containment and cleanup materials readily available near storage areas.
Maintain emergency response procedures and contact information for medical assistance in case of exposure or accidents.

ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT ETHYL-4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID SODIUM SALT ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide SODIUM ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE benzoicacid,4-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumsalt Benzoicacid,p-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumderiv. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt SODIUM ETHYLPARABEN EthylParabenSodium ETHYL4-HYDROBENZOATESODIUMSALT BENZOICACID,PARA-HYDROXY-,ETHYLESTER,SODIUMSALT 4-(Sodiooxy)benzoic acid ethyl ester 4-Sodiooxybenzoic acid ethyl ester CAS :35285-68-8

Sodium Etasulfate is a clear, colorless, viscous, and nonflammable liquid that belongs to the sodium sulfate chemical group.


CAS Number: 126-92-1
EC Number: 204-812-8
MDL number: MFCD00042047
Molecular Formula: C8H17NaO4S


Sodium Etasulfate is a solid.
Sodium Etasulfate is a clear, colorless, slightly viscous liquid.
Sodium Etasulfate is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.


Sodium Etasulfate is a clear, colorless, viscous, and nonflammable liquid that belongs to the sodium sulfate chemical group.
Sodium Etasulfate is usually stable; however, it is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Sodium Etasulfate is an alkyl sodium sulfate surfactant.


Sodium Etasulfate is a clear colorless liquid.
Sodium Etasulfate is a colorless liquid.
Sodium Etasulfate is used as wetting agent for the mercerization of cotton and a surfactant in dishwashing detergents


Sodium Etasulfate is an anionic, low-foaming surfactant of the alkyl sulphates group.
Sodium Etasulfate is an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of 2-ethylhexyl sulphate.
Sodium Etasulfate is offered in the form of a clear, colourless to pale yellow liquid with a Hazen scale colour maximum value of about 150.


The active substance content in the solution ranges from 38% to 42%.
Sodium Etasulfate is characterised by low viscosity.
At 20°C, Sodium Etasulfate's density is approximately 1.1 g / mL.
Sodium Etasulfate is a clear, colorless, slightly viscous liquid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SODIUM ETASULFATE:
Sodium Etasulfate is used detergent.
Sodium Etasulfate can be used for stable aqueous suspension formulations.
Sodium Etasulfate is an anionic surfactant that can be used in suspension polymerization.


Sodium Etasulfate is used in the analysis of phenolic compounds through microchip-CE with pulsed amperometric detection.
Sodium Etasulfate is used as charge balancing anions in the synthesis of organo-layered double hydroxides (organo-LDHs).
Sodium Etasulfate is used industrial cleaners, household detergents, textile industry, food industry, foaming agent in the production of drywall, firefighting industry, and oil extraction industry.


Sodium Etasulfate is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
Due to its unique solubility and penetrating action, Sodium Etasulfate is widely used in various end-user industries such as textile, chemical production, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, metal working, and food processing.


Sodium Etasulfate is used as wetting agent in the textile industry.
Sodium Etasulfate is used along with calcium hypochlorite as a bleaching agent.
Sodium Etasulfate is used as mercerizing agent for cotton processing in the chemical industry.


Sodium Etasulfate is employed as intermediate in anoinic surfactants that are used for dishwashing detergents.
Sodium Etasulfate is also used as surfactant in lye washing and peeling process.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Sodium Etasulfate is used to enhance the bactericidal properties of generic antiseptics that are more acidic.


Sodium Etasulfate is also employed as surfactant in penicillin production for breaking undesired reaction conditions.
Sodium Etasulfate exhibits antimycotic properties, making it effective in inhibiting the growth of fungi.
Sodium Etasulfate has the potential to induce genetic damage by binding to DNA and forming adducts.


Furthermore, Sodium Etasulfate can be used in various analytical applications, particularly in wastewater treatment, as well as serving as a preservative for oils and fats.
Sodium Etasulfate is a low-foaming anionic surfactant with excellent wetting properties and outstanding stability in highly electrolyte, alkaline and acidic systems.


Sodium Etasulfate is a profound hydrotropic and wetting agent suitable for use in the production of liquid detergents for household and industrial use such as hard-surface cleaners and alkaline and acid metal degreasers.
Owing to its wetting and penetrating properties Sodium Etasulfate is used as a mercerizing agent in textile industry, in metal galvanization, pickling and brightening, in lye washing and peeling solutions for fruits and vegetables, in fountain solutions for offset printing, wallpaper removal solutions etc.


Sodium Etasulfate is a Sodium salt of 2ethylhexyl sulfate Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate uses and applications include: Wetting agent for electroplating baths, alkaline textile processing aids, industrial cleaners; coemulsifier for polymerization; viscous control in adhesives; food packaging adhesives; in paperpaperboard in contact with aqueousfatty foods; surfactant, detergent, wetting agent, emulsifier, penetrant, stabilizer for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, household and industrial cleaners, metal cleaning, paints, plastics, rubber, food packaging and processing, adhesives; washinglye peeling of fruits and vegetables


Sodium Etasulfate is an anionic surfactant that can be used.
Sodium Etasulfate is used Detergent.
Sodium Etasulfatecan be used for stable aqueous suspension formulations.


Sodium Etasulfate is a low-foaming anionic surfactant with excellent wetting properties and outstanding stability in highly electrolyte, alkaline and acidic systems.
Sodium Etasulfate is a profound hydrotropic and wetting agent suitable for use in the production of liquid detergents for household and industrial use such as hard-surface cleaners and alkaline and acid metal degreasers.


Owing to its wetting and penetrating properties Sodium Etasulfate is used as a mercerizing agent in textile industry, in metal galvanization, pickling and brightening, in lye washing and peeling solutions for fruits and vegetables, in fountain solutions for offset printing, wallpaper removal solutions etc.
Sodium Etasulfate finds diverse applications in various industries, including.


Personal Care: Sodium Etasulfate is used as a foaming and cleansing agent in personal care products, such as shampoos and body washes.
Industrial Cleaning: Sodium Etasulfate acts as an effective detergent in industrial cleaning formulations.
Textile Processing: Sodium Etasulfate is employed in textile processing for its emulsifying properties.


Sodium Etasulfate is generally considered safe when used as intended.
Sodium Etasulfate is used Galvanizing additive / Raw material for acrylic copolymer / Intermediate for organic synthesis
Sodium Etasulfate carries excellent wetting, spreading and hydrotropic proterties.


Sodium Etasulfate can tolorate alkanline condition.
Sodium Etasulfate is mainly applied as the wetting agent in alkaline solution such as textile industry.
Sodium Etasulfate can also added to the aerosol fulmulated product as the spreading agent.


Also Sodium Etasulfate can be used as the hydrotropic agent.
Sodium Etasulfate is used Agricultural Chemicals, Coupling agent, Organic Intermediates, Surfactants & Emulsifiers, Wetting Agents, Accelerators.
Sodium Etasulfate is used as low foam wetting agent in nickel baths at a concentration of 50-250ml/L.


Sodium Etasulfate is also widely used in textile industry as alkaline-resistant scouring agent and mercerizing penetrant.
Cosmetic Uses of Sodium Etasulfate: surfactants, surfactant - emulsifying, and surfactant - hydrotrope



APPLICATION AREAS OF SODIUM ETASULFATE:
*HI&I cleaning
*Emulsion polymerization
*Metalworking
*Textile auxiliaries
*Printing industry
*Agriculture



INDUSTRY OF SODIUM ETASULFATE:
*Cosmetic ,
*Plating ,
*Industrial ,
*Pharmaceutical ,
*Textiles ,
*Adhesives ,
*Plastics ,
*Rubber ,
*Detergent ,
*Cleaners



FUNCTIONS OF SODIUM ETASULFATE:
*Surfactant
*Emulsifier
*Stabilizer



ADVANTAGES OF SODIUM ETASULFATE:
*low foaming properties,
*very good wetting properties,
*good solubility in water,
*easy handling of the product,
*versatile product for multiple applications,
*high stability and interphase activity in concentrated salt and alkali solutions,
*exhibits hydrophilic properties.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM ETASULFATE:
Sodium Etasulfate is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint odor.
Sodium Etasulfate is sparingly soluble in water and commonly used as a surfactant.



WHAT DOES SODIUM ETASULFATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emulsifying
*Hydrotrope
*Surfactant



PRODUCTION METHODS OF SODIUM ETASULFATE:
How Sodium 2-Ethylhexyl Sulfate is Manufactured
Sodium Etasulfate is produced by reacting 2-ethylhexyl alcohol with sulfuric acid, yielding the desired product.
Sodium Etasulfate is then carefully purified to meet industry standards.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM ETASULFATE:
Molecular Formula: C8H17O4S.Na
Molecular Weight: 232.273
appearance at 20°C: clear yellowish liquid
density at 20°C, g/cm3, c.: 1.10
active matter, % wt.: 42 ± 2
pH, 3% aqueous solution: 9.0 - 10.5
Physical state: liquid
Color: yellow, green
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 100 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available

pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: completely miscible
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure 23,3 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,100 - 1,120 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.

Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Molecular Weight： 232.28
Exact Mass： 232.07452447
EC Number： 204-812-8|616-183-0
DSSTox ID： DTXSID1026033
HScode： 2920909090
Density： 1.114 at 71.1 °F
Boiling Point： 205 to 219 °F at 760 mm Hg
Flash Point： greater than 200 °F
Water Solubility： greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68° F
Vapor Pressure： 22.5 mm Hg at 77 °F
Air and Water Reactions： Water soluble.
Reactive Group： Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters
Molecular Weight: 232.27

Appearance: Liquid
Formula: C8H17NaO4S
CAS No.: 126-92-1
SMILES: O=S(OCC(CCCC)CC)(O[Na])=O
Shipping: Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
CAS: 126-92-1
MF: C8H17NaO4S
MW: 232.27
EINECS: 204-812-8
Melting point: 148-149 °C
density: 1.12 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)
vapor pressure : 1.2Pa at 20℃
storage temp. : Store at RT.
solubility: DMSO (Soluble), Water (Soluble)
form: Colourless Solution
Water Solubility: >=10 g/100 mL at 20 ºC

BRN: 5177087
Stability: Stable.
LogP: -0.248 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 126-92-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Sodium ethasulfate (126-92-1)
Molecular Weight: 232.28 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 232.07452447 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 232.07452447 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 210
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: colorless clear liquid (est)
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Flash Point: 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 3.085 (est)
Soluble in: water, 5.843e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Name: Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate
EINECS: 204-812-8
CAS No.: 126-92-1
Density 1.12 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
PSA: 74.81000
LogP: 2.76040

Solubility: >=10 g/100 mL at 20 °C in water
Melting Point: 148-149 °C
Formula: C8H17NaO4S
Boiling Point N/A
Molecular Weight: 232.276
Flash Point: N/A
Transport Information: N/A
Appearance: clear, colorless, slightly viscous liquid
Safety 26: Risk Codes 36/38
IUPAC Name: sodium;2-ethylhexyl sulfate
Molecular Weight: 232.27
Molecular Formula: C8H17NaO4S
Canonical SMILES: CCCCC(CC)COS(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+]
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H18O4S.Na/c1-3-5-6-8(4-2)7-12-13(9,10)11;/h8H,3-7H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10,11);/q;+1/p-1
InChI Key: DGSDBJMBHCQYGN-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Melting Point: 148-149 °C

Density: 1.12 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)
Appearance: Solid
Storage: Store at room temperature
Complexity: 210
EC Number: 204-812-8
Exact Mass: 232.07452447
Formal Charge: 0
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Isomeric SMILES: CCCCC(CC)COS(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+]
MDL Number: MFCD00042047
Monoisotopic Mass: 232.07452447
Physical State: Solid
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.8 Ų



FIRST AID MEASURES of SODIUM ETASULFATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SODIUM ETASULFATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SODIUM ETASULFATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SODIUM ETASULFATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Safety glasses with side-shields
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SODIUM ETASULFATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Normal measures for preventive fire protection.
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 12:
Non Combustible Liquids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SODIUM ETASULFATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Sodium ethasulfate
Tergemist
08-Union Carbide
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, sulfate, sodium salt
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol hydrogen sulfate sodium salt
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sodium sulfate
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate sodium salt
2-Ethylhexyl sodium sulfate
2-Ethylhexylsulfate sodium
Emcol D 5-10
Emersal 6465
Ethasulfate sodium
Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt
Mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate sodium salt
Mono(2-ethylhexyl)sulfate sodium salt
NIA proof 08
Pentrone ON
Propaste 6708
Sipex bos
Sodium (2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate
Sodium etasulfate
Sodium mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate
Sodium octyl sulfate, iso
Sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate
Sole Tege TS-25
Sulfirol 8
Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt
Tergitol 08
Tergitol Anionic 08
Sodium salt of 2-ethylhexanol sulfate.
Sulfuric acid,mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester,sodium salt (1:1)
Sulfuric acid,mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester,sodium salt
1-Hexanol,2-ethyl-,hydrogen sulfate,sodium salt
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate sodium salt
2-Ethylhexyl sodium sulfate
Sodium etasulfate
Sodium ethasulfate
Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate
Tergemist
Tergimist
Tergitol 08
Ethasulfate sodium
Sulfirol 8
Pentrone ON
Emcol D 5-10
Sole Tege TS 25
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sodium sulfate
Tergitol Anionic 08
2-Ethylhexyl sulfate sodium salt
NAS 08
Niaproof 08
Sintrex EHR
Nissan Sintrex EHR
Lugalvan TC-EHS
Sulfotex CA
Rewopol NEHS 40
Witcolate D 5-10
Texapon 890
Sodium octyl sulphate
Sodium octyl sulfate
Newcol 1000SN
Avirol SA 4106
Sinolin SO 35
Rhodapon BOS
Supralate S
Carsonol SHS
Rhodapon OLS
Lutensit TC-EHS
NSC 4744
Sulfotex OA
Stepanol EHS
Pionin A 20
Texapon EHS
Kraftex OA
Disponil EHS 47
Sandet OHE
Steponol EHS
Sulfopon O
TC-EHS
11099-08-4
37349-48-7
75037-31-9
08-unioncarbide
sulfirol8
Sulfuricacid,mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester,sodiumsalt
tergemist
tergimist
tergitolanionic08
SODIUM 2-ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE
TERGITOL-8
(+/-)-SODIUM ETHASULFATE
HEXANOL, 2-ETHYL-, HYDROGEN SULFATE, SODIUM SALT
MONO(2-ETHYLHEXYL) SULFATE SODIUM SALT
NSC-4744
RHODAPON OLS
SODIUM 2-ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE
SODIUM ETASULFATE
SODIUM ETASULFATE [INN]
SODIUM ETASULFATE [WHO-DD]
SODIUM ETHASULFATE
SODIUM ETHASULFATE [HSDB]
SODIUM ETHASULFATE [USAN]
SODIUM ETHASULFATE, (+/-)-
SODIUM ETHASULPHATE
SODIUM ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE
SODIUM ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE [INCI]
SULFURIC ACID, MONO(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER, SODIUM SALT
SODIUM 2-ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE
126-92-1
Sodium ethasulfate
Sodium etasulfate
Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt
Sodium Ethasulfate [USAN]
Pentrone ON
Ethasulfate sodium
Sulfirol 8
Rhodapon ols
08-Union carbide
Tergitol 08
Tergitol anionic 08
Propaste 6708
Sodium ethasulphate
Sole Tege TS-25
Sodium (2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate
Tergemist
Emcol D 5-10
2-Ethylhexyl sodium sulfate
Sodium etasulfate [INN]
Sodium Ethylhexyl Sulfate
Mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate sodium salt
Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt
sodium;2-ethylhexyl sulfate
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sodium sulfate
NCI-C50204
Sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate
DTXSID1026033
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate sodium salt
NSC-4744
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, sulfate, sodium salt
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol hydrogen sulfate sodium salt
Sodium etasulfate (INN)
Sipex bos
12838560LI
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt
Sodium ethasulfate (USAN)
DTXCID706033
NIA proof 08
Emersal 6465
Natrii etasulfas
Sodium octyl sulfate, iso
2-Ethylhexylsulfate sodium
Etasulfato sodico
CAS-126-92-1
Etasulfate de sodium
CCRIS 2461
HSDB 1314
2-Ethylhexylsiran sodny
Sodium mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate
NCGC00164327-02
NSC 4744
EINECS 204-812-8
Mono(2-ethylhexyl)sulfate sodium salt
sodium etasul-fate
UNII-12838560LI
Sodiumisooctylsulfate
MFCD00042047
EC 204-812-8
SCHEMBL57666
SODIUM2-ETHYLHEXYLSULFATE
CHEMBL2107701
SODIUM ETHASULFATE [HSDB]
(+/-)-SODIUM ETHASULFATE
SODIUM ETASULFATE [WHO-DD]
Tox21_112098
Tox21_303207
AKOS015833419
SODIUM ETHASULFATE, (+/-)-
HY-W130648
SODIUM ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE [INCI]
NCGC00164327-01
NCGC00257129-01
CS-0196653
FT-0603333
Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, ~50% in H2O
Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, Type 8, ~40%
D05858
F71244
J-005450
J-524267
Q27251390
Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt (1:1)
Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate sodium salt
2-Ethylhexyl sodium sulfate
Mono (2-ethylhexyl) sulfate sodium salt
Sodium etasulfate Sodium (2-ethylhexyl) alcohol sulfate
Sulfuric acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt
1-Hexanol,2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt (6CI,7CI)
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate sodium salt
2-Ethylhexyl sulfate sodium salt
Carsonol SHS
Ethasulfate sodium
Lutensit TC-EHS
NAS 08
NSC 4744
Niaproof 08
Pentrone ON
Pionin A 20
Rhodapon BOS
Sinolin SO 35
Sintrex EHR
Sodium ethasulfate
Sodium octyl sulfate
Sole Tege TS 25
Stepanol EHS
Sulfotex CA
Sulfotex OA
Tergemist
Tergitol 08
Texapon 890
niaproof type 8
sodium etasulfate
sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulphate
2-Ethylhexylsulfate Sodium salt
TC-EHS
2-ethylhexylsulphate,sodium salt
08-unioncarbide
1-hexanol,2-ethyl-,hydrogensulfate,sodiumsalt
2-ethyl-1-hexanolhydrogensulfatesodiumsalt
2-ethyl-1-hexanolsodiumsulfate
2-ethyl-1-hexanolsulfatesodiumsalt
2-ethylhexylsiransodny
2-ethylhexylsodiumsulfate
2-ethylhexylsulfatesodium
2-ethylhexylsulfuricacid,sodium
2-ethylhexylsulfuricacid,sodiumsalt emcold5-10
emersal6465
mono(2-ethylhexyl sulfatesodiumsalt
nci-c50204
niaproof08
pentroneon
propaste6708
sipexbos
2-ethylhexyl sulfate
2-Ethylhexylsulphate, sodium salt
Sodium ethasulfate
Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate
Sulfuric acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, sodium salt (1:1)
126-92-1
Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt
Sodium (2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate
EINECS 204-812-8
Emcol D 5-10
Emersal 6465
Ethasulfate sodium
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sodium sulfate
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate sodium salt
2-Ethylhexyl sodium sulfate
2-Ethylhexylsulfate sodium
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, sulfate, sodium salt
Mono(2-ethylhexyl)sulfate sodium salt
NCI-C50204
NIA proof 08
NSC 4744
Pentrone ON
Propaste 6708
Sipex bos
Sodium mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate
Sodium octyl sulfate, iso
Sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate
Sole Tege TS-25
Tergitol 08
Tergitol anionic 08
08-Union carbide
2-Ethylhexylsiran sodny
Etasulfate de sodium
Etasulfato sodico
Natrii etasulfas
UNII-12838560LI
11099-08-4
75037-31-9
2-Ethylhexyl sulfate sodium salt
2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol Sodium Sulfate
2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol Sulfate Sodium Salt
Sodium(2-Ethylhexyl)Alcohol Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid, Mono(2-Ethylhexyl) Ester, Sodium Salt
Sodium ethylhexyl sulfate
niaproof type 8
sodium etasulfate
sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulphate
2-Ethylhexylsulfate Sodium salt
TC-EHS
2-ethylhexylsulphate,sodium salt
08-unioncarbide
1-hexanol,2-ethyl-,hydrogensulfate,sodiumsalt
2-ethyl-1-hexanolhydrogensulfatesodiumsalt
2-ethyl-1-hexanolsodiumsulfate
2-ethyl-1-hexanolsulfatesodiumsalt
2-ethylhexylsiransodny
2-ethylhexylsodiumsulfate
2-ethylhexylsulfatesodium
2-ethylhexylsulfuricacid,sodium
2-ethylhexylsulfuricacid,sodiumsalt emcold5-10
emersal6465
mono(2-ethylhexyl sulfatesodiumsalt
nci-c50204
niaproof08
pentroneon
propaste6708
sipexbos
2-ethylhexyl sulfate
2-Ethylhexylsulphate, sodium salt

Chemical name Sodium Ethyl p-Hydroxybenzoate 35285-68-8Sodium Ethylparaben Sodium Ethyl paraben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. Nipagin A Sodium is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Nipagin A Sodium is effective against bacteria, molds and yeast. EC / List no.: 252-487-6 CAS no.: 35285-68-8 Mol. formula: C9H9NaO3 Sodium Ethyl P-hydroxybenzoate Odor: characteristic Use: Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate is widely used in food and pharmaceutical and textile industry for its antiseptic property. Sodium Ethylparaben is also can be used in industries such as cosmetics, feed and so on. Synonyms: benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium deriv. ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt ethylparaben sodium ethylparaben, sodium salt 4- hydroxybenzoic acid, ethyl ester, sodium salt sodium 4-ethoxycarbonyl phenoxide sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide sodium ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate sodium ethyl paraben sodium;4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate Synonym: Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt, Ethylparaben sodium salt Sodium Ethyl paraben is a Sodium salt of ethylparaben Sodium Ethylparaben uses and applications include: Antimicrobial, preservative, bactericide, fungicide for foods, beer, pharmaceuticals; preservative in cosmetics Sodium Ethylparaben is a water-soluble antiseptic mainly used as a safe, high efficiency, broad-spectrum antibiotic for cosmetics. Sodium Ethyl paraben is in the paraben family of preservatives used by the food, pharmaceutical, and personal care product industries. INCI designation Sodium Ethylparaben. Product properties *) Appearance: White powder Chemical and physical data pH 9.5- 10.5 Water content: max. 5.0 % Assay by non aqueous titration: 99 - 102 % Uses: Sodium Ethyl paraben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. Sodium Ethyl paraben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Sodium Ethylparaben is effective against bacteria, molds and yeast. The recommended use level of Nipagin A Sodium to preserve most product types is normally in the range of 0.1- 0.3 % based on the total weight of the finished product. The Paraben esters have many advantages as preservatives,like broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, effective at low use concentrations, compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, colourless, odourless, well documented toxicological and dermatological acceptability based on human experience (used in cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals since 1930ies), p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid and a number of its esters occur naturally in a variety of plants and animals, stable and effective over a wide pH- range, etc. The Sodium Parabens, like Sodium Ethylparaben have several additional advantages: - Nipagin A Sodium is highly soluble in cold water for ease of addition. - No heating stage required for incorporation, thus saving energy and plant occupancy. - Increased antimicrobial activity at alkaline pH. Applications: Sodium Ethylparaben is designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics and toiletries. Sodium Ethylparaben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Formulations which are prone to bacteria contamination an additional antibacterial preservative, like Nipaguard DMDMH might be necessary to add as Sodium Ethylparaben provides a higher efficacy against fungi than against bacteria. Solubility Water up to 50 % Sodium Ethylparaben SINGLE PRESERVATIVE Sodium Ethylparaben is a highly water-soluble short-chain paraben in sodium salt form. The major benefit offered by the sodium salts is their high solubility in cold water, thereby enabling the introduction of parabens without heating or pre-dissolving in solvents. Benefits Sodium Ethylparaben has high solubility in cold water Sodium Ethylparaben performs broad spectrum of activity against bacteria and fungi Sodium Ethylparaben shows effectiveness at low concentrations Sodium Ethylparaben has stability over a broad pH-range Water-soluble Biodegradability at environmental concentrations Global acceptance in personal care applications Ethylparaben Sodium, also known as Ethyl paraben or Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate, can be used as a food additive and as an antifungal preservative Incorporation: Sodium Ethylparaben is highly soluble in water and so easily incorporated into cosmetic formulations. It is important to note that, whilst the aqueous solubility in alkaline solution is high, if the pH of the formulated product is acidic the sodium salt reverts to the ester and the low solubility is regained. Microbial activity: Sodium Ethylparaben has a broad spectrum of activity which includes the following common spoilage organisms. Microorganisms MIC level (%) Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0.113 Escherichia coli 0.056 Klebsiella pneumoniae 0.056 Serratia marcescens 0.056 Proteus vulgaris 0.068 Salmonella enteritidis 0.046 Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus 0.079 Streptococcus haemolyticus 0.068 Bacillus cereus 0.028 Yeasts Candida albicans 0.079 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0.056 Molds Aspergillus niger 0.045 Technical Data Appearance :Powder Active Substance (ca.): 100% INCI-Name: Sodium Ethylparaben Applications Aqueous concentrates may be prepared up to 40% in strength. The concentrate may then be added to the process, preferably slowly and with rapid mixing. Due to the high pH of aqueous solutions of sodium parabens, the pH of the final product requires adjustment. The aqueous solution should be used within a short time of preparation as prolonged storage will result in alkaline hydrolysis of the esters. It is important to note that, at the target pH of the formulation, the parabens will exist as the free esters and not as salts and, therefore, the solubility will also be that of the free esters. Use of the sodium salts will facilitate introduction of the parabens; it will not allow higher concentrations to be used compared with the free esters. pH stability: Sodium Ethylparaben remains fully stable over a wide pH range from 3.0- 11.0. Aqueous solutions of Nipagin A Sodium are not long- term stable at alkaline pH. Temperature stability The recommended maximum handling temperature is 80°C. Storage instructions Sodium Ethylparaben is stable in sealed original containers. Further information on handling, storage and dispatch is given in the EC safety data sheet. Sodium Ethylparaben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. It is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. This product is highly soluble in cold water, which adds to its ease of addition to formulations. Sodium Ethylparaben. Sodium Ethyl paraben provides a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria & fungi. Sodium Ethyl paraben is a short-chain paraben in sodium salt form. Sodium Ethylparaben offers high solubility in cold water, low order of toxicity and stability over a broad pH-range. Sodium Ethylparaben exhibits effectiveness at low concentrations. Sodium Ethylparaben shows good biodegradability at environmental concentrations. Sodium Ethylparaben is used in all kinds of personal care products. Parabene Product description Parabens - esters of the para-hydroxybenzoic acid, are used as preservatives for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics as well as food applications due to their effective antibacterial and fungicidal properties. The grades comply to different pharmaceutical standards as EP, BP or USP. More products available upon request. INCI CAS Methyl Paraben 99-76-3 Sodium Methyl Paraben 5026-62-0 Propyl Paraben 94-13-3 Sodium Propyl Paraben 35285-69-9 Ethyl Paraben 120-47-8 Sodium Ethyl Paraben 35285-68-8 Butyl Paraben 94-26-8 Preservative for the cosmetic industry. Sodium Ethyl p-Hydroxybenzoate, designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics and toiletries. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Formulations which are prone to bacteria contamination an additional antibacterial preservative might be necessary to add as it provides a higher efficacy against fungi than against bacteria. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is effective against bacteria, molds and yeast. Sodium Ethyl Paraben's usage level to preserve most product types is normally in the range of 0.1- 0.3 % based on the total weight of the finished product. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is soluble in cold water for ease; No heating stage required for incorporation, thus saving energy and plant occupancy; Increased antimicrobial activity at alkaline pH.pH stability; remains fully stable over a wide pH range from 3.0- 11.0. Aqueous solutions are not long- term stable at alkaline pH.max. temperature 80°C. This substance is one of the parabens family. Parabens are esters formed by p-hydroxybenzoic acid and an alcohol. They are largely used as biocides in cosmetics and toiletries, medicaments, or food. They have synergistic power with biocides. Parabens can induce allergic contact dermatitis, mainly in chronic dermatitis and wounded skin. • p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt • SODIUM ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE • SODIUM ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE • sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide • benzoicacid,4-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumsalt • Benzoicacid,p-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumderiv. • ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT • ETHYL-4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID SODIUM SALT • ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT • 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt • SODIUM ETHYLPARABEN • EthylParabenSodium • ETHYL4-HYDROBENZOATESODIUMSALT • BENZOICACID,PARA-HYDROXY-,ETHYLESTER,SODIUMSALT • 4-(Sodiooxy)benzoic acid ethyl ester • 4-Sodiooxybenzoic acid ethyl ester • p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt,sodium salt • Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate • Benzoic acid,4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodiuM salt (1:1) • Sodium Ethyl-p-hydroxyl Benzoate • 35285-68-8 • Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl) • p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt fandachem • odium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate • 35285-68-8 • C9H9O3Na • Benzoic acid Series • Aromatic Esters Ethyl Paraben Sodium - Names and Identifiers Name p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt,sodium salt Synonyms p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt SODIUM ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide benzoicacid,4-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumsalt Benzoicacid,p-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumderiv. ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT ETHYL-4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID SODIUM SALT sodium salt Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate,sodium salt Sodium Ethylparaben Ethyl Paraben Sodium sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt (1:1) Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate sodium Parabens are a family of related ingredients commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products. They help prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and mold, protecting both products and consumers. Parabens are highly effective and widely used preservatives that enhance the shelf life and safety of products including all types of cosmetics, as well as foods and drugs, and protect the families who trust and enjoy them. The most commonly used parabens in cosmetics are methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. Paraben preservatives all share para-hydroxybenzoic acid, or PHBA, as a common chemical structure. PHBA occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables. The parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature, and are quickly eliminated by the body. Any product that contains water is susceptible to being spoiled by the growth of fungi or bacteria, which could cause problems such as discoloration, malodor, or breakdown of the product. Under certain conditions, an inadequately preserved product can become contaminated, allowing harmful levels of microorganisms to grow. Parabens are highly effective preservatives that protect products against such changes, thus enhancing the shelf life and safety of products, and have been used safely for decades. Ethylparaben, also known as e-214 or aseptin a, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl esters. These are aromatic compounds containing a benzoic acid, which is esterified with an alkyl group and para-substituted with a hydroxyl group. It is used as an antifungal preservative. Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of ethylparaben, has the same uses and is given the E number E215. Ethylparaben is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Its formula is HO-C6H4-CO-O-CH2CH3. Ethylparaben is a mild and phenolic tasting compound. Outside of the human body, ethylparaben has been detected, but not quantified in, alcoholic beverages. This could make ethylparaben a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Ethylparaben is a potentially toxic compound. As a food additive, it has E number E214. This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be construed as guaranteeing specific properties of the products described on their suitability for a particular application. Any existing industrial property rights must be observed. The quality of our products is guaranteed under our General Conditions of Sale.

Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; 2-Ethylhexylsulfate, sodium salt; ALKOHOLSULFAT, NA-SALZ I-C8; Sodium (2-ethylhexyl) alcohol sulfate; sodium (2-ethylhexyl) sulfate; Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; SODIUM ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE, N° CAS : 126-92-1, Nom INCI : SODIUM ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE. Nom chimique : Sodium etasulfate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-812-8. Classification : Sulfate Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Hydrotrope : Augmente la solubilité d'une substance qui est peu soluble dans l'eau. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : Ethalsulfate de sodium; ETHALSULFATE SODIQUE; ETHASULFATE SODIUM; ETHYL-2 HEXYLSULFATE DE SODIUM. Noms anglais : 2-ETHYL-1-HEXANOL SODIUM SULFATE ; 2-ETHYLHEXYL SODIUM SULFATE; SODIUM 2-ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE; SODIUM ETASULFATE; SODIUM ETHASULFATE; SULFURIC ACID, MONO(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER, SODIUM SALT; Sodium etasulfate. CAS names: Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt (1:1). : 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen sulfate; 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen sulfate; sodium; 2-Ethylhexylsulfate, sodium salt; ALKOHOLSULFAT, NA-SALZ I-C8; Sodium (2-ethylhexyl) alcohol sulfate; sodium (2-ethylhexyl) sulfate; Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; sodium etasulphate; sodium ethasulfate; Sodium-2-ethylhexyl sulphate; Sodium-2-ethylhexylsulphate; sodium;2-ethylhexyl sulfate; Sulfuric acid,mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester,sodium salt; 126-92-1 [RN]; 12838560LI 1487; 204-812-8 [EINECS]; 2-Ethylhexyl sulfate sodium salt; 5177087; étasulfate de sodium ; etasulfato de sodio [Spanish] ; MFCD00042047 [MDL number]; MP0700000; natrii etasulfas [Latin] ; Natrium-2-ethylhexylsulfat [German] ; Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; sodium etasulfate; sodium ethasulfate; Sulfate de sodium et de 2-éthylhexyle [French] ; sulfuric acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, sodium salt; Sulfuric acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, sodium salt (1:1); tergemist; UNII:12838560LI; натрия этасульфат [Russian] ; إيتاسولفات صوديوم [Arabic]; 依他硫酸钠 [Chinese]; 11099-08-4 secondary RN [RN] ; 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt; 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, sulfate, sodium salt; 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol hydrogen sulfate sodium salt; 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sodium sulfate; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate sodium salt; 2-ethylhexyl hydroxysulfonate, sodium salt; 2-Ethylhexyl sodium sulfate; 2-Ethylhexylsiran sodny [Czech]; 2-Ethylhexylsulfate sodium; 2-Ethylhexylsulphate,sodium salt 75037-31-9 secondary RN [RN]; ammonium 2-ethylhexyl sulphate; Avirol SA 4106; Carsonol SHS; emcol d 5-10; emersal 6465; Etasulfate de sodium [French]; Etasulfato sodico [Spanish] ; Ethasulfate sodium; Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt; Lugalvan TC-EHS; Lutensit TC-EHS; Mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate sodium salt; mono(2-ethylhexyl)sulfate sodium salt ; Newcol 1000SN; nia proof 08; Niaproof ; Niaproof 08; Nissan Sintrex EHR; pentrone on; propaste 6708; Rewopol NEHS 40; Rhodapon BOS; Sinolin SO 35; Sintrex EHR; sipex bos ;Sodium (2-Ethylhexyl)Alcohol Sulfate; sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulphate; Sodium Ethylhexyl Sulfate; Sodium mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate; Sodium octyl sulfate, iso-; Sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate ; sodium; sulfuric acid 2-ethylhexyl ester; sodium-2-ethylhexyl sulfate; sodium2-ethylhexylsulfate; sodiumisooctylsulfate; Sole Tege TS 25; Sulfuric Acid Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Ester Sodium Salt ; Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt; Supralate SP; Tergimist; tergitol 08; Tergitol anionic 08; Tergitol-8; Tergitol-8|Niaproof-8|Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; Texapon 842; Texapon 890; Witcolate D 5-10. Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate is a low-foaming anionic surfactant with excellent wetting properties and outstanding stability in highly electrolyte, alkaline and acidic systems. It is a profound hydrotropic and wetting agent suitable for use in the production of liquid detergents for household and industrial use such as hard-surface cleaners and alkaline and acid metal degreasers. Owing to its wetting and penetrating properties Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate is used as a mercerizing agent in textile industry, in metal galvanization, pickling and brightening, in lye washing and peeling solutions for fruits and vegetables, in fountain solutions for offset printing, wallpaper removal solutions etc. Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate uses and applications include: Wetting agent for electroplating baths, alkaline textile processing aids, industrial cleaners; coemulsifier for polymerization; viscous control in adhesives; food packaging adhesives; in paperpaperboard in contact with aqueousfatty foods; surfactant, detergent, wetting agent, emulsifier, penetrant, stabilizer for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, household and industrial cleaners, metal cleaning, paints, plastics, rubber, food packaging and processing, adhesives; washinglye peeling of fruits and vegetables. product carries excellent wetting, spreading and hydrotropic proterties. This material can tolorate alkanline condition. Sodium Ethylhexyl Sulfate is mainly applied as wetting agent in alkaline solutions such as in the textile industry. Sodium Ethylhexyl Sulfate can also be added to the aerosol fulmulated product as the spreading agent. Also the material can be used as the hydrotropic agent.

cas no 120-47-87 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium ethylp-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate;

Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate; SODIUM ETHYLPARABEN, N° CAS : 35285-68-8. Nom INCI : SODIUM ETHYLPARABEN. Nom chimique : Sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 252-487-6; Classification : Paraben, Perturbateur endocrinien suspecté, Règlementé, Conservateur. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, ethyl ester, sodium salt; Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt; Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium deriv.; Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt ; Ethylparaben sodium; Ethylparaben, sodium salt; Sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide; Sodium ethylparaben. CAS names : Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt (1:1); : Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoat, Natriumsalz; Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoat, sodium salt; p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt; sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)benzen-1-olate; sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate; sodium;4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate; Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate; 252-487-6 [EINECS]; 35285-68-8 [RN]; 4-(Éthoxycarbonyl)phénolate de sodium [French] ; Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt (1:1) ; E215; ETHYLPARABEN SODIUM; Natrium-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; p-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt; Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Sodium ethylparaben Z0D00IVA10 [35285-68-8] 4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, ethyl ester, sodium salt 5026-62-0 [RN] Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester, sodium salt BENZOIC ACID, p-HYDROXY-, ETHYL ESTER, SODIUM DERIV. BENZOIC ACID, p-HYDROXY-, METHYL ESTER, SODIUM DERIV. Bonomold OMNa EINECS 225-714-1 EINECS 252-487-6 Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt ETHYL4-HYDROXYBENZOATESODIUMSALT Ethylparaben sodium salt Ethylparaben, sodium salt Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt METHYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE, SODIUM SALT Methylparaben sodium [NF] Methylparaben sodium (NF) Methylparaben sodium [USAN] [USAN] methylparaben, sodium salt MFCD00016475 [MDL number] NIPASEPT SODIUM Preserval MS Sodium [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki] sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)benzen-1-olate SODIUM 4-(ETHOXYCARBONYL)BENZENOLATE Sodium 4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolate [ACD/IUPAC Name] sodium 4-carbethoxyphenolate sodium 4-carbomethoxyphenolate sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate Sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide sodium 4-methoxycarbonylphenolate sodium and 4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate SODIUM ETHYL PARABEN Sodium Ethyl Parahydroxybenzoate Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, tech. Sodium methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Sodium methylparaben Sodium p-methoxycarbonylphenoxide Sodium, (p-carboxyphenoxy)-, methyl ester (7CI) sodium;4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate Solparol ST5405340 UNII:Z0D00IVA10 UNII-F57SQP06GK UNII-Z0D00IVA10

Sodium fluoride, NaF, is a binary salt that is a clear, lustrous crystal or white powder.
The insecticide grade is frequently dyed blue.
Sodium fluoride is soluble in water and has a specific gravity of 2.558, which is heavier than water.

CAS: 7681-49-4
MF: FNa
MW: 41.99
EINECS: 231-667-8

Sodium fluoride is highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation, and is also strongly irritating to tissue.
The TLV is 2.5 mg/m3 of air.
The four-digit UN identification number is 1690.
The primary uses are fluoridation of municipal water at 1 ppm, as an insecticide, rodenticide, and fungicide, and in toothpastes and disinfectants.
Sodium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula NaF.
Sodium fluoride is a colorless or white solid that is readily soluble in water.
Sodium fluoride is used in trace amounts in the fluoridation of drinking water to prevent tooth decay, and in toothpastes and topical pharmaceuticals for the same purpose.
In 2020, Sodium fluoride was the 265th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.
Sodium fluoride is also used in metallurgy and in medical imaging.

Sodium fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid or white powder, or the solid dissolved in a liquid.
Sodium fluoride is formed by the reaction of sodium carbonate and hydrofluoric acid.
Sodium fluoride is soluble in water.
Sodium fluoride is noncombustible.
Sodium fluoride is corrosive to aluminum.
Sodium fluoride is used as an insecticide.
Sodium fluoride is also used to fluorinate water supplies, as a wood preservative, in cleaning compounds, manufacture of glass, and for many other uses.

Chemical structure
Sodium fluoride is an inorganic ionic compound, dissolving in water to give separated Na+ and F− ions.
Like sodium chloride, it crystallizes in a cubic motif where both Na+ and F− occupy octahedral coordination sites; its lattice spacing, approximately 462 pm, is smaller than that of sodium chloride (564 pm).

Sodium fluoride Chemical Properties
Melting point: 993 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 1700 °C
Density: 1.02 g/mL at 20 °C
Vapor pressure: 1.4 mm Hg ( 0 °C)
Refractive index: 1.336
Fp: 1704°C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 0.5 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: powder
Color: White to off-white
Specific Gravity: 2.558
PH: 7.0-10.0 (25℃, 0.5M in H2O)
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: 4 g/100 mL (25 ºC)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8618
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 2.5 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 250 mg/m3; TWA 2.5 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Hydrolyzed by water. Reacts with mineral acids to generate highly toxic hydrogen fluoride.
Incompatible with glass.
CAS DataBase Reference: 7681-49-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Sodium fluoride(7681-49-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Sodium fluoride (7681-49-4)

Sodium fluoride is colorless crystals or shiny white powder, belongs to tetragonal system, is positive hexahedral or octahedral crystals.
Sodium fluoride is slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in water.
Aqueous solution is acidic.
Sodium fluoride dissolves in hydrofluoric acid to form sodium hydrogen fluoride.
White or almost white powder or colourless crystals.
Sodium fluoride is a white powder or colorless crystals.
Often used in a solution.
Pesticide grade is often dyed blue.

Physical properties
Colorless cubic or tetragonal crystals; density 2.78 g/cm3; melts at 993°C; vaporizes at 1,695°C; moderately soluble in water 4.22 g/100mL at 18°C; soluble in hydrofluoric acid; insoluble in ethanol.

Uses
Fluoride salts are often added to municipal drinking water (as well as to certain food products in some countries) for the purpose of maintaining dental health.
The fluoride enhances the strength of teeth by the formation of fluorapatite, a naturally occurring component of tooth enamel.
Although sodium fluoride is used to fluoridate water and is the standard by which other water-fluoridation compounds are gauged, hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) and its salt sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) are more commonly used additives in the United States.

Sodium fluoride, formed by reaction of sodium carbonate and hydrofluoric acid, and then evaporating.
Used (1) as an antiseptic and antifermentative in alcohol distilleries,
(2) as a food preservative,
(3) as a poison for rats and roaches,
(4) as a constituent of ceramic enamels and fluxes; sodium hydrogen fluoride, sodium difluoride, sodium acid fluoride, NaHF2, white solid, soluble, formed by reaction of sodium carbonate and excess hydrofluoric acid, and then evaporating.
Used (1) as an antiseptic,
(2) for etching glass,
(3) as a food preservative,
(4) for preserving zoological specimens.

Sodium fluoride (NaF), in the concentration of one ppm, is added to municipal drinking water to help reduce tooth decay.
Sodium fluoride is also used as an insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide, as well as in the manufacture of adhesives, disinfectants, and dental products.
As insecticide, particularly for roaches and ants; in other pesticide formulations; constituent of vitreous enamel and glass mixes; as a steel degassing agent; in electroplating; in fluxes; in heat-treating salt compositions; in the fluoridation of drinking water; for disinfecting fermentation apparatus in breweries and distilleries; preserving wood, pastes and mucilage; manufacture of coated paper; frosting glass; in removal of HF from exhaust gases to reduce air pollution.
Dental caries prophylactic.

1.Sodium fluoride is mainly used as Inlaid steel for mechanical blade and planer to enhance weld strength.
Secondly, Sodium fluoride is used as wood preservatives, fungicides in brewing industry, agricultural pesticides (should be infected with blue), medical preservatives, welding flux, fluorine agent for drinking water.
Also used for producing other fluoride and casein glue, sodium fluoride toothpaste, as adhesives, also used in paper and metallurgical industries.
In the production of elemental fluorine, Sodium fluoride is used for removing trace amounts of hydrogen fluoride.
In addition, Sodium fluoride is also used in enamels and pharmaceutical industries.

2.Sodium fluoride is used as disinfectants, preservatives, pesticides, also used in enamel, wood preservation, medicine, metallurgy, manufacturing of fluorides and so on.
3.Used for determination of scandium in microanalysis, determination of phosphorus in photoelectric colorimetric analysis, used as reagent, the masking agents, preservatives of iron and steel.
4.As food supplements.
According to Chinese regulations for salt, the maximum usage is 0.1g/kg.
5.Sodium fluoride is used as wood preservatives, pharmaceutical preservative, welding flux and used in paper industry, this company's products are specific level toothpastes, can also be used as purifying agent for drinking water, and used for hides and skin processing in tanning industry, for smelting and refining of light metal, and protection layer of light metal, for adhesive corrosion, and manufacturing boiling steel.

6.Sodium fluoride is used as the Phosphate accelerator in coating industry, makes phosphating solution stability, phosphate refinement, improves the performance of phosphate coating. Aluminum and its alloys phosphate can close negative catalytic Al3 + of great danger, and make phosphating smoothly.
Sodium fluoride is used as wood preservatives, agricultural pesticides, fungicides in brewing industry, pharmaceutical preservative, welding flux, alkaline zincate zinc additives and enamel, paper and so on.

Osteoporosis
Fluoride supplementation has been extensively studied for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
This supplementation does not appear to be effective; even though sodium fluoride increases bone density, Sodium fluoride does not decrease the risk of fractures.

Medical imaging
In medical imaging, fluorine-18-labelled sodium fluoride (USP, sodium fluoride F18) is one of the oldest tracers used in positron emission tomography (PET), having been in use since the 1960s.
Relative to conventional bone scintigraphy carried out with gamma cameras or SPECT systems, PET offers more sensitivity and spatial resolution.
Fluorine-18 has a half-life of 110 min, which requires Sodium fluoride to be used promptly once produced; this logistical limitation hampered its adoption in the face of the more convenient technetium-99m-labelled radiopharmaceuticals.
However fluorine-18 is generally considered to be a superior radiopharmaceutical for skeletal imaging.
In particular Sodium fluoride has a high and rapid bone uptake accompanied by very rapid blood clearance, which results in a high bone-to-background ratio in a short time.
Additionally the annihilation photons produced by decay of 18F have a high energy of 511 keV compared to the 140 keV photons of 99mTc.

Chemistry
Sodium fluoride has a variety of specialty chemical applications in synthesis and extractive metallurgy.
Sodium fluoride reacts with electrophilic chlorides including acyl chlorides, sulfur chlorides, and phosphorus chloride.
Like other fluorides, sodium fluoride finds use in desilylation in organic synthesis.
Sodium fluoride can be used to produce fluorocarbons via the Finkelstein reaction; this process has the advantage of being simple to perform on a small scale but is rarely used on an industrial scale due to the existence of more effective techniques.

Biology
Sodium fluoride is sometimes added at relatively high concentrations (~20 mM) to protein lysis buffers in order to inhibit endogenous phosphatases and thereby protect phosphorylated protein sites.
Sodium pyrophosphate and Sodium orthovanadate are also used for this purpose.

