Silicon dioxide, E551, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, commonly found in nature as quartz.
In many parts of the world, Silicon dioxide, E551 is the major constituent of sand.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is abundant as it comprises several minerals and synthetic products.

CAS: 7631-86-9
MF: O2Si
MW: 60.08
EINECS: 231-545-4

Synonyms
SILICA GEL 60 PF254 FOR PREPARATIVE LAYE;LICHROSORB SI 100 (10 MYM) 10 G;TLC-SILICA GEL 60 GF254 MEAN PARTICLE SI;LICHROSORB SI 100 (10 MYM) 100 G;SEA SAND EXTRA PURE 5 KG;SILICA GEL 60 GF254 FOR THIN-LAYER CHROM;SILICA GEL 60 PF254 + 366 FOR PREPARATIV;SEA SAND EXTRA PURE 25 KG
SILICON DIOXIDE;Silica;Dioxosilane;Quartz;7631-86-9;Silica gel;Cristobalite;Tridymite;14808-60-7;Silicic anhydride;112945-52-5;61790-53-2;Sand;112926-00-8;KIESELGUHR;Aerosil;Diatomaceous silica;Wessalon;60676-86-0;Silicon(IV) oxide;Zorbax sil;14464-46-1;Silica, amorphous;QUARTZ (SIO2);Dicalite;Ludox;Nyacol;Amorphous silica;Cristobalite (SiO2);Cab-O-sil;SILICA, VITREOUS;Sillikolloid;Extrusil;Santocel;Sipernat;Superfloss;Acticel;Carplex;Neosil;Neosyl
;Porasil;Silikil;Siloxid;91053-39-3;Zipax;Aerosil-degussa;Silicon oxide;Aerosil 380;Synthetic amorphous silica;Quartz sand;Rose quartz;Silica particles;Cab-o-sil M-5;Silica, fumed;Snowtex O;Silica, colloidal;Tokusil TPLM;Dri-Die;68855-54-9;Manosil vn 3;Colloidal silicon dioxide
;Ultrasil VH 3;Ultrasil VN 3;Aerosil bs-50;Carplex 30;Carplex 80;Snowtex 30;Zeofree 80;Aerosil K 7;Cabosil N 5;Syton 2X;Amorphous silica gel;Positive sol 232;Siliziumdioxid;Aerogel 200
;Aerosil 300;Chalcedony;Diatomite;Ludox hs 40;Silanox 101;Silica (SiO2);Vitasil 220
;Agate;Positive sol 130M;Silica vitreous;Silicon dioxide (amorphous);Aerosil A 300;Aerosil E 300;Aerosil M-300;colloidal silica;Fused silica;Quartz glass;Silica slurry;Silicon dioxide, fumed;Silicone dioxide;Nalfloc N 1050;Quso 51;Silica, amorphous fused;Nalco 1050;Quso G 30
;15468-32-3;Hydrophobic silica 2482;Kieselsaeureanhydrid;Min-U-Sil;SiO2
;CCRIS 3699;Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles;Silica aerogel;(SiO2)n;UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4
;ETJ7Z6XBU4;Silicon Dioxide, Amorphous;Silica 2482, hydrophobic;Silicon dioxide, chemically prepared;15723-40-7;EINECS 231-545-4;CAB-O-SIL N-70TS;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605
;CI 7811;Aerosil 200;13778-37-5;99439-28-8;CHEBI:30563;AI3-25549;Crystalline silica;N1030
;U 333;Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh;Silicon dioxide, colloidal;ENT 25,550;[SiO2]
;Silica, crystalline - fused;Silicagel;Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free;13778-38-6
;17679-64-0;Christensenite;Crystoballite;Silica gel desiccant, indicating;Celite

All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is a common fundamental constituent of glass.
Silicon dioxide, E551 occurs almost everywhere on earth.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.
Silicon dioxide, E551 commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.
Silicon dioxide, E551 exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.
Silicon dioxide, E551, the noncrystalline form of SiO2, is a transparent to gray, odorless, amorphous powder.
A Silicon dioxide, E551 made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.

Silica is another name for the chemical compound composed of silicon and oxygen with the chemical formula SiO2, or Silicon dioxide, E551.
There are many forms of silica.
All silica forms are identical in chemical composition, but have different atom arrangements.
Silica compounds can be divided into two groups, crystalline (or c-silica) and amorphous silica (a-silica or non-crystalline silica).
c-Silica compounds have structures with repeating patterns of silicon and oxygen.
Silicon dioxide, E551 structures are more randomly linked when compared to c-silica.
All forms of Silicon dioxide, E551 are odorless solids composed of silicon and oxygen atoms.
Silicon dioxide, E551 particles become suspended in air and form non-explosive dusts.
Silicon dioxide, E551 may combine with other metallic elements and oxides to form silicates.

Structure
In the majority of silicon dioxides, the silicon atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom (see 3-D Unit Cell).
Thus, Silicon dioxide, E551 forms 3-dimensional network solids in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms.
In contrast, CO2 is a linear molecule.
The starkly different structures of the dioxides of carbon and silicon are a manifestation of the double bond rule.
Based on the crystal structural differences, Silicon dioxide, E551 can be divided into two categories: crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous).
In crystalline form, Silicon dioxide, E551 can be found naturally occurring as quartz, tridymite (high-temperature form), cristobalite (high-temperature form), stishovite (high-pressure form), and coesite (high-pressure form).
On the other hand, Silicon dioxide, E551 can be found in nature as opal and diatomaceous earth.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is the form of intermediate state between this structure.

All of this distinct crystalline forms always have the same local structure around Si and O.
In α-quartz the Si–O bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite Silicon dioxide, E551 is in the range 154–171 pm.
The Si–O–Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite.
In α-quartz, the Si–O–Si angle is 144°.

Polymorphism
Alpha quartz is the most stable form of solid SiO2 at room temperature.
The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than quartz.
The transformation from α-quartz to beta-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C.
Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, Silicon dioxide, E551 can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit.
The high-pressure minerals, seifertite, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than quartz.
Stishovite has a rutile-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate.
The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm3, which compares to α-quartz, the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm3.

The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest Si–O bond lengths in stishovite (four Si–O bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the Si–O bond length (161 pm) in α-quartz.
The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the Si–O bond.
Faujasite silica, another polymorph, is obtained by the dealumination of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y zeolite with combined acid and thermal treatment.
The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high crystallinity and specific surface area (over 800 m2/g).
Faujasite-silica has very high thermal and acid stability.
For example, Silicon dioxide, E551 maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or crystallinity even after boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Molten SiO2
Molten silica exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid water: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum.
Silicon dioxide, E551's density decreases from 2.08 g/cm3 at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm3 at 2200 °C.

Molecular SiO2
The molecular SiO2 has a linear structure like CO2.
Silicon dioxide, E551 has been produced by combining silicon monoxide (SiO) with oxygen in an argon matrix.
The dimeric Silicon dioxide, E551, (SiO2)2 has been obtained by reacting O2 with matrix isolated dimeric silicon monoxide, (Si2O2).
In dimeric silicon dioxide there are two oxygen atoms bridging between the silicon atoms with an Si–O–Si angle of 94° and bond length of 164.6 pm and the terminal Si–O bond length is 150.2 pm.
The Si–O bond length is 148.3 pm, which compares with the length of 161 pm in α-quartz.
The bond energy is estimated at 621.7 kJ/mol.

Silicon dioxide, E551 Chemical Properties
Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
Refractive index: 1.46
Fp: 2230°C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid.
Silicon dioxide, E551 dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
Form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific Gravity: 2.2
Color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Resistivity: 1∞10*20 (ρ/μΩ.cm)
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Crystal Structure: Trigonal
Merck: 14,8493
Exposure limits NIOSH: IDLH 3000 mg/m3; TWA 6 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
CAS DataBase Reference: 7631-86-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Silicon(iv) oxide(7631-86-9)
IARC: 3 (Vol. Sup 7, 68) 1997
EPA Substance Registry System: Silica (7631-86-9)

Physical properties
Colorless amorphous (i.e., fused silica) or crystalline (i.e., quartz) material having a low thermal expansion coefficient and excellent optical transmittance in far UV.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is insoluble in strong mineral acids and alkalis except HF, concentrated H3PO4, NH4 HF2, concentrated alkali metal hydroxides.
Owing to its good corrosion resistance to liquid metals such as Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Ga, In, Tl, Rb, Bi, and Cd, Silicon dioxide, E551 is used as crucible container for melting these metals, while Silicon dioxide, E551 is readily attacked in an inert atmosphere by molten metals such as Li, Na, K Mg, and Al.
Quartz crystals are piezoelectric and pyroelectric.
Maximum service temperature 1090°C.

Uses
Silicon dioxide, E551 is also known as silicone dioxide.
Silicon dioxide, E551 has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
Silicon dioxide, E551 can also function as an abrasive.
In addition, Silicon dioxide, E551 can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
Spherical Silicon dioxide, E551 is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.

Silicon dioxide, E551 has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
Functionalized RAFT agent for controlled radical polymerization; especially suited for the polymerization of styrene; acrylate and acrylamide monomers.
Azide group can be used to conjugate to a variety of alkyne-functionalized biomolecules.
Silicon dioxide, E551 mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates consisting chiefly of sodium lauryl sulfate
Silicon dioxide, E551 is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.
They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.
They are relatively expensive.

Silicon dioxide, E551, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.
Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic Silicon dioxide, E551's are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.
manufacture of glass, water glass, refractories, abrasives, ceramics, enamels; decolorizing and purifying oils, petroleum products, etc.; in scouring- and grinding-compounds, ferrosilicon, molds for castings; as anticaking and defoaming agent.

Structural use
About 95% of the commercial use of Silicon dioxide, E551 (sand) occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (Portland cement concrete).
Certain deposits of silica sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable clay and other mineral content, were important for sand casting of metallic products.
The high melting point of silica enables Silicon dioxide, E551 to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons.
Crystalline silica is used in hydraulic fracturing of formations which contain tight oil and shale gas.

Precursor to glass and silicon
Silicon dioxide, E551 is the primary ingredient in the production of most glass.
As other minerals are melted with silica, the principle of freezing point depression lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity.
The glass transition temperature of pure SiO2 is about 1475 K.
When molten silicon dioxide SiO2 is rapidly cooled, Silicon dioxide, E551 does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass.
Because of this, most ceramic glazes have silica as the main ingredient.
The structural geometry of silicon and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centres.

The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the tetrahedral units: Although there is no long-range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length.
One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.
The majority of optical fibers for telecommunication are also made from silica.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is used to produce elemental silicon.
The process involves carbothermic reduction in an electric arc furnace:

SiO2+2C⟶Si+2CO

Fumed silica
Fumed silica, also known as pyrogenic silica, is prepared by burning SiCl4 in an oxygen-rich hydrogen flame to produce a "smoke" of SiO2.

SiCl4+2H2+O2⟶SiO2+4HCl

Silicon dioxide, E551 can also be produced by vaporizing quartz sand in a 3000 °C electric arc.
Both processes result in microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles, a white powder with extremely low bulk density (0.03-0.15 g/cm3) and thus high surface area.
The particles act as a thixotropic thickening agent, or as an anti-caking agent, and can be treated to make them hydrophilic or hydrophobic for either water or organic liquid applications.

Silicon dioxide, E551 is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production.
Silicon dioxide, E551 consists of amorphous (non-crystalline) spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm, without the branching of the pyrogenic product.
The main use is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete.
Fumed silica nanoparticles can be successfully used as an anti-aging agent in asphalt binders.

Food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications
Silica, either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is used primarily as a flow or anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets.
Silicon dioxide, E551 can adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Colloidal silica is used as a fining agent for wine, beer, and juice, with the E number reference E551.
In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency.
Diatomaceous earth, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries.
Silicon dioxide, E551 consists of the silica shells of microscopic diatoms; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder".
Manufactured or mined hydrated silica is used as the hard abrasive in toothpaste.

Agricultural Uses
Silicon dioxide, E551 is silicon dioxide, one of the most abundant materials on the earth's crust.
Quartz is an example of silica.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is used as a filler in fertilizers, and also, in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, abrasives, rubber and cosmetics.

Purification Methods
Purification of silica for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water.
The impurities remain behind.
Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water.

Production
Silicon dioxide, E551 is mostly obtained by mining, including sand mining and purification of quartz.
Quartz is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.

Precipitated Silica
Precipitated silica or Silicon dioxide, E551 is produced by the acidification of solutions of sodium silicate.
The gelatinous precipitate or silica gel, is first washed and then dehydrated to produce colorless microporous silica.
The idealized equation involving a trisilicate and sulfuric acid is:

Na2Si3O7 + H2SO4 -> 3 SiO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Approximately one billion kilograms/year (1999) of silica were produced in this manner, mainly for use for polymer composites – tires and shoe soles.

On microchips
Thin films of silica grow spontaneously on silicon wafers via thermal oxidation, producing a very shallow layer of about 1 nm or 10 Å of so-called native oxide.
Higher temperatures and alternative environments are used to grow well-controlled layers of Silicon dioxide, E551 on silicon, for example at temperatures between 600 and 1200 °C, using so-called dry oxidation with O2 or wet oxidation with H2O.

Si + O2 -> SiO2
Si + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 2 H2

The native oxide layer is beneficial in microelectronics, where Silicon dioxide, E551 acts as electric insulator with high chemical stability.
Silicon dioxide, E551 can protect the silicon, store charge, block current, and even act as a controlled pathway to limit current flow.

Health Effects
Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg).
A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia.
An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a decreased risk of dementia of 11%.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or lung cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities.
When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), Silicon dioxide, E551 increases the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis compared to expected rates in the general population.

Occupational hazard
Silicon dioxide, E551 is an occupational hazard for people who do sandblasting or work with products that contain powdered crystalline silica.
Silicon dioxide, E551, such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases but is not associated with the development of silicosis.
Children, asthmatics of any age, those with allergies, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced lung capacity) can be affected in less time.

Silicon dioxide, E551 is an occupational hazard for those working with stone countertops, because the process of cutting and installing the countertops creates large amounts of airborne silica.
Silicon dioxide, E551 used in hydraulic fracturing presents a health hazard to workers.

Pathophysiology
In the body, crystalline silica particles do not dissolve over clinically relevant periods.
Silicon dioxide, E551 inside the lungs can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome inside macrophages and dendritic cells and thereby result in production of interleukin, a highly pro-inflammatory cytokine in the immune system.

Silicone is not a single chemical compound but rather a class of synthetic materials that contain silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes other elements.
Silicones are polymers, meaning they consist of repeating units of smaller molecules called monomers.
The backbone of silicone polymers is typically composed of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups (such as methyl or phenyl groups) attached to the silicon atoms.

CAS Number: 63148-62-9
EC Number: 687-578-3

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APPLICATIONS


Silicone is widely used in the manufacturing of silicone rubber, employed in various products such as gaskets, seals, and O-rings.
In the medical field, silicone is used to produce implants like breast implants and medical tubing due to its biocompatibility.
Silicone oil serves as a heat transfer fluid in applications where high temperatures are encountered, such as in cooking and industrial processes.

Silicone sealants are commonly used in construction for waterproofing and providing durable seals around windows and doors.
Silicone-based adhesives find applications in electronics for bonding components due to their thermal stability and flexibility.
Silicone polymers are utilized in the production of silicone coatings, providing protective and weather-resistant layers on surfaces.

Silicone elastomers are employed in the manufacturing of flexible and durable molds for casting various materials.
Cyclomethicone, a cyclic silicone, is used in personal care products like hair sprays and lotions for its lightweight and smooth texture.

Silicone emulsions are applied in textile finishing to enhance fabric softness and provide a smooth feel.
Silicone surfactants improve the stability and performance of emulsions, often used in the formulation of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Silicone greases are used as lubricants in mechanical systems, providing long-lasting and stable lubrication.

Silsesquioxane resins are used as modifiers in plastics, enhancing their mechanical and thermal properties.
Silicone release agents are applied in mold release processes to prevent sticking and facilitate easy demolding.

Silica gel, derived from silicones, is widely used as a desiccant to control moisture levels in various products.
Silicone defoamers are used in industries like food processing and wastewater treatment to control foam formation during processes.
Silane coupling agents are employed in composites to enhance the adhesion between silicone and other materials.
Hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane is used in the synthesis of silicone elastomers and coatings.

Fluorosilicone is employed in aerospace applications due to its resistance to fuels, lubricants, and extreme temperatures.
Silicone adhesives are used in the assembly of electronic components and the bonding of medical devices.
Polymethylhydrosiloxane is used as a crosslinker in silicone elastomers and as a reducing agent in chemical reactions.

Vinylsilicone polymers are used in the production of high-performance coatings with excellent adhesion and flexibility.
Silicone softeners in textile processing impart a soft and smooth feel to fabrics.
Silicone nanoparticles find applications in drug delivery systems and medical imaging.

Silicone caulk is commonly used in household applications for sealing gaps and joints in kitchens and bathrooms.
Polytetramethylsiloxane is used in the production of silicone fluids and resins, finding applications in various industries.

Silicone rubber is extensively used in the automotive industry for seals, gaskets, and components due to its resilience and temperature resistance.
Silicone-based paints and coatings are employed for their durability and resistance to weathering, making them suitable for outdoor applications.

Siloxane polymers contribute to the development of advanced materials such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and optical coatings.
Silicone adhesives are utilized in the assembly of solar panels, providing strong bonds and weather resistance.
Silicone emulsions find applications in the textile industry for fabric softeners and finishing agents to improve the feel and appearance of garments.

Silicone elastomers are used in the production of baby bottle nipples and pacifiers due to their soft and safe characteristics.
In the food industry, silicone is used in baking molds, kitchen utensils, and food storage containers due to its non-stick and heat-resistant properties.

Silicone-based lubricants are employed in the maintenance of machinery and equipment in various industries, reducing friction and wear.
Silane coupling agents are utilized in the reinforcement of composite materials, enhancing their mechanical properties.
Silicone surfactants find applications in the agricultural sector, improving the spread and adherence of crop protection products.
Silicone gels are used in the production of wound dressings and scar treatments in the medical field due to their soft and conformable nature.

Silicone waxes are applied in the formulation of personal care products like lipsticks and skincare items for their smooth texture.
Polymethylsilsesquioxane is used in cosmetics to provide a soft focus effect in foundations and powders.

Silica-filled silicone compounds are employed in electrical insulation applications for their dielectric properties.
Silicone resins find use in the aerospace industry for their ability to withstand high temperatures and harsh environmental conditions.
Silicone defoaming additives are utilized in the paper and pulp industry to control foam during the papermaking process.
Silicone hydrogels are commonly used in the production of contact lenses due to their oxygen permeability and comfort.

Silicone-based coatings are applied to fabrics to make them water-resistant, commonly used in outdoor clothing and equipment.
Silicone rubber keypad switches are widely used in electronic devices like remote controls and keyboards for their durability.
Siloxane polymers are crucial in the development of insulating materials for high-voltage applications in the electrical industry.

Silicone-based inks are used in the printing industry for their adhesion to various substrates and resistance to fading.
Silicone foam is employed in cushioning materials for automotive and industrial applications due to its lightweight and shock-absorbing properties.
Silicone nanoparticles are explored for their potential applications in targeted drug delivery systems in biomedical research.

Silicone mold-making materials are widely used in art and crafts for casting sculptures, figurines, and other detailed objects.
Silicone-based anti-fouling coatings are applied to marine surfaces to prevent the growth of marine organisms, improving fuel efficiency for boats and ships.

Silicone hydrogel contact lenses are popular for their ability to allow more oxygen to reach the cornea, enhancing comfort during extended wear.
Silicone-based printing rollers are used in the graphic arts industry for their durability and resistance to ink absorption.
Silicone adhesives and sealants are applied in the construction of aquariums, providing a strong and waterproof bond.

Siloxane polymers play a role in the creation of optical fibers, contributing to efficient data transmission in telecommunications.
Silicone-coated bakeware is widely used in baking due to its non-stick properties and even heat distribution.
Silicone rubber keypads are commonly found in consumer electronics such as TV remotes and game controllers for tactile feedback.

In the automotive sector, silicone-based antifreeze and coolant formulations are used to prevent engine overheating.
Silicone-based lubricants are applied in the maintenance of plastic and rubber components, preventing deterioration and maintaining flexibility.

Silicone emulsions are used in the agricultural industry to enhance the efficiency of pesticides and herbicides.
Silicone gels are utilized in the production of prosthetic devices and breast implants for their soft and natural feel.

Silica-filled silicone compounds are used in the manufacturing of high-voltage insulators for power transmission.
Silicone surfactants contribute to the production of polyurethane foams, improving cell structure and performance.
Silicone elastomers are employed in the fabrication of automotive components, such as gaskets and seals, due to their resilience.

Silicone-based defoamers are crucial in the production of paints and coatings to prevent foam formation and ensure a smooth finish.
Silane coupling agents enhance the adhesion of silicone sealants to various substrates in construction applications.
Silicone-based release agents are used in the production of molded plastic and rubber products to facilitate easy demolding.

Silicone adhesives find applications in the aerospace industry for bonding and sealing aircraft components.
Silicone waxes are used in the formulation of polishes for cars and furniture, providing a glossy and protective finish.
Silicone resins are employed in the electronics industry for encapsulating and protecting sensitive electronic components.

Silicone rubber sheets are utilized as vibration dampeners in industrial machinery to reduce noise and absorb shocks.
Polymethylsilsesquioxane is used in the formulation of high-performance coatings for electronic devices to enhance durability.

Silicone defoaming agents are applied in the fermentation process of beer and wine production to control foam.
Silicone-based lubricants are used in the textile industry to reduce friction and enhance the performance of sewing machines.

Silica nanoparticles derived from silicones find applications in the development of advanced drug delivery systems.
Silicone-based materials are employed in the creation of flexible and stretchable electronics for wearable devices and sensors.



DESCRIPTION


Silicone is not a single chemical compound but rather a class of synthetic materials that contain silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes other elements.
Silicones are polymers, meaning they consist of repeating units of smaller molecules called monomers.
The backbone of silicone polymers is typically composed of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups (such as methyl or phenyl groups) attached to the silicon atoms.

Silicones are known for their unique properties, which include flexibility, heat resistance, water repellency, and low surface tension.
These characteristics make silicones useful in a wide range of applications, including sealants, lubricants, adhesives, medical implants, and various consumer products.
The versatility of silicones arises from the ability to tailor their properties by adjusting the chemical structure and molecular weight of the polymer.

Silicone is a versatile and synthetic material with a wide range of applications.
Known for its flexibility, silicone is often used in the production of rubber-like materials.

Silicone polymers typically consist of repeating silicon and oxygen units in their backbone.
Dimethicone, a type of silicone, is commonly found in skincare products for its smoothing properties.
Silicone rubber is highly resistant to extreme temperatures, making it suitable for various industrial uses.

Siloxane polymers, a class of silicone compounds, have a unique chemical structure.
Silicone oil is a lightweight and transparent fluid that is used in lubrication and as a heat transfer medium.

Silsesquioxane resins are employed in coatings, adhesives, and as modifiers for plastics.
Silicone sealants are popular for their durability and weather-resistant properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane, a common silicone, is used in the production of silicone rubber and silicone oil.
Cyclomethicone is a cyclic silicone compound often found in personal care products.

Silicone adhesives create strong bonds and are resistant to moisture and temperature changes.
Silicone emulsions are stable mixtures of silicone oil and water, used in various applications.
Silicone elastomers exhibit excellent elasticity and are used in the manufacturing of medical implants.

Vinylsilicone polymers have vinyl groups attached to the silicone backbone, enhancing their versatility.
Silica gel, containing silicon and oxygen, is known for its high adsorption capacity.

Silicone surfactants are used to stabilize emulsions and improve the spreadability of formulations.
Silicone grease is a lubricating material that remains stable over a wide range of temperatures.
Fluorosilicone combines the properties of silicone with the chemical resistance of fluorocarbons.

Silicone defoamers are additives that control foam formation in various industrial processes.
Silane coupling agents improve adhesion between silicone and other materials in composite applications.

Hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane is a silicone with reactive hydroxyl groups at its ends.
Silicone softeners are commonly used in textile finishing to impart softness and smoothness.

Silica nanoparticles, often derived from silicones, find applications in nanotechnology and materials science.
Silicone caulk is a popular sealant for its flexibility and durability in both indoor and outdoor applications.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Formula: C6H18OSi2
MOL File: 63148-62-9.mol
Molecular Weight: 162.38
Appearance: Viscous colorless liquid
Melting Point: -59 °C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 101 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.963 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor Density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor Pressure: Refractive Index: n20/D 1.377 (lit.)
Flash Point: 33 °F
Storage Temperature: 2-8°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Sparingly), Toluene (Sparingly)
Form: Oily Liquid
Color: Clear colorless
Specific Gravity: 0.853
Odor: Odorless
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Water Solubility: Practically insoluble



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If silicone dust or fumes are inhaled and respiratory irritation occurs, move the person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact with liquid silicone or silicone-containing products, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with soap and water.
If irritation or allergic reaction occurs, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

If silicone comes into contact with the eyes, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.


Ingestion:

If someone ingests silicone or a silicone-containing product, do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious.
Seek medical attention.


General Advice:

If someone shows signs of allergic reactions, such as rash, itching, or difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately.
Provide first aid measures while waiting for medical assistance if needed.
Keep the affected person calm and reassure them.
If there is uncertainty about the exposure or if symptoms are severe, seek prompt medical advice.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and eye protection, especially when handling concentrated silicone products or in industrial settings.

Ventilation:
Use in well-ventilated areas to prevent the buildup of vapors or fumes, especially if working with liquid silicone or products that may release volatile components.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination of silicone materials by keeping tools, containers, and equipment clean and free of foreign substances.

Temperature Considerations:
Some silicones may have temperature-sensitive properties.
Follow the manufacturer's guidelines regarding the recommended temperature range for handling.

Avoiding Skin Contact:
Minimize skin contact, especially with uncured silicone products.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Use of Tools:
When applying silicone sealants or adhesives, use appropriate tools for uniform application. Follow recommended curing times before subjecting the material to stress.


Storage:

Temperature and Humidity:
Store silicone materials within the recommended temperature range specified by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.
Keep storage areas dry to prevent moisture absorption, especially for certain silicone products.

Separation from Incompatible Substances:
Store silicone away from substances that may react with or degrade the material.
This includes avoiding contact with strong acids, bases, and certain metals.

Container Integrity:
Ensure that containers used for storing silicone are in good condition, properly sealed, and labeled with relevant information.

Avoiding Sunlight Exposure:
Some silicone materials may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to sunlight.
Store in a dark or opaque container or in an area protected from direct sunlight.

Curing and Shelf Life:
Be aware of the shelf life of silicone products, especially if they have a limited time for effective use or if they have a defined curing period.

Segregation from Food and Pharmaceuticals:
Keep silicone products, especially those with additives, away from areas where food, pharmaceuticals, or other sensitive products are stored.

Silicone acrylate is a hybrid material formed by the reaction of silicone and acrylic monomers.
Silicone acrylate is a type of copolymer with both silicone and acrylic functionalities.
The exact composition and properties of silicone acrylate can vary depending on the specific monomers used in the synthesis process.



APPLICATIONS


Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of printed circuit boards due to its excellent electrical insulation properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in coatings for building materials such as roofing and siding provides excellent weather resistance and UV stability.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of release liners for pressure-sensitive adhesives due to its non-stick properties.
The unique properties of silicone acrylate make it an ideal material for the production of flexible electronic devices such as wearables and bendable screens.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of contact lenses provides excellent oxygen permeability and improved comfort for wearers.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of automotive parts such as gaskets and seals due to its excellent resistance to oil and fuel.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of aerospace components provides excellent resistance to extreme temperatures and harsh chemicals.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of LED light diffusers due to its high light transmission properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of packaging materials provides excellent moisture barrier properties, ensuring the contents stay fresh.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of anti-graffiti coatings, which provide easy removal of paint and other markings from surfaces.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of printed labels provides excellent durability and resistance to abrasion and chemicals.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of adhesives for electronics due to its excellent thermal stability and low shrinkage properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of photovoltaic modules provides excellent resistance to weathering and UV radiation.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of protective coatings for wind turbines, providing excellent resistance to weathering and erosion.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of automotive coatings provides excellent gloss retention and resistance to chipping and scratching.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of medical adhesives, providing excellent biocompatibility and resistance to bodily fluids.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of adhesives for construction provides excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates, including concrete and masonry.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of marine coatings, providing excellent resistance to saltwater, UV radiation, and abrasion.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of food packaging provides excellent resistance to chemicals and moisture, ensuring the safety and freshness of the contents.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of insulating materials for electrical equipment due to its excellent dielectric properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of inkjet inks provides excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates, including glossy and non-porous surfaces.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of adhesives for the aerospace industry, providing excellent resistance to extreme temperatures and harsh chemicals.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of medical implants provides excellent biocompatibility, ensuring that the implants are well-tolerated by the body.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of textile coatings, providing excellent water repellency and stain resistance.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for solar panels provides excellent weather resistance, improving their lifespan and efficiency.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of printing inks for packaging, providing excellent adhesion and resistance to abrasion and chemicals.


Applications of Silicone acrylate:

Coatings for solar panels
Insulation materials
Coatings for industrial equipment
Inks for printing
Coatings for fiberglass
Adhesives for the marine industry
Coatings for metal roofs
Coatings for food processing equipment
Coatings for wind turbines
Inks for flexible packaging
Coatings for aircraft components
Coatings for medical implants
Coatings for swimming pool surfaces
Coatings for electronic displays
Coatings for kitchen appliances
Coatings for flooring
Coatings for roller coasters
Coatings for sporting equipment
Coatings for metal furniture
Coatings for oil and gas pipelines
Coatings for automotive components
Coatings for marine vessels
Coatings for construction materials
Coatings for military equipment
Adhesives for aerospace applications
Coatings for railroad components
Coatings for power generation equipment
Coatings for packaging materials
Coatings for medical devices
Coatings for outdoor signage.


Silicone acrylate is used in the production of architectural coatings, providing excellent UV stability and weather resistance.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of automotive coatings provides excellent chemical resistance and gloss retention.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of release coatings for label liners and adhesive tapes, providing easy release properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of optical lenses provides excellent optical clarity and scratch resistance.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of non-stick coatings for cookware, providing easy release of food and ease of cleaning.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of water-based coatings provides improved environmental sustainability compared to traditional solvent-based coatings.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of conformal coatings for electronic circuit boards, providing excellent moisture and chemical resistance.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of pressure-sensitive adhesives provides excellent tack and adhesion to a variety of substrates.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of packaging films, providing excellent moisture barrier properties and improved shelf life for food products.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of cosmetic products provides a silky and smooth feel to the skin and hair.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of automotive sealants, providing excellent resistance to fuel and oil.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of medical tubing provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to kinking.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of adhesives for the construction industry, providing excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of dental materials provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to wear.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for metal surfaces, providing excellent corrosion resistance and durability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of 3D printing resins provides excellent dimensional stability and chemical resistance.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of sealants for electronic devices, providing excellent resistance to moisture and chemicals.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of heat-resistant coatings provides excellent thermal stability and weathering resistance.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for concrete and masonry surfaces, providing excellent weather resistance and durability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of adhesives for the aerospace industry provides excellent resistance to vibration and shock.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of mold release agents, providing easy release properties for molded plastic parts.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for medical instruments provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to sterilization methods.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for outdoor furniture, providing excellent weather resistance and UV stability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of printing plates provides excellent durability and resistance to abrasion and chemicals.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for consumer electronics, providing excellent scratch resistance and durability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of food contact materials provides excellent resistance to chemicals and migration properties.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of adhesives for the automotive industry, providing excellent resistance to high temperatures and harsh chemicals.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for medical devices provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to bodily fluids.


Silicone acrylate is a type of polymer that is commonly used in a variety of applications due to its unique properties.
Some of the applications of silicone acrylate include:

Coatings:
Silicone acrylate can be used as a coating for a variety of substrates, including metal, plastic, and paper.
The coating provides excellent weather resistance, chemical resistance, and UV stability.


Adhesives:
Silicone acrylate can be used as an adhesive due to its excellent adhesion properties.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in automotive and aerospace industries for bonding metals and plastics.


Optical films:
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of optical films used in LCD and OLED displays.
These films improve the clarity and durability of the displays.


Cosmetics:
Silicone acrylate is used in cosmetic products such as sunscreens, makeup primers, and hair care products.
Silicone acrylate provides a silky and smooth feel to the skin and hair.


Medical devices:
Silicone acrylate is used in medical devices due to its biocompatibility and ability to resist bacterial growth.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in catheters, pacemakers, and other implantable devices.


Textiles:
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of textiles to provide water repellency and stain resistance.
Silicone acrylate is also used to improve the durability and lifespan of fabrics.


Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for solar panels, providing excellent weather resistance and long-term durability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of insulation materials provides excellent heat resistance and thermal stability.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for industrial equipment, providing excellent resistance to chemicals and abrasion.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of inks for printing provides excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates and resistance to fading.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for fiberglass, providing excellent weather resistance and durability.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of adhesives for the marine industry provides excellent resistance to saltwater and UV radiation.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for metal roofs, providing excellent weather resistance and longevity.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for food processing equipment provides excellent resistance to corrosion and cleaning agents.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for wind turbines, providing excellent weather resistance and durability.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of inks for flexible packaging provides excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates and resistance to moisture.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for aircraft components, providing excellent resistance to high altitude conditions and harsh environments.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for medical implants provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to bodily fluids.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for swimming pool surfaces, providing excellent resistance to chemicals and UV radiation.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for electronic displays provides excellent optical clarity and resistance to scratches.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for kitchen appliances, providing excellent resistance to heat and moisture.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for flooring provides excellent scratch resistance and durability.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for roller coasters, providing excellent resistance to wear and tear.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for sporting equipment provides excellent resistance to impact and weathering.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for metal furniture, providing excellent resistance to rust and weathering.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for oil and gas pipelines provides excellent resistance to corrosion and abrasion.



DESCRIPTION


Silicone acrylate is a hybrid material formed by the reaction of silicone and acrylic monomers.
Silicone acrylate is a type of copolymer with both silicone and acrylic functionalities.
The exact composition and properties of silicone acrylate can vary depending on the specific monomers used in the synthesis process.

Silicone acrylate is a versatile material with a variety of potential applications in various industries such as coatings, adhesives, and personal care products.
Its unique combination of properties, such as excellent adhesion, high flexibility, and water resistance, make Silicone acrylate a desirable material for many applications.

In the coatings industry, silicone acrylate is used as a binder to improve the durability, weatherability, and chemical resistance of coatings.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the formulation of high-performance coatings for industrial and automotive applications.

In the adhesive industry, silicone acrylate is used as a base resin for the formulation of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs).
PSAs based on silicone acrylate have excellent adhesion to a variety of surfaces and are widely used in applications such as labels, tapes, and medical adhesives.

In the personal care industry, silicone acrylate is used as an ingredient in hair care and skin care products.
Its unique properties, such as high gloss, water resistance, and film-forming capabilities, make it a desirable ingredient in hair styling products such as gels, sprays, and mousses.
Silicone acrylate is also used in skin care products as a film-former and emollient.

Overall, silicone acrylate is a versatile and valuable material with a wide range of potential applications.
Its unique properties make it an ideal choice for many demanding applications where both silicone and acrylic properties are needed.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Properties:

Molecular weight: varies depending on the specific formulation
Chemical formula: varies depending on the specific formulation
Monomers: typically contain silicone, acrylate, and/or methacrylate groups
Polymerization: typically initiated by light or heat


Physical Properties:

Appearance: clear to slightly yellow liquid or solid
Odor: typically odorless
Density: varies depending on the specific formulation
Melting point: varies depending on the specific formulation
Solubility: insoluble in water, soluble in some organic solvents
Viscosity: low to medium viscosity
Refractive index: high refractive index
Surface tension: low surface tension
Dielectric constant: good dielectric properties
Thermal conductivity: good thermal conductivity


Mechanical Properties:

Hardness: good hardness
Flexibility: good flexibility
Scratch resistance: high scratch resistance
Coefficient of friction: low coefficient of friction


Thermal Properties:

Thermal stability: high thermal stability
Thermal expansion coefficient: varies depending on the specific formulation


Optical Properties:

Gloss: high gloss
UV resistance: good UV resistance
Transparency: transparent to translucent


Other Properties:

Moisture resistance: good moisture resistance
Gas permeability: good gas permeability
Oxygen permeability: high oxygen permeability
Hydrophobicity: high hydrophobicity



FIRST AID


The first aid measures for Silicone Acrylate exposure depend on the type of exposure and severity of symptoms.
Here are some general first aid measures that can be taken:

Skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
If irritation or redness occurs, seek medical attention.


Eye contact:
Rinse eyes immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.


Inhalation:
Move the person to fresh air immediately.
If symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, or chest pain occur, seek medical attention.


Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water and do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention immediately.


It is important to always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling Silicone Acrylate to minimize the risk of exposure.
If you experience any symptoms of exposure or have concerns, seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Here are some handling and storage conditions for Silicone Acrylate:


Storage temperature:
Silicone Acrylate should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area with a temperature range between 5°C and 30°C (41°F to 86°F).


Moisture control:
Moisture can cause Silicone Acrylate to degrade, so it is important to keep it dry during storage and handling.


Handling equipment:
Use appropriate handling equipment, such as gloves and safety glasses, when handling Silicone Acrylate to avoid skin and eye contact.
Avoid inhalation of vapors or mists.


Compatibility:
Silicone Acrylate is not compatible with some materials, such as strong oxidizing agents, so it should be stored away from incompatible substances.


Container type:
Silicone Acrylate should be stored in a tightly sealed container, such as a drum or an intermediate bulk container (IBC), to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.


Shelf life:
Silicone Acrylate has a limited shelf life and should be used within the recommended time frame.
Silicone acrylate is important to check the expiration date and discard any expired or degraded material.


Transportation:
During transportation, Silicone Acrylate should be properly labeled and packaged to prevent spills and leaks.


It is important to follow these handling and storage conditions to ensure the quality and safety of Silicone Acrylate during storage and handling.



SYNONYMS


Siloxane Acrylate
Silane Acrylate
Silicone Methacrylate
Siloxane Methacrylate
Silane Methacrylate
Silicone Epoxy
Siloxane Epoxy
Silane Epoxy
Silicone Resin
Siloxane Resin
Silane Resin
Silicone Polymer
Siloxane Polymer
Silane Polymer
Silicone Adhesive
Siloxane Adhesive
Silane Adhesive
Silicone Sealant
Siloxane Sealant
Silane Sealant

SILICONE DIOXIDE Silicon dioxide Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.[5][6] In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as synthetic product. Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, and aerogels. It is used in structural materials, microelectronics (as an electrical insulator), and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica is toxic and can lead to severe inflammation of the lung tissue, silicosis, bronchitis, lung cancer, and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Inhalation of amorphous silicon dioxide, in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.[7] Structure Structural motif found in α-quartz, but also found in almost all forms of silicon dioxide Relationship between refractive index and density for some SiO2 forms[8] In the majority of silicates, the silicon atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom. The most common example is seen in the quartz polymorphs. It is a 3 dimensional network solid in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms. For example, in the unit cell of α-quartz, the central tetrahedron shares all four of its corner O atoms, the two face-centered tetrahedra share two of their corner O atoms, and the four edge-centered tetrahedra share just one of their O atoms with other SiO4 tetrahedra. This leaves a net average of 12 out of 24 total vertices for that portion of the seven SiO4 tetrahedra that are considered to be a part of the unit cell for silica (see 3-D Unit Cell). SiO2 has a number of distinct crystalline forms (polymorphs) in addition to amorphous forms. With the exception of stishovite and fibrous silica, all of the crystalline forms involve tetrahedral SiO4 units linked together by shared vertices. Silicon–oxygen bond lengths vary between the various crystal forms; for example in α-quartz the bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154–171 pm. The Si-O-Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite. In α-quartz, the Si-O-Si angle is 144°.[9] Fibrous silica has a structure similar to that of SiS2 with chains of edge-sharing SiO4 tetrahedra. Stishovite, the higher-pressure form, in contrast, has a rutile-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate. The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm3, which compares to α-quartz, the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm3.[10] The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest Si-O bond lengths in stishovite (four Si-O bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the Si-O bond length (161 pm) in α-quartz.[11] The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the Si-O bond.[12] More importantly, any deviations from these standard parameters constitute microstructural differences or variations, which represent an approach to an amorphous, vitreous, or glassy solid. The only stable form under normal conditions is alpha quartz, in which crystalline silicon dioxide is usually encountered. In nature, impurities in crystalline α-quartz can give rise to colors (see list). The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than quartz. Since the composition is identical, the reason for the discrepancies must be in the increased spacing in the high-temperature minerals. As is common with many substances, the higher the temperature, the farther apart the atoms are, due to the increased vibration energy.[citation needed] The transformation from α-quartz to beta-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C. Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit.[13] The high-pressure minerals, seifertite, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than quartz. This is probably due to the intense compression of the atoms occurring during their formation, resulting in more condensed structure.[14] Faujasite silica is another form of crystalline silica. It is obtained by dealumination of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y zeolite with combined acid and thermal treatment. The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high crystallinity and surface area (over 800 m2/g). Faujasite-silica has very high thermal and acid stability. For example, it maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or crystallinity even after boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.[15] Molten silica exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid water: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum.[16] Its density decreases from 2.08 g/cm3 at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm3 at 2200 °C.[17] Molecular SiO2 with a linear structure is produced when molecular silicon monoxide, SiO, is condensed in an argon matrix cooled with helium along with oxygen atoms generated by microwave discharge. Dimeric silicon dioxide, (SiO2)2 has been prepared by reacting O2 with matrix isolated dimeric silicon monoxide, (Si2O2). In dimeric silicon dioxide there are two oxygen atoms bridging between the silicon atoms with an Si-O-Si angle of 94° and bond length of 164.6 pm and the terminal Si-O bond length is 150.2 pm. The Si-O bond length is 148.3 pm, which compares with the length of 161 pm in α-quartz. The bond energy is estimated at 621.7 kJ/mol.[18] Natural occurrence Geology [icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017) Silica with the chemical formula SiO2 is most commonly found in nature as quartz, which comprises more than 10% by mass of the earth's crust.[19] Quartz is the only polymorph of silica stable at the Earth's surface. Metastable occurrences of the high-pressure forms coesite and stishovite have been found around impact structures and associated with eclogites formed during ultra-high-pressure metamorphism. The high-temperature forms of tridymite and cristobalite are known from silica-rich volcanic rocks. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.[20] The various forms of silicon dioxide can be converted from one form to another by heating and changes in pressure. Biology Even though it is poorly soluble, silica occurs in many plants. Plant materials with high silica phytolith content appear to be of importance to grazing animals, from chewing insects to ungulates. Silica accelerates tooth wear, and high levels of silica in plants frequently eaten by herbivores may have developed as a defense mechanism against predation.[21][22] Silica is also the primary component of rice husk ash, which is used, for example, in filtration and cement manufacturing. For well over a billion years, silicification in and by cells has been common in the biological world. In the modern world it occurs in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates). Prominent examples include: Tests or frustules (i.e. shells) of diatoms, Radiolaria, and testate amoebae.[6] Silica phytoliths in the cells of many plants, including Equisetaceae, practically all grasses, and a wide range of dicotyledons. The spicules forming the skeleton of many sponges. Crystalline minerals formed in the physiological environment often show exceptional physical properties (e.g., strength, hardness, fracture toughness) and tend to form hierarchical structures that exhibit microstructural order over a range of scales. The minerals are crystallized from an environment that is undersaturated with respect to silicon, and under conditions of neutral pH and low temperature (0–40 °C). Formation of the mineral may occur either within the cell wall of an organism (such as with phytoliths), or outside the cell wall, as typically happens with tests. Specific biochemical reactions exist for mineral deposition. Such reactions include those that involve lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It is unclear in what ways silica is important in the nutrition of animals. This field of research is challenging because silica is ubiquitous and in most circumstances dissolves in trace quantities only. All the same it certainly does occur in the living body, creating the challenge of creating silica-free controls for purposes of research. This makes it difficult to be sure when the silica present has had operative beneficial effects, and when its presence is coincidental, or even harmful. The current consensus is that it certainly seems important in the growth, strength, and management of many connective tissues. This is true not only for hard connective tissues such as bone and tooth but possibly in the biochemistry of the subcellular enzyme-containing structures as well.[23] Uses Structural use About 95% of the commercial use of silicon dioxide (sand) occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (Portland cement concrete).[19] Certain deposits of silica sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable clay and other mineral content, were important for sand casting of metallic products.[24] The high melting point of silica enables it to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons. Crystalline silica is used in hydraulic fracturing of formations which contain tight oil and shale gas.[25] Precursor to glass and silicon Silica is the primary ingredient in the production of most glass. As other minerals are melted with silica, the principle of Freezing Point Depression lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity. The glass transition temperature of pure SiO2 is about 1475 K.[26] When molten silicon dioxide SiO2 is rapidly cooled, it does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass. Because of this, most ceramic glazes have silica as the main ingredient. The structural geometry of silicon and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centers. The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the tetrahedral units: Although there is no long range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length. One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.[27] The majority of optical fibers for telecommunication are also made from silica. It is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Silicon dioxide is used to produce elemental silicon. The process involves carbothermic reduction in an electric arc furnace:[28] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 C -> Si + 2 CO}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 C -> Si + 2 CO}}} Fumed silica Fumed silica, also known as pyrogenic silica, is prepared by burning SiCl4 in an oxygen-rich hydrogen flame to produce a "smoke" of SiO2.[10] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiCl4 + 2 H2 + O2 -> SiO2 + 4 HCl}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiCl4 + 2 H2 + O2 -> SiO2 + 4 HCl}}} It can also be produced by vaporizing quartz sand in a 3000 °C electric arc. Both processes result in microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles, a white powder with extremely low bulk density (0.03-.15 g/cm3) and thus high surface area.[29] The particles act as a thixotropic thickening agent, or as an anti-caking agent, and can be treated to make them hydrophilic or hydrophobic for either water or organic liquid applications Manufactured fumed silica with maximum surface area of 380 m2/g Silica fume is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production. It consists of amorphous (non-crystalline) spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm, without the branching of the pyrogenic product. The main use is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete. Food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications Silica, either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production. It is used primarily as a flow or anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets.[29] It can adsorb water in hygroscopic applications. Colloidal silica is used as a fining agent for wine, beer, and juice, with the E number reference E551.[19] In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties[30] and natural absorbency.[31] Diatomaceous earth, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries. It consists of the silica shells of microscopic diatoms; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder".[citation needed] Manufactured or mined hydrated silica is used as the hard abrasive in toothpaste. Semiconductors See also: Surface passivation, Thermal oxidation, Planar process, and MOSFET Silicon dioxide is widely used in the semiconductor technology for the primary passivation (directly on the semiconductor surface), as an original gate dielectric in MOS technology. Today when scaling (dimension of the gate length of the MOS transistor) has progressed below 10 nm silicon dioxide has been replaced by other dielectric materials like hafnium oxide or similar with higher dielectric constant compared to silicon dioxide, as a dielectric layer between metal (wiring) layers (sometimes up to 8-10) connecting elements to each other and as a secondary passivation layer (for protecting semiconductor elements and the metallization layers) typically today layered with some other dielectrics like silicon nitride. Because silicon dioxide is a native oxide of silicon it is more widely used compared to other semiconductors like Gallium arsenide or Indium phosphide. Silicon dioxide could be grown on a silicon semiconductor surface.[32] Silicon oxide layers could protect silicon surfaces during diffusion processes, and could be used for diffusion masking.[33][34] Surface passivation is the process by which a semiconductor surface is rendered inert, and does not change semiconductor properties as a result of interaction with air or other materials in contact with the surface or edge of the crystal.[35][36] The formation of a thermally grown silicon dioxide layer greatly reduces the concentration of electronic states at the silicon surface.[36] SiO2 films preserve the electrical characteristics of p–n junctions and prevent these electrical characteristics from deteriorating by the gaseous ambient environment.[34] Silicon oxide layers could be used to electrically stabilize silicon surfaces.[33] The surface passivation process is an important method of semiconductor device fabrication that involves coating a silicon wafer with an insulating layer of silicon oxide so that electricity could reliably penetrate to the conducting silicon below. Growing a layer of silicon dioxide on top of a silicon wafer enables it to overcome the surface states that otherwise prevent electricity from reaching the semiconducting layer.[35][37] The process of silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation (silicon dioxide) is critical to the semiconductor industry. It is commonly used to manufacture metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and silicon integrated circuit chips (with the planar process).[35][37] Other Hydrophobic silica is used as a defoamer component.[38] In its capacity as a refractory, it is useful in fiber form as a high-temperature thermal protection fabric.[citation needed] Silica is used in the extraction of DNA and RNA due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of chaotropes.[39] Silica aerogel was used in the Stardust spacecraft to collect extraterrestrial particles.[40] Pure silica (silicon dioxide), when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass. Production Silicon dioxide is mostly obtained by mining, including sand mining and purification of quartz. Quartz is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.[citation needed] Precipitated silica Precipitated silica or amorphous silica is produced by the acidification of solutions of sodium silicate. The gelatinous precipitate or silica gel, is first washed and then dehydrated to produce colorless microporous silica.[10] The idealized equation involving a trisilicate and sulfuric acid is: {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Si3O7 + H2SO4 -> 3 SiO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Si3O7 + H2SO4 -> 3 SiO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}} Approximately one billion kilograms/year (1999) of silica were produced in this manner, mainly for use for polymer composites – tires and shoe soles.[19] On microchips Thin films of silica grow spontaneously on silicon wafers via thermal oxidation, producing a very shallow layer of about 1 nm or 10 Å of so-called native oxide.[41] Higher temperatures and alternative environments are used to grow well-controlled layers of silicon dioxide on silicon, for example at temperatures between 600 and 1200 °C, using so-called dry oxidation with O2 {\displaystyle {\ce {Si + O2 -> SiO2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si + O2 -> SiO2}}} or wet oxidation with H2O.[42][43] {\displaystyle {\ce {Si + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 2 H2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 2 H2}}} The native oxide layer is beneficial in microelectronics, where it acts as electric insulator with high chemical stability. It can protect the silicon, store charge, block current, and even act as a controlled pathway to limit current flow.[44] Laboratory or special methods From organosilicon compounds Many routes to silicon dioxide start with an organosilicon compound, e.g., HMDSO,[45] TEOS. Synthesis of silica is illustrated below using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Simply heating TEOS at 680–730 °C results in the oxide: {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 -> SiO2 + 2 O(C2H5)2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 -> SiO2 + 2 O(C2H5)2}}} Similarly TEOS combusts around 400 °C: {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 12 O2 -> SiO2 + 10 H2O + 8 CO2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 12 O2 -> SiO2 + 10 H2O + 8 CO2}}} TEOS undergoes hydrolysis via the so-called sol-gel process. The course of the reaction and nature of the product are affected by catalysts, but the idealized equation is:[46] {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 4 HOCH2CH3}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 4 HOCH2CH3}}} Other methods Being highly stable, silicon dioxide arises from many methods. Conceptually simple, but of little practical value, combustion of silane gives silicon dioxide. This reaction is analogous to the combustion of methane: {\displaystyle {\ce {SiH4 + 2 O2 -> SiO2 + 2 H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiH4 + 2 O2 -> SiO2 + 2 H2O}}} However the chemical vapor deposition of silicon dioxide onto crystal surface from silane had been used using nitrogen as a carrier gas at 200–500 °C.[47] Chemical reactions Silica is converted to silicon by reduction with carbon. Fluorine reacts with silicon dioxide to form SiF4 and O2 whereas the other halogen gases (Cl2, Br2, I2) are essentially unreactive.[10] Silicon dioxide is attacked by hydrofluoric acid (HF) to produce hexafluorosilicic acid:[9] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 6 HF -> H2SiF6 + 2 H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 6 HF -> H2SiF6 + 2 H2O}}} HF is used to remove or pattern silicon dioxide in the semiconductor industry. Under normal conditions, silicon does not react with most acids but is dissolved by hydrofluoric acid. {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(s) + 6HF(aq) -> [SiF6]^{2-}(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2H2(g)}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(s) + 6HF(aq) -> [SiF6]^{2-}(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2H2(g)}}} Silicon is attacked by bases such as aqueous sodium hydroxide to give silicates. {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(s) + 4NaOH(aq) -> [SiO4]^{4-}(aq) + 4Na+(aq) + 2H2(g)}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(s) + 4NaOH(aq) -> [SiO4]^{4-}(aq) + 4Na+(aq) + 2H2(g)}}} Silicon dioxide acts as a Lux–Flood acid, being able to react with bases under certain conditions. As it does not contain any hydrogen, it cannot act as a Brønsted–Lowry acid. While silicon dioxide is not soluble in water, some strong bases will react with glass and have to be stored in plastic bottles as a result.[48] Silicon dioxide dissolves in hot concentrated alkali or fused hydroxide, as described in this idealized equation:[10] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 NaOH -> Na2SiO3 + H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 NaOH -> Na2SiO3 + H2O}}} Silicon dioxide will neutralise basic metal oxides (e.g. sodium oxide, potassium oxide, lead(II) oxide, zinc oxide, or mixtures of oxides, forming silicates and glasses as the Si-O-Si bonds in silica are broken successively).[9] As an example the reaction of sodium oxide and SiO2 can produce sodium orthosilicate, sodium silicate, and glasses, dependent on the proportions of reactants:[10] {\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2O + SiO2 -> Na4SiO4;}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2O + SiO2 -> Na4SiO4;}}} {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> Na2SiO3;}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> Na2SiO3;}}} {\displaystyle (0.25-0.8)}{\displaystyle (0.25-0.8)} {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> glass}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> glass}}}. Examples of such glasses have commercial significance, e.g. soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass. In these glasses, silica is termed the network former or lattice former.[9] The reaction is also used in blast furnaces to remove sand impurities in the ore by neutralisation with calcium oxide, forming calcium silicate slag. Bundle of optical fibers composed of high purity silica. Silicon dioxide reacts in heated reflux under dinitrogen with ethylene glycol and an alkali metal base to produce highly reactive, pentacoordinate silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds.[49] The silicates are essentially insoluble in all polar solvent except methanol. Silicon dioxide reacts with elemental silicon at high temperatures to produce SiO:[9] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + Si -> 2 SiO}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + Si -> 2 SiO}}} Water solubility The solubility of silicon dioxide in water strongly depends on its crystalline form and is three-four times higher for silica[clarification needed] than quartz; as a function of temperature, it peaks around 340 °C.[50] This property is used to grow single crystals of quartz in a hydrothermal process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel that is cooler at the top. Crystals of 0.5–1 kg can be grown over a period of 1–2 months.[9] These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications.[10] Health effects Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg).[19] A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia. An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a decreased risk of dementia of 11%.[51] Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or lung cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities.[52] When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), it increases the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus[53] and rheumatoid arthritis compared to expected rates in the general population.[54] Occupational hazard Silica is an occupational hazard for people who do sandblasting, or work with products that contain powdered crystalline silica. Amorphous silica, such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases, but is not associated with development of silicosis. Children, asthmatics of any age, those with allergies, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced lung capacity) can be affected in less time.[55] Crystalline silica is an occupational hazard for those working with stone countertops, because the process of cutting and installing the countertops creates large amounts of airborne silica.[56] Crystalline silica used in hydraulic fracturing presents a health hazard to workers.[25] Pathophysiology In the body, crystalline silica particles do not dissolve over clinically relevant periods. Silica crystals inside the lungs can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome inside macrophages and dendritic cells and thereby result in production of interleukin, a highly pro-inflammatory cytokine in the immune system.[57][58][59] Regulation Regulations restricting silica exposure 'with respect to the silicosis hazard' specify that they are concerned only with silica, which is both crystalline and dust-forming.[60][61][62][63][64][65] In 2013, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration reduced the exposure limit to 50 µg/m3 of air. Prior to 2013, it had allowed 100 µg/m3 and in construction workers even 250 µg/m3.[25] In 2013, OSHA also required "green completion" of fracked wells to reduce exposure to crystalline silica besides restricting the limit of exposure. What is it? Silicon dioxide (SiO2), also known as silica, is a natural compound made of two of the earth’s most abundant materials: silicon (Si) and oxygen (O2). Silicon dioxide is most often recognized in the form of quartz. It’s found naturally in water, plants, animals, and the earth. The earth’s crust is 59 percent silica. It makes up more than 95 percent of known rocks on the planet. When you sit on a beach, it’s silicon dioxide in the form of sand that gets between your toes. It’s even found naturally in the tissues of the human body. Though it’s unclear what role it plays, it’s thought to be an essential nutrient our bodies need. Why is it in food and supplements? Silicon dioxide is found naturally in many plants, such as: leafy green vegetables beets bell peppers brown rice oats alfalfa Silicon dioxide is also added to many foods and supplements. As a food additive, it serves as an anticaking agent to avoid clumping. In supplements, it’s used to prevent the various powdered ingredients from sticking together. As with many food additives, consumers often have concerns about silicon dioxide as an additive. However, numerous studies suggest there’s no cause for these concerns. What does the research say? The fact that silicon dioxide is found in plants and drinking water suggests it’s safe. Research has shown that the silica we consume through our diets doesn’t accumulate in our bodies. Instead, it’s flushed out by our kidneys. However, the progressive, often fatal lung disease silicosis can occur from chronic inhalation of silica dust. This exposure and disease primarily occurs among people who work in: mining construction quarrying the steel industry sandblasting While many of the studies on silica have been done on animals, researchers have found no link between the food additive silicon dioxide and increased risk of cancer, organ damage, or death. In addition, studies have found no evidence that silicon dioxide as an additive in food can affect reproductive health, birth weight, or bodyweight. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also recognized silicon dioxide as a safe food additive. In 2018, the European Food Safety Authority urged the European Union to impose stricter guidelines on silicon dioxide until further research could be done. Their concerns focused on the nano-sized particles (some of which were smaller than 100 nm). Previously guidelines followed a 1974 paper prepared in association with the World Health Organization. This paper found the only negative health effects related to silicon dioxide have been caused by silicon deficiency. More current research may be changing the guidelines and recommendations. Have safe limits been set? Though the research so far suggests there aren’t many risks associated with silicon dioxide ingestion, the FDA has set upper limits on its consumption: Silicon dioxide shouldn’t exceed 2 percent of a food’s total weight. This is mainly because amounts higher than these set limits haven’t been sufficiently studied. The takeaway Silicon dioxide exists naturally within the earth and our bodies. There isn’t yet evidence to suggest it’s dangerous to ingest as a food additive, but more research is needed on what role it plays in the body. Chronic inhalation of silica dust can lead to lung disease. People who have serious allergies have a vested interest in knowing what additives are in the foods they eat. But even if you don’t have such allergies, it’s best to be cautious with food additives. And even minor changes in levels of minerals can have a profound effect on healthy functioning. A good approach is to eat whole foods and get healthy levels of silicon dioxide. Silicon Dioxide is a natural compound of silicon and oxygen found mostly in sand, Silica has three main crystalline varieties: quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite. Fine particulate silica dust from quartz rock causes over a long-term progressive lung injury, silicosis. (NCI04) NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) Silica is another name for the chemical compound composed of silicon and oxygen with the chemical formula SiO2, or silicon dioxide. There are many forms of silica. All silica forms are identical in chemical composition, but have different atom arrangements. Silica compounds can be divided into two groups, crystalline (or c-silica) and amorphous silica (a-silica or non-crystalline silica). c-Silica compounds have structures with repeating patterns of silicon and oxygen. a-Silica chemical structures are more randomly linked when compared to c-silica. All forms of silica are odorless solids composed of silicon and oxygen atoms. Silica particles become suspended in air and form non-explosive dusts. Silica may combine with other metallic elements and oxides to form silicates. CDC-ATSDR Toxic Substances Portal Silicon dioxide is a silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens. Molecular Weight of Silicon dioxide: 60.084 g/mol Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Silicon dioxide:2 Rotatable Bond Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Exact Mass of Silicon dioxide: 59.966756 g/mol Monoisotopic Mass of Silicon dioxide: 59.966756 g/mol Topological Polar Surface Area of Silicon dioxide: 34.1 Ų Heavy Atom Count of Silicon dioxide: 3 Formal Charge of Silicon dioxide: 0 Complexity of Silicon dioxide: 18.3 Isotope Atom Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Silicon dioxide:0 Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Silicon dioxide: 1 Compound of Silicon dioxide Is Canonicalized Yes

