Sodium chloride commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions.
In cosmetics, Sodium chloride is often used as a thickener in shampoos and shower gels or in oral preparations to clean and eliminate odors.
Sodium chloride is used to treat or prevent sodium loss caused by dehydration, excessive sweating, or other causes.
CAS Number: 7647-14-5
EC Number: 231-598-3
Chemical Formula: NaCl
Molar Mass: 58.443 g/mol
Synonyms: sodium chloride, 7647-14-5, Salt, Table salt, Halite, Saline, Rock salt, Common salt, Dendritis, Purex, Sodium chloric, Iodized salt, Top flake, Sodium chloride (NaCl), Hyposaline, Sodium monochloride, Flexivial, Gingivyl, Slow Sodium, Sea salt, NaCl, SS salt, sodiumchloride, Natriumchlorid, Adsorbanac, Hypersal, sodium;chloride, Trisodium trichloride, White crystal, H.G. blending, Salt (ingredient), Colyte, Isotonic saline, Sodium chloride (Na4Cl4), Caswell No. 754, Normal saline, Natrum Muriaticum, Extra Fine 200 Salt, Extra Fine 325 Salt,Sodium chloride brine, purified, Arm-A-Vial, CCRIS 982, Dendritic salt, HSDB 6368, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 013905, 14762-51-7, MFCD00003477, NSC-77364, Sodium chloride, hypertonic, LS-1700, 10% Sodium Chloride Injection, CHEBI:26710, 451W47IQ8X, Ayr, Sodium chloride, ultra dry, Natriumchlorid [German], Broncho saline, Halite (NaCl), Sodium chloride, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Sodium-36 chloride, EINECS 231-598-3, NSC 77364, Sodium chloride (Na36Cl), Sodium chloride [USP:JAN], Isotonic, Kochsalz, Mafiron, Rocksalt, Titrisol, cloruro sodico, sodium-chloride, Solsel, UNII-451W47IQ8X, natrii chloridum, Sea water, Watesal, Uzushio Biryuu M, chlorure de sodium, Adsorbanac (TN), Brinewate Superfine, Sodium chloride in plastic container, sodium chloride salt, Canners 999, Sodium Chloride ACS, NaCl Solution, 1M, 0.9% saline, Sodium chloride 3% in plastic container, Sodium chloride 5% in plastic container, SUPRASEL NITRITE, Saline, sodium chloride, Sodium chloride, tablet, Sodium chloride (8CI), Sodium chloride 0.9% in plastic container, mono-sodium chloride salt, 0.9% nacl, Sodium chloride 0.45% in plastic container, Sodium chloride 23.4% in plastic container, Sodium chloride, isotonic, UNII-VR5Y7PDT5W, Salt (6CI,7CI), VR5Y7PDT5W, Special Salt 100/95, Nacl 0.9%, WLN: NA G, EC 231-598-3, SODIUM CHLORIDE [II], SODIUM CHLORIDE [MI], Sodium chloride 0.9% in sterile plastic container, Sodium chloride, ACS reagent, B1655 [LANGUAL], SODIUM CHLORIDE [JAN], RNS60 COMPONENT SALINE, Sodium chloride (JP17/USP), SODIUM CHLORIDE [HSDB], SODIUM CHLORIDE [INCI], Sodium chloride, Optical Grade, SODIUM CHLORIDE [VANDF], SODIUM CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS, Bacteriostatic sodium chloride 0.9% in plastic container, CHEMBL1200574, DTXSID3021271, NATRUM MURIATICUM [HPUS], RNS-60 COMPONENT SALINE, Isotonic, sodium chloride solution, Sodium chloride biochemical grade, 7647-14-5 (solid), SODIUM CHLORIDE [USP-RS], SODIUM CHLORIDE [WHO-DD], SODIUM CHLORIDE [WHO-IP], SODIUM, CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS, NSC77364, Sodium chloride, AR, >=99.9%, Sodium chloride, LR, >=99.5%, Sodium chloride, Spectroscopy Grade, STR02627, Sodium chloride, MANAC, Incorporated, SODIUM CHLORIDE [GREEN BOOK], Sodium chloride, >=99%, AR grade, SODIUM CHLORIDE [ORANGE BOOK], AKOS024438089, AKOS024457457, SODIUM CHLORIDE [EP MONOGRAPH], SODIUM CHLORIDE, BACTERIOSTATIC, DB09153, SODIUM CHLORIDE [USP MONOGRAPH], Sodium chloride, technical grade, 95%, Sodium chloride, technical grade, 97%, NATRII CHLORIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN], Sodium chloride, Ph. 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Sodium chloride is the chemical name for salt.
Sodium is an electrolyte that regulates the amount of water in your body.
Sodium also plays a part in nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
Sodium chloride is used to treat or prevent sodium loss caused by dehydration, excessive sweating, or other causes.
Sodium chloride is commonly known as salt.
Salt is found naturally at low levels in all foods, but high levels are added to many processed foods such as ready meals, meat products such as bacon, some breakfast cereals, cheese, some tinned vegetables, some bread and savoury snacks.
Sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly known as salt, is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth and an essential nutrient for many animals and plants.
Sodium chloride is naturally found in seawater and in underground rock formations.
Sodium chloride commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions.
With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl.
Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms.
In Sodium chloride is edible form, salt (also known as table salt) is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative.
Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and Sodium chloride is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses.
Another major application of sodium chloride is deicing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.
Sodium Chloride is commonly known as salt, which is an ionic compound having the chemical formula (NaCl), representing a 1:1 ratio of chloride and sodium ions.
Sodium chloride is a salt that is the most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of various multicellular organisms.
Sodium chloride is a sodium salt also known as table salt, commonly used in food for salting food.
Sodium chloride is the basic material in the chemical industry to produce soda and chlorine.
In cosmetics, Sodium chloride is often used as a thickener in shampoos and shower gels or in oral preparations to clean and eliminate odors.