Other uses
Sodium fluoride is used as a cleaning agent (e.g., as a "laundry sour").
Sodium fluoride can be used in a nuclear molten salt reactor.
Over a century ago, Nsodium fluoride was used as a stomach poison for plant-feeding insects.
Inorganic fluorides such as fluorosilicates and sodium fluoride complex magnesium ions as magnesium fluorophosphate.
They inhibit enzymes such as enolase that require Mg2+ as a prosthetic group.
Thus, fluoride poisoning prevents phosphate transfer in oxidative metabolism.

Clinical Use
Sodium fluoride (NaF) promotes the proliferation and activity of osteoblasts and is classified as a nonhormonal bone-forming agent.
Because treatment with NaF induces bone formation, it is essential that this therapy be coupled with oral calcium supplementation (1,000 mg/day).
Additionally, NaF exhibits moderate antiresorptive activity, because it inhibits osteoclastic activity when Sodium fluoride is absorbed into the bone matrix.
In the treatment of osteoporosis, the therapeutic window for this agent is fairly narrow: Doses less than 45 mg/day are subtherapeutic, and doses in excess of 75 mg/day impair bone mineralization.
In addition, the bone that is formed in the presence of NaF is neither as well mineralized nor as strong as normal bone tissue.

Industrial uses
Sodium fluoride is a white to yellowish powder, poorly soluble in water.
The NaF solubility in water is 3.85% at 15 °C and 4.21% at 25 °C.
Commercially, NaF is obtained by reacting hydrofluoric acid with sodium hydroxide.
This reaction is a by-product during the production of superphosphates from fluoro-apatite.
Sodium fluoride is an important depressant used exclusively during beneficiation of non-sulfide minerals, as well as the rare-earth minerals as a depressant alone or in combination with other depressants.
Sodium fluoride is used together with starch as co-depressant for rutile and ilmenite during zirconium– titanium separation or during reverse silicate flotation from rutile and ilmenite with cationic collectors.
Although Sodium fluoride is believed that Na2F is a silicate depressant, studies have shown that it does not depress silicate minerals.
In fact, Sodium fluoride improves depression of oxides and silicates when used with other depressants.

Application in toothpaste
Sodium fluoride was added to toothpaste which can play against dental caries, since enamel interacts with fluoride to form fluorapatite on the enamel surface, which improves the hardness and acid resistance of enamel, and reduces formation of plaque, reduces the incidence of dental caries.
Fluoride toothpaste does have some anti-caries effects.
As early as the mid-19th century, pregnant women took orally calcium fluoride for anti-caries in Europe.
In the 20th century, fluoride is recognized worldwide as an effective anti-caries agent.
Usually in fluoride toothpaste, the content of sodium fluoride is 0.22-0.33%, the content of sodium monofluorophosphate is 0.76%.

Although small amount, Sodium fluoride has a good protective effect on people's teeth, can reduce the caries prevalence rate of 28%.
According to different content of fluoride in toothpaste, fluoride toothpaste is divided into the following categories: sodium fluoride toothpaste, monofluorophosphate toothpaste, stannous fluoride toothpaste, amine fluoride toothpaste and so on.
Currently the most common fluoride toothpaste on the market are sodium fluoride toothpaste and monofluorophosphate dentifrice, or double fluorine toothpaste containing both sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate.
Different types of fluoride toothpastes, and whether the toothpastes contain single fluorine or double fluorides, their effects of anti-caries are the same.

Production
NaF is prepared by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid or hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6), both byproducts of the reaction of fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) from phosphate rock during the production of superphosphate fertilizer.
Neutralizing agents include sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.
Alcohols are sometimes used to precipitate the NaF:

HF + NaOH → NaF + H2O
From solutions containing HF, sodium fluoride precipitates as the bifluoride salt sodium bifluoride (NaHF2).
Heating the latter releases HF and gives NaF.

HF + NaF ⇌ NaHF2
In a 1986 report, the annual worldwide consumption of NaF was estimated to be several million tonnes.

Production method
Melt immersion method
Calcine the fluorite, quartz sand and soda ash at high temperature (800~900 ℃), followed by water leaching, and then by evaporation, crystallization, drying to prepare products.
CaF2 + Na2CO3 + SiO2 → 2NaF + CaSi03 + C02 ↑

Neutralizational process
Sodium fluoride is derived from neutralization of soda ash or caustic soda with hydrofluoric acid,
2HF + Na2CO3 → 2NaF + H2O + CO2 ↑
Dissolve soda in the pot liquor, and then add 30% hydrofluoric acid to neutralize to a pH value of 8-9, until CO2 gas evolution, hydrofluoric acid often contains fluosilicate impurities, and after neutralization to generate sodium fluosilicate, heating for 1h at 90~95 ℃, sodium fluosilicate decomposes:
Na2SiF6 + 2Na2CO3 → 6NaF + SiO2 + 2C02 ↑
And during the process of neutralization, pH value is not less than 8, otherwise sodium fluoride is difficult to decompose by base, and neutralization solution is allowed to stand for 1h, serum is cooled and concentrated to precipitate sodium fluoride crystals and then separated by centrifugation, drying, crushing to obtain products.

Sodium fluosilicate method
As the byproduct of the wet process of phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizer, fluosilicic acid may prepare 99.87% sodium fluoride by conventional methods.
The reaction lasts 160~180min at 84~95 ℃ and 0.15MPa conditions, with an excess of 5% to 8% alkaline solution (pH value 8-9) to prepare sodium fluoride.
Na2SiF6 + 2Na2Co3 → 6NaF + SiO2 + 2C02 ↑
After standing and clarification of neutralization solution, the supernatant was concentrated by evaporation, cooling crystallization, after separation, wash with hot water of 50~60 ℃, indirectly dry to obtain products.

Toxicity
Sodium fluoride is an acute toxicant.
Ingestion of large quantites (5 to 10g) can cause death in humans.
Smaller quantities can produce nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stupor, and weakness.
Other symptoms are tremor, muscular weakness, and dyspnea. Mottling of teeth can occur from chronic exposure.

Biochem/physiol Actions
Sodium fluoride (NaF) prevents dental caries, by catalysing the diffusion of calcium and phosphate and remineralizes the lesions.
Fluoride affects spermatogenesis and capacitation process in the female reproductive tract.
Fluoride induces oxidative stress, DNA damage in ovary ultimately affects the development of oocytes.
Fluoride supplementation enhances bone mineral density.
18F-NaF is a radiotracer used in positron emission tomography (PET) to identify atherosclerotic lesions and other cardiac plaques.

Health Hazard
The acute toxicity of fluorides is generally moderate.
High exposures may cause irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.
Ingestion of fluoride may cause a salty or soapy taste, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, shortness of breath, difficulty in speaking, thirst, weak pulse, disturbed color vision, muscular weakness, convulsions, loss of consciousness, and death.
In humans the approximate lethal dose of NaF by ingestion is 5 g.
Repeated inhalation of fluoride dust may cause excessive calcification of the bone and calcification of ligaments of the ribs, pelvis, and spinal column.
Repeated skin contact may cause a rash Fluorides have not been shown to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
Ingestion may cause vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, convulsions, collapse, thirst, disturbed color vision, acute toxic nephritis.

Synonyms
sodium fluoride
7681-49-4
Zymafluor
Fluoride, sodium
Florocid
Pediaflor
Pergantene
Ossin
Sodium fluoride (NaF)
Sodium flouride
duraphat
Fluonatril
Fluorident
Fluorigard
Antibulit
Floridine
Fluoraday
Fluorinse
Fluorol
Flursol
Karidium
Koreberon
Liquiflur
Ossalin
Xaridium
Flura
Luride
Roach salt
Flura Drops
Osteopor-F
T-Fluoride
Fungol B
Les-Cav
Sodium monofluoride
Sodium hydrofluoride
Chemifluor
Flozenges
Fluorineed
Fluoritab
Fluorocid
Flurcare
Flurexal
Gelution
Iradicav
Lemoflur
Pedident
Pennwhite
Studafluor
Villiaumite
Karigel
Nafeen
Nufluor
Predent
Rafluor
sodium;fluoride
Credo
Gleem
Fluorid sodny
Flux
Sodium fluorure
Rescue squad
Alcoa sodium fluoride
NaFpak
Cavi-trol
Flura-gel
Flura-loz
Kari-rinse
Na frinse
Natrium fluoride
Point two
Super-dent
Thera-flur
Neutra Care
Minute-Gel
Luride lozi-tabs
Phos-Flur
Stay-Flo
Fluor-O-kote
Luride SF
Luride-SF
Thera-flur-N
Lea-Cov
Fluorure de sodium
SO-Flo
Trisodium trifluoride
Dentalfluoro
Sodium fluoride (Na2F2)
Apoflux
Duofluorid
Ethedent
F1-Tabs
Zooby
Caswell No. 769
Sodium fluoride cyclic dimer
Natrum fluoratum
GEL II
Sodium fluoride [ISO]
Disodium difluoride
NCI-C55221
FDA 0101
fluoros
osteofluor
Fluorid sodny [Czech]
Sodium fluoride, solid (DOT)
CCRIS 1573
Fludent
Prevident 5000 Plus
CHEBI:28741
HSDB 1766
Natrii fluoridum
Sodium fluorure [French]
Fluor-A-day
EINECS 231-667-8
NAF
Fluorure de sodium [French]
NSC 77385
NSC-77385
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075202
UNII-8ZYQ1474W7
Fluoride (as sodium)
AI3-01500
Sodium fluoride, solid
Fluorure de sodium [ISO-French]
Neutral Sodium Fluoride
8ZYQ1474W7
MFCD00003524
UN1690
CHEMBL1528
Sodium fluoride [USP:JAN]
Sodium fluoride [USAN:JAN]
Fluoride (as sodium fluoride)
DTXSID2020630
EC 231-667-8
NSC77385
F-Na
COLGATE TOTAL COMPONENT SODIUM FLUORIDE
SODIUM FLUORIDE COMPONENT OF COLGATE TOTAL
SODIUM FLUORIDE (MART.)
SODIUM FLUORIDE [MART.]
Sodium Fluorides
SODIUM FLUORIDE (EP MONOGRAPH)
SODIUM FLUORIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]
SODIUM FLUORIDE (USP MONOGRAPH)
SODIUM FLUORIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Fluorides, Sodium
Dentiplus
Sodium fiuoride
Fluorigard Daily
c avi-trol
Fluor Ret
na fri nse
Point-Two
Fluorigard Weekly
NaFril Ret
Fluorinse (TN)
En-De-Kay
Pediaflor; Zymafluor
Sodium fluoride (ACN
SDF (CHRIS Code)
FMg3O11Si4.Na
Sodium fluoride (as F)
Fluoruro de sodio (naf)
D02IUD
D03NFF
Sodium Fluoride ACS Grade
WLN: NA F
F-Mg3-O11-Si4.Na
Sodium fluoride (JAN/USP)
s odium fluoride cyclic dimer
SODIUM FLUORIDE [MI]
DTXCID20630
SODIUM FLUORIDE [JAN]
SODIUM FLUORIDE [HSDB]
SODIUM FLUORIDE [INCI]
NATRUM FLUORATUM [HPUS]
SODIUM FLUORIDE [VANDF]
SODIUM FLUORIDE [USP-RS]
SODIUM FLUORIDE [WHO-DD]
SODIUM FLUORIDE [WHO-IP]
SODIUM FLUORIDE, (SOLID)
PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M
SODIUM FLUORIDE, 99.9%
AMY37012
HY-B1766
BDBM50209223
NA1690
UN3415
SODIUM FLUORIDE [ORANGE BOOK]
AKOS024438093
FLUORIDE (AS SODIUM) [VANDF]
Sodium fluoride [UN1690] [Poison]
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 75202
CS-5131
DB09325
LS-1705
NATRII FLUORIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN]
Sodium fluoride [UN1690] [Poison]
Sodium fluoride, 99.995% (metals basis)
FT-0645095
FT-0688141
FLUORIDE (AS SODIUM FLUORIDE) [VANDF]
C08142
D00943
P00019
Sodium Fluoride, Trace metals grade, 99.99%
A838842
Q407520
Sodium fluoride, 99.99% (metals basis), 3-6mm pieces

Oxidation reation of Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate with chlorite has been studied in the pH range 4-8.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is a sulfur-containing reducing agent.
When freshly prepared, Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate occurs as white, odorless crystals, which quickly develop a characteristic garlic odor on standing.

CAS: 6035-47-8
MF: CH7NaO4S
MW: 138.11
EINECS: 611-965-8

Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Na+HOCH2SO2−.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate has many additional names, including Rongalit, sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and Bruggolite.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is listed in the European Cosmetics Directive as sodium oxymethylene sulfoxylate (INCI).
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is water-soluble and generally sold as the dihydrate.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate and its derivatives are widely used in the dye industry.
The structure of Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.

Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-68 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.8 g/cm3 (20℃)
Vapor pressure: 2.68 hPa (20 °C)
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility alcohol: slightly soluble(lit.)
Form: powder to crystal
Color: White to Almost white
PH: 9.5-10.5 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
CAS DataBase Reference: 6035-47-8 (CAS DataBase Reference)

The chemical product is white crystal.
Soluble in water.
Insoluble in anhydrous ethanol, ether, benzene.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate has strong reducibility at high temperature.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate has fading performance.
Decompose at high temperature to produce formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic gases.
When Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate encounters dilute acid, it decomposes, and its solution is neutral.
Anhydrous melting point 63~64 ℃.
The surface density is 1.80~1.85g/cm3.

Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (chemical formula: CH3NaO3S), commonly known as hanging white block, carving white powder, carving white powder C, is an adduct formed by formaldehyde and sodium sulfoxylate.

Uses
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is a versatile reagent that can be used for a wide range of organic transformations such as:
A SO2-2anion source for the preparation of sulfones and sultines.
Debromination of vicinal dibromoalkanes.
Reductive dehalogenation of aldehydes and ketones.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is a water-soluble antioxidant and is generally used as the dihydrate.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is used in the formulation of injection products at a level of up to 0.1% w/v in the final preparation administered to the patient.

The original use of Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate was as industrial bleaching agent and as a reducing agent for vat dyeing.
Another large-scale use is as a reducing agent in redox-initiator systems for emulsion polymerization.
One of the typical redox pair examples is t-butyl peroxide.
A niche use is its use as water conditioner for aquaria as it rapidly reduces chlorine and chloramine and reacts with ammonia to form the innocuous aminomethylsulfinate ion.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is also used as an antioxidant in pharmaceutical formulation.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate has been used increasingly in commercial cosmetic hair dye colour removers despite the generation of formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate has a variety of specialized applications in organic synthesis.

Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is used in the printing and dyeing industry as a white pulling agent, reducing agent, bleaching agent and the production of indigo dye, vat dye.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate can also be used in the polymerization of synthetic rubber, sugar and ethylene compounds.

Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is mainly used in the printing and dyeing industry as a dyeing agent, a coloring agent, a reducing agent, and as an activator for styrene-butadiene rubber and synthetic resin.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is also used for the decolorization and bleaching of some organic substances (such as: synthetic rubber, sugar, and food industry as bleaching agent), under certain conditions It can be used instead of hydrosulfite.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate cannot be used for bleaching imported food.
A carved white pieces (powder, grain) are easy to be affected with damp and exothermic, and begin to decompose at 80 ℃ to release H2S, which needs to be dried and stored at low temperature.
6 NaHSO2 · CH2O + 3H2O -& rarr; 4NaHSO3 + 2HCOONa + 2H2S + HCOOH + 3CH3OH B. When the temperature rises to 110 ℃, the carved white pieces (powder and particles) are completely decomposed, and formaldehyde in the molecule splits and releases new [H], with the strongest reducing power.

NaHSO2 · CH2O -& rarr; NaHSO2 + CH2O NaHSO2 + H2O -& rarr; NaHSO2 +2[H] c. carved white pieces (powder, grain) should be in alkaline medium with PH>8, and acidity (acid limit PH>3) can decompose white pieces into hydrogen sulfide. D. carved white pieces (powder, grain) will decompose when exposed to oxidant, such as I2. NaHSO2·CH2O+2H2O+2I2 -→NaHSO4+4HI+CH2O
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is used as a bleaching agent, reducing agent, bleaching agent and in the production of indigo dyes and vat dyes in the printing and dyeing industry.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate can also be used in the polymerization of synthetic rubber, sugar and ethylene compounds.
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is mainly used as discharging agent, color-discharging agent, reductant in printing and dyeing industry, as activating agent for production styrene-butadise rubber and synthetic resin, also be used for decolorizing and to whiten some organic matters, Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate can be substituted for sodium hydrosulphite in some special conditions.

Synthesis and reactions
Although available commercially, the salt can be prepared from sodium dithionite and formaldehyde:

Na2S2O4 + 2 CH2O + H2O → HO-CH2-SO3Na + HO-CH2-SO2Na
This reaction proceeds quantitatively, such that dithionite can be determined by its conversion to Rongalite, which is far less O2-sensitive and thus easier to handle.

The hydroxymethanesulfinate ion is unstable in solution towards decomposition to formaldehyde and sulfite.
Addition of at least one equivalent of formaldehyde pushes the equilibrium towards the side of the adduct and reacts further to give the bis-(hydroxymethyl)sulfone.
Such solutions are shelf-stable indefinitely.

Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate was originally developed in the early 20th century for the textile industry as a shelf-stable source of sulfoxylate ion, where the latter can be generated at will.
In use, when Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is made acidic, the reducing sulfoxylate ion and formaldehyde are released in equimolar amounts.
For safety reasons the generation of formaldehyde must be taken into consideration when used industrially.

NaHOCH2SO2 can essentially be considered to be a source of SO22−.
As such Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is used both as a reducing agent and as a reagent to introduce SO2 groups into organic molecules.
Treatment of elemental Se and Te with NaHOCH2SO2 gives solutions containing the corresponding Na2Sex and Na2Tex, where x is approximately 2. As a nucleophile, NaHOCH2SO2 reacts with alkylating agents to give sulfones.

HO-CH2-SO2Na + 2 C6H5CH2Br → [C6H5CH2]2SO2 + NaBr + CH2O + HBr
Occasionally, alkylation will occur also at oxygen, thus xylylene dibromide gives both the sulfone and the isomeric sulfinate ester.

Production Method
286 kg of zinc powder and 500 kg of water are added into the pulping tank, and then added into the tubular reactor after pulping, and about 550 kg of SO2 is recycled to obtain zinc dithionite (the reaction temperature is maintained at 40~45 ℃, and the end pH value is 3~3.5).

In addition, the formaldehyde 40% by 698kg is added into the reaction kettle, the above-mentioned zinc disulfite aqueous solution is added dropwise under stirring, and the temperature is gradually increased.
When the temperature rises to 95~100 ℃, a total of 257 kg of zinc powder is added in batches, and the reaction is carried out under heat preservation for several hours, with the content of unused substance less than 1% at the end point.
Let the precipitate stand and transfer the precipitate to the replacement kettle.
After washing with clear water, 755 kg of 42% sodium hydroxide solution was added under stirring.
React at 65 ℃ until the free alkali content reaches 0.3% ~ 0.5%.
The reactant is pressure-filtered to remove impurities, and the filtrate is clarified for 48 h and then concentrated in vacuum.
Cooling crystallization, crushing to obtain the finished product.

Synonyms
Sodium Hydroxymethanesulfinate Dihydrate
6035-47-8
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate dihydrate
Rongalite
Methanesulfinic acid, hydroxy-, monosodium salt, dihydrate
sodium;hydroxymethanesulfinate;dihydrate
Formaldehyde sodium sulfoxylate dihydrate
Monosodium hydroxymethanesulfinate dihydrate
Hydroxymethanesulfinic acid monosodium salt dihydrate
sodium dihydrate hydroxymethanesulfinate
SQ4705447D
sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate dihydrate
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate [NF]
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxalate
Monosodium hydroxymethanesulfinate
Rongalite dihydrate
NCGC00166400-01
UNII-SQ4705447D
BRUGGOLITE
SodiumHydroxymethanesulfinateDihydrate
MFCD00150598
AKOS022186504
AT30643
sodium hydroxymethane sulfinate dihydrate
NCGC00166400-02
FT-0696356
FORMALDEHYDESULFOXYLATE, MONOSODIUM SALT
EN300-1697657
FORMALDEHYDE SODIUM SULPHOXYLATE DIHYDRATE
SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULPHOXYLATE DIHYDRATE
Q27289335
SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE DIHYDRATE [MI]
F8881-2707
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate dihydrate, >=98.0% (RT)
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate dihydrate(Chunks or pellets)

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate, also known as sodium dithionite, is a white crystalline powder with a slight sulfurous odor.
Its chemical formula is Na2S2O4·xH2O, and it is a hydrate of sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate.

CAS Number: 6035-47-8



APPLICATIONS


Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate can be used in the textile industry as a reducing agent to bleach and brighten fabrics.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the paper industry as a bleaching agent for wood pulp and paper products.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate can be used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis, particularly in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in electroplating as a reducing agent to deposit metal coatings on various surfaces.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate can be used in the production of photographic film and paper as a developing agent.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of leather as a tanning agent.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of rubber and plastics as a reducing agent to stabilize the compounds.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in water treatment to remove excess chlorine from water.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate can be used in the production of inks, dyes, and pigments as a reducing agent.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of adhesives and sealants as a reducing agent to improve their stability.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the oil and gas industry as a scavenger to remove oxygen and hydrogen sulfide from oil and gas wells.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the cosmetics industry as a reducing agent in hair dyes and other hair treatments.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the food industry as a reducing agent to prevent the browning of fruits and vegetables.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate can be used in the production of batteries as a reducing agent to improve their performance.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the construction industry as a reducing agent to improve the performance of cement-based materials.


The main applications of sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate include:

Reducing agent in the textile industry
Bleaching agent in the paper pulp industry
Dechlorinating agent in water treatment processes
Reducing agent in the leather industry
Bleaching agent in the food industry
Developing agent in the photographic industry
Catalyst in chemical reactions


Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate has several applications, including:

As a reducing agent in various industries, including textiles, photography, and electroplating.
As a bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry.
As an oxygen scavenger in boiler water treatment.
As a reducing agent in organic synthesis.
As a stabilizer in the manufacture of synthetic resins and rubbers.
In the production of pharmaceuticals, including as a reducing agent in the synthesis of certain drugs.
In the food industry as a flour improver and dough conditioner.
In the production of leather as a reducing agent.
In the production of adhesives and coatings.
In the electroplating industry for the deposition of metal coatings.
In the production of color photographic materials as a stabilizing agent.
In the manufacture of polymers as a reducing agent.
In the textile industry as a reducing agent and color stabilizer.
In the production of detergents and cleaning agents.
In the production of metalworking fluids.
As a reducing agent in the synthesis of polymers.
In the production of inks and pigments.
In the manufacture of oil drilling fluids.
In the production of metal catalysts.
In the synthesis of pesticides.
In the production of synthetic detergents.
In the synthesis of certain pharmaceutical intermediates.
In the production of plasticizers.
In the manufacture of paper and cardboard products.
As a reducing agent in the production of fine chemicals.


Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used as a reducing agent in various industrial processes.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the bleaching of pulp and paper to improve the brightness and whiteness of the paper.

In the textile industry, it is used as a reducing agent for the dyeing and printing of fabrics.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of photographic chemicals, as it can be used to reduce the silver ions to metallic silver.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the electroplating industry as a reducing agent for copper plating.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the manufacture of synthetic resins, which are used in various applications such as adhesives, coatings, and sealants.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of polymers, which are used in various applications such as plastic production and coatings.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a reducing agent for the synthesis of various drugs.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the food industry as a reducing agent and preservative.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the water treatment industry to remove chlorine and other oxidizing agents from water.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the petroleum industry to remove sulfur compounds from crude oil.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the mining industry as a flotation agent for the separation of ores.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the manufacture of ceramics and glass, as a reducing agent.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of chemicals such as formaldehyde and formic acid.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the synthesis of organic compounds, such as amino acids and peptides.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the manufacture of adhesives, particularly those used in the construction industry.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of rubber products.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of detergents and cleaning products.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of cosmetics and personal care products.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the synthesis of chiral molecules used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of fuel additives to improve the performance of gasoline and diesel engines.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of explosives and propellants.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the manufacture of water-soluble polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of flame retardants for textiles and plastics.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the textile industry as a reducing agent for the removal of excess dye and other impurities from fabrics.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of photographic paper to reduce the amount of silver in the emulsion and to prevent fogging of the film.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of pulp and paper as a bleach and a dechlorinating agent.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the food industry as an additive to prevent browning in fruits and vegetables during processing and storage.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of organic compounds in the pharmaceutical industry.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the manufacture of polymers and resins as a reducing agent and a stabilizer.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used as a polymerization inhibitor in the production of acrylic and other polymers.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of adhesives as a reducing agent to improve adhesion and bonding.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the cosmetics industry as an antioxidant and preservative.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the oil and gas industry as a scavenger for hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in natural gas and crude oil.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the mining industry as a flotation reagent to separate minerals from ore.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the electroplating industry as a reducing agent for metal ions in solution.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of leather as a reducing agent to remove excess chromium and other impurities.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the water treatment industry as a dechlorinating agent and a reducing agent for other pollutants.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices as a reducing agent to control the oxidation of metals.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of rubber as a reducing agent and a stabilizer to improve the properties of the material.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of glass as a reducing agent to prevent the formation of bubbles and defects.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the cosmetic dentistry industry as a tooth whitening agent.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of fuel cells as a reducing agent to improve the efficiency of the cell.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the printing industry as a reducing agent to improve the quality of the printed image.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the manufacturing of catalysts as a reducing agent to activate the catalyst.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the construction industry as a reducing agent for concrete and cement to improve their properties.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the textile printing industry as a reducing agent to improve the quality of the printed image.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of paper and cardboard as a reducing agent and a bleaching agent.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the agricultural industry as a reducing agent and a pesticide.



DESCRIPTION


Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate, also known as sodium dithionite, is a white crystalline powder with a slight sulfurous odor.
Its chemical formula is Na2S2O4·xH2O, and it is a hydrate of sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate has various uses, including as a reducing agent, a bleaching agent, and a dechlorinating agent.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used in several industrial processes such as in the production of textiles, paper pulp, and leather goods.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is a strong reducing agent and can reduce many organic and inorganic compounds.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is often used in the textile industry for the reduction of vat dyes and sulfur dyes.

In the paper pulp industry, Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used to bleach pulp, while in the leather industry, it is used as a reducing agent for chromium.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used in water treatment processes to remove excess chlorine from water.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used in the food industry as a bleaching agent for food products such as flour and potatoes.

Another application of this chemical is in the photographic industry where it is used as a developing agent, and in the production of photographic films and papers.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used as a catalyst in chemical reactions, including the conversion of aldehydes to alcohols.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is considered a safe and non-toxic compound, and it is approved for use in various applications by regulatory bodies such as the FDA and EPA.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is a white crystalline powder with a faint odor.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is highly soluble in water, and slightly soluble in alcohol and ether.
The chemical formula for sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is NaHO2S.CH2O2.2H2O.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is a reducing agent commonly used in textile, paper, and leather industries.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also known as Rongalite C.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is a stable, non-explosive compound that decomposes when heated above 180°C.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is highly reactive and can reduce a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is a white to slightly yellowish powder with a sweet taste.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is hygroscopic, meaning that it absorbs moisture from the air.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is sensitive to air and light, and should be stored in a tightly closed container in a cool, dry place.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is used in the production of photographic chemicals and dyes.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used in the manufacture of pulp and paper, where it acts as a bleaching agent.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate can be used as a reducing agent in electroplating baths.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of metal poisoning and radiation sickness.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is a strong reducing agent that can reduce metal ions to their metallic form.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate has a wide range of applications in the textile industry, where it is used as a reducing agent for vat dyes and sulfur dyes.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used as a bleaching agent for cellulose fibers and cotton.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is highly effective in removing residual chlorine from bleached pulp and paper.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is commonly used in the production of food additives, such as Vitamin C and thiamine.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used in the manufacturing of rubber, plastics, and resins.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate can be used in the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater.

Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is also used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of nanomaterials.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate is a key component in the formulation of hair dye.
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate has a wide range of applications in the chemical industry, where it is used as a reducing agent for a variety of organic and inorganic compounds.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: NaHO2S·xH2O (where x represents the number of water molecules)
Molar mass: 114.08 g/mol (anhydrous), varies with degree of hydration
Appearance: white to off-white crystalline powder
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.17 g/cm³ (anhydrous)
Melting point: decomposes before melting
Solubility in water: highly soluble
Solubility in other solvents: slightly soluble in methanol and ethanol, insoluble in ether and benzene
pH: about 4.5 to 5.5 in 1% aqueous solution
Boiling point: decomposes before boiling
Flash point: not applicable, as it is not a flammable substance
Autoignition temperature: not applicable, as it is not a flammable substance
Refractive index: not applicable, as it is not an optically active substance
Viscosity: not applicable, as it is not a liquid substance
Specific heat capacity: not available in literature
Thermal conductivity: not available in literature
Electrical conductivity: not available in literature
Hygroscopicity: hygroscopic, absorbs moisture from the air
Stability: stable under normal conditions, but decomposes upon exposure to heat or light
Acidity/basicity: slightly acidic
Toxicity: may be harmful if ingested or inhaled, may cause skin and eye irritation
Flammability: not flammable
Explosiveness: not explosive
Oxidizing properties: not oxidizing
Corrosivity: not corrosive



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Remove the person to a well-ventilated area and give oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Seek immediate medical attention if the person is experiencing difficulty breathing or shows signs of respiratory distress.


Skin Contact:

Remove any contaminated clothing or accessories immediately.
Rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if there are signs of irritation or burns.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the affected eye(s) with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelid(s) open.
Seek medical attention if irritation, pain, or redness persists.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention if the person has swallowed a large amount or shows signs of discomfort or distress.

Note: Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by a medical professional.


Other:

In case of exposure to Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate hydrate, seek medical attention immediately.
Be prepared to provide the medical professional with detailed information about the chemical and the exposure, including the route of exposure, the amount of chemical involved, and the time elapsed since the exposure occurred.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing when handling the chemical.
Avoid inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion of the chemical.
Handle the chemical in a well-ventilated area to prevent the build-up of vapor or dust.

Do not allow the chemical to come into contact with strong oxidizers or acids.
Do not heat or incinerate the chemical, as this can cause decomposition and release toxic gases.

In case of a spill, contain the material and prevent it from spreading.
Use an inert absorbent material such as sand, vermiculite, or diatomaceous earth to soak up the spill.
Store the chemical in a tightly closed container away from heat sources, flames, and direct sunlight.


Storage:

Store the chemical in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Keep the chemical away from incompatible materials such as oxidizing agents, acids, and bases.
Store the chemical in a tightly closed container that is labeled with the appropriate hazard warnings.

Keep the chemical out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel.
Do not store the chemical near food, beverages, or other consumable materials.
Do not store the chemical in areas with excessive heat or cold, or in direct sunlight.

Store the chemical separately from flammable or combustible materials.
Use appropriate storage containers made of materials such as glass, stainless steel, or polyethylene that are resistant to the chemical.



SYNONYMS


Sodium dithionite
Sodium hydrosulfite
Sodium sulfoxylate formaldehyde
Sodium formylhydroxamate
Sodium hypodithionite
Sodium oxymethylene sulfoxylate
Sodium formate bisulfite
Sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate
Sodium formalsulfoxylate
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate
Sodium formoxylate
Sodium formoxylate bisulfite
Hyposulfite of soda
Sodium dithionite hydrate
Sodium sulfoxylate formaldehyde hydrate
Sodium hydrosulfite hydrate
Sodium oxymethylene sulfoxylate hydrate
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate hydrate
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate monohydrate
Sodium formate bisulfite hydrate
Sodium formoxylate hydrate
Sodium formoxylate bisulfite hydrate
Sodium hypodithionite hydrate
Sodium formylhydroxamate hydrate
SFSH
SFS
Rongalite C
Rongalit C
Rongalit
Rongalite
Hydrosulfite F
Hydrosulfite
Hydrose
Hyposulfit
Hydro
Formasulfit
Formosulfate
Formosulfite
Formosulphate
Formosulphite
Formosulfoxylate
Sodi
Sodium hydrosulfite
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate
Sodium dithionite
Sodium oxymethylene sulfoxylate
Sodium salt of hydroxymethanesulfinic acid
Dithionous acid, sodium salt
Salt of sulfinic acid, hydroxymethane, sodium

Sodium Formate Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder. Properties Chemical formula HCOONa Molar mass 68.007 g/mol Appearance white granules deliquescent Density 1.92 g/cm3 (20 °C) Melting point 253 °C (487 °F; 526 K) Boiling point decomposes Solubility in water 43.82 g/100 mL (0 °C) 97.2 g/100 mL (20 °C) 160 g/100 mL (100 °C) Solubility insoluble in ether soluble in glycerol, alcohol, formic acid Preparation For commercial use, sodium formate is produced by absorbing carbon monoxide under pressure in solid sodium hydroxide at 130 °C and 6-8 bar pressure: CO + NaOH → HCO2Na Because of the low-cost and large-scale availability of formic acid by carbonylation of methanol and hydrolysis of the resulting methyl formate, sodium formate is usually prepared by neutralizing formic acid with sodium hydroxide. Sodium formate is also unavoidably formed as a by-product in the final step of the pentaerythritol synthesis and in the crossed Cannizzaro reaction of formaldehyde with the aldol reaction product trimethylol acetaldehyde [3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanal]. In the laboratory, sodium formate can be prepared by neutralizing formic acid with sodium carbonate. It can also be obtained by reacting chloroform with an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide. CHCl3 + 4 NaOH → HCOONa + 3 NaCl + 2 H2O or by reacting sodium hydroxide with chloral hydrate. C2HCl3(OH)2 + NaOH → CHCl3 + HCOONa + H2O The latter method is, in general, preferred to the former because the low aqueous solubility of CHCl3 makes it easier to separate out from the sodium formate solution, by fractional crystallization, than the soluble NaCl would be. Sodium formate may also be created via the haloform reaction between ethanol and sodium hypochlorite in the presence of a base. This procedure is well documented for the preparation of chloroform. Properties Physical properties Sodium formate crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system with the lattice parameters a = 6,19 Å, b = 6,72 Å, c = 6,49 Å and β = 121,7°.[3] Chemical properties On heating, sodium formate decomposes to form sodium oxalate and hydrogen.[4] The resulting sodium oxalate can be converted by further heating to sodium carbonate upon release of carbon monoxide: As a salt of a weak acid (formic acid) and a strong base (sodium hydroxide) sodium formate reacts in aqueous solutions basic: A solution of formic acid and sodium formate can thus be used as a buffer solution. Sodium formate is slightly water-hazardous and inhibits some species of bacteria but is degraded by others. Uses Sodium formate is used in several fabric dyeing and printing processes. It is also used as a buffering agent for strong mineral acids to increase their pH, as a food additive (E237), and as a de-icing agent. In structural biology, sodium formate can be used as a cryoprotectant for X-ray diffraction experiments on protein crystals,[6] which are typically conducted at a temperature of 100 K to reduce the effects of radiation damage. Sodium formate plays a role in the synthesis of formic acid, it is converted by sulfuric acid via the following reaction equation: Sodium formate is converted with sulfuric acid to formic acid and sodium sulfate. The urticating hair of stinging nettles contain sodium formate as well as formic acid. Solid sodium formate is used as a non-corrosive agent at airports for de-icing of runways in mix with corrosion inhibitors and other additives, which rapidly penetrate solid snow and ice layers, detach them from the asphalt or concrete and melt the ice rapidly. Sodium formate was also used as a road deicer in the city of Ottawa from 1987 to 1988. The high freezing point depression e.g. in comparison to the still frequently used urea (which is effective but problematic due to eutrophication) effectively prevents the re-icing, even at temperatures below −15 °C. The thawing effect of the solid sodium formate can even be increased by moistening with aqueous potassium formate or potassium acetate solutions. The degradability of sodium formate is particularly advantageous with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 211 mg O2/g compared with the de-icing agents sodium acetate (740 mg O2/g) and urea with (> 2,000 mg O2/g).[8] Saturated sodium formate solutions (as well as mixtures of other alkali metal formates such as potassium and cesium formate) are used as important drilling and stabilizing aids in gas and oil exploration because of their relatively high density. By mixing the corresponding saturated alkali metal formate solutions any densities between 1,0 and 2,3 g/cm3 can be set. The saturated solutions are biocidal and long-term stable against microbial degradation. Diluted, on the other hand, they are fast and completely biodegradable. As alkali metal formates as drilling aids make it unnecessary to add solid fillers to increase the density (such as barytes) and the formate solutions can be recovered and recycled at the drilling site, formates represent an important advance in exploration technology. Applications Biotechnological Sodium formate is used as the carbon source for culturing bacteria. Sodium formate is also useful for increasing yields of DNA isolation by ethanol precipitation. Industrial Sodium formate is used in the textile industry to neutralize sulfuric acid waste streams and also as a photoresist while using aniline dyes. It is also a pickling agent in chrome tanning and helps to impede vulcanization of chloroprene in synthetic rubber production. In processing cotton for disposable cotton pads, Sodium formate is used to eliminate the buildup of static electricity. Concrete longevity Sodium formate is used to mitigate water damage to concrete by acting as a concrete sealant, while also being environmentally benign and cheaper than the commonly used epoxy alternative for sealing concrete against water permeation.[9] Food Sodium formate may be added to food as a seasoning, sometimes in the form of sodium diacetate, a one-to-one complex of Sodium formate and acetic acid,[10] given the E-number E262. It is often used to give potato chips a salt and vinegar flavor.[citation needed] Sodium formate (anhydrous) is widely used as a shelf-life extending agent, pH control agent[11] It is safe to eat at low concentration.[12] Buffer solution A solution of Sodium formate (a basic salt of acetic acid) and acetic acid can act as a buffer to keep a relatively constant pH level. This is useful especially in biochemical applications where reactions are pH-dependent in a mildly acidic range (pH 4–6). Heating pad A hand warmer containing a supersaturated solution of Sodium formate which releases heat upon crystallization Sodium formate is also used in heating pads, hand warmers, and hot ice. Sodium formate trihydrate crystals melt at 136.4 °F/58 °C[13] (to 137.12 °F/58.4 °C),[14] dissolving in their water of crystallization. When they are heated past the melting point and subsequently allowed to cool, the aqueous solution becomes supersaturated. This solution is capable of cooling to room temperature without forming crystals. By pressing on a metal disc within the heating pad, a nucleation center is formed, causing the solution to crystallize back into solid Sodium formate trihydrate. The bond-forming process of crystallization is exothermic.[15] The latent heat of fusion is about 264–289 kJ/kg.[13] Unlike some types of heat packs, such as those dependent upon irreversible chemical reactions, a Sodium formate heat pack can be easily reused by immersing the pack in boiling water for a few minutes, until the crystals are completely dissolved, and allowing the pack to slowly cool to room temperature. Preparation A crystal of Sodium formate trihydrate (length 1.7 centimetres) For laboratory use, Sodium formate is inexpensive and usually purchased instead of being synthesized. It is sometimes produced in a laboratory experiment by the reaction of acetic acid, commonly in the 5–8% solution known as vinegar, with sodium carbonate ("washing soda"), sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda"), or sodium hydroxide ("lye", or "caustic soda"). Any of these reactions produce Sodium formate and water. When a sodium and carbonate ion-containing compound is used as the reactant, the carbonate anion from sodium bicarbonate or carbonate, reacts with hydrogen from the carboxyl group (-COOH) in acetic acid, forming carbonic acid. Carbonic acid readily decomposes under normal conditions into gaseous carbon dioxide and water. This is the reaction taking place in the well-known "volcano" that occurs when the household products, baking soda and vinegar, are combined. Sodium formate appears in sodium methylate at 0.3% The slow decomposition in storage of 98-100% Sodium formate with liberation of carbon monoxide led to rupture of the sealed glass containers. In absence of gas leakage, a full 2.5 L bottle would develop a pressure of over 7 bar during 1 yr at 25 °C. Explosive decomposition of Sodium formate on a clean nickel ... surface was studied, using deuteroSodium formate. A full 1 L bottle of 96% Sodium formate burst when the ambient temp fell to -6 °C overnight and the contents froze and expanded. Gas pressure from previous partial decomposition may also have contributed. Sodium formate decomposes slowly during storage and more rapidly under fire conditions, forming carbon monoxide. Sodium formate is a reagent comprised of the organic chemical Sodium formate that cleaves proteins into peptides at the C- or N-terminal side of an aspartate residue. Enzyme pathways involved in detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and Sodium formate, which are produced as a consequence of oxidative demethylation by the cytochrome P-450 system, were examined in isolated hepatocytes from phenobarbital pretreated rats. The formaldehyde produced during oxidative demethylation in isolated hepatocytes is rapidly oxidized to Sodium formate. Depletion of cellular reduced glutathione by pretreatment of rats with diethylmaleate decreases the rate of Sodium formate production, and therefore, it appears that formaldehyde produced by oxidative demethylation is oxidized by formaldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme which requires but does not consume reduced glutathione. Because of the rapid nonenzymatic reaction of formaldehyde with reduced glutathione, this enzyme system may be viewed as essential to prevent the loss of reduced glutathione due to S-hydroxymethylglutathione formation. Reduced glutathione concentration in isolated hepatocytes decreased rapidly following addition of substrates undergoing oxidative demethylation. Addition of other cytochrome P-450 substrates which do not undergo demethylation did not result in such a dramatic oxidation of reduced glutathione. Sodium formate, produced during oxidative demethylation acts as a substrate for the peroxidatic mode of catalase, but also binds to catalase as an anionic ligand. This binding decreases the catalase concentration detectable by cyanide titration and therefore appears to inhibit the catalytic reaction mode. Synthesis of Sodium formate by hydrolysis of methyl formate is based on a two-stage process: in the first stage, methanol is carbonylated with carbon monoxide; in the second stage, methyl formate is hydrolyzed to Sodium formate and methanol. Sodium formate is produced as a byproduct in the liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons to acetic acid. In the United States, butane is used as the hydrocarbon, and ca. 50 kg of Sodium formate is produced per ton of acetic acid. In Europe, the oxidation of naphtha is preferred, and up to 250 kg of Sodium formate is produced per ton of acetic acid in this process. The reaction of sodium formate or calcium formate with strong mineral acids, such as sulfuric and nitric acids, is the oldest known process for producing Sodium formate commercially. If formates or sodium hydroxide are available cheaply or occur as byproducts in other processes, Sodium formate can still be produced economically in this manner. A method for analysis of Sodium formate in concentration of approx 0.2 mg/l in body fluids and tissues is described. Formate dehydrogenase analysis is done in two steps. In the first step, a 0.1 ml sample of blood, urine, or tissue extraction is mixed with 0.1 of 10 mmol/l nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide soln, 0.1 ml of potassium phosphate buffer, and 50 ul of formate dehydrogenase soln. The mixture is incubated for 15 min at 37 °C then 0.1 ml of diaphorase soln, 50 ul of resazurin soln and 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 6.00, 200 mmol/l) are added. Fluorescence is measured. Indirect food substance additives affirmed as generally recognized as safe. (a) Sodium formate (CH2O2, CAS Reg. No. 64-18-6) is also referred to as methanoic acid or hydrogen carboxylic acid. It occurs naturally in some insects and is contained in the free acid state in a number of plants. Sodium formate is prepared by the reaction of sodium formate with sulfuric acid and is isolated by distillation. (b) Sodium formate is used as a constituent of paper and paperboard used for food packaging. (c) The ingredient is used at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice in accordance with part 186.1(b)(1). (d) Prior sanctions for Sodium formate different from the uses established in this section do not exist or have been waived. An examination of 12 fatalities attributed to methanol poisoning is presented. Six individuals were found deceased, and their postmortem methanol and Sodium formate concentrations ranged from 84 to 543 mg/dL and 64 to 110 mg/dL, respectively. In the other six individuals, hospital treatment such as bicarbonate, ethanol infusion, and hemodialysis was administered. Antemortem methanol and Sodium formate concentrations ranged from 68 to 427 mg/dL and 37 to 91 mg/dL, respectively, whereas corresponding postmortem methanol and Sodium formate levels ranged from undetectable to 49 mg/dL and undetectable to 48 mg/dL, respectively. Hospital treatment of Sodium formate toxicity resulted in significantly reduced postmortem methanol and Sodium formate concentrations In 13-week studies, groups of 10 animals of each species and sex were exposed to Sodium formate at concentrations of 0, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 ppm for 6 hr a day, 5 days a week. Two mice, 1 male and 1 female, died in the 128 ppm groups. Body weight gains were significantly decreased in mice exposed to 64 and 128 ppm Sodium formate. Microscopic changes in rats and mice ranged from minimal to mild in severity and generally were limited to animals in the 128 ppm groups. Lesions related to exposure to Sodium formate consisted of squamous metaplasia and degeneration of the respiratory and olfactory epithelia, respectively. Hematologic and serum biochemical changes at interim and terminal time points were minimal to mild and, generally, were consistent with hemoconcentration. Sodium formate's production and use as a preservative in foods and silage; acidulant in dyeing of natural and synthetic fibers, leather tanning; coagulating latex in rubber production, and in chemical synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in hydrofracking to prevent pipe corrosion and application to freshly cut grass prior to ensilation will result in its direct release to the environment. Sodium formate occurs in fruits, vegetables, and leaves and roots of plants, and also in the defensive secretions of numerous insects, particularly of ants. Sodium formate is an intermediary human metabolite that is immediately transformed to formate. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Sodium formate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Sodium formate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 36 days. Sodium formate does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Sodium formate is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.67X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. The pKa of Sodium formate is 3.75, indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Sodium formate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Theoretical BOD values ranging from 4.3% to 77.6% after 5 days using sewage, activated sludge, fresh water, and synthetic sea water inocula indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, Sodium formate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 150 and 1,100 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Sodium formate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Sodium formate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Sodium formate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing Sodium formate as well as when stung by certain insects and marine cnidarians. Sodium formate occurs in fruits, vegetables, and leaves and roots of plants(1), and also in the defensive secretions of numerous insects, particularly of ants(2). It is also an intermediate product in the decomposition of organic matter in lake sediment(3) and a photooxidation product of alkanes, alkenes, and biogenic terpenes by hydroxyl-radical(4,5). Sodium formate is an intermediary human metabolite that is immediately transformed to formate(6). Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.54(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Sodium formate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of Sodium formate is 3.75(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of Sodium formate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.67X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(6). Sodium formate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg(7). Theoretical BOD values ranging from 4.3% to 77.6% after 5 days using sewage and activated sludge inocula(8-13) indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Sodium formate, which has a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Sodium formate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 36 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Sodium formate does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Sodium formate biodegrades readily in screening tests(1-9). Specific results include: 4.3 and 38.8% of theoretical BOD after 5 and 10 days using a sewage inoculum(1); 43.7-77.6% of theoretical BOD after 5 days with a sewage inoculum(2); 70% of theoretical BOD in 24 hours using activated sludge(3); 66% of theoretical BOD in 12 hours using an activated sludge inoculum(4); 39.9% of theoretical BOD in 24 hours with activated sludge(5); 48 and 51% of theoretical BOD after 5 days with unacclimated and acclimated sewage inoculum, respectively(6); and 40.5 and 51.7% of theoretical BOD after 5 days with sewage inocula in fresh water and synthetic seawater, respectively(7). Microorganisms are present in the air that can degrade formate in rainwater(8). Sodium formate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 110% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(9). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Sodium formate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 4.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 36 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Sodium formate is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3). Sodium formate does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The anhydrous acid catalyzes its own esterification with alcohols and polyols, but often also promotes dehydration to the ether or olefin(5). Anhydrous Sodium formate decomposes to carbon monoxide and water(6). Reactions between hydroxyl radicals and Sodium formate occur in cloud water. During daylight hours, aqueous-phase hydroxyl radical reactions can both produce and destroy Sodium formate in cloud drops and may control the Sodium formate levels in rain(7). The Koc of Sodium formate is estimated as 1(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.54(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that Sodium formate is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of Sodium formate is 3.75(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). The Henry's Law constant for Sodium formate is 1.67X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Sodium formate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 150 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1100 days(SRC). Sodium formate's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of Sodium formate from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg(3). Concentrations of Sodium formate in the Ohio River, Little Miami River and Tannes Creek were 12-39 ppb, 18.4-25.2 ppb, and 22.3 ppb, respectively(1). In Lake Kizaki in Japan, surface concentration of Sodium formate was 115 ppb(2). Although the concentration varied with depth (0-28 m) between 0 and 115 ppb, the variation was not a smoothly decreasing one(2). The volume-weighted average concentration of Sodium formate in Venezuelan rains was 7 uM in the continental region(1). Sodium formate was detected in 14 wet precipitation samples collected from 9 sites in southern California between 1982 and 1984 with concentrations ranging from 0.18 uM in snow from rural Wrightwood to 15.85 uM in rain from urban Los Angeles, and an average concentration of 4.12 uM(2). Six in-cloud precipitation samples collected from a cloud in Shenandoah National Park, VA during September 1990 had an average Sodium formate concentration of 8.3 uM(3). Precipitation samples collected at two Wisconsin lakes on the Wisconsin Acid Deposition Monitoring Network contained Sodium formate concentrations ranging from the detection limit of 20 ppb to 2,576 ppb, median 382 ppb(4). The average volume-weighted concentration of Sodium formate in rainwater in a study (154 measurements) at Wilmington, NC was 7.4 umol/L and contributed 19% of the rainwater's acidity(5). Fogwater in Corvallis, OR had a median and high Sodium formate concentration of 61 and 133 umol/L, respectively(6). NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 158,933 workers (37,338 of these were female) were potentially exposed to Sodium formate in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to Sodium formate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Sodium formate is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Sodium formate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing Sodium formate as well as when stung by certain insects and marine cnidarians(SRC). Sodium Formate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. About Sodium formate Helpful information Sodium formate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum. Sodium formate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Consumer Uses Sodium formate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes and water treatment chemicals. Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid. Article service life Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). Sodium formate can be found in products with material based on: leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery). Widespread uses by professional workers Sodium formate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, laboratory chemicals, anti-freeze products and water treatment chemicals. Sodium formate is used in the following areas: mining, health services and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment. Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use. Formulation or re-packing Sodium formate is used in the following products: leather treatment products, laboratory chemicals and washing & cleaning products. Release to the environment of Sodium formate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials and of substances in closed systems with minimal release. Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance. Uses at industrial sites Sodium formate is used in the following products: leather treatment products, heat transfer fluids, pH regulators and water treatment products and anti-freeze products. Sodium formate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, mining and printing and recorded media reproduction. Sodium formate is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur. Release to the environment of Sodium formate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and formulation of mixtures. Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners). Manufacture Release to the environment of Sodium formate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

cas no 527-07-1 D-Gluconic acid, sodium salt; D-Gluconic acid monosodium salt; Glonsen; Gluconato di sodio; Monosodium D-gluconate; Sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R')-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate; 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid sodium salt; Sodium Gluconate;

Sodium Gluconate is a compound with formula NaC6H11O7.
Sodium Gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid.
Sodium Gluconate's E number is E576.
Sodium Gluconate is a white powder that is very soluble in water.