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs almost everywhere on earth.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade when used as a food additive, is a compound consisting of silicon and oxygen.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is found naturally in the ground and in our bodies.

CAS Number: 7631-86-9
Molecular Formula: O2Si
Molecular Weight: 60.08
EINECS Number: 231-545-4

Synonyms: Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Silica, Dioxosilane, Quartz, 7631-86-9, Silica gel, Cristobalite, Silicic anhydride, Tridymite, 14808-60-7, Sand, 112945-52-5, 61790-53-2, 112926-00-8, KIESELGUHR, Diatomaceous silica, Wessalon, Aerosil, Silicon(IV) oxide, Zorbax sil, 60676-86-0, Silica, amorphous, 14464-46-1, Dicalite, Ludox, Nyacol, Amorphous silica, QUARTZ (SIO2), Cristobalite (SiO2), Cab-O-sil, Sillikolloid, Extrusil, Santocel, Sipernat, Superfloss, Acticel, Carplex, Neosil, Neosyl, Porasil, Silikil, Siloxid, Zipax, Aerosil-degussa, Silicon oxide, Aerosil 380, Synthetic amorphous silica, Quartz sand, Rose quartz, Silica particles, 91053-39-3, Cab-o-sil M-5, Silica, fumed, Snowtex O, Silica, colloidal, Tokusil TPLM, Dri-Die, SILICA, VITREOUS, Manosil vn 3, Colloidal Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Ultrasil VH 3, Ultrasil VN 3, Aerosil bs-50, Carplex 30, Carplex 80, Snowtex 30, Zeofree 80, Aerosil,Silicon(IV) oxide, Zorbax sil, 60676-86-0, Silica, amorphous, 14464-46-1, Dicalite, Ludox, Nyacol, Amorphous silica, QUARTZ (SIO2), Cristobalite (SiO2), Cab-O-sil, Sillikolloid, Extrusil, Santocel, Sipernat, Superfloss, Acticel, Carplex, Neosil, Neosyl, Porasil, Silikil, Siloxid, Zipax, Aerosil-degussa, Silicon oxide, Aerosil 380, Synthetic amorphous silica, Quartz sand, Rose quartz, Silica particles, 91053-39-3, Cab-o-sil M-5, Silica, fumed, Snowtex O, Silica, colloidal, Tokusil TPLM, Dri-Die, SILICA, VITREOUS, Manosil vn 3, Colloidal Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Ultrasil VH 3, Ultrasil VN 3, Aerosil bs-50, Carplex 30, Carplex 80, Snowtex 30, Zeofree 80, Aerosil K 7, Cabosil N 5, Syton 2X, Amorphous silica gel, Positive sol 232, Siliziumdioxid, Aerogel 200, Aerosil 300, Chalcedony, Diatomite, Ludox hs 40, Silanox 101, Silica (SiO2), Vitasil 220, Agate, Positive sol 130M, Silica vitreous, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (amorphous), Aerosil A 300, Aerosil E 300, Aerosil M-300, colloidal silica, Fused silica, Quartz glass, Silica slurry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, fumed, Silicone dioxide, 68855-54-9, Nalfloc N 1050, Quso 51, Silica, amorphous fused, Nalco 1050, Quso G 30, Hydrophobic silica 2482, Kieselsaeureanhydrid, Min-U-Sil, 15468-32-3, SiO2, CCRIS 3699, Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles, Silica aerogel, (SiO2)n, UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4, ETJ7Z6XBU4, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Amorphous, Silica 2482, hydrophobic, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, chemically prepared, EINECS 231-545-4, CAB-O-SIL N-70TS, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605, CI 7811,Aerosil 200, 99439-28-8, CHEBI:30563, AI3-25549, Crystalline silica, N1030, U 333, Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh, Glass, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, colloidal, 15723-40-7, ENT 25,550, [SiO2], Silica, crystalline - fused, Silicagel, Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free, 13778-37-5, 13778-38-6, 17679-64-0, Christensenite, Crystoballite, Silica gel desiccant, indicating, Celite, INS-551, Calcined diatomite, MFCD00011232, MFCD00217788, Silica, amorphous,fumed, cryst.-free, Silica, mesostructured, Amethyst, Aquafil, Cataloid, Crysvarl, Flintshot, Nalcoag, Novaculite, Silikill, Vulkasil, Cherts, Snowit, Imsil, Metacristobalite, Quartz silica, alpha-Quartz, Fossil flour, Fumed silica, Quartz dust, Rock crystal, Silica dust, White carbon, SIMETHICONE COMPONENT Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Chromosorb P, Tiger-eye, E-551, Vulkasil S, Celite superfloss, Cristobalite dust, Corasil II, Silver bond B, Cab-O-sperse, alpha-Cristobalite, alpha-Crystobalite, Gold bond R, (SiO2), Cabosil st-1, Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O, Sil-Co-Sil, Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, Siderite (SiO2), Tridymite 118, Cab-O-grip II, Tridimite [French], HI-Sil, Amorphous silica dust, Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres, Nyacol 830, Sibelite M 3000, Sibelite M 4000, Sibelite M 6000, Quazo puro [Italian], SILICA, AMORPHOUS (IARC), SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC], Caswell No. 734A, Sicron F 300, Sikron F 100, Spectrosil, Accusand, Coesite, Fuselex, Nalcast, Nyacol 1430, Optocil, Quartzine, Quarzsand, Rancosil, Suprasil, Tridimite, Siltex, Vitreous quartz, Vitreous silica, Tridymite dust, W 12 (Filler), beta-Quartz, Fused quartz, MIN-U-sil alpha quartz, Quartz-beta, Amorphous quartz, Dri-Die insecticide 67, Quazo puro, Silica, amorphous, fumed, Vitrified silica, Pyrogenic colloidal silica, Silica, fused, Suprasil W, Vitreosil IR, Borsil P, Dioxide, Silicon, Silane, dioxo-, Crystallized Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Optocil (quartz), CP-SilicaPLOT, Sand, Sea, Silicon oxide, di- (sand), Quarzsand [German], S-Col, Admafine SO 25H, Admafine SO 25R, Admafine SO 32H, Admafine SO-C 2, Admafine SO-C 3, Cristobalite asbestos, Keatite (SiO2), Sg-67, Tridymite (SiO2), Fumed silica, crystalline-free, Stishovite (SiO2), ED-C (silica), Fuselex ZA 30, As 1 (silica), CCRIS 2475, DQ12, Agate (SiO2), Celite 545, Fumed synthetic amorphous silica, Silica, crystalline - tridymite, FB 5 (silica), Fuselex RD 120, Corning 7940, Microcrystalline quartz, Synthetic amorphous silica, fumed, Denka F 90, Denka FB 30, Denka FB 44, Denka FB 74, Denka FS 30, Dri-Die 67, Silica gel spherical, 40-75 mum particle size, WGL 300, Cryptocrystalline quartz, FB 20 (silica), Elsil 100, F 44 (filler), D & D, SF 35, Elsil BF 100, F 125 (silica), F 160 (silica), Fuselex RD 40-60, Silica, amorphous, fused, Silica; Silica colloidal anhydrous; Silicium dioxide, EINECS 238-455-4, EINECS 238-878-4, EINECS 239-487-1, 43-63C, HK 400, TGL 16319, Silica, crystalline quartz, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (vitreous), Silica, amorphous, fumed, cryst.-free, Silica, crystalline, quartz, Silica, crystalline: quartz, tripolite, GP 7I, Precipitated amorphous silica, Chrysoprase, Ronasphere, Silica, crystalline tridymite, Speriglass, Carneol, Citrine, Kieselgel, NaturasilScars, Sandstone, Silica, crystalline - quartz, Silicea, Spherica, AF-SO 25R, Quartz [Silica, crystalline], Siilca, Zorbax, quartz-glass, silica sand, Silicom dioxide, Silica flour (powdered crystalline silica), Silica marina, Silica, crystalline: tridymite, silica-gel, Fused-silica, pyrogenic silica, Silica,fumed, GP 11I, RD 8, silica-, Fine grain sand, QuarZ, Super-cel, Fire Agate, Greensil K, Sea sand, silica gel white, W 006, Silicon di-oxide, Tridymite [Silica, crystalline], Zelec Sil, Chrysolith 6X, CRS 1102RD8, Silica Dispersion, SiO2 Nanopowder, Silica gel G, Silica, crystalline: cristobalite, Silotrat-1, Kieselsaureanhydrid, SiO2 Nanospheres, Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescent indicator 254 nm, Silicea 3X, Silicea 6C, Silicea 6X, Chrysoprase8113, EF 10, Fossil Flour MBK, FS 74, Honest-Paste Kids, MR 84, Quartz 8, Silica, crystalline - cristobalite, Silica Microspheres, Aventurine8101, Cristobalite [Silica, crystalline], Silicea Kit Refill, Sorbosil AC33, Sorbosil AC77, Sorbosil BFG50, Sorbosil TC15, Sand, white quartz, Sandstone8144, Silicea 12X, Silicea 30X, Amorphous silica: Pyrogenic (fumed), EINECS 262-373-8, Silica gel, ASTM, silicon (iv) oxide, Methyl3-oxohexanoate, Siliceous sand, CP, Sorbosil AC 35, Sorbosil AC 37, Sorbosil AC 39, BF 100, EQ 912, Neosil CBT50, Neosil CBT60, Neosil CBT60S, Neosil CBT70, Neosil CT11, Neosil PC10, Neosil PC50S, QG 100, Quartz 30, RD 120, Rose Quartz8142, AEROSIC, Aerosil 130, Aerosil 255, ARSIL, BIOSILICA, Carneol8109, Citrine8114, DALTOSIL, DUROSIL, HAIRBALLS, KOMSIL, MICROSIL, MILOWHITE, MIZUKASIL, NOVAKUP, OSCAL, PHOTOX, PREGEL, REOLOSIL, ROMSIL, SIFLOX, SILEX, SILICAFILM, SILICALITE, Silicea 200C, Silicea 200X, Silicea8012, SILIPUR, SILMOS, SIONOX, SNOWTEX, Sorbpso; BFG10, SYTON, TOSIL, UNISIL, VERTICURINE, ZEOPAN, Fire Agate8116, Tigers Eye8152, NaturasilStretch Marks, Wacker HDK H30, Celite 503, ENTERO TEKNOSAL, Spheron PL-700, AEROSIL PST, CATALOID SA, CATALOID SN, NALCAST PLW, SANTOCEL CS, SNOWTEX OXS, SORBSIL MSG, ADELITE A, ELKEM SAND, FINESIL B, FUJIGEL B, FUSELEX X, GAROSIL GB, GAROSIL N, HIMESIL A, NEOSIL XV, NEOSYL GP, NIPSIL AQ, NIPSIL ER, NIPSIL ES, NIPSIL LP, NIPSIL NA, NIPSIL NS, NIPSIL NST, SANTOCEL Z, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Powder, SILTON AK, SNOWTEX AK, SNOWTEX C, SNOWTEX N, SNOWTEX OL, TOKUSIL GU, TOKUSIL N, TOKUSIL NR, TOKUSIL P, TOKUSIL U, TOKUSIL UR, VULKASIL C, Wacker HDK T 30, Wacker HDK V 15, LUDOX LS, LUDOX TM, NEOSIL A, Sea sand, acid washed, Silica, fumed, powder, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (NF), SILTON A, SYTON FM, CRYSTALITE 5V, CRYSTALITE 5X, GLASGRAIN SG-A, IMSIL H, Neosil CL2000, Sand 50-70 mesh, Silica, Anhydrous 31, SILICEA200ck, Spheron N-2000, Spheron P-1500, TOSIL P, Cab-O-Sil EH-5, Cab-O-Sil M-5P, Cab-O-Sil MS55, F 44, NIPSIL VN3LP, Silica gel, large pore, TOKUSIL GU-N, TOKUSIL GV-N, Wacker HDK N 20P, Wacker HDK N 25P, Y 40, KAOWOOL RIGIDIZER, CRYSTALITE FM 1, CRYSTALITE NA 1, HYPERSIL 3, HYPERSIL 5, MSP-X, Silica 6 Special Order, ULTRASIL VN 3SP, Hollow Silica Nanosphere, MIZUKASIL NP 8, MIZUKASIL SK 7, Silicon Oxide Dispersion, Silicon Oxide Nanopowder, CARPLEX FPS 1, CARPLEX FPS 3, NIPSIL VN 3AQ, SI-O-LITE, SILICA [INCI], SUPERNAT 22LS, SYLOID SILICA GEL, ULTRASIL VN 2, CARPLEX CS 5, CRYSTALITE CMC 1, silica (Silicone Dioxide Food Grade), silica fibers (biogenic), SILICATE [VANDF], Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (silica), SUPERNAT 50S, TOKUSIL AL 1, Celite (R) 545, MIZUKASIL P 78A, MIZUKASIL P 78F, Silica gel, ACS reagent, Wacker HDK V 15 P, Celite(R) 512 medium, HYPERSIL 10, Kieselguhr, -325 mesh, NIPSIL VN 3, OPRECARE 12, OPRECARE 24, SAND [INCI], SANTOCEL 54, SANTOCEL 62, Silica, 99.8%, SILNEX NP 8, SYLOBLOC 41, SYLOBLOC 44, SYLOBLOC 46, SYLOBLOC 47, TONICPET 12, ADELITE AT 20A, ADELITE AT 20Q, ADELITE AT 30S, CATALOID HS 40, CATALOID SI 40, HARIMIC SWC 05, MIZUKASIL P 78, Quartz 60 Special Order, SBA-15 Molecular Sieve, Silica 30 Special Order, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Nanopowder, SNOWTEX NCS 30, ADELITE 30, ADELITE AT 30, AEROSIL BS 50, AEROSIL FK 60, AEROSIL OX 50, CARPLEX 67, DSSTox_CID_9677, HISILEX EF 10, Hollow Silica Microspheres, LUDOX 40HS, NIPSIL SS 50A, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Dispersion, SILTON A 2, SILTON LP 75C, SILTON R 2, SNOWTEX 40, SUPERNAT 250S, TULLANOX A 50, ZEOTHIX 95, ZORBAX PSM 60, Cab-O-Sil LM-130, AEROSIL 130V, AEROSIL 200V, CATALOID SI 350, Epitope ID:158537, FINESIL E 50, FINESIL X 37, MIZUKASIL P 526, MIZUKASIL P 527, MIZUKASIL P 801, MIZUKASIL P 802, NEOSYL 81, NIPSIL SS 10, NIPSIL SS 50, PROTEK-SORB 121, REOLOSIL 202, REOLOSIL QS 102, SIDENT 12, Silica, fumed, hydrophobic, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Nanospheres, SOLEX (M), SYLODENT 704, SYTON 30X, SYTON W 3, TULLANOX TM 500, ZEOSIL 175MP, ZEOSIL 75, ADELITE AD 321, AEROSIL A 200V, AEROSIL OK 412, AEROSIL TT 600, CAB-O-SIL HS 5, CAB-O-SIL M 5, CAB-O-SIL N 5, LUFILEN E 100, NALCOAG 1034A, Nano Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Powder, NIPSIL B 220A, NIPSIL E 150J, NIPSIL E 150K, NIPSIL E 150V, NIPSIL E 200A, NIPSIL E 220A, SILCRON G 100, SILCRON G 640, Silica gel 40-60Angstoms, TIX-O-SIL 33J, TIX-O-SIL 38A, AROGEN 500, CAB-O-SIL LM 50, DSSTox_RID_78805, EMSAC 460S, EMSAC 465T, IMSIL A 10, IMSIL A 15, IMSIL A 25, NEOSYL 186, NEOSYL 224, NUCLEOSIL 100-5, QUSO WR 55, QUSO WR 82, silica gel 60g (type60), silica gel 60h (type60), SSA 1, SSK 5, SYTON W 15, SYTON W 30, SYTON X 30, ZEOSYL 100, ZEOSYL 200, CAB-O-SIL MS 75D, CAB-O-SIL N 70TS, CARPLEX 1120, CELATOM(R) FW-60, DSSTox_GSID_29677, FILLITE 52/7, IMSIL A 108H, MIN-U-SIL 15, MIN-U-SIL 30, NALCO 2SS374, NALCO CD 100, NALCOAG 1030, NALCOAG 1050, NALCOAG 1060, NALCOAG 1115, NALCOAG 1129, NALCOAG 1140, NIPSIL E 150, NIPSIL E 200, NIPSIL G 300, NYACOL 2034A, P 2 (SILICA), Pesticide Code 072605, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, acid washed, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, acid-washed, VITASIL 1500, VITASIL 1600, ZEOSYL 1000V, BS 30 (FILLER), BS 50 (SILICA), CAB-M 5, Diatomaceous earth non-washed, EP 10TP, NALFLOC N 1030, SILICA GEL [WHO-DD], Silicone Dioxide Food Grade [II], Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2), 2080 Dentistry Night Fresh, 92283-58-4, LO-VEL 24, LO-VEL 27, PHYENLIMCIDE TOOTHPASTE, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Precipitated, EXSIL A 300, F 40 (SILICA), FILLITE 200/7, IATROBEADS 6RS8060, IMSIL A 108, NALCO 1034A, NALCO 84SS258, Silica fibers, 1/4'' long, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade [FCC], Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous, TIX-O-SIL 375, TS 100 (SILICA), ZEOSYL 2000, 2080 Dentistry Night Repair, CATALOID OSCAL 1432, Kieselguhr, calcined, purified, Silica gel, CP, blue, beads, Silica Gel 60-100 MESH, Silica, fused, respirable dust, 25wt% Silicon Oxide in Water, AW Standard Super-Cel(R) NF, B-6C, FK 320DS, HDK-V 15, HSDB 682, IMSIL 1240, INS NO.551, MCM-41, NALCO 1115, NALCO 1129, NALCO 1140, OSCAL 1132, OSCAL 1232, OSCAL 1432, OSCAL 1433, OSCAL 1434, Silica gel, CP, white, beads, Silicates (<1% crystalline silica):Graphite, natural, SIPUR 1500, SYLOID 244 [VANDF], ZEO 49, Hyflo(R) Super-Cel(R), CP, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (SIO2), Silicone Dioxide Food Grade [VANDF], CHEMBL3188292, Cinis comp A 21 Special Order, DTXSID1029677, DTXSID6050465, Filter agent, Celite(R) 545, IATROBEADS GRS 80100, Sand, white quartz, CP, beads, silica gel 60gf254(type60), silica gel 60hf254(type60), Silicagel 60A 40-63 micron, SILICONE DIOXIDE [VANDF], B-CEL 300, Quarz cryst., 0.6-1.3 mm, Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size, medium, Silica gel, technical grade, 6-16 mesh, Silicon oxide powder, 99% Nano, 20 nm, SONATURAL ALL KILL BLACKHEAD CLEAR, CAS-7631-86-9, Silica gel desiccant, -3+8 mesh granules, Silica gel, 12-24 mesh (liquid drying), Silica gel, for column chromatography, 60, Celite(R) 281, filter aid, flux calcined, Celite(R) S, filter aid, dried, untreated, Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh, HY-154739, Silica gel desiccant, -6+12 mesh granules, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, purum p.a., acid purified, White Silica Gel Beads, 3 mm (2-5 mm), CS-0694521, Dr. Zenni GGOGGOMA ToothpasteVanilla flavor, F 307, FT-0624621, FT-0645127, FT-0689145, FT-0689270, FT-0696592, FT-0696603, FT-0697331, FT-0697389, FT-0700917, S0822, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 220-440 mesh particle size, 35-75 mum particle size, for flash chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, for flash chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 5-25 mum particle size, without binder, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum, for column chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, with ~13% calcium sulfate, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, with ~15% calcium sulfate and fluorescent indicator, GF254, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 2.2 micron APS, 80 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 470m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 120 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 70 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 500m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC/UHPLC grade, spherical, 1.6 micron APS, 110 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 20 micron APS, 150 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 270m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g, Silica gel, technical grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), 60??, 230-400 mesh particle size, Ca 0.1-0.3 %, Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder & fluorescent indicator,12 Micron APS,S.A. 500-600m2/g,60A,pH 6.5-7.5, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder, 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6-7, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, without binder, with fluorescent indic., 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6.5-7.5, Silica gel, TLC high-purity grade, 5-25 mum, pore size 60 ??, with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, <150 mum particle size, pore size 4 nm, Hexagonal pore morphology, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, <150 mum particle size, pore size 6 nm, Hexagonal pore morphology, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, <150 mum particle size, pore size 8 nm, Hexagonal pore morphology, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, nanopowder (spherical, porous), 5-15 nm particle size (TEM), 99.5% trace metals basis, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, single crystal substrate, optical grade, 99.99% trace metals basis, <0001>, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm, Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,42 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 45 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether).

Silica is a common additive in food production (E551), where it is used primarily as a flow agent in powdered foods, or to adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the primary component of diatomaceous earth.

Colloidal silica is also used as a wine, beer, and juice fining agent.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica, is a natural compound made of two of the earth’s most abundant materials: silicon (Si) and oxygen (O2).
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is most often recognized in the form of quartz.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s found naturally in water, plants, animals, and the earth.
The earth’s crust is 59 percent silica.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade makes up more than 95 percent of known rocks on the planet.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s even found naturally in the tissues of the human body.
Though it’s unclear what role it plays, it’s thought to be an essential nutrient our bodies need.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is primarily used as an anti-caking agent to prevent the clumping or sticking together of particles in powdered or granulated food products.
This helps maintain the free-flowing nature of these products.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is naturally present in many food items, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and certain beverages.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a common component of the Earth's crust and is found in various forms, such as sand and quartz.
In the food industry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade may be used in different physical forms, including amorphous (non-crystalline) and crystalline.
The choice of form depends on its intended use and the properties required in the final food product.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has been evaluated by food safety authorities, and it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with approved limits.
Regulatory bodies set specific limits on the amount of E551 that can be added to food products.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has various industrial applications beyond the food industry.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and as a desiccant (moisture-absorbing agent).
Additionally, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade finds applications in the production of glass, ceramics, and as a carrier for certain flavors or active ingredients.
Particle size can influence the performance of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in terms of its anti-caking properties and other functionalities.

In pharmaceutical products, silica aids powder flow when tablets are formed. In cosmetics, it's useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency.
Hydrated silica is used in toothpaste as a hard abrasive to remove tooth plaque.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade works as an anti-caking agent, and manufacturers add small amounts to some foods, cosmetics, and more to prevent products from clumping and binding together.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is mostly obtained by mining, including sand mining and purification of quartz.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), is widely used in food products as a thickener, anticaking agent, and carrier for fragrances and flavors.

Derived from naturally occurring quartz, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s also naturally found in water and plant-based foods, especially cereals like oats, barley and rice.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade should not be confused with silicone, a plastic material that contains silicon and other chemicals used to make breast implants, medical tubing and other medical devices.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a compound that’s naturally found in the earth’s crust in a crystalline state.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be obtained from mining and purifying quart.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also found in some organisms and animals, the human body (it’s a component of human ligaments, cartilage and musculature), plus some plants (especially grains) and in drinking water.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s created in labs and used as a common food additive, found in things like baking ingredients, protein powders and dried spices.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has a variety of uses in industries ranging from food and cosmetics to construction and electronics.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a food additive authorized as an anti-caking agent.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade's a nanomaterial, like titanium dioxide dye (E171), which EFSA has recently re-evaluated for toxicity.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade goes by the common name silica.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s also sometimes referred to as silicic anhydride or silicate.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade comes in several forms, depending on how it’s manufactured, including:
Crystalline silica, which is usually obtained from mining quartz.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade actually comprises a high percentage of the Earth’s crust, so this type is widely available.

This isn’t the form used in foods and can be problematic when inhaled over long periods of time.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, found in the earth’s sediments and rocks.
This also forms diatomite, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade or diatomaceous earth, which is made from deposits that accumulate over time in the sediment of rivers, streams, lakes and oceans.

This is the type most often used as an anti-caking agent to keep powdered foods free-flowing and to prevent moisture absorption.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, which is used in tablet-making.
This type is found in supplements because it has anti-caking, adsorbent, disintegrant and glidant effects.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the most abundant mineral on earth and can be found naturally in many plants.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is synthetically obtained from a vapor-phase hydrolysis reaction producing fumed silica.
Another process to obtain synthetic Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is through a wet process to form hydrous silica.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, is a colorless crystalline substance with a high level of hardness and strength.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade does not react with water and is resistant to acids.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is generally insoluble in water and organic solvents.

This insolubility is one of the reasons Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as an anti-caking agent, as it remains in its particulate form, preventing the formation of clumps in dry products.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is chemically inert, meaning it does not react with other substances in the food.
This makes it suitable for use in a wide range of products without affecting the taste or chemical composition of the food.

Some forms of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade may exist in hydrated or colloidal forms.
These hydrated forms may have specific applications in different industries, including food and beverages.
In some cases, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade may be used in combination with other anti-caking agents or additives to achieve synergistic effects, enhancing the overall anti-caking performance.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in pharmaceutical formulations as a flow agent and to improve the compressibility of certain drugs during tablet manufacturing.
In food products, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is often listed on ingredient labels as "silica" or "Silicone Dioxide Food Grade."
The specific particle size and form may also be indicated, especially in cases where different forms are available for specific applications.

Ongoing research in materials science and nanotechnology may lead to the development of new forms or applications of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, both in the food industry and other sectors.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is artificially produced amorphous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS).
Over the decades, two production methods (wet chemical and pyrogenic) have become established, for which the resulting E 551 products are chemically identical.

The food additive is available for downstream processing as a powder or a granulate.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is important to note here that E 551 is not what is known as colloidal silica, which is a liquid with extremely finely divided nanoparticles.
In the majority of Silicone Dioxide Food Grades, the silicon atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom (see 3-D Unit Cell).

Thus, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade forms 3-dimensional network solids in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms.
In contrast, CO2 is a linear molecule.
The starkly different structures of the dioxides of carbon and silicon are a manifestation of the double bond rule.

Based on the crystal structural differences, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be divided into two categories: crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous).
In the form of crystalline, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be found naturally occurring as quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, stishovite, and coesite.
On the other hand, amorphous silica can be found in nature as opal, infusorial earth and diatomaceous earth.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade glass is the form of intermediate state between this structure.
All of this distinct crystalline forms always have the same local structure around Si and O.
In α-quartz the Si–O bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154–171 pm.

The Si–O–Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite. In α-quartz, the Si–O–Si angle is 144°.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a defoamer component.
In its capacity as a refractory, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is useful in fiber form as a high-temperature thermal protection fabric.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in the extraction of DNA and RNA due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of chaotropes.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade was used in the Stardust spacecraft to collect extraterrestrial particles.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fibre for fibreglass.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a relatively inert material (hence its widespread occurrence as a mineral).
Silica is often used as inert containers for chemical reactions.
At high temperatures, it is converted to silicon by reduction with carbon.

Fluorine reacts with Silicone Dioxide Food Grade to form SiF4 and O2 whereas the other halogen gases (Cl2, Br2, I2) are unreactive.
Most forms of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade are attacked ("etched") by hydrofluoric acid (HF) to produce hexafluorosilicic acid:
SiO2 + 6 HF → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O

Stishovite does not react to HF to any significant degree.
HF is used to remove or pattern Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in the semiconductor industry.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade acts as a Lux–Flood acid, being able to react with bases under certain conditions.

As it does not contain any hydrogen, non-hydrated silica cannot directly act as a Brønsted–Lowry acid.
While Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is only poorly soluble in water at low or neutral pH (typically, 2 × 10−4 M for quartz up to 10−3 M for cryptocrystalline chalcedony), strong bases react with glass and easily dissolve it.
Therefore, strong bases have to be stored in plastic bottles to avoid jamming the bottle cap, to preserve the integrity of the recipient, and to avoid undesirable contamination by silicate anions.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade reacts in heated reflux under dinitrogen with ethylene glycol and an alkali metal base to produce highly reactive, pentacoordinate silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds.
The silicates are essentially insoluble in all polar solvent except methanol.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is currently regarded as a safe food additive when used following the appropriate levels to obtain the desired effect on the food product, and never exceeding the 2% limit.

However, authorities in the EU are reviewing potential hazardous effects of its nanoparticles.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica, silicic acid or silicic acid anydride is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.

Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as synthetic product.
Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, and aerogels.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in structural materials, microelectronics -as an electrical insulator-, and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica is toxic and can lead to severe inflammation of the lung tissue, silicosis, bronchitis, lung cancer, and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Uptake of amorphous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.
Sinofi is a leading Silicone Dioxide Food Grade supplier and manufacturer in China.

Silicone Dioxide Food Gradehydrofluoric.
Sinofi is a reliable Silicone Dioxide Food Grade supplier and manufacturer in China.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is commonly manufactured through the high-temperature melting and cooling of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade-rich rocks or minerals, such as quartz or sand.

In the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries, the typical manufacture of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs via a synthetic process, creating the compound from silica gel or sodium silicate.
These processes vary based on the final application for Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
For example, in the food and beverage industry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade may undergo additional processing to ensure it meets regulatory requirements for safety and purity.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade also known as silica, is a natural compound made of two of the earth’s most abundant materials: silicon (Si) and oxygen [O2].
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is most often recognized in the form of quartz.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s found naturally in water, plants, animals, and the earth.

The earth’s crust is 59% silica. It makes up more than 95 percent of known rocks on the planet.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in the form of sand that gets between toes.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s even found naturally in the tissues of the human body.

Though it’s unclear what role it plays, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s thought to be an essential nutrient our bodies need.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also added to many foods and supplements.
As a food additive, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade serves as an anti-caking agent to avoid clumping.

In supplements, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade's used to prevent the various powdered ingredients from sticking together.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade and Hydrated Silica are used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products including bath products, eye makeup, hair care products, makeup, nail care products, oral hygiene products and skin care products.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, is one of the most abundant materials on earth, available as White powder.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is widely used as flow agent in powdered foods and fining agent in wine, beer, and juice.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E551.
As a professional supplier and manufacturer of food additives, Foodchem International Corporation has been supplying quality Silicone Dioxide Food Grade to customers all over the world for over 10 years.

In the context of food, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade's commonly used as an anti-caking agent, where it helps prevent the formation of lumps or clumps in powdered or granulated food products.
This property makes Silicone Dioxide Food Grade useful in various food items such as salt, spices, and powdered drink mixes.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
The substance occurs as translucent granules or as a powder with a porous surface and pores of various sizes.
After drying Silicone Dioxide Food Grade contains 4% water.
The adsorption capacity of silica gel varies according to how the gel is obtained, according to the concentration of the solution from which it was precipitated or according to the reaction temperature or pH of the wash water.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is considered safe for consumption in regulated amounts.
It's important to note that Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a naturally occurring compound and is found in many forms, including as quartz, sand, and certain types of rocks.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.

In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.
Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as a synthetic product.
Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, and aerogels.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in structural materials, microelectronics, and components in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica or SiO2, is a naturally occurring compound.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade's made of silicon and oxygen.

Both elements are abundant on our planet.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is an amorphous substance, produced either synthetically or by a vapour-phase hydrolysis process, yielding pyrogenic silica.
The dry process produces silica precipitate, silica gel or hydrated silica.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is mainly obtained in the anhydrous state, while the other products in the wet process are obtained as hydrates or contain water absorbed at the surface.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, or silica, is a combination of silicon and oxygen, two very abundant, naturally occurring materials.
There are many forms of silica.

They all have the same makeup but may have a different name, depending on how the particles arrange themselves.
In general, there are two groups of silica: crystalline silica and amorphous silica.

This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, commonly found in nature as quartz.

In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is abundant as it comprises several minerals and synthetic products.
All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a common fundamental constituent of glass.
A Silicone Dioxide Food Grade made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, is an anti-caking substance, used for clarification and stabilisation.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the chemical formula of a group of inorganic polymers where each silicon atom is surrounded by 4 tetrahedrally arranged oxygen atoms.
The average stoichiometric composition of the compound is SiO2.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust, because sand is composed of silica.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is found in nature in three forms: crystalline, polymorphic and various amorphous or microcrystalline forms.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is obtained by acidifying a solution of sodium silicate in water.
Unstable silicic acid is formed, which on removal of water forms a colloidal solution from which hydrated SiO2 precipitates.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.

Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
refractive index: 1.46
Flash point: 2230°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid. It dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific Gravity: 2.2
color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8493
Exposure limits NIOSH: IDLH 3000 mg/m3; TWA 6 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.

In the modern world, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates).
Tests or frustules (i.e. shells) of diatoms, Radiolaria, and testate amoebae.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in the cells of many plants, including Equisetaceae, practically all grasses, and a wide range of dicotyledons.

The spicules forming the skeleton of many sponges.
Crystalline minerals formed in the physiological environment often show exceptional physical properties (e.g., strength, hardness, fracture toughness) and tend to form hierarchical structures that exhibit microstructural order over a range of scales.
The minerals are crystallized from an environment that is undersaturated concerning Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, and under conditions of neutral pH and low temperature (0–40 °C).

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the primary ingredient in the production of most glass.
As other minerals are melted with Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, the principle of freezing point depression lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity.
The glass transition temperature of pure SiO2 is about 1475 K.

When molten Silicone Dioxide Food Grade SiO2 is rapidly cooled, it does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass.
Because of this, most ceramic glazes have silica as the main ingredient.
The structural geometry of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centres.

The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the tetrahedral units: Although there is no long-range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length.
One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.
The majority of optical fibers for telecommunication are also made from silica.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
The solubility of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in water strongly depends on its crystalline form and is three to four times higher for silica than quartz; as a function of temperature, it peaks around 340 °C (644 °F).
This property is used to grow single crystals of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in a hydrothermal process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel that is cooler at the top.

These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications.
Above the critical temperature of water 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and a pressure of 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi) or higher, water is a supercritical fluid and solubility is once again higher than at lower temperatures.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is an occupational hazard for people who do sandblasting or work with products that contain powdered crystalline silica.

Amorphous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases but is not associated with the development of silicosis.
Children, asthmatics of any age, those with allergies, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced lung capacity) can be affected in less time.
In the food and beverage industry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is an anti-caking agent preventing powders and granulated products from clumping.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in products like salad dressings, sauces, and soft drinks.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is approved as a food additive in the UK by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and is considered safe for human consumption.
For Pharmaceutical Industry applications, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is an excipient (binds active ingredients) in medications.

Additionally, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a desiccant to absorb moisture and prevent spoilage in medications and dietary supplements.
The use of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in pharmaceuticals is regulated in the UK and must meet certain quality and safety standards.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also used in cosmetic products in the UK as an abrasive in toothpaste and exfoliating scrubs, as well as a thickener and anti-caking agent.

Industrial applications use Silicone Dioxide Food Grade as a reinforcing filler in rubber and plastic products and a polishing agent in the production of glass and ceramics.
Amorphous non-porous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in the food industry as an auxiliary substance E551, which prevents caking and clumping, in parapharmaceuticals (toothpastes), in the pharmaceutical industry as an auxiliary substance (included in most pharmacopoeias), to stabilize suspensions and liniments, as a thickener for ointments bases, fillers for tablets and suppositories.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is part of the composition of filling materials, reduces the hygroscopicity of dry extracts, slows down the release of biologically active substances from various dosage forms; as food additives and sorbents, as well as matrices for creating dosage forms with desired properties - since there is no crystal structure (amorphene), and also as a food additive or drug as an enterosorbent Polysorb MP with a wide range of applications, taking into account high specific sorption surface (in the range of 300-400 m²) per 1 g of the basic substance.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade E551 can be used as flow agent in food such as in cheese, fat spreads, confectionery, dried vegetables.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade E551 maintain the strength and density of bones, thus reducing the risk of diseases like arthritis and osteoarthritis in pharmaceutical.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is commonly used in the cosmetic and personal care industry.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be found in products such as toothpaste, skin creams, and powders.
In cosmetics, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is often used as an abrasive agent in toothpaste or as a thickening agent in lotions and creams.

Apart from its use in tablet manufacturing, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also employed in pharmaceuticals as a desiccant.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade helps in preserving the quality of medications by preventing moisture absorption, which can degrade the stability of certain drugs.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, particularly in mesoporous forms like SBA-15, is used as a support material for catalysts in various chemical processes.

The high surface area and well-defined pores of SBA-15 make it suitable for catalytic applications.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles, especially in the nanometer range, have gained attention in materials science.
They are explored for applications in nanocomposites, sensors, and as carriers for drug delivery due to their unique properties at the nanoscale.

Single crystal substrates of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade are used in optics and electronics.
These substrates provide a high-quality surface for the deposition of other materials, making them essential in the production of various electronic devices.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade sols, prepared using the sol-gel process, have applications in coatings, films, and as a precursor for glass and ceramics.

The sol-gel process allows for the formation of thin films with controlled properties.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, due to its absorbent properties, is used in industrial applications for drying gases and liquids.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is employed in systems where the removal of moisture is crucial for maintaining the efficiency and integrity of processes.

Ongoing research in nanotechnology involves exploring new forms and applications of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles for their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also the primary component of rice husk ash, which is used, for example, in filtration and as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in cement and concrete manufacturing.
For well over a 1000 million years, silicification in and by cells has been common in the biological world.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is obtained like silica gel by acidifying an aqueous solution of sodium silicate.
Precipitated silica is used as filler in rubber for automobile tires and reinforcement particulate in elastomers, and as a flatting agent in paints and coatings for improving the flatness of coatings.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water.

The impurities remain behind.
Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water [Phelan & Powell Analyst 109 1299 1984].
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, amorphous is a noncombustible solid.

Generally unreactive chemically.
Incompatible with fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride.
Soluble in molten alkalis and reacts with most metallic oxides at high temperature.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is found in plants and drinking water, it is safe.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is known that the silicon we consume through diet does not accumulate in the body, it is eliminated by the kidneys.
There is no evidence so far that the additive Silicone Dioxide Food Grade used in current quantities in the food and pharmaceutical industry is toxic.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs widely in nature. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) give an idea to just how common this compound is.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is easiest to recognize by its common name, quartz, which makes up about 12% of the earth’s crust.
However, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade also occurs naturally in everything from water and plants to animals.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade sand covers many beaches, and it makes up most of the rocks on earth.
In fact, silica-containing minerals or silica itself make up more than 95% of the earth’s crust.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also added to many foods and supplements.

As a food additive, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade serves as an anticaking agent to avoid clumping.
In supplements, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s used to prevent the various powdered ingredients from sticking together.
As with many food additives, consumers often have concerns about Silicone Dioxide Food Grade as an additive. However, numerous studies suggest there’s no cause for these concerns.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the most stable form of solid SiO2 at room temperature.
The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
The transformation from α-quartz to beta-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C.

Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit.
The high-pressure minerals, seifertite, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
Stishovite has a rutile-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate.

The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm3, which compares to Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm3.
The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest Si–O bond lengths in stishovite (four Si–O bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the Si–O bond length (161 pm) in Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the Si–O bond.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, another polymorph, is obtained by the dealumination of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y zeolite with combined acid and thermal treatment.
The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high crystallinity and specific surface area (over 800 m2/g).
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has very high thermal and acid stability.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or crystallinity even after boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Molten Silicone Dioxide Food Grade exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid water: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is density decreases from 2.08 g/cm3 at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm3 at 2200 °C.

Even though it is poorly soluble, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs in many plants such as rice.
Plant materials with high Silicone Dioxide Food Grade phytolith content appear to be of importance to grazing animals, from chewing insects to ungulates.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade accelerates tooth wear, and high levels of silica in plants frequently eaten by herbivores may have developed as a defense mechanism against predation.

Uses:
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as an anti-caking agent to avoid lumps.
In dietary supplements, this additive is used to prevent various ingredients from sticking together in powder form.
Manufacturers use silica to make everything from glass to cement, but it also has a use in the food industry as an additive and anticaking agent.

This type of food additive prevents foods from caking or sticking together in clumps.
This may help ensure a Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s shelf life, protect against the effects of moisture, and keep powdered ingredients from sticking together and helping them flow smoothly.
About 95% of the commercial use of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (Portland cement concrete).

Certain deposits of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable clay and other mineral content, were important for sand casting of metallic products.
The high melting point of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade enables it to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons.
Crystalline Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in hydraulic fracturing of formations which contain tight oil and shale gas.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used primarily as a flow or anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Colloidal silica is used as a fining agent for wine, beer, and juice, with the E number reference Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties[33] and natural absorbency.

Diatomaceous earth, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade consists of the silica shells of microscopic diatoms; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder".
Manufactured or mined hydrated silica is used as the hard abrasive in toothpaste.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade exist as white, fluffy powders that are produced through a wet process, yielding silica or silica gel, or a thermal route, yielding pyrogenic (fumed) silica.
In powdered foods, the silica clings to the particles of the foods and prevents them from clumping.
This allows powdery products to remain free-flowing, and other products easy to separate.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade also functions as a defoaming agent, carrier, conditioning agent, chillproofing agent in malt beverages (like beer) and filter aid.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s also used to manufacture materials such as adhesives and paper for food-packaging materials.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in permitted finished products, taking into account the relevant limitations, in accordance with the regulations in the Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Food Additives and vertical communiqués.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is commonly used as an anti-caking agent in food products.
The morphology and the dimension of the added silica particles are not, however, usually stated on the food product label.
The food industry has adapted nanotechnology using engineered nanoparticles to improve the quality of their product.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade E551 can be used in Food, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Health & Personal care products, Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a flow agent in powdered foods, or to absorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is often used in cheese, fat spreads, confectionery, dried vegetables, etc.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade E551 is a dioxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a anti-caking agent, carrier, and dispersant that can absorb 120% of its weight and remain a free flowing substance.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in a wide variety of products such as salt, flour, powdered soups, coffee, vanilla powder, baking powder, dried egg yolk, and tortilla chips.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered and granulated foods, preventing clumping and improving flowability.
In pharmaceuticals, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is often used as a glidant or flow agent in the manufacturing of tablets.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade helps in the uniform distribution of ingredients and improves the flow of the powder.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be used as a thickening agent in lotions, creams, and powders in the cosmetic industry.
In toothpaste, it serves as an abrasive agent for cleaning teeth.
Mesoporous forms of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, such as SBA-15, are used as support materials for catalysts in various chemical processes.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles find applications in nanocomposites, sensors, and drug delivery systems due to their unique properties at the nanoscale.
Single Crystal Substrates: Silicone Dioxide Food Grade single crystal substrates are used in electronics and optics as a high-quality surface for depositing other materials in the production of electronic devices.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a desiccant to absorb moisture, preserving the quality and stability of pharmaceuticals and certain food products.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade sols, prepared through the sol-gel process, are used in coatings, films, and as precursors for glass and ceramics.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is employed in various industrial processes for drying gases and liquids due to its absorbent properties.
Ongoing research explores new forms and applications of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles in areas such as electronics, optics, and materials science.