Table salt (depending on the concentration used) may tend in some cases to dry the skin and irritate the scalp.
Sodium chloride is allowed in organic.
Sodium chloride (chemical formula NaCl), known as table salt, rock salt, sea salt, and the mineral halite, is an ionic compound consisting of cube-shaped crystals composed of the elements sodium and chlorine.
Sodium chloride is responsible for the saltiness of the world’s oceans.
Sodium chloride has been of importance since ancient times and has a large and diverse range of uses.
One of Sodium chloride's largest uses is as an ingredient of salt that humans use in the eating and preparing of foods.
Sodium chloride can be prepared chemically and is obtained by mining and evaporating water from seawater and brines.
Sodium chloride is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative in Sodium chloride edible form of table salt.
Certain huge amounts of NaCl are used in numerous industrial processes and are a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds that are used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses.
A second major sodium chloride application is the de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.
About 1% to 5% of the seawater is made of sodium chloride.
Sodium chloride is a solid crystalline material white in colour.
Sodium chloride is called a saline solution in aqueous form.
The molecular weight of Sodium chloride is 58.44g/mol.
This is a water-soluble compound with a sodium cation and chloride anion.
Sodium chloride is widely well-known as table salt and is used mostly in the food industry for preservation and flavouring purposes.
The pH value of NaCl is 7.
Sodium Chloride is a metal halide composed of sodium and chloride with sodium and chloride replacement capabilities.
When depleted in the body, sodium must be replaced in order to maintain intracellular osmolarity, nerve conduction, muscle contraction and normal renal function.
Sodium chloride or table salt is a mineral substance belonging to the larger class of compounds called ionic salts.
Salt in Sodium chlorides natural form is known as rock salt or halite.
Sodium chloride is present in vast quantities in the ocean, which has about 35 grams of sodium chloride per litre, corresponding to a salinity of 3.5%.
Sodium chloride is essential for animal life, and saltiness is one of the basic human tastes.
The tissues of animals contain larger quantities of salt than do plant tissues.
Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous of food seasonings, and salting is an important method of food preservation.
Sodium chloride is produced from salt mines or by the evaporation of seawater or mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools.
Sodium chloride is used in many industrial processes and in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, paper pulp and many other consumer products.
Of the global annual production of around 200,000,000 tonnes of Sodium chloride, only 6% is used for human consumption.
Other uses include water conditioning, highway de-icing and various agricultural applications.
For humans, salt is a major source of sodium.
Sodium is essential to life:
Sodium chloride helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, and Sodium chloride is one of the factors involved in the regulation of water content.
Sodium chloride is an inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
Sodium chloride has a role as an emetic and a flame retardant.
Sodium chloride is an inorganic chloride and an inorganic sodium salt.
Sodium Chloride, with the molecular formula NaCl, is an ionic compound.
Sodium Chloride is known as salt as well.
Sodium chloride occurs in coastal waters and oceans.
Sodium chloride is also present in the form of rock salt.
Sodium chloride is consist of approximately 1 per cent to 5 per cent seawater.
Sodium chloride is a white crystalline solid.
The Sodium Chloride molecular weight is 58.44g/mol.
Sodium chloride consists of sodium cation and chloride anion and is water-soluble.
The ratio of sodium and chloride ions is 1:1.
Sodium chloride is commonly recognized as table salt and is mainly useful for preservation and flavouring in the food industry.
Sodium chloride has a pH of 7.
Sodium chloride occurs as colourless cubic crystals.
In the sea and coastal waters, sodium chloride is present, making them saltiness.
About 1-5 per cent of sodium chloride is made from seawater.
Sodium chloride is also found as the halite mineral.
The electrolyte, sodium chloride, Sodium chloride is commonly known as salt.
Sodium chloride is readily available and inexpensive.
A basic requirement for life, Sodium chloride is found throughout the earth in natural underground deposits as the mineral halite and as mixed evaporates in saline lakes.
Salt is the largest component of dissolved solids found in seawater.
Underground deposits are found throughout the world.
Producers of salt classify their output by the three methods used for Sodium chloride is production: mechanical evaporation of solution-mined brine, such as evaporated-granulated salt; underground mining of halite deposits, ie, rock salt; and solar evaporation of seawater, natural brine, or solution-mined brine such as solar salt.
Salt in solution is a fourth classification, ie, solution-mined brine typically used for feedstock for chemical production.
Salt is consumed by most of the world's population and a minimum intake of 500 mg/day is needed to sustain health.
However, there are populations that need to restrict their intake because of health issues such as hypertension.
Over 14,000 uses of salt have been identified.
Sodium chloride is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Sodium chloride is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Salt is an inorganic compound, meaning Sodium chloride doesn’t come from living matter.
Sodium chloride’s made when Na (sodium) and Cl (chloride) come together to form white, crystalline cubes.
Your body needs salt to function, but too little or too much salt can be harmful to your health.
While salt is frequently used for cooking, Sodium chloride can also be found as an ingredient in foods or cleansing solutions.
In medical cases, your doctor or nurse will typically introduce sodium chloride as an injection.
Sodium chloride is collected in table salt chemistry as sodium chloride (NaCl).
Sodium chloride crystallizes the white.
Salt is one of the food sources of all living things.
Sodium chloride is also a commercially important substance.
Table salt has been an important need throughout history all over the world.
Salt is one of the essential and essential parts of life.
Sodium chloride is one of the emission ions found in extracellular fluids, including blood plasma.
In this case, sodium chloride plays an important role in many support life processes.
Most of the sodium chloride, which is an indispensable part of the diet, comes from salts.
Salting of consumption to a certain extent can be met by the consumption of legumes, fruits and vegetables.
The ratio of plant effects to minerals may vary depending on where Sodium chloride is grown.
Because the soil gives the soil, which geographically regulates the mineral content of the soils they grow.
The use of salt is subject to certain restrictions.