CAS Number: 527-07-1
EC Number: 208-407-7
MDL NO:MFCD00064210
E number: E576 (acidity regulators, ...)
Chemical formula: C6H11NaO7


Sodium Gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid with chelating property.
Sodium gluconate chelates and forms stable complexes with various ions, preventing them from engaging in chemical reactions.
Sodium gluconate is an organic sodium salt having D-gluconate as the counterion.


Sodium Gluconate has a role as a chelator.
Sodium Gluconate contains a D-gluconate.
Sodium Gluconate is a sodium salt of gluconic acid.


Sodium gluconate, also called sodium salt of gluconic acid, is produced by fermentation of glucose.
The appearance is white crystalline powder, so it is very soluble in water.
And Sodium Gluconate has features of non-toxic, non corrosive and readily biodegradable.


Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid and is produced by the fermentation of glucose.
Sodium Gluconate is a white granular, crystalline solid, very soluble in water.
Sodium Gluconate is non-corrosive, non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable.


Sodium Gluconate is resistant to oxidation and reduction even at high temperatures.
The main feature of sodium gluconate is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions.
Sodium Gluconate forms stable chelates with calcium, iron, copper, aluminum and other heavy metals.


EDTA is a chelating agent superior to NTA and phosphonates.
Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid, produced by fermentation of glucose.
Sodium Gluconate is a white to tan, granular to fine, crystalline powder, very soluble in water.


Sodium Gluconate is non corrosive, non-toxic and readily biodegradable (98 % after 2 days), sodium gluconate is more and more appreciated as chelating agent.
The outstanding property of sodium gluconate is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions.
Sodium Gluconate forms stable chelates with calcium, iron, copper, aluminium and other heavy metals, and in this respect, it surpasses all other chelating agents, such as EDTA, NTA and related compounds.


Aqueous solutions of sodium gluconate are resistant to oxidation and reduction, even at high temperatures.
However, Sodium Gluconate is easily degraded biologically (98 % after 2 days), and thus presents no wastewater problem.
Sodium gluconate is also a highly efficient set retarder and a good plasticiser / water reducer for concrete, mortar and gypsum.


And last but not least, Sodium Gluconate has the property to inhibit bitterness in foodstuffs.
Sodium Gluconate is a safe and natural alternative to the synthetic chelating agents EDTA and etidronate to protect cosmetic products from discoloration and rancidity of cosmetic oils.


Sodium Gluconate can also act as pH regulator as well as humectant, thanks to its molecular structure with numerous hydroxyl groups.
In oral care, Sodium Gluconate can substantially reduce the bitterness of other ingredients.
Chemical formula of Sodium Gluconate is C6H11NaO7, which is known as E 572, is a sodium salt of gluconic acid in white fine granule structure.


Sodium gluconate is soluble in cold water and hot water.
Sodium Gluconate is only partially soluble in methanol and ethanol.
Sodium gluconate is a white granular, crystalline solid which is very soluble in water.


Sodium Gluconate is non corrosive, non toxic, biodegradable and renewable.
Sodium Gluconate is resistant to oxidation and reduction even at high temperatures.
The main property of sodium gluconate is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions.


Sodium Gluconate forms stable chelates with calcium, iron, copper, aluminium and other heavy metals.
Sodium Gluconate is a more superior chelating agent than EDTA, NTA and phosphonates.
In addition to being a chelating agent, sodium gluconate in skin care can also function as a humectant, meaning it helps skin retain a balanced amount of water.


Sodium Gluconate's typical use level in cosmetics is 0.1-1.0%.
Sodium gluconate is the neutralized form (salt) of gluconic acid.
Sodium Gluconate is very soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.


Sodium gluconate is sodium salt of gluconic acid that is produced by the fermentation of glucose.
Sodium gluconate comes in a fine granular or powdered form.
Sodium Gluconate is soluble in water, non corrosive, non toxic, biodegradable and biorenewable.


Sodium Gluconate is a useful chelating agent acting as a stabiliser and thickener to improve the quality and stability of food products.
Sodium gluconate is a biodegradable odourless non-corrosive salt used in some cleaning and personal care products.
Sodium gluconate is synthesised from gluconic acid, which can be found in nature in honey and wine - and which can be produced through fermentation of plant sugars.


Sodium Gluconate for skin is the salt form of gluconic acid, a mild acid produced from the sugar glucose.
Despite the in-part sugar origins, sodium gluconate in skin care is a synthetic ingredient.
In skin care, sodium gluconate functions as a chelating agent.


Chelating agents are ingredients that bind with metal ions to enhance the stability of other ingredients.
Interestingly, the human body produces gluconates on its own to assist in obtaining nutrients from minerals.
Sodium Gluconate is a crystalline sodium salt of Gluconic Acid, produced by the fermentation of glucose, and is very soluble in water.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SODIUM GLUCONATE:
Sodium Gluconate is widely used in textile dyeing, printing and metal surface water treatment.
Sodium Gluconate is also used as a chelating agent, a steel surface cleaning agent, a cleaning agent for glass bottles, and as a chelating agent for cement, plating and alumina dyeing industries.


Sodium gluconate is frequently used in metal and glass surface cleaning due to its chelating properties.
Sodium Gluconate can also be used as water reducer and drying retarder.
Sodium Gluconate is also used in inks, dyes, dyestuff, paper and textile productions.


Sodium Gluconate is also used in many types of food to reduce bitterness.
In right doses, Sodium Gluconate acts as acid-alcali stabilizer in human body.
As a kind of chemical admixture, Sodium Gluconate always plays an important role in many different fields, such as concrete, textile industry, oil drilling, soap, cosmetics, toothpaste, etc.


Sodium Gluconate is used as concrete retarder in the construction industry.
When adding a certain amount of sodium gluconate powder to cement, Sodium Gluconate can make the concrete strong and random, and at the same time, it also delays the Initial and final setting time of concrete without affecting the strength of concrete.


In a word, Sodium Gluconate retarder can improve the workability and the strength of concrete.
In the medical field, Sodium Gluconate can maintain the acid and alkaline balance in the human body and restore the normal functioning of the nerves.
Sodium Gluconate can be used in the prevention and treatment of syndrome for low sodium.


Sodium Gluconate can be used as a water quality stabilizer as it has excellent blocking capacity to die.
Sodium Gluconate is used as a surface cleaning agent for metals
Sodium Gluconate is used as a cleaning agent for glass bottles


Sodium Gluconate can also be used as a water reducing agent and retarder in the building industry.
Sodium gluconate is also an effective set retarder and a good plasticizer and water reducer for concrete, cement, mortar and gypsum.
Sodium gluconate is widely used in industry.


Sodium gluconate can be used as a high-efficiency chelating agent in the fields of construction, textile printing and metal surface treatment and water treatment, steel surface cleaning agent, glass bottle cleaning agent, aluminum oxide coloring in electroplating industry.
The concrete industry is used as a high-efficiency retarder, high-efficiency water reducer, and the like.


Sodium gluconate as a special cleaning agent for glass bottles Sodium gluconate is used as the main body in the formula of glass bottle cleaning agent, which can well remove the dirt in the glass bottle, and the trace residue after washing does not affect the food safety, and the washing water discharge is pollution-free.
Application of Sodium Gluconate:Water reducing agent,retarder,etc.


Usage of Sodium Gluconate:Coating Auxiliary Agents/Electronics Chemicals/Leather Auxiliary Agents/Paper Chemicals/Plastic Auxiliary Agents/Water Treatment Chemicals.
Sodium gluconate is used in electroplating and metal finishing because of its strong affinity for metal ions.
Acting as a sequestrant Sodium Gluconate stabilises the solution preventing impurities from triggering undesirable reactions in the bath.


The chelation properties of gluconate assist in the deterioration of the anode thus increasing plating bath efficiency.
Gluconate can be used in copper, zinc and cadmium plating baths for brightening and increasing luster.
Sodium gluconate is used in agrochemicals and in particular fertilisers.


Sodium Gluconate helps plants and crops to absorb necessary minerals from the soil.
Sodium Gluconate can resist to oxidation at high temperatures and in this way can be used in many sectors.
Sodium Gluconate is used in the paper and pulp industries where it chelates out metallic ions which cause problems in the peroxide and hydrosulphite bleaching processes.


Sodium Gluconate is used as surface cleaning agent for metals
Sodium Gluconate is used as cleaning agent of glass bottles.
Sodium Gluconate also can be used as water reducing agent and retarder in the building industry.


Sodium gluconate is also an efficient set retarder and a good plasticiser & water reducer for concrete, cement, mortar and gypsum.
Other industrial applications of Sodium Gluconate of importance include bottle washing, photo chemicals, textile auxiliaries, plastics and polymers, inks, paints and dyes and Water treatment.


Sodium Gluconate is a good chelator at alkaline pH, with chelating power relatively better than EDTA, NTA and other chelators.
Sodium Gluconate has wide range of industrial applications which include textile dyeing, water treatments, printing and as cleaning agent for glass bottles.
Sodium Gluconate also finds use as derusting agent in metallurgy and as additive in cement.


Sodium Gluconate is used in food stuffs as bitterness inhibitor and as electrolyte replenisher.
Sodium Gluconate is a good chelator at alkaline pH, with chelating power relatively better than EDTA, NTA and other chelators.
Sodium Gluconate has wide range of industrial applications which include textile dyeing, water treatments, printing and as cleaning agent for glass bottles.


Sodium Gluconate also finds use as derusting agent in metallurgy and as additive in cement.
Sodium Gluconate is used in food stuffs as bitterness inhibitor and as electrolyte replenisher.
Sodium Gluconate inhibits bitter flavours and is used in dairy products, processed fruit, vegetables, cereals, processed meats, preserved fish and many other applications.


Sodium Gluconate is widely used in the cosmetic industry for stabilizing purposes.
Sodium Gluconate is used to stabilize all kinds of cosmetic products like creams, lotions, shampoos, conditioners, makeup products, sunscreen products.


-Uses of Sodium Gluconate:
*Food: Dairy products, diet foods, herb and spice blends, meat products.
*Medications: Injections.
*Personal care: Dental care, skin care, toiletries.
*Cleaners, detergents: dishwashing detergents, household cleaning materials, industrial cleaning materials.
*Industrial applications: Agrochemicals, construction chemicals, inks/paints/dyes, metal finishing, paper auxiliaries, photo chemicals, textile auxiliaries, water treatment.


-Metal:
Sodium Gluconate, which even binds heavy metals, is used in this sector as metal binder and surface water.


-Sodium gluconate in Construction Industry:
Sodium gluconate is used as a concrete admix.
Sodium Gluconate offers several benefits including improved workability, retarding setting times, reducing water, improved freeze-thawing resistance, reduced bleeding, cracking and dry shrinkage.
When added at a level of 0.3% sodium gluconate can retard setting time of cement to over 16 hours depending on ratio of water and cement, temperature etc.
As Sodium Gluconate acts as a corrosion inhibitor it helps to protect iron bars used in concrete from corrosion.


-Sodium gluconate as a corrosion inhibitor:
When sodium gluconate is present in water above 200ppm it protects steel and copper from corrosion.
Water pipes and tanks composed of these metals are prone to corrosion and pitting caused by dissolved oxygen in the circulation water.
This leads to cavitation and degradation of the equipment.
The sodium gluconate reacts with the metal producing a protective film of the gluconate salt of the metal eliminating the possibility of the dissolved oxygen to come into direct contact with the metal.
In addition sodium gluconate is added to deicing compounds like salt and calcium chloride which are corrosive.
This helps protect metal surfaces from being attacked by the salts but not deterring from the salt's ability to dissolve ice and snow.


-Concrete:
Sodium gluconate is used as an additive in printed concrete technology.
-Pine:
Sodium Gluconate is used as cleaning agent in glass bottles.


-Sodium gluconate in the cleaning industry:
Sodium gluconate is commonly found in many household and industrial cleaners.
This is because on Sodium Gluconate's multi functionality.
Sodium Gluconate acts as a chelating agent, a sequestering agent, a builder and a redeposition agent.
In alkaline cleaners like dishwasher detergents and degreasers Sodium Gluconate prevents hard water ions (magnesium and calcium) interfering with the alkalies and allows the cleaner to perform to its maximum ability.
Sodium gluconate helps as a soil remover for laundry detergents as it breaks the calcium bond holding the dirt to the fabric and further prevents the soil redepositing onto the fabric again.
Sodium gluconate helps to protect metals like stainless steel when strong caustic based cleaners are used.
Sodium Gluconate helps to break down scale, milkstone and beerstone.
As a result Sodium Gluconate finds application in many acid based cleaners especially those formulated for use in the food industry.


-Cement:
Sodium Gluconate is used as a clamp in cement industry.
-Textile:
Sodium Gluconate is widely used as an additive in textile dyes.
-Other:
Since Sodium Gluconate has the feature that can be biodegradable easily and thus does not create a waste water problem, it finds use in many sectors.


-Textile Industry:
Sodium gluconate can be used for cleaning and degreasing of fibers.
Also improving the bleaching effect of the bleaching powder, the color uniformity of the dye, and the dyeing and hardening degree of the material in textile industry.
-Oil Industry:
Sodium Gluconate can be used to produce petroleum products and oil field drilling muds.


-Glass Bottle Cleaning Agent:
Sodium Gluconate can effectively remove the bottle label and bottle neck rust.
And Sodium Gluconate is not easy to block the nozzle and pipeline of the bottle washer.
Moreover, Sodium Gluconate will not lead bad influences to food or the environment.


-Steel Surface Cleaner:
In order to suit special applications, the surface of the steel must be strictly cleaned.
Due to its excellent cleaning effect, Sodium Gluconate is suitable for making steel surface cleaners.


-Water quality stabilizer:
Sodium Gluconate has a good coordinated effect as a circulating cooling water corrosion inhibitor.
In contrast to general corrosion inhibitors, Sodium Gluconate's corrosion inhibition increases with increasing temperature.


-Food uses of Sodium Gluconate:
*Baby Food, Infant Formula
*Cereals, Snacks
*Confectionery
*Dairy Alternatives
*Flavours
*Fruits, Vegetables
*Meat Alternatives
*Meat, Seafood
*Ready Meals, Instant Food
*Sauces, Dressings, Seasonings
*Table Top Products


-Beverages:
*Carbonated Soft Drinks
*Plant-based
*RTD Tea and Coffee
*Sports and Energy Drinks
*Waters


-Personal Care:
*Colour Cosmetics
*Hair Care
*Oral Care
*Skin Care
*Soap and Bath Products


-Cleaners & Detergents:
*Dish Washing
*Industrial Cleaners
*Laundry Care
*Surface Care


-Industrial Applications of Sodium Gluconate:
*Agrochemicals, Fertilisers
*Construction
*Fine Chemicals
*Inks, Paints, Coatings
*Metal Surface Treatment
*Paper
*Textile, Leather


-Feed & Pet Food:
*Feed
*Pet Food
-Healthcare:
*OTC, Food Supplements


-Pharma:
*Bitterness masking agent
*Buffering agent
*Chelating agent


-Sodium gluconate as water reducing agent:
Water cement ratio (W/C) can be reduced by adding water reducing agent. When the water cement ratio (W/C) is constant, the addition of sodium gluconate can improve the workability. When the cement content remains constant, the water content in concrete can be reduced (i.e., W/C decreases).
When the amount of sodium gluconate is 0.1%, the amount of water can be reduced by 10%.


-Sodium gluconate as a retarder:
Sodium gluconate can significantly delay the setting time of concrete.
At dosages below 0.15%, the logarithm of the initial setting time is directly proportional to the dosage, i.e., when the dosage is doubled, the initial setting time is delayed by a factor of ten, which extends the working time from a few hours to several days without loss of strength.
This is an important advantage especially on hot days and when long periods of time are required.


-Sodium gluconate as a water quality stabilizer:
Because of its excellent corrosion and scale inhibition, sodium gluconate is widely used as water quality stabilizer, such as circulating cooling water system of petrochemical enterprises, low-pressure boiler, internal combustion engine cooling water system and other treatment agents.


-Sodium Gluconate as a Food Additive:
Sodium Gluconate is used in the food industry, because it can effectively prevent the occurrence of low sodium syndrome, it can be used as a food additive.
Sodium gluconate is used in food processing to adjust pH and improve the taste of food.
Instead of salt, it can be processed into healthy low-salt or salt-free (sodium chloride-free) food, which plays a great role in improving human health and enriching people’s lives.



MAIN FUNCTIONS OF SODIUM GLUCONATE:
*Excellent chelating agent
*Highly efficient set retarder
*Efficient plasticiser / water reducer
*Bitterness inhibitor



SODIUM GLUCONATE AT A GLANCE:
*The synthetic salt form of gluconic acid
*Sodium Gluconate helps improve the stability of skin care formulas
*Sodium Gluconate can function as a humectant, helping skin retain water
*The human body can produce gluconates on its own



BENEFITS OF SODIUM GLUCONATE:
*Stabilizes and protects cosmetic products from discoloration and rancidity of cosmetic oils and butters
*Binds metal ions (chelating effect) especially iron & copper over a wide pH range
*Acts as pH regulator as well as humectant
*An alternative to synthetic chelating agents



GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM GLUCONATE:
Sodium gluconate is sodium salt of gluconic acid.
Sodium Gluconate is water soluble and it is in white powder form.
Sodium Gluconate is not abrasive or toxic.
Biologically Sodium Gluconate can be easily disintigrated.
Sodium Gluconate is a very good chelating agent.
Sodium Gluconate stabilizer calcium, iron, copper, aluminium and other heavy metals, even in concentrated alcali solutions.



PRODUCTION OF SODIUM GLUCONATE:
Sodium gluconate is industrially produced by fermentation of glucose.



PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS OF SODIUM GLUCONATE:
The most known and used form of sodium gluconate; production of glucose by fermentation.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM GLUCONATE:
Chemical formula: C6H11NaO7
Molar mass: 218.137 g·mol−1
Appearance: White powder
Odor: Odorless
Solubility in water: 58 g/100 mL
Solubility in ethanol and diethyl ether: Slightly soluble
Molecular Weight: 218.14
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Exact Mass: 218.04024697
Monoisotopic Mass: 218.04024697
Topological Polar Surface Area: 141 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 176
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Sodium gluconate: CAS No.: 527-07-1
Molecular formula: C6H11NaO7
Molecular weight: 218.14
EINECS No.: 208-407-7
Appearance: White crystalline powder/ granular
PH: 6-8
MW: 218.14
Density: 0.8 g/cm3 at 20 °C
HS Code: 29181600
Storage: Store at room temperature
CAS No.: 527-07-1
MF: C6H11NaO7
EINECS No.: 208-407-7
Purity: 99%
Appearance: White Crystalline Powder
General Properties: white powder
Odor: odorless
Intensity: 0.70 g/cm3
Boiling point:
Melting point: 206 °C
Flash point:
Vapor pressure:
Refraction index:
Solubility (aqueous) 59 g/100ml (25 ° C)

Appearance : White/yellowish powder
Chemical Name: Sodium D-gluconate
Water Solubility: 549.0 mg/mL
logP: -1.9
logP: -3.4
logS: 0.4
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.39
pKa (Strongest Basic): -3
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 7
Hydrogen Donor Count: 5
Polar Surface Area: 141.28 Å2
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Refractivity: 49.11 m3·mol-1
Polarizability: 16.62 Å3
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No

CAS number: 527-07-1
EC number: 208-407-7
Grade: E 576
Hill Formula: C₆H₁₁NaO₇
Molar Mass: 218.14 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 16 00
Density: 1.79 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Ignition temperature: >200 °C
Melting Point: 205 - 209 °C
pH value: 6.5 - 7.5 (H₂O)
Vapor pressure: Solubility: 590 g/l
Chemical Formula: C6H11NaO7
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Purity %: 98 Min
Loss on drying %: 0.50 Max
Sulphate (SO42-) %: 0.05 Max
Chloride (Cl): % 0.07 Max
Heavy metals (Pb) ppm: 10 Max
Reduzate (D-glucose) %: 0.7 Max
PH (10% water solution): 6.2~7.5
Arsenic salt(As) ppm: 2max

Appearance Form: solid
Color: beige
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 6,5 - 7,5
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 205 - 209 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 613,1 °C
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure < 0,1 hPa at 25 °C
Vapor density No data available
Relative density No data available
Water solubility 590 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: -5,99 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: > 200 °C
Decomposition temperature: 196 - 198 °C -
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of SODIUM GLUCONATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SODIUM GLUCONATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry. Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SODIUM GLUCONATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SODIUM GLUCONATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses:
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SODIUM GLUCONATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SODIUM GLUCONATE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
Sodium D-gluconate
SODIUM GLUCONATE
Sodium D-gluconate
527-07-1
D-Gluconic acid, monosodium salt
D-Gluconic acid sodium salt
Monosodium gluconate
Gluconic acid sodium salt
gluconate sodium
D-Gluconate sodium salt
Gluconate (sodium)
Monosodium D-gluconate
D-Gluconic acid, sodium salt (1:1)
14906-97-9
Gluconic acid, monosodium salt, D-
sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
Sodium gluconate [USP]
DTXSID7027170
CHEBI:84997
R6Q3791S76
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
NCGC00164076-01
Glonsen
Sodium gluconate (USP)
Gluconic acid, sodium salt
C6H11NaO7
Pasexon 100T
D-Gluconic acid, sodium salt
D-Gluconic acid sodium salt
Sodium D-gluconate
D-Gluconate sodium salt
Gluconato di sodio
NSC-759599
EINECS 208-407-7
UNII-R6Q3791S76
2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid sodium salt
EINECS 238-976-7
gluconic acid sodium
MFCD00064210
D-Gluconic acid, sodium salt (1:?)
Sodium Gluconate ,(S)
SCHEMBL23640
SODIUM GLUCONATE [II]
SODIUM GLUCONATE [FCC]
DTXCID007170
SODIUM GLUCONATE [INCI]
CHEMBL1200919
SODIUM GLUCONATE [VANDF]
HY-B1092A
SODIUM GLUCONATE [MART.]
GLUCONATE SODIUM [WHO-DD]
Tox21_112081
s4174
AKOS015899031
AKOS015951225
SODIUM GLUCONATE [ORANGE BOOK]
CCG-229938
CS-4777
GLUCONIC ACID SODIUM SALT [MI]
NSC 759599
SODIUM GLUCONATE [USP MONOGRAPH]
AS-11680
CAS-527-07-1
G0041
D05862
A829211
Q264552
W-110397
D-Gluconic acid sodium salt
2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid sodium salt
D-Gluconate sodium salt
Sodium D-gluconate
Sodium gluconate
Monosodium D-gluconate
2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid sodium salt
D-Gluconic acid sodium salt

Sodium gluconate is an organic sodium salt having D-gluconate as the counterion.
Sodium gluconate has a role as a chelator.
Sodium gluconate is the organic sodium salt of gluconic acid.

CAS Number: 527-07-1
Molecular Formula: C6H13NaO7
Molecular Weight: 220.15
EINECS Number: 208-407-7

SODIUM GLUCONATE, Sodium D-gluconate, 527-07-1, D-Gluconic acid sodium salt, D-Gluconic acid, monosodium salt, Monosodium gluconate, Gluconic acid sodium salt, gluconate sodium, D-Gluconate sodium salt, Gluconate (sodium), Monosodium D-gluconate, D-Gluconic acid, sodium salt (1:1), Gluconic acid, monosodium salt, D-, sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate, Sodium gluconate [USP], 14906-97-9, DTXSID7027170, CHEBI:84997, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid sodium salt, MFCD00064210, R6Q3791S76, sodium;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate, NCGC00164076-01, Glonsen, Sodium gluconate (USP), Gluconic acid, sodium salt, C6H11NaO7, Pasexon 100T, D-Gluconic acid, sodium salt, D-Gluconic acid sodium salt;Sodium D-gluconate;D-Gluconate sodium salt, Gluconato di sodio, Gluconato di sodio [Italian], NSC-759599, EINECS 208-407-7, UNII-R6Q3791S76, EINECS 238-976-7, D-Gluconic acid, sodium salt (1:?), Sodium Gluconate ,(S), SCHEMBL23640, SODIUM GLUCONATE [II], SODIUM GLUCONATE [FCC], DTXCID007170, SODIUM GLUCONATE [INCI], CHEMBL1200919, SODIUM GLUCONATE [VANDF], HY-B1092A, SODIUM GLUCONATE [MART.], GLUCONATE SODIUM [WHO-DD], UPMFZISCCZSDND-JJKGCWMISA-M, Tox21_112081, s4174, AKOS015899031, AKOS015951225, SODIUM GLUCONATE [ORANGE BOOK], CCG-229938, CS-4777, GLUCONIC ACID SODIUM SALT [MI], NSC 759599, SODIUM GLUCONATE [USP MONOGRAPH], AS-11680, CAS-527-07-1, G0041, D05862, A829211, Q264552, W-110397

Sodium gluconate is a chelator that forms stable complexes with various ions and ultimately prevents these ions from engaging in chemical reactions.
Sodium gluconates are naturally occurring substances that freely dissociate to the gluconate anion and its respective cations.
Sodium gluconate contains a D-gluconate.

Being fully biodegradable and non-toxic, Sodium gluconate represents an environment friendly alternative to the common chelating agents used in cosmetics such as EDTA.
In addition to this, sodium gluconate has a low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms.
Sodium gluconate is a white to tan, granular to fine, practically odourless crystalline powder.

Sodium gluconate is very soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether.
Sodium gluconate is a compound with formula NaC6H11O7.
Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid.

Sodium gluconate E number is E576.
This white, water-soluble powder has a wide range of applications across industries.
Originally derived from gluconic acid in the 19th century, Sodium Gluconate is known for its chelating properties and is utilized as a chelating agent in various processes.

Sodium gluconate finds applications in textile, metal surface treatment, cement, and more.
Moreover, Sodium gluconate is non-toxic nature and biodegradability contribute to its use in environmentally conscious practices.
Sodium gluconate is manufactured by the fermentation of carbohydrate containing the raw material glucose syrup derived from maize.

After a crystallisation step, sodium gluconate is separated from the mother liquor by centrifugation, the crystals are dried and then sieved to guarantee the desired granulation.
Based on the production process as well as the raw materials used, sodium gluconate is not synthetic natural.
Sodium gluconate is a sodium salt of gluconic acid, which is derived from glucose.

Sodium gluconate is a white to tan, odorless, and crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water.
Sodium gluconate has various applications across different industries due to its chelating and sequestrant properties.
Sodium gluconate is an effective chelating agent, which means it can bind with metal ions, particularly calcium, iron, and magnesium.

This property makes it useful in various industrial and cleaning applications.
As a sequestrant, sodium gluconate helps to control the reactivity of metal ions in solutions, preventing undesirable interactions and improving the stability of formulations.
Sodium gluconate is considered environmentally friendly as it is biodegradable.

Sodium gluconate can be broken down by natural processes, contributing to its relatively low environmental impact.
Sodium gluconate can act as a pH buffer, helping to stabilize the pH of a solution.
This property is beneficial in applications where maintaining a specific pH level is crucial.

In water treatment applications, sodium gluconate is used to prevent scale formation and corrosion in water systems.
Sodium gluconate binds with metal ions, preventing them from causing scaling or corrosion.
Sodium gluconate is used as a concrete admixture to improve the workability and strength of concrete.

Sodium gluconate acts as a water-reducing agent, helping to reduce the water content in the mix.
In the food industry, sodium gluconate is used as a sequestrant, stabilizer, and buffering agent.
Sodium gluconate may be added to certain food and beverage products to enhance stability and control acidity.

Sodium gluconate is a common ingredient in detergents and industrial cleaners.
Sodium gluconate helps to prevent the redeposition of dirt and scale by sequestering metal ions in the wash solution.
Sodium gluconate is used in metal cleaning formulations to remove rust and scale from metal surfaces.

In the textile industry, sodium gluconate is used in dyeing processes to improve the color fastness of dyes.
Sodium gluconate may be found in some cosmetic and personal care products where its chelating properties help improve stability and shelf life.
Sodium gluconate is sometimes used in certain medical applications, such as a component in formulations for wound care or as a stabilizing agent in pharmaceutical preparations.

Sodium gluconate can be used in the oil and gas industry as a corrosion inhibitor and scale preventer in water-based drilling fluids.
Ingestion of sodium gluconate is known to stimulate the production of intestinal butyrate.
Sodium gluconate is widely used in food, pharmaceutical paper and textile industry.

Sodium gluconate acts as a chelating agent.
Sodium gluconate serves as a detergent in bottle washing formulation.
Sodium gluconate is a white granular, crystalline solid which is very soluble in water.

Sodium gluconate is non corrosive, non toxic, biodegradable and renewable.
Sodium gluconate is resistant to oxidation and reduction even at high temperatures.
The main property of sodium gluconate is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions.

Sodium gluconate forms stable chelates with calcium, iron, copper, aluminium and other heavy metals.
Sodium Gluconate is a useful chelating agent acting as a stabiliser and thickener to improve the quality and stability of food products.
Sodium gluconate inhibits bitter flavours and is used in dairy products, processed fruit, vegetables, cereals, processed meats, preserved fish and many other applications.

Sodium gluconate is a crystalline sodium salt of Gluconic Acid, produced by the fermentation of glucose, and is very soluble in water.
Sodium gluconate is a white crystalline powder that is a salt of gluconic acid, a compound found naturally in fruits and honey.
Sodium gluconate has many uses, including as a chelating agent, which means it can bind to metal ions and prevent them from reacting with other substances in the environment.

This property makes it useful in a variety of applications, including as a preservative in cosmetic products.
The chemical formula for sodium gluconate is NaC6H11O7. It is water-soluble, odorless, and has a slightly sweet taste.
Sodium gluconate is made through the fermentation of glucose using bacteria, such as Aspergillus niger or Gluconobacter suboxydans.

The resulting gluconic acid is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide to form sodium gluconate.
Sodium Gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid with chelating abilities.
Sodium gluconate chelates and forms stable complexes with various ions, preventing them from engaging in chemical reactions, thereby increasing the stability of your cosmetic products.

Sodium gluconate has been used as a component of recording buffer used in two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) recording in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
Sodium gluconate has also been used as a control for sodium.
Sodium gluconate for skin is the salt form of gluconic acid, a mild acid produced from the sugar glucose.

Despite the in-part sugar origins, sodium gluconate in skin care is a synthetic ingredient.
In skin care, sodium gluconate functions as a chelating agent.
Chelating agents are ingredients that bind with metal ions to enhance the stability of other ingredients.

Interestingly, the human body produces gluconates on its own to assist in obtaining nutrients from minerals.
Sodium Gluconate is the sodium salt of Gluconic Acid, produced by the fermentation of glucose.
Sodium Gluconate is widely used in textile dyeing, printing and metal surface treatment.

Sodium Gluconate is a non hazardous, white or yellowish crystal.
Sodium gluconate is an excellent chelating agent and has a wide range of uses in industries such as, cleaners and detergents, food, agrochemicals, construction chemicals, inks/ paints/dyes, metal finishing, paper auxiliaries, textile auxiliaries, water treatment and personal care.
Sodium gluconate is merits use as a chelating agent in personal care items and as a cleanser in industrial and household settings.

When employed for use as a cleanser it is powerful enough to clean metal and glass surfaces.
Sodium gluconate is an unparalleled preservative because it is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and biodegradable, and is used to manufacture shampoos, soaps, detergents, dish wash bars, etc.
Sodium gluconate helps in regulating the functioning of the nerves by removing toxic metal ions from the body.

When used as a dietary supplement it restores any deficiency of sodium in the body.
Sodium gluconate works well when used as a food additive to thicken and stabilize packaged food products and increase their shelf life.
Sodium gluconate is used in fertilizers to enable plants to better absorb minerals.

Sodium gluconate improves the water resistance of cement which prevents rusting of iron.
Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid, produced by fermentation of glucose.
Sodium gluconate is a white to tan, granular to fine, crystalline powder, very soluble in water.

Non corrosive, non-toxic and readily biodegradable (98 % after 2 days), sodium gluconate is more and more appreciated as chelating agent.
The outstanding property of sodium gluconate is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions.
Sodium gluconate forms stable chelates with calcium, iron, copper, aluminium and other heavy metals, and in this respect, it surpasses all other chelating agents, such as EDTA, NTA and related compounds.

Sodium gluconate, also called sodium salt of gluconic acid, is produced by fermentation of glucose.
The appearance is white crystalline powder, so it is very soluble in water.
Sodium gluconate has features of non-toxic, non corrosive and readily biodegradable.

As a kind of chemical admixture, Kingsun sodium gluconate always plays an important role in many different fields, such as concrete, textile industry, oil drilling, soap, cosmetics, toothpaste, etc.
Sodium gluconate is a salt of gluconate acid created through the fermentation of glucose.
With a formula of NaC6H11O7, sodium gluconate is a white, granular powder that is highly soluble in cold and hot water.

Sodium gluconate is resistant to oxidation and degradation even at extremely high temperatures.
Sodium gluconate exhibits remarkable stability across a wide range of temperatures.
Sodium gluconate showcases compatibility with oxidisers and possesses an exceptionally low concentration of sulfates.

Sodium gluconate is non-toxic, biodegradable, non-corrosive, and renewable.
Sodium gluconate is mainly used as a chelating agent in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions. Due to its excellent chelating power, it creates stable chelates with most heavy metals such as copper, calcium, iron, and aluminium.

Various applications of sodium gluconate include its utilisation as an admixture in cement to extend the setting time, thereby improving the workability and strength of the cement. In the realm of oil and gas well-drilling fluids, it serves as a corrosion and scale inhibitor.
Additionally, sodium gluconate finds application as an additive in metalworking fluids to prevent rust formation and as an industrial cleaner for metal and glass surfaces.

Notably, Sodium gluconate can be effectively formulated and employed as a substitute for common chelating agents like EDTA, citric acid, NTA, and THPS.
Sodium gluconate has many uses in a variety of fields, including the cleaning industry, food industry, water treatment industry, construction sector, and pharmaceutical industry.
Sodium gluconate is a biodegradable odourless non-corrosive salt used in some cleaning and personal care products.

Sodium gluconate is synthesised from gluconic acid, which can be found in nature in honey and wine - and which can be produced through fermentation of plant sugars.
This high-performance ingredient is considered a low hazard and is readily biodegradable, completely breaking down within 2 - 35 days of entering the waterways.
Sodium gluconate is generally immediately available in most volumes.

High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.
Typical and custom packaging is available.

Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Sodium gluconate is a compound with formula NaC₆H₁₁O₇.
Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid.

Sodium Gluconate can be used as water reducing agent and retarder in the construction & building industry.
Sodium gluconate can be used cleaning of glass bottle and metal.
Sodium gluconate can be used as water quality stabilizer because it has excellent inhibiting capacity to scale.

In textile industry, used in the cleaning and degreasing of fibers.
Sodium gluconate also can be used as food additives.
Sodium gluconate is used as a set retarder in the concrete industry.

Sodium gluconate delays the setting time of concrete, allowing for more extended workability and preventing the premature setting of the material.
In addition to its role as a concrete set retarder, sodium gluconate may also be used in construction materials to improve their performance and stability.
Sodium gluconate is utilized as an anticorrosion agent in various formulations, helping to protect metal surfaces from corrosion and rust.

Sodium gluconate can serve as a preservative in cosmetic and personal care products, helping to extend their shelf life by preventing the growth of microorganisms.
In household and industrial dishwashing detergents, sodium gluconate acts as a water softener and sequestrant, preventing the formation of scale and improving cleaning efficiency.
Sodium gluconate is used in the pulp and paper industry to enhance the bleaching process, improve pulp quality, and reduce environmental impact.

Sodium gluconate is a common ingredient in metal-cleaning solutions, contributing to the removal of oxides, rust, and other contaminants from metal surfaces.
In cooling water treatment formulations, sodium gluconate helps control scale formation and corrosion in cooling systems.
Sodium gluconate is employed in household and industrial surface cleaning products to improve their effectiveness and prevent mineral deposits.

In certain formulations, sodium gluconate may be used as a fuel additive to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions.
Sodium gluconate can be included in heat transfer fluids to prevent corrosion in systems where metal surfaces come into contact with the fluid.
Sodium gluconate may find use in certain animal care products, such as shampoos and grooming solutions, for its sequestering and stabilizing properties.

Sodium gluconate is utilized in metal surface treatment processes to enhance the adhesion of coatings or improve the properties of metal surfaces.
Sodium gluconate can serve as a source of sodium ions in certain applications where the controlled release of sodium is desired.
In pharmaceutical formulations, sodium gluconate may be used as an excipient to improve the stability and solubility of certain drugs.

In the oil and gas industry, sodium gluconate has been investigated for its potential use as a gas hydrate inhibitor in pipelines.
Sodium gluconate can be used in liquid detergent formulations, contributing to the overall performance of the cleaning product.

Melting point: 170-175 °C
alpha: [α]D20 +11～+13° (c=10, H2O)
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
form: Crystalline Powder
color: White to light beige
PH: 7.0-8.0 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: wh. to ylsh. cryst. powd., pleasant odor
Water Solubility: Very soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.
Merck: 14,4456
BRN: 3919651
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChI: InChI=1/C6H12O7.Na.H/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;;/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);;/t2-,3-,4+,5-;;/s3
InChIKey: MPPJUDJABRMYJR-QZHCVFHNNA-N
SMILES: [C@@H](O)([C@@H](O)C(=O)O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.[NaH] |&1:0,2,7,9,r|
LogP: -3.175 (est)

Sodium gluconate is a compound with formula NaC6H11O7.
Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid. Its E number is E576.
This white, water-soluble powder has a wide range of applications across industries.

Originally derived from gluconic acid in the 19th century, Sodium Gluconate is known for its chelating properties and is utilized as a chelating agent in various processes.
Sodium gluconate finds applications in textile, metal surface treatment, cement, and more.
Moreover, its non-toxic nature and biodegradability contribute to its use in environmentally conscious practices.

Sodium gluconate has the outstanding property to chelate calcium and other di-and trivalent metal ions.
Sodium gluconate is used in the bottle washing preparations, where it helps in the prevention of scale formation and its removal from glass.
Sodium gluconate is well suited for removing calcareous deposits from metals and other surfaces, including milk or beer scale on galvanised iron or stainless steel.

Sodium gluconate is property of sequestering iron over a wide range of pH is exploited in the textile industry, where it prevents the deposition of iron and for desizing polyester and polyamide fabrics.
Sodium gluconate is also used in metallurgy for alkaline derusting, as well as in the washing of painted walls and removal of metal carbonate precipitates without causing corrosion.
Sodium gluconate Also finds application as an addative to cement, controlling the setting time and increasing the strength and water resistance of the cement.

Sodium gluconate helps in the manufacture of frost and crack resistant concretes.
Sodium gluconate is also used in the household cleaning com-pounds such as mouthwashes.
Sodium gluconate can be produced through the fermentation process or chemical synthesis.

In the fermentation process, glucose is fermented by certain microorganisms, typically strains of Aspergillus niger or Pseudomonas.
Gluconic acid is the primary product of this fermentation, and Sodium Gluconate is derived by neutralizing gluconic acid with sodium hydroxide.
The production of Sodium Gluconate commences with its precursor, gluconic acid.

This organic acid is often obtained through a fermentation process.
Sodium gluconate, or other sugar sources, serves as the substrate for microorganisms, typically bacteria or fungi, to produce gluconic acid.
Once gluconic acid is harvested, it undergoes a transformation into Sodium Gluconate.

The conversion primarily involves a chemical reaction where gluconic acid is neutralized with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
This reaction results in the formation of Sodium Gluconate, where the sodium ions (Na+) replace the hydrogen ions (H+) in gluconic acid.
Purification often includes filtration and chemical treatments to achieve the desired level of purity.

After crystallization, the Sodium Gluconate crystals still contain residual moisture.
Drying may involve processes like air drying or spray drying.
Sodium gluconate is commonly found in many household and industrial cleaners.

This is because on its multi functionality.
Sodium gluconate acts as a chelating agent, a sequestering agent, a builder and a redeposition agent.
In alkaline cleaners like dishwasher detergents and degreasers it prevents hard water ions (magnesium and calcium) interfering with the alkalies and allows the cleaner to perform to its maximum ability.

Sodium gluconate helps as a soil remover for laundry detergents as it breaks the calcium bond holding the dirt to the fabric and further prevents the soil redepositing onto the fabric again.
Sodium gluconate helps to protect metals like stainless steel when strong caustic based cleaners are used.
Sodium gluconate helps to break down scale, milkstone and beerstone.

As a result Sodium gluconate finds application in many acid based cleaners especially those formulated for use in the food industry.
Sodium gluconate works by chelating and preventing various free ions from engaging in chemical reactions.
Sodium gluconate binds with hard water ions to improve the efficacy of the detergent.

Sodium gluconate is used for passivation of metal surfaces, helping to enhance corrosion resistance by forming a protective layer on the metal.
In electroplating baths, sodium gluconate can serve as a complexing agent to improve the quality and uniformity of metal coatings.
Sodium gluconate is sometimes employed as an environmentally friendly alternative to phosphates in certain applications, such as detergents, where phosphates may contribute to environmental concerns.

Sodium gluconate can act as a chlorine stabilizer in water treatment applications, helping to maintain the effectiveness of chlorine-based disinfectants.
In industrial cleaning formulations, sodium gluconate may be used for metal degreasing, contributing to the removal of oils and greases from surfaces.
Sodium gluconate is utilized as a gypsum retarder in the production of gypsum-based materials, allowing for better control over setting times.

In the oil and gas industry, sodium gluconate is employed in oilfield cementing to improve the performance and workability of cement slurries.
Sodium gluconate is used in wastewater treatment processes to control metal ions and improve the efficiency of various treatment methods.
Sodium gluconate can be added to coatings to improve adhesion, enhance durability, and provide corrosion resistance to the coated surfaces.

In certain formulations, sodium gluconate may contribute to the formation of gels, affecting the viscosity and texture of the product.
Sodium gluconate can serve as a humectant in cosmetic and personal care products, helping to retain moisture and prevent drying of the skin.
Sodium gluconate is used as an admixture in cement-based materials to enhance their properties, such as workability and strength.

In industrial gas scrubbing processes, sodium gluconate may be used to sequester metal ions and improve the efficiency of pollutant removal.
Sodium gluconate can be incorporated into cleaning wipes for metal surfaces, providing a convenient and effective way to remove contaminants.
Sodium gluconate is sometimes used as a dust suppressant on unpaved roads and construction sites to control airborne dust particles.

Sodium gluconate has been explored for potential use in oil spill cleanup, where it may help disperse and solubilize oil.
Sodium gluconate is used in the leather industry as a sequestrant to control metal ions during the tanning process.
Sodium gluconate can be included in concrete repair materials to improve their adhesion and durability.

In hydraulic fracturing (fracking), sodium gluconate may be used as an additive to control the viscosity of fracturing fluids.
In construction applications, sodium gluconate is primarily used as a concrete admixture.
Sodium gluconate can be added to concrete to help reduce the water demand, increase the fluidity of concrete, and improve workability.

Sodium gluconate can also help minimise segregation, shrinkage, and bleeding in concrete mixes.
Sodium gluconate can also reduce the corrosion of steel in concrete materials and speed up the hydration process.
Sodium gluconate also improves the properties of concrete, such as durability, strength, and increased setting times.