In the construction industry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be used as an additive in concrete to improve its strength and durability.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is sometimes used in water treatment processes for the removal of impurities.
In chromatography, silica gel is commonly used as a stationary phase for separating and purifying chemical compounds.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade gel with specific particle sizes and binders is used in TLC for separating and analyzing mixtures.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade gel with defined pore sizes and particle sizes is employed in flash chromatography for rapid separation of compounds.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade-grade silica gel in spherical form is utilized as a stationary phase in HPLC columns for high-resolution liquid chromatography.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade gel with larger particle sizes is used in preparative chromatography for the purification of larger quantities of compounds.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is commonly found in desiccant packs used to absorb moisture in packaging for products like electronics, leather goods, and food.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, with well-defined pore sizes, is employed in catalysts, adsorbents, and in various applications in materials science.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles find applications in targeted drug delivery, imaging agents, and as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in optical coatings, providing anti-reflective properties and enhancing the performance of lenses and mirrors.
As a reinforcing filler in rubber and plastic industries, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade improves the mechanical properties and durability of the materials.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles are researched for potential applications in enhanced oil recovery and as additives for drilling fluids.
Silica nanoparticles are used in paints and coatings to enhance scratch resistance, durability, and provide a smoother finish.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a thickening agent in adhesives and sealants, improving their viscosity and performance.

Silica is used as an abrasive in various applications, including in the polishing of lenses, glass, and other surfaces.
Silica nanoparticles are explored for applications in imaging, diagnostics, and drug delivery in the biomedical field.

Silica gel can be used in water purification processes to remove impurities and contaminants.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade-based materials are studied for potential use in fuel processing and fuel cell technologies.

silica is also known as Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can also function as an abrasive.

In addition, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
Spherical silica is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
Functionalized RAFT agent for controlled radical polymerization; especially suited for the polymerization of styrene; acrylate and acrylamide monomers.

Azide group can be used to conjugate to a variety of alkyne-functionalized biomolecules.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.

They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.
They are relatively expensive.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.

Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic Silicone Dioxide Food Grades are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade comes from the fact that it is an absorbent with a high capacity to retain vapours, gases or even various impurities present in some food products.
For example, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in beer because it absorbs the high molecular proteins responsible for clouding the finished product.

This treatment does not affect foam stability, colour or taste of the product.
The additive is also used in some food products as a carrier for colours and antifoams as well as a drying agent.

Safety Profile:
Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg).
A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia.
An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a decreased risk of dementia of 11%.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or lung cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities.
When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), it increases the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis compared to expected rates in the general population.

Diatomaceous earth is used as a filtering agent and as a filler in construction materials, pesticides, paints, and varnishes.
The calcined version (which has been heat treated) is the most dangerous and contains crystallized silica, and should be handled as silica.
Side effects and risks of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade:

Some researchers have called for further investigation into the types of silica that find their way into food products.
These include nanoparticles, which are silica particles that are much smaller than most of the particles that occur in nature.
The concern is that these tiny particles could reach different areas of the body and even get into the cells themselves.

Many food additives tend to raise concerns from people who want to be aware of what they are eating, and Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is no different.
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica can lead to severe inflammation of the lung tissue, silicosis, bronchitis, lung cancer, and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Inhalation of amorphous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.

While the name may seem unfamiliar, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a natural compound. Many studies suggest that there is no cause for concern when people are consuming Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in normal doses, such as the small amounts that manufacturers put in food products to prevent caking.
The pure unaltered form is considered a nuisance dust.

Some deposits contain small amounts of crystahne quartz and are therefore fibrogenic.
When diatomaceous earth is calcined (with or without fluxing agents) some sdica is converted to cristobalite and is therefore fibrogenic.
Tridymite has never been detected in calcined batomaceous earth.

Silicone Polyether is a type of silicone-based polymer that contains polyether groups.
Silicone Polyether is also known as silicone polyether copolymer, polyether-modified silicone, or silicone polyether surfactant.



APPLICATIONS


Silicone Polyether is a versatile material with a wide range of applications in various industries due to its unique properties and ability to improve the performance of various products.
Some common applications of Silicone Polyether include:

Personal care:
Silicone Polyether is commonly used in personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and skincare products as a surfactant, emulsifier, and/or conditioner.


Coatings:
Silicone Polyether is used as a coating additive to improve adhesion, water repellency, and durability of coatings such as paints, varnishes, and sealants.


Textiles:
Silicone Polyether is used in the textile industry to improve the softness, flexibility, and water repellency of fabrics.


Industrial applications:
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant or emulsifier in various industrial applications such as metalworking fluids, detergents, and cleaning products.


Agriculture:
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in agricultural products such as herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers to improve coverage and adhesion.


Food and beverage:
Silicone Polyether is used in the food and beverage industry as a foam stabilizer, emulsifier, and/or defoamer.


Pharmaceuticals:
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant or emulsifier in pharmaceutical formulations such as creams, ointments, and gels.


Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions.
Silicone Polyether is added to coatings such as paints and varnishes to improve adhesion and durability.
Silicone Polyether is commonly used in the textile industry to improve the softness, flexibility, and water repellency of fabrics.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant or emulsifier in various industrial applications such as metalworking fluids, detergents, and cleaning products.
Silicone Polyether is used in agricultural products such as herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers to improve coverage and adhesion.

Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer, emulsifier, and/or defoamer in the food and beverage industry.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant or emulsifier in pharmaceutical formulations such as creams, ointments, and gels.

Silicone Polyether is added to hair care products such as hair sprays and mousses to improve hold and shine.
Silicone Polyether is used in the manufacture of antifoams and defoamers used in industrial processes such as wastewater treatment.
Silicone Polyether is added to automotive and industrial lubricants to improve performance and reduce friction.

Silicone Polyether is used in the production of silicone rubbers and elastomers for various applications.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in the production of polyurethane foams.

Silicone Polyether is added to cleaning products such as detergents and degreasers to improve cleaning efficiency.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of inks and coatings for printing applications.

Silicone Polyether is added to drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry to improve lubricity and reduce friction.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer in the production of latex paints and coatings.
Silicone Polyether is added to metalworking fluids to improve lubrication and cooling properties.

Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of ceramics to improve surface wetting and reduce defects.
Silicone Polyether is used in the production of silicone-based adhesives and sealants.

Silicone Polyether is used in the production of personal lubricants and sexual lubricants.
Silicone Polyether is added to water treatment chemicals to improve performance and reduce costs.

Silicone Polyether is used in the production of surfactants for various applications.
Silicone Polyether is added to food packaging materials to improve moisture resistance and reduce fogging.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of emulsions for various applications.

Silicone Polyether is used in the production of electronic components such as adhesives, coatings, and sealants.
Silicone Polyether is added to cleaning products such as glass cleaners to improve cleaning efficiency and reduce streaking.

Silicone Polyether is used as a lubricant in the textile industry to improve the performance of spinning and weaving equipment.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer and emulsifier in the production of polyurethane foams.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of paints and coatings for various applications.
Silicone Polyether is added to cosmetic products such as facial masks and scrubs to improve exfoliation and cleansing properties.

Silicone Polyether is used as a release agent in the production of molded plastic and rubber parts.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of silicone emulsions for various applications.

Silicone Polyether is added to hydraulic fluids to improve lubrication and reduce wear.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer in the production of polyethylene foam.
Silicone Polyether is added to metalworking fluids to improve rust and corrosion resistance.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of paper and pulp.
Silicone Polyether is added to cementitious materials such as mortar and grout to improve water resistance and adhesion.

Silicone Polyether is used as a defoamer in the production of latex and synthetic rubber.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of leather goods.

Silicone Polyether is added to printing inks to improve ink transfer and reduce misting.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent and leveling agent in the production of wood coatings.
Silicone Polyether is added to coolant fluids to improve heat transfer and reduce corrosion.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of detergents and cleaning products.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent and dispersant in the production of pigment pastes and colorants.

Silicone Polyether is added to mold release agents to improve release properties and reduce buildup.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer in the production of polypropylene foam.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of inkjet inks.
Silicone Polyether is added to lubricating oils to improve performance and reduce viscosity.

Silicone Polyether is used as a defoamer in the production of adhesives and sealants.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of ceramics and glass.
Silicone Polyether is added to rubber compounding agents to improve processability and physical properties.

Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent and leveling agent in the production of architectural coatings.
Silicone Polyether is added to coolant fluids to improve foam control and reduce cavitation.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in the production of metal cleaners and degreasers.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent and leveling agent in the production of coil coatings.

Silicone Polyether is added to printing inks to improve pigment dispersion and reduce drying time.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of foam insulation materials.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in the production of metalworking fluids.

Silicone Polyether is added to hydraulic fluids to improve viscosity and reduce friction.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer and emulsifier in the production of polyisocyanurate foam.



DESCRIPTION


Silicone Polyether is a type of silicone-based polymer that contains polyether groups.
Silicone Polyether is also known as silicone polyether copolymer, polyether-modified silicone, or silicone polyether surfactant.

Silicone Polyether is widely used in various industries, including personal care, coatings, textiles, and industrial applications.
Silicone Polyether is commonly used as a surfactant or emulsifier due to its unique chemical structure, which allows it to lower the surface tension of liquids and stabilize emulsions.


Silicone Polyether offers several benefits, including:

Improved wetting and spreading
Reduced surface tension
Increased foam stability
Improved emulsion stability
Enhanced lubrication
Increased softness and flexibility in textiles
Improved water repellency
Increased adhesion and coating flexibility
Overall, Silicone Polyether is a versatile material that is widely used in many applications due to its unique properties and ability to improve the performance of various products.



PROPERTIES


Molecular weight: varies depending on the specific formulation
Density: varies depending on the specific formulation
Solubility: soluble in water and many organic solvents
pH range: typically between 4 and 8
Viscosity: can range from low to high, depending on the specific formulation and molecular weight
Surface tension: low, which makes it an effective wetting agent
Hydrophobicity: hydrophobic due to the silicone component
Chemical resistance: resistant to acids, bases, and many organic solvents
Thermal stability: stable over a wide temperature range, typically up to 200°C
Foaming properties: can act as a foam stabilizer or defoamer depending on the specific formulation and concentration
Emulsifying properties: can be used as an emulsifier in a variety of applications
Lubricity: can improve lubrication properties in some formulations
Release properties: can improve release properties in some formulations
Surfactant properties: can act as a surfactant in a variety of applications
Biocompatibility: can be used in some medical and personal care applications due to its biocompatibility and low toxicity.



FIRST AID


In case of exposure or contact with Silicone Polyether, the following first aid measures should be taken:

Inhalation:
If inhaled, move the person to fresh air immediately.
If symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing persist, seek medical attention.


Skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and rinse affected skin with plenty of water.
If skin irritation or redness occurs, seek medical attention.


Eye contact:
Rinse eyes thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek medical attention if eye irritation persists.


Ingestion:
If ingested, rinse mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention if symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea occur.


Note: Always read and follow the specific first aid instructions and safety data sheet (SDS) provided by the manufacturer for the particular formulation of Silicone Polyether you are working with.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Here are some general handling and storage conditions for Silicone Polyether:

Handling:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and safety glasses, when handling the substance.
Avoid inhalation or contact with skin, eyes, or clothing.
Always follow good industrial hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling the substance.


Storage:

Store Silicone Polyether in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and sources of heat and ignition.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.

Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids or bases.
Always follow the specific storage instructions provided by the manufacturer for the particular formulation of Silicone Polyether you are working with.


Fire safety:

Silicone Polyether is flammable and can ignite when exposed to heat or flames.
Use appropriate fire safety measures, such as keeping containers tightly closed, avoiding sparks and open flames, and storing away from sources of heat and ignition.
Use appropriate fire-fighting equipment and methods, such as foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide, if a fire occurs.


Spill and leak response:

In case of a spill or leak, contain the substance and prevent it from entering waterways or sewers.
Wear appropriate PPE and use absorbent materials, such as sand or vermiculite, to contain and clean up the spill.
Follow the specific spill response instructions provided by the manufacturer for the particular formulation of Silicone Polyether you are working with.


Note: Always read and follow the specific handling and storage instructions and safety data sheet (SDS) provided by the manufacturer for the particular formulation of Silicone Polyether you are working with.



SYNONYMS


Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene oxide)
Polyether-modified silicone
Silicone-polyethylene oxide copolymer
Silicone-polyoxyalkylene block copolymer
Silicone-ethylene oxide block copolymer
Polymeric silicone surfactant
Silicone emulsifier
Polyether-modified polysiloxane
Siloxane-polyether copolymer
Silicone block copolymer
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-co-poly(ethylene oxide)
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)
Polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene copolymer
Siloxane-ethylene oxide copolymer
Silicone polyol
Silicone polyglycol
Silicone-polyalkylene oxide block copolymer
Silicone-modified polyether
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-polyether copolymer
Siloxane-polyalkylene oxide block copolymer
Polysiloxane-polyether copolymer
Polysiloxane-polyethylene oxide copolymer
Polymeric siloxane surfactant
Silicone block polymer
Silicone-polyoxyethylene block copolymer
Silicone-polyether block copolymer
Silicone copolymer
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymer
Siloxane-ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer
Siloxane-alkylene oxide copolymer
Polydimethylsiloxane-graft-poly(ethylene oxide)
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-co-poly(propylene oxide)
Siloxane-polyether-polyamide copolymer
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-polyoxyethylene
Silicone-polyether-polyurethane copolymer
Silicone glycol copolymer
Silicone-polyetherurethane copolymer

Siloxane is a compound that consists of a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms.
Siloxane is a type of silicone, which are a family of synthetic elastomers with unique physical properties, such as high temperature stability, low chemical reactivity, and excellent electrical insulation.



APPLICATIONS


Siloxanes are commonly used as a key ingredient in personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and skin creams, due to their ability to provide conditioning and emollient properties to the skin and hair.
In the construction industry, Siloxanes are often used as a water repellent coating for concrete, brick, and other masonry surfaces, helping to prevent water damage and prolong the life of the building material.

Siloxanes are used as a component in the manufacturing of silicone rubber, which is used in a variety of applications, including automotive parts, medical devices, and household appliances.
Siloxanes can be found in the production of adhesives and sealants, where they provide improved adhesion and flexibility.
In the electronics industry, Siloxanes are used as an insulating material due to their high dielectric strength and thermal stability.

Siloxanes are used in the production of silicone resins, which are used as binders in the formulation of coatings and paints, as well as in the production of composites and plastics.
Siloxanes can be found in the production of lubricants, where they provide improved lubrication properties due to their low surface tension and high viscosity.

Siloxanes are used as a component in the formulation of antifoaming agents, which are used to prevent foam formation in a variety of industrial processes, including oil and gas production, food processing, and wastewater treatment.
In the automotive industry, Siloxanes are used in the production of tire additives, which provide improved durability, wet traction, and fuel efficiency.
Siloxanes are used in the production of surfactants, which are used in a variety of cleaning and personal care products, as well as in the production of textiles and paper products.

Siloxanes can be found in the production of cosmetics, where they provide emulsifying and moisturizing properties to lotions, creams, and other products.
In the aerospace industry, Siloxanes are used as a heat-resistant material in the production of components for aircraft engines and other high-temperature applications.

Siloxanes are used as a component in the production of fuel additives, which help to improve the performance and reduce emissions of gasoline and diesel engines.
Siloxanes can be found in the production of food contact materials, such as baking mats and silicone molds, due to their non-stick properties and resistance to high temperatures.

In the textile industry, Siloxanes are used as a water repellent and stain-resistant coating for fabrics, helping to improve their durability and longevity.
Siloxanes are used in the production of medical devices, such as catheters and implants, due to their biocompatibility and ability to resist bacterial growth.

Siloxanes can be found in the production of ink and toner, where they provide improved adhesion and durability to printed materials.
In the oil and gas industry, Siloxanes are used as a component in drilling fluids, helping to reduce friction and prevent the buildup of solids in the well.

Siloxanes are used in the production of heat-resistant glass, where they help to improve the strength and durability of the glass.
Siloxanes can be found in the production of plastics, where they provide improved mechanical properties, such as toughness and impact resistance.

In the packaging industry, Siloxanes are used as a coating for paper and cardboard products, helping to improve their water resistance and durability.
Siloxanes are used in the production of anti-corrosion coatings, which are used to protect metal surfaces from damage


Siloxanes have a wide range of applications in various industries, including:

Personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions, where they are used as emollients and conditioning agents.
Food packaging, where they are used as coatings to improve the barrier properties of the packaging material.
Pharmaceuticals, where they are used as a drug delivery system.
Textile industry, where they are used as water repellents and fabric softeners.
Automotive industry, where they are used as lubricants and anti-corrosion agents.
Construction industry, where they are used as water repellents and concrete sealers.
Electronics industry, where they are used as insulators and dielectric materials.
Aerospace industry, where they are used as coatings to protect against oxidation and erosion.
Paints and coatings industry, where they are used as additives to improve water repellency and surface tension.
Energy industry, where they are used as lubricants in gas turbines and as insulating fluids in transformers.
Adhesives industry, where they are used as adhesion promoters.
Rubber industry, where they are used as processing aids and mold release agents.
Agriculture industry, where they are used as adjuvants in pesticide formulations.
Packaging industry, where they are used as release agents.
Paper industry, where they are used as water repellents.
Plastic industry, where they are used as mold release agents and processing aids.
Cleaning products industry, where they are used as foam control agents.
Coatings industry, where they are used as leveling agents.
Printing industry, where they are used as antifoaming agents.
Fuel industry, where they are used as fuel additives.
Water treatment industry, where they are used as defoamers.
Metalworking industry, where they are used as lubricants and cutting fluids.
Textile finishing industry, where they are used as softeners and water repellents.
Cosmetics industry, where they are used as emulsifiers and skin conditioning agents.
Polymer industry, where they are used as additives to improve processing and performance.


Siloxanes have numerous applications across various industries.
Some additional applications of siloxanes include:

In the automotive industry, siloxanes are used as a key ingredient in lubricants, transmission fluids, and brake fluids.
In the construction industry, siloxanes are used as water repellents for concrete and masonry surfaces.
In the cosmetics industry, siloxanes are used as ingredients in personal care products, such as hair conditioners, shampoos, and skin lotions, due to their ability to provide a silky, smooth feel.
In the electronics industry, siloxanes are used as dielectric fluids in transformers and capacitors.
In the energy industry, siloxanes are used as lubricants and coolants for turbines and compressors.
In the food industry, siloxanes are used as an anti-foaming agent in food processing and as a release agent in baking.
In the medical industry, siloxanes are used in a variety of medical devices, such as catheters and contact lenses.
In the paint and coatings industry, siloxanes are used as additives to improve the durability and water repellency of coatings.
In the plastics industry, siloxanes are used as additives to improve the processing and performance of plastics.
In the rubber industry, siloxanes are used as additives to improve the processing and performance of rubber.
In the textile industry, siloxanes are used as softeners and water repellents for fabrics.
In the water treatment industry, siloxanes are used as coagulants and flocculants to clarify water.
In the agricultural industry, siloxanes are used as adjuvants in pesticide formulations to improve their effectiveness.
In the paper industry, siloxanes are used as water repellents and release agents for paper products.


Siloxanes are commonly used as a lubricant in the manufacturing of rubber products.
Siloxanes can also be used as a lubricant in the textile industry.
In the cosmetics industry, siloxanes are used as emollients and skin conditioning agents.

Siloxanes are also used in the production of silicone-based adhesives.
Siloxanes are used as defoaming agents in the manufacture of paints and coatings.

Siloxanes can be used as release agents in the production of molded plastics.
Siloxanes are used as surfactants and emulsifiers in a variety of applications.

Siloxanes are used as antifoaming agents in the production of food and beverage products.
Siloxanes are used in the production of electronic components, such as computer chips.
Siloxanes are used in the production of medical devices and implants.

Siloxanes are used in the production of solar panels.
Siloxanes can be used as an additive in the production of concrete to improve its water resistance.

Siloxanes are used as flame retardants in the production of building materials.
Siloxanes are used in the production of personal protective equipment, such as gloves and masks.

Siloxanes are used in the production of automotive parts, such as gaskets and seals.
Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of hair care products.

Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of antiperspirants and deodorants.
Siloxanes are used in the production of insulation materials.
Siloxanes are used in the production of detergents and cleaning products.

Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of food packaging materials.
Siloxanes are used in the production of fuel additives.

Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of agricultural chemicals, such as herbicides and insecticides.
Siloxanes are used in the production of rubber hoses and tubing.

Siloxanes are used as a sealant in the construction industry.
Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of water-resistant textiles.

Siloxanes can be used as surfactants in various applications such as emulsions and foams due to their ability to reduce surface tension and stabilize interfaces.
Siloxanes can be used as gels and thickeners in various applications such as personal care products and coatings due to their ability to form three-dimensional networks.

Siloxanes can be used as thermal insulation materials due to their low thermal conductivity and high temperature resistance.
Siloxanes can be used as membrane materials for gas separation and filtration due to their high selectivity and permeability.
Siloxanes can be used as release agents in various molding and casting processes due to their ability to reduce adhesion and sticking.

Siloxanes can be used as antifouling agents in marine and industrial applications due to their ability to prevent attachment of microorganisms and fouling organisms.
Siloxanes can be used as antioxidants and stabilizers in polymers and other materials due to their ability to scavenge free radicals and protect against degradation.

Siloxanes can be used as plasticizers and modifiers in polymers and other materials due to their ability to improve flexibility and toughness.
Siloxanes can be used as catalysts in various chemical reactions due to their ability to activate or stabilize reaction intermediates.

Siloxanes can be used as chromatographic stationary phases due to their ability to separate compounds based on their polarity and size.
Siloxanes can be used as sensors and actuators in various applications such as medical devices and robotics.



DESCRIPTION


Siloxane is a compound that consists of a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms.
Siloxane is a type of silicone, which are a family of synthetic elastomers with unique physical properties, such as high temperature stability, low chemical reactivity, and excellent electrical insulation.

Siloxanes have the general chemical formula R3SiO(R2SiO)nSiR3, where R is an organic group such as methyl, ethyl, or phenyl.
The number of repeating units (n) in the chain can vary, giving rise to different types of siloxanes with different physical and chemical properties.

Siloxanes can be classified into two main types: linear and cyclic.
Linear siloxanes consist of a linear chain of repeating units, while cyclic siloxanes have a cyclic ring structure.

Siloxanes have a wide range of applications, including in the production of silicone rubber, adhesives, sealants, coatings, and lubricants.
Siloxanes are also used in the manufacture of personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions, as well as in the textile and paper industries.

In addition, siloxanes are used as intermediates in the synthesis of other silicone compounds, such as resins, fluids, and emulsions.
Siloxanes are also used in the electronics industry as insulators and in the production of semiconductors.

Siloxanes have excellent thermal stability and can withstand high temperatures without degrading.
Siloxanes are also resistant to oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical degradation.

However, some types of siloxanes have been found to be persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and may have harmful effects on the environment.
For example, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) have been shown to be toxic to aquatic organisms and are currently being phased out in some countries.

Siloxanes are a class of compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and carbon atoms.
The basic unit of siloxanes is the silicon-oxygen (Si-O) bond.

Siloxanes can exist in a variety of molecular structures, including linear chains, cyclic rings, and branched or crosslinked networks.
The presence of different organic substituents on the silicon atoms can greatly influence the properties of siloxanes.
Siloxanes are typically stable and inert compounds, and are resistant to many chemicals and environmental factors such as heat, radiation, and moisture.

Siloxanes are often used in a variety of industrial applications due to their thermal stability, low toxicity, and resistance to degradation.
Siloxanes can be used as sealants and adhesives in construction applications due to their strong adhesion and weather resistance properties.

Siloxanes can be used as lubricants in various applications due to their low friction coefficient and high thermal stability.
Siloxanes can be used as anti-foaming agents in industrial processes due to their ability to reduce surface tension and break up foam.

Siloxanes can be used as water-repellents in coatings and surface treatments due to their hydrophobic properties.
Siloxanes can be used as silicone fluids in various applications such as cosmetics, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals due to their low surface tension and high spreading ability.
Siloxanes can be used as electrical insulators and dielectrics due to their high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.

Siloxanes can be used as flame retardants due to their high thermal stability and ability to form charred protective layers when exposed to flames.
Siloxanes can be used as molding and casting materials in industrial applications due to their ability to form rigid or flexible parts with high precision.


Siloxanes are a family of inorganic compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and organic groups attached to the silicon atoms.
Siloxanes are typically liquid or low-melting-point solids at room temperature, but can also exist as gases or high-melting-point solids depending on their molecular weight and structure.
Siloxanes have low volatility, which means that they tend to remain as liquids or solids at normal temperatures and pressures.

Siloxanes are generally insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents, such as alcohols, ethers, and hydrocarbons.
Siloxanes have a high thermal stability and are resistant to oxidation, which makes them useful as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and heat-transfer fluids.

Siloxanes exhibit a wide range of viscosities, from low-viscosity fluids to highly viscous gums and resins.
Siloxanes can form strong hydrogen bonds with polar materials such as water and can act as surfactants, emulsifiers, and dispersants.

Siloxanes have a high dielectric strength, which makes them useful as electrical insulators and in the production of electronic components.
Some siloxanes are highly hydrophobic, meaning they repel water and can be used as water repellents for textiles, concrete, and other materials.
Siloxanes can form crosslinked networks through condensation reactions, leading to the formation of silicone elastomers, resins, and coatings.

Siloxanes can be easily functionalized with a variety of organic groups, which allows them to be tailored for specific applications.
Siloxanes can be synthesized by several methods, including hydrolysis of alkoxysilanes, polycondensation of silanols, and hydrosilation reactions.

Siloxanes can form polymeric chains, cyclic structures, and network solids, depending on the number and arrangement of the silicon atoms and organic groups.
Siloxanes are used extensively in the production of personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions, due to their softening, conditioning, and emulsifying properties.

Siloxanes are also used in the manufacture of adhesives, sealants, and coatings due to their strong adhesive and cohesive properties.
Siloxanes are commonly used as mold release agents due to their low surface energy and low reactivity with many materials.

Siloxanes are used in the production of medical implants and devices due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and resistance to degradation.
Siloxanes are used as anti-foaming agents in various industries, such as food and beverage processing, paper production, and wastewater treatment.
Siloxanes are used as heat-resistant materials in the aerospace, automotive, and construction industries, due to their thermal stability and resistance to weathering and oxidation.

Siloxanes are used as defoaming agents in the production of paints, inks, and coatings, as well as in the processing of oils and lubricants.
Siloxanes are used as damping fluids in mechanical systems, such as shock absorbers and dampers, due to their viscoelastic properties.

Siloxanes are used in the production of membranes and filters due to their permeability and selectivity for different gases and liquids.
Siloxanes are used in the production of specialty ceramics, such as glasses, fibers, and coatings, due to their thermal and mechanical properties.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Remove the person from the contaminated area to a place with fresh air.
If the person has difficulty breathing, administer oxygen if available.
Seek medical attention immediately.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation or redness occurs, seek medical attention.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Seek medical attention immediately.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious and able to swallow.
Seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Avoid breathing in dust or mist.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, safety goggles, and a dust mask.
Do not eat, drink or smoke while working with Siloxane.
Do not use compressed air to clean surfaces where Siloxane has been spilled or released.

Use spark-proof tools when handling Siloxane to prevent ignition.
Keep Siloxane away from sources of heat, sparks, or flames.
Do not handle or store Siloxane near incompatible materials.


Storage:

Store Siloxane in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Keep Siloxane in a tightly sealed container to prevent moisture absorption.

Store Siloxane away from direct sunlight and other sources of heat.
Keep Siloxane away from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents and acids.
Use non-sparking tools when opening and closing Siloxane containers.

Do not store Siloxane near food or drink.
Store Siloxane away from areas where ignition sources are present.

Store Siloxane away from areas accessible to unauthorized personnel or children.
Follow local regulations regarding the storage of Siloxane.


Transportation:

Siloxane should be transported in a well-ventilated vehicle.
Ensure that Siloxane is properly labeled and packaged for transportation.

Do not transport Siloxane with incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents and acids.
Use appropriate PPE when handling Siloxane during transportation.
Follow local regulations regarding the transportation of Siloxane.



SYNONYMS


Polysiloxane
Silicone
Organosilicon
Polydimethylsiloxane
Silsesquioxane
Polyalkylsiloxane
Polyphenylsiloxane
Alkylsiloxane
Vinylsiloxane
Methylsiloxane
Fluorosiloxane
Hydrophilic siloxane
Hydrophobic siloxane
Silicate
Silanol
Silane
Silazane
Silicic acid
Silicium
Siliconesque
Silicopolymer
Silicotitanate
Silox
Silicon tetraoxide
Sylgard.
Polysiloxane
Silicone
Silicone oil
Silazane
Silicon-based polymer
Organosilicon
Silica gel
Silicate
Polymethylsiloxane
Silsesquioxane
Silanetriol
Silicone elastomer
Siloxene
Silane coupling agent
Silicone sealant
Silicon hydride
Siloxanol
Silicon dioxide
Silox
Silica
Silicotungstic acid
Silicone grease
Silsesquioxane resin
Siloxane polymer
Silicone adhesive

DESCRIPTION:
SILOXANE D5, also known as D5 and D5, is an organosilicon compound with the formula [(CH3)2SiO]5.
SILOXANE D5 is a colorless and odorless liquid that is slightly volatile.

CAS Number, 541-02-6
EC Number, 208-764-9

SYNONYMS OF SILOXANE D5:
Cyclopentamethicone,Cyclic dimethylsiloxane pentamer,D5,D5,2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, Cyclic dimethylsiloxane pentamer, Cyclo-decamethylpentasiloxane, Cyclomethicone pentamer 245, Decamethylpentacyclosiloxane, Cyclopentasiloxane,2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-decamethyl-;Cyclopentasiloxane,decamethyl-;2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;Dimethylsiloxane pentamer;Union Carbide 7158 Silicone Fluid;Dow Corning 345;NUC Silicone VS 7158;Dow Corning 345 Fluid;Cyclic dimethylsiloxane pentamer;SF 1202;Silicone SF 1202;VS 7158;KF 995;Dow Corning 245;DC 245;Silbione V 5;Volasil 245;DC 345;TSF 465;LS 9000;Cyclo-decamethylpentasiloxane;Execol D 5;TSF 405;Pentacyclomethicone;SH 245;SH 245 (siloxane);TFS 405;Silbione 70045V5;Mirasil CM 5;Dow Corning 345EU;DC 2-5252C;Dow Corning 2-5252C;DC 345 Fluid;Dow Corning 245 Fluid;Silicon Plus α;Botanisil CP 33;Cyclopentasiloxane;Cyclopentadimethylsiloxane;D5;Volatile Silicone Fluid 345;Cyclomethicone pentamer 245;Xiameter PMX;Xiameter PMX 0245;Tego Polish Additive 5;SH 245 Fluid;Decamethylpentacyclosiloxane;KF 7312T;TSF 405A;KF 955;D 5 (siloxane);Siloxane D 5;PMX 345;D 5




Siloxane D5 is a staple ingredient used in cosmetics.
The chemical formula for Siloxane D5 is C10H30O5Si5.
Siloxane D5 is a non-greasy silicone that is colorless, odorless, and water-thin.

Siloxane D5 gets quickly evaporated from the skin rather than getting absorbed - making it a brilliant ingredient to be used in products that need to dry fast, like antiperspirants and hair sprays.
Further, Siloxane D5 also has lubricating properties and feels silky smooth when applied to hair and skin.


SILOXANE D5 is used in personal care products including skin creams, cosmetics, shampoos, deodorants and conditioners.
SILOXANE D5is also used in various applications such as industrial cleaning fluids and dry cleaning solvents.

SILOXANE D5is a cyclic siloxane, that has a silicon-oxygen bond in a cyclic arrangement and methyl groups attached with the silicon atom.
SILOXANE D5is used in the production of some silicon-based polymers that are widely used in various personal care products.

Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.

SILOXANE D5(cyclosiloxanes) are basic members of the broad family of silicone materials and are used as building blocks for the production of a diverse array of silicone polymers.
A common denominator for cyclosiloxanes is that they contain repeating units of silicone (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms in a closed loop, giving it a “cyclic” structure.

This also gives them their unique properties as hybrid inorganic-organic substances.
D4, D5, D6 contain 4, 5 and 6 repeating units respectively.
They are the three main cyclosiloxanes in commercial production and several decades of research have proven that they are safe for human health and the environment.

Basic members of the broad family of silicone materials, all cyclotetrasiloxane (D4), cyclopentasiloxane (D5), cyclohexasiloxane (D6) are volatile oils with a cyclic chemical structure and various properties.
They are widely used because of the smooth and refreshing feeling they create


ORIGIN OF SILOXANE D5:
Siloxane D5, a synthetic substance, is made up of silicone and oxygen.
Sometimes, elements like hydrogen and carbon are also used.
They are all natural substances, but Siloxane D5 undergoes chemical processing before it is used in cosmetic and skincare products.



APPLICATIONS OF SILOXANE D5:
SILOXANE D5 is used as A greener solvent in synthetic chemistry applications.
SILOXANE D5 is used as A monomeric unit for polymerization by various base catalysts to obtain polysiloxane polymer.

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (cyclopentasiloxane) is a colorless, odorless, volatile liquid cyclic siloxane, safe and environmentally friendly, and has been widely used in health and In beauty products such as deodorants, antiperspirants, cosmetics, shampoos, body lotions, etc., they have good compatibility with alcohol and most other cosmetic solvents.


SILOXANE D5may be used as a pharmaceutical reference standard for the determination of the analyte in personal care formulations by gas chromatography
These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials.
These are suitable for use in several analytical applications including but not limited to pharma release testing, pharma method development for qualitative and quantitative analyses, food and beverage quality control testing, and other calibration requirements.

SILOXANE D5 is a volatile polydimethylcyclosiloxane, mainly composed of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane.
SILOXANE D5 is clear, tasteless, basically odorless, and non-greasy.
performance:

SILOXANE D5 is used as Volatile silicone oil.
SILOXANE D5 Gives skin a soft and silky feel.
SILOXANE D5 has Good spreadability.
SILOXANE D5 is Refreshing and non-greasy.

The base oil component of personal care products has good spreadability, easy application, lubrication and unique volatility.

SILOXANE D5 is used as Antiperspirant, deodorant, hair spray, facial cleanser, skin cream, lotion and other care products.

SILOXANE D5 is used as Shower oil, tanning agent, shaving products, cosmetics, nail polish.

SILOXANE D5 can also be used as an additive for powder cosmetics, perfumes, Caron perfumes and shaving creams.

When used in strip products, the product has suitable spreadability and volatility.


USES OF SILOXANE D5:
SILOXANE D5 is classified as a cyclomethicone.
Such fluids are commonly used in cosmetics, such as deodorants, sunblocks, hair sprays and skin care products.
SILOXANE D5 is becoming more common in hair conditioners, as it makes the hair easier to brush without breakage.

SILOXANE D5 is also used as part of silicone-based personal lubricants. D5 is considered an emollient.
In Canada, among the volume used in consumer products approximately 70% were for antiperspirants and 20% for hair care products.
10,000–100,000 tonnes per year of D5 is manufactured and/or imported in the European Economic Area.

Atmospheric emissions of D5 in the Northern Hemisphere were estimated to 30,000 tonnes per year.
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane has also been tried as a dry-cleaning solvent in the early 2000s.

It was marketed as a more environmentally friendly solvent than tetrachloroethylene (the most common dry-cleaning solvent worldwide) despite being controlled in the EU for to its persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic characteristics.


Siloxane D5 is an odourless, colourless liquid mostly used as an intermediate or basic raw material in the production of silicone rubbers, gels and resins.
When used as an intermediate during the manufacturing process, virtually all D4 is consumed with only a tiny amount remaining in final products.


Because of its many enriching properties, Siloxane D5 silicone is a common ingredient used in a variety of hair and skin care products.
Siloxane D5 helps the products spread more evenly and dry quickly, thus providing all the benefits without weighing the skin or hair down.
Siloxane D5 also gives cosmetic products a silky texture.

Skin care: The hydrating properties of Siloxane D5 are great for the skin as it traps moisture, making the skin smooth and soft.

Siloxane D5 is used in lightweight products as it does not penetrate the skin but rather evaporates quickly.
Further, Siloxane D5 skin care has anti-aging properties and is a great ingredient to be used in lotions

Hair care:
Siloxane D5 is a great conditioner for hair because of its lubricating properties.
Siloxane D5 is commonly used in shampoos, hair conditioners, hair sprays, anti-frizz, and hair detangling products.

Siloxane D5 forms a layer on the hair, protecting and preventing it from damage while also allowing the product to spread easily and evenly
Cosmetic products:
Siloxane D5 is used in makeup and makeup removers because it is non-comedogenic and does not block pores




PRODUCTION AND POLYMERIZATION OF SILOXANE D5:
Commercially D5 is produced from dimethyldichlorosilane.
Hydrolysis of the dichloride produces a mixture of cyclic dimethylsiloxanes and polydimethylsiloxane.
From this mixture, the cyclic siloxanes including D5 can be removed by distillation.

In the presence of a strong base such as KOH, the polymer/ring mixture is equilibrated, allowing complete conversion to the more volatile cyclic siloxanes:
[(CH3)2SiO]5n → n [(CH3)2SiO]5
where n is a positive integer. D4 and D5 are also precursors to the polymer.
The catalyst is again KOH


ADVANTAGES OF SILOXANE D5:

1. Hair care: Reduce drying time, removes sticky sense, and comb in wet.
2.Skin care: No irritation, no clogging, easier smearing, reduces oily sensation, rapid absorption, pigmentation, smoothness feeling, smooth feeling/softening.
3. General Characteristics: less odor.
4. Antiperspirant/deodorant: reduce sticky sense, drying feeling in use, no stains left on the surface of clothing, and increase slip performance.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILOXANE D5::
Chemical formula, [(CH3)2SiO]5
Molar mass, 370.770 g•mol−1
Appearance, Colourless liquid
Density, 0.958 g/cm3
Melting point, −47 °C; −53 °F; 226 K
Boiling point, 210 °C (410 °F; 483 K)
Solubility in water, 17.03±0.72 ppb (23 °C) [2]
log P, 8.07[3]
Vapor pressure, 20.4±1.1 Pa (25 °C) [4]
Viscosity, 3.74 cP
Quality Level
100
Assay
97%
form
liquid
refractive index
n20/D 1.396 (lit.)
bp
90 °C/10 mmHg (lit.)
density
0.958 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string
C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1
InChI
1S/C10H30O5Si5/c1-16(2)11-17(3,4)13-19(7,8)15-20(9,10)14-18(5,6)12-16/h1-10H3
InChI key
XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Physical state liquid
Colour various
Odour characteristic

Other safety parameters :
pH (value) not determined
Melting point/freezing point -38 °C at 101.3 kPa
Initial boiling point and boiling range 210 °C at 101.3 kPa
Flash point 82.7 °C at 101.3 kPa
Vapour pressure 33.2 Pa at 25 °C
Partition coefficient - n-octanol/water (log KOW) 8.023 (25.3 °C) (ECHA) -
Soil organic carbon/water (log KOC) 5.17 (ECHA)
Auto-ignition temperature 645.2 K at 101.3 kPa (ECHA)
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity 3.7 mm²/s at 25 °C
Dynamic viscosity 3.5 mPa s at 25 °C
grade
certified reference material
pharmaceutical secondary standard

Quality Level
300
Agency
traceable to USP 1154809
API family
cyclomethicone
CofA
current certificate can be downloaded
packaging
pkg of 500 mg
technique(s)
HPLC: suitable
gas chromatography (GC): suitable

refractive index
n20/D 1.396 (lit.)
bp
90 °C/10 mmHg (lit.)
density
0.958 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
application(s)
pharmaceutical (small molecule)
format
neat
storage temp.
2-30°C
SMILES string
C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1
InChI
1S/C10H30O5Si5/c1-16(2)11-17(3,4)13-19(7,8)15-20(9,10)14-18(5,6)12-16/h1-10H3
InChI key
XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance, Transparent and colorless liquid
Viscosity, cSt, 25℃, 2 - 6
Specific gravity, 25℃, 0.940 - 0.960
Refractive index, 25℃, 1.3850 -1.4050
Purity, %, More than 99
Appearance, Colorless transparent liquid
Chroma, Hazen, <20
Turbidity,NTU, <4
Viscosity 25 ℃, mm2 / s, 3.9
Density, 25 ℃, 0.95
Heavy metal content (Pb indicate), <5
Mineral oil content, mg / kg, <0.1
Surface tension, 25 ℃, mN / m,, 18.3
Odor, slight odor odorless
Flash point (closed cup), ℃, 80
Boiling point, 101.3kpa, ° C, 210
Crystallization point, ℃, about, -40
The vapor pressure, 20 ℃, KPa, 0.025
Evaporation Rate (g/ min), NF30 -302, at 80℃, 0. 075
Volatile Time (sec), DIN 5 3 -, 170, at 23℃ 8400
Refractive index, 2 5 ℃, about, 1. 395
Octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (D 4) content,%, <0. 9
Decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D5) content,%, ≥97
Decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D5) + twelve methylcyclohexyl six siloxane (D6) content,%, ≥99.7
Acid value (NaOH 0.01N / 2g, ml), <0.15
Soluble, ethyl, butyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol
Not dissolve, water and glycol
Product Name:
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
Other Name:
Cyclopentasiloxane,2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-decamethyl-;Cyclopentasiloxane,decamethyl-;2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;Dimethylsiloxane pentamer;Union Carbide 7158 Silicone Fluid;Dow Corning 345;NUC Silicone VS 7158;Dow Corning 345 Fluid;Cyclic dimethylsiloxane pentamer;SF 1202;Silicone SF 1202;VS 7158;KF 995;Dow Corning 245;DC 245;Silbione V 5;Volasil 245;DC 345;TSF 465;LS 9000;Cyclo-decamethylpentasiloxane;Execol D 5;TSF 405;Pentacyclomethicone;SH 245;SH 245 (siloxane);TFS 405;Silbione 70045V5;Mirasil CM 5;Dow Corning 345EU;DC 2-5252C;Dow Corning 2-5252C;DC 345 Fluid;Dow Corning 245 Fluid;Silicon Plus α;Botanisil CP 33;Cyclopentasiloxane;Cyclopentadimethylsiloxane;D5;Volatile Silicone Fluid 345;Cyclomethicone pentamer 245;Xiameter PMX;Xiameter PMX 0245;Tego Polish Additive 5;SH 245 Fluid;Decamethylpentacyclosiloxane;KF 7312T;TSF 405A;KF 955;D 5 (siloxane);Siloxane D 5;PMX 345;D 5
CAS No.:
541-02-6
Molecular Formula:
C10H30O5Si5
InChIKeys:
InChIKey=XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight:
370.77000
Exact Mass:
370.77
EC Number:
208-764-9
PSA：
46.15000
XLogP3：
8.03 (LogP)
Appearance：
Liquid
Density：
0.9593 g/cm3 @ Temp: 20 °C
Melting Point：
-38 °C
Boiling Point：
210 °C
Flash Point：
162 °F
Refractive Index：
1.396
Water Solubility：
In water, 1.7X10-2 mg/L at 25 deg C
Storage Conditions：
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Combustible liquids.
Vapor Pressure：
30.002 mmHg @ -6.6°C
Toxicity：
LD50 oral in rat: > 24134mg/kg
Molecular Weight:370.77
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:5
Exact Mass:370.09395673
Monoisotopic Mass:370.09395673
Topological Polar Surface Area:46.2
Heavy Atom Count:20
Complexity:258
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SILOXANE D5:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Silquest A-187 Silane is a chemical compound belonging to the class of organosilanes.
Silquest A-187 Silane is specifically known as gamma-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Silquest A-187 Silane is characterized by having a methacryloxy functional group, a propyl spacer, and three methoxy groups attached to a silicon atom.

CAS Number: 2530-85-0
EC Number: 219-785-8

Synonyms: gamma-MAPS, Methacryloxysilane, Methacrylate 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl, 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, Methacrylsilanetriol methoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilan, Methacrylic Acid 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl Ester, Silane, trimethoxy(3-methacryloxypropyl)-, 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, Methacryloxypentyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-(Methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, Methacrylate monomethoxymethyltrioxysilane, Methacryloxytrimethoxysilane, Methacrylic acid 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl ester, gamma-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, Silane, trimethoxypropyl methacrylate



APPLICATIONS


Silquest A-187 Silane is widely used as a coupling agent in the production of glass fiber-reinforced composites.
Silquest A-187 Silane improves the adhesion between glass fibers and polymer matrices in composite materials.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in coatings to enhance adhesion and durability on various substrates.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of adhesives and sealants to improve bonding strength.
Silquest A-187 Silane acts as a crosslinking agent in polymer formulations, enhancing mechanical properties.

Silquest A-187 Silane is utilized in the electronics industry to improve adhesion of coatings and encapsulants to substrates.
In automotive applications, Silquest A-187 Silane helps to improve the performance and longevity of coatings and adhesives.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of construction materials, such as sealants and waterproof coatings, to enhance durability.
Silquest A-187 Silane is incorporated into paints and varnishes to improve adhesion and resistance to environmental factors.

Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in the modification of surfaces to improve wetting and dispersion of fillers in polymer matrices.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the textile industry to enhance the adhesion of finishes and coatings to fibers.

Silquest A-187 Silane plays a crucial role in the production of high-performance elastomers, providing improved mechanical properties.
Silquest A-187 Silane is utilized in the manufacturing of tires to enhance the adhesion between rubber and reinforcing materials.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in dental materials, such as composites and adhesives, to improve bonding to tooth surfaces.
Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the performance of inks and printing coatings by improving adhesion to substrates.

Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the production of molded plastic components to enhance compatibility with fillers and reinforcements.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for metals.

Silquest A-187 Silane improves the moisture resistance and durability of wood coatings and treatments.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of high-strength concrete and cementitious composites.

Silquest A-187 Silane is applied in the electronics industry for improving the performance of encapsulants and potting compounds.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the development of advanced composite materials for aerospace applications.

Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the performance of marine coatings by improving adhesion and resistance to water.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the formulation of cosmetic products, such as hair care products, to improve conditioning effects.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of laminates and adhesives for the packaging industry.
Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in improving the performance of flame retardant coatings and materials.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of solar panels to improve adhesion of coatings and encapsulants.
Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in enhancing the bonding of UV-curable coatings to various substrates.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the development of advanced ceramics to improve dispersion and bonding of ceramic particles.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of high-performance lubricants and greases to improve adhesion to metal surfaces.
Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the adhesion of epoxy coatings to concrete surfaces in industrial flooring applications.

Silquest A-187 Silane is utilized in the production of high-performance composites for sports equipment, such as tennis rackets and golf clubs.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of waterborne coatings to improve wet adhesion and durability.

Silquest A-187 Silane is incorporated into adhesives used in the construction of wind turbine blades to enhance bonding strength.
Silquest A-187 Silane improves the performance of insulation materials by enhancing adhesion between layers.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the development of medical devices to improve adhesion of coatings and biocompatible materials.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the production of pressure-sensitive adhesives for labels and tapes.

Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the bonding of thermoplastic resins to metal and glass substrates in automotive applications.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of release coatings for paper and film products.

Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in improving the adhesion of flame retardant coatings to textiles and fabrics.
Silquest A-187 Silane is utilized in the production of flexible packaging materials to enhance printability and adhesion of inks.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the development of heat-resistant coatings for aerospace applications.
Silquest A-187 Silane improves the performance of conductive adhesives used in electronic assemblies.

Silquest A-187 Silane is incorporated into coatings for marine vessels to enhance resistance to saltwater and marine organisms.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of high-strength adhesives for structural bonding in construction.

Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the adhesion of coatings and sealants to polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the formulation of coatings for optical fibers to improve durability and performance.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the development of anti-graffiti coatings to improve adhesion and resistance to solvents.

Silquest A-187 Silane improves the bonding of coatings to porous substrates, such as stone and brick.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of hydrophobic coatings to enhance water resistance and repellency.
Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in the production of bio-based composites, improving compatibility between natural fibers and polymers.

Silquest A-187 Silane can be used as a crosslinking agent in polymer formulations.
The methacryloxy group in Silquest A-187 Silane allows for polymerization with monomers or polymer chains.

Silquest A-187 Silane is known for its ability to improve moisture resistance in composites.
Silquest A-187 Silane is often utilized in the manufacturing of sealants and elastomers.
Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in improving the mechanical properties of composites.

Silquest A-187 Silane helps to reduce water absorption and swelling in treated materials.
Silquest A-187 Silane can enhance the thermal stability of polymer-based materials.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the electronics industry for its adhesion-promoting properties.
Silquest A-187 Silane is compatible with various resin systems, including epoxy, polyurethane, and acrylics.

The use of Silquest A-187 Silane can improve the weatherability of outdoor applications.
Silquest A-187 Silane is known to enhance the chemical resistance of treated surfaces.
Proper handling and storage of Silquest A-187 Silane are important to maintain its reactivity and effectiveness.



DESCRIPTION


Silquest A-187 Silane is a chemical compound belonging to the class of organosilanes.
Silquest A-187 Silane is specifically known as gamma-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Silquest A-187 Silane is characterized by having a methacryloxy functional group, a propyl spacer, and three methoxy groups attached to a silicon atom.

Silquest A-187 Silane is a versatile organosilane coupling agent.
Silquest A-187 Silane is commonly used to enhance the adhesion between organic polymers and inorganic substrates.

The chemical formula for Silquest A-187 Silane is C10H20O5Si.
Silquest A-187 Silane is also known by its chemical name, gamma-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

Silquest A-187 Silane appears as a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature.
Silquest A-187 Silane contains a methacryloxy functional group, a propyl spacer, and three methoxy groups attached to a silicon atom.
Silquest A-187 Silane has a molecular weight of 248.35 g/mol.

The CAS number for Silquest A-187 Silane is 2530-85-0.
Silquest A-187 Silane is soluble in organic solvents like alcohols, acetone, and ethers.
Silquest A-187 Silane is partially soluble in water, forming a hydrolyzate.

Silquest A-187 Silane can react with hydroxyl-containing surfaces, such as glass and metal oxides.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of glass fiber-reinforced composites to improve fiber-matrix bonding.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in coatings and adhesives to enhance durability and performance.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Slight ester-like odor
Molecular Weight: 248.35 g/mol
Density: 1.045 g/cm³ at 25°C
Boiling Point: 190°C (374°F) at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: Not applicable (liquid at room temperature)
Flash Point: 89°C (192°F) - closed cup
Refractive Index: 1.4280 at 20°C
Solubility: Partially soluble in water; hydrolyzes in water. Soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols, acetone, and ethers.
Viscosity: Approximately 2.5 mPa·s at 25°C



FIRST AID


General Advice:

Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.


Inhalation:

If inhaled:
Move the person to fresh air immediately.

Respiratory support:
If breathing is difficult, trained personnel should administer oxygen.

Artificial respiration:
If the person is not breathing, provide artificial respiration by trained personnel.
Keep the person calm and comfortable: Place in a semi-upright position to ease breathing.

Seek medical attention:
If symptoms persist or if there is any difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately.


Skin Contact:

Immediate washing:
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.

Skin cleaning:
Wash the affected area thoroughly with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes.

Contaminated clothing:
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

Skin irritation:
If skin irritation or rash occurs, seek medical advice/attention.

Protective measures:
Use protective gloves and skin cream to prevent repeated or prolonged contact.


Eye Contact:

Immediate flushing:
Rinse cautiously with water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.

Lid movement:
Hold eyelids apart to ensure thorough flushing.

Avoid rubbing:
Do not rub the affected eye as this may cause additional damage.

Medical attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation persists or if there is any visual disturbance.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

Rinse mouth:
If the person is conscious and alert, rinse their mouth thoroughly with water.

Water intake:
Have the person drink plenty of water to dilute the chemical.

Medical attention:
Seek medical attention immediately.

Monitor symptoms:
Look for symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal discomfort.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

General Precautions:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Always wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing to prevent skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Avoid Contact:
Prevent contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Do not ingest or inhale.

Training:
Ensure that all personnel handling the chemical are trained in its use and understand the risks.

Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling, before eating, drinking, or smoking, and at the end of the workday.

Spill Response:
Be prepared with spill control materials and ensure that spill response procedures are in place.

Handling Containers:
Open containers carefully to control possible pressure release. Avoid rough handling or dropping of containers.

Environmental Precautions:
Avoid release to the environment.
Follow best practices for environmental protection.