However, this situation ended with salt being a commercial material.
Salt was instantly described as white gold.
The melting point of sodium chloride, that is, pure table salt, is 801 degrees.
Decomposition does not occur during melting.
At 1440 degrees, Sodium chloride turns into steam.
Sodium chloride is a pure, colorless and crystalline structure.
Sodium chloride is found in table salt, dissolved in the sea, as rock salt and in dried form in sea interiors.
Applications of Sodium chloride:
Soda-ash industry:
In the Solvay process, sodium chloride is useful to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride.
In turn, sodium carbonate, as well as a vast number of other chemicals, is in use to make glass, sodium bicarbonate.
Sodium chloride is useful for the production of sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid in the Mannheim process and the Hargreaves process.
Chlor-alkali industry:
Sodium chloride is the starting point for the process of Chlor-alkali, the synthetic chlorine and sodium hydroxide manufacturing process in either a mercury cell, a diaphragm cell, or a membrane cell.
To isolate the chlorine from the sodium hydroxide, each of these requires a different form. To isolate the chlorine from the sodium hydroxide, each of these requires a different form.
PVC, disinfectants, and solvents include some applications of chlorine.
Sodium hydroxide requires paper, soap, and aluminium to be produced by factories.
Water softening:
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions that interact with the activity of soap and contribute to the deposition in household and industrial machinery and pipes of alkaline mineral deposits on a scale or film.
To extract the offending ions that cause the hardness, commercial and residential water-softening units to use ion-exchange resins.
The use of sodium chloride to produce and regenerate these resins.
Road Salt:
The second main use of salt is for the de-icing and anti-icing of highways, both in grit bins and scattered by winter service trucks.
Roads are optimally ‘anti-iced’ with brine (concentrated solution of salt in water) in preparation of snowfall, which eliminates bonding between the snow-ice and the ground surface.
The intensive application of salt during snowfall obviates this practice.
Mixtures of brine and salt, sometimes with additional agents including calcium chloride are useful for de-icing.
The use of salt or brine below -10 ° C is inefficient.
Uses of Sodium chloride:
In addition to the familiar domestic uses of salt, more dominant applications of the approximately 250 million tonnes per year production include chemicals and de-icing.
Sodium chloride is, colorless cubic crystal or white, crystalline powder, found widely distributed over the earth, in sea water, etc., which is a necessary constituent of the body and consequently of the diet.
Sodium chloride makes up over 90 percent of the inorganic constituents of the blood serum and is the principal salt involved in maintaining osmotic tension of the blood and tissues.
Sodium chloride is used in the hide preservation and pickling stages of leather production.
Over 14,000 different uses for Sodium chloride have been identified the salt industry generally classifies Sodium chloride uses by 5 principal categories:
1) chemical
2) highway deicing and stabilization
3) food use and processing
4) agriculture
5) water conditioning.
Remaining uses are categorized as miscellaneous.
The major industries that use Sodium chloride include in descending order of quantity consumed oil and gas exploration, textiles, dyeing, pulp and paper, metal processing, tanning and leather treatment, and rubber manufacture
Chemical (sodium hydroxide, soda ash, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, metallic sodium), ceramic glazes, metallurgy, curing of hides, food preservative, mineral waters, soap manufacture (salting out), home water softeners, highway deicing, regeneration of ion-exchange resins, photography, food seasoning, herbicide, fire extinguishing, nuclear reactors, mouthwash, medicine (heat exhaustion), salting out dyestuffs, supercooled solutions.
Single crystals are used for spectroscopy, UV, and infrared transmissions.
Sodium chloride is used for food flavouring, food, plastic production, paper production, water conditioning, de-icing, agricultural applications.
Sodium chloride is produced from salt mines or by the evaporation of seawater or mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools.
Mineral Description:
Salt, also known as sodium chloride, has many end uses.
Virtually every person in the world has some direct or indirect contact with salt daily.
People routinely add salt to their food as a flavor enhancer or apply rock salt to walkways to remove ice in the winter.
Sodium chloride is used as feedstock for chlorine and caustic soda manufacture; these two inorganic chemicals are used to make many consumer-related end-use products, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic made from chlorine and paper-pulping chemicals manufactured from caustic soda.
Chemical functions
Salt is used, directly or indirectly, in the production of many chemicals, which consume most of the world's production.
Chlor-alkali industry:
Sodium chloride is the starting point for the chloralkali process, the industrial process to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide, according to the chemical equation
2NaCl+2H2O→Cl2+H2+2NaOH
This electrolysis is conducted in either a mercury cell, a diaphragm cell, or a membrane cell.
Each of those uses a different method to separate the chlorine from the sodium hydroxide.
Other technologies are under development due to the high energy consumption of the electrolysis, whereby small improvements in the efficiency can have large economic paybacks.
Some applications of chlorine include PVC thermoplastics production, disinfectants, and solvents.
Sodium hydroxide is extensively used in many different industries enabling production of paper, soap, and aluminium etc.
Soda-ash industry:
Sodium chloride is used in the Solvay process to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride.
Sodium carbonate, in turn, is used to produce glass, sodium bicarbonate, and dyes, as well as a myriad of other chemicals.
In the Mannheim process, sodium chloride is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.
Standard:
Sodium chloride has an international standard that is created by ASTM International.
The standard is named ASTM E534-13 and is the standard test methods for chemical analysis of sodium chloride.
These methods listed provide procedures for analyzing sodium chloride to determine whether Sodium chloride is suitable for Sodium chloride intended use and application.
Miscellaneous industrial uses:
Sodium chloride is heavily used, so even relatively minor applications can consume massive quantities.
In oil and gas exploration, salt is an important component of drilling fluids in well drilling.
Sodium chloride is used to flocculate and increase the density of the drilling fluid to overcome high downwell gas pressures.
Whenever a drill hits a salt formation, salt is added to the drilling fluid to saturate the solution in order to minimize the dissolution within the salt stratum.