This salt can also be used as a set retarder in concrete mixtures to help reduce the rate at which concrete cures.
Sodium gluconate works by influencing the hydration process by reducing the rate of hydration of cement.
This allows more time for the concrete to be mixed and placed.

A non-hazardous white-yellow crystalline powder, sodium gluconate produced by the fermentation of glucose.
Highly soluble in water, it has good sequestering properties and is stable under extreme temperature and alkalinity.
Sodium gluconate is used in metal plating processes, where it helps control the deposition of metal ions and improves the quality of plated surfaces.

In photographic developing solutions, sodium gluconate may be used as a stabilizing agent and to control the pH of the solution.
Sodium gluconate is employed in the printing industry as a sequestrant to prevent unwanted reactions between metal ions and printing ink components.
Sodium gluconate finds application in the oil and gas industry as a shale inhibitor, helping to control the swelling of clay particles in drilling fluids.

In water treatment systems, sodium gluconate is sometimes used as a scale inhibitor in reverse osmosis membranes, helping to prevent the formation of mineral deposits.
Sodium gluconate is used in wastewater treatment to assist in the removal of excess dyes and heavy metals.
Sodium gluconate may be included in formulations for adhesives and sealants to improve their performance and stability.

In some formulations, sodium gluconate is used as a component of fire-retardant solutions.
Sodium gluconate can be used in agriculture to improve the efficiency of certain agrochemicals by sequestering metal ions that may interfere with their performance.
Sodium gluconate may be used as an additive in animal feed to provide essential nutrients and improve feed quality.

In electroplating baths, sodium gluconate helps regulate the deposition of metal coatings on surfaces.
In enhanced oil recovery processes, sodium gluconate may be used as a surfactant to improve the displacement of oil from reservoirs.
Sodium gluconate can be used in hydroponic systems to prevent the precipitation of mineral salts and maintain nutrient availability to plants.

Sodium gluconate is utilized in the paper industry as a chelating agent to improve the efficiency of certain chemicals used in the pulping and bleaching processes.
Sodium gluconate may find application in the electronics industry for cleaning and etching processes.

Sodium gluconate is used in textile printing to improve the dyeing properties and color fastness of printed fabrics.
In winter road maintenance, sodium gluconate has been explored as a potential environmentally friendly deicing agent.

Uses:
Sodium gluconate is used as a natural preservative.
Sodium gluconate prevents the growth of microbes in our products to keep them safe for consumers.
Sodium gluconate also works as a skin-conditioning agent and a chelating agent which helps cleansing products to foam better in hard water.

Sodium gluconate has been used as a component of recording buffer used in two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) recording in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
Sodium gluconate has also been used as a control for sodium.
Sodium gluconate's early uses were primarily in medicine due to its mild and non-toxic properties.

Over time, its applications expanded to various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, construction, textiles, and more, as its versatile properties and safety profile became more widely recognized.
Sodium gluconate is used as a food additive for various purposes, including as a sequestrant to prevent metal ions from affecting the color, flavor, or stability of food products.
Sodium gluconate is employed in the construction industry as a concrete admixture.

Sodium gluconate acts as a water reducer and retarder, enhancing the workability and performance of concrete.
In textile dyeing and printing, Sodium gluconate is utilized as a chelating agent to improve color fastness.
Sodium gluconate is employed for metal surface treatment and cleaning, particularly for steel surfaces.

Sodium gluconate can be found in cleaning agents for glass bottles and as a chelating agent in various cleaning formulations.
Sodium gluconate is used as surface cleaning agent for metals.
Sodium gluconate is used as cleaning agent of glass bottles.

Sodium gluconate also can be used as water reducing agent and retarder in the building industry.
Sodium gluconate is also an efficient set retarder and a good plasticiser & water reducer for concrete, cement, mortar and gypsum.
Sodium gluconate is used as a concrete admix.

Sodium gluconate offers several benefits including improved workability, retarding setting times, reducing water, improved freeze-thawing resistance, reduced bleeding, cracking and dry shrinkage.
When added at a level of 0.3% sodium gluconate can retard setting time of cement to over 16 hours depending on ratio of water and cement, temperature etc.
As Sodium gluconate acts as a corrosion inhibitor it helps to protect iron bars used in concrete from corrosion.

Sodium gluconate can be added to coatings to improve adhesion, enhance durability, and provide corrosion resistance to the coated surfaces.
In industrial gas scrubbing processes, sodium gluconate may be used to sequester metal ions and improve the efficiency of pollutant removal.
Sodium gluconate is utilized in industrial cleaning formulations for metal surfaces, contributing to the removal of oxides, rust, and other contaminants.

In certain formulations, sodium gluconate may contribute to the formation of gels, affecting the viscosity and texture of the product.
Sodium gluconate can serve as a humectant in cosmetic and personal care products, helping to retain moisture in the skin.
Sodium gluconate is used as an admixture in cement-based materials to enhance their properties, such as workability and strength.

In the oil and gas industry, sodium gluconate has been investigated for its potential use as a gas hydrate inhibitor in pipelines.
Sodium gluconate can be used in liquid detergent formulations, contributing to the overall performance of the cleaning product.
Sodium gluconate is used for passivation of metal surfaces, helping to enhance corrosion resistance by forming a protective layer on the metal.

In electroplating baths, sodium gluconate can serve as a complexing agent to improve the quality and uniformity of metal coatings.
Sodium gluconate is sometimes employed as an environmentally friendly alternative to phosphates in certain applications, such as detergents, where phosphates may contribute to environmental concerns.
Sodium gluconate can act as a chlorine stabilizer in water treatment applications, helping to maintain the effectiveness of chlorine-based disinfectants.

In industrial cleaning formulations, sodium gluconate may be used for metal degreasing, contributing to the removal of oils and greases from surfaces.
Sodium gluconate is utilized as a gypsum retarder in the production of gypsum-based materials, allowing for better control over setting times.
In the oil and gas industry, sodium gluconate is employed in oilfield cementing to improve the performance and workability of cement slurries.

Sodium gluconate is used in wastewater treatment processes to control metal ions and improve the efficiency of various treatment methods.
Sodium gluconate is used in the leather industry as a sequestrant to control metal ions during the tanning process.
Sodium gluconate can be included in concrete repair materials to improve adhesion and durability.

In hydraulic fracturing (fracking), sodium gluconate may be used as an additive to control the viscosity of fracturing fluids.
Sodium gluconate can be incorporated into cleaning wipes for metal surfaces, providing a convenient and effective way to remove contaminants.
Sodium gluconate is a useful ingredient when it comes to personal care and cosmetics.

From increasing the shelf life of the products to making them more appealing for the user - this ingredient does it all.
In skin care products, Sodium gluconate is commonly used as a chelating agent, which means it can help to remove unwanted metals from formulations - which ultimately improves their stability and texture.
Sodium gluconate is also a good preservative, as it can help prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi in the products, extending their shelf life.

Sodium gluconate is used to improve the performance and appeal of many hair care products.
Sodium gluconate removes unwanted metal ions from the products, improving the clarity and reducing the buildup of minerals on hair.
Sodium gluconate also prevents dryness and breakage, leaving hair looking and feeling healthier.

Apart from being a chelating agent, sodium gluconate is also good at hydration.
Sodium gluconate makes the cosmetic products more hydrating for the skin and prevents the surface from drying out by retaining water.
Overall, this ingredient improves the user experience and the appeal of the products.

Sodium gluconate is used in electroplating and metal finishing because of its strong affinity for metal ions.
Acting as a sequestrant it stabilises the solution preventing impurities from triggering undesirable reactions in the bath.
The chelation properties of Sodium gluconate assist in the deterioration of the anode thus increasing plating bath efficiency.

Sodium gluconate can be used in copper, zinc and cadmium plating baths for brightening and increasing luster.
Sodium gluconate is used in agrochemicals and in particular fertilisers. It helps plants and crops to absorb necessary minerals from the soil.
Commonly found in salts with sodium and calcium.

Sodium gluconate or gluconate is used to maintain the cation-anion balance on electrolyte solutions.
Sodium gluconate is primarily used as a chelating agent in the cleaning industry.
Sodium gluconate binds and removes mineral salts and metals from surfaces, making them easier to clean.

This salt is also used as a corrosion inhibitor in industrial cleaning solutions.
Sodium gluconate can also be used as a cleaning agent for laundry detergents, thanks to its ability to break calcium bonds carrying dirt.
Sodium gluconate is used as a concrete admixture to improve the workability and strength of concrete.

Sodium gluconate acts as a water reducer and retarder, allowing for better control of the setting time.
Sodium gluconate is chelating properties make it effective in sequestering metal ions, particularly calcium, iron, and magnesium.
This makes it useful in water treatment to prevent scale formation.

As a set retarder, sodium gluconate delays the setting time of concrete, allowing for extended workability and improved placement of the material.
Sodium gluconate is employed in water treatment processes to control scale formation and prevent corrosion in pipelines and equipment.
Sodium gluconate is a common ingredient in detergents and industrial cleaners, where it acts as a sequestrant to prevent the redeposition of dirt and improve cleaning efficiency.

In the food industry, sodium gluconate is used as a sequestrant and stabilizer.
Sodium gluconate may be added to certain food and beverage products to control acidity and improve stability.
Sodium gluconate is used in the textile industry, especially in dyeing processes, to improve the color fastness of dyes and enhance the overall dyeing performance.

Sodium gluconate can be included in concrete repair materials to improve adhesion and durability.
In the oil and gas industry, sodium gluconate is used in drilling and cementing fluids as a shale inhibitor and fluid-loss control additive.
Sodium gluconate serves as a complexing agent in metal plating baths to improve the quality and uniformity of metal coatings.

Sodium gluconate is used in photographic developing solutions as a stabilizing agent and pH regulator.
Sodium gluconate is employed for passivating metal surfaces, helping to enhance corrosion resistance.
Sodium gluconate can be incorporated into cleaning wipes for metal surfaces, providing an efficient way to remove contaminants.

In the pharmaceutical industry, sodium gluconate may be used as an excipient or stabilizing agent in certain formulations.
Sodium gluconate can serve as a humectant in cosmetic and personal care products, helping to retain moisture in the skin.
Sodium gluconate may be included in formulations for adhesives and sealants to improve their performance and stability.

Sodium gluconate is used as a gypsum retarder in the production of gypsum-based materials.
Sodium gluconate may find applications in cleaning and etching processes in the electronics industry.

Sodium gluconate is used as a scale inhibitor in reverse osmosis membranes to prevent the formation of mineral deposits.
Sodium gluconate is employed in wastewater treatment processes to control metal ions and improve the efficiency of treatment methods.

Safety profile:
Sodium gluconate is generally considered safe for the skin and hair.
Sodium gluconate is non-comedogenic and does not typically cause allergic reactions, but it is still recommended to do a patch test.
Sodium gluconate is vegan and halal, as it is derived from plant-based sources and does not contain animal products.

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes
Sodium Gluconate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for consumption by regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Sodium gluconate is considered non-toxic and safe for use in food and pharmaceuticals.

SODIUM GLYCOLATE, N° CAS : 2836-32-0 - Glycolate de sodium, Nom INCI : SODIUM GLYCOLATE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 220-624-9, Ses fonctions (INCI), Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques. Noms français : GLYCOLATE DE SODIUM. Noms anglais : ACETIC ACID, HYDROXY-, MONOSODIUM SALT; GLYCOLIC ACID, MONOSODIUM SALT; SODIUM .ALPHA.-HYDROXYACETATE; SODIUM GLYCOLATE

cas no 10124-56-8 Metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt; Calgon S; SHMP; Glassy sodium; Hexasodium metaphosphate; Metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt; Sodium Polymetaphosphate; sodium polymetaphosphate; Graham's Salt; Graham's salt; SHMP;

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, commonly known as cryolite, plays a pivotal role in various industries, serving as a flux agent in aluminum smelting, a key component in synthetic resins for abrasives, and an opacifier in glass and ceramic production.
Its discovery in 1799 by Peder Christian Abildgaard marked the beginning of its industrial applications, particularly in the extraction of aluminum from oxide ores, where its use significantly enhances energy efficiency compared to traditional methods.
With its unique physical properties including low refractive index and high solubility in aluminum oxides, sodium hexafluoroaluminate continues to be synthesized from fluorite for diverse industrial applications worldwide.

CAS Number: 13775-53-6
EC Number: 237-410-6
Chemical formula: Na3AlF6
Molar mass: 209.94 g/mol

Synonyms: Cryolite, Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, trisodium (8CI), Villiaumite, Sodium aluminum hexafluoride, Trinatriumhexafluoraluminate(3-), synthetic cryolite, aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, sodium (1:3), Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate(3-), trisodium aluminum hexafluoride, sodium aluminum fluoride, aluminum sodium fluoride, cryolite, synthetic, Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, sodium (1:3), (OC-6-11)-, Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, trisodium, Aluminum sodium fluoride (Na3AlF6), Aluminum sodium fluoride (Na₃AlF₆), Aluminum sodium hexafluoride (AlNa3F6), Aluminum sodium hexafluoride (AlNa₃F₆), Aluminum trisodium hexafluoride, Hexafluoroaluminate de trisodium, Hexafluoroaluminato De Trisodio, Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate, Sodium aluminum fluoride, Sodium aluminum hexafluoride, Sodium fluoaluminate(3-), Sodium fluoroaluminate (Na3AlF6), Sodium fluoroaluminate (Na₃AlF₆), Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (Na3AlF6), Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (Na₃AlF₆), Sodium hexafluoroaluminate(3-), Trinatriumhexafluoraluminat, Trisodium Hexafluoroaluminate, Trisodium Hexafluoroaluminate(3-), Trisodium aluminum hexafluoride, Cryolite, Kryolite, Sodium aluminium hexafluoride, Sodium fluoroaluminate, Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate, CRYOLITE, Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, 15096-52-3, 13775-53-6, Aluminum trisodium hexafluoride, sodium hexafluoroaluminate(III), trisodium;hexafluoroaluminum(3-), MFCD00003507, AlF6.3Na, UNII-5ZIS914RQ9, Na3AlF6, Sodium aluminium fluoride, Na3[AlF6], Aluminum sodium hexafluoride, trisodium hexafluoridoaluminate, sodiumhexafluoroaluminate(III), 5ZIS914RQ9, CHEMBL3988899, CHEBI:39289, sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(3-), Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, 97%, trisodium hexafluoroaluminum(3-), sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(III), trisodium hexafluoroaluminate(3-), 5473AF, AKOS025310262, trisodium hexakis(fluoranyl)aluminum(3-), Chromium Boride (Cr2B) Sputtering Targets, Cryolite, synthetic, >=97.0% (from F), FT-0624109, C18816, trisodium (OC-6-11)-hexafluoroaluminate(3-), A809094, Q927885, J-008762, Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro- trisodium, (OC-6-11)-, Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, 99.98% trace metals basis, Cryolite,naturallyoccurringmineral,grains,approximately0.06-19in

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is a biochemical for proteomics research.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is used as a flux agent or bath material by aluminum smelters in the production of aluminum.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is also used in the production of synthetic resins for abrasives and in the manufacture of cutting or grinding discs.

Minor uses are as a coloring agent (opacifier) in the glass, ceramic and pyrotechnic industries.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate occurs naturally as the mineral cryolite, which is used extensively in the industrial production of aluminium.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is an inorganic compound with formula Na₃AlF₆.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is the sodium salt of the hexafluoroaluminate ion.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is an inorganic compound with formula Na3AlF6.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, discovered in 1799 by Peder Christian Abildgaard (1740–1801), occurs naturally as the mineral cryolite and is used extensively in the industrial production of aluminium metal.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is the sodium (Na+) salt of the hexafluoroaluminate (AlF63−) ion.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is an inorganic compound with formula Na3AlF6. 
The mineral form of sodium hexafluoroaluminate, which is called cryolite is a biochemical for proteomics research.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is also used in the production of synthetic resins for abrasives and in the manufacture of cutting or grinding discs

Sodium aluminum hexafluoride is used as a solvent (or flux) for electrolysis aluminum oxides such as bauxite, whitener for enamels and an opacifier for glass and in the industrial production of aluminum.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is a chemical compound of sodium, fluorine, and aluminum that occurs naturally as the mineral cryolite.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is used in the production of insecticides, in the glass and enamel industries, as well as being a solvent for bauxite in the electrolytic manufacture of aluminium.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is also called cryolite, which molecular formula is Na3AlF6.
With excellent properties, Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is not only an indispensable co-solvent in the aluminum smelting industry, but also widely used in other industries, such as opalizers in the enamel industry, opacifiers in the glass industry, and wear-resistant fillers in the rubber and grinding wheel industries.

Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate market:
Global Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate market research report framed by focusing on specific business needs.
Further, the study document focuses on the market designs, advancement openings, key end-customer adventures, and market-driving players.

GlobalSodium Hexafluoroaluminate Market2022-2028 research report covers Revenue, Volume, Size, Value and such Valuable Data.
The Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate Market report provides objective, evenhanded evaluation, and assessment of opportunities in the Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate market with a methodical market research report including numerous other market-associated fundamental factors.

Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate Market Report Focuses on the key Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate Market manufacturers, to study the sales, value, market share and development plans in the future.
The study breaks market by revenue and volume (wherever applicable) and price history to estimates size and trend analysis and identifying gaps and opportunities.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is Define, describe and forecast the Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate Market by type, application, and region to Study the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate was historically used as an ore of aluminium and later in the electrolytic processing of the aluminium-rich oxide ore bauxite (itself a combination of aluminium oxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore).

The difficulty of separating aluminium from oxygen in the oxide ores was overcome by the use of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate as a flux to dissolve the oxide mineral(s).
Pure Sodium hexafluoroaluminate itself melts at 1012 °C (1285 K), and Sodium hexafluoroaluminate can dissolve the aluminium oxides sufficiently well to allow easy extraction of the aluminium by electrolysis.

Substantial energy is still needed for both heating the materials and the electrolysis, but Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is much more energy-efficient than melting the oxides themselves.
As natural Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is too rare to be used for this purpose, synthetic sodium aluminium fluoride is produced from the common mineral fluorite.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate occurs as glassy, colorless, white-reddish to gray-black prismatic monoclinic crystals.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of about 2.95 to 3.0.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is translucent to transparent with a very low refractive index of about 1.34, which is very close to that of water; thus if immersed in water, Sodium hexafluoroaluminate becomes essentially invisible.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate was first described in 1799 by Danish veterinarian and physician Peder Christian Abildgaard (1740-1801).
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate was obtained from a deposit of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate in Ivigtut and nearby Arsuk Fjord, Southwest Greenland.
The name is derived from the Greek language words κρνος (cryos) = ice, and λιθος (lithos) = stone.

Due to Sodium hexafluoroaluminates rarity Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is possibly the only mineral on Earth ever to be mined to commercial extinction.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is used as an insecticide and a pesticide.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is also used to give fireworks a yellow color.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is used as a solvent for aluminium oxide (Al2O3) in the Hall–Héroult process, used in the refining of aluminum.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is a white crystalline powder manufactured from hydrofluoric acid, sodium carbonate, and aluminium.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is used chiefly as a flux in the electrolytic production of aluminum as Sodium hexafluoroaluminate effectively lowers down the melting point of alumina.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is used in the glass and enamel industries, in bonded abrasives as a filler, in making salts of sodium and aluminum and porcelaneous glass and in the manufacture of insecticides.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is a relatively safe fruit and vegetable insecticide.

The fluoride ion inhibits many enzymes that contain iron, calcium, and magnesium.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is a white or colorless mineral form of sodium aluminofluoride, which crystallizes in the monoclinic system but has a pseudocubic aspect; found in masses of waxy luster; hardness is 2.5 on Mohs scale, and specific gravity is 3.0.

The powder becomes almost invisible in water due to Sodium hexafluoroaluminates low refractive index.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is mined in significant quantities in Greenland ( so also known as Greenland spar; ice stone), and in small amounts in elsewhere.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is manufactured from hydrofluoric acid, sodium carbonate, and aluminium.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is used chiefly as a flux in the electrolytic production of aluminum from bauxite as Sodium hexafluoroaluminate effectively lowers down the melting point of alumina.

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is used in the glass and enamel industries, in bonded abrasives as a filler, in making salts of sodium and aluminum and porcelaneous glass and in the manufacture of insecticides.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is a relatively safe fruit and vegetable insecticide.

The fluoride ion inhibits many enzymes that contain iron, calcium, and magnesium.
Several of these enzymes are involved in energy production in cells, as in the case of phosphatases and phosphorylases.

Use of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
The main application of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is as a solvent (or flux) for electrolysis of aluminium oxides such as bauxite.
The conversion of aluminium oxides into metallic aluminium requires that the metal ions be dissolved so that they can accept the electrons provided in the electrolysis cell.
A mixture of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate and some aluminium trifluoride is used as that solvent.

Unlike typical solutions, this one requires temperatures approaching 1000 °C to melt.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is also used as a pesticide.
Other uses include a whitener for enamels and an opacifier for glass.

Application of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is mainly used as a flux for aluminum electrolysis, and also as a wear-resistant additive for grinding products, which can effectively improve the wear-resistant cutting force of the grinding wheel and prolong Sodium hexafluoroaluminates service life and storage time.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is a flux for ferroalloy and boiling steel, non-ferrous metals and soldering materials, a deoxidizer for casting, a catalyst for olefin polymerization, and an anti-reflective coating and opacifierfor glass, an emulsifier for enamel, a filler for ceramic industry, and a pesticide for agriculture, etc.

Preparation of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with aluminium oxide and hydrofluoric acid.
6 NaOH + Al2O3 + 12 HF → 2 Na3AlF6 + 9 H2O

Sodium hexafluoroaluminate precipitates out of the solution, due to Sodium hexafluoroaluminates very low solubility in water.

Production of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Most Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is manufactured by a variety of related pathways.

One route entails combining sodium aluminate and hydrofluoric acid:
Na3Al(OH)6 + 6 HF → Na3AlF6 + 6 H2O

Often the hexafluorosilicic acid, which is recovered from phosphate mining, is the precursor in a two-step process beginning with neutralization with ammonia to give ammonium hexafluorosilicate:
H3AlF6 + 3 NH3 → (NH4)3AlF6
(NH4)3AlF6 + 3 NaOH → Na3AlF6 + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O

The mineral form of sodium hexafluoroaluminate, which is called cryolite, was mined at Ivigtût on the west coast of Greenland until the deposit was depleted in 1987.

Properties of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:

Chemical Properties:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate will dissolve aluminium oxide and the electrolysis of this mixture will give aluminium metal.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is mostly inert to most reagents and oxidizers.

Physical Properties:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is a white solid, insoluble in water or other solvents.

Solubility of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is poorly soluble in water.
The LD50 is 600 mg/kg for the comparable compound aluminium trifluoride.

Availability of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is sold by various chemical suppliers.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate can also be bought online.
Natural Sodium hexafluoroaluminate can be found in various parts of the world, such as Greenland or several US states.

The requirements for sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is rarely produced in nature and is usually manufactured artificially.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminates consumption in the aluminum industry is large, and the annual consumption in the world is about 700,000 tons.

As a flux for electrolytic aluminum smelting, Sodium hexafluoroaluminate must meet certain requirements in terms of sodium to aluminum molecular ratio, impurity content, and water content.
The ratio of sodium to aluminum in Sodium hexafluoroaluminate should be as high as possible.

The higher the molecular ratio, the higher the current efficiency of electrolytic aluminum smelting, the less fluorine loss, and the less environmental pollution Sodium hexafluoroaluminate causes.
Moreover, sodium hexafluoroaluminate with high molecule ratio is more suitable for use in industries other than the aluminum industry.

The content of impurities such as silicon oxide, iron oxide and phosphorus pentoxide in Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is low.
These impurities will directly affect the quality of aluminum ingots and the current efficiency of aluminum smelting.

The water content of sodium hexafluoroaluminate should be as low as possible.
Water will increase the consumption of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate.

Storage of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate doesn't require special storage conditions.
Any clean plastic bottle can be used as storage container.

Safety of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate has relative low toxicity.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is often used as roach killer.

Disposal Methods of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate doesn't require special disposal.
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate can be dumped in the trash.

Identifiers of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
CAS Number: 13775-53-6
ChEBI: CHEBI:39289
UNII: 5ZIS914RQ9
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID90872955
InChI:
InChI=1S/Al.6FH.3Na/h;6*1H;;;/q+3;;;;;;;3*+1/p-6
Key: REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H

InChI=1/Al.6FH.3Na/h;6*1H;;;/q+3;;;;;;;3*+1/p-6/rAlF6.3Na/c2-1(3,4,5,6)7;;;/q-3;3*+1
Key: REHXRBDMVPYGJX-ZWHJLPLDAC
SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].F[Al-3](F)(F)(F)(F)F

Quality Level: 100
assay: 97%
form: powder
reaction: suitability
reagent type: catalyst
core: aluminum
density: 2.9 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: F[Al](F)(F)(F)(F)(F)([Na])([Na])[Na]
InChI: 1S/Al.6FH.3Na/h;6*1H;;;/q+3;;;;;;;3*+1/p-6
InChI key: REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H

CAS Number: 13775-53-6
Molecular Weight: 209.94
EC Number: 237-410-6
MDL number: MFCD00003507
NACRES: NA.23

Properties of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Chemical formula: Na3AlF6
Molar mass: 209.94 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Density: 2.9 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 950 °C (1,740 °F; 1,220 K)
Boiling point: decomposes
Solubility in water: 0.04% (20°C)
Vapor pressure: essentially 0

An odorless white solid or powder.
mp: 1291°C.
Density: 2.95 g/cm3.
Dust irritates the eyes and skin; inhaled dust irritates the nose, mouth and lungs.
Insoluble in water.
Synthesized by fusion of sodium fluoride and aluminum fluoride as a electrolyte in the reduction of alumina to aluminum metal.
Occurs in nature as the mineral cryolite.
Aqueous suspensions of powdered sodium aluminum fluoride are used as insecticides.

Names of Sodium hexafluoroaluminate:
Sodium fluoroaluminate
Cryolite
Kryolite
Aluminate(3-)
Hexafluoro-
Trisodium
(OC-6-11)-

Sodium Hexametaphosphate is an inorganic compound of sodium salt and hexaphosphoric acid.
Sodium hexametaphosphate is an inorganic salt having the chemical formula Na6[(PO3)6].
Sodium polyphosphate is a type of sodium phosphate and a salt of sodium ion and phosphate.


CAS Number: 68915-31-1
EC Number: 272-808-3
Chemical formula: Na6P6O18


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a hexamer of the compound (NaPO3) 6.
Commercial Sodium Hexametaphosphate is typically a mixture of polymeric metaphosphates of which the hexamer is a and is the compound often referred to by this name.
More precisely, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is called sodium polymetasphate.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a salt of composition Na6[(PO3)6].
Sodium hexametaphosphate of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical formula: NaPO3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.


Such a mixture is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate.
They are white solids that dissolve in water.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is an inorganic salt having the chemical formula Na6[(PO3)6].


Commercially, Sodium Hexametaphosphate typically occurs as a mixture of metaphosphates having a hexamer form.
More precisely, this type of mixture can be named a sodium polymetaphosphate.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate occurs as a white solid that dissolves in water.
The other names that we can use to name Sodium Hexametaphosphate include Calgon S, glassy sodium, Graham’s salt, metaphosphoric acid, etc.


The molar mass of Sodium Hexametaphosphate is 611.77 g/mol.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate appears as white crystals, and it is odorless.
Although Sodium Hexametaphosphate is water-soluble, insoluble in organic solvents.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is colorless transparent flake like foliated glass or float sand crystalline powder.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate’s easily soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvent such as ethanol and ether.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate absorbs moisture easily.


When put in air, it could slowly absorb moisture and turn into viscose-like substance.
Aqueous solution could react with metal ions such as Calcium, Magnesium, to form complex compound.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate's melting point is 616℃ (decompose).


Sodium Hexametaphosphate's relative density is 2.484g/cm3 (20℃）.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate should be stored in a dry and ventilative warehouse, kept away from heat and moisture during transportation, unloaded with care so as to avoid damage.


Furthermore, Sodium Hexametaphosphate must be stored separately from poisonous substances.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also called as Calgon.
The formula for Sodium Hexametaphosphate is (NaPO3)6.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a gathering of sodium polyphosphate polymers based on repeating NaPO3 units.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a water dissolvable polyphosphate glass that comprises of circulation of polyphosphate chain lengths.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a complex phosphate glass produced by a thermal process from soda ash and food-grade phosphoric acid.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate are white or clear, odorless plates.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a multi-purpose sequestrant and is a versatile ingredient to have on hand for your culinary creations.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a dry powder dispersion agent mixed into soil hydrometer solutions to prevent clay platelets from sticking together in the sedimentation solution.


Sodium Metaphosphate, Sodium Trimetaphosphate and Sodium Hexametaphosphate are all sodium polyphosphates made of repeating units of NaPO3.
Sodium Metaphosphate generally refers to a long chain of NaPO3 units that is not soluble in water, which is why it is sometimes called insoluble metaphosphate.
Sodium Trimetaphosphate has three NaPO3 units, and Sodium Hexametaphosphate has six NaPO3 units.


Both the Trimetaphosphate and the Hexametaphosphate are soluble in water.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is one of the popular food additives and ingredients in most countries.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a mixture of polymeric Meta phosphates of which the Hexamer is one.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is prepared by heating Monosodium Orthophosphate until it starts melting and the process is followed by rapid cooling.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
One of the most common applications of Sodium Hexametaphosphate is water treatment, where it acts as a sequestrant, water softening, deflocculating, dispersing and antiscale agent.
Basically, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is aimed to prevent the steel and mineral corrosion.


A particular case of Sodium Hexametaphosphate use is the case of when it is added into a boiler compound to settle calcium hardness down in factory boiler waters with high calcium level.
Industrial applications of Sodium Hexametaphosphate are numerous and some of them appear to be helpful in diverse domains with one and the same property.


Due to its anti-staining and tartar prevention capabilities, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is successfully used as an active ingredient in toothpaste and other tooth whitening products, and it is also added to dog foods for the same reason.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used to stabilize the emulsion and to improve the corrosion inhibition in the paint and coating industry.


During the production, Sodium Hexametaphosphate acts as a dispersing agent affecting the pigment particles and increasing the protection properties of a product.
This formulation allows the formation of a thin film which is useful in paper making industry and in metallurgy as well.
In addition, Sodium Hexametaphosphate can usually be found in detergent formulations and such products like dishwashers, bath salts, and soaps.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as a sequestrant and has applications in a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive used under E number E452i.
Sometimes sodium carbonate is added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate to raise the pH to 8.0-8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.


An important use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate is as a dissolving agent in the manufacture of clay-based ceramic particles.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also used as a dispersant to break up clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as an anti-staining and anti-tartar ingredient as an active ingredient in toothpastes.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate takes the hardness of the water. By softening the water, it provides better wetting of the dust in the environment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate prevents the formation of unwanted salts and cations in the soap or detergent industry.
Artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powder and dips, imitation cheese, whipped tray, packaged egg whites, steak, fish fillet, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer and bottled beverages, other Besides foods, Sodium Hexametaphosphate may contain sodium hexametaphosphate.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i. Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of Sodium Hexametaphosphate products used for water softening and detergents.


A significant use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles. Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.


In food industry, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as an additive, nourishing agent, quality improver, pH regulator, metal ions chelating agent, adhesive and leavening agent etc.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a food additive used in dairy product, canned milk, packaged egg whites, ice cream, seafood and meat processing.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also used as a sequestrant and water softening agent and detergents.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining agent.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate prevents the steel corrosion.


Further, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in building, water treatment and in photographic developing.
In addition, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as a retarder in dental alginate impression materials and as a thinner for petroleum drilling fluids.
There are different uses of Sodium Hexametaphosphate, which include using it as a sequestrant, as a food additive in the food industry, as a water softening agent, and as a detergent.


Another important use of Sodium Hexametaphosphate is using it as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.
Moreover, we can use Sodium Hexametaphosphate as a dispersing agent for the breakdown of clay and other soil types in soil texture assessments.
When Sodium Hexametaphosphate is added to water normally deposits CaCO3 scale, when made more alkaline or when heated the complex phosphate inhibits precipitation.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is advantageous where the boiler water naturally tends to become too alkaline because this reduces excess alkalinity by reversion in the boiler to an acid orthophosphate.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as a surfactant, emulsifier, suspending agent, dispersing agent and as buffer.


Industrial uses include clay processing, drilling fluids and cleaning products which stick together and form clumps.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in water treatment, when added to a municipal or industrial water systems it helps to reduce scale formation, corrosion, and biofilm formation in pipes and other equipment.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate(E425i) is the best performing sequestrant available.
This enables gelling agents to be hydrated at much lower temperatures.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also used in conjunction with sodium carbonate in certain situations.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites, roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled beverages, among other foods, can contain sodium hexametaphosphate.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is cleared by the Meat and Poultry Inspection Division to decrease the amount of cooked-out juices in poultry, canned hams, pork shoulder picnics and loins, canned hams and pork shoulder picnics, chopped ham and bacon as follows: 5.0% phosphate in pickle at 10% pump level; 0.5% phosphate in product (only clear solutions may be injected into product).


Sodium Hexametaphosphate, also referred to as E452i, SHMP, Graham's Salt, Sodium Polymetaphosphate, or just Hex, is an additive in a variety of foods and beverages and commonly used for thickening, emulsifying, and adding texture.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is vegan, kosher, and gluten-free.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate can be added to an assortment of food, beverage, and personal care applications such as syrups, canned milk, powdered and imitation cheese products, whipped toppings, dips, packaged egg whites and other proteins, jellies, frozen desserts, dressings, cereals, beverages, bath products, cosmetics, pet food, and more.


Additionally, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is an ingredient that is commonly added to fruit juices that contain pulp to help prevent the pulp from settling at the bottom.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a white, odorless powder used to thicken, emulsify, or add texture to foods, beverages, pet-related goods, and personal care products, and its additionally used in certain methods of chelation.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as quality improver, pH regulator, chelating agent, binder and swelling agent.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate’s also used to stabilize natural pigment in beans, fruit vegetable cans and bean stuffing; to emulsify fat in canned meat.
For canned food and meat product, it could improve their water holding capacity and prevent fat from corrosion.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate may clarify beer to avoid turbidity,
Sodium Hexametaphosphate’s an excellent water softener without precipitation.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate generally performs very well at close-to-neutral pH ranges, while tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) work best under alkaline conditions.


Monosodium phosphate (MSP) is often used together with SHMP for more acidic pH environments.
The so-called threshold effect refers to the ability of some phosphate compounds to inhibit the formation of carbonate or sulfate scales well below the amount that would be required for a stoichimetric 1:1 combination with the metal ions.


This apparently results by the phosphate interfering with early crystal growth.
In the case of SHMP, only 2-4 ppm is all that is required to inhibit scale formation in water with relatively high calcium levels.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Sodium Metaphosphate, Sodium Trimetaphosphate and Sodium Hexametaphosphate are used in the formulation of makeup foundations, mascara, bath products, and moisturizing and skin care products.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is sometimes called Sodium Polymetaphosphate, which stands for a more correct chemical term, but is rarely used among manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors.
In general, all applications of Sodium Hexametaphosphate fall into two grades: food grade and industrial/tech grade.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in a variety of food products and is labeled as E452i, although it is generally recognized as safe when applied in foods.
Due to its characteristics of sequestrant, thickener, emulsifier, and texturizer, Sodium Hexametaphosphate can be found in many daily products that we consume.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a food additive used in dairy product, canned milk, packaged egg whites, ice cream, seafood and meat processing.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also used as a sequestrant and water softening agent and detergents.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining agent.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate prevents the steel corrosion.


Further, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in building, water treatment and in photographic developing.
In addition, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as a retarder in dental alginate impression materials and as a thinner for petroleum drilling fluids.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is widely used in water softeners & detergents.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also used in leather tanning, dyeing, laundry work and textile processing.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in process called ‘threshold treatment’ which is softening of industrial water supplies.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as a sequestrant and as a food additive.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in a variety of applications like as a food additive, as a deflocculant in the manufacture of clay-based ceramic particles and as an active ingredient in toothpaste.


-Food additive:
As a food additive, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as an emulsifier.
Artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites, roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled drinks, among other foods, can contain Sodium Hexametaphosphate.


-Water softener salt:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in water softeners in a concentration of 0.03%.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is the only additive other than sodium chloride.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
(1) Sodium hexametaphosphate is used in meat products, fish sausages, ham, etc., which can improve water holding capacity, increase adhesion, and prevent fat oxidation;
(2) Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in bean paste and soy sauce to prevent discoloration, increase viscosity, shorten fermentation period, and adjust taste;
(3) When used in fruit drinks and refreshing drinks, Sodium Hexametaphosphate can improve the juice yield, increase the viscosity, and inhibit the decomposition of vitamin C;
(4) When used in ice cream, Sodium Hexametaphosphate can improve the expansion capacity, increase the volume, enhance the emulsification effect to prevent the destruction of the paste, and improve the taste and color;
(5) Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in dairy products and beverages to prevent gel precipitation;
(6) Adding to beer can clarify the liquor and prevent turbidity;
(7) Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in canned beans, fruits and vegetables, it can stabilize natural pigments and protect the color of food;
(8) The aqueous solution of Sodium Hexametaphosphate is sprayed on the cured meat to improve the antiseptic performance.



PREPARATION OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is prepared by heating monosodium orthophosphate to generate sodium acid pyrophosphate:
2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O
Subsequently, the pyrophosphate is heated to give the corresponding sodium hexametaphosphate:
3 Na2H2P2O7 → (NaPO3)6 + 3 H2O
followed by rapid cooling.



REACTIONS OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate.



HISTORY OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Hexametaphosphoric acid was named in 1849 by the German chemist Theodor Fleitmann.
By 1956, chromatographic analysis of hydrolysates of Graham's salt (sodium polyphosphate) indicated the presence of cyclic anions containing more than four phosphate groups; these findings were confirmed in 1961.
In 1963, the German chemists Erich Thilo and Ulrich Schülke succeeded in preparing Sodium Hexametaphosphate by heating anhydrous sodium trimetaphosphate.
Salt mixture of metaphosphates:
Great for combining with sodium citrate for making cheese sauces
Commonly used as a pH buffer and sequestrant Cold/hot soluble, free flowing powder.



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE AND SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE?
Sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium polyphosphate are substances derived from sodium phosphate salts.
These are usually large molecules with complicated chemical formulas.
The key difference between sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium polyphosphate is that sodium hexametaphosphate is a specific six-chain length form of sodium metaphosphate, whereas sodium polyphosphate is an umbrella term used to name all the sodium phosphate units with four or more phosphate units.



PREPARATION OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate can be prepared by heating monosodium orthophosphate for the formation of sodium acid pyrophosphate, which is subsequently heated to get the corresponding sodium hexametaphosphate.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a type of sodium phosphate and a salt of sodium ion and phosphate.

Sodium Hexametaphosphate is formed upon heating mixtures of NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4.
This induces a condensation reaction.
Thereafter, the specific polyphosphate is generated depending on the details of the heating and annealing.

A common derivative of sodium polyphosphates is Glassy Graham’s salt.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a linear polyphosphate substance having the chemical formula NaO(NaPO3)Na2.
There are some crystalline high molecular weight polyphosphates, including Kurrol’s salt and Maddrell’s salt.



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE AND SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE?
The key difference between sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium polyphosphate is that sodium hexametaphosphate is a specific six-chain length form of sodium metaphosphate, whereas sodium polyphosphate is an umbrella term used to name all the sodium phosphate units with four or more phosphate units.
The terms Sodium Hexametaphosphate and sodium polyphosphate refer to substances derived from sodium phosphate salts.
These are usually large molecules with complicated chemical formulas.



WHY IS SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE USED IN COSMETICS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS?
Sodium Metaphosphate, Trimetaphosphate and Hexametaphosphate inactivate metallic ions so as to prevent the deterioration of cosmetics and personal care products.
Sodium Metaphosphate is also used to polish the teeth, reduce oral odor, or otherwise cleanse or deodorize the teeth and mouth.
Sodium Trimetaphosphate minimizes the change in the pH of a solution when an acid or a base is added to the solution and Sodium Hexametaphosphate prevents the corrosion (rust) of metallic materials used in packaging cosmetics and personal care products.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Chemical formula: Na6P6O18
Molar mass: 611.7704 g mol−1
Appearance: White crystals
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.484 g/cm3
Melting point: 628 °C (1,162 °F; 901 K)
Boiling point: 1,500 °C (2,730 °F; 1,770 K)
Solubility in water: soluble
Solubility: insoluble in organic solvents
Refractive index (nD): 1.482
Physical state: crystalline
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 628 °C - (External MSDS)
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable

Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: soluble, (experimental)
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Melting Point: 640°C
Color: White
pH: 6.0 to 7.7
Physical Form: Solid
Quantity: 1 kg
Formula Weight: 611.7708g/mol

Boiling Point: 1500°C
Melting Point: 628°C
Color: White
Physical Form: Granules
Solubility Information: Soluble in water.
Insoluble in organic solvents
Formula Weight: 611.77
Odor: Odorless
Refractive Index: 1.482
Appearance: White granules
Chemical Name or Material: Sodium hexametaphosphate
Density: 2.48 g/cm³
Molecular weight/ Molar mass: 611.77 g/mol
Boiling point: 1,500 °C
Melting point: 628 °C
Chemical formula: Na6P6O18
Odour: Odourless
Appearance: White crystals
Refractive index: 1.482
pH: 8.6
Solubility: Soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents.