Specific Handling Instructions:

Transfer Operations:
Use appropriate transfer devices and equipment to minimize spills and leaks.
Utilize closed systems where possible.

Mixing and Dilution:
When mixing with water or other chemicals, add Silquest A-187 Silane slowly to minimize exothermic reactions and splashing.

Incompatible Materials:
Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents, acids, and bases, as these can cause hazardous reactions.

Equipment Maintenance:
Regularly inspect and maintain equipment used for handling the chemical to ensure it remains in good working condition.


Storage:

General Storage Guidelines:

Storage Area:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition, heat, and direct sunlight.

Temperature Control:
Maintain storage temperatures between 5°C (41°F) and 25°C (77°F) to prevent decomposition and maintain product stability.

Humidity Control:
Protect from moisture. Store in tightly closed containers to prevent hydrolysis.

Segregation:
Store separately from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents, acids, and bases.

Containment:
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination. Ensure secondary containment measures are in place.


Specific Storage Instructions:

Container Integrity:
Ensure containers are tightly sealed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.

Labeling:
Clearly label all containers with the chemical name, hazards, and handling instructions.

Bulk Storage:
For bulk storage, use containers made of compatible materials such as stainless steel or polyethylene.

Fire Protection:
Store away from ignition sources, and ensure proper fire-fighting equipment is available nearby.

Emergency Equipment:
Keep emergency eyewash stations and safety showers easily accessible in the storage area.

Inspection:
Regularly inspect storage containers for signs of damage, leaks, or corrosion.

SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a solventfree, water-thinnable emulsion of a polysiloxane modified with functional silicone resin. Technical data of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) General Characteristics of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Property Condition Value Method of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Solids content - approx. 50 % - Appearance - milky, white ASTM D 2240 Density 20 °C approx. 1 g/cm³ DIN 51757 pH 23 °C approx. 6 - 7 Indicator strips Applications of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) • Silicone Resin & Silicate Plasters • Renders & Plasters • Coatings & Paints • Additives for Plasters and Renders • Exterior Paints • Top Coats & Paints Application details of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) may be added undiluted to aqueous masonry coatings and primers either during or after manufacture. We recommend adding 1 - 3 wt% to masonry coatings. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is an additive used in the manufacture of aqueous masonry coatings and aqueous primers to enhance water repellency and water resistance. It also improves the processability and antiblocking characteristics of the aqueous coatings. Typical application fields are whitewash emulsions, silicate emulsion paints and plasters, highly filled emulsion coatings and silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Packaging and storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a solventfree, water-thinnable emulsion of a polysiloxane modified with functional silicone resin. Application of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is an additive used in the manufacture of aqueous masonry coatings and aqueous primers to enhance water repellency and water resistance. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) also improves the processability and antiblocking characteristics of the aqueous coatings. Typical application fields are whitewash emulsions, silicate emulsion paints and plasters, highly filled emulsion coatings and silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Processing of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) may be added undiluted to aqueous masonry coatings and primers either during or after manufacture. We recommend adding 1 - 3 wt% to masonry coatings. Product description of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a water-dilutable solventless emulsion of a silicone resin used as a binder in the production of silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Application of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is employed as the main binder in silicone resin emulsion paints and plaster. If formulated properly, the products made with it characterized by high permeability to water vapor and CO₂, low water absorption, low soiling tendency, a mineral appearance and long life. An excellent beading effect is also achieved if SILRES BS 1306 is added. Facades must be primed before painting for optimal protection. Storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The containers must be protected against sunlight. Stir well before taking emulsion from drums. The "Best use before end" date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a solventless silicone concentrate that is based on a mixture of silane and siloxane. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is dilutable with organic solvents. Dilute solutions of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) in organic solvents serve as high-quality general-purpose water repellents for impregnating and priming mineral and highly alkaline substrates. Special features of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) - good depth of penetration - high resistance to alkalis - tack-free drying - effective even on damp substrates - rapid development of water repellency After application to the mineral substrate, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) reacts with the atmospheric moisture or pore water in the substrate, thereby generating the active ingredient while liberating alcohol. The active ingredient greatly lowers the water absorbency of the substrate, which nevertheless retains a very high degree of water vapour permeability since neither pores nor capillaries are clogged. Application of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is suitable for imparting water repellency to absorbent, porous, mineral construction materials, e. g.: - brickwork - all kinds of concrete - aerated concrete - sand-lime brickwork - cement fiberboards - mineral plasters - mineral-based natural and artificial stone - mineral paints SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is also suitable as primer for exterior paints.SILRES BS 290 is not suitable for rendering gypsum water repellent. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is not suitable for rendering gypsum water repellent.windows and other non-absorbent surfaces properly because the product cures so quickly that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove after a few hours. Wipe off any splashes on window panes immediately, using a solvent if necessary. For this reason, the figures quoted below are intended as a guide only: windows and other non-absorbent surfaces properly because the product cures so quickly that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove after a few hours. Wipe off any splashes on window panes immediately, using a solvent if necessary. For this reason, the figures quoted below are intended as a guide only: Processing of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Flooding, preferably not under pressure, is the best technique for applying SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes), which is ready to use after dilution. Apply several coats, wet on wet, until the substrate is saturated. Generally, at least two applications suffice for all substrates.Do not leave long breaks between coats. Apply the next when the substrate has absorbed the previous one and is no longershiny (wet-on-wet working). The substrate must not have damp spots, i. e., it should look dry. The requisite quantity of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) depends on the adsorbency of the substrate. The amount of impregnating agent required for a substrate and the effectiveness of the impregnation should be determined on site by testing a small area of the material to be treated. Dilution of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The solvents best suited for diluting SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) are aliphatic hydrocarbons (e. g. White Spirit 130/175), aromatic hydrocarbons (solvent naphtha, e. g. Shellsol A) or low-odor isoparaffin hydrocarbons. The solvent used should have a boiling range of 140-190°C and an evaporation number of 30-90. If the above-mentioned hydrocarbon solvents are used, SILRES BS 290 should be diluted in a weight ratio of 1:11 to 1:15. Anhydrous alcohols, such as ethanol or 2-propanol, could also be used and are even indispensable whenever contact of the impregnating agent with solvent-sensitive materials (such as expanded polystyrene, bitumen, etc.) cannot be avoided. The alcohol must be completely anhydrous. If alcohol is used as a solvent, a dilution ratio of 1:12pbw is recommended. When impregnating slightly damp substrates, SILRES BS 290 will give better results if diluted with hydrocarbons than with alcohol. Stir vigorously when adding the diluent to SILRES BS 290. Since SILRES BS 290 reacts with humidity, prolonged contact with air must be avoided. The containers must be hermetically sealed. Before applying SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes), be sure to cover Storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a nonionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane Application of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is used in undiluted form as a hydrophobizing additive for aqueous masonry paints or plasters to increase water repellency, water resistance and water vapour permeability as well as to enhance processability and anti-blocking properties. Suitable for: - silicone resin emulsion paints and - silicone resin emulsion plasters - silicate emulsion paints and plasters - highly-filled emulsion-based coatings - emulsion-modified whitewash - stoppers Paints and plasters modified SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) are characterized by an excellent water beading effect. Processing of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) can be added in undiluted form to aqueous masonry paints or plasters during or after their production. The addition of 1 to 3 wt.-% is recommended. Storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. SILRES BS 1360 is non-ionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane. Acts as a water repellent. SILRES BS 1360 increases water repellency, water resistance and water-vapor permeability as well as enhances processability and anti-blocking properties. In particular, silicate emulsion paints and plasters modified with this additive are characterized by extremely long-lasting and reliable water repellency. The hydrophobizing action is unaffected by long storage of the liquid paint system. SILRES BS 1360 is suitable for silicone resin emulsion paints and silicone resin plasters, highly-filled emulsion-based coatings and emulsion-modified whitewash. Application details of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is applied after compatibility test with the phenolic resin mixture by mixing and spraying or via an additional spraying equipment applied separately – at the same time or shortly before application of the binder. For this purpose SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) can be diluted with any quantity of water. Based on the glass or stone fiber mass the addition ratio varies between 0,05 and 0,2 weight % for stone wool and 0,1 and 0,3 weight % (always based on the weight of the dried final product) for glass wool. The quantity of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) to be applied also depends on the desired water repellency of the end product given. Individual tests must always be conducted in order to define the necessary quantities. To impart water repellency to expanded perlite or similar porous materials, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is applied by spraying as well. 0,2 to 0,4 % by weight SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) are recommended as a dosage rate for perlite, 0 ,1 to 0,2 % for expanded clay aggregates. It can be sprayed onto the warm expanded material in order to avoid an additional drying process. Prolonged heating of the siliconized material must however be avoided. Guide formulation for laboratory tests to make perlite water-repellent (no guarantee can be given due to substrate and process variations): Mix 0,80 g SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) with 400 g of deionized water. Thoroughly mix or spray 200 g of perlite with this impregnating solution in a mixer until the liquid has been completely absorbed. Fill the moist material into a large dish and dry in a drying oven at 50°C for seven days. Fill the impregnated perlite into fine-meshed nylon sacks and immerse in deionized water. The sacks must be covered by 5 cm of water. Weigh the samples after gentle centrifuging (to remove adherent water) at fixed intervals. The results show that the perlite absorbs about 5 % of its dry weight in water after one day. Untreated perlite absorbs far more than 100 % of its dry weight in water in the same period. The test for water repellency according to the standard ASTM 303-77 is recommended. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) has been developed and optimized to be compatible with phenolic resin binders and tolerates without surplus of ammonia varying processing and formulating conditions. It is compatible and can be mixed with most phenolic resins, no side reactions or precipitations are observed. Based on the large variety of phenolic resins used plus further specific additives, however, a specific compatibility test in each plant is necessary. As the shelf life of the various mixtures depends largely on the formulation e. g. on the dilution of the emulsion it is recommended to apply the binder mixture without delay. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a very efficient aqueous water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polydimethylsiloxane. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is used to impart water repellency to glass wool (fiber glass) or stone wool bound with phenolic resin. It can also be used for expanded minerals such as perlite or vermiculite, or expanded clay aggregates. Properties of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) has an ideal viscosity for the feeding and dilution process during application. Once sprayed onto the substrate, in comparison to other emulsions of reactive polydimethylsiloxanes SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) shows an especially high thermal stability in the manufacturing process of the thermal insulating material. By enhancing coatings performance, opens up new possibilities for you. has been a global technology leader in silicone products for many years. An ambitious partner for the paints and coatings industry, we develop and produce SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) brand liquid resins, powder coatings resins and intermediates which are designed to selectively optimize coating systems so that they meet the highest requirements. Broaden the Property Spectrum of Your Coating! SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) resins and intermediates can broaden the property spectrum of your coatings, open up new fields and take existing applications to a whole new level of performance. Whether serving as sole silicone binder or being used for chemical or cold-blend modification of organic binders, such as polyesters, alkyds and epoxies, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) products can impart specific film properties. This ability comes from their excellent resistance to high temperatures, UV radiation and moisture. Profit from Global Presence and Local Customer Support SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) products for industrial coatings are available in the same high standard anywhere in the world. We have also set up technical centers across the globe to offer you comprehensive support with applications and selection of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) products for industrial coatings Heat-resistant coatings must provide continuous service at temperatures between 200 °C and 650 °C, with little discoloration and loss of adhesion. This imposes extreme demands on the binder and the formulation. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins have proven particularly effective in long-term applications because of their very high inorganic content. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes): A Broad Portfolio Chemically, there are three types of silicone resin to choose from: • Pure phenyl polysiloxane • Pure methyl polysiloxane • Mixed phenyl/methyl polysiloxane For Excellent Heat Resistance Phenyl groups are the most thermally stable organic substituents. In highly pigmented paint systems, they provide heat resistance up to 650 °C. Phenyl silicone resins are particularly compatible with organic resins. And More Interesting Properties Methyl groups are the second most stable organic substituents. In coatings with a low pigment content, they confer heat resistance up to 200 °C. A high content of methyl groups in heat-resistant coatings increases their hardness, water repellency and non-stick properties. Methyl resins are ideal for formulating aluminum-pigmented paints that will resist temperatures up to 650 °C. Suitable For Many Coating Systems has innovative and established SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) binder alternatives for: • Solvent-borne systems and systems with little or no solvent content • Water-borne systems • Powder-coating systems •Room-temperature-curable systems Temperature [° C] Aluminum FeMn oxide Mica, Miox Zinc dust Ti02/color Clear Heat Resistance As a Function of Pigment/Filler Type The chart illustrates how the maximum heat resistance of a coating varies with the type of pigment/filler. Benefits of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Binders in Heat-Resistant Coatings • Heat resistance up to 650 °C, combined with perfect adhesion • Durability under extreme temperature variations • Long-lasting corrosion protection • UV and weathering resistance • Low-VOC formulations possible Adjust the Profile to Your Demands! In addition to the binder’s heat resistance, versatile pigmentation is crucial for formulating heat-resistant paints. The right mix of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins, heatresistant pigments and fillers will meet most demands. Ideal for Many Applications In conclusion, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins are the right binders for any structural element that might get hot when installed between other system parts of: • Vehicles (e.g. exhaust systems, mufflers, engine parts, brakes) •Industrial plant components (e.g. flues, stacks, furnaces, heat exchangers) • Household appliances (wood-burning ovens, stoves and stovepipes, BBQs, pots and pans) Compatible With Many Organic Resins SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) intermediates can be reacted in almost any proportions with a wide variety of organic resins. Typical examples are alkyd, polyester, epoxy and acrylic resins. No Undesired Side Effects Modification of organic resins and coatings with SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) intermediates leaves the following product properties unchanged: • Hardness • Baking rate • Mechanical resistance • Pigment compatibility • Adhesion Improved Heat Resistance The more SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) intermediate added, the more heat resistant the coating becomes. Coatings containing 50% or more intermediate will resist continuous exposure to temperatures above 250 °C – for up to several hundred hours. Effect of Film Thickness For maximum adhesion and resistance to temperature changes, the SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins must have the right film thickness. Film thicknesses between 10 and 30 µm (for powder coatings: 30 – 70 µm) after baking ensure that the coatings have the maximum lifetime. Note: thicker films may experience adhesion loss. Physical Drying Due to evaporation of solvent (in liquid paints), paint begins to dry as soon as it is applied. The rate of drying depends on the solvent type, spray-booth temperature and air speed in the baking oven. It is vital that the dryer air have a low particle count and be free of oil. Most SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins ensure tack-free drying at room temperature. SILRES BS 1360 is non-ionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane. Acts as a water repellent. SILRES BS 1360 increases water repellency, water resistance and water-vapor permeability as well as enhances processability and anti-blocking properties. In particular, silicate emulsion paints and plasters modified with this additive are characterized by extremely long-lasting and reliable water repellency. The hydrophobizing action is unaffected by long storage of the liquid paint system. SILRES BS 1360 is suitable for silicone resin emulsion paints and silicone resin plasters, highly-filled emulsion-based coatings and emulsion-modified whitewash. Application details of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is applied after compatibility test with the phenolic resin mixture by mixing and spraying or via an additional spraying equipment applied separately – at the same time or shortly before application of the binder. For this purpose SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) can be diluted with any quantity of water. Based on the glass or stone fiber mass the addition ratio varies between 0,05 and 0,2 weight % for stone wool and 0,1 and 0,3 weight % (always based on the weight of the dried final product) for glass wool. The quantity of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) to be applied also depends on the desired water repellency of the end product given. Individual tests must always be conducted in order to define the necessary quantities. To impart water repellency to expanded perlite or similar porous materials, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is applied by spraying as well. 0,2 to 0,4 % by weight SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) are recommended as a dosage rate for perlite, 0 ,1 to 0,2 % for expanded clay aggregates. It can be sprayed onto the warm expanded material in order to avoid an additional drying process. Prolonged heating of the siliconized material must however be avoided. Guide formulation for laboratory tests to make perlite water-repellent (no guarantee can be given due to substrate and process variations): Mix 0,80 g SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) with 400 g of deionized water. Thoroughly mix or spray 200 g of perlite with this impregnating solution in a mixer until the liquid has been completely absorbed. Fill the moist material into a large dish and dry in a drying oven at 50°C for seven days. Fill the impregnated perlite into fine-meshed nylon sacks and immerse in deionized water. The sacks must be covered by 5 cm of water. Weigh the samples after gentle centrifuging (to remove adherent water) at fixed intervals. The results show that the perlite absorbs about 5 % of its dry weight in water after one day. Untreated perlite absorbs far more than 100 % of its dry weight in water in the same period. The test for water repellency according to the standard ASTM 303-77 is recommended. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) has been developed and optimized to be compatible with phenolic resin binders and tolerates without surplus of ammonia varying processing and formulating conditions. It is compatible and can be mixed with most phenolic resins, no side reactions or precipitations are observed. Based on the large variety of phenolic resins used plus further specific additives, however, a specific compatibility test in each plant is necessary. As the shelf life of the various mixtures depends largely on the formulation e. g. on the dilution of the emulsion it is recommended to apply the binder mixture without delay. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a very efficient aqueous water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polydimethylsiloxane. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is used to impart water repellency to glass wool (fiber glass) or stone wool bound with phenolic resin. It can also be used for expanded minerals such as perlite or vermiculite, or expanded clay aggregates. Properties of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) has an ideal viscosity for the feeding and dilution process during application. Once sprayed onto the substrate, in comparison to other emulsions of reactive polydimethylsiloxanes SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) shows an especially high thermal stability in the manufacturing process of the thermal insulating material. By enhancing coatings performance, opens up new possibilities for you. has been a global technology leader in silicone products for many years. An ambitious partner for the paints and coatings industry, we develop and produce SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) brand liquid resins, powder coatings resins and intermediates which are designed to selectively optimize coating systems so that they meet the highest requirements. Broaden the Property Spectrum of Your Coating! SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) resins and intermediates can broaden the property spectrum of your coatings, open up new fields and take existing applications to a whole new level of performance. Whether serving as sole silicone binder or being used for chemical or cold-blend modification of organic binders, such as polyesters, alkyds and epoxies, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) products can impart specific film properties. This ability comes from their excellent resistance to high temperatures, UV radiation and moisture.

SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a solventfree, water-thinnable emulsion of a polysiloxane modified with functional silicone resin. Technical data of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) General Characteristics of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Property Condition Value Method of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Solids content - approx. 50 % - Appearance - milky, white ASTM D 2240 Density 20 °C approx. 1 g/cm³ DIN 51757 pH 23 °C approx. 6 - 7 Indicator strips Applications of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) • Silicone Resin & Silicate Plasters • Renders & Plasters • Coatings & Paints • Additives for Plasters and Renders • Exterior Paints • Top Coats & Paints Application details of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) may be added undiluted to aqueous masonry coatings and primers either during or after manufacture. We recommend adding 1 - 3 wt% to masonry coatings. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is an additive used in the manufacture of aqueous masonry coatings and aqueous primers to enhance water repellency and water resistance. It also improves the processability and antiblocking characteristics of the aqueous coatings. Typical application fields are whitewash emulsions, silicate emulsion paints and plasters, highly filled emulsion coatings and silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Packaging and storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a solventfree, water-thinnable emulsion of a polysiloxane modified with functional silicone resin. Application of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is an additive used in the manufacture of aqueous masonry coatings and aqueous primers to enhance water repellency and water resistance. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) also improves the processability and antiblocking characteristics of the aqueous coatings. Typical application fields are whitewash emulsions, silicate emulsion paints and plasters, highly filled emulsion coatings and silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Processing of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) may be added undiluted to aqueous masonry coatings and primers either during or after manufacture. We recommend adding 1 - 3 wt% to masonry coatings. Product description of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a water-dilutable solventless emulsion of a silicone resin used as a binder in the production of silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Application of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is employed as the main binder in silicone resin emulsion paints and plaster. If formulated properly, the products made with it characterized by high permeability to water vapor and CO₂, low water absorption, low soiling tendency, a mineral appearance and long life. An excellent beading effect is also achieved if SILRES BS 1306 is added. Facades must be primed before painting for optimal protection. Storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The containers must be protected against sunlight. Stir well before taking emulsion from drums. The "Best use before end" date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a solventless silicone concentrate that is based on a mixture of silane and siloxane. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is dilutable with organic solvents. Dilute solutions of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) in organic solvents serve as high-quality general-purpose water repellents for impregnating and priming mineral and highly alkaline substrates. Special features of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) - good depth of penetration - high resistance to alkalis - tack-free drying - effective even on damp substrates - rapid development of water repellency After application to the mineral substrate, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) reacts with the atmospheric moisture or pore water in the substrate, thereby generating the active ingredient while liberating alcohol. The active ingredient greatly lowers the water absorbency of the substrate, which nevertheless retains a very high degree of water vapour permeability since neither pores nor capillaries are clogged. Application of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is suitable for imparting water repellency to absorbent, porous, mineral construction materials, e. g.: - brickwork - all kinds of concrete - aerated concrete - sand-lime brickwork - cement fiberboards - mineral plasters - mineral-based natural and artificial stone - mineral paints SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is also suitable as primer for exterior paints.SILRES BS 290 is not suitable for rendering gypsum water repellent. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is not suitable for rendering gypsum water repellent.windows and other non-absorbent surfaces properly because the product cures so quickly that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove after a few hours. Wipe off any splashes on window panes immediately, using a solvent if necessary. For this reason, the figures quoted below are intended as a guide only: windows and other non-absorbent surfaces properly because the product cures so quickly that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove after a few hours. Wipe off any splashes on window panes immediately, using a solvent if necessary. For this reason, the figures quoted below are intended as a guide only: Processing of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Flooding, preferably not under pressure, is the best technique for applying SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes), which is ready to use after dilution. Apply several coats, wet on wet, until the substrate is saturated. Generally, at least two applications suffice for all substrates.Do not leave long breaks between coats. Apply the next when the substrate has absorbed the previous one and is no longershiny (wet-on-wet working). The substrate must not have damp spots, i. e., it should look dry. The requisite quantity of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) depends on the adsorbency of the substrate. The amount of impregnating agent required for a substrate and the effectiveness of the impregnation should be determined on site by testing a small area of the material to be treated. Dilution of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The solvents best suited for diluting SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) are aliphatic hydrocarbons (e. g. White Spirit 130/175), aromatic hydrocarbons (solvent naphtha, e. g. Shellsol A) or low-odor isoparaffin hydrocarbons. The solvent used should have a boiling range of 140-190°C and an evaporation number of 30-90. If the above-mentioned hydrocarbon solvents are used, SILRES BS 290 should be diluted in a weight ratio of 1:11 to 1:15. Anhydrous alcohols, such as ethanol or 2-propanol, could also be used and are even indispensable whenever contact of the impregnating agent with solvent-sensitive materials (such as expanded polystyrene, bitumen, etc.) cannot be avoided. The alcohol must be completely anhydrous. If alcohol is used as a solvent, a dilution ratio of 1:12pbw is recommended. When impregnating slightly damp substrates, SILRES BS 290 will give better results if diluted with hydrocarbons than with alcohol. Stir vigorously when adding the diluent to SILRES BS 290. Since SILRES BS 290 reacts with humidity, prolonged contact with air must be avoided. The containers must be hermetically sealed. Before applying SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes), be sure to cover Storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a nonionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane Application of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is used in undiluted form as a hydrophobizing additive for aqueous masonry paints or plasters to increase water repellency, water resistance and water vapour permeability as well as to enhance processability and anti-blocking properties. Suitable for: - silicone resin emulsion paints and - silicone resin emulsion plasters - silicate emulsion paints and plasters - highly-filled emulsion-based coatings - emulsion-modified whitewash - stoppers Paints and plasters modified SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) are characterized by an excellent water beading effect. Processing of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) can be added in undiluted form to aqueous masonry paints or plasters during or after their production. The addition of 1 to 3 wt.-% is recommended. Storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. SILRES BS 1360 is non-ionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane. Acts as a water repellent. SILRES BS 1360 increases water repellency, water resistance and water-vapor permeability as well as enhances processability and anti-blocking properties. In particular, silicate emulsion paints and plasters modified with this additive are characterized by extremely long-lasting and reliable water repellency. The hydrophobizing action is unaffected by long storage of the liquid paint system. SILRES BS 1360 is suitable for silicone resin emulsion paints and silicone resin plasters, highly-filled emulsion-based coatings and emulsion-modified whitewash. Application details of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is applied after compatibility test with the phenolic resin mixture by mixing and spraying or via an additional spraying equipment applied separately – at the same time or shortly before application of the binder. For this purpose SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) can be diluted with any quantity of water. Based on the glass or stone fiber mass the addition ratio varies between 0,05 and 0,2 weight % for stone wool and 0,1 and 0,3 weight % (always based on the weight of the dried final product) for glass wool. The quantity of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) to be applied also depends on the desired water repellency of the end product given. Individual tests must always be conducted in order to define the necessary quantities. To impart water repellency to expanded perlite or similar porous materials, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is applied by spraying as well. 0,2 to 0,4 % by weight SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) are recommended as a dosage rate for perlite, 0 ,1 to 0,2 % for expanded clay aggregates. It can be sprayed onto the warm expanded material in order to avoid an additional drying process. Prolonged heating of the siliconized material must however be avoided. Guide formulation for laboratory tests to make perlite water-repellent (no guarantee can be given due to substrate and process variations): Mix 0,80 g SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) with 400 g of deionized water. Thoroughly mix or spray 200 g of perlite with this impregnating solution in a mixer until the liquid has been completely absorbed. Fill the moist material into a large dish and dry in a drying oven at 50°C for seven days. Fill the impregnated perlite into fine-meshed nylon sacks and immerse in deionized water. The sacks must be covered by 5 cm of water. Weigh the samples after gentle centrifuging (to remove adherent water) at fixed intervals. The results show that the perlite absorbs about 5 % of its dry weight in water after one day. Untreated perlite absorbs far more than 100 % of its dry weight in water in the same period. The test for water repellency according to the standard ASTM 303-77 is recommended. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) has been developed and optimized to be compatible with phenolic resin binders and tolerates without surplus of ammonia varying processing and formulating conditions. It is compatible and can be mixed with most phenolic resins, no side reactions or precipitations are observed. Based on the large variety of phenolic resins used plus further specific additives, however, a specific compatibility test in each plant is necessary. As the shelf life of the various mixtures depends largely on the formulation e. g. on the dilution of the emulsion it is recommended to apply the binder mixture without delay. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a very efficient aqueous water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polydimethylsiloxane. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is used to impart water repellency to glass wool (fiber glass) or stone wool bound with phenolic resin. It can also be used for expanded minerals such as perlite or vermiculite, or expanded clay aggregates. Properties of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) has an ideal viscosity for the feeding and dilution process during application. Once sprayed onto the substrate, in comparison to other emulsions of reactive polydimethylsiloxanes SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) shows an especially high thermal stability in the manufacturing process of the thermal insulating material. By enhancing coatings performance, opens up new possibilities for you. has been a global technology leader in silicone products for many years. An ambitious partner for the paints and coatings industry, we develop and produce SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) brand liquid resins, powder coatings resins and intermediates which are designed to selectively optimize coating systems so that they meet the highest requirements. Broaden the Property Spectrum of Your Coating! SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) resins and intermediates can broaden the property spectrum of your coatings, open up new fields and take existing applications to a whole new level of performance. Whether serving as sole silicone binder or being used for chemical or cold-blend modification of organic binders, such as polyesters, alkyds and epoxies, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) products can impart specific film properties. This ability comes from their excellent resistance to high temperatures, UV radiation and moisture. Profit from Global Presence and Local Customer Support SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) products for industrial coatings are available in the same high standard anywhere in the world. We have also set up technical centers across the globe to offer you comprehensive support with applications and selection of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) products for industrial coatings Heat-resistant coatings must provide continuous service at temperatures between 200 °C and 650 °C, with little discoloration and loss of adhesion. This imposes extreme demands on the binder and the formulation. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins have proven particularly effective in long-term applications because of their very high inorganic content. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes): A Broad Portfolio Chemically, there are three types of silicone resin to choose from: • Pure phenyl polysiloxane • Pure methyl polysiloxane • Mixed phenyl/methyl polysiloxane For Excellent Heat Resistance Phenyl groups are the most thermally stable organic substituents. In highly pigmented paint systems, they provide heat resistance up to 650 °C. Phenyl silicone resins are particularly compatible with organic resins. And More Interesting Properties Methyl groups are the second most stable organic substituents. In coatings with a low pigment content, they confer heat resistance up to 200 °C. A high content of methyl groups in heat-resistant coatings increases their hardness, water repellency and non-stick properties. Methyl resins are ideal for formulating aluminum-pigmented paints that will resist temperatures up to 650 °C. Suitable For Many Coating Systems has innovative and established SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) binder alternatives for: • Solvent-borne systems and systems with little or no solvent content • Water-borne systems • Powder-coating systems •Room-temperature-curable systems Temperature [° C] Aluminum FeMn oxide Mica, Miox Zinc dust Ti02/color Clear Heat Resistance As a Function of Pigment/Filler Type The chart illustrates how the maximum heat resistance of a coating varies with the type of pigment/filler. Benefits of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Binders in Heat-Resistant Coatings • Heat resistance up to 650 °C, combined with perfect adhesion • Durability under extreme temperature variations • Long-lasting corrosion protection • UV and weathering resistance • Low-VOC formulations possible Adjust the Profile to Your Demands! In addition to the binder’s heat resistance, versatile pigmentation is crucial for formulating heat-resistant paints. The right mix of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins, heatresistant pigments and fillers will meet most demands. Ideal for Many Applications In conclusion, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins are the right binders for any structural element that might get hot when installed between other system parts of: • Vehicles (e.g. exhaust systems, mufflers, engine parts, brakes) •Industrial plant components (e.g. flues, stacks, furnaces, heat exchangers) • Household appliances (wood-burning ovens, stoves and stovepipes, BBQs, pots and pans) Compatible With Many Organic Resins SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) intermediates can be reacted in almost any proportions with a wide variety of organic resins. Typical examples are alkyd, polyester, epoxy and acrylic resins. No Undesired Side Effects Modification of organic resins and coatings with SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) intermediates leaves the following product properties unchanged: • Hardness • Baking rate • Mechanical resistance • Pigment compatibility • Adhesion Improved Heat Resistance The more SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) intermediate added, the more heat resistant the coating becomes. Coatings containing 50% or more intermediate will resist continuous exposure to temperatures above 250 °C – for up to several hundred hours. Effect of Film Thickness For maximum adhesion and resistance to temperature changes, the SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins must have the right film thickness. Film thicknesses between 10 and 30 µm (for powder coatings: 30 – 70 µm) after baking ensure that the coatings have the maximum lifetime. Note: thicker films may experience adhesion loss. Physical Drying Due to evaporation of solvent (in liquid paints), paint begins to dry as soon as it is applied. The rate of drying depends on the solvent type, spray-booth temperature and air speed in the baking oven. It is vital that the dryer air have a low particle count and be free of oil. Most SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins ensure tack-free drying at room temperature. SILRES BS 1360 is non-ionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane. Acts as a water repellent. SILRES BS 1360 increases water repellency, water resistance and water-vapor permeability as well as enhances processability and anti-blocking properties. In particular, silicate emulsion paints and plasters modified with this additive are characterized by extremely long-lasting and reliable water repellency. The hydrophobizing action is unaffected by long storage of the liquid paint system. SILRES BS 1360 is suitable for silicone resin emulsion paints and silicone resin plasters, highly-filled emulsion-based coatings and emulsion-modified whitewash. Application details of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is applied after compatibility test with the phenolic resin mixture by mixing and spraying or via an additional spraying equipment applied separately – at the same time or shortly before application of the binder. For this purpose SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) can be diluted with any quantity of water. Based on the glass or stone fiber mass the addition ratio varies between 0,05 and 0,2 weight % for stone wool and 0,1 and 0,3 weight % (always based on the weight of the dried final product) for glass wool. The quantity of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) to be applied also depends on the desired water repellency of the end product given. Individual tests must always be conducted in order to define the necessary quantities. To impart water repellency to expanded perlite or similar porous materials, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is applied by spraying as well. 0,2 to 0,4 % by weight SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) are recommended as a dosage rate for perlite, 0 ,1 to 0,2 % for expanded clay aggregates. It can be sprayed onto the warm expanded material in order to avoid an additional drying process. Prolonged heating of the siliconized material must however be avoided. Guide formulation for laboratory tests to make perlite water-repellent (no guarantee can be given due to substrate and process variations): Mix 0,80 g SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) with 400 g of deionized water. Thoroughly mix or spray 200 g of perlite with this impregnating solution in a mixer until the liquid has been completely absorbed. Fill the moist material into a large dish and dry in a drying oven at 50°C for seven days. Fill the impregnated perlite into fine-meshed nylon sacks and immerse in deionized water. The sacks must be covered by 5 cm of water. Weigh the samples after gentle centrifuging (to remove adherent water) at fixed intervals. The results show that the perlite absorbs about 5 % of its dry weight in water after one day. Untreated perlite absorbs far more than 100 % of its dry weight in water in the same period. The test for water repellency according to the standard ASTM 303-77 is recommended. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) has been developed and optimized to be compatible with phenolic resin binders and tolerates without surplus of ammonia varying processing and formulating conditions. It is compatible and can be mixed with most phenolic resins, no side reactions or precipitations are observed. Based on the large variety of phenolic resins used plus further specific additives, however, a specific compatibility test in each plant is necessary. As the shelf life of the various mixtures depends largely on the formulation e. g. on the dilution of the emulsion it is recommended to apply the binder mixture without delay. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a very efficient aqueous water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polydimethylsiloxane. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is used to impart water repellency to glass wool (fiber glass) or stone wool bound with phenolic resin. It can also be used for expanded minerals such as perlite or vermiculite, or expanded clay aggregates. Properties of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) has an ideal viscosity for the feeding and dilution process during application. Once sprayed onto the substrate, in comparison to other emulsions of reactive polydimethylsiloxanes SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) shows an especially high thermal stability in the manufacturing process of the thermal insulating material. By enhancing coatings performance, opens up new possibilities for you. has been a global technology leader in silicone products for many years. An ambitious partner for the paints and coatings industry, we develop and produce SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) brand liquid resins, powder coatings resins and intermediates which are designed to selectively optimize coating systems so that they meet the highest requirements. Broaden the Property Spectrum of Your Coating! SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) resins and intermediates can broaden the property spectrum of your coatings, open up new fields and take existing applications to a whole new level of performance. Whether serving as sole silicone binder or being used for chemical or cold-blend modification of organic binders, such as polyesters, alkyds and epoxies, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) products can impart specific film properties. This ability comes from their excellent resistance to high temperatures, UV radiation and moisture.

Silver Biocide products may contain silver in ionic, colloidal or nanoparticle form, and to complicate things further, these may either be in free or bound form.
Irrespective of the form of the Silver Biocide used, a major characteristic that will affect the bactericidal effect of the silver is the concentration of silver ions released.


Silver Biocide is based on solutions of water soluble silver salts such as silver chloride or citrate, or in the case of one manufacturer, silver chloride adsorbed onto titanium dioxide, which produces a product with greater longevity of activity.
Silver Biocide is effective at extremely low concentrations (ppb levels of silver ions) and has a very broad spectrum kill.
At the recommended use levels Silver Biocide is considered nontoxic to humans.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER BIOCIDE:
Silver Biocide is used (0.5% or approximately 140 metric tons) is still very small and the remainder of the silver is used for investment and coins (5%)
Silver Biocide is used in an ever increasing range of products, including water treatment, fibers, washing machines, dyes/paints and varnishes,
polymers, medical applications, sinks and sanitary ceramics and various ‘consumer’ applications such as disinfectants, cosmetics, cleaning agents, baby bottles, etc.


Silver Biocide is used in an ever increasing range of products, including fibers, washing machines, dyes/paints and varnishes, polymers, medical applications, sinks and sanitary ceramics and various ‘consumer’ applications such as disinfectants, cosmetics, cleaning agents, baby bottles, etc.
Silver Biocide is widely available consumer products which contain nanosilver include food contact materials (such as cups, bowls and cutting boards), cosmetics and personal care products, children’s toys and infant products and ‘health’ supplements.


Silver Biocide offers a potential advantage over iodine, the current state-of-the-art in US spacecraft disinfection technology, in that silver can be safely consumed by the crew.
As such, Silver Biocide may reduce the overall complexity and mass of future spacecraft potable water systems, particularly those used to support long duration missions.


A primary technology gap identified for the use of silver biocide is one of material compatibility.
Wetted materials of construction are required to be selected such that silver ion concentrations can be maintained at biocidally effective levels.
Preliminary data on silver biocide depletion rates in heritage spacecraft potable water system wetted materials of construction has been gathered as part of a multi-phase test project aimed at the characterization of silver based biocide technology through: development of preferred materials lists, investigation of silver biocide forms and delivery methods, down-selection of silver biocide technologies, and integrated testing.



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Silver Chloride is an inorganic salt.
Silver Chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl.


CAS Number: 7783-90-6
EC Number: 232-033-3
Chemical formula: AgCl



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Silver chloride is a white crystalline chemical compound with the formula AgCl.
Silver chloride in the test tube quickly turns purplish, especially in a sunny laboratory because the silver chloride is split up into silver and chlorine.
Silver chloride is prepared when sodium chloride is added to silver nitrate solution a white precipitate of silver chloride occurs.


Silver chloride is an example of a well-known salt stain used to impart an amber colour to the glass.
Silver Chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl.
This white crystalline solid, Silver Chloride, is well known for its low solubility in water and its sensitivity to light.


Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver (and chlorine), which is signaled by grey to black or purplish coloration in some samples.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally as a mineral chlorargyrite.
Silver Chloride is produced by a metathesis reaction for use in photography and in pH meters as electrodes.


Silver chloride is a chloride of silver that occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite.
Silver is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally in its pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.


Silver chloride, AgCl, is a white crystalline solid which is well known for its low solubility in water.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite.
Silver chloride converts to silver and chlorine, when subjected to sunlight or heating.


Silver Chloride adopts the fcc NaCl structure, in which Ag+ ions are surrounded by octahedrons of six chloride ligands.
Silver chloride is a white, curdy, crystalline solid compound.
In the lab, Silver Chloride is prepared from a solution of AgNO3 by precipitation with NaCl solution.


Silver Chloride is roughly 75% silver by weight.
Silver chloride melts at a temperature of 455° C and boils at 1550° C.
Silver Chloride is one of the few chloride compounds known to be very insoluble in water.


Only PbCl2 and Hg2CL2 share this unique property, with PbCl2 being soluble in hot water.
Thus, selective precipitation of silver from a mixed metal ion solution is an ideal method.
Upon precipitating, silver chloride tends to agglomerate into larger and larger masses.


This is enhanced by mild agitation.
For improving solid settling rates and obtaining clear resultant filtrate solutions from liquid/solid separations, this agglomeration enhancement principle is important.
Electrochemically, Silver Chloride is quite noble.


The standard potential relative to hydrogen is 0.2223 V for the following reaction.
AgCl (S) + e- → Ag° + Cl-…………………………………………………(1)
As such, it may be reduced by redox couples with many less noble materials.


This knowledge has been adapted by the battery industry.
A prime example of this is the use of AgCl-Mg batteries for submarine torpedoes.
Here the redox couple and the resultant electrical energy necessary to drive the propeller is started by immersion in seawater, an excellent electrolyte.


Also, because of limited solubility and favorable electrochemical properties, silver chloride finds use as a material in the fabrication of electrochemical reference electrodes.
Compared to the calomel or hydrogen electrode, silver chloride is the preferred choice for most reference electrode applications.


Perhaps the greatest use of silver chloride exploits its photochemical properties.
This is directly related to the ability of light energy to readily reduce silver chloride to silver metal.
When exposed to light, silver chloride turns violet at first and finally black; it is decomposed to its elements.


This is represented as:
2AgCl (S) + light → 2Ag° + Cl2……………………………………………………….(2)
As such, the silver chlorides, bromides and iodides present in film form the basis for photography.


Silver Chloride is a white granular powder or cubic crystals; refractive index 2.071; darkens on exposure to light; density 5.56 g/cm3; Moh’s hardness 2.5; melts at 455°C; vaporizes at 1,547°C; vapor pressure 1 and 5 torr at 912 and 1,019°C; insoluble in water, alcohol and dilute acids; soluble in ammonia solution and concentrated sulfuric acid, alkali cyanide, ammonium carbonate; also soluble in potassium bromide and sodium thiosulfate solutions.


Silver Chloride is a chloride of silver that occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite.
Silver Chloride is used to make photographic paper and pottery glazes.
Silver Chloride is also found in stained glass colorants, bandages, and other wound healing products, and may be used as an antidote to mercury poisoning.


Silver is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally in its pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.
This white crystalline solid, Silver Chloride, is well known for its low solubility in water (this behavior being reminiscent of the chlorides of Tl+ and Pb2+).


Silver chloride is described as a white crystalline chemical compound having the formula AgCl.
Silver chloride, present in the test tube, turns purplish quickly, especially in the case of a sunny laboratory due to the silver chloride being split up into both chlorine and silver.


Silver chloride can be prepared when the sodium chloride compound is added to the silver nitrate solution; there occurs a white precipitate of silver chloride.
Silver chloride is also an example of a well-known salt stain, which is used to impart an amber colour to the glass.


Chloro silver is the other name of silver chloride.
Silver chloride, abbreviated as AgCl, is a chemical compound.
This white crystalline substance, Silver Chloride, is well recognised for its inability to dissolve in water.


Natural sources of Silver Chloride include the mineral chlorargyrite.
Because the silver chloride is divided up into silver and chlorine, the silver chloride in the test tube quickly turns purplish, especially in a sunny environment.


When sodium chloride is added to a silver nitrate solution, a white silver chloride precipitate appears.
Silver chloride is a well-known salt stain used to provide amber colour to the glass.
The Silver Chloride formula is a crystalline solid white.


Silver Chloride is insoluble in water, alcohol, and dilute acids.
Silver Chloride dissolves easily in ammonia, sulfuric acid, alkali cyanide, hydrochloric acid, and potassium bromide solution.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally as a mineral, such as chlorargyrite.


Silver Chloride may be made commercially by homogenising aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and silver nitrate.
Silver Chloride is an inorganic photosensitive substance that is commonly used in photography.
Silver Chloride has a molecular weight of 143.32 grams/mol and is a crystalline white solid.


Silver Chloride has a density of 5.56 gm/cm3.
Silver Chloride has a melting point of 455 °C.
Silver Chloride has a boiling point of 1547 °C.


Silver chloride is a prime example of a salt that cannot dissolve in water.
Silver Chloride also cannot be dissolved in dilute acids or alcohols.
Ammonia, alkali cyanides, potassium bromide, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid are used to render it soluble.


Silver chloride, chemical compound, AgCl, a white cubic crystalline solid.
Silver Chloride is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in a water solution of ammonia, potassium cyanide, or sodium thiosulfate (“hypo”).
On exposure to light Silver Chloride becomes a deep grayish blue due to its decomposition into metallic silver and atomic chlorine.


Silver Chloride is a useful material for deep IR applications where sensitivity to moisture is a problem.
This soft crystal deforms under heat and pressure and can be forged in polished dies to create IR windows and lenses.
A major use for Silver Chloride is in the manufacture of small disposable cell windows for spectroscopy, known as mini-cells.


These windows have a depression of controlled thickness pressed into the surface.
The inherent cost of Silver Chloride material is offset against ease of manufacture.
The functioning process of silver chloride is intricate, but it can be simplified into several fundamental stages.


Upon exposure to an aqueous solution, silver ions within silver chloride interact with chloride ions, resulting in the formation of silver chloride.
This reaction is reversible, allowing silver chloride to disintegrate into silver and chloride ions when subjected to an acidic or basic environment.
Additionally, silver chloride has the ability to bind to proteins and other molecules within the body, leading to modifications in their structure and function.


Furthermore, upon absorption into the body, silver chloride can engage with cells and induce alterations in their metabolism.
Silver Chloride, Granular, Reagent is a chemical compound of silver and chlorine, with a molecular formula AgCl.
Silver chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl.


This white crystalline solid, Silver Chloride, is well known for its low solubility in water.
Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver, which is signaled by grey to black or purplish coloration to some samples.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver Chloride is used to make photographic paper and pottery glazes.
Silver Chloride is also found in stained glass colorants, bandages, and other wound healing products, and may be used as an antidote to mercury poisoning.
Other photographic uses include making photographic paper, since Silver Chloride reacts with photons to form latent images via photoreduction; and in photochromic lenses, taking advantage of its reversible conversion to Ag metal.


Unlike photography, where the photoreduction is irreversible, the glass prevents the electron from being 'trapped'.
These photochromic lenses are used primarily in sunglasses.
Silver chloride's low solubility makes it a useful addition to pottery glazes for the production of "Inglaze lustre".


Silver chloride has been used as an antidote for mercury poisoning, assisting in the elimination of mercury.
Other uses of AgCl include: in bandages and wound healing products, to create yellow, amber, and brown shades in stained glass manufacture, as an infrared transmissive optical component, as it can be hot-pressed into window and lens shapes, and as an antimicrobial agent.


The most effective form of water-activated battery uses magnesium as the anode and silver chloride as the positive electrode.
Silver Chloride is used in electroplating and polishing mirrors and in making alloys.
Silver Chloride is used as an antidote that reacts with the poison to produce a harmless chemical compound.


Silver Chloride is used in medicines and silver salts are used in photographic films.
The most efficient type of water-activated battery employs magnesium as an anode and silver chloride as a positive electrode.
Silver Chloride’s used in mirror electroplating and polishing, as well as alloy manufacturing.


As an antidote, Silver Chloride interacts with the poison to form an innocuous chemical molecule.
Silver salts are utilised in photographic films and are used in pharmaceuticals.
Because of its limited solubility, silver chloride is a helpful additive to ceramic glazes for the development of “Inglaze lustre.”


Because Silver Chloride reacts with photons to form a latent picture via photoreduction, it is used to make photographic paper.
Silver chloride has a variety of applications, including: Photography, Electronics, Medicine, and Chemicals
Silver chloride is a compound made up of silver and chlorine.


Silver Chloride is a white solid that is often used in photography.
Silver chloride is also used in some types of batteries.
Silver chloride is used in silver plating and to obtain pure silver.


The salt also finds applications in photography and optics; in photochromic glass; and in electrodes and batteries.
Silver Chloride is used to make antiseptic silver solution. It occurs as the mineral cerargyrite.
Silver Chloride is used in photographic films, to coat and silver glass, as an antiseptic, and to absorb infrared light in lenses.


Silver Chloride is used employed in Silver plating.
Owing to its characteristic of reversible reduction to silver metal, Silver Chloride is used in photochromic lenses.
Silver Chloride is used as a cathode in sea water activated batteries. In electrochemistry, silver chloride electrode is used for potentiometric measurements.


Silver Chlorideserves as an antidote for mercury poisoning, and eliminates mercury from body.
Silver Chloride is used in glass manufacturing industry.
Silver Chloride is useful in the production of bandages, wound healing products and inglaze lustre, personal deodorant products, as well as for long term preservation of drinking water in water tanks; its pharmaceutical composition finds use as an antibacterial agent.


Silver Chloride is very important as a linear polarizer in the infrared region (λ: 2–23 mm).
The refractive index is almost constant in the infrared region and the polarization angle is almost independent of wavelength.
The polarization angles are 63°43' (3 mm), 63°20' (10 mm), and 63°33' (20 mm), showing the difference of angle below 18 for λ: 2–23 mm.


The polariscope is fabricated typically by arranging the six sheets of plates with the thickness of 0.5 mm in the shape of roof type.
Bakelite or plastic is good for the material of the holder case.
Silver Chloride is used in silver plating, in making antiseptic silver preparations.


Silver Chloride is found in nature as horn silver, this white powder is made by the combination of a soluble chloride and silver nitrate.
Silver bromide could also be formed by exposing metallic silver to the fumes of bromine as in the daguerreotype process.
Silver Chloride is soluble in sodium thiosulfate, potassium bromide solutions, and strong ammonia.


This silver halide was the first to be observed to darken spontaneously by exposure to light.
Silver chloride formed the basis of the photogenic drawing, salted paper print, albumen print, collodion-chloride POP, gelatin chloride POP, and gaslight paper.


Silver Chloride is used in photography,photometry and optics, batteries, photochromic glass,silver plating,production of pure silver, and as an antiseptic.
Single crystals are used for infrared absorption cells and lens elements and as a lab reagent
Silver Chloride has been used as an antidote for mercury poisoning, assisting in mercury elimination.


Silver Chloride is used as a cathode in sea water activated batteries. In electrochemistry, silver chloride electrode is used for potentiometric measurements.
Silver Chloride is used to make a photographic paper because it reacts with photons to produce a latent image via photoreduction.


Silver Chloride is used in the photochromic lenses, again taking advantage of its reversible conversion to Ag metal.
Silver Chloride is used wound healing products and in bandages.
Silver Chloride is used to create amber, brown, and yellow shades in the manufacturing of stained glass.


Silver Chloride is used as an infrared transmissive optical component since it can be hot-pressed into lens shapes and window.
Silver Chloride is used as an Antimicrobial Agent: For the long-term preservation of drinking water in water tanks, and In a few personal deodorant products.


There are many applications for Silver Chloride, including those in electrochemistry, infra-red technology, photochromic lenses, photographic paper, as well as bandages.
Silver Chloride is an analytical reagent used in some laboratory tests to determine the purity of other products and whether they can be graded pure enough for use in cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceutical or food and beverages.


This light-sensitive behavior is the basis of photographic processes.
Since silver bromide, AgBr, and silver iodide, Silver Chloride, react similarly, all three of these silver halide salts are used in making photographic films and plates.


Both the bromide and iodide are less soluble in water and more sensitive to light than the chloride.
The bromide forms light yellow cubic crystals; the iodide forms yellow hexagonal or yellow-orange cubic crystals, depending on the temperature.
Besides use in photography, silver chloride is used in silver plating, and silver iodide is used for seeding clouds.


The chloride, bromide, and iodide occur naturally as the minerals cerargyrite, bromyrite, and iodyrite, respectively.
Silver fluoride, AgF, forms colorless cubic crystals; Silver Chloride is much more soluble in water than the other silver halides.


-Use of Silver Chloride as Electrode Material
The brightness of a light emitting diode (LED) determined by the forward voltage (Vf) needed to make the LED light up.
The higher the Vf, the brighter the LED.
Therefore silver chloride has a high Vf of 2.5 volts, which makes it a good choice for an electrode material in an LED.



PHOTOGRAPHY USES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride and silver nitrate have been used in photography since it began, and are well known for their light sensitivity.
It was also a vital part of the Daguerreotype sensitization where silver plates were fumed with chlorine to produce a thin layer of silver chloride.

Another famous process that used silver chloride was the gelatin silver process where embedded silver chloride crystals in gelatin were used to produce images.
However, with advances in color photography, these methods of black-and-white photography have dwindled.
Even though color photography uses silver chloride, it only works as a mediator for transforming light into organic image dyes.



SILVER CHLORIDE ELECTRODE USES:
Silver chloride is a constituent of the silver chloride electrode which is a common reference electrode in electrochemistry.
The electrode functions as a reversible redox electrode and the equilibrium is between the solid silver metal and silver chloride in a chloride solution of a given concentration.

It is usually the internal reference electrode in pH meters and Silver Chloride is often used as a reference in reduction potential measurements.
As an example of the latter, the silver chloride electrode is the most commonly used reference electrode for testing cathodic protection corrosion control systems in seawater environments.



USE OF SILVER CHLORIDE AS ELECTRODE:
Silver Chloride is considered a convenient option to be used as a reference electrode.
In electrochemistry, the industry uses two types of electrodes to make potential measurements.

One type of electrode is called the indicator electrode which has a particular characteristic that allows the electrode to selectively respond to changes in activity of the analyte being measured.
On the other end, a reference electrode is needed in the system that possesses a characteristic which allows Silver Chloride to remain stable to the changes in the activity of the analyte being measured.