Salt is also used to increase the curing of concrete in cemented casings.
In textiles and dyeing, salt is used as a brine rinse to separate organic contaminants, to promote "salting out" of dyestuff precipitates, and to blend with concentrated dyes to standardize them.
One of Sodium chloride main roles is to provide the positive ion charge to promote the absorption of negatively charged ions of dyes.
Sodium chloride is also used in processing aluminium, beryllium, copper, steel, and vanadium.
In the pulp and paper industry, salt is used to bleach wood pulp.
Sodium chloride also is used to make sodium chlorate, which is added along with sulfuric acid and water to manufacture chlorine dioxide, an excellent oxygen-based bleaching chemical.
The chlorine dioxide process, which originated in Germany after World War I, is becoming more popular because of environmental pressures to reduce or eliminate chlorinated bleaching compounds.
In tanning and leather treatment, salt is added to animal hides to inhibit microbial activity on the underside of the hides and to attract moisture back into the hides.
In rubber manufacture, salt is used to make buna, neoprene, and white rubber types.
Salt brine and sulfuric acid are used to coagulate an emulsified latex made from chlorinated butadiene.
Salt also is added to secure the soil and to provide firmness to the foundation on which highways are built.
The salt acts to minimize the effects of shifting caused in the subsurface by changes in humidity and traffic load.
Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant because of Sodium chloride hygroscopic properties, making salting an effective method of food preservation historically; the salt draws water out of bacteria through osmotic pressure, keeping Sodium chloride from reproducing, a major source of food spoilage. Even though more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for humans to ingest.
Water softening:
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions that interfere with action of soap and contribute to the buildup of a scale or film of alkaline mineral deposits in household and industrial equipment and pipes.
Commercial and residential water-softening units use ion-exchange resins to remove ions that cause the hardness.
These resins are generated and regenerated using sodium chloride.
Road salt:
The second major application of salt is for deicing and anti-icing of roads, both in grit bins and spread by winter service vehicles.
In anticipation of snowfall, roads are optimally "anti-iced" with brine (concentrated solution of salt in water), which prevents bonding between the snow-ice and the road surface.
This procedure obviates the heavy use of salt after the snowfall.
For de-icing, mixtures of brine and salt are used, sometimes with additional agents such as calcium chloride and/or magnesium chloride.
The use of salt or brine becomes ineffective below −10 °C (14 °F).
Salt for de-icing in the United Kingdom predominantly comes from a single mine in Winsford in Cheshire.
Prior to distribution Sodium chloride is mixed with In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt.
Other additives had been used in road salt to reduce the total costs.
For example, in the US, a byproduct carbohydrate solution from sugar-beet processing was mixed with rock salt and adhered to road surfaces about 40% better than loose rock salt alone.
Because Sodium chloride stayed on the road longer, the treatment did not have to be repeated several times, saving time and money.
In the technical terms of physical chemistry, the minimum freezing point of a water-salt mixture is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt.
Freezing near this concentration is however so slow that the eutectic point of −22.4 °C (−8.3 °F) can be reached with about 25 wt% of salt.
Environmental effects:
Road salt ends up in fresh-water bodies and could harm aquatic plants and animals by disrupting their osmoregulation ability.
The omnipresence of salt in coastal areas poses a problem in any coating application, because trapped salts cause great problems in adhesion.
Naval authorities and ship builders monitor the salt concentrations on surfaces during construction.
Maximal salt concentrations on surfaces are dependent on the authority and application.
The IMO regulation is mostly used and sets salt levels to a maximum of 50 mg/m2 soluble salts measured as sodium chloride.
These measurements are done by means of a Bresle test.
Salinization (increasing salinity, aka freshwater salinization syndrome) and subsequent increased metal leaching is an ongoing problem throughout North America and European fresh waterways.
In highway de-icing, salt has been associated with corrosion of bridge decks, motor vehicles, reinforcement bar and wire, and unprotected steel structures used in road construction.
Surface runoff, vehicle spraying, and windblown salt also affect soil, roadside vegetation, and local surface water and groundwater supplies.
Although evidence of environmental loading of salt has been found during peak usage, the spring rains and thaws usually dilute the concentrations of sodium in the area where salt was applied.
A 2009 study found that approximately 70% of the road salt being applied in the Minneapolis-St Paul metro area is retained in the local watershed.
Substitution:
Some agencies are substituting beer, molasses, and beet juice instead of road salt.
Airlines utilize more glycol and sugar rather than salt-based solutions for deicing.
Food industry and agriculture:
Many microorganisms cannot live in a salty environment: water is drawn out of their cells by osmosis.
For this reason salt is used to preserve some foods, such as bacon, fish, or cabbage.
Salt is added to food, either by the food producer or by the consumer, as a flavor enhancer, preservative, binder, fermentation-control additive, texture-control agent, and color developer.
The salt consumption in the food industry is subdivided, in descending order of consumption, into other food processing, meat packers, canning, baking, dairy, and grain mill products.
Salt is added to promote color development in bacon, ham and other processed meat products.
As a preservative, salt inhibits the growth of bacteria.
Salt acts as a binder in sausages to form a binding gel made up of meat, fat, and moisture.
Salt also acts as a flavor enhancer and as a tenderizer.
In many dairy industries, salt is added to cheese as a color-, fermentation-, and texture-control agent.
The dairy subsector includes companies that manufacture creamery butter, condensed and evaporated milk, frozen desserts, ice cream, natural and processed cheese, and specialty dairy products.
In canning, salt is primarily added as a flavor enhancer and preservative.
Sodium chloride also is used as a carrier for other ingredients, dehydrating agent, enzyme inhibitor and tenderizer.
In baking, salt is added to control the rate of fermentation in bread dough.
Sodium chloride also is used to strengthen the gluten (the elastic protein-water complex in certain doughs) and as a flavor enhancer, such as a topping on baked goods.
The food-processing category also contains grain mill products.