FIRST AID MEASURES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
no information available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Calgon
Phosphate glass
Polyphosphate sodium salt
Sodium polyphosphate
sodium cyclo-hexaphosphate
Calgon S
Glassy sodium
Graham's salt
Hexasodium metaphosphate
Metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt
(NaPO3)x, Na(n+2)P(n)O(3n+1)
metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt
Alcoa Agilu, instant
Alcoa Agilu 70
Alcoa Agilu 60
Calgon
Calgon T Powder Food Grade
Calgon T Technical
Calgon T Powder Technical
Chemi-charl
hexametaphosphate, sodium salt
sodium polyphosphates, glassy
glassy sodium
metaphosphate
phosphate glass practical grade
sodium metaphosphate, hexa
HMP, Medi-calgon
Hy-phos
Polyphos
SHMP
sodium m-phosphates
sodium hexametaphosphate
sodium polyphosphates, glassy
(sodium hexametaphosphate)
metaphosphoric acid, sodium salt
Graham' s salt
Metafos
sodium metaphosphate
sodium polymetaphosphate
RIP-40
sodium polyphosphate
Perphos Sodium
Hexametaphosphate"
Glassy sodium
Graham's salt
Hexasodium metaphosphate
Metaphosphoric acid

Sodium Hexametaphosphate Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which Sodium hexametaphosphate is used under the E number E452i. Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to SHMP to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of Sodium hexametaphosphate products used for water softening and detergents. A significant use for sodium hexametaphosphate is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles. Sodium hexametaphosphate is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment. Sodium hexametaphosphate is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient. The energy drink NOS contains sodium hexametaphosphate. Food additive As a food additive, Sodium hexametaphosphate is used as an emulsifier. Artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites, roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled drinks, among other foods, can contain Sodium hexametaphosphate. Preparation of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is prepared by heating monosodium orthophosphate to generate sodium acid pyrophosphate: 2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O Subsequently, the pyrophosphate is heated to give the corresponding sodium hexametaphosphate: 3 Na2H2P2O7 → (NaPO3)6 + 3 H2O followed by rapid cooling. Reactions of Sodium hexametaphosphate SHMP hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate. History of Sodium hexametaphosphate Hexametaphosphoric acid was named (but misidentified) in 1849 by the German chemist Theodor Fleitmann. By 1956, chromatographic analysis of hydrolysates of Graham's salt (sodium polyphosphate) indicated the presence of cyclic anions containing more than four phosphate groups; these findings were confirmed in 1961. In 1963, the German chemists Erich Thilo and Ulrich Schülke succeeded in preparing sodium hexametaphosphate by heating anhydrous sodium trimetaphosphate. Safety of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium phosphates are recognized to have low acute oral toxicity. Sodium hexametaphosphate concentrations not exceeding 10,000mg/l or mg/kg are considered protective levels by the EFSA and USFDA. Extreme concentrations of this salt may cause acute side effects from excessive blood serum concentrations of sodium, such as: “irregular pulse, bradycardia, and hypocalcemia." Properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical formula Na6P6O18 Molar mass 611.7704 g mol−1 Appearance White crystals Odor odorless Density 2.484 g/cm3 Melting point 628 °C (1,162 °F; 901 K) Boiling point 1,500 °C (2,730 °F; 1,770 K) Solubility in water soluble Solubility insoluble in organic solvents Refractive index (nD) 1.482 General description of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is an inorganic polyphosphate salt commonly used as a corrosion inhibitor, emulsifying agent and as a tooth whitening agent in dentifrice formulations. Application of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate has been used as a deflocculant to prepare clay suspensions. Final report on the safety assessment of Sodium Metaphosphate, Sodium Trimetaphosphate, and Sodium Hexametaphosphate These inorganic polyphosphate salts all function as chelating agents in cosmetic formulations. In addition, Sodium Metaphosphate functions as an oral care agent, Sodium Trimetaphosphate as a buffering agent, and Sodium Hexametaphosphate as a corrosion inhibitor. Only Sodium Hexametaphosphate is currently reported to be used. Although the typical concentrations historically have been less than 1%, higher concentrations have been used in products such as bath oils, which are diluted during normal use. Sodium Metaphosphate is the general term for any polyphosphate salt with four or more phosphate units. The four-phosphate unit version is cyclic, others are straight chains. The hexametaphosphate is the specific six-chain length form. The trimetaphosphate structure is cyclic. Rats fed 10% Sodium Trimetaphosphate for a month exhibited transient tubular necrosis; rats given 10% Sodium Metaphosphate had retarded growth and those fed 10% Sodium Hexametaphosphate had pale and swollen kidneys. In chronic studies using animals, growth inhibition, increased kidney weights (with calcium deposition and desquamation), bone decalcification, parathyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia, inorganic phosphaturia, hepatic focal necrosis, and muscle fiber size alterations. Sodium Hexametaphosphate was a severe skin irritant in rabbits, whereas a 0.2% solution was only mildly irritating. A similar pattern was seen with ocular toxicity. These ingredients were not genotoxic in bacterial systems nor were they carcinogenic in rats. No reproductive or developmental toxicity was seen in studies using rats exposed to Sodium Hexametaphosphate or Sodium Trimetaphosphate. In clinical testing, irritation is seen as a function of concentration; concentrations as high as 1% produced no irritation in contact allergy patients. Because of the corrosive nature of Sodium Hexametaphosphate, it was concluded that these ingredients could be used safely if each formulation was prepared to avoid skin irritation; for example, low concentration in a leave-on product or dilution of a higher concentration as part of product usage. Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Salt mixture of metaphosphates Great for combining with sodium citrate for making cheese sauces Commonly used as a pH buffer and sequestrant Cold/hot soluble, free flowing powder DESCRIPTION of Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) 100% Pure Food Grade Sodium Hexametaphosphate SHMP (e452i) for use in molecular gastronomy. SHMP is a sequestrant, which allows gelling agents to be hydrated at much lower temperatures. It is the highest performing sequestrant available. And unlike sodium citrate, it has no taste at the concentrations used for gel hydration. OTHER DETAILS of Sodium hexametaphosphate Dietary Attributes: Plant-Based, Gluten-Free, Non-GMO, Kosher (OU), Keto-friendly Ingredient List: Sodium Hexametaphosphate Allergen(s): None Effect of sodium hexametaphosphate concentration and cooking time on the physicochemical properties of pasteurized process cheese Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is commonly used as an emulsifying salt (ES) in process cheese, although rarely as the sole ES. It appears that no published studies exist on the effect of Sodium hexametaphosphate concentration on the properties of process cheese when pH is kept constant; pH is well known to affect process cheese functionality. The detailed interactions between the added phosphate, casein (CN), and indigenous Ca phosphate are poorly understood. We studied the effect of the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate (0.25–2.75%) and holding time (0–20 min) on the textural and rheological properties of pasteurized process Cheddar cheese using a central composite rotatable design. All cheeses were adjusted to pH 5.6. The meltability of process cheese (as indicated by the decrease in loss tangent parameter from small amplitude oscillatory rheology, degree of flow, and melt area from the Schreiber test) decreased with an increase in the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate. Holding time also led to a slight reduction in meltability. Hardness of process cheese increased as the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate increased. Acid-base titration curves indicated that the buffering peak at pH 4.8, which is attributable to residual colloidal Ca phosphate, was shifted to lower pH values with increasing concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate. The insoluble Ca and total and insoluble P contents increased as concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate increased. The proportion of insoluble P as a percentage of total (indigenous and added) P decreased with an increase in ES concentration because of some of the (added) Sodium hexametaphosphate formed soluble salts. The results of this study suggest that Sodium hexametaphosphate chelated the residual colloidal Ca phosphate content and dispersed CN; the newly formed Ca-phosphate complex remained trapped within the process cheese matrix, probably by cross-linking CN. Increasing the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate helped to improve fat emulsification and CN dispersion during cooking, both of which probably helped to reinforce the structure of process cheese. Process cheese is made by grinding natural cheese and then heating the cheese in the presence of one or more Ca chelating salts (phosphate or citrates), often called emulsifying salts (ES). In the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations (Department of Health and Human Services, 2004) identifies 13 types of ES that can be used in process cheese manufacture, either singly or in combination, and allows for the addition of up to 3% (wt/wt; Kapoor and Metzger, 2008). These ES help disperse the insoluble CN in natural cheese curd, and it is these solubilized CN that can then act as emulsifiers around the liquid fat released during the heating and shearing of natural cheese. These ES function as ion exchangers, buffers, and Ca sequestrants and cause CN dispersion and peptization. Several reviews exist on the properties of the ES used for process cheese manufacture (Carić et al., 1985; Berger et al., 1998; Zehren and Nusbaum, 2000; Guinee et al., 2004). Long-chain polyphosphates are commonly (but incorrectly) called hexametaphosphates. The real hexametaphosphates are ring forming and are not used in process cheese. Sodium hexametaphosphates (SHMP) have a wide range of uses in the food industry, including increasing the water binding properties of proteins in processed meats, protein precipitation for purification purposes, and prevention of protein sedimentation in sterilized milks (Molins, 1991). Sodium hexametaphosphates are often used in process cheese manufacture either singly or more commonly in a blend of several types of ES. Numerous factors, including pH, affect the melting and textural characteristics of process cheese (Mulsow et al., 2007). Many of these factors, which are not well understood at the molecular level, are interrelated and have a combined effect on meltability and texture. It has been reported that the use of Sodium hexametaphosphate produces hard and poorly meltable process cheese (Thomas, 1973; Gupta et al., 1984; Carić et al., 1985). However, it appears that no studies exist on the effect of Sodium hexametaphosphate on process cheese properties where pH was kept constant (to avoid pH as a confounding factor). Gupta et al. (1984) reported that the use of Sodium hexametaphosphate resulted in process cheese with low pH values, which could have contributed to the poor textural attributes. Lu et al. (2008) reported that increasing the pH resulted in improved meltability for process cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate. Cooking time also affects the properties of process cheese (Rayan et al., 1980; Shirashoji et al., 2006). One method by which cooking time affects process cheese is by increasing the extent of shearing of curd and thus improving the emulsification of fat (i.e., by reducing the size of emulsified fat globules; Shimp, 1985; Kapoor and Metzger, 2008). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various concentrations of Sodium hexametaphosphate and cooking times on the rheological and textural properties of process cheese. Because pH is well known to influence the texture of process cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate (Lu et al., 2008), all samples were adjusted to a constant pH value (∼5.6). Rheological Properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate The effects of ES concentration on the rheological properties of process cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate during heating are shown in Figures 1a and b. The rheological properties of the natural Cheddar cheese are also shown for comparison purposes. The G′ value of all cheeses decreased with temperature from 5 to 70°C. The G′ value of the process cheese made with 1.50 and 2.75% ES, as well as natural cheese, increased again at >70°C, although cheese made with 0.25% ES continued to decrease with increasing temperature throughout the entire heating range. This increase in G′ at high temperature was not observed with any of the process cheeses made with trisodium citrate (TSC) in our previous study (Shirashoji et al., 2006). The LT value of process cheese measured at >50°C decreased with an increase in ES concentration. Process cheese made with 2.75% Sodium hexametaphosphate had LT values that were <1 over the entire heating range. Samples with LT values <1 do not exhibit flow (Lucey et al., 2003). Several factors could explain the effect of increasing Sodium hexametaphosphate concentration on cheese texture. Increasing the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) used in process cheese resulted in an increase in hardness and the G′ value at 70°C and a decrease in the LT value at 50°C and DOF. These effects were not attributable to any compositional factors because we manufactured the cheeses to a constant composition. We believe that the higher hardness and lower meltability with increasing Sodium hexametaphosphate concentration is attributable to a combination of enhanced CN dispersion, Ca chelation, and ion exchange. One of the key functions of ES, such as Sodium hexametaphosphate, is the ability to disperse (sometimes called peptization) the insoluble CN matrix in natural cheese. Polyphosphates have a greater CN dispersing ability compared with orthophosphates or TSC (Lee et al., 1986; Molins, 1991; Dimitreli et al., 2005; Mizuno and Lucey, 2005). The addition of Sodium hexametaphosphate to milk rapidly causes CN dispersion (Vujicic et al., 1968). The use of Sodium hexametaphosphate in process cheese greatly increases CN dispersion (hydration, peptization, or swelling) compared with TSC or orthophosphates (Lee et al., 1986; Guinee et al., 2004), although in these studies the pH of cheese was not kept constant. Increasing the concentration of polyphosphate used in process cheese resulted in an increase in soluble nitrogen content (indicating greater CN dispersion; Lee and Alais, 1980). Hot process cheese after holding at 80°C for 10 min exhibited very large LT values compared with process cheeses made with low ES concentration. The high LT values in hot process cheese made with high ES concentrations suggest that increasing the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate greatly increased CN dispersion. The ability of Sodium hexametaphosphate to disperse CN is pH-dependent with low ability near pH 5 (Dimitreli et al., 2005). Our cheeses were all at pH 5.6, and at this pH value Sodium hexametaphosphate should still be effective at causing CN dispersion. These highly dispersed CN molecules then reassociate during cooling to form a fine-structured gel network (some CN reassociation may be occurring in the hot product as evidenced by the increase in G′ values during the holding of cheese at 80°C). The greater the degree of CN dispersion, the firmer, more cross-linked, and less meltable is the final process cheese. This agrees with the similar trend reported for process cheese made with increasing concentrations of TSC (Shirashoji et al., 2006). Johnston and Murphy (1992) reported that there was greater CN dispersion in milk with an increase in Sodium hexametaphosphate levels; acid gels made from these Sodium hexametaphosphate-treated milks had improved gel textural properties. Polyphosphates also have a strong ability to complex Ca, and we can rank phosphates and citrates in the following order: long-chain phosphates > tripolyphosphate > pyrophosphate > citrate > orthophosphate (Van Wazer and Callis, 1958). The strong Ca binding properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate should result in greater dispersion of CN because of the loss of CCP cross-links present in natural cheese. The highly charged anionic nature of polyphosphates causes them to be attracted to the oppositely charged groups on other long-chain polyelectrolytes, such as proteins (Van Wazer and Callis, 1958). In our process cheeses, association of polyphosphate with CN should increase the charge repulsion between CN molecules. In some circumstances the addition of phosphates to milk can cause gelation (Mizuno and Lucey, 2007). Sodium hexametaphosphate was less effective at gelling CN than tetrasodium pyrophosphate. One factor that inhibits gelation of CN is that polyphosphates introduce more charge repulsion to CN because of their multiple negative charges (i.e., polyelectrolyte nature) compared with tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Another possible factor that could contribute to the increased hardness and reduced meltability of cheese made with high concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is the formation of new Ca phosphate linkages within the cheese network (Gupta et al., 1984). Taneya et al. (1980) reported that long protein strands were observed in a process cheese made with sodium polyphosphate, whereas these long strands were not observed in a process cheese made with TSC. Long CN strands in process cheese could have resulted from the formation of new Ca phosphate linkages between CN. The insoluble Ca and insoluble P content (Table 3) of process cheese increased with increasing Sodium hexametaphosphate concentration. The addition of Sodium hexametaphosphate to milk protein concentrate at pH 5.8 increased CN-bound Ca (Mizuno and Lucey, 2005). Polyphosphates bind Ca from the native CCP (which help to disperse the CN micelles), but these new Ca phosphates complexes can associate with the dispersed CN (Odagiri and Nickerson, 1965; Mizuno and Lucey, 2005). Lee and Alais (1980) reported that the use of polyphosphates resulted in a high level of insoluble P in process cheese. Johnston and Murphy (1992) reported that skim milk solutions with polyphosphate contained a high proportion of nonsedimentable (soluble) CN. Apart from the lowest ES concentration, all other process cheese samples exhibited an increase in G′ at temperatures >70°C during heating. Udayarajan et al. (2005) suggested that the increase in G′ value of natural Cheddar cheese at high temperature was attributable to the heat-induced formation of additional Ca phosphate cross-links between CN. The acid-base buffering profiles of process cheese indicate that the addition of Sodium hexametaphosphate caused a shift in the pH value where the buffering peak occurred during acidification. Lucey et al. (1993) suggested that a change in location or shape of the buffering peak observed during the acidification of milk might be attributable to some shift in the structure, or composition, or both, of the indigenous CCP. The buffering profiles of process cheese suggest that increasing the Sodium hexametaphosphate content altered the type and concentration of Ca phosphate salts present in the cheese network. A small quantity of Sodium hexametaphosphate (0.25%) was not enough to efficiently disperse the CN network even with the use of long holding times during the cooking step. Consequently, fat was poorly emulsified (results not shown) and the process cheese was relatively soft and had good meltability. Holding time resulted in a significant decrease in the LT value at 50°C, DOF, and Schreiber melt area and a significant increase in hardness and the G′ value at 70°C. Long holding times have previously been reported to reduce melt and increase hardness of process cheese (Rayan et al., 1980). An increase in the hold time also increases the extent of shear applied to the process cheese; this creates smaller homogenized fat globules that reinforce the matrix formed during cooling. During prolonged holding time at high temperatures, it is likely that some heat-induced CN aggregation occurred. Although increasing the concentration of ES used in process cheese resulted in an increase in the initial measured LT of the hot product (i.e., measured after a holding time of 10 min at 80°C), during (further) prolonged holding there was a substantial decrease in the LT and an increase in G′ values. Panouillé et al. (2003) observed that heat-induced aggregation and gelation of CN micelles could occur in the presence of sodium polyphosphates. Holding time had no significant effect on the insoluble Ca or P content. Because Sodium hexametaphosphate is a very effective Ca chelating agent, the time required to heat the process cheese to 80°C was likely sufficient to allow Sodium hexametaphosphate to chelate Ca from CN (i.e., a holding time at 80°C was not required to facilitate Ca chelation). In solution, polyphosphates can undergo hydrolysis to orthophosphates, particularly at higher temperatures (>60°C; Maurer-Rothmann and Scheurer, 2005). In practice, Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is likely that the hydrolytic breakdown is low in most process cheese applications (Maurer-Rothmann and Scheurer, 2005). During holding of process cheese at high temperature some hydrolysis of Sodium hexametaphosphate may have occurred (Lee and Alais, 1980); however, holding time had no significant effect on the concentration of insoluble P in process cheese. It has been claimed (Roesler, 1966) that hydrolysis also occurs in process cheese during storage. Because the process cheese samples were not analyzed until after 7 d of storage, any (possible) hydrolysis should already have occurred before testing of cheese. Comparing the results reported by Shirashoji et al. (2006) for process cheese made with TSC to those made with Sodium hexametaphosphate in the present study, we observed that cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate had lower LT values at 50°C and lower DOF values for all experimental conditions. The experimental work for our previous study (Shirashoji et al., 2006) was actually performed around the same time period as the current study. The hardness values for process cheese made with various concentrations of TSC were much lower (range: 1,572–2,685 g; Shirashoji et al., 2006) compared with cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate (range: 1,892–4,490 g). Conclusions The concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate used as an ES in the manufacture of pasteurized process Cheddar cheese greatly affected the textural and melting properties, even when these cheeses had a similar pH value. The added Sodium hexametaphosphate appeared to convert the original form of CCP to a new type of Ca phosphate salt during cooking. A small quantity of Sodium hexametaphosphate (0.25%) was not enough to efficiently disperse the CN network even with long holding times during cooking; consequently, fat was poorly emulsified and the process cheese was soft and highly meltable. Holding times increased hardness and decreased meltability. High levels of Sodium hexametaphosphate produced firm and poorly meltable cheese because CN were highly dispersed during cooking, Sodium hexametaphosphate resulted in the formation of new Ca phosphate-CN linkages, and a fine-stranded network was formed during cooling. The results of this study will assist process cheese manufacturers in understanding the role of Sodium hexametaphosphate as an ES and demonstrates the effect of ES concentration and holding time on process cheese functionality. Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) Chemical Properties,Uses,Production Outline Sodium hexametaphosphate is a kind of sodium metaphosphate polymers. Sodium hexametaphosphate is also known as "polyvinylidene sodium," "sodium multiple metaphosphate", "sodium metaphosphate vitreous body", and "Graham salt". Sodium hexametaphosphate is a colorless transparent glass-like solid or white powder with greater solubility but low dissolving rate in water. Its aqueous solution exhibits acidic property. Its complex of divalent metal ion is relatively more stable than the complexes of mono-valent metal ion. Sodium hexametaphosphate can easily be hydrolyzed to orthophosphate in warm water, acid or alkali solution. Hexametaphosphate has a relative strong hygroscopicity with being sticky after absorbing moisture. For certain metal ions (e.g., calcium, magnesium, etc.), it has the ability to form soluble complexes, and thus being able to being used for demineralizing water. Sodium hexametaphosphate can also from precipitate with lead and silver ions with precipitate being re-dissolved in excess amount of sodium hexametaphosphate solution to form a complex salt. Its barium salt can also form complexes with the sodium hexametaphosphate. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a kind of highly efficient water softener of power stations, rolling stock boiler water; as detergent additive, as corrosion-controlling or anti-corrosion agents; as cement hardening accelerator; as streptomycin purification agent, and the cleaning agent of textile industry and dyeing industry. Sodium hexametaphosphate can also be used as a kind of sedative drug, preservative, stabilizer, and fruit juice precipitant in food industry. In the oil industry, it is used for control of drilling pipe rust and adjusting the viscosity of oil drilling mud. Sodium hexametaphosphate also has applications in fabric dyeing, tanning, paper, color film, soil analysis, radiation chemistry and analytical chemistry and other departments. Our GB2760-1996 provisions that hexametaphosphate is allowable food additives (water retention agent) for being used for canned food, fruit juice drinks, dairy products, soy products; it can also be used as a dye dispersant, and water treatment agent. Toxicity of Sodium hexametaphosphate Adl 0~70 mg/kg (in terms of phosphorus); LD50:4g/kg (rat, oral). According to the provision of the GB2760-86, it is allowed for being applied to canned food, fruit juice drinks, dairy products, soy milk as quality improver; the maximum usage amount is 1.0 g/kg. When being used as composite phosphate, calculated as the total phosphate, the canned meat products shall not exceed 1.0 g/kg; for condensation of milk, it shall not exceed 0.50 g/kg. Chemical Properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is colorless and transparent glass flake or white granular crystals. It is easily soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a food quality improver in food industry, pH adjusting agent, metal ion chelating agents, dispersants, extenders, etc. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a kind of common analytical reagents, water softener, and also used for photofinishing and printing. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a water softener, detergent, preservative, cement hardening accelerator, fiber dyeing and cleaning agents; it can also used for medicine, food, petroleum, printing and dyeing, tanning, and paper industry. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as texturizing agent; emulsifiers; stabilizer; chelating agent. Sodium hexametaphosphate is less frequently for being used alone and is generally used in mixture with pyrophosphate and metaphosphate. The mixture is mainly used for ham, sausage, surimi such as the tissue improver for water retention, tendering and meat softening. It can also be used for prevention of crystallization of canned crab as well as dissolving agent of pectin. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as the water softening agent of boiler water and industrial water (including water for the production of dyes, water for the production of titanium dioxide, water for printing and dyeing, and slurry mixing, water for cleaning color copy of the film, as well as chemical industrial water and the water for the medicines, reagents production, etc.) as well as the water treatment agent for the industrial cooling water; it can also be used as a corrosion inhibitor, flotation agent, dispersant agent, high temperature binding agent, dyeing auxiliaries, metal surface treatment, rust inhibitors, detergent additives and also cement hardening accelerator. Coated paper production can use it as pulp dispersants in order to improve the penetration capability. In addition, it can also be apply to the washing utensils and chemical fiber in order to remove iron ions of the pulp. In the oil industry, it can be used for the antirust of the drilling pipe and adjusting the slurry viscosity upon the control of oil drilling. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as the quality improver with various effects of increasing the complex metal ions of food, pH, ionic strength, thereby improving the adhesive capability as well as the water holding ability of food. China provides that it can be applied to the dairy products, poultry products, ice cream, instant noodles and meat with the maximum permitted amount being 5.0 g/kg; the maximal permitted usage amount in canned food, fruit juice (flavored) drinks and vegetable protein drink is 1.0g/kg. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a food quality improver in food industry and applied to canned food, fruit juice drinks, dairy products, and soy milk. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as Ph adjusting agent, metal ion chelate agent, adhesive and bulking agents. When being applied to beans and canned fruits and vegetables, it can be stabilize the natural pigment and protect the food color and lustre; when being used in canned meat, it can be used for preventing the emulsification of the fat and maintaining its uniform texture; when being applied to meat, it can be used to increase the water holding capacity and prevent the deterioration of fat in the meat. Sodium hexametaphosphate can also help to clarify the wine when being supplied to beer and further prevent turbidity. Chemical Properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate The sodium polyphosphates class consists of several amorphous, water soluble polyphosphates composed of linear chains of metaphosphate units, (NaPO3)x where x ≥ 2, terminated by Na2PO4- groups. They are usually identified by their Na2O/ P2O5 ratio or their P2O5 content. The Na2O/P2O5 ratios vary from about 1.3 for sodium tetrapolyphosphate, where x = approximately 4; through about 1.1 for Graham’s salt, commonly called sodium hexametaphosphate, where x = 13 to 18; to about 1.0 for the higher molecular weight sodium polyphosphates, where x = 20 to 100 or more. The pH of their solution varies from about 3 to 9. For additional details of description, refer to Burdock (1997). Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a sequestrant and moisture binder that is very soluble in water but dissolves slowly. solutions have a ph of 7.0. Sodium hexametaphosphate permits peanuts to be salted in the shell by making it possible for the salt brine to penetrate the peanuts. in canned peas and lima beans, Sodium hexametaphosphate functions as a tenderizer when added to the water used to soak or scald the vegetables prior to canning. Sodium hexametaphosphate improves whipping properties in whipping proteins. Sodium hexametaphosphate functions as a seques- trant for calcium and magnesium, having the best sequestering power of all the phosphates. it prevents gel formation in sterilized milk. it is also termed sodium metaphosphate and graham’s salt. Uses For industrial use, such as oil field, paper-making, textile, dyeing, petrochemical industry,tanning industry, metallurgical industry and building material industry, It is mainly used as a water sortening agent in solution for printing, dyeing ,and boiler; Diffusant in papermersing medium, high temperature agglomerant,detergent and soil analytical chemistry reagent, Uses sodium hexametaphosphate is a chelating agent and a corrosion inhibitor. This is an inorganic salt. Preparation of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is prepared by heating monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) rapidly to a clear melt, which occurs slightly above 625°C. Rapid chilling of this melt produces a very soluble glass, which is then crushed or milled. Agricultural Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium metaphosphate is the salt of metaphosphoric acid having a molecular formula (NaPO3)n, where n ranges from 3 to 10 (for cyclic molecules) or may be much larger (for polymers).

Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a white solid that dissolves in water.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a kind of sodium phosphate polymer, which is usually white powder crystal or transparent glass flake in appearance.


CAS Number: 10124-56-8
EC Number: 233-343-1
MDL number: MFCD00134118
Chemical formula: Na6P6O18


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i), also known as its abbreviation SHMP, a polyphosphate commonly used in dairy products, sausage, seafood, meat processing, toothpaste, and also in water treatment.
The European food additive number for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is E452i.


Generally, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i)'s purpose in food is as a texturizer, sequestrant, thickener, and emulsifier.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a hexamer of sodium phosphate (NaPO3)6.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a water-soluble polyphosphate that consists of chains of six repeating phosphate units.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a colourless or white, transparent platelets, granular, or powder.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a glassy phosphate with strong absorption ability and easy to hydrolyze to orthophosphate in warm water, acidic or alkaline solution.


PH of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is 5.8-6.5
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is freely soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a white crystalline powder that is commonly used as a sequestrant, emulsifier, thickening agent, and texturizer in food processing.


The chemical formula of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is (NaPO3)6, and it is composed of a chain of six phosphate units linked together by oxygen atoms.
The molecular weight of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is 611.7 g/mol.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is generally considered safe for consumption in small amounts, as it is used as a food additive and is approved by the US

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in various food products.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal phosphates.


These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is phosphate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is an alkali metal.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a salt of composition Na6[(PO3)6].
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical formula: NaPO3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.


Such a mixture is more correctly termed Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i).
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a white solid that dissolves in water.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a kind of sodium phosphate polymer, which is usually white powder crystal or transparent glass flake in appearance.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) chemical has strong hygroscopic property and will become sticky after hygroscopic.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is very easy to deliquescent in air and soluble in water with higher solubility and milder dissolution rate.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i)'s aqueous solution is acid and easy to hydrolyze to phosphite.


In addition, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) has ability to form a soluble complex for some metal ions, so it can be used to soft water, as well as a wide range of uses in food processing and various industry fields.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a food grade white powder that can be used for stabilizing soups, juices and dairy products.


This enables gelling agents to be hydrated at much lower temperatures.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a white powder ,density is 2.484(20°C),easily soluble in water, but not on organic solution, absorbent to dampness, and furn sticky when absorbed dampness in air.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is possible to form solvent compound with metallic ions such as Ca, Ba, Mg, Cu and Fe; it is a fine agent for water treatment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a mixture of polymeric metaphosphates manufactured from Monosodium Phosphate, available as WHITE POWDER OR WHITE GRANULES.


Foodchem's food grade Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is available as fine powder(>68% purity).
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is an inorganic compound of sodium salt and hexaphosphoric acid.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is vegan, kosher, and gluten-free.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a multi-purpose sequestrant and is a versatile ingredient to have on hand for your culinary creations.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) appears as a white powder. Applications for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) include in cheese powders and dips, breakfast cereals, beer and bottled beverages, imitation cheese, frozen dessert, packaged eggs and artificial maple syrup.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i), which is identified in the European Union as E452i, is a chemical you will sometimes find listed on the label for fruit juices that contain pulp.
This Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) keeps the pulp mixed in the juice so it doesn't all settle to the bottom—or at least it's supposed to.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i), CAS no.10124-56-8, manufacturing process via chemcial heating, monosodium orthophosphate as raw material.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) appears as a white powder.
Applications for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) include in cheese powders and dips, breakfast cereals, beer and bottled beverages, imitation cheese, frozen dessert, packaged eggs and artificial maple syrup.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a hexamer of composition (NaPO3)6.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) of commerce is typically a mixture of polymeric metaphosphates, of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is prepared by melting monosodium orthophosphate, followed by rapid cooling.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a white powder, white fine powder, white granular or colorless piece.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a food grade white powder that can be used for stabilizing soups, juices and dairy products.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a white powder; Density 2.484(20℃); soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvent.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) has got strong hygroscopicity and can absorb humidity from the air to become into pasty form.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) may form soluble chelates with ions of Ca, Ba, Mg, Cu, Fe etc. and is a good water treatment chemical.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a salt of composition Na6[(PO3)6].


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical formula: NaPO3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a hexamer of composition (NaPO3)6.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) of commerce is typically a mixture of polymeric metaphosphates, of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a hexamer of composition (NaPO3)6.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) of commerce is typically a mixture of polymeric metaphosphates, of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is prepared by melting monosodium orthophosphate, followed by rapid cooling.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a hexamer of composition (NaPO3)6.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) manufacturing process via chemcial heating, monosodium orthophosphate as raw material.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is the best performing sequestrant available.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can be used in food and beverage, personal care products, water treatment, and other industrial uses.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is available in granular, glassy or powdered forms in the market.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) exists food grade and technical grade in the market.


Emulsifier, texturiser, dietary supplement, sequestrant, binding agent, pig/poultry scald agent, potential food contaminant arising from paper/board packaging Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications with in a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) of commerce is typically a mixture of polymeric metaphosphates, of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.
Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) to raise the pH to 8.0-8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.


A significant use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.
Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.
Paper Industry uses of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i):


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i)can be used as slurry diffusing agent to increase penetration.
Oil industry uses of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i): Anti-rust for drilling pipes in the petroleum industry and control of viscosity of mud during oil drilling.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used in other industrial applications, including clay processing (as a deflocculant), drilling fluids, and cleaning products.
Food grade: Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is mainly used as additive agent, PH adjusting agent, fermenting agent, and nourishment, etc


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) has many different applications, including a food additive which is used under the E452i number.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used Stabilizing soups and juices, Dairy products, and Food additive (E 452i)
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used in conjunction with sodium carbonate in certain situations.


Artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites, roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled beverages, among other foods, can contain Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i).


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.
Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to SHMP to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) products used for water softening and detergents.


A significant use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used in industries of oil fields, paper production, textile, dyeing, petroleum, chemistry, metallurgy and construction materials etc.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a water softening agent in solution for printing, floating agent, dispersing medium and high temperature agglomerant.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used Industrial Grade.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as one of the main auxiliaries for synthetic detergent, synergist for soap; water softener, tanning agent for leather making, auxiliary for dyeing.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an effective dispersion agent for suspensions of coatings, kaolin, magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and drilling mud etc.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an oil contamination resistance agent in paper production.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is mainly used as additive agent, pH adjusting agent, fermenting agent, and nourishment, etc.
In the foodstuff industry, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as quality improver in the process of canned food, fruit juice drinks, foodstuffs from milk or soybeans.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) may tender the meat in canned ham and soften the skin of horse bean in canned horse bean.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) may also serves as a softener or densifier in foodstuff industry.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is widely used as emulsifier and stabilizer in food processing with E number E452.


Available Grade of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i)
Food Grade: Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is widely used as nutritional enhancer and texture stabilizer in food and beverage industries.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is widely used as used in oil field, paper-making, textile, dyeing, petrochemical industry, tanning industry, metallurgical industry and building material industry.


Foodchem's industrial grade Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is available as fine powder(>68% purity).
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i), also referred to as E452i, SHMP, Graham's Salt, Sodium Polymetaphosphate, or just Hex, is an additive in a variety of foods and beverages and commonly used for thickening, emulsifying, and adding texture.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a white, odorless powder used to thicken, emulsify, or add texture to foods, beverages, pet-related goods, and personal care products, and its additionally used in certain methods of chelation.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a salt mixture of metaphosphates, is a food quality improver, used as emulsifier and thickener.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can be added to an assortment of food, beverage, and personal care applications such as syrups, canned milk, powdered and imitation cheese products, whipped toppings, dips, packaged egg whites and other proteins, jellies, frozen desserts, dressings, cereals, beverages, bath products, cosmetics, pet food, and more.


Additionally, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is an ingredient that is commonly added to fruit juices that contain pulp to help prevent the pulp from settling at the bottom.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is sometimes called Sodium Polymetaphosphate, which stands for a more correct chemical term, but is rarely used among manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors.


In general, all applications of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) fall into two grades: food grade and industrial/tech grade.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used in a variety of food products and is labeled as E452i, although it is generally recognized as safe when applied in foods.


Due to its characteristics of sequestrant, thickener, emulsifier, and texturizer, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can be found in many daily products that we consume.
One of the most common applications of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is water treatment, where it acts as a sequestrant, water softening, deflocculating, dispersing and antiscale agent.


Basically, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is aimed to prevent the steel and mineral corrosion.
A particular case of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) use is the case of when it is added into a boiler compound to settle calcium hardness down in factory boiler waters with high calcium level.


Industrial applications of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) are numerous and some of them appear to be helpful in diverse domains with one and the same property.
Due to its anti-staining and tartar prevention capabilities, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is successfully used as an active ingredient in toothpaste and other tooth whitening products, and it is also added to dog foods for the same reason.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used to stabilize the emulsion and to improve the corrosion inhibition in the paint and coating industry.
During production, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) acts as a dispersing agent affecting the pigment particles and increasing the protection properties of a product.


This formulation allows the formation of a thin film which is useful in paper making industry and in metallurgy as well.
In addition, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can usually be found in detergent formulations and such products like dishwashers, bath salts, and soaps.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications with in a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.


Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) to raise the pH to 8.0-8.6, which produces a number of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) products used for water softening and detergents.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types.


One of the lesser-known uses for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is as a deflocculant in the making of terra sigillata, a ceramic technique using a fine particled slip.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) causes the heavy particles in the slip to drop to the bottom allowing the fine particles to be siphoned off and applied to a green ware ceramic surface.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used Cold/hot soluble, free flowing powder.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a as a pH buffer and highest performing sequestrant, allows gelling agents to be hydrated at much lower temperatures.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) retains color of fruits, vegetables and beans.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) improves water retention and texture of sausage and other meat products.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) used as an additive, nourishing agent, quality improver, pH regulator, metal ions chelating agent, adhesive and leavening agent etc.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.
Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.


A significant use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.


The energy drink NOS contains Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i).
Sodium Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is an additive in a variety of foods and beverages and commonly used for thickening, emulsifying, and adding texture.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.
Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) to raise the pH to 8.0-8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) prevents flocculation, or the combining of suspended matter into aggregates large enough for gravity to accelerate their settling out.


Divalent and trivalent cations such as Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) are used in water solutions to facilitate flocculation of insoluble particles in suspension, especially colloidal size particles like clay and organic matter that have negative surface charges.
Addition of divalent or trivalent cations is frequently used in water treatment to remove a combination of inorganic and organic matter as well as living microscopic organisms through flocculation followed by filtration.


Dispersing agents such as Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) are more commonly used in laboratory procedures to sustain suspensions and estimate particle size distribution.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is commonly used as a component of detergents, for keeping pigments dispersed in paints and in photography where they find special applications to prevent spotting of films and photographs.


While you can’t see it Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is hiding just beyond the shadows of your drinking water and likely in the paint you have used in your house.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.


Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.
A significant use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.
A significant use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.
Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.


A significant use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) products used for water softening and detergents.


A significant use for Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.
The energy drink NOS contains Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i).


-Food additive:
As a food additive, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as an emulsifier.
Artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites, roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled drinks, among other foods, can contain Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i).


-Water softener salt:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used in Diamond Crystal brand Bright & Soft Salt Pellets for water softeners in a concentration of 0.03%.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is the only additive other than sodium chloride.


-Water Treatment uses of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can be used as water softener for industrial water and boiler water treatment, such as, dye production water, titanium dioxide production water, printing and dyeing water, washing color film copy water, chemical water, pharmaceutical, reagent production water, as well as industrial circulation cooling water treatment agent.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can also be used as scale inhibitor in resin electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, nanofitration and other water treatment industries.


-Other Uses of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can be also used as corrosion inhibitor, flotation agent, dispersant, high temperature binder, dyeing auxiliary, treatment of metal treatment, rust inhibitor, detergent builder, cement hardening accelerator.


-Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) for use in molecular gastronomy:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a sequestrant, which allows gelling agents to be hydrated at much lower temperatures.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is the highest performing sequestrant available.
And unlike sodium citrate, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) has no taste at the concentrations used for gel hydration.


-Uses of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is permitted to use in almost all categories of foods with the maximum level 10,000 mg/l or mg/kg and the following foods may contain with Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i):
*Dairy products and analogues
*Fats and oils and fat and oil emulsions
*Edible ices
*Fruit and vegetables
*Confectionery
*Cereals and cereal products
*Bakery wares
*Meat
*Fish and fisheries products
*Eggs and egg products
*Sugars, syrups, honey and table-top sweeteners
*Salts, spices, soups, sauces, salads and protein products
*Beverages
*Ready-to-eat savouries and snacks
*Desserts
*Food supplements excluding for infants and young children


-Industrial grade:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used in such industries as oil field, paper-making, textile, dyeing, petrochemical industry, tanning industry, metallurgical industry and building material industry.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a water softening agent in solution for printing, dyeing, and boiler, as diffusant in papermaking; retarding agent, floating agent, dispersing medium, high temperature agglomerant, Detergent and soil analytical chemical reagent.



FOOD GRADE SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
*Water holding capacity:
The Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) food grade can be used in meat products, fish sausage, ham and so on to improve the water retention, increase adhesion and prevent fat oxidation.

*Improve the taste and color of food:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can be used in soy sauce to prevent discoloration, as well increase viscosity, shorten fermentation period, adjust taste.
For ice cream, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can improve the capacity of expansion, increase the volume, enhance the emulsification to prevent the destruction of paste, as well as improve the taste and color.

*Anticorrosion performance:
The aqueous solution of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) 68% can be sprayed on the cured meat to improve corrosion resistance.

*More uses:
For fruit drinks and cool drinks, the Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) chemical can improve the juice yield, increase viscosity and inhibit the decomposition of vitamin C.
For beans, canned fruits and vegetables, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can stabilize natural pigments and protect food color.



FOOD USES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Generally, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a multi-functional ingredient that can work as a texturizer, PH regulator, metal ions chelating agent, binder, bulking agent and etc.
Food grade Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can be used as a cross-linking agent to react with starch to produce modified food starch by increasing starch molecular weight and stabilize the starch structure.

Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also commonly used with other sodium phosphates in the processing of fish, shellfish and other aquatic products as a water-retaining agent and quality or taste improver.
Plus, we can also find Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) as an emulsifying salt in process cheese.



BEVERAGE USES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used in a variety of beverage products.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) extends shelf life, enhances flavor, and also improves clarity and prevents turbidity, such as in fruit juices and carbonated beverages.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can also stabilize the protein and enhance flavor in a protein drink.



CANNED FOOD OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) stabilizes natural pigments in canned beans, fruits and vegetables, and therefore protect its color.
Also, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can emulsify fat in canned meat, resulting in maintaining uniform texture.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can also be used with other sodium phosphates to retain moisture, enhance flavor, and increase shelf life in the processing of meats, cheese, dairy products, seafood, and poultry.



COSMETICS USES OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Per the “European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients”, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) functions as anticorrosive, chelating and masking agents in cosmetic and personal care products.

We can find the following personal care products with SHMP and its functions:
*Bath salts: soften the water and adjust pH.
*Toothpastes and Mouthwashes: remove calcium from stains on teeth.
*Water treatment

The technical grade of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is mainly used in water treatment as a sequestrant.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can reduce formation, corrosion, lead/copper leaching, and biofilm formation in pipes and other equipment.
And Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can chelate certain metal oxides, such as Ca, and Mg.



CHEMICAL FORMULA OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is to describe polyphosphate with four or more phosphate units.
Here Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) has six phosphate units with the chemical formula (NaPO3)6.



HISTORY OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) was named in 1849 by the German chemist Theodor Fleitmann.
By 1956, chromatographic analysis of hydrolysates of Graham's salt (sodium polyphosphate) indicated the presence of cyclic anions containing more than four phosphate groups; these findings were confirmed in 1961.
In 1963, the German chemists Erich Thilo and Ulrich Schülke succeeded in preparing sodium hexametaphosphate by heating anhydrous sodium trimetaphosphate.



PREPARATION OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is prepared by heating monosodium orthophosphate to generate sodium acid pyrophosphate:
2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O
Subsequently, the pyrophosphate is heated to give the corresponding Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i):
3 Na2H2P2O7 → (NaPO3)6 + 3 H2O
followed by rapid cooling.



REACTIONS OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate.



WHAT IS SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) MADE OF?
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a mixture of polymeric metaphosphates, of which the hexamer is one.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is more correctly called sodium polymetaphosphate.



HOW IS SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) MADE?
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is an inorganic polyphosphate that can be produced by chemical synthesis.
Here introducing three manufacturing process according to various raw materials:
1. Sodium chloride and phosphoric acid
Sodium chloride and phosphoric acid as raw materials mixed evenly and subjected to melt polymerization.

2. Caustic soda and phosphoric acid
Caustic soda liquid reacts with phosphoric acid, and then add sodium nitrate, dewatering and agglomerating process are conducted in an agglomeration gasifier.

3. Monosodium orthophosphate
By heating monosodium orthophosphate to generate sodium acid pyrophosphate and then still heating.
The following is the reaction equation:

2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O
3 Na2H2P2O7 → (NaPO3)6 + 3 H2O



IS SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) VEGAN?
Yes, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is vegan as the raw material used and manufacturing process without the use of animal matter or products derived from animal origin.
As a food ingredient, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is considered vegan and vegetarians can eat it.


IS SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) HALAL?
Yes, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is recognised as halal as it is permitted under the Islamic Law and fulfill the conditions of Halal.


IS SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) KOSHER?
Yes, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is kosher pareve.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) has met all the “kashruth” requirements and can be certified as kosher or maybe kosher passover.


IS SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) GLUTEN FREE?
Yes, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is gluten free as it complies with the FDA’s definition of gluten free, that it does not contain wheat, rye, barley, or crossbreeds of these grains.



IS SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) SAFE TO EAT?
Yes, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i)'s safety when used as a food additive has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), as well as other authorities.

FDA:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is permitted to use as a flavoring agent or adjuvant in fruit jellies, cheese, frozen desserts and food dressing .
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as a sequestrant in accordance with good manufacturing practice.

EFSA:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is a subclass of polyphosphates (E452) and classified in “additives other than colours and sweeteners”.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is approved as a food additive in the European Union (EU) in accordance with Annex II of Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives and specific purity criteria have been defined in the Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012.

Safety re-evaluation in 2019:
EFSA derived a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) for phosphates expressed as phosphorus of 40 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day and concluded that this ADI is protective for the human population.



SOME OF THE COMMON SPECIFICATIONS OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) ARE:
e452 i sodium hexametaphosphate
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Assay: ≥ 68%
pH value (1% solution): 5.8 – 7.3
Solubility: Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm
Arsenic (As): ≤ 3 ppm

Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is made up of sodium cations (Na+) and hexametaphosphate anions, which are six linked phosphate units (PO4) in a cyclic structure.

The synthesis of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) involves the polymerization of orthophosphates, typically under high temperature and pressure conditions.
Commercially, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is often produced by the calcination of monosodium phosphate or disodium phosphate, which results in the formation of sodium metaphosphate, followed by hydrolysis of the latter to form hexametaphosphate.



FUNCTIONS OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
1. Chelating Agent (Chelants) -
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) binds to and removes potentially toxic or unwanted metals

2. Emulsifier -
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) allows water and oils to remain mixed together to form an emulsion.
Sodium polyphosphate (E452(i)), potassium polyphosphate (E452(ii)), sodium calcium polyphosphate (E452(iii)) and calcium polyphosphate (E452(iv)) are used as food additives.
They are approved to use as food additive in EU.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
*Inorganic sodium salts
*Inorganic oxides



SUBSTITUENTS OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
*Alkali metal phosphate
*Inorganic sodium salt
*Inorganic oxide
*Inorganic salt



WHAT SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) CAN DO?
1. Meat Processing:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is often added to meat products as a tenderizer and preservative.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) helps to soften the meat fibers and improve the texture of the final product.
Additionally, Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can help to extend the shelf life of meat products by inhibiting bacterial growth.

2. Dairy Products:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is commonly used in dairy products such as cheese and milk to improve their texture and appearance.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can help to prevent the separation of fat from the rest of the product and to stabilize the proteins.

3. Canned Foods:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is often added to canned foods to prevent discoloration and maintain the texture of the food.
This is particularly important in fruits and vegetables which may be subjected to high heat during processing.

4. Baked Goods:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is sometimes added to baked goods such as bread and cakes as a dough conditioner.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can help to improve the consistency of the dough and to increase its water-holding capacity, resulting in a better-quality final product.

5. Beverages:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used in the beverage industry as a clarifying agent.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) can help to remove impurities and sediment from beverages such as beer and wine.

6. Water Treatment:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a water treatment agent to prevent scale formation in pipes and boilers.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) works by sequestering calcium and magnesium ions, which are responsible for causing scaling.



SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i) IS PERMITTED TO USE IN ALMOST ALL CATEGORIES OF FOODS:
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is permitted to use in almost all categories of foods with the maximum level 10,000 mg/l or mg/kg.
The following foods may contain with it:
*Dairy products and analogues,
*Fats and oils and fat and oil emulsions,
*Edible ices,
*Fruit and vegetables,
*Confectionery,
*Cereals and cereal products,
*Bakery wares,
*Meat,
*Fish and fisheries products,
*Eggs and egg products,
*Sugars, syrups, honey and table-top sweeteners,
*Salts, spices, soups, sauces, salads and protein products,
*Beverages,
*Ready-to-eat savories, snacks and
*Desserts



FUNCTION OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) technological quality is used as a highly effective addition of water softener and detergent in cooling water treatment in power stations, sodium hexametaphosphate shmp as a water preservative, vehicles, antiscalant sodium hexametaphosphate, boiler and fertilizer plant.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is used as a flotation agent in the ore processing industry and as a sedative in pharmaceuticals.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) is also used in fabric dyeing, leather, paper making, soil analysis, radiation chemicals, analytical chemistry, etc.



STORAGE AND HANDLING PRECAUTION OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i) should be kept in dry, cool, and shaded place with original packaging, avoid moisture, store at room temperature.
Handling of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (E452i)should only be performed by personnel trained and familiar with handling of organic chemicals.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
CAS Number: 68915-31-1
EC Number: 233-343-1
Chemical formula: Na6P6O18
Molar mass: 611.7704 g mol−1
Appearance: White crystals
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.484 g/cm3
Melting point: 628 °C (1,162 °F; 901 K)
Boiling point: 1,500 °C (2,730 °F; 1,770 K)
Solubility in water: soluble
Solubility: insoluble in organic solvents
Refractive index (nD): 1.482
Type: Sodium Hexametaphosphate

Grade Standard: Industrial Grade
Appearance: White Powder
Shelf Life: 2 Years
CAS No.: 10124-56-8MF: (NaPo3)6
EINECS NO.: 233-343-1
Molecular Weight: 611.7
CAS No.: 10124-56-8
EINECS No.: 233-343-1
MF: (NaPO3)6
Molecular weight: 611.7
Appearance: White Powder
Grade: Technical grade/ food grade
Shelf Life: 2 years

Physical state: crystalline
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 628 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: soluble, (experimental)
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

logP: -2.5
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 0.097
Physiological Charge: -6
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 12
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0
Polar Surface Area: 296.16 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 58.51 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 24.49 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: No
Rule of Five: No

Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
Chemical Formula: Na6O18P6
IUPAC name: hexasodium hexaoxocyclohexaphosphoxane-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexakis(olate)
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/6Na.H6O18P6/c;;;;;;1-19(2)13-20(3,4)15-22(7,8)17-24(11,12)18-23(9,10)16-21(5,6)14-19/h;;;;;;(H,1,2)(H,3,4)(H,5,6)(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/q6*+1;/p-6
InChI Key: GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H
Isomeric SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P1(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)O1
Average Molecular Weight: 611.7704
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 611.689650318



FIRST AID MEASURES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Nature of decomposition products not known.
Not combustible.
Ambient fire may liberate hazardous vapours.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (E452i):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
no information available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
sodium cyclo-hexaphosphate
Calgon S
Glassy sodium
Graham's salt
Hexasodium metaphosphate
Metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt
Sodium Hexametaphoshpate
Sodium Metaphosphate
Calgon
SHMP
Hexasodium
Sodium Henamephophate
SHMP
Calgon
Phosphate glass, water soluble
Polyphosphate sodium salt, Sodium polyphosphate
Calgon
Phosphate glass, water soluble
Polyphosphate sodium salt
Sodium polyphosphate
Calgon
Hexametaphosphate, sodium salt
Hexasodium hexametaphosphate
Hexasodium hexaoxocyclohexaphosphoxane-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexakis(olic acid)
Hexasodium metaphosphate
Hexasodium metaphosphoric acid (P6O186(-))
Metaphosphoric acid (H6P6O18), hexasodium salt
Metaphosphoric acid (H6P6O18), sodium salt (1:6)
Metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt

SODIUM HYDROSULFITE, N° CAS : 7775-14-6, Nom INCI : SODIUM HYDROSULFITE, Nom chimique : Sodium dithionite, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-890-0. Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent réducteur : Modifie la nature chimique d'une autre substance en ajoutant de l'hydrogène ou en éliminant l'oxygène. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

DESCRIPTION:

Sodium hydrosulfide (NASH) is the chemical compound with the formula NaSH.
Sodium hydrosulfide (NASH) is the product of the half-neutralization of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
NaSH and sodium sulfide are used industrially, often for similar purposes.


Solid NaSH is colorless.
The solid has an odor of H2S owing to hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture.
In contrast with sodium sulfide (Na2S), which is insoluble in organic solvents, NaSH, being a 1:1 electrolyte, is more soluble.