In order for potential measurements to have context, the reference electrode needs to be composed in a manner that it remains stable over time to potential changes being measured whereas the indicator electrode responds reactively.
The silver chloride reference electrode is made up of a silver wire coated with a layer of solid silver chloride submerged in a solution saturated with potassium chloride and silver chloride.



SILVER CHLORIDE AS ELECTROLYTE:
Silver chloride is considered a strong electrolyte.
Silver chloride is one of the few insoluble ionic compounds that are strong electrolytes.
There is virtually no undissociated form of the silver chloride compound in the solution as even if small amounts dissolve in water, they do so as ions only.



GET SILVER CHLORIDE FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE:
In a double displacement reaction between aqueous silver nitrate solution and aqueous sodium chloride solution, silver chloride and sodium nitrate are formed.
Silver nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution are both colourless solutions.

These solutions upon reaction with each other produce a white precipitate and a colourless solution.
The resultant solution is sodium nitrate.
The resultant precipitate is silver chloride.

Then resulting compounds, silver chloride and sodium nitrate do not react with each other.
Silver chloride can be separated from sodium nitrate by adding water to the solution to dissolve sodium nitrate because it is soluble in water whereas the silver chloride precipitate is not soluble in water.
Hence, silver chloride can be obtained through separation and filtration.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride, AgCl, is a white,granular powder that darkens on exposure to light,finally turning black.
Silver Chloride exists in several modifications differing in behavior toward light and solubility in various solvents.

Silver Chloride is soluble in ammonium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, and sodium thiosulfate and potassium bromide solutions, very slightly soluble in water, can be melted, cast, and fabricated like a metal.

Silver Chloride is derived by heating a silver nitrate solution and adding hydrochloric acid or salt solution.
The whole is boiled, then filtered.
This must take place in the dark or under a ruby-red light.

Silver Chloride is used in photography,photometry and optics, batteries, photochromic glass,silver plating,production of pure silver, and as an antiseptic.
Single crystals are used for infrared absorption cells and lens elements and as a lab reagent



PURIFICATION METHODS OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Recrystallise Silver Chloride from the conc NH3 solution by acidifying with HCl, filtering off the solid, washing it with H2O and drying it in a vacuum.
Silver Chloride is soluble in NH3 and should be kept in the dark.



CRYSTAL SYSTEM OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
The space lattice of Silver Chloride belongs to the cubic system, and its rock salt structure has a lattice constant of a=0.554 nm, Ag–Cl=0.277 nm.
Cleavage does not occur.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is prepared by slowly adding an alkali metal chloride solution to a hot solution of silver nitrate.
The solution mixture is boiled:
Ag+ (aq) + Cl¯ (aq) → AgCl (s)

The precipitate is washed with hot water.
Silver Chloride is purified by dissolving in ammonia solution, filtering out any insoluble residues, and then adding hydrochloric acid to reprecipitate silver chloride.
Preparation should be carried out in the dark in ruby red light.



IS SILVER CHLORIDE INSOLUBLE IN WATER?
No, though Silver Chloride and NaCl seem to be similar, the Ag ion's effective nuclear charge is much more compared to the Na+ ion.
Thus, according to the Fajan law, it polarizes chloride anion and forms the bond between them more covalently (in NaCl, Na holds an overall positive charge, and chloride holds a negative charge.

Hence, there is no electron present between Cl and Na, and thus it is not covalent.
Whereas in Cl and Ag, as polarization occurs, the electron residing on Cl- gets towards the Ag+ ion.
Therefore, some amount of electric charge comes between Cl- and Ag+ ion and this forms a covalent bond.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is unusual in that, unlike most chloride salts, it has very low solubility.
Silver Chloride is easily synthesized by metathesis: combining an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (which is soluble) with a soluble chloride salt, such as sodium chloride (which is used industrially as a method of producing AgCl), or cobalt(II) chloride.
The silver chloride that forms will precipitate immediately.

AgNO3+NaCl⟶AgCl↓+NaNO3
2AgNO3+CoCl2⟶2AgCl↓+Co(NO3)2

It can also be produced by the reaction of silver metal and aqua regia; however, the insolubility of silver chloride decelerates the reaction.
Silver chloride is also a by-product of the Miller process, where silver metal is reacted with chlorine gas at elevated temperatures.



HISTORY OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride has been known since ancient times.
Ancient Egyptians produced it as a method of refining silver, which was done by roasting silver ores with salt to produce silver chloride, which was subsequently decomposed to silver and chlorine.

However, Silver Chloride was later identified as a distinct compound of silver in 1566 by Georg Fabricius.
Silver chloride, historically known as luna cornea which could be translated as "horn silver" as the moon was an alchemic codename for silver, has also been an intermediate in other historical silver refining processes.

One such example is the Augustin process developed in 1843, where copper ore containing small amounts of silver is roasted in chloridizing conditions and the silver chloride produced is leached by brine, where it is more soluble.

Silver-based photographic films were first made in 1727 by Johann Heinrich Schulze with silver nitrate.
However, he was not successful in making permanent images, as they faded away.
Later in 1816, the use of silver chloride was introduced into photography by Nicéphore Niépce.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
The solid adopts the fcc NaCl structure, in which each Ag+ ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six chloride ligands. AgF and AgBr crystallize similarly.
However, the crystallography depends on the condition of crystallization, primarily free silver ion concentration, as is shown in the pictures left (greyish tint and metallic lustre are due to partly reduced silver).

Above 7.5 GPa, silver chloride transitions into a monoclinic KOH phase.
Then at 11 GPa, it undergoes another phase change to an orthorhombic TlI phase.



REACTIONS OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
AgCl dissolves in solutions containing ligands such as chloride, cyanide, triphenylphosphine, thiosulfate, thiocyanate and ammonia.
Silver chloride reacts with these ligands according to the following illustrative equations:

AgCl(s)+Cl−(aq)⟶AgCl2−(aq)
AgCl(s)+2S2O32−(aq)⟶(Ag(S2O3)2)3−(aq)+Cl−(aq)
AgCl(s)+2NH3(aq)⟶Ag(NH3)2+(aq)+Cl−(aq)

These reactions are used to leach silver chloride from silver ores, cyanidation is the most commonly used, which are later converted to silver metal.
Silver chloride does not react with nitric acid, but instead reacts with sulfuric acid to produce silver sulfate.
Then the sulfate is protonated in the presence of sulfuric acid to bisulfate, which can be reversed by dilution.
This reaction is used to separate silver from other platinum group metals.

Most complexes derived from Silver Chloride are two-, three-, and, in rare cases, four-coordinate, adopting linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral coordination geometries, respectively.
3AgCl(s)+Na3AsO3(aq)⟶Ag3AsO3(s)+3NaCl(aq)

3AgCl(s)+Na3AsO4(aq)⟶Ag3AsO4(s)+3NaCl(aq)
These two reactions are particularly important in the qualitative analysis of AgCl in labs as Silver Chloride is white, which changes to
Ag3AsO3 which is yellow, or Ag3AsO4 which is reddish brown.



CHEMISTRY OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
In one of the most famous reactions in chemistry, the addition of colorless aqueous silver nitrate to an equally colorless solution of sodium chloride produces an opaque white precipitate of AgCl:
Ag+(aq)+Cl−(aq)⟶AgCl(s)

This conversion is a common test for the presence of chloride in solution.
Due to its conspicuousness, Silver Chloride is easily used in titration, which gives the typical case of argentometry.

The solubility product, Ksp, for Silver Chloride in water is 1.77×10−10 at room temperature, which indicates that only 1.9 mg (that is,
1.77×10−10 mol of Silver Chloride will dissolve per liter of water.
The chloride content of an aqueous solution can be determined quantitatively by weighing the precipitated Silver Chloride, which conveniently is non-hygroscopic since AgCl is one of the few transition metal chlorides that are unreactive toward water.

Interfering ions for this test are bromide and iodide, as well as a variety of ligands.
For AgBr and AgI, the Ksp values are 5.2 x 10−13 and 8.3 x 10−17, respectively.
Silver bromide (slightly yellowish white) and silver iodide (bright yellow) are also significantly more photosensitive than is Silver Chloride.

AgCl quickly darkens on exposure to light by disintegrating into elemental chlorine and metallic silver.
This reaction is used in photography and film and is the following:

Cl− + hν → Cl + e− (excitation of the chloride ion, which gives up its extra electron into the conduction band)
Ag+ + e− → Ag (liberation of a silver ion, which gains an electron to become a silver atom)
The process is not reversible because the silver atom liberated is typically found at a crystal defect or an impurity site so that the electron's energy is lowered enough that it is "trapped".



NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride occurs naturally as chlorargyrite in the arid and oxidized zones in silver deposits.
If some of the chloride ions are replaced by bromide or iodide ions, the words bromian and iodian are added before the name, respectively.
This mineral is a source of silver and is leached by cyanidation, where it will produce the soluble [Ag(CN)2]– complex.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride undergos decomposition reaction in the presence of sunlight to form silver and chlorine.
The chemical reaction is as follows.
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2

Silver chloride reacts with bases like ammonia forming a complex compound called Silver diammonium ion and chloride ion.
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl–
Let us look at the chemical properties of silver chloride.

Silver chloride undergoes a decomposition reaction in the presence of sunlight to produce chlorine and silver.
The chemical reaction for the same can be given as follows:
AgCl → Ag + Cl

Silver chloride reacts with a base same as ammonia, forming a complex compound known as chloride ion and Silver diammo ion.
The chemical reaction for the same can be given as follows:
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl–



STRUCTURE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
The solid adopts the structure of fcc NaCl, where every Ag+ ion is surrounded by an octahedron of 6 chloride ligands.
Similarly, AgBr and AGF crystallize.
However, crystallography depends on the crystallization condition, majorly in the free silver ion concentration.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is given as unusual, where in that, unlike most of the chloride salts, it contains very low solubility.
Silver Chloride can be synthesized easily by the process of metathesis, which is combining an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (soluble) with a soluble chloride salt, like cobalt(II) chloride or sodium chloride.

The formed silver chloride will precipitate immediately.
In electrochemistry, the silver chloride electrode is described as a common reference electrode.
Silver chloride's low solubility makes it a useful addition to pottery glazes for the formation of "Inglaze lustre".



NATURAL OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
According to its chemical name, Silver Chloride is very corrosive to many metals located above silver in the electrochemical series.
Silver Chloride is also harmful to the environment.
When Silver Chloride comes into contact with the skin, eyes, or respiratory system, it produces irritation.
Silver Chloride is also light sensitive and is utilised in the development of photographic films.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver Chloride has the fcc NaCl structure, with each Ag+ ion surrounded by an octahedron of six chloride ligands.
AgBr and AGF crystallise in the same way.
Crystallography, on the other hand, is influenced by crystallisation circumstances, especially the concentration of free silver ions.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is unique in that, unlike most chloride salts, it is extremely insoluble.
Silver Chloride is easily produced through metathesis, which involves mixing a soluble aqueous solution of silver nitrate with a soluble chloride salt, such as sodium chloride or cobalt(II) chloride.

The silver chloride that produces will instantly precipitate.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
2AgNO3 + CoCl2 → 2AgCl + Co(NO3)2



PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver Chloride comes in the form of a white powder.
Silver Chloride has no odour.
The vapour pressure of Silver Chloride is 670/1Pa.
Silver Chloride’s not soluble in water.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
In the presence of sunlight, silver chloride decomposes to generate silver and chlorine.
The following is the chemical reaction.
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2

When silver chloride combines with a base, such as ammonia, it forms a complex molecule known as silver diamine ion and chloride ion.
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl–



SEPARATE SILVER CHLORIDE FROM WATER:
As silver chloride is a white solid compound which is not soluble in water, the two can be easily separated through the filtration technique if the mixture is passed through a filter paper.
The white precipitate stuck on the filter paper as residue is silver chloride.

The filtrate collected in the beaker at the bottom of the filter paper is water.
This water can be distilled to achieve purity.

Distillation to purify water is a process that relies on evaporation and condensation.
Contaminated water is heated to form steam, whereas molecular compounds like silver chloride do not get evaporated and are left behind.
Then, the steam cools down to condense in the form of pure water droplets collected separately.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is a white crystalline substance that is very slightly soluble in water.
Silver Chloride is a weak base and can used to form salts with acids.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
The silver chloride structure composed of a silver atom surrounded by six chlorine atoms in a square.
The silver chloride molecule has a bent shape, with the silver atom at the center and the chlorine atoms at the corners.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
A solution of silver chloride can be prepared by dissolving silver metal in hydrochloric acid.



WHY IS SILVER CHLORIDE SOLUBLE IN AMMONIA AND SILVER IODIDE ID INSOLUBLE IN AMMONIA?
The difference in solubility between silver chloride and silver iodide in ammonia is due to the difference in the strength of the ammonia-silver chloride and ammonia-silver iodide bonds.
The ammonia-silver chloride bond is stronger than the ammonia-silver iodide bond, so silver chloride is more soluble in ammonia than silver iodide.



IS SILVER CHLORIDE INSOLUBLE IN WATER?
While Silver Chloride is soluble in water, it is not very soluble.
Silver Chloride has a solubility of about 2 grams per liter at room temperature.



SILVER CHLORIDE AS ELECTROLYTE:
Silver chloride is a good electrolyte because it is soluble in water and it doesn’t react with other substances in the battery.
Silver Chloride is also a good conductor of electricity, which means it can carry electrical current through the battery.

Get Silver Chloride from Sodium Chloride
The reaction between sodium chloride and silver nitrate yields silver chloride and also sodium nitrate.
2NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Separate Silver Chloride from Water
Silver chloride can separated from water by filtering the mixture through an activated charcoal filter.
The silver chloride will adsorbed to the activated charcoal while the water will flow through.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SILVER CHLORIDE:
Chemical formula: AgCl
Molar mass: 143.32 g·mol−1
Appearance: White Solid
Density: 5.56 g cm−3
Melting point: 455 °C (851 °F; 728 K)
Boiling point: 1,547 °C (2,817 °F; 1,820 K)
Solubility in water: 520 μg/100 g at 50 °C
Solubility product (Ksp): 1.77×10−10[1]
Solubility: soluble in NH3, conc. HCl, conc.
H2SO4, alkali cyanide, (NH4)2CO3, KBr, Na2S2O3;
insoluble in alcohol, dilute acids.
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −49.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 2.071
Molecular Weight: 143.32 g/mol

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 141.87394 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 141.87394 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
AgCl: Silver chloride
Density: 5.56 g/cm³
Molecular weight/ Molar mass: 143.32 g/mol

Boiling point: 1,547 °C
Melting point: 455 °C
Chemical formula: AgCl
Odour: No odour
Appearance: White powder
Complexity: 2
Vapour pressure: 670/1Pa
Covalently-bonded Unit: 1
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Physical state: solid
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 455 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 1.554 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,00188 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 912 °C
Density: 5,560 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available

Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
CAS number: 7783-90-6
EC number: 232-033-3
Hill Formula: AgCl
Chemical formula: AgCl
Molar Mass: 143.32 g/mol
HS Code: 2843 29 00
Density: 5.560 g/cm3
Melting Point: 455 °C
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (912 °C)
Solubilit: 0.00188 g/l
Melting point: 455 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 1550 °C

Density: 5.56
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 912 °C)
refractive index: 2.071
Flash point: 1550°C
storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: 0.00188g/l
form: beads
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 5.56
Water Solubility: 1.93 mg/L (25 ºC)
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,8509
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp): pKsp: 9.75
Stability: Stable, but discolours in light.
InChIKey: HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M

CAS DataBase Reference: 7783-90-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: SILVER CHLORIDE
EWG's Food Scores: 2
FDA UNII: MWB0804EO7
NIST Chemistry Reference: Silver chloride(7783-90-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Silver chloride (7783-90-6)
Pesticides Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): Silver chloride
Compound Formula: ClAg
Molecular Weight: 143.32
Appearance: White Powder
Melting Point: 480° C (860° F)
Boiling Point: 1,547° C (2,817° F)
Density: 5.6 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: 520 μg/100 g (50 °C)

Refractive Index: 2
Crystal Phase / Structure: Halite
Poisson's Ratio: 0.4
Specific Heat: 360 J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity: 1.2 W/m-K
Thermal Expansion: 31 µm/m-K
Young's Modulus: 20 GPa
Exact Mass: 141.874 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 141.873947 Da
Chemical Formula: AgCl
Molar Mass: 143.32 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Density: 5.5 g/cm3
Melting Point: 961 °C
Boiling Point: 1413 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Rresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Control parameters
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters
-Exposure controls
--Personal protective equipment
*Eye/face protection
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection
Full contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
No metal containers.
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Handle and store under inert gas.
Light sensitive.
Moisture sensitive.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B: Non-combustible,



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

SILVER CITRATE N° CAS : 36701-38-9 Nom INCI : SILVER CITRATE Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS) Ses fonctions (INCI) Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes Déodorant : Réduit ou masque les odeurs corporelles désagréables

cas no 7631-99-4 Soda Niter; Cubic Niter; Chile Saltpeter; Sodium(I) Nitrate; Nitrate of Soda; Nitrate de sodium (French); Nitric acid sodium salt; cas no 7631-99-4 Soda Niter; Cubic Niter; Chile Saltpeter; Sodium(I) Nitrate; Nitrate of Soda; Nitrate de sodium (French); Nitric acid sodium salt;

Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver, i.e. silver particles of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoscale-sized particles composed of silver atoms.
Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their distinct characteristics and potential applications.

CAS Number: 7440-22-4
Molecular Formula: Ag
Molecular Weight: 107.87
EINECS Number: 231-131-3

7440-22-4, 7761-88-8, Silver, Silver Paste DGP80 TESM8020, Silver atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g Ag, Silver nanoparticle ink, Silver nanowires, Silver nitrate concentrate, Silver nitrate solution, Silver standard solution, Silver, dispersion, Silverjet DGH-55HTG, Silverjet DGH-55LT-25C, Silverjet DGP-40LT-15C, Silverjet DGP-40TE-20C, SunTronic® Silver

The metal Silver nanoparticle is described as a white, lustrous solid.
In Silver nanoparticle is pure form it has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity and lowest contact resistance of all metals.
With the exception of gold, silver is the most malleable metal.

A common form of Silver nanoparticle that is used to treat infections is silver nitrate.
Recent advancement in technology has introduced silver nanoparticles into the medical field.
As studies of silver nanoparticles improve, several silver nanoparticles medical applications have been developed to help prevent the onset of infection and promote faster wound healing.

Silver nanoparticles are materials with dimensions typically in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
At this scale, materials often exhibit unique and enhanced properties compared to their bulk counterparts.

Silver nanoparticle is one of the basic elements present in the earth's crust.
Silver nanoparticle is rare, but occurs naturally in the environment as a soft, “silver”-colored metal or as a white powdery compound (silver nitrate).

Metallic Silver nanoparticle and silver alloys are used to make jewelry, eating utensils, electronic equipment, and dental fillings.
Silver nanoparticles of silver have been developed into meshes, bandages, and clothing as an antibacterial.
Silver nanoparticle is used in photographic materials, electric and electronic products, brazing alloys and solders, electroplated and sterling ware, as a catalyst, and in coinage.

Silver nanoparticle is alloyed with many other metals to improve strength and hardness and to achieve corrosion resistance.
Silver nanoparticles are one of the most commonly utilized nanomaterials due to their anti-microbial properties, high electrical conductivity, and optical properties.
Silver nanoparticles (colloidal silver) have unique optical, electronic, and antibacterial properties, and are widely used in areas such as biosensing, photonics, electronics, and antimicrobial applications.

Silver nanoparticles are made wholly or partly from metallic silver, exist in various shapes, and range 1–100 nm in diameter.
Their small size and ability to induce cell death through multiple mechanisms makes them fantastic pharmacological candidates.
Silver nanoparticle is one of the earliest known metals. Silver has no known physiologic or biologic function, though colloidal silver is widely sold in health food stores.

Silver nanoparticle has high thermal and electrical conductivity and resists oxidation in air that is devoid of hydrogen sulfide.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.

Numerous shapes of Silver nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.
Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.

The properties of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver in the range of 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'Silver nanoparticle' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface-to-bulk silver atoms.

Silver nanoparticle is widely used in many consumer products due to its unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and extraordinarily efficient at absorbing and scattering light.
Silver nanoparticle has a face-centered cubic crystal structure.
Silver nanoparticle is a white metal, softer than copper and harder than gold.

When molten, Silver nanoparticle is luminescent and occludes oxygen, but the oxygen is released upon solidification.
As a conductor of heat and electricity, Silver nanoparticle is superior to all other metals.
Silver nanoparticle is soluble in HNO3 containing a trace of nitrate; soluble in hot 80% H2SO4; insoluble in HCl or acetic acid; tarnished by H2S, soluble sulfides and many sulfur-containing organic substances (e.g., proteins); not affected by air or H2O at ordinary temperatures, but at 200 C, a slight film of silver oxide is formed; not affected by alkalis, either in solution or fused.

There are two stable, naturally occurring isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag.
In addition, there are reported to be 25 less stable isotopes, ranging in half-life from 5 seconds to 253 days.
Silver nanoparticle is a white lustrous metal that is extremely ductile and malleable.

Silver nanoparticle does not oxidize in O2 by heating.
Silver nanoparticle becomes Ag2O3 in O3 and black Ag2S3 in S2 and H2S.
Silver nanoparticle is soluble in HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4 . It is not soluble in alkali.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology have now become the topic research that many developed.
Silver nanoparticle materials are developed in many applications because of their unique optical characteristic
Silver nanoparticle is a noble metal, extensively used in SERS, photocatalysis and solar cells.

The surface of Silver nanoparticle can be functionalized to attain specific properties such as biocompatibility and vapor selectivity of sensors.
Iodized Silver nanoparticle foils and thin films find potential use as SERS-active metal substrates.
Cu substrates laminated with Ag foils, have compatible coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), to be used for electronic packaging.

Porous ZnO Silver nanoparticles deposited on silver foil with tunable hydrophobicity may be fabricated.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.

Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.
Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.

The properties of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.
Most applications in biosensing and detection exploit the optical properties of silver nanoparticles, as conferred by the localized surface plasmon resonance effect.
That is, a specific wavelength (frequency) of incident light can induce collective oscillation of the surface electrons of silver nanoparticles.

The particular wavelength of the localized surface plasmon resonance is dependant on the silver nanoparticle size, shape, and agglomeration state.
Silver nanoparticles are the most common commercialized nano technological product on the market.
Due to its unique antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles have been hailed as a breakthrough germ killing agent and have been incorporated into a number of consumer products such as clothing, kitchenware, toys and cosmetics.

Many consider silver to be more toxic than other metals when in nanoscale form and that these particles have a different toxicity mechanism compared to dissolved silver.
Silver nanoparticle can be synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent and PVP as a capping agent, in a polyol synthesis reaction (vide supra).
A typical synthesis using these reagents involves adding fresh Silver nanoparticle nitrate and PVP to a solution of ethylene glycol heated at 140 °C.

This procedure can actually be modified to produce another anisotropic silver nanostructure, nanowires, by just allowing the silver nitrate solution to age before using it in the synthesis.
By allowing the silver nitrate solution to age, the initial nanostructure formed during the synthesis is slightly different than that obtained with fresh silver nitrate, which influences the growth process, and therefore, the morphology of the final product.
Silver nanopaticles are widely incorporated into wound dressings, and are used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical applications and in consumer goods.

Silver nanoparticles have a high surface area per unit mass and release a continuous level of silver ions into their environment.
The silver ions are bioactive and have broad spectrum antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacteria.
By controlling the size, shape, surface and agglomeration state of the nanoparticles, specific silver ion release profiles can be developed for a given application.

Silver nanoparticles typically have dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.
The size and shape of these particles can influence their physical, chemical, and optical properties.
One of the notable features of silver nanoparticles is their strong antibacterial and antimicrobial activity.

This property has led to their incorporation into various products, such as wound dressings, textiles, and medical devices, to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Silver nanoparticles exhibit catalytic activity, making them useful in certain chemical reactions and processes.
This property is of interest in fields such as catalysis and environmental remediation.

Silver nanoparticles display unique optical properties, including the ability to interact with light in ways that depend on their size and shape.
This has led to applications in sensors, imaging, and as components in optical devices.
Due to the conductive nature of silver, nanoparticles made from silver can exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity.

This property is advantageous in applications related to electronics and sensors.
The interaction of light with the electrons in silver nanoparticles leads to a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
This optical effect is widely exploited in sensing applications.

Silver nanoparticles have been investigated for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, imaging agents, and as components in diagnostic tools.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the formulation of conductive inks and coatings for applications in printed electronics, flexible electronics, and RFID tags.
Silver nanoparticles have been explored for their potential in water treatment and purification due to their antimicrobial properties.

Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into textiles and fabrics to impart antimicrobial properties, making them useful for applications such as antibacterial clothing and wound dressings.
Incorporation of silver particles into plastics, composites, and adhesives increases the electrical conductivity of the material.
Silver pastes and epoxies are widely utilized in the electronics industries.

Silver nanoparticle based inks are used to print flexible electronics and have the advantage that the melting point of the small silver nanoparticles in the ink is reduced by hundreds of degrees compared to bulk silver.
When scintered, these silver nanoparticle based inks have excellent conductivity.
Silver nanoparticles have attract increasing attention for the wide range of applications in biomedicine.

Silver nanoparticles, generally smaller than 100 nm and contain 20–15,000 silver atoms, have distinct physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their bulk parent materials.
The optical, thermal, and catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles are strongly influenced by their size and shape.
Additionally, owning to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial ability, silver nanoparticles have also become the most widely used sterilizing nanomaterials in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.

Silver nanoparticles are those having diameters of nanometer size. With the advent of modern technology, humans can make nano-sized particles that were not present in nature.
Manufactured nanomaterials are materials with diameters of nanometer size, while nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing sectors of the hi-tech economy.
The application of nanotechnology has recently been extended to areas in medicine, biotechnology, materials and process development, energy and the environment.

Silver nanoparticle is the 66th most abundant element on the Earth, which means it is found at about0.05 ppm in the Earth’s crust.
Mining silver requires the movement of many tons of ore torecover small amounts of the metal.
Nevertheless, Silver nanoparticle is 10 times more abundant than gold and though silver is sometimes found as a free metal in nature, mostly it is mixed with theores of other metals.

When found pure, Silver nanoparticle is referred to as “native silver.”
Silver nanoparticle’s major ores areargentite (silver sulfide, Ag2S) and horn silver (silver chloride, AgCl).
However, most Silver nanoparticle isrecovered as a by-product of the refining of copper, lead, gold, and zinc ores.

Although Silver nanoparticle is mined in many countries, including the United States, Mexico, and Canada, most silver isrecovered from the electrolytic processing of copper ores.
Silver nanoparticle can also be recovered throughthe chemical treatment of a variety of ores.
Silver nanoparticles have unique optical properties because they support surface plasmons.

At specific wavelengths of light the surface plasmons are driven into resonance and strongly absorb or scatter incident light.
This effect is so strong that it allows for individual nanoparticles as small as 20 nm in diameter to be imaged using a conventional dark field microscope.
This strong coupling of metal nanostructures with light is the basis for the new field of plasmonics.

Applications of plasmonic silver nanoparticles include biomedical labels, sensors, and detectors.
Silver nanoparticle is also the basis for analysis techniques such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescent Spectroscopy.
There are many ways silver nanoparticles can be synthesized; one method is through monosaccharides.

This includes glucose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, etc., but not sucrose.
Silver nanoparticle is also a simple method to reduce silver ions back to silver nanoparticles as it usually involves a one-step process.
There have been methods that indicated that these reducing sugars are essential to the formation of silver nanoparticles.

Many studies indicated that this method of green synthesis, specifically using Cacumen platycladi extract, enabled the reduction of silver.
Additionally, the size of the Silver nanoparticle could be controlled depending on the concentration of the extract.
The studies indicate that the higher concentrations correlated to an increased number of Silver nanoparticles.

Smaller Silver nanoparticles were formed at high pH levels due to the concentration of the monosaccharides.
Another method of silver nanoparticle synthesis includes the use of reducing sugars with alkali starch and silver nitrate.
The reducing sugars have free aldehyde and ketone groups, which enable them to be oxidized into gluconate.

The Silver nanoparticle must have a free ketone group because in order to act as a reducing agent it first undergoes tautomerization.
In addition, if the aldehydes are bound, Silver nanoparticle will be stuck in cyclic form and cannot act as a reducing agent.
For example, glucose has an aldehyde functional group that is able to reduce Silver nanoparticle cations to silver atoms and is then oxidized to gluconic acid.

The reaction for the sugars to be oxidized occurs in aqueous solutions.
The capping agent is also not present when heated.
Silver nanoparticles can become airborne easily due to their size and mass.

When inhaled, Silver nanoparticles can go deeper into the lungs reaching more sensitive areas.
The most common methods for Silver nanoparticle synthesis fall under the category of wet chemistry, or the nucleation of particles within a solution.
This nucleation occurs when a Silver nanoparticle ion complex, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, is reduced to colloidal Ag in the presence of a reducing agent.

When the concentration increases enough, dissolved metallic Silver nanoparticle ions bind together to form a stable surface.
The surface is energetically unfavorable when the cluster is small, because the energy gained by decreasing the concentration of dissolved particles is not as high as the energy lost from creating a new surface.
When the cluster reaches a certain size, known as the critical radius, it becomes energetically favorable, and thus stable enough to continue to grow.

This nucleus then remains in the system and grows as more Silver nanoparticle atoms diffuse through the solution and attach to the surface.
When the dissolved concentration of atomic Silver nanoparticle decreases enough, it is no longer possible for enough atoms to bind together to form a stable nucleus.
At this nucleation threshold, new Silver nanoparticles stop being formed, and the remaining dissolved silver is absorbed by diffusion into the growing nanoparticles in the solution.

As the particles grow, other molecules in the solution diffuse and attach to the surface.
This process stabilizes the surface energy of the particle and blocks new Silver nanoparticle ions from reaching the surface.
The attachment of these capping/stabilizing agents slows and eventually stops the growth of the particle.

The most common capping ligands are trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), but many others are also used in varying conditions to synthesize particles with particular sizes, shapes, and surface properties.
There are many different wet synthesis methods, including the use of reducing sugars, citrate reduction, reduction via sodium borohydride, the Silver nanoparticle mirror reaction, the polyol process, seed-mediated growth, and light-mediated growth.
Each of these methods, or a combination of methods, will offer differing degrees of control over the size distribution as well as distributions of geometric arrangements of the nanoparticle.

A new, very promising wet-chemical technique was found by Elsupikhe et al. (2015).
They have developed a green ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.
Under ultrasound treatment, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are synthesized with κ-carrageenan as a natural stabilizer.

The reaction is performed at ambient temperature and produces silver nanoparticles with fcc crystal structure without impurities.
The concentration of κ-carrageenan is used to influence particle size distribution of the AgNPs.

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction occurs by the following reaction:
Ag+ + BH4− + 3 H2O → Ag0 +B(OH)3 +3.5 H2
The reduced metal atoms will form nanoparticle nuclei.

Overall, this process is similar to the above reduction method using citrate.
The benefit of using sodium borohydride is increased monodispersity of the final particle population.
The reason for the increased Silver nanoparticle when using NaBH4 is that it is a stronger reducing agent than citrate.

The impact of reducing agent strength can be seen by inspecting a LaMer diagram which describes the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles.
When Silver nanoparticle nitrate (AgNO3) is reduced by a weak reducing agent like citrate, the reduction rate is lower which means that new nuclei are forming and old nuclei are growing concurrently.
This is the reason that the citrate reaction has low monodispersity.

Because NaBH4 is a much stronger reducing agent, the concentration of silver nitrate is reduced rapidly which shortens the time during which new nuclei form and grow concurrently yielding a monodispersed population of silver nanoparticles.

Particles formed by reduction must have their surfaces stabilized to prevent undesirable particle agglomeration (when multiple particles bond together), growth, or coarsening.
The driving force for these phenomena is the minimization of surface energy (nanoparticles have a large surface to volume ratio).
This tendency to reduce surface energy in the system can be counteracted by adding species which will adsorb to the surface of the nanoparticles and lowers the activity of the particle surface thus preventing particle agglomeration according to the DLVO theory and preventing growth by occupying attachment sites for metal atoms.

Chemical species that adsorb to the surface of Silver nanoparticles are called ligands.
Some of these surface stabilizing species are: NaBH4 in large amounts, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and/or dodecanethiol.
Once the particles have been formed in solution they must be separated and collected.

There are several general methods to remove nanoparticles from solution, including evaporating the solvent phase or the addition of chemicals to the solution that lower the solubility of the nanoparticles in the solution.
Both methods force the precipitation of the Silver nanoparticles.
The polyol process is a particularly useful method because it yields a high degree of control over both the size and geometry of the resulting Silver nanoparticles.

In general, the polyol synthesis begins with the heating of a polyol compound such as ethylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, or 1,2-propylene glycol7.
An Ag+ species and a capping agent are added (although the polyol itself is also often the capping agent).
The Ag+ species is then reduced by the polyol to colloidal nanoparticles.

The polyol process is highly sensitive to reaction conditions such as temperature, chemical environment, and concentration of substrates.
Therefore, by changing these variables, various sizes and geometries can be selected for such as quasi-spheres, pyramids, spheres, and wires.
Further study has examined the mechanism for this process as well as resulting geometries under various reaction conditions in greater detail.

Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized in a variety of non-spherical (anisotropic) shapes.
Because Silver nanoparticle, like other noble metals, exhibits a size and shape dependent optical effect known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the nanoscale, the ability to synthesize Ag nanoparticles in different shapes vastly increases the ability to tune their optical behavior.
For example, the wavelength at which LSPR occurs for a nanoparticle of one morphology (e.g. a sphere) will be different if that sphere is changed into a different shape.

This shape dependence allows a silver nanoparticle to experience optical enhancement at a range of different wavelengths, even by keeping the size relatively constant, just by changing its shape.
This aspect can be exploited in synthesis to promote change in shape of nanoparticles through light interaction.
The applications of this shape-exploited expansion of optical behavior range from developing more sensitive biosensors to increasing the longevity of textiles.

Silver nanoparticles have been shown to have synergistic antibacterial activity with commonly used antibiotics such as; penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin against E. coli and S. aureus.
Furthermore, synergistic antibacterial activity has been reported between silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide causing this combination to exert significantly enhanced bactericidal effect against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.
This antibacterial synergy between silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide can be possibly attributed to a Fenton-like reaction that generates highly reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals.

Silver nanoparticles can prevent bacteria from growing on or adhering to the surface.
This can be especially useful in surgical settings where all surfaces in contact with the patient must be sterile.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated on many types of surfaces including metals, plastic, and glass.

In medical equipment, it has been shown that Silver nanoparticles lower the bacterial count on devices used compared to old techniques.
However, the problem arises when the procedure is over and a new one must be done.
In the process of washing the instruments a large portion of the Silver nanoparticles become less effective due to the loss of silver ions.

They are more commonly used in skin grafts for burn victims as the Silver nanoparticles embedded with the graft provide better antimicrobial activity and result in significantly less scarring of the victim.
These new applications are direct decedents of older practices that used silver nitrate to treat conditions such as skin ulcers.
Now, silver nanoparticles are used in bandages and patches to help heal certain burns and wounds.

An alternative approach is to use AgNP to sterilise biological dressings (for example, tilapia fish skin) for burn and wound management.
In this method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water by sonication and mixed with silver colloid particles.
Active stirring ensures the PVP has adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface.

Centrifuging separates the PVP coated nanoparticles which are then transferred to a solution of ethanol to be centrifuged further and placed in a solution of ammonia, ethanol and Si(OEt4) (TES).
Stirring for twelve hours results in the silica shell being formed consisting of a surrounding layer of silicon oxide with an ether linkage available to add functionality.
Varying the amount of TES allows for different thicknesses of shells formed.

This technique is popular due to the ability to add a variety of functionality to the exposed silica surface.
Silver nanoparticle have unique physical, chemical and optical properties that are being leveraged for a wide variety of applications.
A resurgence of interest in the utility of Silver nanoparticle as a broad based antimicrobial agent has led to the development of hundreds of products that incorporate silver nanoparticles to prevent bacterial growth on surfaces and in clothing.

The optical properties of silver nanoparticles are of interest due to the strong coupling of the silver nanoparticles to specific wavelengths of incident light.
This gives them a tunable optical response, and can be utilized to develop ultra-bright reporter molecules, highly efficient thermal absorbers, and nanoscale “antennas” that amplify the strength of the local electromagnetic field to detect changes to the nanoparticle environment.
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field of science, which is particularly interesting for researchers since the early 90s of the last century.

This area has become an integral part of modern technology.
Silver nanoparticle is said to be a “key technology of the 21st century”, which is the result of its interdisciplinary nature.
Silver nanoparticles are some of the most widely used nanomaterials in commerce, with numerous uses in consumer and medical products.

Workers who produce or use Silver nanoparticles are potentially exposed to those materials in the workplace.
Previous authoritative assessments of occupational exposure to silver did not account for particle size.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) assessed potential health risk from occupational exposure to Silver nanoparticles by evaluating more than 100 studies of silver nanomaterials in animals or cells.

In studies that involved human cells, Silver nanoparticles were associated with toxicity (cell death and DNA damage) that varied according to the size of the particles.
In animals exposed to Silver nanoparticles by inhalation or other routes of exposure, silver tissue concentrations were elevated in all organs tested. Exposure to silver nanomaterials in animals was associated with decreased lung function, inflamed lung tissue, and histopathological (microscopic tissue) changes in the liver and kidney.
In the relatively few studies that compared the effects of exposure to nanoscale or microscale silver, nanoscale particles had greater uptake and toxicity than did microscale particles.

Silver nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes are synthesized through chemical, physical, and green methods.
Obtained nanoparticles are generally utilized in the medical industry, catalytic applications, sensors, and special displays.
Silver nanoparticles have been an important component of various different applications for a very long time.

Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential use in food packaging materials due to their antimicrobial properties.
They may help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in the fabrication of solar cells and other photovoltaic devices.

They can enhance light absorption and electron transport within the devices, contributing to improved efficiency.
In the field of medicine, silver nanoparticles are being investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.
When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.

Some studies suggest that silver nanoparticles may exhibit antiviral properties, making them a subject of interest in the development of antiviral drugs or materials.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into textile coatings to provide UV protection.
This is particularly useful in outdoor clothing and fabrics to shield against harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Silver nanoparticles are employed in the production of conductive inks for printed electronics and flexible displays.
Their conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles are explored for use in air and water purification systems.

They can help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into sensors for various applications, including gas sensors, biosensors, and environmental sensors.
Their unique optical and electrical properties make them suitable for sensing platforms.

Silver nanoparticles may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.
In the medical field, efforts are made to develop biocompatible silver nanoparticles for applications such as drug delivery and imaging.
These nanoparticles aim to interact safely with biological systems.

Silver nanoparticles are used in the formulation of conductive inks for printed radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.
This application is relevant in the field of logistics and inventory tracking.

Melting point: 960 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 2212 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.135 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: 5.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.05 ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.333
Flash point: 232 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: H2O: soluble
form: wool
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 10.49
Odor: Odorless
Resistivity: 1-3 * 10^-5 Ω-cm (conductive paste) &_& 1.59 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Water Solubility: insoluble
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 13,8577

Silver nanoparticle is located in group 11 (IB) of period 5, between copper (Cu) above it in period 4 andgold (Au) below it in period 6.
Thus, silver’s chemical and physical properties are somewhatsimilar to these two group 11 partners.Silver is a soft, while, lustrous metal that can be worked by pounding, drawing througha die, rolling, and so forth.
Silver nanoparticle is only slightly harder than gold. It is insoluble in water, but it will dissolve in hot concentrated acids.

Freshly exposed silver has a mirror-like shine thatslowly darkens as a thin coat of tarnish forms on its surface (from the small amount ofnatural hydrogen sulfide in the air to form silver sulfide, AgS).
Of all the metals, Silver nanoparticle isthe best conductor of heat and electricity.
This property determines much of its commercialusefulness.

Silver nanoparticle is melting point is 961.93°C, its boiling point is 2,212°C, and its density is10.50 g/cm3.
The beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles are also manifested in their action against inflammation and suppression of tumor growth.
Silver nanoparticles can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in tumor cells.

The activity of silver nanoparticles in the human body can be used for imaging of living cells and tissues, both in diagnosis and research.
Silver nanoparticles are also used in biosensors, can detect tumor cells, and have potential in phototherapy, where they absorb radiation, heat up and selectively eliminate selected cells.
Silver nanoparticles are highly commercial due to properties such as good conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic activity, and their antimicrobial activity.

Due to their properties, they are commonly used in medical and electrical applications.
Silver nanoparticles optical properties are also dependent on the nanoparticle size.
Smaller nanospheres absorb light and have peaks near to 400 nm, and larger nanoparticles have increased scattering to gives peaks that broaden and shift towards longer wavelengths.

Larger shifts into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum are achieved by changing the nanoparticles shape to rods or plates.
Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized by a variety of different techniques that are chemical, physical or biological.
The most common method for making colloidal gold is by a chemical citrate reduction method, but gold nanoparticles can also be grown by being encapsulated and immersed in polyethylene glycol dendrimers before being reduced by formaldehyde under near infra-red treatment.

Silver nanoparticles can also be produced via γ-irradiation using polysaccharide alginate as stabilizer, and photochemical reduction.
A relatively new biological method can be used to make gold Silver nanoparticles by dissolving gold in sodium chloride solution, using natural chitosan without any stabilizer and reductant.
Silver nanoparticle’s modern chemical symbol (Ag) is derived from its Latin word argentum, which means silver.

The word “silver” is from the Anglo-Saxon world “siolfor.”
Ancients who first refined and worked with Silver nanoparticle used the symbol of a crescent moon to represent the metal.
Silver nanoparticles can undergo coating techniques that offer a uniform functionalized surface to which substrates can be added.

When the Silver nanoparticle is coated, for example, in silica the surface exists as silicic acid.
Silver nanoparticles can thus be added through stable ether and ester linkages that are not degraded immediately by natural metabolic enzymes.
Recent chemotherapeutic applications have designed anti cancer drugs with a photo cleavable linker, such as an ortho-nitrobenzyl bridge, attaching it to the substrate on the nanoparticle surface.

The low toxicity Silver nanoparticle complex can remain viable under metabolic attack for the time necessary to be distributed throughout the bodies systems.
If a cancerous tumor is being targeted for treatment, ultraviolet light can be introduced over the tumor region.
The electromagnetic energy of the light causes the photo responsive linker to break between the drug and the nanoparticle substrate.

The drug is now cleaved and released in an unaltered active form to act on the cancerous tumor cells.
Advantages anticipated for this method is that the drug is transported without highly toxic compounds, the drug is released without harmful radiation or relying on a specific chemical reaction to occur and the drug can be selectively released at a target tissue.
Silver nanoparticle is somewhat rare and is considered a commercially precious metal with many uses.

Pure Silver nanoparticle is too soft and usually too expensive for many commercial uses, and thus it isalloyed with other metals, usually copper, making it not only stronger but also less expensive.
The purity of Silver nanoparticle is expressed in the term “fitness,” which describes the amount of silverin the item.
Fitness is just a multiple of 10 times the Silver nanoparticle content in an item.

For instance,sterling Silver nanoparticle should be 93% (or at least 92.5%) pure silver and 7% copper or some othermetal.
The fitness rating for pure Silver nanoparticle is 1000.
Therefore, the rating for sterling Silver nanoparticle is 930,and most sliver jewelry is rated at about 800.

This is another way of saying that most Silver nanoparticle jewelry is about 20% copper or other less valuable metal.
Many people are fooled when they buy Mexican or German silver jewelry, thinking theyare purchasing a semiprecious metal.
These forms of “Silver nanoparticle” jewelry go under many names,including Mexican silver, German silver, Afghan silver, Austrian silver, Brazilian silver, Nevadasilver, Sonara silver, Tyrol silver, Venetian silver, or just the name “silver” with quotes aroundit.

None of these jewelry items, under these names or under any other names, contain anysilver.
These metals are alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc.
A transition metal that occurs native and as the sulfide (Ag2S) and chloride (AgCl).

Silver nanoparticle is extracted as a by-product in refining copper and lead ores.
Silver nanoparticle darkens in air due to the formation of silver sulfide.
Silver nanoparticle is used in coinage alloys, tableware, and jewelry.

Silver nanoparticle compounds are used in photography symbol: Ag; m.p. 961.93°C; b.p. 2212°C; r.d. 10.5 (20°C); p.n. 47; r.a.m. 107.8682.
Synthetic protocols for silver nanoparticle production can be modified to produce silver nanoparticles with non-spherical geometries and also to functionalize nanoparticles with different materials, such as silica.
Creating silver nanoparticles of different shapes and surface coatings allows for greater control over their size-specific properties.

There are instances in which silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver are used in consumer goods.
Samsung for example claimed that the use of silver nanoparticles in washing machines would help to sterilize clothes and water during the washing and rinsing functions, and allow clothes to be cleaned without the need for hot water.
The nanoparticles in these appliances are synthesized using electrolysis.

Through electrolysis, Silver nanoparticle is extracted from metal plates and then turned into silver nanoparticles by a reduction agent.
This method avoids the drying, cleaning, and re-dispersion processes, which are generally required with alternative colloidal synthesis methods.
Importantly, the electrolysis strategy also decreases the production cost of Ag nanoparticles, making these washing machines more affordable to manufacture.

Silver nanoparticles can be very effective against fungal infections that are otherwise difficult to treat.
This is of great importance for patients with weakened immunity who are especially vulnerable to fungi.
These Silver nanoparticles not only suppress pathogenic fungi, including yeasts, but also fungi that grow in households, such as various mold species.

Silver nanoparticle reacts violently with chlorine trifluoride (in the presence of carbon) [Mellor 2 Supp. 1 1956].
Bromoazide explodes on contact with Silver foil.
Acetylene forms an insoluble acetylide with Silver [Von Schwartz 1918 p. 142 ].

When Silver nanoparticle is treated with nitric acid in the presence of ethyl alcohol, Silver fulminate, which can detonated may be formed.
Ethyleneimine forms explosive compounds with Silver nanoparticle, hence Silver solder should not be used to fabricate equipment for handling ethyleneimine.
Finely divided Silver and strong solutions of hydrogen peroxide may explode [Mellor 1:936 1946-47)].

Incompatible with oxalic acid and tartaric acid [Nav Aer. 09-01-505 1956].
Silver nanoparticle can form explosive salts with azidrine. ("Ethyleneimine" Brocure 125-521-65, Midland (Mich.), Dow Chemical Co., 1965).
Ammonia forms explosive compounds with gold, mercury, or Silver. (Eggeman, Tim. "Ammonia" Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001.).

Acetylene and ammonia can form explosive Silver salts in contact with Ag.
Dust may form explosive mixture with air.
Powders are incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.

Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides May react and/or form dangerous or explosive compounds, with acetylene, ammonia, halogens, hydrogen peroxide; bromoazide, concentrated or strong acids, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, chlorine trifluoride, ethyleneimine.
Factors contributing toward silver nanoparticles market growth include rise in demand for silver nanoparticles for anti-microbial applications and increase in demand from electronics sector.
In addition, increased demand from pharmaceutical industry as it is used in the field of biomarkers, biosensors, implant technology, tissue engineering, nanorobots & nanomedicine, and image enhancement devices.

The bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles is due to the silver cations, which have the potential to disrupt physiological activity of microbes such as bacteria. Growth in concerns regarding environmental impact and toxicity of silver nanoparticles is hindering the silver nanoparticles market.
Furthermore, high Silver nanoparticle product prices are likely to hinder market growth during the forecast period.
On the contrary, rise in trend of biological synthesis method is expected to create lucrative opportunities for the market during the forecast period.

Silver nanoparticles are investigated for their potential role in drug delivery systems.
They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.
Silver nanoparticles can exhibit photocatalytic activity, which means they can accelerate chemical reactions under light exposure.

This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.
In the field of electronics, silver nanoparticles are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films.
These films have applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.

Silver nanoparticles are integrated into textiles to impart anti-odor properties by inhibiting the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
This application is common in sportswear and undergarments.
Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into various nanocomposite materials to enhance their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.

These nanocomposites find applications in materials science and engineering.
Some studies explore the use of silver nanoparticles as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnostics.
Their unique properties can contribute to improved imaging quality.

Silver nanoparticles are investigated in the field of tissue engineering for their potential to support cell growth and enhance the properties of scaffolds used in regenerative medicine.
In marine applications, silver nanoparticles are used in anti-fouling coatings on ship hulls.
They help prevent the accumulation of marine organisms, reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency.

Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential use in pesticide formulations.
Their antimicrobial properties could be leveraged for crop protection and pest control.
Silver nanoparticles are employed in the development of electrochemical sensors for detecting various analytes.

These sensors find applications in fields such as environmental monitoring and healthcare.
Silver nanoparticles can be utilized in the fabrication of sensors for detecting hydrogen peroxide.
This application is relevant in fields such as clinical diagnostics and industrial processes.

Silver nanoparticles are studied for their potential application in energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, where their unique properties can influence performance.
An early, and very common, method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles is citrate reduction.
This method was first recorded by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a citrate-stabilized silver colloid in 1889.

Citrate reduction involves the reduction of a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, to colloidal silver using trisodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7.
The synthesis is usually performed at an elevated temperature (~100 °C) to maximize the monodispersity (uniformity in both size and shape) of the particle.
In this method, the citrate ion traditionally acts as both the reducing agent and the capping ligand, making it a useful process for AgNP production due to its relative ease and short reaction time.

However, the silver particles formed may exhibit broad size distributions and form several different particle geometries simultaneously.
The addition of stronger reducing agents to the reaction is often used to synthesize particles of a more uniform size and shape.
Silver nanoparticle mirror reaction involves the conversion of Silver nanoparticle nitrate to Ag(NH3)OH.

Ag(NH3)OH is subsequently reduced into colloidal silver using an aldehyde containing molecule such as a sugar.
The silver mirror reaction is as follows:
2(Ag(NH3)2)+ + RCHO + 2OH− → RCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3.

The size and shape of the Silver nanoparticles produced are difficult to control and often have wide distributions.
However, this method is often used to apply thin coatings of Silver nanoparticle particles onto surfaces and further study into producing more uniformly sized nanoparticles is being done.
The biological synthesis of Silver nanoparticles has provided a means for improved techniques compared to the traditional methods that call for the use of harmful reducing agents like sodium borohydride.

Many of these methods could improve their environmental footprint by replacing these relatively strong reducing agents.
The commonly used biological methods are using plant or fruit extracts, fungi, and even animal parts like insect wing extract.
The problems with the chemical production of Silver nanoparticles is usually involves high cost and the longevity of the particles is short lived due to aggregation.

The harshness of standard chemical methods has sparked the use of using biological organisms to reduce silver ions in solution into colloidal Silver nanoparticles.
Silver nanoparticles can provide a means to overcome MDR.
In general, when using a targeting agent to deliver nanocarriers to cancer cells, it is imperative that the agent binds with high selectivity to molecules that are uniquely expressed on the cell surface.

Hence NPs can be designed with proteins that specifically detect drug resistant cells with overexpressed transporter proteins on their surface.
Silver nanoparticle a pitfall of the commonly used nano-drug delivery systems is that free drugs that are released from the nanocarriers into the cytosol get exposed to the MDR transporters once again, and are exported.
To solve this, 8 nm Silver nanoparticles were modified by the addition of trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT), derived from the HIV-1 virus, which acts as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP).

Generally, AgNP effectiveness is limited due to the lack of efficient cellular uptake; however, CPP-modification has become one of the most efficient methods for improving intracellular delivery of Silver nanoparticles.
Once ingested, the export of the AgNP is prevented based on a size exclusion.

The concept is simple: the nanoparticles are too large to be effluxed by the MDR transporters, because the efflux function is strictly subjected to the size of its substrates, which is generally limited to a range of 300-2000 Da.
Thereby the Silver nanoparticles remain insusceptible to the efflux, providing a means to accumulate in high concentrations.