These products consist of milling flour and rice and manufacturing cereal breakfast food and blended or prepared flour.
Salt is also used a seasoning agent, e.g. in potato chips, pretzels, and cat and dog food.
Sodium chloride is used in veterinary medicine as emesis-causing agent.
Sodium chloride is given as warm saturated solution.
Emesis can also be caused by pharyngeal placement of small amount of plain salt or salt crystals.
Medicine:
Sodium chloride is used together with water as one of the primary solutions for intravenous therapy.
Nasal spray often contains a saline solution.
Firefighting:
Sodium chloride is the principal extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers (Met-L-X, Super D) used on combustible metal fires such as magnesium, potassium, sodium, and NaK alloys (Class D).
Thermoplastic powder is added to the mixture, along with waterproofing (metal stearates) and anticaking agents (tricalcium phosphate) to form the extinguishing agent.
When Sodium chloride is applied to the fire, the salt acts like a heat sink, dissipating heat from the fire, and also forms an oxygen-excluding crust to smother the fire.
The plastic additive melts and helps the crust maintain Sodium chloride integrity until the burning metal cools below Sodium chloride ignition temperature.
This type of extinguisher was invented in the late 1940s as a cartridge-operated unit, although stored pressure versions are now popular.
Common sizes are 30 pounds (14 kg) portable and 350 pounds (160 kg) wheeled.
Cleanser:
Since at least medieval times, people have used salt as a cleansing agent rubbed on household surfaces.
Sodium chloride is also used in many brands of shampoo, toothpaste, and popularly to de-ice driveways and patches of ice.
Optical usage:
Defect-free NaCl crystals have an optical transmittance of about 90% for infrared light, specifically between 200 nm and 20 µm.
They were therefore used in optical components (windows and prisms) operating in that spectral range, where few non-absorbing alternatives exist and where requirements for absence of microscopic inhomogeneities are less strict than in the visible range.
While inexpensive, NaCl crystals are soft and hygroscopic – when exposed to the ambient air, they gradually cover with "frost".
This limits application of NaCl to dry environments, vacuum-sealed assembly areas or for short-term uses such as prototyping.
Nowadays materials like zinc selenide (ZnSe), which are stronger mechanically and are less sensitive to moisture, are used instead of NaCl for the infrared spectral range.
Widespread uses by professional workers:
Sodium chloride is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, fertilisers, water treatment chemicals, anti-freeze products, laboratory chemicals, textile treatment products and dyes and washing & cleaning products.
Sodium chloride is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, building & construction work, scientific research and development, health services and printing and recorded media reproduction.
Sodium chloride is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products and food products.
Other release to the environment of Sodium chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).
Uses at industrial sites:
Sodium chloride is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, inks and toners, textile treatment products and dyes, leather treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, water treatment chemicals and metal surface treatment products.
Sodium chloride is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, health services and scientific research and development.
Sodium chloride is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of Sodium chloride can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation in materials and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Industry Uses:
Absorbent
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Anti-adhesive agents
Anti-static agent
Bleaching agent
Bleaching agents
Catalyst
Cleaning agent
Deodorizer
Dye
Filler
Flotation agent
Flux agent
Hardener
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Pigment
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Preservative
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Softener and conditioner
Soil amendments (fertilizers)
Solids separation (precipitating) agent, not otherwise specified
Stabilizing agent
Surface active agents
Surface modifier
Surfactant (surface active agent)
Viscosity adjustors
pH regulating agent
Consumer Uses:
Sodium chloride is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, fertilisers, perfumes and fragrances, anti-freeze products, water treatment chemicals and washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of Sodium chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Other Consumer Uses:
Adhesion/cohesion promoter
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Bleaching agents
Brightener
Catalyst
Deodorizer
Dye
Filler
Intermediates
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Pigment
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Preservative
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Soil amendments (fertilizers)
Surface active agents
Surface modifier
Surfactant (surface active agent)
Thickening agent
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Leather Tanning and Processing
Usage areas of Sodium chloride:
Salt is used directly or indirectly in the manufacture of many chemicals that consume most of the world's production.
Sodium chloride is used to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride by the Solvay process.
Sodium carbonate is used to produce glass, sodium bicarbonate and dyes as well as a number of other chemicals.
Sodium chloride is used in the Mannheim process and the Hargreaves process for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.
In oil and gas exploration, salt is an important component of drilling fluids in drilling.
Sodium chloride is used to increase the density and agglomerate of the drilling fluid to overcome the high-grade gas pressure.
Salt is also used to increase the hardening of concrete in cementitious pavements.
In textiles and dyeing, salt is used as a brine rinse to separate organic contaminants, to promote the "salting" of dye precipitates, and to standardize them by mixing with concentrated dyes.
One of Sodium chloride main tasks is to provide a positive ion charge to enhance the absorption of negatively charged ions.
Sodium chloride is also used in the processing of aluminum, beryllium, copper, steel and vanadium.
In the pulp and paper industry, salt is used to bleach wood pulp.
Sodium chloride is also used to make sodium chlorate, an excellent oxygen-based bleaching chemical to produce chlorine oxide with sulfuric acid and water.
Key Points of Sodium chloride:
Sodium chloride is an essential nutrient and is used in healthcare to help prevent patients from becoming dehydrated.
Sodium chloride is used as a food preservative and as a seasoning to enhance flavor.
Sodium chloride is also used in manufacturing to make plastics and other products, and Sodium chloride is used to de-ice roads and sidewalks.
Salt is regulated by the FDA as a “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) ingredient.
A GRAS substance is one that has a long history of safe, common use in foods, or that is determined to be safe, for the intended use, based on proven science.
Benefits of Sodium chloride:
Sodium chloride is an essential nutrient and is used in healthcare to help prevent patients from becoming dehydrated.
Sodium chloride is used as a food preservative and as a seasoning to enhance flavor.
Sodium chloride is also used in manufacturing to make plastics and other products.