CAS Number, 16721-80-5
EC Number, 240-778-0
IUPAC nameSodium hydrosulfide


SYNONYMS OF SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE (NASH):
Sodium bisulfide,Sodium sulfhydrate,Sodium hydrogen sulfide,NaHS,sodium bisulfide,sodium hydrosulfide,SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE,16721-80-5,Sodium bisulfide,Sodium sulfhydrate,Sodium sulfide (Na(SH)),Sodium hydrogen sulfide,Sodium mercaptan,Sodium mercaptide,NaHS,Sodium hydrosulphide,sodium sulfanide,Sodium Hydrogensulfide,sodium;sulfanide,Hydrogen sodium sulfide,Sodium sulfide (Na(HS)),Sodium hydrosulfide (Na(HS)),Sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS),NA2922,FWU2KQ177W,CHEMBL1644699,NSC-158264,Hidrosulfuro sodics,Hidrosulfuro sodics [Spanish],HSDB 5165,Hydrogenosulfure de sodium [French],EINECS 240-778-0,Hydrogenosulfure de sodium,UN2318,UN2949,UNII-FWU2KQ177W,NSC 158264,AI3-14915,sodiumhydrogensulfide,sodium hydro-sulfide,MFCD00011124,SODIUM BISULPHIDE,EC 240-778-0,SODIUM BISULFIDE [MI],GTPL6278,DTXSID3029738,HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M,Sodium hydrogen sulfide, anhydrous,SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE [HSDB],NSC158264,AKOS015915184,FT-0651301,NS00075797,A810831,Q414203,J-013607,Sodium hydrosulfide, with <25% water of crystallization,Sodium hydrosulfide, with not <25% water of crystallization,Sodium hydrosulfide, with not <25% water of crystallization [UN2949] [Corrosive],115694-77-4,Sodium hydrosulfide, with <25% water of crystallization [UN2318] [Spontaneously combustible]



Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is an economical form of reactive sulfur that is typically a light-yellow colored solution.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), a toxic gas, is evolved upon contact of NaSH with acids.
NaSH is mildly corrosive to carbon steel and cast iron.

Stainless steels are very resistant to corrosion.
Copper and its alloys, aluminum and zinc are rapidly attacked.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) storage systems are to be avoided.


Sodium hydrosulfide is a colorless to light yellow crystalline solid or fused mass.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is corrosive to skin and metal.
Used in paper pulping, manufacturing dyes, and dehairing hides.

Sodium hydrosulfide, solution appears as a colorless to light-yellow liquid.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is used in paper pulping, manufacturing dyes and dehairing hides.

Sodium hydrosulfide hydrate is a hydrated inorganic salt of sodium.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) participates in the synthesis of (E)-2-cyano-2-(thiazolidin-2-ylidene)ethanethioamide.

Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is Reducible and corrosive alkaline substance.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) has Significant deliquescence.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) has High solubility in water and soluble in alcohol.

Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) Reacts with oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in the air to form sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite and sodium carbonate.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) Generates hydrogen sulfide gas on contact with acid.


Sodium Hydrosulfide is an economical form of reactive sulfur that is typically a light-yellow colored solution with the accompanying odor of rotten eggs.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), a toxic gas, is evolved upon contact of Sodium Hydrosulfide with acids.


Sodium hydrosulfide is the chemical compound with the formula NaSH.
Other names include sodium bisulfide, sodium sulfhydrate, sodium hydrogen sulfide and Nash.
This species is the product of the half -neutralization of hydrogen sulfide with a sodium-derived base.

Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is a useful reagent for the synthesis of organic and inorganic sulfur compounds.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is a colorless solid that typically smells like H2S due to hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture.
In contrast with Na2S, which is insoluble in organic solvents, NaSH, being a 1:1 electrolyte, is more soluble.

Alternatively, in place of NaSH, H2S can be treated with an organic amine to generate an ammoniumSH salt.
Solutions of SH- are sensitive to oxygen, converting mainly to polysulfides, indicated by the appearance of yellow.




APPLICATIONS OF SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE (NASH):
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) may be used as a sulfur nucleophile to induce the C-S bond formation in α,β-dichloro vinyl ketones to form 5- to 8-membered cyclic thioethers.

Sodium hydrosulfide hydrate may be used in the synthesis of following:
benzothiazole
4-methoxybenzothioamide
2-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazoline
7-chloro-4′-methoxythioflavone


Applications[edit]
Thousands of tons of NaSH are produced annually.
Its main uses are in cloth and paper manufacture as a makeup chemical for sulfur used in the kraft process, as a flotation agent in copper mining where it is used to activate oxide mineral species, and in the leather industry for the removal of hair from hides


Sodium hydrosulfide is used as a reactive form of sulfur and acts as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, including thio-chemicals used in textile processing, in the production of flame retardant resins, and in vulcanization accelerators.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is also used as a processing aid in the production of a variety of industrial products.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is a de-hairing agent in the production of fine leathers.

In mining, Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is a flotation agent, helpful in the precipitation of metals from ore slurries.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is also valuable as a raw material in the production of heat-resistant plastics for the auto and electronic industries.
In paper making, Sodium hydrosulfide is used to add sulfidity to cooking liquor in kraft pulp mills.


Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) to the pulp and paper industry.
It’s available in two concentrations: high purity 42–45% NaHS; and 15–25% NaHS — a cost effective alternative in many applications.

Uses for NaHS include:
Sulfide component in synthetic white liquor
Liquid alternative to solid salt cake and emulsified sulfur






STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE (NASH):
Crystalline NaHS undergoes two phase transitions.
At temperatures above 360 K, NaSH adopts the NaCl structure, which implies that the HS− behaves as a spherical anion owing to its rapid rotation, leading to equal occupancy of eight equivalent positions.

Below 360 K, a rhombohedral structure forms, and the HS− sweeps out a discoidal shape.
Below 114 K, the structure becomes monoclinic.
The analogous rubidium and potassium compounds behave similarly.


NaSH has a relatively low melting point of 350 °C. In addition to the aforementioned anhydrous forms, it can be obtained as two different hydrates, NaSH•2H2O and NaSH•3H2O.
These three species are all colorless and behave similarly, but not identically.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) can be used to precipitate other metal hydrosulfides, by treatment of aqueous solutions of their salts with sodium hydrosulfide.
Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaSH) is analogous to sodium hydroxide, and is a strong base.


PREPARATION OF SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE (NASH):
One laboratory synthesis entails treatment of sodium ethoxide (NaOEt) with hydrogen sulfide:
NaOCH2CH3 + H2S → NaSH + CH3CH2OH
An alternative method involves reaction of sodium with hydrogen sulfide.





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL:
Chemical formula, NaSH
Molar mass, 56.063 g/mol
Appearance, off-white solid, deliquescent
Density, 1.79 g/cm3
Melting point, 350.1 °C (662.2 °F; 623.2 K) (anhydrous)
55 °C (dihydrate)
22 °C (trihydrate)
Solubility in water, 50 g/100 mL (22 °C)
Solubility, Soluble in alcohol, ether
Molecular Weight
56.07 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
1
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
1
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
0
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
55.96966549 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
55.96966549 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
1Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
2
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
2
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
2
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
form
chips
flakes

Quality Level
100
concentration
≥60% (by Na2S2O3, titration)
mp
52-54 °C (lit.)
SMILES string
[Na]S.[H]O[H]
InChI
1S/Na.H2O.H2S/h;2*1H2/q+1;;/p-1
InChI key
ZNKXTIAQRUWLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Specific Gravity: 1.6
Bulk Specific Gravity: 0.6
Melting Point: 52°C
Boiling Point: 160°C



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE (NASH):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

IUPAC name: Sodium hydroxide
CAS Number: 1310-73-2
EC Number: 215-185-5
Chemical formula: NaOH
Molar mass: 39.9971 g/mol

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH.
Sodium hydroxide is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−.

Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns.
Sodium hydroxide is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.
Sodium hydroxide forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH2O.

The monohydrate NaOH·H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C.
The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound.

As one of the simplest hydroxides, sodium hydroxide is frequently used alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.

Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner.
Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons, while demand was 51 million tons.

Properties
Physical properties
Pure sodium hydroxide is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at 318 °C (604 °F) without decomposition, and with a boiling point of 1,388 °C (2,530 °F).
Sodium hydroxide is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol.
NaOH is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents.

Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolution of solid sodium hydroxide in water is a highly exothermic reaction where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing.

The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless.
As with other alkaline solutions, it feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils.

Viscosity
Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide have a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature.
The viscosity of aqueous NaOH, as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its service temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa.
The viscosity of sodium hydroxide solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage.

Hydrates
Sodium hydroxide can form several hydrates NaOH·nH2O, which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by S.U. Pickering in 1893.
The known hydrates and the approximate ranges of temperature and concentration (mass percent of NaOH) of their saturated water solutions are:

Heptahydrate, NaOH·7H2O: from −28 °C (18.8%) to −24 °C (22.2%).
Pentahydrate, NaOH·5H2O: from −24 °C (22.2%) to −17.7 (24.8%).
Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, α form: from −17.7 (24.8%) to +5.4 °C (32.5%).
Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, β form: metastable.
Trihemihydrate, NaOH·3.5H2O: from +5.4 °C (32.5%) to +15.38 °C (38.8%) and then to +5.0 °C (45.7%).
Trihydrate, NaOH·3H2O: metastable.
Dihydrate, NaOH·2H2O: from +5.0 °C (45.7%) to +12.3 °C (51%).
Monohydrate, NaOH·H2O: from +12.3 °C (51%) to 65.10 °C (69%) then to 62.63 °C (73.1%).
Early reports refer to hydrates with n = 0.5 or n = 2/3, but later careful investigations failed to confirm their existence.

The only hydrates with stable melting points are NaOH·H2O (65.10 °C) and NaOH·3.5H2O (15.38 °C).
The other hydrates, except the metastable ones NaOH·3H2O and NaOH·4H2O (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above.

However, solutions of NaOH can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations.

For example, when a solution of NaOH and water with 1:2 mole ratio (52.6% NaOH by mass) is cooled, the monohydrate normally starts to crystallize (at about 22 °C) before the dihydrate.
However, the solution can easily be supercooled down to −15 °C, at which point it may quickly crystallize as the dihydrate.

When heated, the solid dihydrate might melt directly into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C.
Sodium hydroxide often decomposes into solid monohydrate and a liquid solution.
Even the n = 3.5 hydrate is difficult to crystallize, because the solution supercools so much that other hydrates become more stable.

A hot water solution containing 73.1% (mass) of NaOH is an eutectic that solidifies at about 62.63 °C as an intimate mix of anhydrous and monohydrate crystals.

A second stable eutectic composition is 45.4% (mass) of NaOH, that solidifies at about 4.9 °C into a mixture of crystals of the dihydrate and of the 3.5-hydrate.

The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of NaOH. Sodium hydroxide solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate NaOH·7H2O.

When solutions with less than 18.4% NaOH are cooled, water ice crystallizes first, leaving the NaOH in solution.

The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm3. Sodium hydroxide melts congruously at 7.55 °C into a liquid with 35.7% NaOH and density 1.392 g/cm3, and therefore floats on it like ice on water. However, at about 4.9 °C it may instead melt incongruously into a mixture of solid NaOH·3.5H2O and a liquid solution.

The β form of the tetrahydrate is metastable, and often transforms spontaneously to the α form when cooled below −20 °C.[17] Once initiated, the exothermic transformation is complete in a few minutes, with a 6.5% increase in volume of the solid. The β form can be crystallized from supercooled solutions at −26 °C, and melts partially at −1.83 °C.

The "sodium hydroxide" of commerce is often the monohydrate (density 1.829 g/cm3). Physical data in technical literature may refer to this form, rather than the anhydrous compound.

Crystal structure
NaOH and its monohydrate form orthorhombic crystals with the space groups Cmcm (oS8) and Pbca (oP24), respectively.
The monohydrate cell dimensions are a = 1.1825, b = 0.6213, c = 0.6069 nm.
The atoms are arranged in a hydrargillite-like layer structure /O Na O O Na O/...

Each sodium atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxyl anions HO− and three from water molecules.
The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer.
Adjacent O layers are held together by hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Chemical properties
Reaction with acids
Sodium hydroxide reacts with protic acids to produce water and the corresponding salts.
For example, when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)
In general, such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation:

OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
This type of reaction with a strong acid releases heat, and hence is exothermic.
Such acid–base reactions can also be used for titrations. However, sodium hydroxide is not used as a primary standard because it is hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide from air.

Reaction with acidic oxides
Sodium hydroxide also reacts with acidic oxides, such as sulfur dioxide.
Such reactions are often used to "scrub" harmful acidic gases (like SO2 and H2S) produced in the burning of coal and thus prevent their release into the atmosphere.
For example,

2 NaOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O
Reaction with metals and oxides
Glass reacts slowly with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at ambient temperatures to form soluble silicates.
Because of this, glass joints and stopcocks exposed to sodium hydroxide have a tendency to "freeze".

Flasks and glass-lined chemical reactors are damaged by long exposure to hot sodium hydroxide, which also frosts the glass. Sodium hydroxide does not attack iron at room temperatures, since iron does not have amphoteric properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base).

Nevertheless, at high temperatures (e.g. above 500 °C), iron can react endothermically with sodium hydroxide to form iron(III) oxide, sodium metal, and hydrogen gas.

This is due to the lower enthalpy of formation of iron(III) oxide (−824.2 kJ/mol) compared to sodium hydroxide (-500 kJ/mol) and positive entropy change of reaction, which imply spontaneity at high temperatures (ΔST>ΔH, ΔG<0) and non-spontaneity at low temperatures (ΔST<ΔH, ΔG>0).
Consider the following reaction between molten sodium hydroxide and finely divided iron filings:

4 Fe + 6 NaOH → 2 Fe2O3 + 6 Na + 3 H2
A few transition metals, however, may react vigorously with sodium hydroxide under milder conditions.

In 1986, an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% sodium hydroxide solution, causing pressurization of the contents and damage to the tanker.
The pressurization was due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and aluminium:

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + 3 H2

Precipitant
Unlike sodium hydroxide, which is soluble, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore sodium hydroxide can be used to precipitate transition metal hydroxides. The following colours are observed:

Copper - blue
Iron(II) - green
Iron(III) - yellow / brown
Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide to give a clear solution of Na2ZnO2 or Na2PbO2.

Aluminium hydroxide is used as a gelatinous flocculant to filter out particulate matter in water treatment. Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from aluminium sulfate by reacting it with sodium hydroxide or bicarbonate.

Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaHCO3 → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4 + 6 CO2

Saponification
Sodium hydroxide can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (as in saponification), amides and alkyl halides.
However, the limited solubility of sodium hydroxide in organic solvents means that the more soluble potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often preferred.
Touching a sodium hydroxide solution with bare hands, while not recommended, produces a slippery feeling.

This happens because oils on the skin such as sebum are converted to soap.
Despite solubility in propylene glycol it is unlikely to replace water in saponification due to propylene glycol's primary reaction with fat before reaction between sodium hydroxide and fat.

Production
For historical information, see Alkali manufacture.
Sodium hydroxide is industrially produced as a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic chloralkali process.

Chlorine gas is also produced in this process.
Solid sodium hydroxide is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water.
Solid sodium hydroxide is most commonly sold as flakes, prills, and cast blocks.

In 2004, world production was estimated at 60 million dry tonnes of sodium hydroxide, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes.
In 1998, total world production was around 45 million tonnes.
North America and Asia each contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes.

In the United States, the major producer of sodium hydroxide is Olin, which has annual production around 5.7 million tonnes from sites at Freeport, Texas, and Plaquemine, Louisiana, St Gabriel, Louisiana, McIntosh, Alabama, Charleston, Tennessee, Niagara Falls, New York, and Becancour, Canada.
Other major US producers include Oxychem, Westlake, Shintek and Formosa.
All of these companies use the chloralkali process.

Historically, sodium hydroxide was produced by treating sodium carbonate with calcium hydroxide in a metathesis reaction which takes advantage of the fact that sodium hydroxide is soluble, while calcium carbonate is not.
This process was called causticizing.

Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → CaCO3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
This process was superseded by the Solvay process in the late 19th century, which was in turn supplanted by the chloralkali process which is in use today.

Sodium hydroxide is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water. The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame.

2 Na + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2
This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not commercially viable, as the isolation of sodium metal is typically performed by reduction or electrolysis of sodium compounds including sodium hydroxide.

Uses
Sodium hydroxide is a popular strong base used in industry.
Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis.
In bulk, it is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle.

Sodium hydroxide is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids.

For example, in the petroleum industry, sodium hydroxide is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses.

Another use is in Salt spray testing where pH needs to be regulated. Sodium hydroxide is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test.

Poor quality crude oil can be treated with sodium hydroxide to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing.
As above, sodium hydroxide reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed.

The waste which is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this.
In 2006, Trafigura used the process and then dumped the waste in Ivory Coast.

Other common uses of sodium hydroxide include:

For making soaps and detergents.
Sodium hydroxide is used for hard bar soap while potassium hydroxide is used for liquid soaps.
Sodium hydroxide is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.

As drain cleaners that contain sodium hydroxide convert fats and grease that can clog pipes into soap, which dissolves in water. (see cleaning agent)

For making artificial textile fibres (such as Rayon).

In the manufacture of paper. Around 56% of sodium hydroxide produced is used by industry, 25% of which is used in the paper industry. (see chemical pulping)

In purifying bauxite ore from which aluminium metal is extracted. This is known as Bayer process. (see dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds)

In de-greasing metals, oil refining, and making dyes and bleaches.

In water treatment plants for pH regulation.
to treat bagels and pretzel dough, giving the distinctive shiny finish.

Chemical pulping
Main article: Pulp (paper)
Sodium hydroxide is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers.
Along with sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the kraft process.

Sodium hydroxide also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of bleaching the brown pulp resulting from the pulping process.
These stages include oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at the end of the stages.

Tissue digestion
In a similar fashion, sodium hydroxide is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of sodium hydroxide and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact).

This eventually turns the body into a liquid with coffee-like appearance, and the only solid that remains are bone hulls, which could be crushed between one's fingertips.

Sodium hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors.
Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses.
Sodium hydroxidealian serial killer Leonarda Cianciulli used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap.
In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it.

Sodium hydroxide is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein.
If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water.
Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness.

Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds
Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas.
The aluminium takes the oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes the oxygen atom from the water, and releases the two hydrogen atoms.
The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate.
In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in.

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2
Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications.
Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, Na3AlO3, NaAl(OH)4, Na2O·Al2O3 or Na2Al2O4.
Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate is given by:[38]

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + 3 H2
This reaction can be useful in etching, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions.

In the Bayer process, sodium hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium metal via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process.
Since the alumina is amphoteric, it dissolves in the sodium hydroxide, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud.

Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions to give sodium zincate and sodium plumbate respectively.

Esterification and transesterification reagent
Sodium hydroxide is traditionally used in soap making (cold process soap, saponification).
Sodium hydroxide was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport.

For the manufacture of biodiesel, sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides.
This only works with anhydrous sodium hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol.
NaOH is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.
Due to production costs, NaOH, which is produced using common salt is cheaper than potassium hydroxide.

Food preparation
Food uses of sodium hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream.

Olives are often soaked in sodium hydroxide for softening; Pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a sodium hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp.
Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade sodium hydroxide in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of sodium hydroxide.
Sodium hydroxide is known as E number E524.

Specific foods processed with sodium hydroxide include:

German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold sodium hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust.
Lye-water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes.
Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye-water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg.
One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor.

Sodium hydroxide is also the chemical that causes gelling of egg whites in the production of Century eggs.
Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine.
The Filipino dessert (kakanin) called kutsinta uses a small quantity of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly like consistency. A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as pitsi-pitsi or pichi-pichi except that the mixture uses grated cassava instead of rice flour.

The Norwegian dish known as lutefisk (from lutfisk, "lye fish").
Bagels are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust.
Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water.
These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits.

Hominy is used to create Masa, a popular flour used in Mexican cuisine to make Corn tortillas and tamales. Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide.

Cleaning agent
Main article: Cleaning agent
Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic".
Sodium hydroxide is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. Sodium hydroxide can dissolve grease, oils, fats and protein-based deposits.

Sodium hydroxide is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties.
Surfactants can be added to the sodium hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition.
A sodium hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware.
Sodium hydroxide is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners.

A common use of sodium hydroxide is in the production of parts washer detergents.
Parts washer detergents based on sodium hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals.
The sodium hydroxide-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers.
A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated sodium hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications.

Sodium hydroxide used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s[citation needed] when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol. Water and sodium hydroxide detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent-based cleaning methods.

Storage
Careful storage is needed when handling sodium hydroxide for use, especially bulk volumes.
Following proper NaOH storage guidelines and maintaining worker/environment safety is always recommended given the chemical's burn hazard.

Sodium hydroxide is often stored in bottles for small-scale laboratory use, within intermediate bulk containers (medium volume containers) for cargo handling and transport, or within large stationary storage tanks with volumes up to 100,000 gallons for manufacturing or waste water plants with extensive NaOH use.

Common materials that are compatible with sodium hydroxide and often utilized for NaOH storage include: polyethylene (HDPE, usual, XLPE, less common), carbon steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP, with a resistant liner).

Sodium hydroxide must be stored in airtight containers to preserve its normality as it will absorb water from the atmosphere.

History
Sodium hydroxide was first prepared by soap makers.
A procedure for making sodium hydroxide appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: Al-mukhtara' fi funun min al-suna' (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn 'Umar ibn 'Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen.

The recipe called for passing water repeatedly through a mixture of alkali (Arabic: al-qily, where qily is ash from saltwort plants, which are rich in sodium; hence alkali was impure sodium carbonate) and quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO), whereby a solution of sodium hydroxide was obtained. European soap makers also followed this recipe.

When in 1791 the French chemist and surgeon Nicolas Leblanc (1742–1806) patented a process for mass-producing sodium carbonate, natural "soda ash" (impure sodium carbonate that was obtained from the ashes of plants that are rich in sodium): was replaced by this artificial version.
However, by the 20th century, the electrolysis of sodium chloride had become the primary method for producing sodium hydroxide.

Appearance: White, hard (when pure), opaque crystals
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.13 g/cm3
Melting point: 323 °C
Boiling point: 1,388 °C
Solubility in water: 418 g/L (0 °C) - 1000 g/L (25 °C) - 3370 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility: soluble in glycerol - negligible in ammonia - insoluble in ether - slowly soluble in propylene glycol
Solubility in methanol: 238 g/L
Solubility in ethanol: <<139 g/L
Vapor pressure: <2.4 kPa (at 20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 15.7
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −15.8·10−6 cm3/mol (aq.)[5]
Refractive index (nD): 1.3576
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic, oS8
Space group: Cmcm, No. 63
Lattice constant: a = 0.34013 nm, b = 1.1378 nm, c = 0.33984 nm
Formula units (Z): 4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 39.99250893
Monoisotopic Mass: 39.99250893
Topological Polar Surface Area: 1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 59.5 J/mol K
Std molar entropy (So298): 64.4 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −425.8 kJ·mol−1
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚): -379.7 kJ/mol

About Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.

Sodium hydroxide is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
Other release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).

Article service life
Other release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).

Sodium hydroxide can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery) and stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Sodium hydroxide is used in the following areas: mining.
Sodium hydroxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Other release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).

Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used.
Release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, as processing aid, as processing aid, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release, for thermoplastic manufacture, industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal), industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting), in the production of articles and manufacturing of the substance.

Uses at industrial sites
Sodium hydroxide is used in the following areas: mining.
Sodium hydroxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release, in the production of articles, as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal), industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting) and manufacturing of the substance.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal), industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting) and in the production of articles.

At room temperature, sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air.
Sodium hydroxide is a manufactured substance.
When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it liberates substantial heat, which may be sufficient to ignite combustible materials.

Sodium hydroxide is very corrosive.
Sodium hydroxide is generally used as a solid or a 50% solution.
Other common names include caustic soda and lye. Sodium hydroxide is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum products.
Sodium hydroxide is also used in processing cotton fabric, laundering and bleaching, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrolytic extracting. Sodium hydroxide is commonly present in commercial drain and oven cleaners.

Sodium hydroxide is also known as lye or soda , or caustic soda.
At room temperature, sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air.
Sodium hydroxide is a synthetically manufactured substance.

When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it releases substantial amounts of heat, which may prove sufficient to ignite combustible materials. Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive.
Sodium hydroxide is generally used as a solid or a diluted in a 50% solution.
This chemical is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum products.

Sodium hydroxide is also used in processing cotton fabric, laundering and bleaching, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrolytic extracting.
Sodium hydroxide is commonly found in commercial drain/ oven cleaners.

According to the the FDA, sodium hydroxide is considered a direct food recognized as safe, where it serves as a pH control agent and follows good manufacturing guidelines.
Interestingly, sodium hydroxide has been studied for its use in the treatment of prion disease (as occurs in mad cow disease and kuru). The use of this compound has been shown to effectively reduce prion levels in an in vitro inactivation assay.

Sodium hydroxide solution appears as a colorless liquid.
More dense than water.
Contact may severely irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Toxic by ingestion.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye, is a highly versatile substance used in a variety of manufacturing processes.
Sodium hydroxide is a co-product of chlorine production.

Sodium hydroxide is used to manufacture many everyday products, such as paper, aluminum, commercial drain and oven cleaners, and soap and detergents.

Sodium Hydroxide in Cleaning & Disinfectant Products
Sodium hydroxide is used to manufacture soaps and a variety of detergents used in homes and commercial applications.
Chlorine bleach is produced by combining chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
Drain cleaners that contain sodium hydroxide convert fats and grease that can clog pipes into soap, which dissolves in water.

Sodium Hydroxide in Pharmaceuticals & Medicine
Sodium hydroxide is used to help manufacture a variety of medicines and pharmaceutical products, from common pain relievers like aspirin, to anticoagulants that can help to prevent blood clots, to cholesterol-reducing medications.

Sodium Hydroxide in Energy
In the energy sector, sodium hydroxide is used in fuel cell production.
Fuel cells work like batteries to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity for a range of applications, including transportation; materials handling; and stationary, portable and emergency backup power applications.
Epoxy resins, manufactured with sodium hydroxide, are used in wind turbines.

Sodium Hydroxide in Water Treatment
Municipal water treatment facilities use sodium hydroxide to control water acidity and to help remove heavy metals from water.
Sodium hydroxide is also used to produce sodium hypochlorite, a water disinfectant.

Sodium Hydroxide in Food Production
Sodium hydroxide is used in several food processing applications, such as curing foods like olives or helping to brown Bavarian-style pretzels, giving them their characteristic crunch.
Sodium hydroxide is used to remove skins from tomatoes, potatoes and other fruits and vegetables for canning and also as an ingredient in food preservatives that help prevent mold and bacteria from growing in food.

Sodium Hydroxide in Wood & Paper Products
In many paper making processes, wood is treated with a solution containing sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide.
This helps dissolve most of the unwanted material in the wood, leaving relatively pure cellulose, which forms the basis of paper.
In the paper recycling process, sodium hydroxide is used to separate the ink from the paper fibers allowing the paper fibers to be reused again.

Sodium hydroxide is also used to refine raw materials for wood products such as cabinets and furniture and in wood bleaching and cleaning.

Sodium Hydroxide in Aluminum Ore Processing
Sodium hydroxide is used to extract alumina from naturally occurring minerals.
Alumina is used to make aluminum and a variety of products including foil, cans, kitchen utensils, beer kegs and airplane parts.
In building and construction, aluminum is used in materials that enable building facades and window frames.

Sodium Hydroxide in Other Industrial Manufacturing Uses
Sodium hydroxide is used in many other industrial and manufacturing processes.
Sodium hydroxide is used to manufacture rayon, spandex, explosives, epoxy resins, paints, glass and ceramics.
Sodium hydroxide is also used in the textile industry to make dyes, process cotton fabric and in laundering and bleaching, as well as in metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating and electrolytic extracting.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) has no smell. Sodium hydroxide is made of solid white crystals that absorb water from the air. Sodium hydroxide is caustic. Workers who come in contact with sodium hydroxide can be harmed.
The level of harm depends upon the amount, duration, and activity. Sodium hydroxide can burn the eyes, skin, and inner membranes, and cause temporary hair loss.

Sodium hydroxide is used to produce soaps, rayon, paper, products that explode, dyes, and petroleum products.
Sodium hydroxide can also be used in tasks such as processing cotton fabric, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrolytic extraction.
Sodium hydroxide is often found in commercial drain and oven cleaners.

Some examples of workers who are at risk of being exposed to sodium hydroxide include those who
Use bleach, oven cleaners, and drain cleaners,
Work in food processing plants,
Work in public water treatment plants,
Use sodium hydroxide for making paper, glass, detergents, soaps, and other products,
Mine alumina and produce aluminum.

If you work in an industry that uses sodium hydroxide, please read the chemical label and the Safety Data Sheet for information on how it can harm you and how to protect yourself.
Visit NIOSH’s page on Managing Chemical Safety in the Workplace to learn more about preventing contact with chemicals in the workplace.

The following resources provide information about workplace exposure to sodium hydroxide. Useful search terms for sodium hydroxide include “lye”, “caustic soda”, “soda lye”, and “sodium hydrate”.

Sodium hydroxide is sometimes called caustic soda or lye.
Sodium hydroxide is a common ingrediet in cleaners and soaps.

At room temperature, sodium hydroxide is a white, odorless solid.
Liquid sodium hydroxide is colorless and has no odor.
Sodium hydroxide can react violently with strong acids and with water.

Sodium hydroxide is corrosive.
NaOH can react with moisture from the air and may generate heat as it dissolves.
This heat can be enough to cause a fire if it is near flammable materials.

Sodium hydroxide is useful for its ability to alter fats.
Sodium hydroxide is used to make soap and as a main ingredient in household products such as liquid drain cleaners.
Sodium hydroxide is usually sold in pure form as white pellets or as a solution in water.

Uses of Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide is used in bar soaps and detergents.
Sodium Hydroxide is also used as a drain cleaner to unclog pipes.

Around 56% of sodium hydroxide produced is used by industry, with 25% of NaOH used in the paper industry.
Some other uses include fuel cell production, to cure food, to remove skin from vegetables for canning, bleach, drain cleaner, oven cleaner, soaps, detergent, paper making, paper recycling, aluminum ore processing, oxide coating, processing cotton fabric, pickling, pain relievers, anticoagulants to prevent blood clots, cholesterol reducing medications, and water treatment.

Pure sodium hydroxide is a solid at room temperature and is generated from sodium chloride (common salt) by electrolysis.
Sodium hydroxide is a hydrophilic alkaline substance (high pH) and therefore it is corrosive and hazardous to human health.
It is most commonly found as a liquid, which has a concentration of between 20% and 50 % sodium hydroxide in water and is usually referred to as caustic soda liquor.
The substance is used in large amounts in a variety of industries.

Sodium hydroxide has many different functions and uses.
For example, within industry it can be used to adjust the pH, to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils, to clean food processing equipment and bottles, to de-ink water (pulp and paper industry), to dry air, to absorb CO2 from gases, to extract alumina (aluminium industry), to remove grease and paint from metal, to mercerize cotton (textile industry), to peel leather, to peel
vegetables, to make pretzels, to manufacture chemicals (intermediate use), to regenerate resins or to soften water.
Consumer uses include paint stripping or drain cleaning.

Pure sodium hydroxide is a solid at room temperature, though it is often sold as a liquid (aqueous solution).
The appearance of the substance and some physicochemical properties are mentioned in the table below.

Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkaline substance that dissociates completely in water into the sodium ion (Na+) and hydroxide ion (OH-).
The dissolution/dissociation in water is strongly exothermic (releases heat), so a vigorous reaction occurs when sodium hydroxide is added to water.
The vapour pressure of the substance is very low and the melting point is high.

Sodium hydroxide solutions attack aluminium and its alloys, giving off hydrogen gas.
It can be neutralised with acids (e.g. hydrochloric acid) giving the sodium salts of the acids, which are usually pH neutral and noncorrosive.

Sodium hydroxide (Na OH), also known as lye or caustic soda, is a caustic metallic base.
An alkali, caustic soda is widely used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, and detergents.

Worldwide production in 1998 was around 45 million tonnes.
Sodium hydroxide is also the most common base used in chemical laboratories, being able to test for quite a number of cations (this is called Qualitative Inorganic Analysis), as well as to provide alkaline mediums for some reactions that need it, such as the Biuret test.

Sodium hydroxide, the strongest alkali we are likely to come across in everyday use.
This powerful base is a simple ionic compound of sodium with a hydroxide ion - a negatively charged combination of single oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Sodium hydroxide is extremely corrosive and needs to be handled with care.

This compound was used long before it was identified, with recipes for the manufacture of a weak solution (by percolating vegetable ashes with water) going back to the ancient Egyptians and the Babylonians.
There is a mix of lye produced this way and olive oil, used to produce a common product, described on a clay tablet that is around 4800 years old.

At the time, of course, no one had a clue what they were using. A clear identification of the nature of the substance had to wait for Humphrey Davy's discovery of the element sodium, which he produced by electrolysing molten sodium hydroxide in 1807.

Sodium hydroxide itself is a white solid at room temperature, with a waxy consistency.
It is usually produced as pellets or flakes and needs to be stored in airtight containers as it is hygroscopic - it takes in water from the air to dissolve into a mess in the bottom of the jar.
When dissolved intentionally in water it does so very easily, giving off a fair amount of heat.

The existence of the common names for this compound is a first clue that this is a substance with a wide range of uses.
In the home, sodium hydroxide is often used to unblock drains because of its interaction with fats, likely to cause the blockage, by converting them into a soluble material.
The same process is used in industrial cleaning, where a hot sodium hydroxide solution is used to degrease machinery and storage tanks.

We'll come back to the material made from fats by sodium hydroxide because it is the basis of the industrial process that made caustic soda an essential ingredient.
There certainly needs to be some industrial use of the substance, as blocked drains can hardly account for the 50 to 60 million tonnes of the compound the world consumes every year.
Most sodium hydroxide is produced by electrolysing sodium chloride solution, giving off chlorine and hydrogen and leaving sodium hydroxide in solution.

Back with those Ancient Egyptians and Babylonians we see the first significant use of sodium hydroxide.
They discovered, presumably accidentally when trying to wash away ash, that water that had run through vegetable ashes took on a specific property.

It changed oil or fat into something different, something that would become known as soap.
The process was remarkable in itself, because it took a substance that wouldn't dissolve in water and made it soluble - but more so with the (presumably again accidental) discovery that this new product helped get things clean.

At the chemical level, in its simplest form without all the smells and subtleties, a soap is a salt of a fatty acid.
Oils and fats contain mixtures of fatty acids, bonded together with the molecule glycerol to form a triglyceride.
The sodium hydroxide breaks up the triglyceride and converts the acids into sodium salts, producing the likes of sodium tallowate and sodium palmitate.

These salts act as surfactants, substances that reduce the surface tension in liquids.
They form tiny balls around particles of grease, stopping the grease from being hydrophobic and allowing it to dissolve and be carried away by water.

Modern soap making processes, though still based on a combination of a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide and oils or fats, are unlikely to stick with a straight sodium hydroxide and fat mix, as the soap produced is quite harsh.
Any sodium hydroxide left over can have a catastrophic effect, as it dissolves oils and fats in skin and flesh and leaves deep burns.
At the extreme, sodium hydroxide will dissolve flesh entirely, and has been used to dispose of road kill (and murder victims).
Practically all the early soaps (often called 'lye soap') were rough and left the skin red.

Rather unnervingly, the destructive capability of sodium hydroxide is now used in various industrial food processes, from removing fruit skin to producing ice-cream.
You are also likely to find sodium hydroxide at work in paper mills.

When paper is made from wood pulp, it starts with a mix of the substances lignin and cellulose, bonded together.
The sodium hydroxide breaks down the bonds, allowing the separation of the cellulose that will be used to form the paper.
It can also be used to bleach the wood pulp to produce a white result.

If we look back into the origins of the word 'lye' the oldest name for sodium hydroxide, it comes from an old English word meaning 'wash stuff', and 'lye' was used as a term for strong soap from the 13th century onwards.
It's a rare example of putting a lye to good use.

Synonyms:
1310-73-2
Caustic soda
Sodium hydrate
Soda lye
White caustic
Aetznatron
Ascarite
Sodium hydroxide solution
Soda, caustic
Natriumhydroxid
Sodium hydroxide (Na(OH))
Rohrputz
Plung
Collo-Grillrein
Liquid-plumr
Caustic soda solution
Collo-Tapetta
Fuers Rohr
Rohrreiniger Rofix
NaOH
Hydroxyde de sodium
Natriumhydroxyde
Sodium hydroxide dimer
White caustic solution
sodium;hydroxide
Sodium hydrate solution
Sodio(idrossido di)
Sodium(hydroxyde de)
Sodium hydroxide (Na2(OH)2)
Sodium hydroxide, pellets
MFCD00003548
UNII-55X04QC32I
Sodium hydroxide, flake
Sodium hydroxide, pearl
Sodium hydroxide, solid
LYE
CHEBI:32145
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.1M solution
55X04QC32I
Soda, hydrate
Natrium causticum
Soda, kaustische
Na (O H)
Buffer Solution, pH 8.00
Lewis-red devil lye
Caustic soda, liquid
Caswell No. 773
sodiumhydroxide
Natrium-hydroxid, reinstes
UN 1823 (solid)
UN 1824 (solution)
HSDB 229
Sodium hydroxide [NF]
EINECS 215-185-5
UN1823
UN1824
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075603
NSC 135799
sodiumhydroxid
hydroxyl sodium
sodium hydoxide
sodium hydroxid
sodium hyroxide
soude caustique
hydroxide sodium
Lye solution
Sodium hidroxide
Sodium hydroxyde
Sodium-hydroxide
Natrii hydroxidum
Caustic soda, dry
Caustic Soda Flake
Caustic soda, Lye
Caustic soda, bead
Caustic soda, flake
Caustic soda, solid
Caustic soda 50%
Sodium hydroxide, dry
Sodium hydroxide beads
Caustic soda, granular
Sodium hydroxide liquid
Sodium hydroxide, bead
Sodium hydroxide 50%
Sodium hydroxide (TN)
Sodium hydroxide (flake)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Sodium hydroxide (liquid)
Sodium hydroxide, granular
Sodium hydroxide, solution
WLN: NA Q
EC 215-185-5
Sodium hydroxide, anhydrous
1N Sodium hydroxide solution
Sodium hydroxide pellets, EP
Sodium hydroxide, micropearls
Sodium hydroxide (JP17/NF)
Sodium hydroxide solution 25%
CHEMBL2105794
DTXSID0029634
Sodium Hydroxide 1N Concentrate
Sodium hydroxide, 40% solution
Sodium hydroxide, 50% solution
Sodium hydroxide pellets USP-NF
Sodium Hydroxide 10N Concentrate
Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 2.5N
Sodium Hydroxide, 1.0M solution
Sodium Hydroxide, 2.0M solution
BCP26108
NSC135799
Sodium hydroxide 4N aqueous solution
Sodium hydroxide pellets ACS reagent
AKOS015913904
AKOS015951419
Sodium Hydroxide Pellets Reagent Grade
DB11151
NSC-135799
Sodium hydroxide, 10N aqueous solution
E-33
Sodium hydroxide pellets Biochemical Grade
Sodium hydroxide, 5% w/v aqueous solution
FT-0645105
FT-0689261
S0543
SODIUM HYDROXIDE BEADS RGT GRADE 1KG
Sodium hydroxide, 20% w/v aqueous solution
Sodium hydroxide, 25% w/v aqueous solution
Sodium hydroxide, 30% w/w aqueous solution
Sodium hydroxide, 40% w/v aqueous solution
Sodium hydroxide, 50% w/w aqueous solution
X4832
Sodium hydroxide, 0.1N Standardized Solution
Sodium hydroxide, 0.5N Standardized Solution
Sodium hydroxide, 1.0N Standardized Solution
Sodium hydroxide, 2.0N Standardized Solution
Sodium hydroxide, 5.0N Standardized Solution
Sodium hydroxide, ROTI?Volum, 1N (Ampoule)
D01169
Sodium hydroxide, 0.01N Standardized Solution
Sodium hydroxide, 0.05N Standardized Solution
Sodium hydroxide, 10.0N Standardized Solution
Sodium hydroxide, ROTI?Volum, 0.1N (Ampoule)
Sodium hydroxide, solid [UN1823] [Corrosive]
Q102769
J-005935
Sodium hydroxide, solution [UN1824] [Corrosive]
Sodium hydroxide, pellets, Trace Metals Grade 99.99
50 % Caustic soda
AQUAPEARL E-200
AQUAPEARL HPS
Aetznatron
Agent T007
Borol
CAS 1310-73-2
CAUSTIC SODA
Caustic Soda
Caustic Soda Diaphragm Grade 10%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%
Caustic Soda Membrane 6%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 48%, 50%
Caustic Soda NaOH
Caustic Soda Pearl
Caustic Soda Solution
Caustic soda
Caustic soda 20 % solution
Caustic soda 30 % solution
Caustic soda 50 % solution
Caustic soda liquor
Caustic soda lye
Caustic soda pearls
Caustic soda solution
Formosoda
Hydroxid sodný
Hydroxyde de sodium
IL-IT
IS-IT
Membrane 30% Caustic Soda
Membrane 50% Caustic Soda
NATRONLAUGE
NaOH
Natrium hydroxid
Natriumhydroxid
Natronlauge
Natronlauge 32% (PBG 10563296)
Natronlauge 50% (PRD 30222040)
Natronloog
Polyanionic Cellulose Polymer
SANFRESH DK-200VB
SANFRESH DK-300V
SANFRESH DK-500B
SANFRESH ST-555
SANWET EA-100
SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, liquid
Soda lye
Soda, caustic
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide 50% Solution
Sodium hydrate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide (8CI)
Sodium hydroxide (Na(OH)) (9CI)
Sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution
Sodium hydroxide liquid
Sodium hydroxide solutions
Soude caustique en paillette
Wodorotlenek sodu
caustic lye
caustic soda
caustic soda flakes
caustic soda solution
lye
lye solution
soda kaustyczna
soda lye
sodium hydrate solution
sodium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide liquid
soude caustique liquide 30-50%
ług sodowy 33%
ług sodowy 50%
50 % Caustic soda
50% sodium hydroxide solution
Agent T007
CAUSTIC SODA
caustic soda
Caustic Soda
Caustic soda
caustic soda
Caustic soda lye
Caustic soda, Soda caustic, Soda Lye
caustic soda/sodium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
hydroxid sodný
hydroxid sodný (CZ)
Hydroxide, Sodium
hydroxyde de sodium , soude, caustic soda
idrossido di sodio
Natriumhydroxid
natriumhydroxide
Natronlauge
Nátrium-hidroxid
Reaction mass of 2,2'-iminodiethanol and potassium hydroxide and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid and Alcohols, C10-16, ethoxylated, sulfates, sodium salts and 68439-46-3
sodium hidroxyde
sodium hydeoxide
Sodium hydoxide
Sodium hydroxid
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic soda)
Sodium hydroxide (Na(OH))
Sodium hydroxide - Evonik Industries GmbH
sodium hydroxide caustic soda
Sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution
sodium hydroxide solution
sodium hydroxide, caustic soda
Sodium hydroxide.
sodium hydroxide/caustic soda
Sodium Hydroxide/caustic soda
sodium hydroxide; caustic soda
SODIUM HYDROXIDE; Caustic soda; Aetznatron ...
Sodium hydroxyde
sodium hydroxyde
Sodium hydroxyde
Sodium oxidanide
sodium oxidanide
sodium;hydroxide
UPV5
hidroxid de sodiu (ro)
hidróxido de sodio (es)
hidróxido de sódio (pt)
hydroxid sodný (cs)
hydroxid sodný (sk)
hydroxyde de sodiumsoude caustique (fr)
idrossido di sodio (it)
kaustik soda (sv)
kaustinė soda (lt)
kaustisk soda (no)
kaustiskā soda (lv)
kaustična soda (hr)
kaustučna soda (sl)
lúh sodný (sk)
marónátron (hu)
Naatriumhüdroksiid (et)
natrijev hidroksid (hr)
natrijev hidroksid (sl)
natrio hidroksidas (lt)
natriumhydroksid (no)
Natriumhydroksidi (fi)
natriumhydroxid (da)
Natriumhydroxid (de)
natriumhydroxid (sv)
natriumhydroxide (nl)
natronlut (no)
natronlut (sv)
nátrium-hidroxid (hu)
nātrija hidroksīds (lv)
soda caustica( hidroxid de sodiu) (ro)
wodorotlenek sodu (pl)
Ätznatron (de)
Καυστική σόδα (el)
υδροξείδιο του νάτριου (el)
натриев хидроксид (bg)
сода каустик (bg)

SYNONYMS Caustic soda; Sodium hydrate; soda lye; Lye;White Caustic CAS NO. 1310-73-2