History:
Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate Silver nanoparticle from lead as early as 3000 B.C.
Silver nanoparticle occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources.
Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal Silver nanoparticle producers in the western hemisphere.

Silver nanoparticle is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper.
Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver.
Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially.

Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster.
Silver nanoparticle is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium.
Pure Silver nanoparticle has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance.

Silver nanoparticle is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur.
The alloys of Silver nanoparticle are important.
Sterling Silver nanoparticle is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount.

This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal.
Silver nanoparticle is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application.
Silver nanoparticle is used for dental alloys.

Silver nanoparticle is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver–zinc and silver–cadmium batteries.
Silver nanoparticle paints are used for making printed circuits.
Silver nanoparticle is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation.

When freshly deposited, Silver nanoparticle is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance.
Silver nanoparticle is a poor reflector of ultraviolet.
Silver nanoparticle fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process.

Silver nanoparticle iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain.
Silver nanoparticle chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass.
Silver nanoparticle nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography.

While Silver nanoparticle itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes.
Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known.
Silver nanoparticle compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body.

A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Silver nanoparticle has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals.
Silver nanoparticle for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world.

In recent times, however, consumption of Silver nanoparticle has at times greatly exceeded the output.
In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71￠/troy oz., and at 90.5￠/troy oz. in 1946.
In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized Silver nanoparticle, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins.

The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins.
This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792.
Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu.

The composition of the oneand five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn.
Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value.
Silver nanoparticle coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver.

The price of Silver nanoparticle in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago.
This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods.
Also, Silver nanoparticle has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography.

Production Methods:
Many processes are known for recovery of Silver nanoparticle from its ores.
These depend mostly on the nature of the mineral, its silver content, and recovery of other metals present in the ore.
Silver nanoparticle is usually extracted from high-grade ores by three common processes that have been known for many years.

These are amalgamation, leaching, and cyanidation.
In one amalgamation process, ore is crushed and mixed with sodium chloride, copper sulfate, sulfuric acid, and mercury, and roasted in cast iron pots.
The amalgam is separated and washed. Silver is separated from its amalgam by distillation of mercury.

In the cyanidation process the ore is crushed and roasted with sodium chloride and then treated with a solution of sodium cyanide.
Silver nanoparticle forms a stable Silver nanoparticle cyanide complex, [Ag(CN)2]–.
Adding metallic zinc to this complex solution precipitates Silver nanoparticle.

One such process, known as the Patera process, developed in the mid 19th century, involves roasting ore with sodium chloride followed by leaching with sodium thiosulfate solution.
Silver nanoparticle 834 SILVERis precipitated as silver sulfide, Ag2S, by adding sodium sulfide to the leachate.
In the Clandot process, leaching is done with ferric chloride solution.

Addition of zinc iodide precipitates Silver nanoparticle iodide, AgI.
AgI is reduced with zinc to obtain Silver nanoparticle.
The above processes are applied for extraction of Silver nanoparticle from high-grade ores.

However, with depletion of these ores, many processes were developed subsequently to extract Silver nanoparticle from low-grade ores, especially lead, copper, and zinc ores that contain very small quantities of silver.
Low grade ores are concentrated by floatation.
The concentrates are fed into smelters (copper, lead, and zinc smelters).

The concentrates are subjected to various treatments before and after smelting including sintering, calcination, and leaching.
Copper concentrates are calcined for removal of sulfur and smelted in a reverberatory furnace to convert into blister copper containing 99 wt% Cu.
The blister copper is fire-refined and cast into anodes.

The anodes are electrolytically refined in the presence of cathodes containing 99.9% copper.
Insoluble anode sludges from electrolytic refining contain silver, gold, and platinum metals.
Silver nanoparticle is recovered from the mud by treatment with sulfuric acid.

Base metals dissolve in sulfuric acid leaving Silver nanoparticle mixed with any gold present in the mud.
Silver nanoparticle is separated from gold by electrolysis.
Lead and zinc concentrates can be treated in more or less the same manner as copper concentrates.

Sintering lead concentrates removes sulfur and following that smelting with coke and flux in a blast furnace forms impure lead bullion.
The lead bullion is drossed with air and sulfur and softened with molten bullion in the presence of air to remove most impurities other than Silver nanoparticle and gold.
Copper is recovered from the dross and zinc converts to its oxide and is recovered from blast furnace slag.

The softened lead obtained above also contains some Silver nanoparticle.
The Silver nanoparticle is recovered by the Parkes Process.
The Parkes process involves adding zinc to molten lead to dissolve Silver nanoparticle at temperatures above the melting point of zinc.

On cooling, zinc-silver alloy solidifies, separating from the lead and rising to the top.
The alloy is lifted off and zinc is separated from silver by distillation leaving behind metallic Silver nanoparticle.
The unsoftened lead obtained after the softening operation contains Silver nanoparticle in small but significant quantities.

Such unsoftened lead is cast into anode and subjected to electrolytic refining.
The anode mud that is formed adhering to these anodes is removed by scraping.
Silver nanoparticle contains bismuth, silver, gold, and other impurity metals.

Silver nanoparticle is obtained from this anode mud by methods similar to the extraction of anode mud from the copper refining process discussed earlier.
If the low–grade ore is a zinc mineral, then zinc concentrate obtained from the flotation process is calcined and leached with water to remove zinc.

Silver nanoparticle and lead are left in leach residues.
Residues are treated like lead concentrates and fed into lead smelters.
Silver nanoparticle is recovered from this lead concentrate by various processes described above.

Uses:
Silver nanoparticle and its alloys and compounds have numerous applications.
As a precious metal, Silver nanoparticle is used in jewelry.
Also, one of its alloys, sterling Silver nanoparticle, containing 92.5 weight % silver and 7.5 weight % copper, is a jewelry item and is used in tableware and decorative pieces.

The metal and its copper alloys are used in coins.
Silver nanoparticle-copper brazing alloys and solders have many applications.
They are used in automotive radiators, heat exchangers, electrical contacts, steam tubes, coins, and musical instruments.

Some other uses of Silver nanoparticle metal include its applications as electrodes, catalysts, mirrors, and dental amalgam.
Silver nanoparticle is used as a catalyst in oxidation-reductions involving conversions of alcohol to aldehydes, ethylene to ethylene oxide, and ethylene glycol to glyoxal.
Silver nanoparticle has a multitude of uses and practical applications both in its elemental metallic formand as a part of its many compounds.

Silver nanoparticle is excellent electrical conductivity makes it ideal for usein electronic products, such a computer components and high-quality electronic equipment.
Silver nanoparticle would be an ideal metal for forming the wiring in homes and transmission lines, if it weremore abundant and less expensive.
Metallic Silver nanoparticle has been used for centuries as a coinage metal in many countries.

Theamount of silver now used to make coins in the United States has been reduced drastically byalloying other metals such as copper, zinc, and nickel with Silver nanoparticle.
Silver nanoparticle is used as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions, in water purification, and inspecial high-performance batteries (cells).
Silver nanoparticle is high reflectivity makes it ideal as a reflectivecoating for mirrors.

Several of its compounds were not only useful but even essential for the predigital photographicindustry.
Several of the Silver nanoparticle salts, such as silver nitrate, silver bromide, and silverchloride, are sensitive to light and, thus, when mixed with a gel-type coating on photographicfilm or paper, can be used to form light images.
Most of the Silver nanoparticle used in the United Statesis used in photography.

Photochromic (transition) eyeglasses that darken as they are exposed to sunlight have asmall amount of silver chloride imbedded in the glass that forms a thin layer of metallic silverthat darkens the lens when struck by sunlight.
This photosensitive chemical activity is thenreversed when the eyeglasses are removed from the light.
Silver nanoparticle reversal results from asmall amount of copper ions placed in the glass.

This reaction is repeated each time the lensesare exposed to sunlight.
This malleable white metal is found as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl) or in lead and copper ore.
Silver nanoparticles coated with a thin layer of elemental silver and fumed with iodine were used by Niépce and Daguerre.

Aside from the heliograph and physautotype, Silver nanoparticle halide compounds were the basis of all photographic processes used in the camera and most of the printing processes during the 19th century.
Silver nanoparticle is a precious metal, used in jewelryand ornaments Other applications includeits use in photography, electroplating, dentalalloys, high-capacity batteries, printed circuits,coins, and mirrors.
Silver nanoparticle is stable in air, and it is utilized in reflecting mirrors.

The film vacuum evaporated on a quartz plate with the thickness of 2–55 nm shows the transmittance maximum at λ: 321.5 nm and works as a narrow band filter.
The name Silver nanoparticle is derived from the Saxon word ‘siloflur’, which has been subsequently transformed into the German word ‘Silabar’ followed by ‘Silber’ and the English word ‘silver’.
Romans called the element ‘argentum’, and this is where the symbol Ag derives from.

Silver nanoparticle is widely distributed in nature.
Silver nanoparticle can be found in its native form and in various ores such as argentite (Ag2S), which is the most important ore mineral for silver, and horn silver (AgCl).
The principal sources of silver are copper, copper–nickel, gold, lead and lead–zinc ores, which can be mainly found in Peru, Mexico, China and Australia.

Silver nanoparticle has no known active biological role in the human body, and the levels of Ag+ within the body are below detection limits.
The metal has been used for thousands of years mainly as ornamental metal or for coins.
Furthermore, Silver nanoparticle has been used for medicinal purposes since 1000 BC.

Silver nanoparticle was known that water would keep fresh if it was kept in a silver pitcher; for example, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) used to transport his water supplies in Silver nanoparticle pitchers during the Persian War.
A piece of Silver nanoparticle was also used, for example, to keep milk fresh, before any household refrigeration was developed.
In 1869, Ravelin proved that Silver nanoparticle in low doses acts as an antimicrobial.

Around the same time, the Swiss botanist showed that already at very low concentration Ag+ can kill the green algae spirogyra in fresh water.
This work inspired the gynaecologist Crede to recommended use of AgNO3 drops on new born children with conjunctivitis.
Using silver nanoparticles for catalysis has been gaining attention in recent years.

Although the most common applications are for medicinal or antibacterial purposes, silver nanoparticles have been demonstrated to show catalytic redox properties for dyes, benzene, and carbon monoxide.
Other untested compounds may use silver nanoparticles for catalysis, but the field is not fully explored.
Silver nanoparticles supported on aerogel are advantageous due to the higher number of active sites.

The highest selectivity for oxidation of benzene to phenol was observed at low weight percent of silver in the aerogel matrix (1% Ag).
This better selectivity is believed to be a result of the higher monodispersity within the aerogel matrix of the 1% Ag sample.
Each weight percent solution formed different sized particles with a different width of size range.

Silver nanoparticle are one of the most fascinating, promising and widely used nano materials, particularly for their interesting antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects.
However, their potential uses are much wider.
Silver nanoparticles are used in antibacterial products, industrial production, catalysis, household products and consumer goods.

Silver nanoparticles are commonly used in biomedical and medical applications due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects.
Due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio and crystal structure, nano silver particles are a promising alternative to antibiotics.
They can penetrate bacterial walls and effectively deal with bacterial biofilms and mucous coatings, which are usually well-protected environments for bacteria.

Silver nanoparticle are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials because of their high electrical conductivity, optical properties, and anti-microbial properties.
The biological activity of silver nanoparticles depends on factors such as particle composition, size distribution, surface chemistry, size; shape, coating/capping, particle morphology, dissolution rate, agglomeration, efficiency of ion release, and particle reactivity in solution.
Silver nanoparticles have found a wide range of applications including their use as catalysts, as optical sensors of zeptomole (10−21) concentrations, in textile engineering, in electronics, in optics, as anti-reflection coatings, and most importantly in the medical field as a bactericidal and therapeutic agent.

Silver nanoparticle is used in the formulation of dental resin composites, in coatings of medical devices, as a bactericidal coating in water filters, as an antimicrobial agent in air sanitizer sprays, pillows, respirators, socks, keyboards, detergents, soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, washing machines and many other consumer products, in bone cement and in many wound dressings.
Silver nanoparticles are also commonly used in colloidal solutions to enhance Raman spectroscopy.
The size and shape of nanoparticles have been shown to affect the enhancement.

Silver nanoparticles are the most common shape of nanoparticles, but other shapes such as nanostars, nanocubes, nanorods and nanowires can be produced through a polymer-mediated polyol process.
Silver nanoparticles can also be capped or hollowed using various chemical methods. For a more accurate spread for detection, nanoparticles can be deposited or spin-coated onto multiple surfaces.
Coating is metallic silver and its salts are popularly used in medicinal purposes and in medical devices.

The larger surface area to volume ratio and greater reactivity of Silver nanoparticle are prominently used in modern biomedical applications and drug delivery.
Silver nanoparticles are widely recognized for their strong antimicrobial properties.
They are incorporated into products such as wound dressings, bandages, and medical devices to prevent bacterial and microbial growth.

In medical diagnostics, silver nanoparticles are explored for their use as contrast agents in imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Their unique properties contribute to enhanced imaging quality.
Silver nanoparticles are investigated for drug delivery applications.

They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.
Silver nanoparticles are integrated into textiles and clothing to provide antimicrobial and anti-odor properties.
This application is common in sportswear, undergarments, and fabrics used in healthcare settings.

Silver nanoparticles are used in a variety of consumer products, including socks, kitchenware, and appliances, to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria that cause odors.
Silver nanoparticles are employed in water treatment technologies to eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
They can be part of filters, coatings, or solutions used for purifying water.

Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles are explored for use in food packaging materials.
They can help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the electronics industry to create conductive inks for printed electronics, flexible displays, and sensors.

Their electrical conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Silver nanoparticles exhibit catalytic activity and are employed in various catalytic reactions.
This has implications for applications in chemical synthesis and industrial processes.

In the medical field, silver nanoparticles are investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.
When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.
Silver nanoparticles may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.

In the electronics industry, silver nanoparticles are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films, with applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.
Silver nanoparticles can exhibit photocatalytic activity, accelerating chemical reactions under light exposure.
This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.

Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles are employed in air purification systems to help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles find applications in various biomedical areas, including tissue engineering, biosensors, and the development of biocompatible materials.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in coatings for materials like glass and plastics to provide UV-blocking properties.

This is particularly important in products such as sunglasses, protective eyewear, and sunscreens.
In dentistry, silver nanoparticles are incorporated into dental materials such as composites and coatings to provide antimicrobial properties and reduce the risk of bacterial infections.
Silver nanoparticles are being studied for potential applications in cancer treatment.

Their unique properties, including their ability to generate heat under light exposure, make them candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the production of transparent conductive films for solar cells.
These films enhance light absorption and electron transport within the solar cells, contributing to improved efficiency.

In electronics manufacturing, silver nanoparticles are employed in the fabrication of flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs).
Their use supports the development of flexible and bendable electronic devices.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into coatings for eyewear and surfaces to provide anti-fog properties.

This is particularly beneficial in applications where clear visibility is essential.
Silver nanoparticles are integrated into smart textiles, enabling the development of fabrics with electronic and sensing capabilities.
These textiles find applications in wearable technology and healthcare monitoring.

Silver nanoparticles are studied for potential applications in the oil and gas industry, particularly in enhanced oil recovery processes and as additives in drilling fluids.
Silver nanoparticles are used in packaging materials for electronic components to provide a conductive barrier and protect against environmental factors such as moisture and corrosion.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in the development of photonic devices, including sensors, waveguides, and components for optical communication systems.

Silver nanoparticles are added to heat transfer fluids to enhance their thermal conductivity.
This is relevant in applications where efficient heat transfer is crucial, such as in cooling systems.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into 3D printing materials, allowing the production of conductive and functional 3D-printed objects for electronic and sensing applications.

Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential role in soil remediation, assisting in the removal of contaminants and pollutants from soil environments.
Silver nanoparticles can be added to construction materials such as concrete to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria on surfaces.

Safety Profile:
Human systemic effects by inhalation: skin effects.
Inhalation of dusts can cause argyrosis.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.

Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to flame or by chemical reaction with C2H2, NH3, bromoazide, ClF3 ethyleneimine, H2O2, oxalic acid, H2SO4, tartaric acid.
Incompatible with acetylene, acetylene compounds, aziridine, bromine azide, 3-bromopropyne, carboxylic acids, copper + ethylene glycol, electrolytes + zinc, ethanol + nitric acid, ethylene oxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, ethyleneimine, iodoform, nitric acid, ozonides, peroxomonosulfuric acid, peroxyformic acid.

Health Hazard:
The acute toxicity of silver metal is low.
The acute toxicity of soluble silver compounds depends on the counterion and must be evaluated case by case.
For example, silver nitrate is strongly corrosive and can cause burns and permanent damage to the eyes and skin.

Chronic exposure to silver or silver salts can cause a local or generalized darkening of the mucous membranes, skin, and eyes known as argyria.
The other chronic effects of silver compounds must be evaluated individually.
Although silver nanoparticles are widely used in a variety of commercial products, there has only recently been a major effort to study their effects on human health.

There have been several studies that describe the in vitro toxicity of silver nanoparticles to a variety of different organs, including the lung, liver, skin, brain, and reproductive organs.
The mechanism of the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to human cells appears to be derived from oxidative stress and inflammation that is caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulated by either the Ag NPs, Ag ions, or both.

For example, Park et al. showed that exposure of a mouse peritoneal macrophage cell line (RAW267.7) to silver nanoparticles decreased the cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
They further showed that the intracellular reduced glutathionine (GSH), which is a ROS scavenger, decreased to 81.4% of the control group of silver nanoparticles at 1.6 ppm.

Environmental Fate:
Silver nanoparticle is a rare element, which occurs naturally in its pure form.
Silver nanoparticle is a white, lustrous, relatively soft, and very malleable metal.
Silver nanoparticle has an average abundance of about 0.1 ppm in the Earth’s crust and about 0.3 ppm in soils.

Silver nanoparticle exists in four oxidation states (0,+1,+2,and +3).
Silver nanoparticle occurs primarily as sulfides with iron, lead, tellurides, and with gold.
Silver nanoparticle is found in surface waters as sulfide, bicarbonate, or sulfate salts, as part of complex ions with chlorides and sulfates and adsorbed onto particulate matter.

Silver nanoparticle is released through natural processes, for example, erosion of soils.
Sources of atmospheric contamination arise from processing of ores, steel refining, cement manufacture, fossil fuel combustion, and municipal waste incineration.
Of anthropomorphic release, over 75% was estimated to be from disposal of solid waste.

Ore smelting and fossil fuel combustion can emit fine particulates that may be transported long distances and deposited with precipitation.
The major source of release to surface waters is effluent from photographic processing.

Releases from the photographic industry and from disposal of sewage sludge and refuse are the major sources of soil contamination with silver.
Silver nanoparticle can leach into groundwater, which can be extenuated in acidic conditions. Silver can bioconcentrate in fish and invertebrates.

Toxicity evaluation:
Ag+ is the biologically active form.
Silver nanoparticle is not an essential mineral supplement and has no known physiologic function.
While specific mechanisms of toxicity are unclear, silver has high affinity for sulfhydryl groups and proteins.

The deposition of silver in tissues is the result of precipitation of insoluble silver salts, such as silver chloride and silver phosphate.
These insoluble salts appear to be transformed into soluble silver sulfide albuminates; to form complexes with amino or carboxyl groups in RNA, DNA, and proteins; or to be reduced to metallic silver by ascorbic acid or catecholamines.
These could lead to alteration of a number of cellular processes.

Since silver nanoparticles undergo dissolution releasing silver ions, which is well-documented to have toxic effects, there have been several studies that have been conducted to determine whether the toxicity of silver nanoparticles is derived from the release of silver ions or from the nanoparticle itself.
Several studies suggest that the toxicity of silver nanoparticles is attributed to their release of silver ions in cells as both silver nanoparticles and silver ions have been reported to have similar cytotoxicity.
For example, In some cases it is reported that silver nanoparticles facilitate the release of toxic free silver ions in cells via a "Trojan-horse type mechanism," where the particle enters cells and is then ionized within the cell.

Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles, nanodots or nanopowder are spherical or nanoflake high surface area metal particles with properties and uses that include inhibiting transmission of HIV and other viruses.


CAS Number: 7440-22-4
EC Number: 231-131-3
MDL Number: MFCD00003397
Linear Formula: Ag



AgNPs, Ag NPs, Silver nanopowder, Silver nanocrystals, Silver nano-particles, Silver nano-powder, nanosilver, nano-silver, 576832, 484059, J67099, J67111, J67207, J67252



While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.
Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.


Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.
The properties of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.


Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
Nanoscale Silver Particles are available in the size range of 10-200 nm, with specific surface area (SSA) in the 30-60 m2/g range and also available as flakes with an average particle size of 2-10 micron range with a specific surface area of approximately 40-80 m2/g.


Nano Silver Particles are also available in Ultra high purity and high purity, coated, oleic oil-coated, dispersed, and polymer-dispersed forms.
Nanofluids are generally defined as suspended nanoparticles in solution either using surfactant or surface charge technology.
Other nanostructures include nanorods, nanowhiskers, nanohorns, nanopyramids and other nanocomposites.


Surface functionalized nanoparticles allow for the particles to be preferentially adsorbed at the surface interface using chemically bound polymers.
Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles, nanodots or nanopowder are spherical or nanoflake high surface area metal particles with properties and uses that include inhibiting transmission of HIV and other viruses.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are used in various consumer products including cosmetics, textiles, and health-care products owing to their strong antimicrobial activity.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in medicine, physics, material sciences, and chemistry.


Silver nanoparticles have attract increasing attention for the wide range of applications in biomedicine.
Silver nanoparticles, generally smaller than 100 nm and contain 20–15,000 silver atoms, have distinct physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their bulk parent materials.


The optical, thermal, and catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles are strongly influenced by their size and shape.
Additionally, owning to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial ability, silver nanoparticles have also become the most widely used sterilizing nanomaterials in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.


Applications of Silver Nanoparticles: Silver nanoparticles are one of the most commonly utilized nanomaterials due to their anti-microbial properties, high electrical conductivity, and optical properties.


-Catalysis uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Using silver nanoparticles for catalysis has been gaining attention in recent years.
Although the most common applications are for medicinal or antibacterial purposes, silver nanoparticles have been demonstrated to show catalytic redox properties for dyes, benzene, and carbon monoxide.
Other untested compounds may use silver nanoparticles for catalysis, but the field is not fully explored.


-Supported on silica spheres – reduction of dyes uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized on a support of inert silica spheres.
The support plays virtually no role in the catalytic ability and serves as a method of preventing coalescence of the silver nanoparticles in colloidal solution.

Thus, the silver nanoparticles were stabilized and it was possible to demonstrate the ability of them to serve as an electron relay for the reduction of dyes by sodium borohydride.
Without the silver nanoparticle catalyst, virtually no reaction occurs between sodium borohydride and the various dyes: methylene blue, eosin, and rose bengal.


-Mesoporous aerogel – selective oxidation of benzene uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles supported on aerogel are advantageous due to the higher number of active sites.
The highest selectivity for oxidation of benzene to phenol was observed at low weight percent of silver in the aerogel matrix (1% Ag).
This better selectivity is believed to be a result of the higher monodispersity within the aerogel matrix of the 1% Ag sample.
Each weight percent solution formed different sized particles with a different width of size range.


-Silver alloy – synergistic oxidation of carbon monoxide uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles have been shown to have a synergistic effect on the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO).
On its own, each pure-metal nanoparticle shows very poor catalytic activity for CO oxidation; together, the catalytic properties are greatly enhanced.

It is proposed that the gold acts as a strong binding agent for the oxygen atom and the silver serves as a strong oxidizing catalyst, although the exact mechanism is still not completely understood.
When synthesized in an Au/Ag ratio from 3:1 to 10:1, the alloyed nanoparticles showed complete conversion when 1% CO was fed in air at ambient temperature.

The size of the alloyed particles did not play a big role in the catalytic ability.
It is well known that gold nanoparticles only show catalytic properties for CO when they are ~3 nm in size, but alloyed particles up to 30 nm demonstrated excellent catalytic activity – catalytic activity better than that of gold nanoparticles on active support such as TiO2, Fe2O3, etc.


-Light-enhanced uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Plasmonic effects have been studied quite extensively.
Until recently, there have not been studies investigating the oxidative catalytic enhancement of a nanostructure via excitation of its surface plasmon resonance.

The defining feature for enhancing the oxidative catalytic ability has been identified as the ability to convert a beam of light into the form of energetic electrons that can be transferred to adsorbed molecules.
The implication of such a feature is that photochemical reactions can be driven by low-intensity continuous light coupled with thermal energy.

The coupling of low-intensity continuous light and thermal energy has been performed with silver nanocubes.
The important feature of silver nanostructures that are enabling for photocatalysis is their nature to create resonant surface plasmons from light in the visible range.

The addition of light enhancement enabled the particles to perform to the same degree as particles that were heated up to 40 K greater.
This is a profound finding when noting that a reduction in temperature of 25 K can increase the catalyst lifetime by nearly tenfold, when comparing the photothermal and thermal process.


-Sensors uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Peptide capped silver nanoparticle for colorimetric sensing has been mostly studied in past years, which focus on the nature of the peptide and silver interaction and the effect of the peptide on the formation of the silver nanoparticles.
Besides, the efficiency of silver nanoparticles based fluorescent sensors can be very high and overcome the detection limits.


-Optical probes usesof Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles are widely used as probes for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF).
Compared to other noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles exhibits more advantages for probe, such as higher extinction coefficients, sharper extinction bands, and high field enhancements.


-Antibacterial agents uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles are most widely used sterilizing nanomaterial in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.
It has been proved that the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles is due to the sustained release of free silver ions from the nanoparticles.


-Catalystuses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles have been demonstrated to present catalytic redox properties for biological agents such as dyes, as well as chemical agents such as benzene.

The chemical environment of the nanoparticle plays an important role in their catalytic properties.
In addition, Silver Nanoparticles is important to know that complicated catalysis takes place by adsorption of the reactant species to the catalytic substrate.

When polymers, complex ligands, or surfactants are used as the stabilizer or to prevent coalescence of the nanoparticles, the catalytic ability is usually decreased due to reduced adsorption ability.
In general, silver nanoparticles are mostly used with titanium dioxide as the catalyst for chemical reactions.


-MEDICAL APPLICATIONS of Silver Nanoparticles
Silver nanopaticles are widely incorporated into wound dressings, and are used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical applications and in consumer goods.
Silver nanoparticles have a high surface area per unit mass and release a continuous level of silver ions into their environment.

The silver ions are bioactive and have broad spectrum antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacteria.
By controlling the size, shape, surface and agglomeration state of the Silver Nanoparticles, specific silver ion release profiles can be developed for a given application.


-CONDUCTIVE COMPOSITES uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Incorporation of silver particles into plastics, composites, and adhesives increases the electrical conductivity of the material.
Silver pastes and epoxies are widely utilized in the electronics industries.

Silver Nanoparticles based inks are used to print flexible electronics and have the advantage that the melting point of the small silver nanoparticles in the ink is reduced by hundreds of degrees compared to bulk silver.
When scintered, these silver nanoparticle based inks have excellent conductivity.


-PLASMONICS uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles have unique optical properties because they support surface plasmons.
At specific wavelengths of light the surface plasmons are driven into resonance and strongly absorb or scatter incident light.
This effect is so strong that it allows for individual Silver Nanoparticles as small as 20 nm in diameter to be imaged using a conventional dark field microscope.

This strong coupling of metal nanostructures with light is the basis for the new field of plasmonics.
Applications of plasmonic silver nanoparticles include biomedical labels, sensors, and detectors.
Silver Nanoparticles is also the basis for analysis techniques such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescent Spectroscopy.


-PHOTOVOLTAICS uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
There is increasing interest in utilizing the large scattering and absorption cross sections of plasmonic silver nanoparticles for solar applications.
Since the Silver Nanoparticles act as efficient optical antennas, very high efficiencies can be obtained when the nanoparticles are incorporated into collectors.



HOUSEHOLD APPLICATIONS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
There are instances in which silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver are used in consumer goods.
Samsung for example claimed that the use of silver nanoparticles in washing machines would help to sterilize clothes and water during the washing and rinsing functions, and allow clothes to be cleaned without the need for hot water.

The Silver Nanoparticles in these appliances are synthesized using electrolysis.
Through electrolysis, silver is extracted from metal plates and then turned into silver nanoparticles by a reduction agent.
This method avoids the drying, cleaning, and re-dispersion processes, which are generally required with alternative colloidal synthesis methods.

Importantly, the electrolysis strategy also decreases the production cost of Silver Nanoparticles, making these washing machines more affordable to manufacture.

Samsung has described the system:
[A] grapefruit-sized device alongside the [washer] tub uses electrical currents to nanoshave two silver plates the size of large chewing gum sticks.
Resulting in positively charged silver atoms-silver ions (Ag+)-are injected into the tub during the wash cycle.

Samsung's description of the Silver Nanoparticles generating process seems to contradict its advertisement of silver nanoparticles. Instead, the statement indicates that laundry cycles.
When clothes are run through the cycle, the intended mode of action is that bacteria contained in the water are sterilized as they interact with the silver present in the washing tub.

As a result, these washing machines can provide antibacterial and sterilization benefits on top of conventional washing methods. Samsung has commented on the lifetime of these silver-containing washing machines.
The electrolysis of silver generates over 400 billion silver ions during each wash cycle.

Given the size of the silver source (two “gum-sized” plate of Ag), Samsung estimates that these plates can last up to 3000 wash cycles.
These plans by Samsung were not overlooked by regulatory agencies. Agencies investigating Silver Nanoparticles use include but are not limited to: the U.S. FDA, U.S. EPA, SIAA of Japan, and Korea's Testing and Research Institute for Chemical Industry and FITI Testing & Research Institute.

These various agencies plan to regulate silver nanoparticles in appliances.
These washing machines are some of the first cases in which the EPA has sought to regulate Silver Nanoparticles in consumer goods.
Samsung stated that the silver gets washed away in the sewer and regulatory agencies worry over what that means for wastewater treatment streams.

Currently, the EPA classifies silver nanoparticles as pesticides due to their use as antimicrobial agents in wastewater purification.
The washing machines being developed by Samsung do contain a pesticide and have to be registered and tested for safety under the law, particularly the U.S. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.

The difficulty, however behind regulating nanotechnology in this manner is that there is no distinct way to measure toxicity.
In addition to the uses described above, the European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials (EUON) has highlighted that silver nanoparticles are used in colourants in cosmetics, as well as pigments.
A recently published study by the EUON has illustrated the existence of knowledge gaps regarding the safety of Silver Nanoparticles in pigments.



PROPERTIES OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
*Optical Propertieso of Silver Nanoparticles
When silver nanoparticles are exposed to a specific wavelength of light, the oscillating electromagnetic field of the light induces a collective coherent oscillation of the free electrons, which causes a charge separation with respect to the ionic lattice, forming a dipole oscillation along the direction of the electric field of the light.

The amplitude of the oscillation reaches maximum at a specific frequency, called surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
The absorption and scattering properties of silver nanoparticles can be changed by controlling the particle size, shape and refractive index near the particle surface.

For example, smaller nanoparticles mostly absorb light and have peaks near 400 nm, while larger nanoparticles exhibit increased scattering and have peaks that broaden and shift towards longer wavelengths.
Besides, the optical properties of silver nanoparticles can also change when particles aggregate and the conduction electrons near each particle surface become delocalized.

*Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanoparticles:
The antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles have been used to control bacterial growth in a variety of applications, including dental work, surgery applications, wounds and burns treatment, and biomedical devices.
Silver Nanoparticles is well known that silver ions and silverbased compounds are highly toxic to microorganisms.

Introduction of silver nanoparticles into bacterial cells can induce a high degree of structural and morphological changes, which can lead to cell death.
Scientists have demonstrated that the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles is mostly due to the sustained release of free silver ions from the nanoparticles, which serve as a vehicle for silver ions.



PRODUCTS AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Synthetic protocols for silver nanoparticle production can be modified to produce silver nanoparticles with non-spherical geometries and also to functionalize nanoparticles with different materials, such as silica.
Creating silver nanoparticles of different shapes and surface coatings allows for greater control over their size-specific properties.

*Anisotropic structures
Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized in a variety of non-spherical (anisotropic) shapes.
Because silver, like other noble metals, exhibits a size and shape dependent optical effect known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the nanoscale, the ability to synthesize Silver Nanoparticles in different shapes vastly increases the ability to tune their optical behavior.

For example, the wavelength at which LSPR occurs for a Silver Nanoparticles of one morphology (e.g. a sphere) will be different if that sphere is changed into a different shape.
This shape dependence allows a silver nanoparticle to experience optical enhancement at a range of different wavelengths, even by keeping the size relatively constant, just by changing its shape.

This aspect can be exploited in synthesis to promote change in shape of Silver Nanoparticles through light interaction.
The applications of this shape-exploited expansion of optical behavior range from developing more sensitive biosensors to increasing the longevity of textiles.

*Triangular nanoprisms
Triangular-shaped Silver Nanoparticles are a canonical type of anisotropic morphology studied for both gold and silver.

Though many different techniques for silver nanoprism synthesis exist, several methods employ a seed-mediated approach, which involves first synthesizing small (3-5 nm diameter) silver nanoparticles that offer a template for shape-directed growth into triangular nanostructures.

The silver seeds are synthesized by mixing silver nitrate and sodium citrate in aqueous solution and then rapidly adding sodium borohydride.
Additional silver nitrate is added to the seed solution at low temperature, and the prisms are grown by slowly reducing the excess silver nitrate using ascorbic acid.

With the seed-mediated approach to silver nanoprism synthesis, selectivity of one shape over another can in part be controlled by the capping ligand.
Using essentially the same procedure above but changing citrate to poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) yields cube and rod-shaped nanostructures instead of triangular nanoprisms.

In addition to the seed mediated technique, silver nanoprisms can also be synthesized using a photo-mediated approach, in which preexisting spherical silver nanoparticles are transformed into triangular nanoprisms simply by exposing the reaction mixture to high intensities of light.


*Nanocubes
Silver nanocubes can be synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent and PVP as a capping agent, in a polyol synthesis reaction (vide supra).
A typical synthesis using these reagents involves adding fresh silver nitrate and PVP to a solution of ethylene glycol heated at 140 °C.

This procedure can actually be modified to produce another anisotropic silver nanostructure, nanowires, by just allowing the silver nitrate solution to age before using it in the synthesis.
By allowing the silver nitrate solution to age, the initial nanostructure formed during the synthesis is slightly different than that obtained with fresh silver nitrate, which influences the growth process, and therefore, the morphology of the final product.


*Coating with silica
In this method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water by sonication and mixed with silver colloid particles.
Active stirring ensures the PVP has adsorbed to the Silver Nanoparticles surface.
Centrifuging separates the PVP coated Silver Nanoparticles which are then transferred to a solution of ethanol to be centrifuged further and placed in a solution of ammonia, ethanol and Si(OEt4) (TES).

Stirring for twelve hours results in the silica shell being formed consisting of a surrounding layer of silicon oxide with an ether linkage available to add functionality.
Varying the amount of TES allows for different thicknesses of shells formed.
This technique is popular due to the ability to add a variety of functionality to the exposed silica surface.



SYNTHESIS METHODS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
***Wet chemistry:
The most common methods for nanoparticle synthesis fall under the category of wet chemistry, or the nucleation of particles within a solution.
This nucleation occurs when a silver ion complex, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, is reduced to colloidal Ag in the presence of a reducing agent. When the concentration increases enough, dissolved metallic silver ions bind together to form a stable surface.

The surface is energetically unfavorable when the cluster is small, because the energy gained by decreasing the concentration of dissolved particles is not as high as the energy lost from creating a new surface.
When the cluster reaches a certain size, known as the critical radius, it becomes energetically favorable, and thus stable enough to continue to grow.

This nucleus then remains in the system and grows as more silver atoms diffuse through the solution and attach to the surface.
When the dissolved concentration of atomic silver decreases enough, it is no longer possible for enough atoms to bind together to form a stable nucleus.
At this nucleation threshold, new nanoparticles stop being formed, and the remaining dissolved silver is absorbed by diffusion into the growing nanoparticles in the solution.

As the particles grow, other molecules in the solution diffuse and attach to the surface.
This process stabilizes the surface energy of the particle and blocks new silver ions from reaching the surface.

The attachment of these capping/stabilizing agents slows and eventually stops the growth of the particle.
The most common capping ligands are trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), but many others are also used in varying conditions to synthesize particles with particular sizes, shapes, and surface properties.

There are many different wet synthesis methods, including the use of reducing sugars, citrate reduction, reduction via sodium borohydride, the silver mirror reaction, the polyol process, seed-mediated growth, and light-mediated growth.
Each of these methods, or a combination of methods, will offer differing degrees of control over the size distribution as well as distributions of geometric arrangements of the nanoparticle.

A new, very promising wet-chemical technique was found by Elsupikhe et al. (2015).
They have developed a green ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.
Under ultrasound treatment, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are synthesized with κ-carrageenan as a natural stabilizer.
The reaction is performed at ambient temperature and produces silver nanoparticles with fcc crystal structure without impurities.
The concentration of κ-carrageenan is used to influence particle size distribution of the AgNPs


*Monosaccharide reduction
There are many ways silver nanoparticles can be synthesized; one method is through monosaccharides.
This includes glucose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, etc., but not sucrose.
It is also a simple method to reduce silver ions back to silver nanoparticles as it usually involves a one-step process.

There have been methods that indicated that these reducing sugars are essential to the formation of silver nanoparticles.
Many studies indicated that this method of green synthesis, specifically using Cacumen platycladi extract, enabled the reduction of silver.
Additionally, the size of Silver Nanoparticles could be controlled depending on the concentration of the extract.

The studies indicate that the higher concentrations correlated to an increased number of nanoparticles.
Smaller Silver Nanoparticles were formed at high pH levels due to the concentration of the monosaccharides.
Another method of silver nanoparticles synthesis includes the use of reducing sugars with alkali starch and silver nitrate.

The reducing sugars have free aldehyde and ketone groups, which enable them to be oxidized into gluconate.
The monosaccharide must have a free ketone group because in order to act as a reducing agent it first undergoes tautomerization.
In addition, if the aldehydes are bound, Silver Nanoparticles will be stuck in cyclic form and cannot act as a reducing agent.

For example, glucose has an aldehyde functional group that is able to reduce silver cations to silver atoms and is then oxidized to gluconic acid.
The reaction for the sugars to be oxidized occurs in aqueous solutions. The capping agent is also not present when heated.


*Citrate reduction
An early, and very common, method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles is citrate reduction.
This method was first recorded by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a citrate-stabilized silver colloid in 1889.
Citrate reduction involves the reduction of a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, to colloidal silver using trisodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7.

The synthesis is usually performed at an elevated temperature (~100 °C) to maximize the monodispersity (uniformity in both size and shape) of the particle.
In this method, the citrate ion traditionally acts as both the reducing agent and the capping ligand, making it a useful process for AgNP production due to its relative ease and short reaction time.
However, the silver particles formed may exhibit broad size distributions and form several different particle geometries simultaneously.
The addition of stronger reducing agents to the reaction is often used to synthesize particles of a more uniform size and shape.


*Reduction via sodium borohydride
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction occurs by the following reaction:
Ag+ + BH4− + 3 H2O → Ag0 +B(OH)3 +3.5 H2
The reduced metal atoms will form nanoparticle nuclei.

Overall, this process is similar to the above reduction method using citrate.
The benefit of using sodium borohydride is increased monodispersity of the final particle population.
The reason for the increased monodispersity when using NaBH4 is that it is a stronger reducing agent than citrate.

The impact of reducing agent strength can be seen by inspecting a LaMer diagram which describes the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles.
When silver nitrate (AgNO3) is reduced by a weak reducing agent like citrate, the reduction rate is lower which means that new nuclei are forming and old nuclei are growing concurrently.

This is the reason that the citrate reaction has low monodispersity.
Because NaBH4 is a much stronger reducing agent, the concentration of silver nitrate is reduced rapidly which shortens the time during which new nuclei form and grow concurrently yielding a monodispersed population of silver nanoparticles.

Particles formed by reduction must have their surfaces stabilized to prevent undesirable particle agglomeration (when multiple particles bond together), growth, or coarsening.
The driving force for these phenomena is the minimization of surface energy (nanoparticles have a large surface to volume ratio).

This tendency to reduce surface energy in the system can be counteracted by adding species which will adsorb to the surface of the nanoparticles and lowers the activity of the particle surface thus preventing particle agglomeration according to the DLVO theory and preventing growth by occupying attachment sites for metal atoms.

Chemical species that adsorb to the surface of nanoparticles are called ligands.
Some of these surface stabilizing species are: NaBH4 in large amounts, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and/or dodecanethiol.

Once the particles have been formed in solution they must be separated and collected.
There are several general methods to remove nanoparticles from solution, including evaporating the solvent phase or the addition of chemicals to the solution that lower the solubility of the nanoparticles in the solution.
Both methods force the precipitation of the nanoparticles.


*Polyol process
The polyol process is a particularly useful method because it yields a high degree of control over both the size and geometry of the resulting nanoparticles.
In general, the polyol synthesis begins with the heating of a polyol compound such as ethylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, or 1,2-propylene glycol7.
An Ag+ species and a capping agent are added (although the polyol itself is also often the capping agent).

The Ag+ species is then reduced by the polyol to colloidal nanoparticles.
The polyol process is highly sensitive to reaction conditions such as temperature, chemical environment, and concentration of substrates.
Therefore, by changing these variables, various sizes and geometries can be selected for such as quasi-spheres, pyramids, spheres, and wires.
Further study has examined the mechanism for this process as well as resulting geometries under various reaction conditions in greater detail


*Seed-mediated growth
Seed-mediated growth is a synthetic method in which small, stable nuclei are grown in a separate chemical environment to a desired size and shape.
Seed-mediated methods consist of two different stages: nucleation and growth.
Variation of certain factors in the synthesis (e.g. ligand, nucleation time, reducing agent, etc.), can control the final size and shape of Silver
Nanoparticles, making seed-mediated growth a popular synthetic approach to controlling morphology of nanoparticles.
The nucleation stage of seed-mediated growth consists of the reduction of metal ions in a precursor to metal atoms.
In order to control the size distribution of the seeds, the period of nucleation should be made short for monodispersity.

The LaMer model illustrates this concept.
Seeds typically consist small Silver Nanoparticles, stabilized by a ligand.
Ligands are small, usually organic molecules that bind to the surface of particles, preventing seeds from further growth.

Ligands are necessary as they increase the energy barrier of coagulation, preventing agglomeration.
The balance between attractive and repulsive forces within colloidal solutions can be modeled by DLVO theory.
Ligand binding affinity, and selectivity can be used to control shape and growth.
For seed synthesis, a ligand with medium to low binding affinity should be chosen as to allow for exchange during growth phase.

The growth of nanoseeds involves placing the seeds into a growth solution.
The growth solution requires a low concentration of a metal precursor, ligands that will readily exchange with preexisting seed ligands, and a weak or very low concentration of reducing agent.

The reducing agent must not be strong enough to reduce metal precursor in the growth solution in the absence of seeds.
Otherwise, the growth solution will form new nucleation sites instead of growing on preexisting ones (seeds).
Growth is the result of the competition between surface energy (which increases unfavorably with growth) and bulk energy (which decreases favorably with growth).

The balance between the energetics of growth and dissolution is the reason for uniform growth only on preexisting seeds (and no new nucleation).
Growth occurs by the addition of metal atoms from the growth solution to the seeds, and ligand exchange between the growth ligands (which have a higher bonding affinity) and the seed ligands.

Range and direction of growth can be controlled by nanoseed, concentration of metal precursor, ligand, and reaction conditions (heat, pressure, etc.).
Controlling stoichiometric conditions of growth solution controls ultimate size of particle.
For example, a low concentration of metal seeds to metal precursor in the growth solution will produce larger particles.

Capping agent has been shown to control direction of growth and thereby shape.
Ligands can have varying affinities for binding across a particle.
Differential binding within a particle can result in dissimilar growth across particle.
This produces anisotropic particles with nonspherical shapes including prisms, cubes, and rods.


*Light-mediated growth:
Light-mediated syntheses have also been explored where light can promote formation of various Silver Nanoparticles morphologies.


*Silver mirror reaction:
The silver mirror reaction involves the conversion of silver nitrate to Ag(NH3)OH.
Ag(NH3)OH is subsequently reduced into colloidal silver using an aldehyde containing molecule such as a sugar.
The silver mirror reaction is as follows:

2(Ag(NH3)2)+ + RCHO + 2OH− → RCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3
The size and shape of the Silver Nanoparticles produced are difficult to control and often have wide distributions.
However, this method is often used to apply thin coatings of silver particles onto surfaces and further study into producing more uniformly sized Silver Nanoparticles is being done.



***Ion implantation
Ion implantation has been used to create silver nanoparticles embedded in glass, polyurethane, silicone, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate).
Particles are embedded in the substrate by means of bombardment at high accelerating voltages.

At a fixed current density of the ion beam up to a certain value, the size of the embedded silver nanoparticles has been found to be monodisperse within the population, after which only an increase in the ion concentration is observed.

A further increase in the ion beam dose has been found to reduce both the Silver Nanoparticles size and density in the target substrate, whereas an ion beam operating at a high accelerating voltage with a gradually increasing current density has been found to result in a gradual increase in the Silver Nanoparticles size.

There are a few competing mechanisms which may result in the decrease in Silver Nanoparticles size; destruction of NPs upon collision, sputtering of the sample surface, particle fusion upon heating and dissociation.

The formation of embedded Silver Nanoparticles is complex, and all of the controlling parameters and factors have not yet been investigated.
Computer simulation is still difficult as it involves processes of diffusion and clustering, however it can be broken down into a few different sub-processes such as implantation, diffusion, and growth.

Upon implantation, silver ions will reach different depths within the substrate which approaches a Gaussian distribution with the mean centered at X depth.
High temperature conditions during the initial stages of implantation will increase the impurity diffusion in the substrate and as a result limit the impinging ion saturation, which is required for Silver Nanoparticles nucleation.

Both the implant temperature and ion beam current density are crucial to control in order to obtain a monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles size and depth distribution.
A low current density may be used to counter the thermal agitation from the ion beam and a buildup of surface charge.

After implantation on the surface, the beam currents may be raised as the surface conductivity will increase.
The rate at which impurities diffuse drops quickly after the formation of the Silver Nanoparticles, which act as a mobile ion trap.
This suggests that the beginning of the implantation process is critical for control of the spacing and depth of the resulting Silver Nanoparticles, as well as control of the substrate temperature and ion beam density.

The presence and nature of these particles can be analyzed using numerous spectroscopy and microscopy instruments.
Silver Nanoparticles synthesized in the substrate exhibit surface plasmon resonances as evidenced by characteristic absorption bands; these features undergo spectral shifts depending on the Silver Nanoparticles size and surface asperities, however the optical properties also strongly depend on the substrate material of the composite.



***Biological synthesis:
The biological synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles has provided a means for improved techniques compared to the traditional methods that call for the use of harmful reducing agents like sodium borohydride.
Many of these methods could improve their environmental footprint by replacing these relatively strong reducing agents.

The commonly used biological methods are using plant or fruit extracts, fungi, and even animal parts like insect wing extract.
The problems with the chemical production of silver Silver Nanoparticles is usually involves high cost and the longevity of the particles is short lived due to aggregation.

The harshness of standard chemical methods has sparked the use of using biological organisms to reduce silver ions in solution into colloidal Silver Nanoparticles.

In addition, precise control over shape and size is vital during Silver Nanoparticles synthesis since the NPs therapeutic properties are intimately dependent on such factors.
Hence, the primary focus of research in biogenic synthesis is in developing methods that consistently reproduce NPs with precise properties.


*Fungi and bacteria
Bacterial and fungal synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles is practical because bacteria and fungi are easy to handle and can be modified genetically with ease.
This provides a means to develop biomolecules that can synthesize AgNPs of varying shapes and sizes in high yield, which is at the forefront of current challenges in Silver Nanoparticles synthesis.

Fungal strains such as Verticillium and bacterial strains such as Klebsiella pneumoniae can be used in the synthesis of silver Silver Nanoparticles.
When the fungus/bacteria is added to solution, protein biomass is released into the solution.
Electron donating residues such as tryptophan and tyrosine reduce silver ions in solution contributed by silver nitrate.

These methods have been found to effectively create stable monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles without the use of harmful reducing agents.
A method has been found of reducing silver ions by the introduction of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum.
The Silver Nanoparticles formed in this method have a size range between 5 and 15 nm and consist of silver hydrosol.

The reduction of the Silver Nanoparticles is thought to come from an enzymatic process and Silver Nanoparticles produced are extremely stable due to interactions with proteins that are excreted by the fungi.

Bacterium found in silver mines, Pseudomonas stutzeri AG259, were able to construct silver particles in the shapes of triangles and hexagons.
The size of these Silver Nanoparticles had a large range in size and some of them reached sizes larger than the usual nanoscale with a size of 200 nm.
The Silver Nanoparticles were found in the organic matrix of the bacteria.

Lactic acid producing bacteria have been used to produce silver nanoparticles.
The bacteria Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enteroccus faeciumI, and Lactococcus garvieae have been found to be able to reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles.

The production of the Silver Nanoparticles takes place in the cell from the interactions between the silver ions and the organic compounds of the cell.
It was found that the bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum created the smallest silver nanoparticles with an average size of 11.2 nm.

It was also found that this bacterium produced the Silver Nanoparticles with the smallest size distribution and the Silver Nanoparticles were found mostly on the outside of the cells.
It was also found that there was an increase in the pH increased the rate of which the Silver Nanoparticles were produced and the amount of particles produced.


*Plants
The reduction of silver ions into silver nanoparticles has also been achieved using geranium leaves.
Silver Nanoparticles has been found that adding geranium leaf extract to silver nitrate solutions causes their silver ions to be quickly reduced and that the nanoparticles produced are particularly stable.

The silver nanoparticles produced in solution had a size range between 16 and 40 nm.
In another study different plant leaf extracts were used to reduce silver ions.
Silver Nanoparticles was found that out of Camellia sinensis (green tea), pine, persimmon, ginko, magnolia, and platanus that the magnolia leaf extract was the best at creating silver nanoparticles.

This method created particles with a disperse size range of 15 to 500 nm, but Silver Nanoparticles was also found that the particle size could be controlled by varying the reaction temperature.
The speed at which the ions were reduced by the magnolia leaf extract was comparable to those of using chemicals to reduce.

The use of plants, microbes, and fungi in the production of silver nanoparticles is leading the way to more environmentally sound production of silver nanoparticles.
A green method is available for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using Amaranthus gangeticus Linn leaf extract.



BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Researchers have explored the use of silver nanoparticles as carriers for delivering various payloads such as small drug molecules or large biomolecules to specific targets.
Once the AgNP has had sufficient time to reach its target, release of the payload could potentially be triggered by an internal or external stimulus.
The targeting and accumulation of Silver Nanoparticles may provide high payload concentrations at specific target sites and could minimize side effects.


*Chemotherapy
The introduction of nanotechnology into medicine is expected to advance diagnostic cancer imaging and the standards for therapeutic drug design.
Nanotechnology may uncover insight about the structure, function and organizational level of the biosystem at the nanoscale.
Silver nanoparticles can undergo coating techniques that offer a uniform functionalized surface to which substrates can be added.

When the Silver Nanoparticles is coated, for example, in silica the surface exists as silicic acid.
Substrates can thus be added through stable ether and ester linkages that are not degraded immediately by natural metabolic enzymes.
Recent chemotherapeutic applications have designed anti cancer drugs with a photo cleavable linker, such as an ortho-nitrobenzyl bridge, attaching it to the substrate on the Silver Nanoparticles surface.