Sodium chloride is also used to de-ice roads and sidewalks.
Medical and Health:
Hospitals use an intravenous sodium chloride solution to supply water and salt to patients to alleviate dehydration.
Sodium chloride is essential to maintain the electrolyte balance of fluids in a person’s body.
If levels of electrolytes become too low or too high, a person can become dehydrated or over hydrated, according to U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Food Flavoring and Preservative:
Sodium chloride has been used to flavor and preserve foods for thousands of years.
As a preservative, salt helps to prevent spoilage and helps to keep foods like ready-to-eat meats and cheeses safe to eat.
Salt is also used in fermenting processes for foods like sauerkraut, pickles and kefir.
Manufacturing:
Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in industrial manufacturing settings to make a range of products.
Plastic, paper, rubber, glass, chlorine, polyester, household bleach, soaps, detergents and dyes are made using sodium chloride.
De-Icing Roads:
Roadways and sidewalks are often de-iced by rock salt.
Rock salt is the same type of salt used on your dinner table before Sodium chloride is ground into finer crystals.
Chemistry of Sodium chloride:
Solid sodium chloride:
In solid sodium chloride, each ion is surrounded by six ions of the opposite charge as expected on electrostatic grounds.
The surrounding ions are located at the vertices of a regular octahedron.
In the language of close-packing, the larger chloride ions (167 pm in size) are arranged in a cubic array whereas the smaller sodium ions (116 pm) fill all the cubic gaps (octahedral voids) between them.
This same basic structure is found in many other compounds and is commonly known as the NaCl structure or rock salt crystal structure.
Sodium chloride can be represented as a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice with a two-atom basis or as two interpenetrating face centered cubic lattices.
The first atom is located at each lattice point, and the second atom is located halfway between lattice points along the fcc unit cell edge.
Solid sodium chloride has a melting point of 801 °C.
Thermal conductivity of sodium chloride as a function of temperature has a maximum of 2.03 W/(cm K) at 8 K (−265.15 °C; −445.27 °F) and decreases to 0.069 at 314 K (41 °C; 106 °F).
Sodium chloride also decreases with doping.
Atomic-resolution real-time video imaging allows visualization of the initial stage of crystal nucleation of sodium chloride.
From cold (sub-freezing) solutions, salt crystallises with water of hydration as hydrohalite (the dihydrate NaCl·2H2O NaCl·2H2O).
In 2023, Sodium chloride was discovered that under pressure, sodium chloride can form the hydrates NaCl·8.5H2O and NaCl·13H2O.
Aqueous solutions:
The attraction between the Na+ and Cl− ions in the solid is so strong that only highly polar solvents like water dissolve NaCl well.
When dissolved in water, the sodium chloride framework disintegrates as the Na+ and Cl− ions become surrounded by polar water molecules.
These solutions consist of metal aquo complex with the formula [Na(H2O)8]+, with the Na–O distance of 250 pm.
The chloride ions are also strongly solvated, each being surrounded by an average of six molecules of water.
Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from pure water.
The eutectic point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31% mass fraction of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is near 108.7 °C (227.7 °F).
pH of sodium chloride solutions:
The pH of a sodium chloride solution remains ≈7 due to the extremely weak basicity of the Cl− ion, which is the conjugate base of the strong acid HCl.
In other words, NaCl has no effect on system pH in diluted solutions where the effects of ionic strength and activity coefficients are negligible.
Stoichiometric and structure variants:
Common salt has a 1:1 molar ratio of sodium and chlorine.
In 2013, compounds of sodium and chloride of different stoichiometries have been discovered; five new compounds were predicted (e.g., Na3Cl, Na2Cl, Na3Cl2, NaCl3, and NaCl7).
The existence of some of them has been experimentally confirmed at high pressures and other conditions: cubic and orthorhombic NaCl3, two-dimensional metallic tetragonal Na3Cl and exotic hexagonal NaCl.
This indicates that compounds violating chemical intuition are possible, in simple systems under nonambient conditions.
Occurrence of Sodium chloride:
Most of the world's salt is dissolved in the ocean.
A lesser amount is found in the Earth's crust as the water-soluble mineral halite (rock salt), and a tiny amount exists as suspended sea salt particles in the atmosphere.
These particles are the dominant cloud condensation nuclei far out at sea, which allow the formation of clouds in otherwise non-polluted air.
Properties of Sodium chloride:
Sodium chloride is colorless in its pure form.
Sodium chloride is somewhat hygroscopic, or absorbs water from the atmosphere.
The salt easily dissolves in water.
Sodium chloride dissolution in water is endothermic, which means Sodium chloride takes some heat energy away from the water.
Sodium chloride melts at 1,474°F(801°C), boils at 2,670°F(1,465°C), has a density of 2.16 g/cm3 (at 25°C), and conducts electricity when dissolved or in the molten state.
Physical Properties:
Sodium chloride, a white crystalline solid, contains a density of 2.165 g/mL, a melting point of 801 °C, and a boiling point is about 1,413 °C.
Sodium chloride is also available as aqueous solutions with different concentrations, which are known as saline solutions.
Chemical Properties:
Sodium chloride is a readily soluble compound in water and other polar solvents and is a stable solid.
Sodium chloride decomposes only at high temperatures to produce toxic fumes of disodium oxide (Na2O) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Production of Sodium chloride:
Salt is currently mass-produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from brine wells and salt lakes.
Mining of rock salt is also a major source.
China is the world's main supplier of salt.
In 2017, world production was estimated at 280 million tonnes, the top five producers (in million tonnes) being China (68.0), United States (43.0), India (26.0), Germany (13.0), and Canada (13.0).
Salt is also a byproduct of potassium mining.
Manufacturing Methods of Sodium chloride:
An underground salt deposit may be solution-mined by drilling wells into halite veins, injecting fresh or recycled water through the well casings to dissolve the salt, and leaving a residence time long enough for the brine solution to reach saturation with sodium chloride.