Sodium Hydroxide Liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−. Sodium hydroxide liquid is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH2O. The monohydrate NaOH·H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "Sodium hydroxide liquid" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, Sodium hydroxide liquid is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes. Properties of Sodium hydroxide liquid Chemical formula NaOH Molar mass 39.9971 g mol−1 Appearance White, waxy, opaque crystals Odor odorless Density 2.13 g/cm3 Melting point 323 °C (613 °F; 596 K) Boiling point 1,388 °C (2,530 °F; 1,661 K) Solubility in water 418 g/L (0 °C) 1000 g/L (25 °C) 3370 g/L (100 °C) Solubility soluble in glycerol negligible in ammonia insoluble in ether slowly soluble in propylene glycol Solubility in methanol 238 g/L Solubility in ethanol <<139 g/L Vapor pressure <2.4 kPa (at 20 °C) Basicity (pKb) 0.2 Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −15.8·10−6 cm3/mol (aq.) Refractive index (nD) 1.3576 Properties of Sodium hydroxide liquid Physical properties Sodium hydroxide liquid Pure Sodium hydroxide liquid is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at 318 °C (604 °F) without decomposition, and with a boiling point of 1,388 °C (2,530 °F). It is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol. NaOH is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents. Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolution of solid Sodium hydroxide liquid in water is a highly exothermic reaction where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing. The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless. As with other alkaline solutions, it feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils. Viscosity of Sodium hydroxide liquid Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of Sodium hydroxide liquid have a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature. The viscosity of aqueous NaOH, as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its service temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa. The viscosity of Sodium hydroxide liquid solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage. Hydrates Sodium hydroxide liquid can form several hydrates NaOH·nH2O, which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by S. U. Pickering in 1893. The known hydrates and the approximate ranges of temperature and concentration (mass percent of NaOH) of their saturated water solutions are: Heptahydrate, NaOH·7H2O: from −28 °C (18.8%) to −24 °C (22.2%). Pentahydrate, NaOH·5H2O: from −24 °C (22.2%) to −17.7 (24.8%). Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, α form: from −17.7 (24.8%) to +5.4 °C (32.5%). Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, β form: metastable. Trihemihydrate, NaOH·3.5H2O: from +5.4 °C (32.5%) to +15.38 °C (38.8%) and then to +5.0 °C (45.7%). Trihydrate, NaOH·3H2O: metastable. Dihydrate, NaOH·2H2O: from +5.0 °C (45.7%) to +12.3 °C (51%). Monohydrate, NaOH·H2O: from +12.3 °C (51%) to 65.10 °C (69%) then to 62.63 °C (73.1%). Early reports refer to hydrates with n = 0.5 or n = 2/3, but later careful investigations failed to confirm their existence. The only hydrates with stable melting points are NaOH·H2O (65.10 °C) and NaOH·3.5H2O (15.38 °C). The other hydrates, except the metastable ones NaOH·3H2O and NaOH·4H2O (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above. However, solutions of NaOH can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations. For example, when a solution of Sodium hydroxide liquid and water with 1:2 mole ratio (52.6% Sodium hydroxide liquid by mass) is cooled, the monohydrate normally starts to crystallize (at about 22 °C) before the dihydrate. However, the solution can easily be supercooled down to −15 °C, at which point it may quickly crystallize as the dihydrate. When heated, the solid dihydrate might melt directly into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C. it often decomposes into solid monohydrate and a liquid solution. Even the n = 3.5 hydrate is difficult to crystallize, because the solution supercools so much that other hydrates become more stable. A hot water solution containing 73.1% (mass) of Sodium hydroxide liquid is an eutectic that solidifies at about 62.63 °C as an intimate mix of anhydrous and monohydrate crystals. A second stable eutectic composition is 45.4% (mass) of Sodium hydroxide liquid, that solidifies at about 4.9 °C into a mixture of crystals of the dihydrate and of the 3.5-hydrate. The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of Sodium hydroxide liquid. It solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate Sodium hydroxide liquid·7H2O. When solutions with less than 18.4% Sodium hydroxide liquid are cooled, water ice crystallizes first, leaving the Sodium hydroxide liquid in solution. The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm3. It melts congruously at 7.55 °C into a liquid with 35.7% Sodium hydroxide liquid and density 1.392 g/cm3, and therefore floats on it like ice on water. However, at about 4.9 °C it may instead melt incongruously into a mixture of solid Sodium hydroxide liquid·3.5H2O and a liquid solution. The β form of the tetrahydrate is metastable, and often transforms spontaneously to the α form when cooled below −20 °C. Once initiated, the exothermic transformation is complete in a few minutes, with a 6.5% increase in volume of the solid. The β form can be crystallized from supercooled solutions at −26 °C, and melts partially at −1.83 °C. The "sodium hydroxide" of commerce is often the monohydrate (density 1.829 g/cm3). Physical data in technical literature may refer to this form, rather than the anhydrous compound. Crystal structure of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid and its monohydrate form orthorhombic crystals with the space groups Cmcm (oS8) and Pbca (oP24), respectively. The monohydrate cell dimensions are a = 1.1825, b = 0.6213, c = 0.6069 nm. The atoms are arranged in a hydrargillite-like layer structure /O Na OO NaO/... Each sodium atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxyl anions HO− and three from water molecules. The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer. Adjacent O layers are held together by hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Chemical properties of Sodium hydroxide liquid Reaction with acids of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid reacts with protic acids to produce water and the corresponding salts. For example, when Sodium hydroxide liquid reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +H2O(l) In general, such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation: OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l) This type of reaction with a strong acid releases heat, and hence is exothermic. Such acid-base reactions can also be used for titrations. However, Sodium hydroxide liquid is not used as a primary standard because it is hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide from air. Reaction with acidic oxides Sodium hydroxide liquid also reacts with acidic oxides, such as sulfur dioxide. Such reactions are often used to "scrub" harmful acidic gases (like SO2 and H2S) produced in the burning of coal and thus prevent their release into the atmosphere. For example, 2 NaOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O Reaction with metals and oxides Glass reacts slowly with aqueous Sodium hydroxide liquid solutions at ambient temperatures to form soluble silicates. Because of this, glass joints and stopcocks exposed to Sodium hydroxide liquid have a tendency to "freeze". Flasks and glass-lined chemical reactors are damaged by long exposure to hot Sodium hydroxide liquid, which also frosts the glass. Sodium hydroxide liquid does not attack iron at room temperatures, since iron does not have amphoteric properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base). Nevertheless, at high temperatures (e.g. above 500 °C), iron can react endothermically with Sodium hydroxide liquid to form iron(III) oxide, sodium metal, and hydrogen gas. This is due to the lower enthalpy of formation of iron(III) oxide (−824.2 kJ/mol compared to Sodium hydroxide liquid (-500 kJ/mol), thus the reaction is thermodynamically favorable, although its endothermic nature indicates non-spontaneity. Consider the following reaction between molten Sodium hydroxide liquid and finely divided iron filings: 4 Fe + 6 NaOH → 2 Fe2O3 + 6 Na + 3 H2 A few transition metals, however, may react vigorously with Sodium hydroxide liquid. In 1986, an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% Sodium hydroxide liquid solution, causing pressurization of the contents and damage to the tanker. The pressurization was due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between Sodium hydroxide liquid and aluminium: 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + 3 H2 Precipitant Unlike Sodium hydroxide liquid, which is soluble, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore Sodium hydroxide liquid can be used to precipitate transition metal hydroxides. The following colours are observed: Copper - blue Iron(II) - green Iron(III) - yellow / brown Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess Sodium hydroxide liquid to give a clear solution of Na2ZnO2 or Na2PbO2. Aluminium hydroxide is used as a gelatinous flocculant to filter out particulate matter in water treatment. Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from aluminium sulfate by reacting it with Sodium hydroxide liquid or bicarbonate. Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaHCO3 → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4 + 6 CO2 Saponification Sodium hydroxide liquid can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (as in saponification), amides and alkyl halides. However, the limited solubility of Sodium hydroxide liquid in organic solvents means that the more soluble potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often preferred. Touching Sodium hydroxide liquid solution with the bare hands, while not recommended, produces a slippery feeling. This happens because oils on the skin such as sebum are converted to soap. Despite solubility in propylene glycol it is unlikely to replace water in saponification due to propylene glycol primary reaction with fat before reaction between Sodium hydroxide liquid and fat. Production For historical information, see Alkali manufacture. Sodium hydroxide liquid is industrially produced as a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic chloralkali process. Chlorine gas is also produced in this process. Solid Sodium hydroxide liquid is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water. Solid Sodium hydroxide liquid is most commonly sold as flakes, prills, and cast blocks. In 2004, world production was estimated at 60 million dry tonnes of Sodium hydroxide liquid, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes. In 1998, total world production was around 45 million tonnes. North America and Asia each contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes. In the United States, the major producer of Sodium hydroxide liquid is the Dow Chemical Company, which has annual production around 3.7 million tonnes from sites at Freeport, Texas, and Plaquemine, Louisiana. Other major US producers include Oxychem, Westlake, Olin, Shintek and Formosa. All of these companies use the chloralkali process. Historically, Sodium hydroxide liquid was produced by treating sodium carbonate with calcium hydroxide in a metathesis reaction which takes advantage of the fact that Sodium hydroxide liquid is soluble, while calcium carbonate is not. This process was called causticizing. Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → CaCO3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) This process was superseded by the Solvay process in the late 19th century, which was in turn supplanted by the chloralkali process which we use today. Sodium hydroxide liquid is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water. The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame. 2 Na + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2 This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not commercially viable, as the isolation of sodium metal is typically performed by reduction or electrolysis of sodium compounds including Sodium hydroxide liquid. Uses Sodium hydroxide liquid is a popular strong base used in industry. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. In bulk, it is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids. For example, in the petroleum industry, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses. Another use is in Salt spray testing where pH needs to be regulated. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test. Poor quality crude oil can be treated with Sodium hydroxide liquid to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing. As above, Sodium hydroxide liquid reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed. The waste which is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this. In 2006, Trafigura used the process and then dumped the waste in Ivory Coast. Other common uses of Sodium hydroxide liquid include: It is used for making soaps and detergents. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used for hard bar soap while potassium hydroxide is used for liquid soaps.Sodium hydroxide liquid is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed. It is used as drain cleaners that contain Sodium hydroxide liquid convert fats and grease that can clog pipes into soap, which dissolves in water. (see cleaning agent) It is used for making artificial textile fibres (such as Rayon). It is used in the manufacture of paper. Around 56% of Sodium hydroxide liquid produced is used by industry, 25% of which is used in the paper industry. (see chemical pulping) It is used in purifying bauxite ore from which aluminium metal is extracted. This is known as Bayer process. (see dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds) It is used in de-greasing metals, oil refining, and making dyes and bleaches. Chemical pulping Sodium hydroxide liquid is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. Along with sodium sulfide, Sodium hydroxide liquid is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the kraft process. It also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of bleaching the brown pulp resulting from the pulping process. These stages include oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at the end of the stages. Tissue digestion In a similar fashion, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of Sodium hydroxide liquid and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact). This eventually turns the body into a liquid with coffee-like appearance, and the only solid that remains are bone hulls, which could be crushed between one's fingertips. Sodium hydroxide liquid is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors. Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses. Italian serial killer Leonarda Cianciulli used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap. In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it. Sodium hydroxide liquid is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein. If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water. Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness. Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide liquid reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes the oxygen atom from Sodium hydroxide liquid, which in turn takes the oxygen atom from the water, and releases the two hydrogen atoms, The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate. In this reaction, Sodium hydroxide liquid acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in. 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3H2 Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, NaAl(OH)4< (hydrated), Na2O.Al2O3, or Na2Al2O4. Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate is given by: 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + 3 H2 This reaction can be useful in etching, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions. In the Bayer process, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium metal via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process. Since the alumina is amphoteric, it dissolves in the Sodium hydroxide liquid, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud. Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated Sodium hydroxide liquid solutions to give sodium zincate and sodium plumbate respectively. Esterification and transesterification reagent Sodium hydroxide liquid is traditionally used in soap making (cold process soap, saponification). It was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport. For the manufacture of biodiesel, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides. This only works with anhydrous Sodium hydroxide liquid, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol. NaOH is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed. Due to production costs, NaOH, which is produced using common salt is cheaper than potassium hydroxide. Food preparation Food uses of Sodium hydroxide liquid include washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream. Olives are often soaked in Sodium hydroxide liquid for softening; Pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a Sodium hydroxide liquid solution before baking to make them crisp. Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade Sodium hydroxide liquid in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of Sodium hydroxide liquid. It is known as E number E524. Specific foods processed with Sodium hydroxide liquid include: German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold Sodium hydroxide liquid solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust. Lye-water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes. Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye-water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg. One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor. Sodium hydroxide liquid is also the chemical that causes gelling of egg whites in the production of Century eggs. Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine. The Filipino dessert (kakanin) called kutsinta uses a small quantity of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly like consistency. A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as pitsi-pitsi or pichi-pichi except that the mixture uses grated cassava instead of rice flour. The Norwegian dish known as lutefisk (from lutfisk, "lye fish"). Bagels are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust. Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water. These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits. Hominy is used to create Masa, a popular flour used in Mexican cuisine to make Corn tortillas and tamales. Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide instead of Sodium hydroxide liquid. Cleaning agent Sodium hydroxide liquid is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic". It is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. It can dissolve grease, oils, fats and protein-based deposits. It is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties. Surfactants can be added to the Sodium hydroxide liquid solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition. A Sodium hydroxide liquid soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware. It is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners. A common use of Sodium hydroxide liquid is in the production of parts washer detergents. Parts washer detergents based on Sodium hydroxide liquid are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals. The Sodium hydroxide liquid-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers. A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated Sodium hydroxide liquid and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications. Sodium hydroxide liquid used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol. Water and Sodium hydroxide liquid detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent-based cleaning methods. Hardware stores grade Sodium hydroxide liquid to be used as a type of drain cleaner. Paint stripping with caustic soda Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in the home as a type of drain opener to unblock clogged drains, usually in the form of a dry crystal or as a thick liquid gel. The alkali dissolves greases to produce water soluble products. It also hydrolyzes the proteins such as those found in hair which may block water pipes. These reactions are sped by the heat generated when Sodium hydroxide liquid and the other chemical components of the cleaner dissolve in water. Such alkaline drain cleaners and their acidic versions are highly corrosive and should be handled with great caution. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in some relaxers to straighten hair. However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, manufacturers of chemical relaxers use other alkaline chemicals in preparations available to average consumers. Sodium hydroxide liquid relaxers are still available, but they are used mostly by professionals. A solution of Sodium hydroxide liquid in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. Its use has become less common, because it can damage the wood surface, raising the grain and staining the colour. Water treatment of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid is sometimes used during water purification to raise the pH of water supplies. Increased pH makes the water less corrosive to plumbing and reduces the amount of lead, copper and other toxic metals that can dissolve into drinking water. Historical uses of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid has been used for detection of carbon monoxide poisoning, with blood samples of such patients turning to a vermilion color upon the addition of a few drops of Sodium hydroxide liquid. Today, carbon monoxide poisoning can be detected by CO oximetry. In cement mixes, mortars, concrete, grouts Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in some cement mix plasticisers. This helps homogenise cement mixes, preventing segregation of sands and cement, decreases the amount of water required in a mix and increases workability of the cement product, be it mortar, render or concrete. Summer-winter heat storage EMPA researchers are experimenting with concentrated Sodium hydroxide liquid (NaOH) as the thermal storage or seasonal reservoir medium for domestic space-heating. If water is added to solid or concentrated Sodium hydroxide liquid (NaOH), heat is released. The dilution is exothermic – chemical energy is released in the form of heat. Conversely, by applying heat energy into a dilute Sodium hydroxide liquid solution the water will evaporate so that the solution becomes more concentrated and thus stores the supplied heat as latent chemical energy. Neutron Moderator Seaborg is working on a reactor design in which NaOH is used as a neutron moderator. Safety of Sodium hydroxide liquid Like other corrosive acids and alkalis, drops of Sodium hydroxide liquid solutions can readily decompose proteins and lipids in living tissues via amide hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis, which consequently cause chemical burns and may induce permanent blindness upon contact with eyes. Solid alkali can also express its corrosive nature if there is water, such as water vapor. Thus, protective equipment, like rubber gloves, safety clothing and eye protection, should always be used when handling this chemical or its solutions. The standard first aid measures for alkali spills on the skin is, as for other corrosives, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least ten to fifteen minutes. Moreover, dissolution of Sodium hydroxide liquid is highly exothermic, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables. It also produces heat when reacted with acids. Sodium hydroxide liquid is also mildly corrosive to glass, which can cause damage to glazing or cause ground glass joints to bind. Sodium hydroxide liquid is corrosive to several metals, like aluminium which reacts with the alkali to produce flammable hydrogen gas on contact: 2 Al + 6 NaOH → 3 H2 + 2 Na3AlO3 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 3 H2 + 2 NaAlO2 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 3 H2 + 2 NaAl(OH)4 Storage Careful storage is needed when handling Sodium hydroxide liquid for use, especially bulk volumes. Following proper NaOH storage guidelines and maintaining worker/environment safety is always recommended given the chemical's burn hazard. Sodium hydroxide liquid is often stored in bottles for small-scale laboratory use, within intermediate bulk containers (medium volume containers) for cargo handling and transport, or within large stationary storage tanks with volumes up to 100,000 gallons for manufacturing or waste water plants with extensive NaOH use. Common materials that are compatible with Sodium hydroxide liquid and often utilized for NaOH storage include: polyethylene (HDPE, usual, XLPE, less common), carbon steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP, with a resistant liner). Sodium hydroxide liquid must be stored in airtight containers to preserve its normality as it will absorb water from the atmosphere. History of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid was first prepared by soap makers. A procedure for making Sodium hydroxide liquid appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: Al-mukhtara` fi funun min al-suna` (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn `Umar ibn `Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen. The recipe called for passing water repeatedly through a mixture of alkali (Arabic: al-qily, where qily is ash from saltwort plants, which are rich in sodium ; hence alkali was impure sodium carbonate) and quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO), whereby a solution of Sodium hydroxide liquid was obtained. European soap makers also followed this recipe. When in 1791 the French chemist and surgeon Nicolas Leblanc (1742–1806) patented a process for mass-producing sodium carbonate, natural "soda ash" (impure sodium carbonate that was obtained from the ashes of plants that are rich in sodium) was replaced by this artificial version. However, by the 20th century, the electrolysis of sodium chloride had become the primary method for producing Sodium hydroxide liquid. Sodium hydroxide liquid solution appears as a colorless liquid. More dense than water. Contact may severely irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Toxic by ingestion. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Caustic soda reacts with all the mineral acids to form the corresponding salts. It also reacts with weak-acid gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide. Caustic soda reacts with amphoteric metals (Al, Zn, Sn) and their oxides to form complex anions such as AlO2(-), ZnO2(-2), SNO2(-2), and H2 (or H2O with oxides). All organic acids also react with sodium hydroxide liquid to form soluble salts. Another common reaction of caustic soda is dehydrochlorination. Because of its high-level alkalinity, sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution directly causes bond breakage in proteins (especially disulfide bridges). Hair and fingernails are found to be dissolved after 20 hours of direct contact with sodium hydroxide at pH values higher than 9.2. Sodium hydroxide has depilatory effects which have been described after accidental contact with solutions in the workplace. The breakage of bonds in proteins may lead to severe necrosis to the application site. The level of corrosion depends on the period of contact with the tissue, and on the concentration of sodium hydroxide. Liquid or solid sodium hydroxide is a severe skin irritant. It causes second and third degree burns on short contact and is very injurious to the eyes. The organic chemical industry uses Sodium hydroxide liquid for saponification reactions, production of nucleophilic anionic intermediates, etherification and esterification, basic catalysis, and the production of free organic bases. Sodium hydroxide liquid solution is used for scrubbingwaste gases and neutralizing wastewater. In inorganic chemistry, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in the manufacture of sodium salts, for alkaline ore digestion, and for pH regulation.

SYNONYMS Sodium chloride oxide; Sodium oxychloride; Hypochlorite sodium; Bleach Liquor; active chlorine; Hychlorite; Hipofosfito De Sodio; Hypochlorous acid sodium salt; CAS NO. 7681-52-9

DESCRIPTION:

Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Na+HOCH2SO2−.
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate has many additional names, including Rongalit, sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and Bruggolite.
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate is listed in the European Cosmetics Directive as sodium oxymethylene sulfoxylate (INCI).



CAS: 149-44-0
European Community (EC) Number: 205-739-4
Molecular Formula:CH3NaO3S
IUPAC Name: sodium;hydroxymethanesulfinate

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE:

Molecular Weight 118.09
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 4
Rotatable Bond Count 1
Exact Mass 117.97005941
Monoisotopic Mass 117.97005941
Topological Polar Surface Area 79.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count 6
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 46.1
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 2
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
Appearance :Powder
Physical State :Solid
Solubility :Soluble in water: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Storage :Store at room temperature
Melting Point :120° C (dec.)
Density :1.74 g/cm3 at 21° C

Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate is water-soluble and generally sold as the dihydrate.
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate and its derivatives are widely used in the dye industry.
The structure of Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.

SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE:
Although available commercially, the salt can be prepared from sodium dithionite and formaldehyde:
Na2S2O4 + 2 CH2O + H2O → HO-CH2-SO3Na + HO-CH2-SO2Na
This reaction proceeds quantitatively, such that dithionite can be determined by its conversion to Rongalite, which is far less O2-sensitive and thus easier to handle.

The hydroxymethanesulfinate ion is unstable in solution towards decomposition to formaldehyde and sulfite.
Addition of at least one equivalent of formaldehyde pushes the equilibrium towards the side of the adduct and reacts further to give the bis-(hydroxymethyl)sulfone.
Such solutions are shelf-stable indefinitely.

Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate was originally developed in the early 20th century for the textile industry as a shelf-stable source of sulfoxylate ion, where the latter can be generated at will.
In use, when sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate is made acidic, the reducing sulfoxylate ion and formaldehyde are released in equimolar amounts.
For safety reasons the generation of formaldehyde must be taken into consideration when used industrially.

NaHOCH2SO2 can essentially be considered to be a source of SO22−.
As such it is used both as a reducing agent and as a reagent to introduce SO2 groups into organic molecules.
Treatment of elemental Se and Te with NaHOCH2SO2 gives solutions containing the corresponding Na2Sex and Na2Tex, where x is approximately 2.
As a nucleophile, NaHOCH2SO2 reacts with alkylating agents to give sulfones.

HO-CH2-SO2Na + 2 C6H5CH2Br → [C6H5CH2]2SO2 + NaBr + CH2O + HBr
Occasionally, alkylation will occur also at oxygen, thus xylylene dibromide gives both the sulfone and the isomeric sulfinate ester.



USES OF SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE:
SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE is Used as a stripping and discharge agent for textiles, bleaching agent for molasses and soap, and reducing agent
SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE is Also used in vat color printing pastes, to polymerize ethylenic compounds, and to make arsphenamines
SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE is an indirect food additive when used in adhesives
SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE is Used to treat mercury poisoning

The original use of SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE was as industrial bleaching agent and as a reducing agent for vat dyeing.
Another large-scale use is as a reducing agent in redox-initiator systems for emulsion polymerization.
One of the typical redox pair examples is t-butyl peroxide.

A niche use is its use as water conditioner for aquaria as it rapidly reduces chlorine and chloramine and reacts with ammonia to form the innocuous aminomethylsulfinate ion.
SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE is also used as an antioxidant in pharmaceutical formulation.

SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE has been used increasingly in commercial cosmetic hair dye colour removers despite the generation of formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen.
SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE has a variety of specialized applications in organic synthesis


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

SYNONYMS OF SODIUM HYDROXYMETHANESULFINATE:

MeSH Entry Terms:
formaldehydesulfoxylate
formaldehydesulfoxylate dihydrate
formaldehydesulfoxylate, magnesium (2:1) salt
formaldehydesulfoxylate, monosodium salt
Rongalite
sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate
sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate

Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate
149-44-0
Rongalite
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate
Rongalit
Methanesulfinic acid, hydroxy-, monosodium salt
Hydroxymethanesulfinic acid sodium salt
Aldanil
Formapon
Formopan
Hydrolit
Rongalite C
SODIUM FORMALDEHYDESULFOXYLATE
Rongalit C
Sodium hydroxymethanesulphinate
Formaldehyde sodium sulfoxylate
Sodium Sulfoxylate Formaldehyde (anhydrous)
Sodium methanalsulfoxylate
Sodium sulfoxylate formaldehyde
Sodium (hydroxymethyl)sulfinate
Sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate
sodium;hydroxymethanesulfinate
X4ZGP7K714
DTXSID7027120
Discolite
Leptacid
Leptacit
Rodite
Superlite C
Bleachit D
Hydrosulfite AWC
Redol C
Sodium formaldehydesulfoxalate
Natrium hydroxymethansulfinat
Monosodium hydroxymethanesulfinate
Natrium formaldehydesulfoxylat
Sodium oxymethanesulfinic acid
NSC-4847
HSDB 5648
NSC 4847
EINECS 205-739-4
Hydroxymethansulfinsaeure, natriumsalz
Formaldehydesulfoxylic acid sodium salt
Oxymethansulfinsaeuren natrium [German]
UNII-X4ZGP7K714
Oxymethansulfinsaeuren natrium
sodium oxymethylene sulfoxylate
AI3-23202
Sodium sulfoxylate formaldehyde (anhydrous) [USAN]
ALBALITE C
EC 205-739-4
sodiumhydroxymethanesulfinate
SCHEMBL6786
DTXCID507120
CHEMBL2107242
Tox21_201133
AKOS006230660
AKOS015898852
AT30644
NCGC00258685-01
CAS-149-44-0
SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE [II]
SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE [MI]
FT-0626524
R0053
SODIUM OXYMETHYLENE SULFOXYLATE [INCI]
SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE [MART.]
EN300-7403196
J-008591
Q3492820
Methanesulfinic acid, 1-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:1)
SODIUM SULFOXYLATE FORMALDEHYDE (ANHYDROUS) [HSDB]
16750-31-5

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. In solution, the compound is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating chlorine which is the active principle of such products. Sodium hypochlorite is the oldest and still most important chlorine-based bleach. Its corrosive properties, common availability, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk. In particular, mixing liquid bleach with other cleaning products, such as acids or ammonia, may produce toxic fumes. Properties of Sodium Hypochlorite Chemical formula NaOCl Molar mass 74.442 g/mol Appearance greenish-yellow solid (pentahydrate) Odor chlorine-like and sweetish Density 1.11 g/cm3 Melting point 18 °C (64 °F; 291 K) pentahydrate Boiling point 101 °C (214 °F; 374 K) (decomposes) Solubility in water 29.3 g/100mL (0 °C) Acidity (pKa) 7.5185 Basicity (pKb) 6.4815 Chemistry of Sodium hypochlorite Stability of the solid Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite can be prepared but, like many hypochlorites, it is highly unstable and decomposes explosively on heating or friction. The decomposition is accelerated by carbon dioxide at atmospheric levels. It is a white solid with the orthorhombic crystal structure. Sodium hypochlorite can also be obtained as a crystalline pentahydrate NaOCl·5H2O, which is not explosive and is much more stable than the anhydrous compound. The formula is sometimes given as 2NaOCl·10H2O. The transparent light greenish yellow orthorhombic crystals contain 44% NaOCl by weight and melt at 25–27 °C. The compound decomposes rapidly at room temperature, so it must be kept under refrigeration. At lower temperatures, however, it is quite stable: reportedly only 1% decomposition after 360 days at 7 °C. A 1966 US patent claims that stable solid sodium hypochlorite dihydrate NaOCl·2H2O can be obtained by carefully excluding chloride ions (Cl−), which are present in the output of common manufacturing processes and are said to catalyze the decomposition of hypochlorite into chlorate (ClO−3) and chloride. In one test, the dihydrate was claimed to show only 6% decomposition after 13.5 months storage at −25 °C. The patent also claims that the dihydrate can be reduced to the anhydrous form by vacuum drying at about 50 °C, yielding a solid that showed no decomposition after 64 hours at −25 °C. Equilibria and stability of solutions At typical ambient temperatures, sodium hypochlorite is more stable in dilute solutions that contain solvated Na+ and OCl− ions. The density of the solution is 1.093 g/mL at 5% concentration, and 1.21 g/mL at 14%, 20 °C. Stoichiometric solutions are fairly alkaline, with pH 11 or higher since hypochlorous acid is a weak acid: OCl− + H2O ⇌ HOCl + OH− The following species and equilibria are present in solutions of NaOCl: HOCl (aq) ⇌ H+ + OCl−HOCl (aq) + Cl− + H+ ⇌ Cl2 (aq) + H2OCl2 (aq) + Cl− ⇌ Cl−3Cl2 (aq) ⇌ Cl2 (g) The second equilibrium equation above will be shifted to the right if the chlorine Cl2 is allowed to escape as gas. The ratios of Cl2, HOCl, and OCl− in solution are also pH dependent. At pH below 2, the majority of the chlorine in the solution is in the form of dissolved elemental Cl2. At pH greater than 7.4, the majority is in the form of hypochlorite ClO−. The equilibrium can be shifted by adding acids (such as hydrochloric acid) or bases (such as sodium hydroxide) to the solution: ClO− (aq) + 2 HCl (aq) → Cl2 (g) + H2O (aq) + Cl− (aq)Cl2 (g) + 2 OH− → ClO− (aq) + Cl− (aq) + H2O (aq) At a pH of about 4, such as obtained by the addition of strong acids like hydrochloric acid, the amount of undissociated (nonionized) HOCl is highest. The reaction can be written as: ClO− + H+ ⇌ HClO Sodium hypochlorite solutions combined with acid evolve chlorine gas, particularly strongly at pH < 2, by the reactions: HOCl (aq) + Cl− + H+ ⇌ Cl2 (aq) + H2OCl2 (aq) ⇌ Cl2 (g) At pH > 8, the chlorine is practically all in the form of hypochlorite anions (OCl−). The solutions are fairly stable at pH 11–12. Even so, one report claims that a conventional 13.6% NaOCl reagent solution lost 17% of its strength after being stored for 360 days at 7 °C. For this reason, in some applications one may use more stable chlorine-releasing compounds, such as calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO)2 or trichloroisocyanuric acid (CNClO)3. Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite is soluble in methanol, and solutions are stable. Decomposition to chlorate or oxygen In solution, under certain conditions, the hypochlorite anion may also disproportionate (autoxidize) to chloride and chlorate: 3 ClO− + H+ → HClO3 + 2 Cl− In particular, this reaction occurs in sodium hypochlorite solutions at high temperatures, forming sodium chlorate and sodium chloride: 3 NaOCl (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + NaClO3 (aq) This reaction is exploited in the industrial production of sodium chlorate. An alternative decomposition of hypochlorite produces oxygen instead: 2 OCl− → 2 Cl− + O2 In hot sodium hypochlorite solutions, this reaction competes with chlorate formation, yielding sodium chloride and oxygen gas: 2 NaOCl (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + O2 (g) These two decomposition reactions of NaClO solutions are maximized at pH around 6. The chlorate-producing reaction predominates at pH above 6, while the oxygen one becomes significant below that. For example, at 80 °C, with NaOCl and NaCl concentrations of 80 mM, and pH 6–6.5, the chlorate is produced with ∼95% efficiency. The oxygen pathway predominates at pH 10. This decomposition is affected by light and metal ion catalysts such as copper, nickel, cobalt, and iridium. Catalysts like sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7 and sodium molybdate Na2MoO4 may be added industrially to reduce the oxygen pathway, but a report claims that only the latter is effective. Titration Titration of hypochlorite solutions is often done by adding a measured sample to an excess amount of acidified solution of potassium iodide (KI) and then titrating the liberated iodine (I2) with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate or phenyl arsine oxide, using starch as indicator, until the blue color disappears. According to one US patent, the stability of sodium hypochlorite content of solids or solutions can be determined by monitoring the infrared absorption due to the O–Cl bond. The characteristic wavelength is given as 140.25 μm for water solutions, 140.05 μm for the solid dihydrate NaOCl·2H 2O, and 139.08 μm for the anhydrous mixed salt Na2(OCl)(OH). Oxidation of organic compounds Oxidation of starch by sodium hypochlorite, that adds carbonyl and carboxyl groups, is relevant to the production of modified starch products. In the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst, alcohols are oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone). Sodium hypochlorite can also oxidize organic sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones, disulfides or thiols to sulfonyl chlorides or bromides, imines to oxaziridines. It can also de-aromatize phenols. Oxidation of metals and complexes Heterogeneous reactions of sodium hypochlorite and metals such as zinc proceed slowly to give the metal oxide or hydroxide: NaOCl + Zn → ZnO + NaCl Homogeneous reactions with metal coordination complexes proceed somewhat faster. This has been exploited in the Jacobsen epoxidation. Other reactions of Sodium hypochlorite If not properly stored in airtight containers, sodium hypochlorite reacts with carbon dioxide to form sodium carbonate: 2 NaOCl + CO2 + H2O → Na2CO3 + 2 HOCl Sodium hypochlorite reacts with most nitrogen compounds to form volatile monochloramine, dichloramines, and nitrogen trichloride: NH3 + NaOCl → NH2Cl + NaOHNH2Cl + NaOCl → NHCl2 + NaOHNHCl2 + NaOCl → NCl3 + NaOH Neutralization Sodium thiosulfate is an effective chlorine neutralizer. Rinsing with a 5 mg/L solution, followed by washing with soap and water, will remove chlorine odor from the hands. Production of Sodium hypochlorite Chlorination of soda Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory on the Quai de Javel in Paris, France, by passing chlorine gas through a solution of potash lye. The resulting liquid, known as "Eau de Javel" ("Javel water"), was a weak solution of potassium hypochlorite. Antoine Labarraque replaced potash lye by the cheaper soda lye, thus obtaining sodium hypochlorite (Eau de Labarraque). Cl2 (g) + 2 NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + NaClO (aq) + H2O (aq) Hence, chlorine is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; this process is known as disproportionation. The process is also used to prepare the pentahydrate NaOCl·5H 2O for industrial and laboratory use. In a typical process, chlorine gas is added to a 45–48% NaOH solution. Some of the sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration, and the pentahydrate is then obtained by cooling the filtrate to 12 °C . From calcium hypochlorite Another method involved by reaction of sodium carbonate ("washing soda") with chlorinated lime ("bleaching powder"), a mixture of calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2, calcium chloride CaCl2, and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2: Na2CO3 (aq) + Ca(OCl)2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaOCl (aq) Na2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq) Na2CO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (s) → CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaOH (aq) This method was commonly used to produce hypochlorite solutions for use as a hospital antiseptic that was sold after World War I under the names "Eusol", an abbreviation for Edinburgh University Solution Of (chlorinated) Lime – a reference to the university's pathology department, where it was developed. Electrolysis of brine Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented the chloralkali process: a method of producing sodium hypochlorite involving the electrolysis of brine to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas, which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite. The key reactions are: 2 Cl− → Cl2 + 2 e− (at the anode) 2 H2O + 2 e− → H2 + 2 HO− (at the cathode) Both electric power and brine solution were in cheap supply at the time, and various enterprising marketers took advantage of the situation to satisfy the market's demand for sodium hypochlorite. Bottled solutions of sodium hypochlorite were sold under numerous trade names. Today, an improved version of this method, known as the Hooker process (named after Hooker Chemicals, acquired by Occidental Petroleum), is the only large-scale industrial method of sodium hypochlorite production. In the process, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and sodium chloride (NaCl) are formed when chlorine is passed into cold dilute sodium hydroxide solution. The chlorine is prepared industrially by electrolysis with minimal separation between the anode and the cathode. The solution must be kept below 40 °C (by cooling coils) to prevent the undesired formation of sodium chlorate. Commercial solutions always contain significant amounts of sodium chloride (common salt) as the main by-product, as seen in the equation above. From hypochlorous acid and soda A 1966 patent describes the production of solid stable dihydrate NaOCl·2H2O by reacting a chloride-free solution of hypochlorous acid HClO (such as prepared from chlorine monoxide ClO and water), with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. In a typical preparation, 255 mL of a solution with 118 g/L HClO is slowly added with stirring to a solution of 40 g of NaOH in water 0 °C. Some sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by fitration. The solution is vacuum evaporated at 40–50 °C and 1–2 mmHg until the dihydrate crystallizes out. The crystals are vacuum-dried to produce a free-flowing crystalline powder. The same principle was used in another 1991 patent to produce concentrated slurries of the pentahydrate NaClO·5H 2O. Typically, a 35% solution (by weight) of HClO is combined with sodium hydroxide at about or below 25 °C. The resulting slurry contains about 35% NaClO, and are relatively stable due to the low concentration of chloride. From ozone and salt Sodium hypochlorite can be easily produced for research purposes by reacting ozone with salt. NaCl + O3 → NaClO + O2 This reaction happens at room temperature and can be helpful for oxidizing alcohols. Packaging and sale Main article: Bleach Bleach packaged for household use, with 2.6% sodium hypochlorite Household bleach sold for use in laundering clothes is a 3–8% solution of sodium hypochlorite at the time of manufacture. Strength varies from one formulation to another and gradually decreases with long storage. Sodium hydroxide is usually added in small amounts to household bleach to slow down the decomposition of NaClO. A 10–25% solution of sodium hypochlorite is, according to Univar's safety sheet, supplied with synonyms or trade names bleach, Hypo, Everchlor, Chloros, Hispec, Bridos, Bleacol, or Vo-redox 9110. A 12% solution is widely used in waterworks for the chlorination of water, and a 15% solution is more commonly used for disinfection of waste water in treatment plants. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used for point-of-use disinfection of drinking water, taking 0.2-2 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter of water. Dilute solutions (50 ppm to 1.5%) are found in disinfecting sprays and wipes used on hard surfaces. Uses of Sodium hypochlorite Bleaching Household bleach is, in general, a solution containing 3–8% sodium hypochlorite, by weight, and 0.01–0.05% sodium hydroxide; the sodium hydroxide is used to slow the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate. Cleaning of Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite has destaining properties. Among other applications, it can be used to remove mold stains, dental stains caused by fluorosis, and stains on crockery, especially those caused by the tannins in tea. It has also been used in laundry detergents and as a surface cleaner. Its bleaching, cleaning, deodorizing and caustic effects are due to oxidation and hydrolysis (saponification). Organic dirt exposed to hypochlorite becomes water-soluble and non-volatile, which reduces its odor and facilitates its removal. Disinfection of Sodium hypochlorite See also: Hypochlorous acid Sodium hypochlorite in solution exhibits broad spectrum anti-microbial activity and is widely used in healthcare facilities in a variety of settings. It is usually diluted in water depending on its intended use. "Strong chlorine solution" is a 0.5% solution of hypochlorite (containing approximately 5000 ppm free chlorine) used for disinfecting areas contaminated with body fluids, including large blood spills (the area is first cleaned with detergent before being disinfected). It may be made by diluting household bleach as appropriate (normally 1 part bleach to 9 parts water). Such solutions have been demonstrated to inactivate both C. difficile and HPV. "Weak chlorine solution" is a 0.05% solution of hypochlorite used for washing hands, but is normally prepared with calcium hypochlorite granules. "Dakin's Solution" is a disinfectant solution containing low concentration of sodium hypochlorite and some boric acid or sodium bicarbonate to stabilize the pH. It has been found to be effective with NaOCl concentrations as low as 0.025%. US government regulations allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water). If higher concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after sanitizing. A similar concentration of bleach in warm water is used to sanitize surfaces prior to brewing of beer or wine. Surfaces must be rinsed with sterilized (boiled) water to avoid imparting flavors to the brew; the chlorinated byproducts of sanitizing surfaces are also harmful. The mode of disinfectant action of sodium hypochlorite is similar to that of hypochlorous acid. Solutions containing more than 500 ppm available chlorine are corrosive to some metals, alloys and many thermoplastics (such as acetal resin) and need to be thoroughly removed afterwards, so the bleach disinfection is sometimes followed by an ethanol disinfection. Liquids containing sodium hypochlorite as the main active component are also used for household cleaning and disinfection, for example toilet cleaners. Some cleaners are formulated to be viscous so as not to drain quickly from vertical surfaces, such as the inside of a toilet bowl. The undissociated (nonionized) hypochlorous acid is believed to react with and inactivate bacterial and viral enzymes. Neutrophils of the human immune system produce small amounts of hypochlorite inside phagosomes, which digest bacteria and viruses. Deodorizing of Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite has deodorizing properties, which go hand in hand with its cleaning properties. Waste water treatment of Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite solutions have been used to treat dilute cyanide waste water, such as electroplating wastes. In batch treatment operations, sodium hypochlorite has been used to treat more concentrated cyanide wastes, such as silver cyanide plating solutions. Toxic cyanide is oxidized to cyanate (OCN−) that is not toxic, idealized as follows: CN− + OCl− → OCN− + Cl− Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a biocide in industrial applications to control slime and bacteria formation in water systems used at power plants, pulp and paper mills, etc., in solutions typically of 10–15% by weight. Endodontics Sodium hypochlorite is the medicament of choice due to its efficacy against pathogenic organisms and pulp digestion in endodontic therapy. Its concentration for use varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. At low concentrations it dissolves mainly necrotic tissue; at higher concentrations it also dissolves vital tissue and additional bacterial species. One study has shown that Enterococcus faecalis was still present in the dentin after 40 minutes of exposure of 1.3% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, whereas 40 minutes at a concentration of 5.25% was effective in E. faecalis removal. In addition to higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, longer time exposure and warming the solution (60 °C) also increases its effectiveness in removing soft tissue and bacteria within the root canal chamber. 2% is a common concentration as there is less risk of an iatrogenic hypochlorite incident. A hypochlorite incident is an immediate reaction of severe pain, followed by edema, haematoma, and ecchymosis as a consequence of the solution escaping the confines of the tooth and entering the periapical space. This may be caused by binding or excessive pressure on the irrigant syringe, or it may occur if the tooth has an unusually large apical foramen. Nerve agent neutralization At the various nerve agent (chemical warfare nerve gas) destruction facilities throughout the United States, 50% sodium hypochlorite is used to remove all traces of nerve agent or blister agent from Personal Protection Equipment after an entry is made by personnel into toxic areas. 50% sodium hypochlorite is also used to neutralize any accidental releases of nerve agent in the toxic areas. Lesser concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are used in similar fashion in the Pollution Abatement System to ensure that no nerve agent is released in furnace flue gas. Reduction of skin damage Dilute bleach baths have been used for decades to treat moderate to severe eczema in humans, but it has not been clear why they work. According to work published by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine in November 2013, a very dilute (0.005%) solution of sodium hypochlorite in water was successful in treating skin damage with an inflammatory component caused by radiation therapy, excess sun exposure or aging in laboratory mice. Mice with radiation dermatitis given daily 30-minute baths in bleach solution experienced less severe skin damage and better healing and hair regrowth than animals bathed in water. A molecule called nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is known to play a critical role in inflammation, aging, and response to radiation. The researchers found that if NF-κB activity was blocked in elderly mice by bathing them in bleach solution, the animals' skin began to look younger, going from old and fragile to thicker, with increased cell proliferation. The effect diminished after the baths were stopped, indicating that regular exposure was necessary to maintain skin thickness. Safety It is estimated that there are about 3,300 accidents needing hospital treatment caused by sodium hypochlorite solutions each year in British homes (RoSPA, 2002). Oxidation and corrosion Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer. Oxidation reactions are corrosive. Solutions burn the skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. As recognized by the NFPA, however, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers. Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000). Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are typically stabilized by a significant concentration of lye (caustic soda, NaOH) as part of the manufacturing reaction. This additive will by itself cause caustic irritation or burns due to defatting and saponification of skin oils and destruction of tissue. The slippery feel of bleach on skin is due to this process. Storage hazards Contact of sodium hypochlorite solutions with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated due to release of chlorine gas. Hypochlorite solutions are corrosive to common container materials such as stainless steel and aluminium. The few compatible metals include titanium (which however is not compatible with dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton. Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst. Reactions with other common products Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, may release toxic chlorine gas when heated above 35 °C or mixed with an acid, such as hydrochloric acid or vinegar. A 2008 study indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g., surfactants, fragrances) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These chlorinated compounds are emitted during cleaning applications, some of which are toxic and probable human carcinogens. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8–52 times for chloroform and 1–1170 times for carbon tetrachloride, respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach containing products. The increase in chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations was the lowest for plain bleach and the highest for the products in the form of "thick liquid and gel." The significant increases observed in indoor air concentrations of several chlorinated VOCs (especially carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) indicate that the bleach use may be a source that could be important in terms of inhalation exposure to these compounds. The authors suggested that using these cleaning products may significantly increase the cancer risk. In particular, mixing hypochlorite bleaches with amines (for example, cleaning products that contain or release ammonia, ammonium salts, urea, or related compounds and biological materials such as urine) produces chloramines. These gaseous products can cause acute lung injury. Chronic exposure, for example, from the air at swimming pools where chlorine is used as the disinfectant, can lead to the development of atopic asthma. Bleach can react violently with hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen gas: H2O2 (aq) + NaOCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (aq) + O2 (g) Explosive reactions or byproducts can also occur in industrial and laboratory settings when sodium hypochlorite is mixed with diverse organic compounds. Limitations in health care The UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in October 2008 recommended that Dakin's solution should not be used in routine wound care. Environmental impact In spite of its strong biocidal action, sodium hypochlorite per se has limited environmental impact, since the hypochlorite ion rapidly degrades before it can be absorbed by living beings. However, one major concern arising from sodium hypochlorite use is that it tends to form persistent chlorinated organic compounds, including known carcinogens, that can be absorbed by organisms and enter the food chain. These compounds may be formed during household storage and use as well during industrial use. For example, when household bleach and wastewater were mixed, 1–2% of the available chlorine was observed to form organic compounds. As of 1994, not all the byproducts had been identified, but identified compounds include chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The estimated exposure to these chemicals from use is estimated to be within occupational exposure limits. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a compound that can be effectively used for water purification. It is used on a large scale for surface purification, bleaching, odor removal and water disinfection. When was sodium hypochlorite discovered? Sodium hypochlorite has a long history. Around 1785 the Frenchman Berthollet developed liquid bleaching agents based on sodium hypochlorite. The Javel company introduced this product and called it 'liqueur de Javel'. At first, it was used to bleach cotton. Because of its specific characteristics it soon became a popular compound. Hypochlorite can remove stains from clothes at room temperature. In France, sodium hypochlorite is still known as 'eau de Javel'. What are the characteristics of sodium hypochlorite? Sodium hypochlorite is a clear, slightly yellowish solution with a characteristic odor. Sodium hypochlorite has a relative density of is 1,1 (5,5% watery solution). As a bleaching agent for domestic use it usually contains 5% sodium hypochlorite (with a pH of around 11, it is irritating). If it is more concentrated, it contains a concentration 10-15% sodium hypochlorite (with a pH of around 13, it burns and is corrosive). Sodium hypochlorite is unstable. Chlorine evaporates at a rate of 0,75 gram active chlorine per day from the solution. Then heated sodium hypochlorite disintegrates. This also happens when sodium hypochlorite comes in contact with acids, sunlight, certain metals and poisonous and corrosive gasses, including chlorine gas. Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidator and reacts with flammable compounds and reductors. Sodium hypochlorite solution is a weak base that is inflammable. These characteristics must be kept in mind during transport, storage and use of sodium hypochlorite. What happens to the pH value when sodium hypochlorite is added to water? Due to the presence of caustic soda in sodium hypo chlorite, the pH of the water is increased. When sodium hypo chlorite dissolves in water, two substances form, which play a role in for oxidation and disinfection. These are hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the less active hypochlorite ion (OCl-). The pH of the water determines how much hypochlorous acid is formed. While sodium hypochlorite is used, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used to lower the pH. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can be used as an alternative for acetic acid. Less harmful gasses are produced when sulfuric acid is used. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid that strongly reacts with bases and that is very corrosive. How can sodium hypochlorite be produced? Sodium hypochlorite can be produced in two ways: - By dissolving salt in softened water, which results in a concentrated brine solution. The solution is electrolyzed and forms a sodium hypochlorite solution in water. This solution contains 150 g active chlorine (Cl2) per liter. During this reaction the explosive hydrogen gas is also formed. - By adding chlorine gas (Cl2) to caustic soda (NaOH). When this is done, sodium hypochlorite, water (H2O) and salt (NaCl) are produced according to the following reaction: Cl2 + 2NaOH + → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O What are the applications of sodium hypochlorite? Sodium hypochlorite is used on a large scale. For example in agriculture, chemical industries, paint- and lime industries, food industries, glass industries, paper industries, pharmaceutical industries, synthetics industries and waste disposal industries. In the textile industry sodium hypochlorite is used to bleach textile. It is sometimes added to industrial waste water. This is done to reduce odors. Hypochlorite neutralizes sulphur hydrogen gas (SH) and ammonia (NH3). It is also used to detoxify cyanide baths in metal industries. Hypochlorite can be used to prevent algae and shellfish growth in cooling towers. In water treatment, hypochlorite is used to disinfect water. In households, hypochlorite is used frequently for the purification and disinfection of the house. How does sodium hypochlorite disinfection work? By adding hypochlorite to water, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is formed: NaOCl + H2O → HOCl + NaOH- Hypochlorous acid is divided into hydrochloric acid (HCl) and oxygen (O). The oxygen atom is a very strong oxidator. Sodium hypochlorite is effective against bacteria, viruses and fungi. Sodium hypochlorite disinfects the same way as chlorine does. How is sodium hypochlorite applied in swimming pools? Sodium hypochlorite is applied in swimming pools for water disinfection and oxidation. It has the advantage that microorganisms cannot build up any resistance to it. Sodium hypochlorite is effective against Legionella bacteria and bio film, in which Legionella bacteria can multiply. Hypochlorous acid is produced by the reaction of sodium hydroxide with chlorine gas. In water, the so-called 'active chlorine' is formed. There are various ways to use sodium hypochlorite. For on-site salt electrolysis, a solution of salt (NaCl) in water is applied. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions are produced. 4NaCl- → 4Na+ + 4Cl- By leading the salty solution over an electrolysis cell, the following reactions take place at the electrodes: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 20H- 2H20 → O2 + 4H++ 4e- Subsequently, chlorine and hydroxide react to form hypochlorite: OH- + Cl2 → HOCl + Cl- The advantage of the salt electrolysis system is that no transport or storage of sodium hypochlorite is required. When sodium hypochlorite is stored for a long time, it becomes inactive. Another advantage of the on site process is that chlorine lowers the pH and no other acid is required to lower pH. The hydrogen gas that is produced is explosive and as a result ventilation is required for expolsion prevention. This system is slow and a buffer of extra hypochlorous acid needs to be used. The maintenance and purchase of the electrolysis system is much more expensive than sodium hypochlorite. When sodium hypochlorite is used, acetic or sulphuric acid are added to the water. An overdose can produce poisonous gasses. If the dosage is too low, the pH becomes to high and can irritate the eyes. Because sodium hypochlorite is used both to oxidize pollutions (urine, sweat, cosmetics) and to remove pathogenic microorganisms, the required concentration of sodium hypochlorite depends on the concentrations of these pollutions. Especially the amount of organic pollution determines the required concentration. If the water is filtered before sodium hypochlorite is applied, less sodium hypochlorite is needed.