The low toxicity Silver Nanoparticles complex can remain viable under metabolic attack for the time necessary to be distributed throughout the bodies systems.
If a cancerous tumor is being targeted for treatment, ultraviolet light can be introduced over the tumor region.
The electromagnetic energy of the light causes the photo responsive linker to break between the drug and the Silver Nanoparticles substrate.

The drug is now cleaved and released in an unaltered active form to act on the cancerous tumor cells.
Advantages anticipated for this method is that the drug is transported without highly toxic compounds, the drug is released without harmful radiation or relying on a specific chemical reaction to occur and the drug can be selectively released at a target tissue.

A second approach is to attach a chemotherapeutic drug directly to the functionalized surface of the silver nanoparticle combined with a nucelophilic species to undergo a displacement reaction.
For example, once the Silver Nanoparticles drug complex enters or is in the vicinity of the target tissue or cells, a glutathione monoester can be administered to the site.

The nucleophilic ester oxygen will attach to the functionalized surface of the Silver Nanoparticles through a new ester linkage while the drug is released to its surroundings.
The drug is now active and can exert its biological function on the cells immediate to its surroundings limiting non-desirable interactions with other tissues.


*Multiple drug resistance:
A major cause for the ineffectiveness of current chemotherapy treatments is multiple drug resistance which can arise from several mechanisms.
Nanoparticles can provide a means to overcome MDR.
In general, when using a targeting agent to deliver nanocarriers to cancer cells, it is imperative that the agent binds with high selectivity to molecules that are uniquely expressed on the cell surface.

Hence NPs can be designed with proteins that specifically detect drug resistant cells with overexpressed transporter proteins on their surface.
A pitfall of the commonly used nano-drug delivery systems is that free drugs that are released from the nanocarriers into the cytosol get exposed to the MDR transporters once again, and are exported.

To solve this, 8 nm nanocrystalline silver particles were modified by the addition of trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT), derived from the HIV-1 virus, which acts as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP).
Generally, AgNP effectiveness is limited due to the lack of efficient cellular uptake; however, CPP-modification has become one of the most efficient methods for improving intracellular delivery of nanoparticles.

Once ingested, the export of the AgNP is prevented based on a size exclusion.
The concept is simple: the nanoparticles are too large to be effluxed by the MDR transporters, because the efflux function is strictly subjected to the size of its substrates, which is generally limited to a range of 300-2000 Da.
Thereby the nanoparticulates remain insusceptible to the efflux, providing a means to accumulate in high concentrations


*Antimicrobial:
Introduction of silver into bacterial cells induces a high degree of structural and morphological changes, which can lead to cell death.
As the silver nanoparticles come in contact with the bacteria, they adhere to the cell wall and cell membrane.

Once bound, some of the silver passes through to the inside, and interacts with phosphate-containing compounds like DNA and RNA, while another portion adheres to the sulfur-containing proteins on the membrane.
The silver-sulfur interactions at the membrane cause the cell wall to undergo structural changes, like the formation of pits and pores.

Through these pores, cellular components are released into the extracellular fluid, simply due to the osmotic difference. Within the cell, the integration of silver creates a low molecular weight region where the DNA then condenses.
Having DNA in a condensed state inhibits the cell's replication proteins contact with the DNA.

Thus the introduction of silver nanoparticles inhibits replication and is sufficient to cause the death of the cell.
Further increasing their effect, when silver comes in contact with fluids, it tends to ionize which increases the Silver Nanoparticles' bactericidal activity.

This has been correlated to the suppression of enzymes and inhibited expression of proteins that relate to the cell's ability to produce ATP.
Although it varies for every type of cell proposed, as their cell membrane composition varies greatly, It has been seen that in general, silver nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm or less show electronic effects that greatly increase their bactericidal activity.
This could also be partly due to the fact that as particle size decreases, reactivity increases due to the surface area to volume ratio increasing.

Silver nanoparticles have been shown to have synergistic antibacterial activity with commonly used antibiotics such as; penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin against E. coli and S. aureus.
Furthermore, synergistic antibacterial activity has been reported between silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide causing this combination to exert significantly enhanced bactericidal effect against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.

This antibacterial synergy between silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide can be possibly attributed to a Fenton-like reaction that generates highly reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals.
Silver nanoparticles can prevent bacteria from growing on or adhering to the surface.

This can be especially useful in surgical settings where all surfaces in contact with the patient must be sterile.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated on many types of surfaces including metals, plastic, and glass.
In medical equipment, it has been shown that silver nano particles lower the bacterial count on devices used compared to old techniques.

However, the problem arises when the procedure is over and a new one must be done.
In the process of washing the instruments a large portion of the silver nano particles become less effective due to the loss of silver ions.
They are more commonly used in skin grafts for burn victims as the silver nano particles embedded with the graft provide better antimicrobial activity and result in significantly less scarring of the victim.

These new applications are direct decedents of older practices that used silver nitrate to treat conditions such as skin ulcers.
Now, silver nanoparticles are used in bandages and patches to help heal certain burns and wounds.
An alternative approach is to use AgNP to sterilise biological dressings (for example, tilapia fish skin) for burn and wound management.

They also show promising application as water treatment method to form clean potable water.
This doesn't sound like much, but water contains numerous diseases and some parts of the world do not have the luxury of clean water, or any at all.
It wasn't new to use silver for removing microbes, but this experiment used the carbonate in water to make microbes even more vulnerable to silver.

First the scientists of the experiment use the nanopaticles to remove certain pesticides from the water, ones that prove fatal to people if ingested.
Several other tests have shown that the silver nanoparticles were capable of removing certain ions in water as well, like iron, lead, and arsenic.

But that is not the only reason why the silver nanoparticles are so appealing, they do not require any external force (no electricity of hydrolics) for the reaction to occur.
Conversely, post-consumer silver nanoparticles in waste water may adversely impact biological agents used in waste water treatment



METROLOGY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
A number of reference materials are available for silver nanoparticles.
NIST RM 8017 contains 75 nm silver nanoparticles embedded in a cake of the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone to stabilize them against oxidation for a long shelf life.

They have reference values for mean particle size using dynamic light scattering, ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy; and size distribution reference values for the latter two methods.
The BAM-N001 certified reference material contains silver nanoparticles with a specified size distribution with a number-weighted median size of 12.6 nm measured by small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Molecular Weight: 107.87
Appearance: Powder
Melting Point: 961.78 °C
Boiling Point: 2162 °C
Density: N/A
Bulk Density: 0.312 g/cm3
True Density: ~10.5 g/cm3
Size Range: 80-100 nm
Average Particle Size: Specific Surface Area: 5.37 m2/g
Morphology: spherical
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Crystal Phase / Structure: cubic
Poisson's Ratio: 0.37
Thermal Expansion: (25 °C) 18.9 µm·m-1·K-1
Vickers Hardness: 251 MPa
Young's Modulus: 83 GPa
Linear Formula: Ag
MDL Number: MFCD00003397
EC No.: 231-131-3
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: N/A
IUPAC Name: N/A
SMILES: [Ag]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Ag
InchI Key: BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Silver nitrate is a staining compound for identification of proteins and nucleic acids
Silver nitrate is the most important silver salt.
Silver Nitrate forms colorless heavy crystals.


CAS No: 7761-88-8
EC Number: 231-853-9
MDL Number: MFCD00003414
Molecular Formula: AgNO3



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Silver nitrate, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (AT), SR-01000944542, SR-01000944542-1, Silver nitrate, anhydrous, 99.999% trace metals basis, Silver nitrate, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99.8%, Silver nitrate, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0% (titration), Assay-isotopic standard for silver, NIST(R) SRM(R) 978a, Silver standard for ICP, for ICP, ready-to-use, in nitric acid, Silver standard for AAS, ready-to-use, traceable to BAM, in nitric acid, Silver nitrate on silica gel, extent of labeling: ~10 wt. % loading, +230 mesh, Silver nitrate, BioReagent, suitable for plant cell culture, >99% (titration), Silver nitrate, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.8-100.5%, Silver nitrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.8%, Nitric acid silver(1+) salt, Lunar caustic, Nitrate d'argent, Nitric acid silver(I) salt, Silver mononitrate, Silver(I) nitrate (1:1), Silver(1+) nitrate, Silbernitrat, UN 1493, Nitric acid silver salt, Silver saltpeter, Silver(i) nitrate, Nitric Acid Silver (+1) Salt, Lunar caustic, Nitrate d'argent, Nitric acid silver(I) salt,



Silver Nitrate is a chemical compound of silver cation and nitrate anion.
Ions are charged particles, cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged.
Silver nitrate is available as a prescription medication but is not approved by the FDA.


Silver Nitrate is an inorganic compound that is often used as a versatile precursor to other silver compounds as it is the least expensive salt of silver, is non-hygroscopic and relatively stable to light.
Silver nitrate is a common natural substance.


Silver Nitrate is used indoors to extend the useful lifetime of
commercial cut flowers by limiting their ability to make ethylene.
Because silver nitrate solutions can cause brown stains on skin, users are required to wear appropriate protective equipment.


Silver Nitrate has no harmful effects to humans or the environment are expected if users follow label directions.
Silver nitrate is the most important silver salt.
Silver Nitrate forms colorless heavy crystals.


Silver Nitrate is used in medicine for cauterization and has antibacterial properties.
Silver nitrate binds to selective amino acid residues under weakly acidic or neutral pH conditions making it suitable as a stain for identification of proteins.


Silver Nitrate is very good in treating warts.
Silver Nitrate is also preferred in darkening leather and organic materials.
Silver Nitrate's components are silver and nitric acid.


Silver Nitrate's synthesis is done according to the formula in the example:
Ag + 2 HNO3 → AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O
Silver nitrate is a versatile compound.


The nitrate ion can easily be replaced by other ligands that bind to the silver ion.
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.
In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.


Silver Nitrate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 tonnes per annum.
Silver Nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate consists of an ionic bond between the silver cation (Ag+) and the nitrate anion (NO3–).


Due to the ionic nature of this compound, Silver Nitrate readily dissolves in water and dissociates into its constituent ions.
Silver Nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography.


Silver Nitrate is far less sensitive to light than the halides.
Silver Nitrate was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by ancient alchemists who associated silver with the moon.
In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.


Silver nitrate appears as a colorless or white crystalline solid becoming black on exposure to light or organic material.
Silver(1+) nitrate is a silver salt and an inorganic nitrate salt.
Silver Nitrate has a role as an astringent.


Silver Nitrate is an inorganic chemical with antiseptic activity.
Silver nitrate is a nitrate of silver.
Silver nitrate, caustic chemical compound, important as an antiseptic, in the industrial preparation of other silver salts, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.


Silver Nitrate's chemical formula is AgNO3.
Pure silver nitrate is an intermediate in the preparation of other silver salts, including the colloidal silver compounds used in medicine and the silver halides incorporated into photographic emulsions.


Silver nitrate is made in large quantities by dissolving silver in nitric acid.
Silver Nitrate crystallizes in transparent plates that melt at 212 °C (414 °F).
The solubilityof Silver Nitrate at 20 °C (68 °F) is 222 grams per 100 grams of water.


Silver Nitrate is moderately soluble in methyl and ethyl alcohols and to a lesser extent in various other organic solvents.
When heated to about 320° C (608° F), silver nitrate loses oxygen and forms silver nitrite.
At a red heat, silver is formed.


Ingestion of silver nitrate causes violent abdominal pains, vomiting, and diarrhea, with the development of gastroenteritis.
Treatment includes oral administration of common salt solutions, milk (or white of egg and water), and soap in water to protect the mucous membranes of the esophagus and stomach and precipitate the poisonous free silver ions as silver chloride.


Silver nitrate, AgNO3, is the least expensive silver salt and is relatively stable to light.
Silver Nitrate easily dissolves in water (2150 g/L at 20 °C).
As the nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands Silver Nitrate is a versatile starting point for the synthesis of other silver compounds.


Silver nitrate can be prepared by dissolving silver in with nitric acid:
3 Ag + 4 HNO3 arrow_right.gif 3 AgNO3 + NO + 2 H2O
When a sheet of copper is put into a silver nitrate solution, the silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairlike crystals of metallic silver and a blue solution of copper nitrate:


2 AgNO3 + Cu arrow_right.gif Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
Silver Nitrate reacts with solutions of halide ions to give a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I), which are used in photographic films.
When heated, silver nitrate decomposes into metallic silver, oxygen and nitrogen oxide:


2 AgNO3 arrow_right.gif 2 Ag + O2 + 2 NO2
Silver salts have antimicrobial properties and are commonly used to disinfect drinking water.
When diluted silver nitrate is braught into contact with skin, the skin becomes brown/black after a short time due to elementary silver which is introduced into the skin according to the following reaction:


AgNO3 + H (from the skin) arrow_right.gif Ag + HNO3
Concentrated solutions of Silver Nitrate will cause burns due to the same reaction.
Silver nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.


Silver nitrate consists of an ionic bond between the silver cation i.e., Ag+ and the nitrate anion NO−3.
Due to the ionic nature of silver nitrate, it easily dissolves in water and dissociates into its constituent ions.
Silver nitrate is a precursor to many other compounds of silver, including the silver compounds that are used in photography.


When silver nitrate is compared to silver halides, which are in use in photography because of their sensitivity to light.
Silver Nitrate is stable when it is exposed to light.
The nitrate ion in silver nitrate consists of one nitrogen atom that is surrounded by three oxygen atoms.
The nitrogen-oxygen bonds are similar to each other in this ion.


The formal charge of the nitrogen atom is -1, whereas each oxygen atom holds a charge of -2/3.
The net charge of nitrate ion is -1, it is quenched by the +1 charge held by the Ag+ ion through an ionic bond in AgNO3.
The structure of the nitrate ion is stabilized due to resonance.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate is commonly used to stain protein gels for identification of proteins as it binds to selective amino acid residues under weakly acidic or neutral pH conditions, notably to lysine.
Silver Nitrate is also utilized in the staining of nucleic acids and of glycoconjugates in gels.


Silver nitrate is used in the chromatography of lipids, by HPLC and by TLC.
In analytical chemistry, silver nitrate is used for the titrimetric determination of chloride content.
Key Applications of Silver Nitrate: Stain protein gels | Nucleic acids and glycoconjugates | Chromatography of lipids | Titrimetric determination of chloride content.


Silver nitrate is a solid that dissolves in water.
Silver Nitrate is prepared commercially by dissolving elemental silver in dilute nitric acid.
Pesticide products containing silver nitrate as the active ingredient are used in the commercial cut flower industry to prevent premature shrinking or dropping of buds and blooms.


When cut stems are placed in a dilute solution of silver nitrate, the plants are inhibited from making ethylene, a gas that promotes fruit ripening and aging in plants.
Main Applications of Silver Nitrate: Silver powder, Plating of electronic parts, Decoration and other plating, Catalysts, Reagents, Antibacterial agent,

Silver mirrors, and Photosensitive material.
Silver Nitrate's uses vary from silver staining in scanning electron microscopy, coating catheters to prevent infections to confirming the presence in analytical chemistry of chloride, bromide or iodide ions.


Silver Nitrate is used Cauterization of infected tissue around skin wounds, and Removal of warts, skin tags, and granulation tissue.
Silver Nitrate is used cauterization of wounds in mucous membranes including: Small ulcers in the mouth, Infected tonsils, Vaginal or cervical ulcerations and erosions, Rectal fissures and fistulae, Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, a condition that causes chronic inflammation in the area above the cornea in the eye.


Silver salt can be used as photographic materials, preservatives and catalyst raw materials, and also can be used in silver color dyeing, mirror production, etc.
Silver Nitrate can be used for analysis reagents.


Film film, X-ray photographic film and other photographic emulsions, Silver Nitrate can be used to produce photosensitive materials.
In the field of electronics industry, Silver Nitrate can be used for conductive adhesives, gas purification agents and silvering of electronic components.
The silver material of mirror production and thermal glass lining can also be used for voltage sharing coat and electronic work gloves.


Other craftsmen's silver color can also be used.
The battery industry used it in the production of silver-zinc batteries.
Silver Nitrate can be used as sterilization, corrosive reagent in pharmaceutical field.


Daily chemical industry used Silver Nitrate in the manufacture of dyed hair shampoo.
Silver Nitrate can also be applied to other silver catalyst production.
Silver Nitrate can be used for cyanide-free silver plating, such as thiosulfate silvering, hydrochloric acid silvering, imino ammonium di-sulfonate silvering and sulfosalicylic acid silvering.


Silver Nitrate is also the source of silver ion.
The content of silver nitrate has a certain effect on the conductivity, dispersibility and sedimentation rate of the silver plating solution.
Silver nitrate is also utilized in the staining of nucleic acids and glycoconjugates in gels.


Silver nitrate is a source of silver ions in biological studies, such as in toxicological investigations on yeast and marine animals.
Silver Nitrate has been shown to induce the protein conformational condition of amyloid A amyloidosis in mice.
Silver nitrate also has powerful germicidal activity.


Silver Nitrate is far less sensitive to light than the halides.
Silver Nitrate got its name as hell stone because it darkens the skin. Since Silver Nitrate is easily soluble in water and alcohol, it is used as a primitive substance in obtaining many silver compounds.


Silver Nitrate is most commonly used in photography, inks, hair dye making and silver plating.
Silver Nitrate has many applications in many fields like biology, chemical synthesis, and medicine.
The ability of silver nitrate to form a precipitate of silver halides when treated with halide ions is in use while making photographic films.


Many silver-based explosives are prepared with a precipitation reaction of silver nitrate.
In the field of inorganic chemistry, halides are extracted with the help of silver nitrate.
The branch of chemistry i.e., analytical chemistry uses this reaction to check for the presence of halide anions like iodide, bromide, or chloride ions.


Mixtures of alkenes are separated with the help of silver nitrate as the silver cation binds with alkenes in a reversible fashion.
Silver nitrate serves as an antiseptic in many setups of medical.
Silver nitrate can be in use for the treatment and the removal of unwanted warts in human beings.


Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.
Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.


Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.
In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.
Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.


Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.
Silver nitrate is employed in Silver plating, photography, manufacturing of other silver compounds, mirrors, coloring porcelain, and staining in histology.


Silver Nitrate finds use as a stain in scanning electron microscopy, and a key ingredient in several silver-based antiseptic and antibacterial pharmaceutical compositions.
Silver Nitrate is used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption, and for deprotection and oxidation reactions in organic synthesis.


Silver Nitrate is widely used as an analytical reagent owing to its immediate reaction with halide ions forming insoluble precipitate of silver(I) halides.
Silver nitrate is a medication used for cauterization, which is a process of burning off the skin to stop bleeding or preventing a wound from becoming infected.


Silver Nitrate's also used to remove granulation tissue (pink, lumpy tissue over a healing wound) or warts on the skin.
Silver nitrate comes as an applicator stick that can be applied on the skin or mucous membranes, which is the moist, inner lining of areas like the nose or mouth.


Although silver nitrate doesn't cause many side effects, it can cause chemical burns or stains if not handled properly.
Silver Nitrate is a precursor to many compounds of silver, including the silver compounds used in photography.
When compared to silver halides, which are used in photography due to their sensitivity to light, AgNO3 is quite stable when exposed to light.


Silver nitrate has a wide range of applications in many fields such as biology, chemical synthesis, and medicine.
Silver nitrate is a very versatile compound because the nitrate ion can be replaced by other ligands that can bind to the silver ion.
Due to the ability of Silver Nitrate to form a precipitate of silver halides when treated with halide ions, it is used while making photographic films.


Many silver-based explosives can be prepared with a precipitation reaction of silver nitrate.
In the field of inorganic chemistry, halides are extracted with the help of this compound.
The branch of chemistry known as analytical chemistry uses this reaction to check for the presence of halide anions such as the iodide, bromide, or chloride ions.


Mixtures of alkenes can be separated with the help of this compound since the silver cation binds with alkenes in a reversible fashion.
When diluted with water to a concentration of 0.5%, silver nitrate can serve as an antiseptic in many medical setups.
A diluted solution of Silver Nitrate can be administered to the eyes of a baby which is born to a mother suffering from gonorrhea, which combats the gonorrhoea bacteria and protects the baby from the onset of blindness.


Silver Nitrate is also known to be used for the treatment and the removal of unwanted warts in human beings.
Silver Nitrate is used in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Silver Nitrate is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, drinking water, preservation of fibres, leather, rubber, or polymers, preservation for liquid systems.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), manufacturing of the substance and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Silver Nitrate is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Silver Nitrate can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, photo-chemicals, adhesives and sealants, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, heat transfer fluids, inks and toners, metal working fluids, paper chemicals and dyes, perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, water softeners, water treatment chemicals and welding & soldering products.


Silver Nitrate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Silver Nitrate is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products and chemicals.
Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Other release to the environment of Silver Nitrate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Silver Nitrate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Silver Nitrate is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development, building & construction work and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Silver Nitrate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), electrical, electronic and optical equipment, textile, leather or fur and pulp, paper and paper products.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other silver salts with non-coordinating anions, namely silver tetrafluoroborate and silver hexafluorophosphate are used for more demanding applications.


Similarly, this reaction is used in analytical chemistry to confirm the presence of chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.
Samples are typically acidified with dilute nitric acid to remove interfering ions, e.g. carbonate ions and sulfide ions.
This step avoids confusion of silver sulfide or silver carbonate precipitates with that of silver halides.


The color of precipitate varies with the halide: white (silver chloride), pale yellow/cream (silver bromide), yellow (silver iodide).
AgBr and especially AgI photo-decompose to the metal, as evidence by a grayish color on exposed samples.
The same reaction was used on steamships in order to determine whether or not boiler feedwater had been contaminated with seawater.


Silver Nitrate is still used to determine if moisture on formerly dry cargo is a result of condensation from humid air, or from seawater leaking through the hull.
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.


In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.
Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.
Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.


Silver nitrate can potentially be used as a cauterizing or sclerosing agent.
In analytical chemistry, aqueous solutions of silver nitrate are used in the volumetric determination of halides, cyanides, and thiocyanates, as well as for the detection of reducing agents and of the cations of various acids that form insoluble silver salts.


Silver Nitrate is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography, and is commonly used in inorganic chemistry to abstract halides.
Silver nitrate is also used in organic synthesis and for silver staining of proteins and nucleic acids, such as in PAGE gels and scanning electron microscopy.


Silver is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47.
It occurs naturally in its pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.
Nitrite is a toxic compound known to cause methemoglobinemia.


Silver Nitrate is a silver salt with powerful germicidal activity.
Silver Nitrate has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.
Applied to the skin and mucous membranes, silver nitrate is used either in stick form as lunar caustic (or caustic pencil) or in solutions of 0.01 percent to 10 percent silver nitrate in water.


The stick is used for removing warts and granulation tissue and for cauterizing wounds and ulcerations.
Very dilute solutions are astringent and mildly antiseptic.
A 1 percent or 2 percent solution is effective against gonococcal bacteria and may be applied to the eyes of newborn infants to ensure against blindness from gonorrhea.


-Silver nitrate solution is used topically as an anti-infective agent to:
*Cauterize infected wound tissue, a procedure that destroys the infected cells on wounds
*Remove warts and excess granulation tissue, a type of tissue with new blood vessels that forms in wound repair phase
*Silver nitrate can protect wounds from bacterial infection and inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the two main classifications of bacteria based on their structure.
*Silver ions react with the bacterial proteins and alter the structure of the bacterial cell wall and membrane, killing them in the process.
*Silver ions coagulate the proteins in the wound tissue forming a layer of dead tissue (eschar), which stops bleeding, facilitates wound closure and healing, and also prevents the penetration of silver nitrate into deeper tissue.


-Indelible ink uses of Silver Nitrate:
Silver nitrate produces long-lasting stain when applied to skin.
An electoral stain makes use of this to mark a finger of people who have voted in an election, allowing easy identification to prevent double-voting.


-Medicine uses of Silver Nitrate:
Silver salts have antiseptic properties.
In 1881 Credé introduced the use of dilute solutions of Silver Nitrate in newborn babies' eyes at birth to prevent contraction of gonorrhea from the mother, which could cause blindness.

Fused silver nitrate, shaped into sticks, was traditionally called "lunar caustic".
Silver Nitrate is used as a cauterizing agent, for example to remove granulation tissue around a stoma.
General Sir James Abbott noted in his journals that in India in 1827 Silver Nitrate was infused by a British surgeon into wounds in his arm resulting from the bite of a mad dog to cauterize the wounds and prevent the onset of rabies.

Silver nitrate is used to cauterize superficial blood vessels in the nose to help prevent nose bleeds.
Dentists sometimes use silver nitrate-infused swabs to heal oral ulcers.
Silver nitrate is used by some podiatrists to kill cells located in the nail bed.

The Canadian physician C. A. Douglas Ringrose researched the use of silver nitrate for sterilization procedures, believing that silver nitrate could be used to block and corrode the fallopian tubes.
The technique was ineffective.


-Disinfection uses of Silver Nitrate:
Much research has been done in evaluating the ability of the silver ion at inactivating Escherichia coli, a microorganism commonly used as an indicator for fecal contamination and as a surrogate for pathogens in drinking water treatment.

Concentrations of silver nitrate evaluated in inactivation experiments range from 10–200 micrograms per liter as Ag+.
Silver's antimicrobial activity saw many applications prior to the discovery of modern antibiotics, when it fell into near disuse.
Its association with argyria made consumers wary and led them to turn away from Silver Nitrate when given an alternative.


-Against warts uses of Silver Nitrate:
Repeated daily application of silver nitrate can induce adequate destruction of cutaneous warts, but occasionally pigmented scars may develop.
In a placebo-controlled study of 70 patients, silver nitrate given over nine days resulted in clearance of all warts in 43% and improvement in warts in 26% one month after treatment compared to 11% and 14%, respectively, in the placebo group.



PRECURSOR TO OTHER SILVER COMPOUNDS:
Silver nitrate is the least expensive salt of silver; it offers several other advantages as well.
It is non-hygroscopic, in contrast to silver fluoroborate and silver perchlorate.
In addition, Silver Nitrate is relatively stable to light, and it dissolves in numerous solvents, including water.

The nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands, rendering AgNO3 versatile.
Treatment with solutions of halide ions gives a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I).
When making photographic film, silver nitrate is treated with halide salts of sodium or potassium to form insoluble silver halide in situ in photographic gelatin, which is then applied to strips of tri-acetate or polyester.

Similarly, silver nitrate is used to prepare some silver-based explosives, such as the fulminate, azide, or acetylide, through a precipitation reaction.
Treatment of silver nitrate with base gives dark grey silver oxide:
2 AgNO3 + 2 NaOH → Ag2O + 2 NaNO3 + H2O



PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
*Colorless or white crystalline
*Very soluble in water
*Not very soluble in ethyl ether



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The molar mass of silver nitrate is 169.872 grams per mole.
Silver nitrate is colourless and odourless.
In its solid state, the density of silver nitrate is 4.35 grams per cubic centimetre.
The density of silver nitrate in the liquid state at a temperature of 210oC is 3.97 g/cm3.

The melting and boiling points of silver nitrate are 482.8 K and 713 K respectively.
Silver nitrate, like other ionic compounds, dissolves readily in water. The solubility of silver nitrate in water corresponds to 122g/100mL at 0oC and 256g/100mL at a temperature of 25oC.
The crystal structure of the silver nitrate is orthorhombic.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The reaction of silver nitrate and ethanol is highly explosive.
Silver present in silver nitrate is displaced by copper, which forms copper nitrate.
The chemical equation for this reaction is;
2AgNO3+Cu→Cu(NO3)2+2Ag
When silver nitrate is heated to 440oC, it completely decomposes to give oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, and silver.



PREPARATION OF SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate can be prepared by reacting silver, such as silver ingots or silver foil, with nitric acid, resulting in oxides of silver nitrate, water, and nitrogen.

Reaction byproducts depend on the concentration of nitric acid used.
3 Ag + 4 HNO 3 (cold and dilute) → 3 AgNO 3 + 2 H 2 O + NONE
Ag + 2 HNO 3 (hot and condensed) → AgNO 3 + H 2 O + NO 2

A typical reaction with silver nitrate is suspending a copper rod in a silver nitrate solution and leaving it for several hours.
Silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairy silver metal crystals and a blue copper nitrate solution:
2 iodine 3 + Cu → Cu (NO 3 ) 2 + 2 Ag

Silver nitrate decomposes when heated:
2 iodine 3 2 Ag (s) + → (I) O 2 (g) + 2 NO 2 (g)
Most metal nitrates thermally decompose to the corresponding oxides, but silver oxide decomposes at lower temperature than silver nitrate, so decomposition of silver nitrate yields elemental silver instead.



SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF SILVER NITRATE:
Albertus Magnus, in the 13th century, documented the ability of nitric acid to separate gold and silver by dissolving the silver.
Indeed silver nitrate can be prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid followed by evaporation of the solution.

The stoichiometry of the reaction depends upon the concentration of nitric acid used.
3 Ag + 4 HNO3 (cold and diluted) → 3 AgNO3 + 2 H2O + NO
Ag + 2 HNO3 (hot and concentrated) → AgNO3 + H2O + NO2
The structure of silver nitrate has been examined by X-ray crystallography several times.

In the common orthorhombic form stable at ordinary temperature and pressure, the silver atoms form pairs with Ag---Ag contacts of 3.227 Å.
Each Ag+ center is bonded to six oxygen centers of both uni- and bidentate nitrate ligands.
The Ag-O distances range from 2.384 to 2.702 Å.
Silver coordination environment in the crystal structure of silver nitrate



REACTIONS OF SILVER NITRATE:
A typical reaction with silver nitrate is to suspend a rod of copper in a solution of silver nitrate and leave it for a few hours.
The silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairlike crystals of silver metal and a blue solution of copper nitrate:
2 AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag

Silver nitrate decomposes when heated:
2 AgNO3(l) → 2 Ag(s) + O2(g) + 2 NO2(g)

Qualitatively, decomposition is negligible below the melting point, but becomes appreciable around 250 °C and fully decomposes at 440 °C.
Most metal nitrates thermally decompose to the respective oxides, but silver oxide decomposes at a lower temperature than silver nitrate, so the decomposition of silver nitrate yields elemental silver instead.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate is used in many ways in organic synthesis, e.g. for deprotection and oxidation.
Ag+ binds alkenes reversibly, and silver nitrate has been used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption.
The resulting adduct can be decomposed with ammonia to release the free alkene.
Silver nitrate is highly soluble in water but is poorly soluble in most organic solvents, except acetonitrile (111.8 g/100 g, 25 °C).



BIOLOGY OF SILVER NITRATE:
In histology, silver nitrate is used for silver staining, for demonstrating reticular fibers, proteins and nucleic acids.
For this reason Silver Nitrate is also used to demonstrate proteins in PAGE gels.
Silver Nitrate can be used as a stain in scanning electron microscopy.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER NITRATE:
An illustration describing the structure of the silver nitrate molecule is provided below.
Silver Nitrate can be observed that silver has an oxidation number of +1 in this compound.
The nitrate ion described above consists of one nitrogen atom which is surrounded by three oxygen atoms.

The nitrogen-oxygen bonds in this ion are similar to each other.
The formal charge assigned to the nitrogen atom is -1, whereas each oxygen atom holds a charge of -⅔.
The net charge associated with the nitrate ion is -1, which is quenched by the +1 charge held by the Ag+ ion via an ionic bond in AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate can be noted that the structure of the nitrate ion is stabilized by resonance.



PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
Some important physical and chemical properties of silver nitrate are listed in this subsection.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The molar mass of silver nitrate is 169.872 grams per mole.
Silver Nitrate has a colourless appearance in its solid-state and is odourless.

In its solid state, Silver Nitrate has a density of 4.35 grams per cubic centimetre.
Silver Nitrate's density in the liquid state at a temperature of 210 oC corresponds to 3.97 g/cm3.
The melting and boiling points of silver nitrate are 482.8 K and 713 K respectively.

However, Silver Nitrate tends to decompose at temperatures approaching its boiling point.
Silver Nitrate, like most ionic compounds, dissolves readily in water. Its solubility in water corresponds to 122 g /100mL at 0 oC and 256g / 100mL at a temperature of 25 o
The crystal structure of Silver Nitrate is orthorhombic.


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The hazards of Silver Nitrate include its toxic and corrosive nature.
The reaction between silver nitrate and ethanol is explosive.

The silver present in the silver nitrate compound is displaced by copper, which forms copper nitrate.
The chemical equation for this reaction is given by 2AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
When heated to 440 oC, this compound completely decomposes to give oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, and silver.

Silver nitrate on decomposition gives silver, oxygen gas and nitrite.
It can be noted that even though metal nitrates generally decompose to yield metal oxides, the decomposition reaction of silver nitrate gives rise to elemental silver because silver oxide decomposes at an even lower temperature than AgNO3.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SILVER NITRATE:
Chemical formula: AgNO3
Molar mass: 169.872 g·mol−1
Appearance: colorless solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 4.35 g/cm3 (24 °C)
3.97 g/cm3 (210 °C)
Melting point: 209.7 °C (409.5 °F; 482.8 K)
Boiling point: 440 °C (824 °F; 713 K)
decomposes
Solubility in water: 122 g/100 mL (0 °C)
170 g/100 mL (10 °C)
256 g/100 mL (25 °C)
373 g/100 mL (40 °C)
912 g/100 mL (100 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, ammonia, ether, glycerol
Solubility in acetic acid: 0.776 g/kg (30 °C)
1.244 g/kg (40 °C)
5.503 g/kg (93 °C)
Solubility in acetone: 0.35 g/100 g (14 °C)
0.44 g/100 g (18 °C)
Solubility in benzene: 0.22 g/kg (35 °C)
0.44 g/kg (40.5 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 3.1 g/100 g (19 °C)
Solubility in ethyl acetate: 2.7 g/100 g (20 °C)
log P: 0.19
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −45.7·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.744

Viscosity: 3.77 cP (244 °C)
3.04 cP (275 °C)
Structure:
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic, oP56
Space group: P212121, No. 19
Point group: 222
Lattice constant:
a = 6.992(2) Å,
b = 7.335(2) Å,
c = 10.125(2) Å
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°

Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 93.1 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 140.9 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −124.4 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): −33.4 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 169.873 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 168.89291 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 168.89291 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 62.9Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 18.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: solid
Color: colorless
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 212 °C - dec.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 440 °C - Decomposes on heating.

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 4,350 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available

Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: The substance or mixture is classified as oxidizing with the category 2.
Other safety information: No data available
CAS number: 7761-88-8
EC index number: 047-001-00-2
EC number: 231-853-9
Hill Formula: AgNO₃
Chemical formula: AgNO₃
Molar Mass: 169.88 g/mol
HS Code: 2843 21 00
Boiling point: 444 °C (1013 hPa) (decomposition)
Density: 4.350 g/cm3
Melting Point: 212 °C

pH value: 5.4 - 6.4 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 2350 kg/m3
Solubility: 2160 g/l
Synonyms: Citric acid trisilver salt
IUPAC Name: trisilver 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Molecular Weight: 512.7
Molecular Formula: C6H5Ag3O7
InChI Key: QUTYHQJYVDNJJA-UHFFFAOYSA-K
Boiling Point: 309.6ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 155.2ºC
Exact Mass: 295.90900
H-Bond Acceptor: 7
H-Bond Donor: 1



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER NITRATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P3
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER NITRATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
No metal containers.
Tightly closed.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Do not store near combustible materials.
Light sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER NITRATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

SILVER SULFATE, N° CAS : 10294-26-5. Nom INCI : SILVER SULFATE. Nom chimique : Disilver(1+) sulphate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 233-653-7. Classification : Sulfate. Ses fonctions (INCI), Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes

CALCIUM SILICATE, N° CAS : 1344-95-2 - Silicate de calcium, Nom INCI : CALCIUM SILICATE, Nom chimique : Silicic acid, calcium salt, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 215-710-8, Additif alimentaire : E552, Agent Absorbant : Absorbe l'eau (ou l'huile) sous forme dissoute ou en fines particules, Agent de foisonnement : Réduit la densité apparente des cosmétiques, Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques, Agent nacrant : Donne une apparence nacrée aux cosmétiques, Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

SIPERNAT 22 S is composed of synthetic amorphous silica, which is a form of SIPERNAT 22 S (SiO2).
SIPERNAT 22 S is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.

CAS Number: 7631-86-9
Molecular Formula: O2Si
Molecular weight: 60.08
EINECS: 231-545-4

SIPERNAT 22 S occurs almost everywhere on earth.
SIPERNAT 22 S commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.

SIPERNAT 22 S exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.

SIPERNAT 22 S is produced through a precipitation process that results in fine, white powder particles with a high surface area.
SIPERNAT 22 S represents a specific product range of precipitated silica, aluminum, and calcium silicates.
SIPERNAT 22 S is silica with a high absorption capacity used as a flow and anticaking agent in many applications as well as a special-purpose ingredient for mechanical graphics papers.

In plant protection, SIPERNAT 22 S is recommended as a carrier in solid formulations such as wettable powders (WP) and water-dispersible granules (WG) if grinding is to be avoided.
Sipernat 22 S is a silica with a high absorption capacity.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a flow and anticaking agent.

SIPERNAT 22 S ensures porosity in polyethylene separators for acid/lead batteries.
SIPERNAT 22 S exhibits very low electrical resistance.
The specific particle size and structure of SIPERNAT 22 S may vary based on the manufacturing process and intended application.

SIPERNAT 22 S has a high surface area and a porous structure, which contributes to its performance-enhancing properties in various applications.
SIPERNAT 22 S food grade is a precipitated silica that generates good flowability into a mixed product.

When powdered ingredients are added to either wet or dry mixes, the possibility exists that too little or too much of the powder will end up within any given sample.
By adding SIPERNAT 22 S to nutritional supplements, your product will combine properly with the same ingredients in every bite, sip, or tablet.

Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
refractive index: 1.46
Flash point: 2230°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid. It dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific: Gravity 2.2
color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8493

SIPERNAT 22 S is manufactured to high purity standards to ensure consistent quality and performance in various applications.
The production process involves strict quality control measures to meet specific particle size distribution and other technical specifications.
In some cases, SIPERNAT 22 S may undergo surface treatment or be available in different grades to suit specific applications.

Surface treatments can modify the surface chemistry of the SIPERNAT 22 S particles, enhancing their compatibility with certain matrices or polymers.
SIPERNAT 22 S is compatible with a wide range of materials, including elastomers, plastics, resins, adhesives, and various liquid systems.
SIPERNAT 22 Ss versatility allows it to be incorporated into different formulations without causing significant adverse effects.

As a synthetic amorphous silica, SIPERNAT 22 S is considered relatively environmentally friendly.
It does not contain hazardous substances such as heavy metals, making it a safer alternative compared to some other fillers or additives.
Manufacturers of SIPERNAT 22 S adhere to relevant regulations and guidelines governing the use of silica in different industries, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for food-contact applications.

Companies that produce SIPERNAT 22 S often offer technical support to their customers, including guidance on product selection, application-specific recommendations, and problem-solving assistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S is typically available in various packaging options, including bags, drums, or bulk quantities, depending on the needs of the customer.

In addition to its industrial uses, SIPERNAT 22 S may also be found in some personal care products, such as cosmetics and skincare items.
It is often used to provide texture, absorb excess oils, and improve the performance of various formulations.
SIPERNAT 22 S is a finely milled, hydrophilic silica.

SIPERNAT 22 S is primarily used as a free-flow agent in other applications.
SIPERNAT 22 S can also be used in-situ hydrophobized in defoamers.
The use of an alkaline catalyst is recommended.

SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds, improving tear resistance, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S can be used as a filler in plastics to enhance their mechanical properties and reduce production costs.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be added to adhesives and sealants to improve their thixotropic behavior and control viscosity.
SIPERNAT 22 S can be used in paints and coatings to provide anti-blocking properties and improve flow characteristics.
In these industries, SIPERNAT 22 S may be used as an anti-caking agent in powdered products to prevent clumping.

SIPERNAT 22 S is often used as a thickening agent or rheology modifier in different liquid systems, such as coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
SIPERNAT 22 S can help control viscosity and prevent sagging or settling of suspended particles.

In rubber compounds, SIPERNAT 22 S acts as a reinforcing filler, improving the mechanical properties of the rubber, including tensile strength, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance.
In food and pharmaceutical applications, it serves as an anti-caking agent, preventing powdered products from forming clumps and maintaining free-flowing characteristics.

In coatings and paints, SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a matting agent, providing a matte or low-gloss finish.
Its high surface area and porous structure make SIPERNAT 22 S useful for applications where absorption or adsorption properties are needed, such as in certain catalysts or desiccants.

Uses
SIPERNAT 22 S is also known as silicone dioxide.
SIPERNAT 22 S has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
It can also function as an abrasive.

SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
SIPERNAT 22 S is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.

SIPERNAT 22 S is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.
It has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds.

SIPERNAT 22 S enhances the mechanical properties of rubber products, such as tires, conveyor belts, gaskets, and seals, by improving tensile strength, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S is employed as a filler in plastics to improve their mechanical strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability.
SIPERNAT 22 S can reduce production costs and provide additional benefits in plastic products such as automotive components, packaging materials, and consumer goods.

SIPERNAT 22 S acts as a matting agent in coatings and paints, providing a matte or low-gloss finish.
It is also used to control rheology, improve flow properties, and prevent sagging or settling of pigments in liquid coatings.
In adhesives and sealants, SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a rheology modifier to control viscosity and improve thixotropic behavior.

SIPERNAT 22 S functions as an anti-caking agent in powdered food products and pharmaceutical formulations.
It prevents clumping and improves the flowability of powders, ensuring a better user experience and product stability.
In cosmetics and personal care products, SIPERNAT 22 S is utilized as a texturizing agent and oil absorber.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be found in products such as powders, creams, lotions, and makeup formulations.
Due to its high surface area and porosity, SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a carrier material in catalyst formulations and as a desiccant to absorb moisture.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used in agriculture as an inert carrier for the delivery of active ingredients, such as in pesticide formulations.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be employed as a flow aid and anti-caking agent in foundry applications, ensuring smooth and consistent pouring of molds.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a flow and anticaking agent in many applications as well as a special-purpose ingredient for mechanical graphics papers.
In plant protection, this product is recommended as a carrier in solid formulations such as wettable powders (WP) and water-dispersible granules (WG) if grinding is to be avoided

SIPERNAT 22 S is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.
They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.

SIPERNAT 22 S, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.
Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic SIPERNAT 22 Ss are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.

SIPERNAT 22 S is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a performance additive in inks and toners for various printing applications.
It helps improve the flow properties of the ink, leading to better print quality and reduced clogging in printing equipment.

In powder coatings, SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a flow aid, improving the powder's handling and application characteristics.
SIPERNAT 22 S is sometimes used in the production of battery separator films.
These films are critical components in lithium-ion batteries, and the addition of silica can enhance their mechanical properties and thermal stability.

In some cleaning agents, SIPERNAT 22 S is utilized as a thickening agent to improve their texture and flow properties.
In the foundry industry, SIPERNAT 22 S can be added to resin-bonded molds and cores to enhance their strength and improve dimensional accuracy during casting processes.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used in plastic film applications as an anti-blocking agent.

SIPERNAT 22 S helps prevent the adhesion of film surfaces, reducing blocking during storage and handling.
SIPERNAT 22 S is incorporated into masterbatches, which are concentrated mixtures of pigments, additives, and resins used for coloration or enhancing properties in rubber and plastic processing.

In powdered food and beverage applications, SIPERNAT 22 S acts as an anti-caking and flow aid agent, ensuring proper dispersion and handling of the powdered products.
SIPERNAT 22 S can serve as a precursor in the production of silica gel, a widely used desiccant in various applications, including moisture control in packaging, electronics, and storage of sensitive items.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be used as a functional filler in abrasive products, improving their performance and durability.
SIPERNAT 22 S is sometimes used in the production of construction materials, such as sealants and caulks, to enhance their properties and performance.

Safety Profile
The pure unaltered form is considered a nuisance dust.
Some SIPERNAT 22 S contain small amounts of crystahne quartz and are therefore fibrogenic.
When SIPERNAT 22 S earth is calcined (with or without fluxing agents) some sdica is converted to cristobalite and is therefore fibrogenic.
Tridymite has never been detected in calcined batomaceous earth.

Dust Inhalation
Prolonged and excessive inhalation of fine SIPERNAT 22 S dust may lead to respiratory irritation or lung issues, particularly if adequate ventilation is not provided during handling or if the material is used in processes generating airborne dust.

Skin Irritation
Direct contact with SIPERNAT 22 S may cause skin irritation, especially in individuals with sensitive skin.
Prolonged contact should be avoided, and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used when handling the material.

Eye Irritation
Accidental contact with SIPERNAT 22 S may cause eye irritation.
Safety goggles or protective eyewear should be worn when working with the material to prevent eye exposure.

Slip Hazards
Spilled SIPERNAT 22 S may create slippery surfaces, potentially leading to slip and fall accidents.
Promptly clean up any spills and ensure proper housekeeping practices are in place.
SIPERNAT 22 S is not combustible, but it is a fine powder that can disperse in the air and create a dust cloud, which could become flammable if exposed to an ignition source.