The resulting brine is extracted through other wells in the same brine field or gallery.
Insoluble impurities, such as anhydrite (calcium sulfate) settle out in the underground gallery, while the saturated sodium chloride brine, called green brine (untreated or refined), is pumped to holding tanks on the surface.
Green brine is pumped from the underground cavern and transported via pipeline to the nearby salt refinery for processing into evaporated-granulated salt or is used as a feedstock for chloralkali production.
Nearly all food-grade salt sold or used in the United States is currently produced by vacuum pan evaporation of saturated brine.
Method of purification: Recrystallization.
Conventional Underground Mining: Rock salt is mined from underground deposits by drilling and blasting.
Since the late 1950s the use of continuous mining machines has increased in salt mines.
These ''continuous miners'' have movable, rotating heads with carbide-tipped cutting bits.
The mining machines bore into the salt, eliminating the need for undercutting, drilling, and blasting steps.
The crushed salt is transported from the primary crusher via conveyor belt to secondand third-stage crushers, and then to screening stations for separation into standard product grades established for specific end uses.
Commercial solar salt is produced by natural evaporation of seawater or brine in large, diked, earthen ponds called condensers.
Evaporation is carried out by solar radiation and wind action, producing concentrated brine containing dissolved mineral salts.
The process for separation of crystal types is known as fractional crystallization.
Solar salt production begins as the brine source, usually seawater, enters the solar pond system and moves in turn from one pond to the next either by pumping or by gravity.
Sodium chloride precipitates with continuing evaporation, forming a salt layer 10-25-cm thick.
Sodium chloride takes up to two years to produce salt from the time seawater is introduced into the salt pond system.
The harvested salt is loaded into trucks and transported to a wash plant, where the salt is washed with clean, nearly saturated brine to remove particulate matter and to replace magnesium-laden brine clinging to the salt crystals.
Sodium chloride, or rock salt, is obtained from underground room and pillar mining or solution mining (in which water is pumped into a rock salt deposit, brought back to the surface, and evaporated).
General Manufacturing Information of Sodium chloride:
Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Asphalt Paving, Roofing, and Coating Materials Manufacturing
Construction
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Mining (except Oil and Gas) and support activities
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Other (requires additional information)
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Primary Metal Manufacturing
Printing Ink Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Services
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Utilities
Wholesale and Retail Trade
Wood Product Manufacturing
Action Mechanism of Sodium chloride:
Sodium and chloride — major electrolytes of the fluid compartment outside of cells (i.e., extracellular) — work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure.
Disturbances in sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are associated with disorders of water balance.
Intra-amniotic instillation of 20% sodium chloride injection induces abortion and fetal death.
Although the mechanism has not been conclusively determined, some studies indicate that the drug's abortifacient activity may be mediated by prostaglandins released from decidual cells damaged by hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride.
Hypertonic sodium chloride-induced uterine contractions are usually sufficient to cause evacuation of both the fetus and placenta; however, abortion may be incomplete in 25-40% of patients.
History of Use of Sodium chloride:
In some parts of the Western Hemisphere and in India, the use of salt was introduced by Europeans, but in parts of central Africa Sodium chloride is still a luxury available only to the rich.
Where people live mainly on milk and raw or roasted meat (so that Sodium chloride natural salts are not lost), sodium chloride supplements are unnecessary; nomads with their flocks of sheep or herds of cattle, for example, never eat salt with their food.
On the other hand, people who live mostly on cereal, vegetable, or boiled meat diets require supplements of salt.
The habitual use of salt is intimately connected with the advance from nomadic to agricultural life, a step in civilization that profoundly influenced the rituals and cults of almost all ancient nations.
The gods were worshipped as the givers of the kindly fruits of the earth, and salt was usually included in sacrificial offerings consisting wholly or partly of cereal elements.
Such offerings were prevalent among the Greeks and Romans and among a number of the Semitic peoples.
Covenants were ordinarily made over a sacrificial meal, in which salt was a necessary element.
The preservative qualities of salt made Sodium chloride a peculiarly fitting symbol of an enduring compact, sealing Sodium chloride with an obligation to fidelity.
The word salt thus acquired connotations of high esteem and honour in ancient and modern languages.
Examples include the Arab avowal “There is salt between us,” the Hebrew expression “to eat the salt of the palace,” and the modern Persian phrase namak ḥarām, “untrue to salt” (i.e., disloyal or ungrateful).
In English the term “salt of the earth” describes a person held in high esteem.
Salt contributes greatly to our knowledge of the ancient highways of commerce.
One of the oldest roads in Italy is the Via Salaria (Salt Route) over which Roman salt from Ostia was carried into other parts of Italy.
Herodotus tells of a caravan route that united the salt oases of the Libyan Desert.
The ancient trade between the Aegean and the Black Sea coast of southern Russia was largely dependent on the salt pans (ponds for evaporating seawater to obtain salt) at the mouth of the Dnieper River and on the salt fish brought from this district.
China, the United States, India, Germany, Canada, and Australia are the world’s largest salt producers in the early 21st century.
Bonds of Sodium chloride:
An ionic compound such as sodium chloride is held together by an ionic bond.
This type of bond is formed when oppositely charged ions attract.
This attraction is similar to that of two opposite poles of a magnet.
An ion or charged atom is formed when the atom gains or loses one or more electrons.
Sodium chloride is called a cation if a positive charge exists and an anion if a negative charge exists.
Sodium (chemical symbol Na) is an alkali metal and tends to lose an electron to form the positive sodium ion (Na+).
Chlorine (chemical symbol Cl) is a nonmetal and tends to gain an electron to form the negative chloride ion (Cl-).
The oppositely charged ions Na+ and Cl- attract to form an ionic bond.
Many sodium and chloride ions are held together this way, resulting in a salt with a distinctive crystal shape.