Sodium Hypophosphite is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.
Sodium Hypophosphite is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air.


CAS Number: 7681-53-0
10039-56-2 (monohydrate)
EC Number: 231-669-9
Chemical formula: NaPO2H2


Sodium Hypophosphite (NaPO2H2, also known as sodium phosphinate) is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid and is often encountered as the monohydrate, NaPO2H2·H2O.
Sodium Hypophosphite should be kept in a cool, dry place, isolated from oxidizing materials.


Sodium Hypophosphite decomposes into phosphine which is irritating to the respiratory tract and disodium phosphate.
2 NaH2PO2 → PH3 + Na2HPO4
Sodium Hypophosphite is white granules or crystals


Sodium hypophosphite is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula NaH2PO2, monoclinic crystal or pearly crystal or white crystalline powder.
Sodium Hypophosphite is easily soluble in water, ethanol, glycerin, slightly soluble in ammonia, ammonia water, and insoluble in ether.
Sodium Hypophosphite is neutral in aqueous solution and has strong reducing properties.


Sodium Hypophosphite is a strong reducing agent, which can reduce the salts of gold, silver, mercury, nickel, chromium, diamond, etc. to a metallic state.
Sodium Hypophosphite is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid with the formula NaPO2H2.
Sodium Hypophosphite is often encountered as the monohydrate, NaPO2H2·H2O.


Sodium Hypophosphite is a white crystalline powder; it is odourless and bitter.
Sodium Hypophosphite is very soluble in water, in alcohol and glycerine, practically insoluble in ether.
Sodium Hypophosphite is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.


Sodium Hypophosphite is a white crystalline powder or colourless crystals.
Sodium Hypophosphite is a clear colorless liquid, which is an effective reducing agent and antioxidant.
Sodium Hypophosphite is the most common form of Sodium Hypophosphite (SHP), which is a chemical reducing agent with applications as an electroplating agent, polymerization catalyst, polymer stabilizer, flame retardant, and regenerating agent for ion exchange resins.


Sodium Hypophosphite is nonflammable.
Like other hypophosphites, Sodium Hypophosphite can reduce metal ions back into base metal.
This forms the basis for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which is its main industrial application.


With this method, a durable nickel-phosphorus film can coat objects with irregular surfaces, such as in avionics, aviation and the petroleum field.
Sodium Hypophosphite is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.
Sodium Hypophosphite is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air.


Sodium Hypophosphite is white crystal.
Sodium Hypophosphite is stable at normall condition, but deliquescency.
Sodium Hypophosphite is capable of reducing nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.


The latter requires that the substrate is activated with fine particles of palladium.
The resulting nickel deposit contains up to 15% phosphorus.
Sodium Hypophosphite is a colorless monoclinic crystal or a pearl-luster crystal or a white crystalline powder.


The relative density of Sodium Hypophosphite was 1. 388.
Sodium Hypophosphite has odorless and salty.
Sodium Hypophosphite is soluble in water, ethanol, glycerol.


Sodium Hypophosphite is slightly soluble in ammonia, ammonia.
Sodium Hypophosphite is insoluble in ether.
The aqueous solution of Sodium Hypophosphite is neutral, and the solubility in water at 100 ° C. Is 667g/10g water.


Sodium Hypophosphite has deliquescence.
Sodium Hypophosphite is relatively stable when stored in a dry state, and rapidly decomposes.
Sodium Hypophosphite is a strong reducing agent that can reduce salts of gold, silver, mercury, nickel, chromium, cobalt, and the like to a metal state.


Under normal pressure, heating and evaporating the sodium hypophosphite solution will cause explosion, so the evaporation should be carried out under reduced pressure.
Sodium Hypophosphite is pearl luster crystal or white crystalline powder, easily hygroscopic deliquescence.


Sodium Hypophosphite is easily soluble in water, ethanol, glycerin, insoluble in ether.
Sodium Hypophosphite is strong reducing agent, heated to 200 °c decomposition.
Sodium Hypophosphite is Crystalline Powder and it is highly Hygroscopic.


Sodium Hypophosphite is soluble in water.
The density of Sodium Hypophosphite 0.8 g/cm3 Melting Point is 90 oC (194 oF; 363 K).
Sodium Hypophosphite is a white, odorless, deliquesce granules; saline taste.


Sodium Hypophosphite appears as an odourless white powder and is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid.
Sodium Hypophosphite is largely used in electroless nickel plating but is also found in water treatment agents where it acts as a reducing agent , to reduce the metal ion content in industrial waste.
Other uses of Sodium Hypophosphite include textile finishing products, washing and cleaning products and in lubricant and grease products.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
Like other hypophosphites, Sodium Hypophosphite can reduce metal ions back into the base metal.
This forms the basis for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which is Sodium Hypophosphite's main industrial application.
With this method, a durable nickel-phosphorus film can coat objects with irregular surfaces, such as in avionics, aviation, and the petroleum field.


Sodium Hypophosphite is capable of reducing nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.
The latter requires that the substrate is activated with fine particles of palladium.
The resulting nickel deposit contains up to 15% phosphorus.


Sodium Hypophosphite has been investigated as a food additive.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used as an electroless plating agent.
Chemical Plating (Chemical Plating) is a technology to realize the metalization of non-conductor surfaces, which Sodium Hypophosphite is widely used in surface modification, printed circuit manufacturing, electromagnetic shielding technology, electronic component packaging and other fields.


The use of other reducing agents in the electroless copper plating solution to replace formaldehyde has been reported in the literature and patents.
The main alternative reducing agents are dimethylamine borane (DMAB), glyoxylic acid, and Sodium Hypophosphite.
Among them, the electroless plating system using Sodium Hypophosphite as the reducing agent has the characteristics of low pH, low cost and relative safety, and has great development value and application prospects.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used as antiseptic and fresh-keeping agent
Sodium Hypophosphite can play a role in preservation and bacteriostasis, and it can preserve the freshness of fruits, vegetables and cut flowers.
Sodium Hypophosphite has antiseptic preservation effect on meat, poultry and fish.


Sodium Hypophosphite's products can also be used as food additives.
Sodium Hypophosphite is a highly effective metal plating agent.
Sodium Hypophosphiteis a chemical reducer obtained from the reaction of phosphorous with caustic soda and lime.


Sodium Hypophosphite is mainly used in electrochemical nickel plating applications, whitening agent and as catalysts in the fiber-glass industry.
Sodium Hypophosphite is mainly used as a reductant in the chemical plating process.
A dense and uniform nickel phosphorus film can be obtained on both large equipment and tiny components, as well as articles with complicated external shapes such as convex concave lines or internal walls with deep-hollows.


Sodium Hypophosphite is also used on the surface of non-metals such as plastics, ceramics, glass, Etc.
The film possesses surface hardness and abrasion resistance.
Sodium Hypophosphite is widely used in electronics, aviation mechanisms, and in petroleum fields.


Sodium Hypophosphite is additional used as an interface activator, a M.W. moderator, a thermo-stablizer for synthetic resins.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used reducing agents for electroless plating, Catalyst for synthetic resin.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used as a catalyst in different areas (acrylic polymers, electroless nickel,...).


Sodium Hypophosphite is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and cosmetics and personal care products.


Other release to the environment of Sodium Hypophosphite is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Sodium Hypophosphite can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).


Other release to the environment of Sodium Hypophosphite is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).


Sodium Hypophosphite can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles covered by End of Life Vehicles (ELV) directive (e.g. personal vehicles or delivery vans).
Sodium Hypophosphite can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).


Sodium Hypophosphite is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and cosmetics and personal care products.
Sodium Hypophosphite has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Other release to the environment of Sodium Hypophosphite is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, polymers, washing & cleaning products, water treatment chemicals, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, lubricants and greases and textile treatment products and dyes.


Sodium Hypophosphite has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Release to the environment of Sodium Hypophosphite can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, as processing aid and as processing aid.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, polymers, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products and welding & soldering products.
Sodium Hypophosphite has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Sodium Hypophosphite is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, rubber products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment, machinery and vehicles, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products, pulp, paper and paper products and fabricated metal products.
Release to the environment of Sodium Hypophosphite can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid and in the production of articles.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used in medicine and electroless nickel plating, also used as a strong reducing agent
Sodium Hypophosphite is used in the surface finishing industry for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which has the benefits of uniform plating thickness on metal objects, ceramics, and plastics.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used Pharmaceuticals, reducing agent in electrode- less nickel plating of plastics and metals, lab reagent, substitute for sodium nitrite in smoked meats.
Sodium Hypophosphite is also used as a catalyst for polymerization reactions and in the fiber glass industry.


Sodium Hypophosphite acts as a stabilizer for polymers during thermal processing and extrusion.
Sodium Hypophosphite is a source of electrons used for resin regeneration of Ion Exchange Resins.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used in the metal surface treatment, mainly for electroless nickel, as a chemical intermediate and food additive.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used Electroless plating material、and Pharmaceutical material.
Sodium Hypophosphite is mainly used for electroless nickel plating.
With this method, a durable nickel-phosphorus film can coat objects with irregular surfaces, such as in avionics, aviation and the petroleum field.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used Arsenic and iodate reagents.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used reducing agent.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used clinical examination.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used for electroless nickel plating, and used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used in the food industry as a preservative, antioxidant.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used for fruits, vegetables and other substances preservation.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used for meat, poultry and fish with antiseptic effect.
Sodium Hypophosphite is mainly used as a reducing agent for electroless plating.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used large equipment and small objects that cannot be carried out by electroplating.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used complex shape objects with high precision and concave and convex patterns.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used deep hole inner wall, objects with high surface hardness and wear resistance; plastic, ceramic, glass, quartz and other non-metallic materials surface metallization, to obtain a dense and uniform, and more excellent than electroplating nickel-phosphorus plating layer.


Sodium Hypophosphite is widely used in electronics, aviation, machinery, oil and other industries.
Sodium Hypophosphite can also be used as a catalyst for synthesizing various water treatment agents, a chemical reaction, a stabilizer, an interface activator of a resin, a molecular weight regulator, a heat stabilizer, a food additive and the like.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used preservative; Antioxidants.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used for cod Cod Liver Oil emulsion.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used for electroless nickel plating, and used in the pharmaceutical industry.


Sodium Hypophosphite is used for pharmaceutical and electroless nickel plating, it is used as a strong reductant.
In the method of electroless nickel plating, a durable nickel-phosphorus film can coat objects with irregular surfaces, and can widely be used ionics, aviation and the petroleum field.


Sodium Hypophosphite also can be used as a food additive.
Sodium Hypophosphite may be used as a reducing agent or antioxidant in chemical processing, as a catalyst in some polymerization reactions, as a stabilizer to prevent degradation of polymers during extrusion or in other heated processing and may be used as a partial fire retardant.


-Application Markets of Sodium Hypophosphite:
*Electroplating
*Electronics
*Automotive
*Water treatment
*Chemical manufacturing


-Industrial applications of Sodium Hypophosphite:
Sodium Hypophosphite can be used to prepare various industrial preservatives and oilfield scale inhibitors, etc.
Sodium Hypophosphite is also used to make food industry boiler water additives, recover various metals from various electroless plating wastewater and remove chlorides and cyanates.

Sodium Hypophosphite is used Catalyst, stabilizer, preparation of polyamide polymer polyamide, speed up chemical reaction.
Sodium Hypophosphite can also be used as a stabilizer for chemical reactions, bleaching of mechanical pulp, and a stabilizer for peroxides.
Sodium Hypophosphite is also used as an antioxidant, anti-bleaching agent, dispersant, textile finishing and medicine industries.


-Industrial Applications of Sodium Hypophosphite:
In chemical processing, Sodium Hypophosphite is used as a raw material for the production of hypophosphorous acid, as well as, a reducing agent and antioxidant.
Sodium Hypophosphite is a polymerization catalyst for acrylic acid-based polymers.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used as a stabilizer for polymers during extrusion and other thermal processing.
Sodium Hypophosphite is used in the preparation of fire retardants and may be used as a partial fire retardant.


-Water Treatment:
Sodium Hypophosphite is used in water treatment to reduce the metal ion content in industrial wastewater prior to discharge.
Sodium Hypophosphite is an effective reducing agent for the removal of Nickel, Copper, and Iron.
Sodium Hypophosphite is a source of electrons used for resin regeneration of Ion Exchange Resins.



REACTIONS OF SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
Sodium Hypophosphite, NaH2PO2 · H2O, white solid, soluble, formed (1) by reaction of hypophosphorous acid and sodium carbonate solution, and then evaporating, (2) by reaction of NaOH solution and phosphorus on heating (poisonous phosphine gas evolved).



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
*Colorless monoclinic crystal or pearl luster crystal or white crystalline powder.
*Odorless and salty.
*relative density 1.388
*soluble in water, ethanol, glycerol; Slightly soluble in ammonia, ammonia; Insoluble in ether.
*The aqueous solution is neutral, and the solubility in water is 100g/g water.



ELECTROCHEMICAL NICKEL PLATING AND ELECTROLESS NICKEL PLATING:
Sodium Hypophosphite is used in electrochemical nickel plating and the Electroless Nickel (EN) process.
The EN process with Sodium Hypophosphite produces a uniform plating thickness on metals and other materials, such as ceramics and plastics.
Sodium Hypophosphite is widely used as a reducing agent for the Electroless Nickel Plating in the electronics and automotive industry.



HOW SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE WORKS:
For Sodium Hypophosphite reduction electroless copper plating and other electroless copper plating processes, they have the same chemical principle.
Sodium Hypophosphite's essence is also an electroless copper plating method to reduce the free copper ions in the copper plating solution to solid copper crystals and plate them on the surface of the substrate with the help of a suitable reducing agent.

Nowadays, the electroless copper plating process for Sodium Hypophosphite reduction is very similar to the electroless copper plating process for formaldehyde reduction, but the reaction mechanism is much more complicated.
This is because pure metallic copper has no catalytic activity for the oxidation reaction of Sodium Hypophosphite.

When using Sodium Hypophosphite as a reducing agent for electroless copper plating, it cannot achieve an autocatalytic electroless plating reaction through the copper particles and silver particles produced in the activation and sensitization stages like the formaldehyde system.
To make the electroless copper plating reaction of the Sodium Hypophosphite system continue, it is necessary to add a substance with catalytic activity for the electroless plating reaction.

The current way to solve this technical problem is to learn from the process principle of electroless nickel plating.
Nickel ions are added to the plating solution, and a copper plating layer containing a small amount of nickel is obtained through the co-deposition of metallic nickel and copper.
The deposited nickel particles can catalyze the reaction of Sodium Hypophosphite reducing Cu2+, so as to ensure the continuous progress of the electroless copper plating reaction, and finally obtain a high-quality copper coating.



METHODS OF MANUFACTURING, SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
Put the yellow phosphorus and slaked lime with a mass fraction ratio of 1:4 into the reactor in turn, add water to make a slurry, heat it up with stirring, until it reaches 90 ℃, keep it for a period of time, and stop the reaction when no gas is released.
Remove unreacted solids.

The filtrate is put into a stirred tank, and while stirring, carbon dioxide is bubbled into it, so that the calcium hydroxide dissolved in the filtrate generates calcium carbonate precipitation.
Then add the sodium pudding aqueous solution to get the decomposition reaction, and take a sample to measure the end point (take the clear liquid and add the sodium carbonate solution, if there is no turbidity, it means the end point is reached).

The material solution after the metathesis reaction is filtered to remove the calcium carbonate precipitate, and the filtrate is vacuum concentrated.
When it reaches 20°Bé, it is filtered to remove the calcium carbonate precipitate.

The solution is again concentrated in vacuum.
When the surface shows a crystalline film, the evaporation is stopped.
Put it into a crystallization tank for cooling, crystallize, centrifuge to remove the mother liquor, and dry to obtain a finished product.



PREPARATION METHOD OF SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
The yellow phosphorus is added to the reactor with milk of lime and sodium carbonate solution in an inert gas, and the dispersant is added.
The mixture is heated to 45~90 °c for reaction, and phosphine and hydrogen are released, by filtration, the filtrate was a sodium hypophosphite solution.
Carbon dioxide gas is introduced to remove calcium hydroxide dissolved therein, calcium carbonate is removed by filtration, an arsenic removing agent and a heavy metal removing agent are added to the filtrate to perform solution purification, and impurities such as arsenic and heavy metals are removed by filtration.

The filtrate can be concentrated by vacuum evaporation, cooled crystallization and centrifuged.
Alternatively, yellow phosphorus is reacted with hydrated lime and water in a reactor at 98 ° C.
To form calcium hypophosphite, and then carbon dioxide is introduced to further remove a small amount of calcium hydroxide.
Sodium hypophosphite solution is added to the calcium hypophosphite solution to react to form sodium hypophosphite, which is then purified by removing arsenic and heavy metals, and finally a sodium hypophosphite product is prepared by cooling crystallization and centrifugal separation.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
sodium carbonate was used to neutralize hypophosphorous acid.
The yellow phosphorus reacts with hydrated lime and water to form calcium hypophosphite, which is then metathesized with soda ash.
The ratio of mass fraction of 1: 4 of yellow phosphorus and slaked lime are sequentially put into the reaction kettle, and water is added to form a slurry, and the mixture is heated and heated until 90 ℃, and the reaction is maintained for a period of time, the reaction was stopped in the absence of gas evolution.

Unreacted solids were removed.
The filtrate was placed in a stirred tank and bubbled with carbon dioxide while stirring to precipitate calcium hydroxide dissolved in the filtrate to form calcium carbonate.

Then, the decomposition reaction was carried out by adding aqueous solution of sodium pudding, and the endpoint was measured after 0.5~1 h of reaction (clear liquid was taken and sodium carbonate solution was added, if there was no turbidity, the endpoint was reached).
After the double decomposition reaction, the solution was filtered to remove the calcium carbonate precipitate, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum.

When the temperature reached 20 ° Bé, the calcium carbonate precipitate was removed by re-filtration, and the solution was concentrated in vacuum again, evaporation was stopped when a crystalline film was present on the surface.
Into the crystallization tank cooling, crystallization, centrifugal removal of mother liquor, drying to sodium hypophosphite.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
Chemical formula: NaPO2H2
Molar mass: 87.98 g/mol (anhydrous), 105.99 g/mol (monohydrate)
Appearance: white solid
Density: 0.8 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
Melting point: 310 °C (590 °F; 583 K) (monohydrate)
Solubility in water: soluble
Solubility: Ethanol, Acetic acid, Ethylene glycol, Propylene glycol
Appearance: White crystal powder
Clarity and color of water (10w/v%): Clear
pH (5w/v%): 6.0-7.0
Na2HPO3 ≦: 0.3%
Cl ≦ 50ppm
SO4 ≦ 100ppm
As ≦ 0.5ppm
Heavy-metal(Pb) ≦ 2ppm
Fe ≦ 1ppm
Ca ≦ 50ppm
NaH2PO2・H2O 102%-105%
Molecular Weight: 85.962 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 85.95336052 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 85.95336052 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.1Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 13.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Flash Point: 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)
Soluble in: water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Physical state: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: >= 238 °C at 1.013 hPa
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: 239 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 6,0 - 8,0 at 20 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 909 g/l at 30 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,77 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available

Chemical formula: NaPO2H2 (anhydrous)
NaPO2H2·H2O (monohydrate)
Molar mass: 87.98 g/mol (anhydrous)
105.99 g/mol (monohydrate)
Appearance: Deliquescent white solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.77 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
Melting point: 310 °C (590 °F; 583 K) (monohydrate) (decomposes)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 90 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Solubility: Slightly soluble in aq. ammonia, ethanol, ethylene glycol, methanol
Poorly soluble in propylene glycol
Solubility in ethylene glycol: 33.0 g/100 g (25 °C)
Solubility in propylene glycol: 9.7 g/100 g (25 °C)
Vapor pressure: ~0 mmHg
Color: Colorless
Flash point: Not applicable
Form: Solid
Grade: Reagent Grade
Purity Percentage: 98.00
Purity Details: 98.00-101.00%
Solubility in Water: Completely soluble
Vapor Pressure: Negligible
pH-Value: 6.0-8.0 (20 °C)
Product Line: Puriss.
Storage Temperature: Ambient

Molecular Formula: H2NaO2P
Molar Mass: 87.98
Density: 1.77 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Water Solubility: 909g/L at 30℃
Merck: 13,8703
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Assay: 98%
Density: 800 kg/m3 (lit)
Melting point: 90oC (lit)
CBNumber:CB5348000
Molecular Formula: H2NaO2P
Molecular Weight: 87.98
MDL Number: MFCD09265474
MOL File: 7681-53-0.mol
Density: 1.77 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Water Solubility: 909g/L at 30℃
Merck: 13,8703
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: ZGKNDXOLMOFEJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Appearance: A white crystalline powder,Highly soluble in water
Sodium Phosphite: 0.5%
Calcium Max.: 30 PPM
Sulphat: Max. 30 PPM
Chloride: Max. 30 PPM
Arsenic: Max. 1 PPM
Iron: Max. 1 PPM
Lead: Max. 1 PPM
Ph: 6.0 to 8.0
Assay: 99.5% to 101%
PSA： 40.1
XLogP3： 0.08820
Appearance： odorless white crystals
Density： 1.388
Melting Point： Decomposes above 238 deg C (OECD Guideline 102)
Water Solubility： Slightly soluble in ammonia and ammonium hydroxide
Storage Conditions： Keep well closed.
Taste： Bittersweet, saline taste



FIRST AID MEASURES of SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Sodium phosphinate
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Sodium phosphinate
Sodium hydrophosphite
Sodium phosphenite
Natriumhypophosphit [German]
Phosphinic acid monosodium salt
Sodium phosphinate (NaH2PO2)
HSDB 6032
Sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2)
Hypophosphorous acid monosodium salt
EINECS 231-669-9
Sodium hydrogen phosphite (NaH2PO2)
H2O2P.Na
oxido(oxo)phosphanium
H3-O2-P.Na
CHEMBL2146115
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE [MI]
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE [FCC]
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE [HSDB]
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE [WHO-DD]
AKOS025244065
LS-145540
Q2090740
Sodium phosphenite
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, sodium phosphinate
SHP
Chemical na-47
sodiumphosphinate
sodium phosphinate
sodiummonophosphate
Sodium Hypophosphite
sodiumhydrophosphite
sodium monophosphate
Phosphinicacid,sodiumsalt
sodiumphosphinate(nah2po2)
phosphinicacidmonosodiumsalt
Phosphinic acid, sodium salt
sodiumhydrogenphosphite(nah2po2)
Sodium hypophosphite
phosphinicacidmonosodiumsalt
Chemicalna-47
sodiumphosphinate
SodiuM phosphenite
sodiummonophosphate
natriumhypophosphit
sodiumhydrophosphite
Sodium Hypophosphite
SodiumHypophosphiteGr
Phosphinic acid,sodium salt (1:1)
Phosphinic acid,sodium salt
Sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2)
Monosodium hypophosphite
Phosphinic acid monosodium salt
Sodium phosphinate
Hypophosphorous acid monosodium salt
Sodium hydrogen phosphite (NaH2PO2)
Sodium hydrophosphite
Sodium phosphinate (NaH2PO2)
Sodium hypophosphite
Sodium phosphate (NaH2PO2)
Sodium phosphinite
Crosslink WC 205
14529-89-6
15883-32-6
174571-46-1
1007476-22-3
Phosphinicacid, sodium salt (8CI,9CI)
Sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) (7CI)
Crosslink WC205
Hypophosphorous acid monosodium salt
Monosodium hypophosphite
Phosphinicacid monosodium salt
Sodium hydrogen phosphite (NaH2PO2)
Sodiumhydrophosphite
Phosphinicacid, sodium salt (1:1)
Sodium phosphate (NaH2PO2)
Sodiumphosphinate
Sodium phosphinate (NaH2PO2)
Sodium phosphinite
Sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2)
Sodiuhypophos

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is also known as sodium phosphinate
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air.


CAS NUMBER: 7681-53-0

EC NUMBER: -

MOLECULAR FORMULA: NaH2PO2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 87.98 g/mol

IUPAC NAME: sodium;dihydroxyphosphanide


Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is often encountered as the monohydrate, NaPO2H2·H2O.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) should be kept in a cool, dry place, isolated from oxidizing materials.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) decomposes into phosphine which is irritating to the respiratory tract and disodium phosphate.
2 NaH2PO2 → PH3 + Na2HPO4

Like other hypophosphites, Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) can reduce metal ions back into base metal.
This forms the basis for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which is its main industrial application.
With this method, a durable nickel-phosphorus film can coat objects with irregular surfaces, such as in avionics, aviation and the petroleum field.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is capable of reducing nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a high purity
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a clear colorless liquid

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is an effective reducing agent and antioxidant.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in the surface finishing industry for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which has the benefits of uniform plating thickness on metal objects, ceramics, and plastics.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is also used as a catalyst for polymerization reactions and in the fiber glass industry.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) acts as a stabilizer for polymers during thermal processing and extrusion.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a source of electrons used for resin regeneration of Ion Exchange Resins.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) Monohydrate is also called sodium phosphinate

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is the most common form of Sodium Hypophosphite (SHP)
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a chemical reducing agent with applications as an electroplating agent

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as a polymerization catalyst and polymer stabilizer
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) can be used as a flame retardant, and regenerating agent for ion exchange resins.

Like other hypophosphites, Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) can reduce metal ions back into base metal.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is capable of reducing nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.

Application Areas
-Electroplating
-Electronics
-Automotive
-Water treatment
-Chemical manufacturing

Electrochemical Nickel Plating and Electroless Nickel Plating:
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in electrochemical nickel plating and the Electroless Nickel (EN) process.
The EN process with Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) produces a uniform plating thickness on metals and other materials, such as ceramics and plastics.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is widely used as a reducing agent for the Electroless Nickel Plating in the electronics and automotive industry.

Industrial Applications:
In chemical processing, Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as a raw material for the production of hypophosphorous acid, as well as, a reducing agent and antioxidant.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a polymerization catalyst for acrylic acid-based polymers.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as a stabilizer for polymers during extrusion and other thermal processing.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in the preparation of fire retardants
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) can be used as a partial fire retardant.

Water Treatment:
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in water treatment to reduce the metal ion content in industrial wastewater prior to discharge.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is an effective reducing agent for the removal of Nickel, Copper, and Iron.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a source of electrons used for resin regeneration of Ion Exchange Resins.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a chemical reducer obtained from the reaction of phosphorous with caustic soda and lime.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is mainly used in electrochemical nickel plating applications, whitening agent and as catalysts in the fiber-glass industry.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a white crystalline solid or granular material
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is soluble in water and has the chemical formula NaH2PO2.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as an analytical reagent
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as a pH buffer and reducing agent.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) reacts with hydrogen fluoride to form phosphorous acid
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) can be used to produce phosphoric acid.

In this reaction, Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) acts as a reducing agent because it transfers its electrons to hydrogen fluoride.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) can also be used to reduce phosphorus pentoxide to form phosphorus oxide.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 87.978 g/mol

-Exact Mass: 87.96901058 g/mol

-Monoisotopic Mass: 87.96901058 g/mol

-Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5Ų

-Physical Description: White granules or crystals

-Color: Colorless to White

-Form: Solid

-Taste: Bittersweet, saline taste

-Melting Point: 310 °C

-Solubility: Soluble in water

-Density: 1.77

-Decomposition: Decomposes when heated


Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used for electroless nickel plating agent and water treatment agent.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is also used in petroleum fields.

Further, Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as a food additive.
In addition, Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) reduces nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2

-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3

-Rotatable Bond Count: 0

-Heavy Atom Count: 4

-Formal Charge: 0

-Complexity: 6

-Isotope Atom Count: 0

-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2

-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

-Chemical Classes: Other Classes -> Phosphite Compounds


Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a white, odorless, deliquescent granular powder
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) has a saline taste.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is also prepared as colorless, pearly crystalline plates.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerol.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is prepared by neutralization of hypophosphorous acid or by direct aqueous alkaline hydrolysis of white phosphorus.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as an emulsifier or stabilizer

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in cod-liver oil emulsions at levels not to exceed current good manufacturing practice.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in food with no limitations

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) acts as a reducing agent for electroless nickel plating application, which finds its usage in the electronics and automotive industry.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used for electroless nickel plating agent and water treatment agent.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is also used in petroleum fields
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is very soluble in water, in alcohol and glycerine

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is practically insoluble in ether.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as a catalyst in different areas

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in the following products:
-pH regulators
-water treatment products
-polymers
-metal surface treatment products
-non-metal-surface treatment products
-welding & soldering products

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used for the manufacture of:
-chemicals
-plastic products
-rubber products
-electrical
-electronic and optical equipment
-machinery and vehicles
-textile,
-leather or fur
-wood and wood products
-pulp, paper and paper products
-fabricated metal products

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a high purity

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a clear colorless liquid
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in the surface finishing industry for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which has the benefits of uniform plating thickness on metal objects, ceramics, and plastics.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is also used as a catalyst for polymerization reactions and in the fiber glass industry.
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) acts as a stabilizer for polymers during thermal processing and extrusion.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as a polymerization catalyst and polymer stabilizer
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as a stabilizer for polymers during extrusion and other thermal processing.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used in the preparation of fire retardants
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) can be used as a partial fire retardant.

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is a white crystalline solid or granular material
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is soluble in water

Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) is used as an analytical reagent
Sodium Hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) can be used to produce phosphoric acid.


SYNONYMS:

SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Sodium phosphenite
sodium;oxido(oxo)phosphanium
CHEMBL2146115
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
AKOS025244065
Q2090740
Sodium hypophosphite
phosphinicacidmonosodiumsalt
Chemicalna-47
sodiumphosphinate
SodiuM phosphenite
sodiummonophosphate
natriumhypophosphit
sodiumhydrophosphite
Sodium Hypophosphite
SodiumHypophosphite
7681-53-0 [RN]
Hypophosphorous acid monosodium salt
MFCD09265474
Monosodium hypophosphite
Natriumphosphinat
Phosphinate de sodium
Sodium hypophosphite
sodium phosphinate
WB5950000
10039-56-2 [RN]
Natriumhypophosphit
Phosphinic acid monosodium salt
Phosphinic acid, sodium salt
Sodium hydrophosphite

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a white crystalline, hydroscopic property and deliquescent
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is soluble in water and alcohol.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can be used as a food additive.


CAS NUMBER: 7681-53-0

EC NUMBER: -

MOLECULAR FORMULA: NaH2PO2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 87.98 g/mol

IUPAC NAME: sodium;dihydroxyphosphanide



Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is mainly used as reducing agent for electroless plating.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates)

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can also be used as interface activator, molecular weight regulator and heat stabilizer of synthetic resin
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is mainly used as reducing agent for electroless plating.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt)'s molecular formula is NaPO2H2
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is also known as sodium phosphinate
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is often encountered as the monohydrate, NaPO2H2·H2O.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used in formulating many pharmaceutical products.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a common reducing agent for metal plating.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a critical ingredient of electroless nickel plating solutions.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used in the following products:
-pH regulators
-water treatment products
-polymers
-metal surface treatment products
-non-metal-surface treatment products
-welding & soldering products

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) acts as a reducing agent to supply the electrons necessary
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) used as a raw material in the production of other products, including Hypophosphorous Acid.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can be as use as an analytical reagent.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) used as a catalyst in some polymerization reactions.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used in water treatment to reduce the metal ion content in industrial wastewater prior to discharge.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is an effective reducing agent for the removal of Nickel, Copper, and Iron.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a source of electrons used for resin regeneration of Ion Exchange Resins.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as a stabilizer to prevent degradation of polymers during extrusion or in other heated processing.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) may be used as a partial fire retardant.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used for the manufacture of:
-chemicals
-plastic products
-rubber products
-electrical
-electronic and optical equipment
-machinery and vehicles
-textile
-leather or fur
-wood and wood products
-pulp, paper and paper products
-fabricated metal products

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as a water treatment agent and as a meat preservative.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used to prevent the discoloration of polymers.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used to manufacture hypophosphorous acid which has same application with Sodium Hypophosphite.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as an electroless plating agent
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is widely used in electronics, machinery, petroleum, chemical, aviation, navigation, food and medicine and other industries.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can be used as a water treatment
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used to preparation of various industrial preservatives and oil field scale inhibitors.

In chemical processing, Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as a raw material for the production of hypophosphorous acid, as well as, a reducing agent and antioxidant.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a polymerization catalyst for acrylic acid-based polymers.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as a stabilizer for polymers during extrusion and other thermal processing.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used in the preparation of fire retardants and may be used as a partial fire retardant.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is also used in food, industrial boiler water additives.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can be used as a catalyst for chemical reaction, stabilizer.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can be used as antioxidant, anti-decolorization agent, dispersant, textile finishing and pharmaceutical industries.

USAGE:
*Pharmaceutic aid as antioxidant
*Retrieval of non-ferrous
*Ingredient of electroless plating solutions.
*Water treatment agent
*Meat preservative.
*Prevent the discoloration of polymers
*Production of chemicals


USES:
Like other hypophosphites, Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can reduce metal ions back into base metal.
This forms the basis for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which is its main industrial application.
With this method, a durable nickel-phosphorus film can coat objects with irregular surfaces, such as in avionics, aviation and the petroleum field.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is capable of reducing nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.
The latter requires that the substrate is activated with fine particles of palladium.

The resulting nickel deposit contains up to 15% phosphorus.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) has been investigated as a food additive.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 87.978 g/mol

-Exact Mass: 87.96901058 g/mol

-Monoisotopic Mass: 87.96901058 g/mol

-Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5Ų

-Physical Description: White granules or crystals

-Color: Colorless to White

-Form: Solid

-Taste: Bittersweet, saline taste

-Melting Point: 310 °C

-Solubility: Soluble in water

-Density: 1.77

-Decomposition: Decomposes when heated


Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a high purity
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a clear colorless liquid
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is an effective reducing agent and antioxidant.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used in the surface finishing industry for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which has the benefits of uniform plating thickness on metal objects, ceramics, and plastics.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is also used as a catalyst for polymerization reactions and in the fiber glass industry.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) acts as a stabilizer for polymers during thermal processing and extrusion.


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2

-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3

-Rotatable Bond Count: 0

-Heavy Atom Count: 4

-Formal Charge: 0

-Complexity: 6

-Isotope Atom Count: 0

-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2

-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

-Chemical Classes: Other Classes -> Phosphite Compounds


Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as a polymerization catalyst and polymer stabilizer
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can be used as a flame retardant, and regenerating agent for ion exchange resins.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as a stabilizer for polymers during extrusion and other thermal processing.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used in the preparation of fire retardants

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) can be used as a partial fire retardant.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is a white crystalline solid or granular material

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is soluble in water and has the chemical formula NaH2PO2.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as an analytical reagent

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as a pH buffer and reducing agent.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) acts as a reducing agent for electroless nickel plating application, which finds its usage in the electronics and automotive industry.

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used for electroless nickel plating agent and water treatment agent.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is also used in petroleum fields

Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is very soluble in water, in alcohol and glycerine
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is practically insoluble in ether.
Sodium Hypophosphite (Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt) is used as a catalyst in different areas


SYNONYMS:

SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Phosphinic Acid, Sodium Salt
Sodium phosphenite
Sodium phosphenite
hypophosphorous acid monosodium salt
phosphinic acid monosodium salt
phosphinic acid sodium salt (1:1)
phosphinic acid, sodium salt
sodium hydrogen phosphite
sodium hydrogen phosphite (NaH2PO2)
sodium hydrophosphite
sodium phosphinate
Sodium Phosphenite
Sodium Phosphinate
7681-53-0
sodiummonophosphate
natriumhypophosphit
sodiumhydrophosphite
Sodium Hypophosphite
SodiumHypophosphite
7681-53-0
Hypophosphorous acid monosodium salt
Monosodium hypophosphite
Natriumphosphinat
Phosphinate de sodium
sodium;oxido(oxo)phosphanium
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Sodium hypophosphite
phosphinicacidmonosodiumsalt
Chemicalna-47
sodiumphosphinate
Sodium hypophosphite
sodium phosphinate
10039-56-2
Natriumhypophosphit
Hypophosphorous acid monosodium salt
Monosodium hypophosphite
Natriumhypophosphit
Phosphinic acid monosodium salt
Phosphinic acid, sodium salt
Phosphinic acid, sodium salt (1:1)
Sodium hydrogen phosphite (NaH2PO2)
Sodium hydrophosphite
Sodium hypophosphite
Sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2)
Sodium phosphinate
Sodium phosphinate
sodium phosphinate
Sodium phosphinate (NaH2PO2)
phosphinic acid, sodium salt
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Sodium Hypophosphite
Sodium hypophosphite
sodium hypophosphite
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Sodium hypophosphite
Phosphinic acid monosodium salt
Phosphinic acid, sodium salt
Sodium hydrophosphite

DESCRIPTION:

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula NaH2PO2, monoclinic crystal or pearly crystal or white crystalline powder.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is easily soluble in water, ethanol, glycerin, slightly soluble in ammonia, ammonia water, and insoluble in ether.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is neutral in aqueous solution and has strong reducing properties.


CAS NUMBER: 10039-56-2

EC NUMBER: 600-090-7

MOLECULAR FORMULA: NaH2PO2 · H2O

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 105.99



DESCRIPTION:

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is relatively stable when stored in a dry state, and rapidly decomposes when heated above 200°C, releasing toxic phosphine that can ignite spontaneously.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate will explode when exposed to strong heat, and will explode when mixed with potassium chlorate or other oxidants.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is a white crystalline powder; it is odourless and bitter.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is very soluble in water, in alcohol and glycerine, practically insoluble in ether.

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is used for electroless nickel plating agent and water treatment agent.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is also used in petroleum fields. Further, it is used as a food additive.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate reduces nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate can be used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles (NiNP) from nickel acetate tetrahydrate under microwave irradiation.

Hydrogen donor in the enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of aliphatic and aromatic ketones to corresponding alcohols in presence of ruthenium catalyst.
Catalyst in esterification of spent grain to improve heavy metal ions adsorption capacity using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is used for electroless nickel plating.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is capable of reducing nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is mainly used for electroless nickel plating.

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate can widely be used ionics, aviation and the petroleum field.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is also used as a food additive.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is a strong reducing agent, which can reduce the salts of gold, silver, mercury, nickel, chromium, diamond, etc. to a metallic state.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid and is often encountered as the monohydrate, NaPO2H2·H2O.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is used for electroless nickel plating agent and water treatment agent.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is also used in petroleum fields.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is used as a food additive.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate reduces nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is monohydrate, NaPO2H2·H2O.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is mainly used for electroless nickel plating.

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate should be kept in a cool, dry place, isolated from oxidizing materials.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate decomposes into phosphine which is irritating to the respiratory tract and disodium phosphate.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate can reduce metal ions back into base metal.
This forms the basis for electroless nickel plating (Ni-P), which is its main industrial application.

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is capable of reducing nickel ions in solution to metallic nickel on metal substrates as well as on plastic substrates.
The latter requires that the substrate is activated with fine particles of palladium.
The resulting nickel deposit contains up to 15% phosphorus.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate acts as a reducing agent to supply the electrons necessary for the EN process.
The EN process allows for uniform plating thickness on not only metal objects, but also plastics and ceramics.

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is used as a raw material in the production of other products, including Hypophosphorous Acid.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate may be used in synthetic organic chemistry, especially in deamination via reduction of diazo derivatives.Reducing Agent
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate may be used as a reducing agent or antioxidant in chemical processing.

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is used as a catalyst in some polymerization reactions.Polymer Stabilizer
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is used as a stabilizer to prevent degradation of polymers during extrusion or in other heated processing.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate may be used as a partial fire retardant.



USAGE AREAS:

-Pharmaceutic aid as antioxidant
-Retrieval of non-ferrous
-Ingredient of electroless plating solutions.
-Water treatment agent
-Meat preservative.
-Prevent the discoloration of polymers
-Production of chemicals.



USAGE:

-Used as an electroless plating agent:

-Chemical Plating (Chemical Plating) is a technology to realize the metalization of non-conductor surfaces, which is widely used in surface modification, printed circuit manufacturing, electromagnetic shielding technology, electronic component packaging and other fields.
-The use of other reducing agents in the electroless copper plating solution to replace formaldehyde has been reported in the literature and patents.
The main alternative reducing agents are dimethylamine borane (DMAB), glyoxylic acid, and Sodium Hypophosphite.
-Among them, the electroless plating system using Sodium Hypophosphite as the reducing agent has the characteristics of low pH, low cost and relative safety, and has great development value and application prospects.



-Used as antiseptic and fresh-keeping agent:

-Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate can play a role in preservation and bacteriostasis, and it can preserve the freshness of fruits, vegetables and cut flowers.
-Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate has antiseptic preservation effect on meat, poultry and fish.
-Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate's products can also be used as food additives.



APPLICATIONS:

-Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate can be used to prepare various industrial preservatives and oilfield scale inhibitors, etc.
-Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is also used to make food industry boiler water additives, recover various metals from various electroless plating wastewater and remove chlorides and cyanates.
-Catalyst, stabilizer, preparation of polyamide polymer polyamide, speed up chemical reaction.
-Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate can also be used as a stabilizer for chemical reactions, bleaching of mechanical pulp, and a stabilizer for peroxides.
-Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is also used as an antioxidant, anti-bleaching agent, dispersant, textile finishing and medicine industries.



APPLICATIONS:

-Reducing agent in the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles (NiNP) from nickel acetate tetrahydrate under microwave irradiation.
-Hydrogen donor in the enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of aliphatic and aromatic ketones to corresponding alcohols in presence of ruthenium catalyst.
-Catalyst in esterification of spent grain to improve heavy metal ions adsorption capacity using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Appearance: White Solid
-CAS Number: 10039-56-2
-Density: 0.8 g/cm3
-EINECS Number: 231-669-9
-InChI: 1S/Na.H3O2P.H2O/c;1-3-2;/h;3H2,(H,1,2);1H2/q+1;;/p-1
-InChIKey: PLZNPHDJGFDNRM-UHFFFAOYSA-M
-Melting Point: 90 °C
-Molar Mass: 105.99 g/mol
-Molecular Formula: NaH2PO2.H2O
-NFPA 704: H-1,F-0,R-1,C-NA
-RTECS Number: SZ5640000
-Solubility: 1000 g/l



SPECIFICATIONS:

-Density: 1.77g/cm3at20°C
-Merck: 13,8703
-Stability: Stable.Incompatiblewithstrongoxidizingagents.
-InChIKey: ZGKNDXOLMOFEJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M



HOW DOES IT WORK:

For Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate reduction electroless copper plating and other electroless copper plating processes, they have the same chemical principle.
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate's essence is also an electroless copper plating method to reduce the free copper ions in the copper plating solution to solid copper crystals and plate them on the surface of the substrate with the help of a suitable reducing agent.
Nowadays, the electroless copper plating process for sodium hypophosphite reduction is very similar to the electroless copper plating process for formaldehyde reduction, but the reaction mechanism is much more complicated.

This is because pure metallic copper has no catalytic activity for the oxidation reaction of sodium hypophosphite.
When using it as a reducing agent for electroless copper plating, Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate cannot achieve an autocatalytic electroless plating reaction through the copper particles and silver particles produced in the activation and sensitization stages like the formaldehyde system.
To make the electroless copper plating reaction of the Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate system continue, it is necessary to add a substance with catalytic activity for the electroless plating reaction.

The current way to solve this technical problem is to learn from the process principle of electroless nickel plating.
Nickel ions are added to the plating solution, and a copper plating layer containing a small amount of nickel is obtained through the co-deposition of metallic nickel and copper.
The deposited nickel particles can catalyze the reaction of sodium hypophosphite reducing Cu2+, so as to ensure the continuous progress of the electroless copper plating reaction, and finally obtain a high-quality copper coating.



PROPERTIES:

-Assay: ≥99%
-form: powder, crystals or chunks
-solubility: water: 100 mg/mL, clear, colorless
-SMILES string: O.[Na+].[O-][PH2]=O
-InChI: 1S/Na.H3O2P.H2O/c;1-3-2;/h;3H2,(H,1,2);1H2/q+1;;/p-1
-InChI key: PLZNPHDJGFDNRM-UHFFFAOYSA-M



CHARACTERISTICS:

-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
-Rotatable Bond Count: 0
-Topological Polar Surface Area: 41.1Ų
-Heavy Atom Count: 5
-Complexity: 13.5
-Isotope Atom Count: 0
-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 105.99
-Appearance: White crystalline solid
-Bulk Density: 1.05 g/l
-Solubility in H2O: Soluble
-Exact Mass: 105.979575
-Monoisotopic Mass: 105.979575



CHARACTERISTICS:

-PSA： 41.1
-XLogP3： 0.02390
-Appearance： odorless white crystals at room temperature
-Density： 0.8 g/cm3 (20ºC)
-Melting Point： 90°C
-Water Solubility： H2O: 1000 g/L (20 ºC)



STORAGE:

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.



SYNONYM:

Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate
Sodium hypophosphite hydrate
Sodium phosphinate hydrate
Sodium phosphenite hydrate
Fosfornan sodny [Czech]
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE EN GRADE
H2O2P.Na.H2O
H2-O2-P.Na.H2-O
DTXSID40143243
AKOS015911117
AKOS015912627
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE, MONOHYDRATE
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, >=99%
LS-106210
FT-0653627
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE MONOHYDRATE [MI]
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, puriss., 98.0%
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, puriss. p.a., Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99%
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, puriss., meets analytical specification of DAC, 99-103%
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, SAJ first grade, 80.0-86.0% anhydrous basis
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, SAJ special grade, 82.0-86.0% anhydrous basis
sodium hypophosphite hydrate
sodium phosphinate hydrate
sodium phosphenite hydrate
sodium hypophosphite en grade
sodium hydrate hypophosphite
sodium hypophosphite monohydrate 250g
phosphinic acid sodium salt monohydrate
sodium hypophosphite monohydrate
phosphonous acid monosodium salt monohydrate
sodium hypophosphite monohydrate





IUPAC NAME:

phosphinic acid, sodium salt
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Sodium Hypophosphite
Sodium hypophosphite
sodium hypophosphite
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Sodium hypophosphite
sodium phosphinat
Sodium phosphinate
sodium Phosphinate
sodium phosphinate
Sodium phosphinate
Sodium pophosphinate