The three-dimensional arrangement or crystal lattice of ions in sodium chloride is such that each Na+ is surrounded by six anions (Cl-) and each Clis surrounded by six cations (Na+).
Thus the ionic compound has a balance of oppositely charged ions and the total positive and negative charges are equal.
Safety of Sodium chloride:
Sodium chloride is regulated by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) ingredient.
A GRAS substance is one that has a long history of safe, common use in foods, or that is determined to be safe, for the intended use, based on proven science.
These substances need not be approved by FDA prior to being used.
FDA requires food labels to include information on a product’s sodium content.
In addition, U.S. Dietary Guidelines reported from the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS) and of Agriculture (USDA) recommend that most people consume no more than 2,300 milligrams of sodium a day, or about a teaspoon of table salt.
FDA notes that consuming too much salt can contribute to hypertension.
Some people are more sensitive to the effects of salt than others and should eat less of Sodium chloride.
Identifiers of Sodium chloride:
CAS Number: 7647-14-5
Beilstein Reference: 3534976
ChEBI: CHEBI:26710
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1200574
ChemSpider: 5044
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.726
EC Number: 231-598-3
Gmelin Reference: 13673
KEGG: D02056
MeSH: Sodium+chloride
PubChem CID: 5234
RTECS number: VZ4725000
UNII: 451W47IQ8X
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3021271
InChI: InChI=1S/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
Key: FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
Key: FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-REWHXWOFAE
SMILES: [Na+].[Cl-]
CAS number: 7647-14-5
EC number: 231-598-3
Grade: ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula: ClNa
Chemical formula: NaCl
Molar Mass: 58.44 g/mol
HS Code: 2501 00 99
Quality Level: MQ300
EC / List no.: 231-598-3
CAS no.: 7647-14-5
Mol. formula: ClNa
Typical Properties of Sodium chloride:
Chemical formula: NaCl
Molar mass: 58.443 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless cubic crystals
Odor: Odorless
Density: 2.17 g/cm3
Melting point: 800.7 °C (1,473.3 °F; 1,073.8 K)
Boiling point: 1,465 °C (2,669 °F; 1,738 K)
Solubility in water: 360 g/1000 g pure water at T = 25 °C
Solubility in ammonia: 21.5 g/L
Solubility in methanol: 14.9 g/L
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −30.2·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.5441 (at 589 nm)
Boiling point: 1461 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 2.17 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 801 °C
pH value: 7 (H₂O)
Vapor pressure: 1.3 hPa (865 °C)
Bulk density: 1140 kg/m3
Solubility: 358 g/l
Molecular Weight: 58.44
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 57.9586220
Monoisotopic Mass: 57.9586220
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Specifications of Sodium chloride:
Assay (argentometric): ≥ 99.5 %
Assay (argentometric; calculated on dried substance): 99.0 - 100.5 %
Identity: passes test
Appearance of solution: passes test
Acidity or alkalinity: passes test
pH-value (5 %; water): 5.0 - 8.0
Insoluble matter: ≤ 0.005 %
Bromide (Br): ≤ 0.005 %
Chlorate and Nitrate (as NO₃): ≤ 0.003 %
Hexacyanoferrate II: ≤ 0.0001 %
Ferrocyanides: passes test
Iodide (I): ≤ 0.001 %
Nitrite (NO₂): passes test
Phosphate (PO₄): ≤ 0.0005 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.001 %
Total nitrogen (N): ≤ 0.0005 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.0005 %
Heavy metals (ACS): ≤ 0.0005 %
As (Arsenic): ≤ 0.00004 %
passes test ≤ 0.001 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.002 %
Cu (Copper): ≤ 0.0002 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.0001 %
K (Potassium): ≤ 0.005 %
Mg (Magnesium): ≤ 0.001 %
Calcium, Magnesium and R₂O₃-precipitate: ≤ 0.005 %
Magnesium and alkaline-earth metals (as Ca): ≤ 0.0100 %
Loss on drying (105 °C, 2 h): ≤ 0.5 %
Structure of Sodium chloride:
Crystal structure: Face-centered cubic, cF8
Space group: Fm3m (No. 225)
Lattice constant: : a = 564.02 pm
Formula units (Z): 4
Coordination geometry: octahedral at Na+ octahedral at Cl−
Thermochemistry of Sodium chloride:
Heat capacity (C): 50.5 J/(K·mol)
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 72.10 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −411.120 kJ/mol
Related compounds of Sodium chloride:
Other anions:
Sodium fluoride
Sodium bromide
Sodium iodide
Sodium astatide
Other cations:
Lithium chloride
Potassium chloride
Rubidium chloride
Caesium chloride
Francium chloride
Names of Sodium chloride:
Regulatory process names:
Sodium chloride
CAS name:
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
IUPAC names:
Cloruro de sodio
common salt
NaCl
Natriumchlorid
Reaction mass of potassium chloride and sodium chloride
Reaction mass of sodium and chlorine
Sirsal
sodio cloruro
SODIUM CHLORIDE
Sodium Chloride
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
sodium chloride, table salt, common salt
Sodium Chloride, USP
sodium;chloride
Sodiumchloride
Trade names:
(Oligo) Iron-DTPA
Chlorek sodu
Chlorek sodu przemysłowy
Fervent IJzerchelaat DTPA
Fervent Iron Chelate DTPA
IJzerchelaat DTPA
Iron chelate DTPA
PISAL 25
Pure Salt
Purified Brine
sirsal
Sodium Chloride
sodium chloride
Sól drogowa
Sól przemysłowa
Sól techniczna (technical salt), chlorek sodu (sodium chloride), syntetyczny chlorek sodu (synthetic sodium chloride), sól drogowa (salt for road)
Other names:
common salt
regular salt
halite
rock salt
table salt
sea salt
saline
Salt
Other identifiers:
11062-32-1
11062-32-1
11062-43-4
11062-43-4
418758-90-4
418758-90-4
7440-23-5
7647-14-5
8028-77-1
8028-77-1