Synonyms
SIPERNAT 22 S
Silica
Dioxosilane
Quartz
7631-86-9
Cristobalite
Silicic anhydride
Tridymite
14808-60-7
Sand
112945-52-5
61790-53-2
KIESELGUHR
Aerosil
Silicon(IV) oxide
112926-00-8
Wessalon
Diatomaceous silica
Zorbax sil
Crystalline silica
Silica, amorphous
60676-86-0
Dicalite
Glass
Ludox
Nyacol
14464-46-1
Amorphous silica
QUARTZ (SIO2)
Cab-O-sil
Christensenite
Crystoballite
Sillikolloid
Extrusil
Santocel
Sipernat
Superfloss
Acticel
Carplex
Celite
Neosil
Neosyl
Porasil
Silikil
Siloxid
Zipax
Aerosil-degussa
Silicon oxide
Aerosil 380
Synthetic amorphous silica
White carbon
Quartz sand
Silica particles
Cab-o-sil M-5
Cristobalite (SiO2)
Vulkasil S
Snowtex O
Corasil II
Calcined diatomite
Silica, colloidal
Tokusil TPLM
Dri-Die
SILICA, VITREOUS
Cabosil st-1
Manosil vn 3
Ultrasil VH 3
Ultrasil VN 3
Aerosil bs-50
Carplex 30
Carplex 80
Snowtex 30
Zeofree 80
Aerosil K 7
Cabosil N 5
Syton 2X
Amorphous silica gel
Positive sol 232
91053-39-3
Siliziumdioxid
Aerogel 200
Aerosil 300
Amethyst
Aquafil
Cataloid
Chalcedony
Crysvarl
Diatomite
Flintshot
Ludox hs 40
Nalcoag
Novaculite
Silanox 101
Silica (SiO2)
Silikill
Vitasil 220
Vulkasil
Cherts
Snowit
Agate
Flint
Imsil
Metacristobalite
Positive sol 130M
Silica vitreous
Onyx
SIPERNAT 22 S (amorphous)
Aerosil A 300
Aerosil E 300
Aerosil M-300
alpha-Quartz
colloidal silica
Fossil flour
Fumed silica
Fused silica
Quartz dust
Quartz glass
Quartz silica
Rock crystal
Rose quartz
Silica dust
Silica slurry
Chromosorb P
SIPERNAT 22 S, fumed
Silicone dioxide
Tiger-eye
Caswell No. 734A
Nalfloc N 1050
Quso 51
Celite superfloss
Cristobalite dust
Silica, amorphous fused
Silver bond B
alpha-Cristobalite
alpha-Crystobalite
Cab-O-sperse
Colloidal SIPERNAT 22 S
Nalco 1050
Quso G 30
Gold bond R
Hydrophobic silica 2482
Kieselsaeureanhydrid
Sil-Co-Sil
Tridymite 118
Cab-O-grip II
Min-U-Sil
Siderite (SiO2)
Tridimite [French]
HI-Sil
15468-32-3
68855-54-9
Amorphous silica dust
Nyacol 830
Sibelite M 3000
Sibelite M 4000
Sibelite M 6000
SiO2
Quazo puro [Italian]
Sicron F 300
Sikron F 100
Spectrosil
Accusand
CCRIS 3699
Coesite
Fuselex
Nalcast
Nyacol 1430
Optocil
Quartzine
Quarzsand
Rancosil
Suprasil
Tridimite
Siltex
Silica aerogel
Tridymite dust
Vitreous quartz
Vitreous silica
W 12 (Filler)
beta-Quartz
Fused quartz
MIN-U-sil alpha quartz
Quartz-beta
(SiO2)n
Amorphous quartz
Dri-Die insecticide 67
Quazo puro
Vitrified silica
Silica, amorphous, fumed
Pyrogenic colloidal silica
UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4
Silica, fumed
Silica, fused
Suprasil W
Vitreosil IR
ETJ7Z6XBU4
Borsil P
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous
Silane, dioxo-
Crystallized SIPERNAT 22 S
Optocil (quartz)
Silica 2482, hydrophobic
SIPERNAT 22 S, chemically prepared
CP-SilicaPLOT
EINECS 231-545-4
Silicon oxide, di- (sand)
CAB-O-SIL N-70TS
HK 400
Sand, Sea
Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles
Quarzsand [German]
S-Col
Admafine SO 25H
Admafine SO 25R
Admafine SO 32H
Admafine SO-C 2
Admafine SO-C 3
Cristobalite asbestos
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605
Keatite (SiO2)
Kieselguhr, calcined
Sg-67
Tridymite (SiO2)
CI 7811
Fumed silica, crystalline-free
ED-C (silica)
Fuselex ZA 30
Stishovite (SiO2)
CCRIS 2475
DQ12
As 1 (silica)
Fumed synthetic amorphous silica
Silica, crystalline - tridymite
99439-28-8
Agate (SiO2)
FB 5 (silica)
Fuselex RD 120
CHEBI:30563
Corning 7940
Microcrystalline quartz
AI3-25549
Denka F 90
Denka FB 30
Denka FB 44
Denka FB 74
Denka FS 30
Dri-Die 67
Synthetic amorphous silica, fumed
Cryptocrystalline quartz
FB 20 (silica)
WGL 300
Elsil 100
F 44 (filler)
D & D
SF 35
Elsil BF 100
N1030
U 333
F 125 (silica)
F 160 (silica)
Fuselex RD 40-60
Silica, amorphous, fused
EINECS 238-455-4
EINECS 238-878-4
EINECS 239-487-1
Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh
43-63C
TGL 16319
Silica, crystalline quartz
SIPERNAT 22 S, colloidal
15723-40-7
SIPERNAT 22 S (vitreous)
ENT 25,550
Silica, amorphous, fumed, cryst.-free
Silica, crystalline, quartz
Silica, crystalline: quartz
[SiO2]
GP 7I
Precipitated amorphous silica
Silica, crystalline - fused
Silica, crystalline tridymite
Silica, crystalline - quartz
Silicagel
AF-SO 25R
Quartz [Silica, crystalline]
Silica flour (powdered crystalline silica)
Silica, crystalline: tridymite
GP 11I
INS NO.551
RD 8
Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free
13778-37-5
13778-38-6
17679-64-0
Silicondioxide
Silica gel desiccant, indicating
Tridymite [Silica, crystalline]
W 006
CRS 1102RD8
Sand, Ottawa
Silica, crystalline: cristobalite
INS-551
EF 10
FS 74
MR 84
Silica, crystalline - cristobalite
Cristobalite [Silica, crystalline]
Amorphous silica: Pyrogenic (fumed)
EINECS 262-373-8
silica gel desiccant
BF 100
EQ 912
MFCD00011232
MFCD00217788
QG 100
RD 120
Silica, amorphous,fumed, cryst.-free
Silica, mesostructured
O2Si
F 44
Y 40
O2-Si
SIMETHICONE COMPONENT SIPERNAT 22 S
E-551
EC 231-545-4
SIPERNAT 22 S COMPONENT OF SIMETHICONE
(SiO2)
SIPERNAT 22 S (II)
SIPERNAT 22 S [II]
92283-58-4
Silicates (<1% crystalline silica):Graphite, natural
Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres
SILICA, AMORPHOUS (IARC)
SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC]
Celatom
Silica glass
Dioxide, Silicon
14639-89-5
SGA
Celite 545
Silica gel spherical, 40-75 mum particle size
tripolite
Cristobalita
Kieselglas
Ronasphere
Speriglass
Chromaton
Diatomita
Seesand
Spherica
Tridimita
Cuarzo
Siilca
Zorbax
quartz-glass
silica sand
Silicom dioxide
silica-gel
Fused-silica
pyrogenic silica
Silica,fumed
Chromosorb G
silica-
Fine grain sand
QuarZ
Chromaton N
Greensil K
silica gel white
Calofrig FJ
Silicon di-oxide
Zelec Sil
Armsorb GKhI
Silica Dispersion
SiO2 Nanopowder
Chromosorb P-AW
Silica gel G
Silotrat-1
Kieselsaureanhydrid
Silica, tridymite
SiO2 Nanospheres
Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescent indicator 254 nm
Ludox SM
Celite White Mist
Chromosorb P-NAW
Fossil Flour MBK
Precipitated silica
Silica Microspheres
Chromatron N Super
Sorbosil AC33
Sorbosil AC77
Sorbosil BFG50
Sorbosil TC15
Sand, white quartz
Silica , amorphous
Silica, crystalline
Silica: Crystalline
Quartz (Tridymite)
Silica gel, ASTM
Silica, SiO2
silicon (iv) oxide
Coesite (SiO2)
Methyl3-oxohexanoate
Silica, diatomaceous
Siliceous sand, CP
Sorbosil AC 35
Sorbosil AC 37
Sorbosil AC 39
Chalcedony (SiO2)
Neosil CBT50
Neosil CBT60
Neosil CBT60S
Neosil CBT70
Neosil CT11
Neosil PC10
Neosil PC50S
AEROSIC
Aerosil 200
Aquafil N 81
ARSIL
BIOSILICA
Cuarzo (SiO2)
DALTOSIL
DUROSIL
KOMSIL
MICROSIL
MILOWHITE
MIZUKASIL
NOVAKUP
OSCAL
PHOTOX
PREGEL
REOLOSIL
ROMSIL
SIFLOX
SILEX
SILICAFILM
SILICALITE
SILIPUR
SILMOS
SIONOX
SNOWTEX
Sorbpso; BFG10
SYTON
TOSIL
UNISIL
VERTICURINE
ZEOPAN
Kieselgur, ungebrannt
Wacker HDK H30
Celite 503
Cristobalita (SiO2)
ENTERO TEKNOSAL
Silica amorphous fumed
SOLUM DIATOMEAE
Spheron PL-700
AEROSIL PST
CATALOID SA
CATALOID SN
NALCAST PLW
Quartz (Cristobalite)
SANTOCEL CS
SNOWTEX OXS
SORBSIL MSG
ADELITE A
ELKEM SAND
FINESIL B
FUJIGEL B
FUSELEX X
GAROSIL GB
GAROSIL N
HIMESIL A
NEOSIL XV
NEOSYL GP
NIPSIL AQ
NIPSIL ER
NIPSIL ES
NIPSIL LP
NIPSIL NA
NIPSIL NS
NIPSIL NST
SANTOCEL Z
SIPERNAT 22 S Powder
SILTON AK
SNOWTEX AK
SNOWTEX C
SNOWTEX N
SNOWTEX OL
TOKUSIL GU
TOKUSIL N
TOKUSIL NR
TOKUSIL P
TOKUSIL U
TOKUSIL UR
VULKASIL C
Wacker HDK N 20
Wacker HDK T 30
Wacker HDK V 15
WESSALON S
LUDOX LS
LUDOX TM
NEOSIL A
Sea sand, acid washed
Silica, fumed, powder
SIPERNAT 22 S (NF)
SILTON A
SYTON FM
CRYSTALITE 5V
CRYSTALITE 5X
GLASGRAIN SG-A
IMSIL H
Neosil CL2000
Sand 50-70 mesh
Silica, Anhydrous 31
SILICA, QUARTZ
Spheron L-1500
Spheron N-2000
Spheron P-1000
Spheron P-1500
TOSIL P
Cab-O-Sil EH-5
Cab-O-Sil M-5P
Cab-O-Sil MS55
Celite Hyflo Super Cel
NIPSIL VN3LP
Silica gel, large pore
TOKUSIL GU-N
TOKUSIL GV-N
Wacker HDK N 20P
Wacker HDK N 25P
KAOWOOL RIGIDIZER
CRYSTALITE FM 1
CRYSTALITE NA 1
HYPERSIL 3
HYPERSIL 5
MSP-X
ULTRASIL VN 3SP
C2H6Cl2Si.O2Si
Hollow Silica Nanosphere
MIZUKASIL NP 8
MIZUKASIL SK 7
Silicon Oxide Dispersion
Silicon Oxide Nanopowder
CARPLEX FPS 1
CARPLEX FPS 3
Chromosorb P 60/80
NIPSIL VN 3AQ
SI-O-LITE
SILICA [INCI]
Silica amorphous hydrated
SUPERNAT 22LS
SYLOID SILICA GEL
ULTRASIL VN 2
CARPLEX CS 5
CRYSTALITE CMC 1
S-CO
silica fibers (biogenic)
SILICATE [VANDF]
SIPERNAT 22 S (silica)
SUPERNAT 50S
TOKUSIL AL 1
Celite (R) 545
Crystalline Silica Quartz
Glass (fibrous or dust)
MIZUKASIL P 78A
MIZUKASIL P 78F
Silica gel, ACS reagent
Silica gel, crystal-free
UNII-EU2PSP0G0W
Wacker HDK V 15 P
Celite(R) 512 medium
HYPERSIL 10
Kieselguhr, -325 mesh
NIPSIL VN 3
SAND [INCI]
SANTOCEL 54
SANTOCEL 62
Silica, 99.8%
SILNEX NP 8
SIPERNAT 22
SYLOBLOC 41
SYLOBLOC 44
SYLOBLOC 46
SYLOBLOC 47
ADELITE AT 20A
ADELITE AT 20Q
ADELITE AT 30S
CATALOID HS 40
CATALOID S 20L
CATALOID S 30H
CATALOID S 30L
CATALOID SI 40
HARIMIC SWC 05
MIZUKASIL P 78
SBA-15 Molecular Sieve
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder
SNOWTEX NCS 30
ADELITE 30
ADELITE AT 30
AEROSIL BS 50
AEROSIL FK 60
AEROSIL OX 50
CARPLEX 67
DSSTox_CID_9677
HISILEX EF 10
LUDOX 40HS
NIPSIL SS 50A
S-CO (FILLER)
SIPERNAT 22 S Dispersion
SILTON A 2
SILTON LP 75C
SILTON R 2
SNOWTEX 20
SNOWTEX 40
SUPERNAT 250S
TULLANOX A 50
ZEOTHIX 95
ZORBAX PSM 60
Cab-O-Sil LM-130
silica gel, cryst. -free
AEROSIL 130V
AEROSIL 200V
AEROSIL D 17
CATALOID SI 350
Celite Standard Super Cell
Epitope ID:158537
FINESIL E 50
FINESIL X 37
MIZUKASIL P 526
MIZUKASIL P 527
MIZUKASIL P 801
MIZUKASIL P 802
NEOSYL 81
NIPSIL SS 10
NIPSIL SS 50
PROTEK-SORB 121
REOLOSIL 202
REOLOSIL QS 102
SIDENT 12
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres
SOLEX (M)
SYLODENT 704
SYTON 30X
SYTON W 3
TULLANOX TM 500
ZEOSIL 175MP
ZEOSIL 75
ADELITE AD 321
AEROSIL A 200V
AEROSIL OK 412
AEROSIL TT 600
CAB-O-SIL HS 5
CAB-O-SIL MS 7
CAB-O-SIL ST 1
NALCOAG 2SS374
SILICA, CRISTOBALITE
Wacker HDK P 100 H
ZORBAX PSM 150
ZORBAX PSM 300
ZORBAX PSM 500
AEROSIL 175
AEROSIL 308
AEROSIL 360
CARPLEX 100
Celite(R) 503, CP
Celite(R) 535, CP
Celite(R) 545, CP
DAVISON 951
DENKA FB 90
DENKA FS 44
FLORITE 700
FRANSIL 251
IMSIL 10
KESTREL 600
LUDOX AS 40
LUDOX HS 30
LUDOX RS 40
MIN-U-SIL 5
NIPSIL 300A
SILICA GEL [VANDF]
SYLOX 15
TARANOX 500
UNISIL Q 30
ZEODENT 113
ZEOTHIX 265
AEROSIL A 130
AEROSIL A 175
AEROSIL A 200
AEROSIL A 380
AEROSIL K 315
AEROSIL M 300
AEROSIL R 912
AEROSIL R 960
CAB-O-SIL H 5
CAB-O-SIL L 5
CAB-O-SIL M 5
CAB-O-SIL N 5
FLORITE S 700
FLORITE S 800
LUFILEN E 100
NALCOAG 1034A
Nano SIPERNAT 22 S Powder
NIPSIL B 220A
NIPSIL E 150J
NIPSIL E 150K
NIPSIL E 150V
NIPSIL E 200A
NIPSIL E 220A
SILCRON G 100
SILCRON G 640
Silica gel 40-60Angstoms
TIX-O-SIL 33J
TIX-O-SIL 38A
AROGEN 500
CAB-O-SIL LM 50
Chromosorb P 100/120
DSSTox_RID_78805
EMSAC 460S
EMSAC 465T
IMSIL A 10
IMSIL A 15
IMSIL A 25
NEOSYL 186
NEOSYL 224
NUCLEOSIL 100-5
QUSO WR 55
QUSO WR 82
Respirable crystalline silica
silica gel 60g (type60)
silica gel 60h (type60)
SSA 1
SSK 5
ST 30 (MINERAL)
SYTON W 15
SYTON W 30
SYTON X 30
UNII-2RF6EJ0M85
ZEOSYL 100
ZEOSYL 200
ZORBAX PSM 1000
CAB-O-SIL MS 75D
CAB-O-SIL N 70TS
CARPLEX 1120
CELATOM(R) FW-60
DSSTox_GSID_29677
FILLITE 52/7
IMSIL A 108H
MIN-U-SIL 15
MIN-U-SIL 30
NALCO 2SS374
NALCO CD 100
NALCOAG 1030
NALCOAG 1050
NALCOAG 1060
NALCOAG 1115
NALCOAG 1129
NALCOAG 1140
NIPSIL E 150
NIPSIL E 200
NIPSIL G 300
NIPSIL L 300
NYACOL 2034A
P 2 (SILICA)
Pesticide Code 072605.
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid washed
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid-washed
VITASIL 1500
VITASIL 1600
ZEOSIL 1000V
BS 30 (FILLER)
BS 50 (SILICA)
CAB-M 5
CAB-O-SIL L 90
Diatomaceous earth non-washed
EP 10TP
HKDN 20
NALFLOC N 1030
SILICA GEL [WHO-DD]
Silica, hydrate(8CI,9CI)
Silica, hydrophobic colloidal
Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2)
Tridimita (SiO2) (9CI)
LO-VEL 24
LO-VEL 27
Silica, fused respirable dust
SIPERNAT 22 S, Precipitated
EXSIL A 300
F 40 (SILICA)
FILLITE 200/7
IATROBEADS 6RS8060
IMSIL A 108
NALCO 1034A
NALCO 84SS258
Silica fibers, 1/4'' long
SIPERNAT 22 S [FCC]
SILICON OXIDE (SIO2)
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous
TIX-O-SIL 375
TS 100 (SILICA)
ZEOSYL 2000
CATALOID OSCAL 1432
Kieselguhr, calcined, purified
Silica gel, CP, blue, beads
Silica, crystalline, tridymite
SIPERNAT 22 S, amorphous gel
SILICA DIMETHYL SILYLATE
Silica Gel 60-100 MESH
Silica, fused, respirable dust
25wt% Silicon Oxide in Water
AW Standard Super-Cel(R) NF
B-6C
C2-H6-Cl2-Si.O2-Si
FK 320DS
HDK-N 20
HDK-S 15
HDK-V 15
HSDB 682
IMSIL 1240
MCM-41
NALCO 1115
NALCO 1129
NALCO 1140
OSCAL 1132
OSCAL 1232
OSCAL 1432
OSCAL 1433
OSCAL 1434
Silica gel, amorphous synthetic
Silica gel, CP, white, beads
SIPUR 1500
SYLOID 244 [VANDF]
ZEO 49
Hyflo(R) Super-Cel(R), CP
SIPERNAT 22 S (SIO2)
SIPERNAT 22 S [VANDF]
CHEMBL3188292
DTXSID1029677
DTXSID6050465
Filter agent, Celite(R) 545
IATROBEADS GRS 80100
Sand, white quartz, CP, beads
silica gel 60gf254(type60)
silica gel 60hf254(type60)
Silicagel 60A 40-63 micron
SILICONE DIOXIDE [VANDF]
AEROSIL S 504BT320
B-CEL 300
Quarz cryst., 0.6-1.3 mm
Silica gel, pptd., cryst.-free
SIPERNAT 22 S, colloidal (NF)
DCF 784
DEP 002
MAS 200
MSS-500
SILICA, AMORPHOUS HYDRATED
Silica, crystalline, cristobalite
SILICA, HYDRATED AMORPHOUS
SIPERNAT 22 S [WHO-DD]
SIPERNAT 22 S, SAJ first grade
TMC 200
XOB 075
Silicagel LC60A 40-63 micron
SYLOID SILICA GEL [VANDF]
VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BS 30
BS 50
GP 71
Silica Gel Dessicant (Grade 03)
Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size
SILICA GEL,PPTD.CRYST-FREE
Silica, fused, - Respirable dust
SS 10
ST 30
SX 10
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-14
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-50
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-60
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-80
Silica, amorphous - inhalable dust
Silica, fused [Silica, amorphous]
SIPERNAT 22 S, JIS special grade
Silicon Oxide Mesoporous Nanopowder
AMORPHOUS PRECIPITATED SILICA
AMY37125
Chromosorb(R) G, 80-100 mesh
Silica, hydrophobic colloidal [NF]
2-Mercaptoethyl ethyl sulfide silica
Celite(R) 545 AW, reagent grade
EINECS 271-893-4
NALCO 8455-258
Silica Hollow Nanospheres Dispersion
Silica, amorphous - respirable dust
Silicon(IV) oxide, electronic grade
Tox21_301288
BS 100
BS 120
HK 125
KS 300
KS 380
KS 404
LC3025
LC4005
LC4025
LS-866
MFCD00148266
MFCD00603035
MFCD02100519
MFCD06202255
MFCD07370733
PC 100
Sand, white quartz, CP, crystalline
Silica gel, indicating, 6-16 mesh
TK 900
Chromosorb(R) W/AW, 45-60 mesh
Light anhydrous silicic acid (JP17)
Quarz fine, cryst., 0.4-0.8 mm
Silica gel, 70-200 mesh (TLC)
Silica, fumed, powder, 0.008 mum
AKOS009085429
Colloidal silica, 30% susp. in H2O
Silica gel, spherical, 300 angstroms
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres Properties
CS-O-30773
DB11132
Iron Sulfide (FeS) Sputtering Targets
LS-2422
S 1-45D
Glass spheres, 9-13 mum particle size
s25266
Silica gel, CP, white, medium granules
Silica gel, technical grade, 3-9 mesh
Silica, mesostructured, HMS (wormhole)
NCGC00257531-01
Sand, white quartz, purum p.a., powder
Silica gel orange, granular, 0.2-1 mm
Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel.
Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust)
SIPERNAT 22 S amorphous fumed silica
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 0.5 micron
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 1.0 micron
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 1.5 micron
SILICONE DIOXIDE COATINGS FOR PET
E551
Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size, medium
Silica gel, technical grade, 6-16 mesh
Silicon oxide powder, 99% Nano, 20 nm
CAS-7631-86-9
Silica gel desiccant, -3+8 mesh granules
Silica gel, 12-24 mesh (liquid drying)
Silica gel, for column chromatography, 60
Silica gel, precipitated, crystalline free
Silica gel, precipitated, crystalline-free
Silica, amorphous, fumed, crystalline free
Silica, amorphous, fumed, crystalline-free
(Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust))
Celite(R) 281, filter aid, flux calcined
Celite(R) S, filter aid, dried, untreated
Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh
Dusts containing less than 10% free silica
HY-154739
LS-145280
LS-145284
LS-145287
Silica gel desiccant, -6+12 mesh granules
SIPERNAT 22 S, purum p.a., acid purified
White Silica Gel Beads, 3 mm (2-5 mm)
CS-0694521
F 307
FT-0624621
FT-0645127
FT-0689145
FT-0689270
FT-0696592
FT-0696603
FT-0697331
FT-0697389
FT-0700917
Quartz rod, fused, 2.0mm (0.079in) dia
S 600
S0822
Silica gel, with 1-4 mm moisture indicator
Silica, amorphous, fumed (crystalline free)
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder KH550 processing
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder KH570 processing
Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.0% (metals basis)
SYNTHETIC CRYSTALLINE-FREE SILICA GEL
Celite(R) 110, filter aid, flux calcinated
Celite(R) 512 medium, filter aid, calcined
Chromosorb(R) G/AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh
Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 120-140 mesh
K-411 Glass microspheres, NIST SRM 2066
SILICA GEL, PRECIPITATED, CRYSTAL-FREE
Silica gel, technical grade 40, 6-12 mesh
Silica, crystalline quartz, - Respirable dust
Silica, crystalline-quartz; (SIPERNAT 22 S)
C18 Silica Gel, Endcapped, 60A, 40-63um
D05839
D06521
D06522
D78143
Sand, white quartz, 50-70 mesh particle size
Silica, crystalline-quartz; (SIPERNAT 22 S)
Silica, mesostructured, MSU-F (cellular foam)
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous Gel, 15% In Water
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous Gel, 40% In Water
Celite(R) 209, filter aid, natural, untreated
Celite(R) Analytical Filter Aid II (CAFA II)
Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 165a, low iron
Silica gel spherical, 75-200 mum particle size
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 922, -200 mesh
Silica gel, large pore, P.Vol. ca. 1.65cc/g
Silica, Amorphous - Precipitated and gel, Total
Silica, crystalline tridymite, - Respirable dust
Silicon Oxide (Silica, SIPERNAT 22 S, quartz)
Silicon oxide powder, 99.5% Nano, 15-20 nm
D 11-10
Q116269
Sand for sand sieve analysis, NIST(R) RM 8010
Silica gel, GF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, HF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, Type III, Indicating, for desiccation
Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O
Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Silica, mesostructured, MCM-41 type (hexagonal)
SIPERNAT 22 S, purum p.a., acid purified, sand
Standard Super Cel(R) fine, filter aid, calcined
Celite(R) 500 fine, filter aid, dried, untreated
Collodial Silica in Aqueous Solution (nanoparticles)
Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1413, high alumina
J-002874
Sand, white quartz, >=99.995% trace metals basis
Silica gel, large pore, P.V. ca. 1cc/g, 8 mesh
Silica gel, technical grade, 1-3 mm particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, 3-6 mm particle size
Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), coarse
Silica, crystalline cristobalite, - Respirable dust
Celpure(R) P65, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 2 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 3 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 4 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 5 mum
Quartz lid for 30ml quartz crucible, fused, ID 48mm
Silica gel 60, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh)
Silica gel desiccant, indicating, <1% Cobalt chloride
Silica gel, -60-120 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica, Amorphous - Precipitated and gel, Respirable
SIPERNAT 22 S, AMORPHOUS AND HIGHLY DISPERSED
Silicon(IV) oxide, 15% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Silicon(IV) oxide, 30% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Silicon(IV) oxide, 50% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Synthetic-fused silica: Trade Names: Suprasil; TAFQ
Celpure(R) P100, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Celpure(R) P1000, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Celpure(R) P300, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 0.5 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 1.0 mum
Silica Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous)
Silica gel 60, 0.032-0.063mm (230-450 mesh)
Silica gel 60, 0.036-0.071mm (215-400 mesh)
Silica gel 60, 0.040-0.063mm (230-400 mesh)
Silica gel desiccant, indicating, -6+16 mesh granules
Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), -6-20 mesh
Silica, mesostructured, MSU-H (large pore 2D hexagonal)
Silica, mesostructured, SBA-15, 99% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S (Silica) Nanodispersion Type A (20nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S (Silica) Nanodispersion Type B (20nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S, -325 mesh, 99.5% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, washed and calcined, analytical reagent
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 85-115m2/g
SYNTHETIC AMORPHOUS SILICA,FUMED,CRYSTALLINE FREE
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (SBA-15 Type)
Chromosorb(R) W, AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh particle size
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 0.15 mum
Silica gel, high-purity grade (15111), pore size 60 ??
Silica Slurry (SiO2, Purity: 99%, Diameter: 15-20nm)
Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 200 m2/g
Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 400 m2/g
SIPERNAT 22 S; synthetic amorphous SIPERNAT 22 S (nano)
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 300-350m?/g
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 350-420m2/g
Amorphous silica: Vitreous silica, quartz glass, fused silica
LUDOX(R) AM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) CL colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) CL-X colloidal silica, 45 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) LS colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) SM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TMA colloidal silica, 34 wt. % suspension in H2O
Silica gel orange, with moisture indicator free of heavy metals
Silica gel, high-purity grade, FIA according to DIN 51791
Silica, mesoporous, 0.5 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 0.5 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid washed and calcined, Analytical Reagent
SIPERNAT 22 S, crystalline (fine), coating quality, >=99.9%
Chromosorb(R) P, NAW, 60-80 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, AW, 80-100 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, HP, 60-80 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
LUDOX(R) AS-30 colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) AS-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) HS-30 colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) HS-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TM-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TM-50 colloidal silica, 50 wt. % suspension in H2O
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 22, pore size 60 ??, 60-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 60??, 35-60 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 3 micron APS, 120 angstroms
Silica gel, technical grade (w/ fluorescent indicator), 60 F254
Silica gel, Type H, without binder, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, Type II, 3.5 mm bead size, Suitable for desiccation
Silica, fumed, powder, 0.2-0.3 mum avg. part. size (aggregate)
SIPERNAT 22 S Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous)
SIPERNAT 22 S, for cleaning of platinum crucibles, calcined, crude
SIPERNAT 22 S, fused (pieces), 4 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
Silicon oxide, catalyst support, high surface area, S.A.250m2/g
Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.5% (metals basis) , -325 Mesh Powder
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (1D-Hexagonal SBA-41 Type)
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (3D-Cubic MCM-48 Type)
Celatom(R), acid-washed, for use in Total Dietary Fiber Assay, TDF-100A
Chromosorb(R) G, HP, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) P, AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, AW, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, HP, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
NBS 28 (silicon and oxygen isotopes in silica sand), NIST(R) RM 8546
Pyrogenic or fumed silica: Trade Names: Aerosil; Cab-O-Sil; HDK; Reolosil
Quartz disc, fused, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 1.59mm (0.06in) thick
Quartz disc, fused, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.13in) thick
Quartz disc, fused, 76.2 (3.0 in) dia x 3.18mm (0.13in) thick
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 25.4x25.4x1.0mm (1.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 50.8x25.4x1.0mm (2.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 76.2x25.4x1.0mm (3.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Silica gel 60, 0.105-0.2mm (70-150 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel, high purity, 90??, 35-70 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7734), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7754), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, >=400 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, 35-70 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 90??, 15-25 mum, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 40 ??, 35-70 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, >=400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 200-425 mesh particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum
Silica Nanoparticles Dispersion (SiO2, Purity: 99.9%, Diameter: 50-80nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S, ~99%, 0.5 - 10 um (approx. 80% between 1-5 um)
SIPERNAT 22 S, ~99%, 0.5-10 mum (approx. 80% between 1-5 mum)
SIPERNAT 22 S, fused (granular), 4-20 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
Silicon Oxide Hollow NanospheresSIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres Properties
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Toluene)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Hollow Silica Nanospheres Dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80-100nm)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 20 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 25 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 30 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 20 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 25 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 30 wt.%)
Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescence indicator 254 nm
Silica gel 60, 0.019-0.037mm (400-600 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel 60, 0.062-0.105mm (150-230 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 710, pore size 50-76 ??, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (10180), pore size 40 ??, 70-230 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (9385), pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 12), pore size 22 ??, 28-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 62), pore size 150 ??, 60-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 635), pore size 60 ??, 60-100 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 643), pore size 150 ??, 200-425 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 646), 35-60 mesh, pore size 150 ??
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 923), pore size 30 ??, 100-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 100??, 200-400 mesh, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40??, 230-400 mesh, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 60??, gypsum ~13 %, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 90??, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, for thin layer chromatography, H, without calcium sulfate
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 130-270 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 200-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, 5-15 mum, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 10 micron APS, 60 angstroms
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 7.5 micron APS, 120 angstroms
Silica gel, wide pore, 150 angstroms, -100+200 Mesh, S.A. 350-400m2/g
Silica, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources)
Silica, mesoporous MCM-48, 15 mum particle size, pore size 3 nm, Cubic pore morphology
Silica, mesoporous SBA-16, Silica, nanopowder, spec. surface area 175-225 m2/g (BET), 99.8% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, nanopowder, 10-20 nm particle size (BET), 99.5% trace metals basis
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide, 40% in H20, colloidal dispersion, 0.02 Micron Particles
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 105-130m2/g, -325 Mesh
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 105-145m2/g, -325 mesh
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 205-245m2/g, -325 mesh
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Dimethylacetamide)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethyl acetate)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,35 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,45 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: N-Methylpyrrolidone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Cyclohexanone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Ethylene Glycol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Dimethylacetamide)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Ethyl acetate)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Natural-diatomaceous earths: Trade names: Celatom, Celite, Clarcel; Decalite; Fina/Optima; Skamol
Precipitated silica: Trade Names: FK, Hi-Sil, Ketjensil, Neosyl, Nipsil, Sident, Sipernat; Spherosil; Tixosil; Ultrasil
Respirable alpha-quartz, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1878b, quantitative X-ray powder diffraction standard
Silica , crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources)
Silica gel - technical grade, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 |m particle size, pore size 60+
Silica gel 60, with fluorescent indicator, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh), -70+230 Mesh Powder, S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel high-purity grade, pore size 60 ?, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 ?m particle size
Silica gel, 30 mum particle size (average), average pore diameter 60 ??, Suitable for normal-phase adsorption-partition chromatography
Silica gel, EMD Millipore, TLC grade (11695), 15 mum, pore size 60 ??, with silica/alumina binder
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7749), with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 633), pore size 60 ??, 200-425 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 636), pore size 60 ??, 35-60 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (puriss), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, HF254, without calcium sulfate, with fluorescent indicator, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 2-25 mum particle size, without binder, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 2-25 mum particle size, without binder, with fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 220-440 mesh particle size, 35-75 mum particle size, for flash chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, for flash chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 5-25 mum particle size, without binder, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, with ~13% calcium sulfate, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, with ~15% calcium sulfate and fluorescent indicator, GF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 2.2 micron APS, 80 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 470m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 120 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 70 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 500m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC/UHPLC grade, spherical, 1.6 micron APS, 110 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 20 micron APS, 150 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 270m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g
Silica gel, technical grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), 60??, 230-400 mesh particle size, Ca 0.1-0.3 %
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder & fluorescent indicator,12 Micron APS,S.A. 500-600m2/g,60A,pH 6.5-7.5
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder, 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6-7
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, without binder, with fluorescent indic., 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6.5-7.5
Silica gel, TLC high-purity grade, 5-25 mum, pore size 60 ??, with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g
Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, SIPERNAT 22 S, nanopowder (spherical, porous), 5-15 nm particle size (TEM), 99.5% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, single crystal substrate, optical grade, 99.99% trace metals basis, <0001>, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,42 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 45 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)SIPERNAT 22 S is composed of synthetic amorphous silica, which is a form of SIPERNAT 22 S (SiO2).
SIPERNAT 22 S is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.

CAS Number: 7631-86-9
Molecular Formula: O2Si
Molecular weight: 60.08
EINECS: 231-545-4

SIPERNAT 22 S occurs almost everywhere on earth.
SIPERNAT 22 S commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.

SIPERNAT 22 S exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.

SIPERNAT 22 S is produced through a precipitation process that results in fine, white powder particles with a high surface area.
SIPERNAT 22 S represents a specific product range of precipitated silica, aluminum, and calcium silicates.
SIPERNAT 22 S is silica with a high absorption capacity used as a flow and anticaking agent in many applications as well as a special-purpose ingredient for mechanical graphics papers.

In plant protection, SIPERNAT 22 S is recommended as a carrier in solid formulations such as wettable powders (WP) and water-dispersible granules (WG) if grinding is to be avoided.
Sipernat 22 S is a silica with a high absorption capacity.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a flow and anticaking agent.

SIPERNAT 22 S ensures porosity in polyethylene separators for acid/lead batteries.
SIPERNAT 22 S exhibits very low electrical resistance.
The specific particle size and structure of SIPERNAT 22 S may vary based on the manufacturing process and intended application.

SIPERNAT 22 S has a high surface area and a porous structure, which contributes to its performance-enhancing properties in various applications.
SIPERNAT 22 S food grade is a precipitated silica that generates good flowability into a mixed product.

When powdered ingredients are added to either wet or dry mixes, the possibility exists that too little or too much of the powder will end up within any given sample.
By adding SIPERNAT 22 S to nutritional supplements, your product will combine properly with the same ingredients in every bite, sip, or tablet.

Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
refractive index: 1.46
Flash point: 2230°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid. It dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific: Gravity 2.2
color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8493

SIPERNAT 22 S is manufactured to high purity standards to ensure consistent quality and performance in various applications.
The production process involves strict quality control measures to meet specific particle size distribution and other technical specifications.
In some cases, SIPERNAT 22 S may undergo surface treatment or be available in different grades to suit specific applications.

Surface treatments can modify the surface chemistry of the SIPERNAT 22 S particles, enhancing their compatibility with certain matrices or polymers.
SIPERNAT 22 S is compatible with a wide range of materials, including elastomers, plastics, resins, adhesives, and various liquid systems.
SIPERNAT 22 Ss versatility allows it to be incorporated into different formulations without causing significant adverse effects.

As a synthetic amorphous silica, SIPERNAT 22 S is considered relatively environmentally friendly.
It does not contain hazardous substances such as heavy metals, making it a safer alternative compared to some other fillers or additives.
Manufacturers of SIPERNAT 22 S adhere to relevant regulations and guidelines governing the use of silica in different industries, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for food-contact applications.

Companies that produce SIPERNAT 22 S often offer technical support to their customers, including guidance on product selection, application-specific recommendations, and problem-solving assistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S is typically available in various packaging options, including bags, drums, or bulk quantities, depending on the needs of the customer.

In addition to its industrial uses, SIPERNAT 22 S may also be found in some personal care products, such as cosmetics and skincare items.
It is often used to provide texture, absorb excess oils, and improve the performance of various formulations.
SIPERNAT 22 S is a finely milled, hydrophilic silica.

SIPERNAT 22 S is primarily used as a free-flow agent in other applications.
SIPERNAT 22 S can also be used in-situ hydrophobized in defoamers.
The use of an alkaline catalyst is recommended.

SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds, improving tear resistance, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S can be used as a filler in plastics to enhance their mechanical properties and reduce production costs.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be added to adhesives and sealants to improve their thixotropic behavior and control viscosity.
SIPERNAT 22 S can be used in paints and coatings to provide anti-blocking properties and improve flow characteristics.
In these industries, SIPERNAT 22 S may be used as an anti-caking agent in powdered products to prevent clumping.

SIPERNAT 22 S is often used as a thickening agent or rheology modifier in different liquid systems, such as coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
SIPERNAT 22 S can help control viscosity and prevent sagging or settling of suspended particles.

In rubber compounds, SIPERNAT 22 S acts as a reinforcing filler, improving the mechanical properties of the rubber, including tensile strength, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance.
In food and pharmaceutical applications, it serves as an anti-caking agent, preventing powdered products from forming clumps and maintaining free-flowing characteristics.

In coatings and paints, SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a matting agent, providing a matte or low-gloss finish.
Its high surface area and porous structure make SIPERNAT 22 S useful for applications where absorption or adsorption properties are needed, such as in certain catalysts or desiccants.

Uses
SIPERNAT 22 S is also known as silicone dioxide.
SIPERNAT 22 S has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
It can also function as an abrasive.

SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
SIPERNAT 22 S is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.

SIPERNAT 22 S is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.
It has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds.

SIPERNAT 22 S enhances the mechanical properties of rubber products, such as tires, conveyor belts, gaskets, and seals, by improving tensile strength, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S is employed as a filler in plastics to improve their mechanical strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability.
SIPERNAT 22 S can reduce production costs and provide additional benefits in plastic products such as automotive components, packaging materials, and consumer goods.

SIPERNAT 22 S acts as a matting agent in coatings and paints, providing a matte or low-gloss finish.
It is also used to control rheology, improve flow properties, and prevent sagging or settling of pigments in liquid coatings.
In adhesives and sealants, SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a rheology modifier to control viscosity and improve thixotropic behavior.

SIPERNAT 22 S functions as an anti-caking agent in powdered food products and pharmaceutical formulations.
It prevents clumping and improves the flowability of powders, ensuring a better user experience and product stability.
In cosmetics and personal care products, SIPERNAT 22 S is utilized as a texturizing agent and oil absorber.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be found in products such as powders, creams, lotions, and makeup formulations.
Due to its high surface area and porosity, SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a carrier material in catalyst formulations and as a desiccant to absorb moisture.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used in agriculture as an inert carrier for the delivery of active ingredients, such as in pesticide formulations.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be employed as a flow aid and anti-caking agent in foundry applications, ensuring smooth and consistent pouring of molds.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a flow and anticaking agent in many applications as well as a special-purpose ingredient for mechanical graphics papers.
In plant protection, this product is recommended as a carrier in solid formulations such as wettable powders (WP) and water-dispersible granules (WG) if grinding is to be avoided

SIPERNAT 22 S is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.
They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.

SIPERNAT 22 S, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.
Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic SIPERNAT 22 Ss are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.

SIPERNAT 22 S is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a performance additive in inks and toners for various printing applications.
It helps improve the flow properties of the ink, leading to better print quality and reduced clogging in printing equipment.

In powder coatings, SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a flow aid, improving the powder's handling and application characteristics.
SIPERNAT 22 S is sometimes used in the production of battery separator films.
These films are critical components in lithium-ion batteries, and the addition of silica can enhance their mechanical properties and thermal stability.

In some cleaning agents, SIPERNAT 22 S is utilized as a thickening agent to improve their texture and flow properties.
In the foundry industry, SIPERNAT 22 S can be added to resin-bonded molds and cores to enhance their strength and improve dimensional accuracy during casting processes.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used in plastic film applications as an anti-blocking agent.

SIPERNAT 22 S helps prevent the adhesion of film surfaces, reducing blocking during storage and handling.
SIPERNAT 22 S is incorporated into masterbatches, which are concentrated mixtures of pigments, additives, and resins used for coloration or enhancing properties in rubber and plastic processing.

In powdered food and beverage applications, SIPERNAT 22 S acts as an anti-caking and flow aid agent, ensuring proper dispersion and handling of the powdered products.
SIPERNAT 22 S can serve as a precursor in the production of silica gel, a widely used desiccant in various applications, including moisture control in packaging, electronics, and storage of sensitive items.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be used as a functional filler in abrasive products, improving their performance and durability.
SIPERNAT 22 S is sometimes used in the production of construction materials, such as sealants and caulks, to enhance their properties and performance.

Safety Profile
The pure unaltered form is considered a nuisance dust.
Some SIPERNAT 22 S contain small amounts of crystahne quartz and are therefore fibrogenic.
When SIPERNAT 22 S earth is calcined (with or without fluxing agents) some sdica is converted to cristobalite and is therefore fibrogenic.
Tridymite has never been detected in calcined batomaceous earth.

Dust Inhalation
Prolonged and excessive inhalation of fine SIPERNAT 22 S dust may lead to respiratory irritation or lung issues, particularly if adequate ventilation is not provided during handling or if the material is used in processes generating airborne dust.

Skin Irritation
Direct contact with SIPERNAT 22 S may cause skin irritation, especially in individuals with sensitive skin.
Prolonged contact should be avoided, and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used when handling the material.

Eye Irritation
Accidental contact with SIPERNAT 22 S may cause eye irritation.
Safety goggles or protective eyewear should be worn when working with the material to prevent eye exposure.

Slip Hazards
Spilled SIPERNAT 22 S may create slippery surfaces, potentially leading to slip and fall accidents.
Promptly clean up any spills and ensure proper housekeeping practices are in place.
SIPERNAT 22 S is not combustible, but it is a fine powder that can disperse in the air and create a dust cloud, which could become flammable if exposed to an ignition source.

Synonyms
SIPERNAT 22 S
Silica
Dioxosilane
Quartz
7631-86-9
Cristobalite
Silicic anhydride
Tridymite
14808-60-7
Sand
112945-52-5
61790-53-2
KIESELGUHR
Aerosil
Silicon(IV) oxide
112926-00-8
Wessalon
Diatomaceous silica
Zorbax sil
Crystalline silica
Silica, amorphous
60676-86-0
Dicalite
Glass
Ludox
Nyacol
14464-46-1
Amorphous silica
QUARTZ (SIO2)
Cab-O-sil
Christensenite
Crystoballite
Sillikolloid
Extrusil
Santocel
Sipernat
Superfloss
Acticel
Carplex
Celite
Neosil
Neosyl
Porasil
Silikil
Siloxid
Zipax
Aerosil-degussa
Silicon oxide
Aerosil 380
Synthetic amorphous silica
White carbon
Quartz sand
Silica particles
Cab-o-sil M-5
Cristobalite (SiO2)
Vulkasil S
Snowtex O
Corasil II
Calcined diatomite
Silica, colloidal
Tokusil TPLM
Dri-Die
SILICA, VITREOUS
Cabosil st-1
Manosil vn 3
Ultrasil VH 3
Ultrasil VN 3
Aerosil bs-50
Carplex 30
Carplex 80
Snowtex 30
Zeofree 80
Aerosil K 7
Cabosil N 5
Syton 2X
Amorphous silica gel
Positive sol 232
91053-39-3
Siliziumdioxid
Aerogel 200
Aerosil 300
Amethyst
Aquafil
Cataloid
Chalcedony
Crysvarl
Diatomite
Flintshot
Ludox hs 40
Nalcoag
Novaculite
Silanox 101
Silica (SiO2)
Silikill
Vitasil 220
Vulkasil
Cherts
Snowit
Agate
Flint
Imsil
Metacristobalite
Positive sol 130M
Silica vitreous
Onyx
SIPERNAT 22 S (amorphous)
Aerosil A 300
Aerosil E 300
Aerosil M-300
alpha-Quartz
colloidal silica
Fossil flour
Fumed silica
Fused silica
Quartz dust
Quartz glass
Quartz silica
Rock crystal
Rose quartz
Silica dust
Silica slurry
Chromosorb P
SIPERNAT 22 S, fumed
Silicone dioxide
Tiger-eye
Caswell No. 734A
Nalfloc N 1050
Quso 51
Celite superfloss
Cristobalite dust
Silica, amorphous fused
Silver bond B
alpha-Cristobalite
alpha-Crystobalite
Cab-O-sperse
Colloidal SIPERNAT 22 S
Nalco 1050
Quso G 30
Gold bond R
Hydrophobic silica 2482
Kieselsaeureanhydrid
Sil-Co-Sil
Tridymite 118
Cab-O-grip II
Min-U-Sil
Siderite (SiO2)
Tridimite [French]
HI-Sil
15468-32-3
68855-54-9
Amorphous silica dust
Nyacol 830
Sibelite M 3000
Sibelite M 4000
Sibelite M 6000
SiO2
Quazo puro [Italian]
Sicron F 300
Sikron F 100
Spectrosil
Accusand
CCRIS 3699
Coesite
Fuselex
Nalcast
Nyacol 1430
Optocil
Quartzine
Quarzsand
Rancosil
Suprasil
Tridimite
Siltex
Silica aerogel
Tridymite dust
Vitreous quartz
Vitreous silica
W 12 (Filler)
beta-Quartz
Fused quartz
MIN-U-sil alpha quartz
Quartz-beta
(SiO2)n
Amorphous quartz
Dri-Die insecticide 67
Quazo puro
Vitrified silica
Silica, amorphous, fumed
Pyrogenic colloidal silica
UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4
Silica, fumed
Silica, fused
Suprasil W
Vitreosil IR
ETJ7Z6XBU4
Borsil P
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous
Silane, dioxo-
Crystallized SIPERNAT 22 S
Optocil (quartz)
Silica 2482, hydrophobic
SIPERNAT 22 S, chemically prepared
CP-SilicaPLOT
EINECS 231-545-4
Silicon oxide, di- (sand)
CAB-O-SIL N-70TS
HK 400
Sand, Sea
Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles
Quarzsand [German]
S-Col
Admafine SO 25H
Admafine SO 25R
Admafine SO 32H
Admafine SO-C 2
Admafine SO-C 3
Cristobalite asbestos
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605
Keatite (SiO2)
Kieselguhr, calcined
Sg-67
Tridymite (SiO2)
CI 7811
Fumed silica, crystalline-free
ED-C (silica)
Fuselex ZA 30
Stishovite (SiO2)
CCRIS 2475
DQ12
As 1 (silica)
Fumed synthetic amorphous silica
Silica, crystalline - tridymite
99439-28-8
Agate (SiO2)
FB 5 (silica)
Fuselex RD 120
CHEBI:30563
Corning 7940
Microcrystalline quartz
AI3-25549
Denka F 90
Denka FB 30
Denka FB 44
Denka FB 74
Denka FS 30
Dri-Die 67
Synthetic amorphous silica, fumed
Cryptocrystalline quartz
FB 20 (silica)
WGL 300
Elsil 100
F 44 (filler)
D & D
SF 35
Elsil BF 100
N1030
U 333
F 125 (silica)
F 160 (silica)
Fuselex RD 40-60
Silica, amorphous, fused
EINECS 238-455-4
EINECS 238-878-4
EINECS 239-487-1
Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh
43-63C
TGL 16319
Silica, crystalline quartz
SIPERNAT 22 S, colloidal
15723-40-7
SIPERNAT 22 S (vitreous)
ENT 25,550
Silica, amorphous, fumed, cryst.-free
Silica, crystalline, quartz
Silica, crystalline: quartz
[SiO2]
GP 7I
Precipitated amorphous silica
Silica, crystalline - fused
Silica, crystalline tridymite
Silica, crystalline - quartz
Silicagel
AF-SO 25R
Quartz [Silica, crystalline]
Silica flour (powdered crystalline silica)
Silica, crystalline: tridymite
GP 11I
INS NO.551
RD 8
Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free
13778-37-5
13778-38-6
17679-64-0
Silicondioxide
Silica gel desiccant, indicating
Tridymite [Silica, crystalline]
W 006
CRS 1102RD8
Sand, Ottawa
Silica, crystalline: cristobalite
INS-551
EF 10
FS 74
MR 84
Silica, crystalline - cristobalite
Cristobalite [Silica, crystalline]
Amorphous silica: Pyrogenic (fumed)
EINECS 262-373-8
silica gel desiccant
BF 100
EQ 912
MFCD00011232
MFCD00217788
QG 100
RD 120
Silica, amorphous,fumed, cryst.-free
Silica, mesostructured
O2Si
F 44
Y 40
O2-Si
SIMETHICONE COMPONENT SIPERNAT 22 S
E-551
EC 231-545-4
SIPERNAT 22 S COMPONENT OF SIMETHICONE
(SiO2)
SIPERNAT 22 S (II)
SIPERNAT 22 S [II]
92283-58-4
Silicates (<1% crystalline silica):Graphite, natural
Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres
SILICA, AMORPHOUS (IARC)
SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC]
Celatom
Silica glass
Dioxide, Silicon
14639-89-5
SGA
Celite 545
Silica gel spherical, 40-75 mum particle size
tripolite
Cristobalita
Kieselglas
Ronasphere
Speriglass
Chromaton
Diatomita
Seesand
Spherica
Tridimita
Cuarzo
Siilca
Zorbax
quartz-glass
silica sand
Silicom dioxide
silica-gel
Fused-silica
pyrogenic silica
Silica,fumed
Chromosorb G
silica-
Fine grain sand
QuarZ
Chromaton N
Greensil K
silica gel white
Calofrig FJ
Silicon di-oxide
Zelec Sil
Armsorb GKhI
Silica Dispersion
SiO2 Nanopowder
Chromosorb P-AW
Silica gel G
Silotrat-1
Kieselsaureanhydrid
Silica, tridymite
SiO2 Nanospheres
Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescent indicator 254 nm
Ludox SM
Celite White Mist
Chromosorb P-NAW
Fossil Flour MBK
Precipitated silica
Silica Microspheres
Chromatron N Super
Sorbosil AC33
Sorbosil AC77
Sorbosil BFG50
Sorbosil TC15
Sand, white quartz
Silica , amorphous
Silica, crystalline
Silica: Crystalline
Quartz (Tridymite)
Silica gel, ASTM
Silica, SiO2
silicon (iv) oxide
Coesite (SiO2)
Methyl3-oxohexanoate
Silica, diatomaceous
Siliceous sand, CP
Sorbosil AC 35
Sorbosil AC 37
Sorbosil AC 39
Chalcedony (SiO2)
Neosil CBT50
Neosil CBT60
Neosil CBT60S
Neosil CBT70
Neosil CT11
Neosil PC10
Neosil PC50S
AEROSIC
Aerosil 200
Aquafil N 81
ARSIL
BIOSILICA
Cuarzo (SiO2)
DALTOSIL
DUROSIL
KOMSIL
MICROSIL
MILOWHITE
MIZUKASIL
NOVAKUP
OSCAL
PHOTOX
PREGEL
REOLOSIL
ROMSIL
SIFLOX
SILEX
SILICAFILM
SILICALITE
SILIPUR
SILMOS
SIONOX
SNOWTEX
Sorbpso; BFG10
SYTON
TOSIL
UNISIL
VERTICURINE
ZEOPAN
Kieselgur, ungebrannt
Wacker HDK H30
Celite 503
Cristobalita (SiO2)
ENTERO TEKNOSAL
Silica amorphous fumed
SOLUM DIATOMEAE
Spheron PL-700
AEROSIL PST
CATALOID SA
CATALOID SN
NALCAST PLW
Quartz (Cristobalite)
SANTOCEL CS
SNOWTEX OXS
SORBSIL MSG
ADELITE A
ELKEM SAND
FINESIL B
FUJIGEL B
FUSELEX X
GAROSIL GB
GAROSIL N
HIMESIL A
NEOSIL XV
NEOSYL GP
NIPSIL AQ
NIPSIL ER
NIPSIL ES
NIPSIL LP
NIPSIL NA
NIPSIL NS
NIPSIL NST
SANTOCEL Z
SIPERNAT 22 S Powder
SILTON AK
SNOWTEX AK
SNOWTEX C
SNOWTEX N
SNOWTEX OL
TOKUSIL GU
TOKUSIL N
TOKUSIL NR
TOKUSIL P
TOKUSIL U
TOKUSIL UR
VULKASIL C
Wacker HDK N 20
Wacker HDK T 30
Wacker HDK V 15
WESSALON S
LUDOX LS
LUDOX TM
NEOSIL A
Sea sand, acid washed
Silica, fumed, powder
SIPERNAT 22 S (NF)
SILTON A
SYTON FM
CRYSTALITE 5V
CRYSTALITE 5X
GLASGRAIN SG-A
IMSIL H
Neosil CL2000
Sand 50-70 mesh
Silica, Anhydrous 31
SILICA, QUARTZ
Spheron L-1500
Spheron N-2000
Spheron P-1000
Spheron P-1500
TOSIL P
Cab-O-Sil EH-5
Cab-O-Sil M-5P
Cab-O-Sil MS55
Celite Hyflo Super Cel
NIPSIL VN3LP
Silica gel, large pore
TOKUSIL GU-N
TOKUSIL GV-N
Wacker HDK N 20P
Wacker HDK N 25P
KAOWOOL RIGIDIZER
CRYSTALITE FM 1
CRYSTALITE NA 1
HYPERSIL 3
HYPERSIL 5
MSP-X
ULTRASIL VN 3SP
C2H6Cl2Si.O2Si
Hollow Silica Nanosphere
MIZUKASIL NP 8
MIZUKASIL SK 7
Silicon Oxide Dispersion
Silicon Oxide Nanopowder
CARPLEX FPS 1
CARPLEX FPS 3
Chromosorb P 60/80
NIPSIL VN 3AQ
SI-O-LITE
SILICA [INCI]
Silica amorphous hydrated
SUPERNAT 22LS
SYLOID SILICA GEL
ULTRASIL VN 2
CARPLEX CS 5
CRYSTALITE CMC 1
S-CO
silica fibers (biogenic)
SILICATE [VANDF]
SIPERNAT 22 S (silica)
SUPERNAT 50S
TOKUSIL AL 1
Celite (R) 545
Crystalline Silica Quartz
Glass (fibrous or dust)
MIZUKASIL P 78A
MIZUKASIL P 78F
Silica gel, ACS reagent
Silica gel, crystal-free
UNII-EU2PSP0G0W
Wacker HDK V 15 P
Celite(R) 512 medium
HYPERSIL 10
Kieselguhr, -325 mesh
NIPSIL VN 3
SAND [INCI]
SANTOCEL 54
SANTOCEL 62
Silica, 99.8%
SILNEX NP 8
SIPERNAT 22
SYLOBLOC 41
SYLOBLOC 44
SYLOBLOC 46
SYLOBLOC 47
ADELITE AT 20A
ADELITE AT 20Q
ADELITE AT 30S
CATALOID HS 40
CATALOID S 20L
CATALOID S 30H
CATALOID S 30L
CATALOID SI 40
HARIMIC SWC 05
MIZUKASIL P 78
SBA-15 Molecular Sieve
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder
SNOWTEX NCS 30
ADELITE 30
ADELITE AT 30
AEROSIL BS 50
AEROSIL FK 60
AEROSIL OX 50
CARPLEX 67
DSSTox_CID_9677
HISILEX EF 10
LUDOX 40HS
NIPSIL SS 50A
S-CO (FILLER)
SIPERNAT 22 S Dispersion
SILTON A 2
SILTON LP 75C
SILTON R 2
SNOWTEX 20
SNOWTEX 40
SUPERNAT 250S
TULLANOX A 50
ZEOTHIX 95
ZORBAX PSM 60
Cab-O-Sil LM-130
silica gel, cryst. -free
AEROSIL 130V
AEROSIL 200V
AEROSIL D 17
CATALOID SI 350
Celite Standard Super Cell
Epitope ID:158537
FINESIL E 50
FINESIL X 37
MIZUKASIL P 526
MIZUKASIL P 527
MIZUKASIL P 801
MIZUKASIL P 802
NEOSYL 81
NIPSIL SS 10
NIPSIL SS 50
PROTEK-SORB 121
REOLOSIL 202
REOLOSIL QS 102
SIDENT 12
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres
SOLEX (M)
SYLODENT 704
SYTON 30X
SYTON W 3
TULLANOX TM 500
ZEOSIL 175MP
ZEOSIL 75
ADELITE AD 321
AEROSIL A 200V
AEROSIL OK 412
AEROSIL TT 600
CAB-O-SIL HS 5
CAB-O-SIL MS 7
CAB-O-SIL ST 1
NALCOAG 2SS374
SILICA, CRISTOBALITE
Wacker HDK P 100 H
ZORBAX PSM 150
ZORBAX PSM 300
ZORBAX PSM 500
AEROSIL 175
AEROSIL 308
AEROSIL 360
CARPLEX 100
Celite(R) 503, CP
Celite(R) 535, CP
Celite(R) 545, CP
DAVISON 951
DENKA FB 90
DENKA FS 44
FLORITE 700
FRANSIL 251
IMSIL 10
KESTREL 600
LUDOX AS 40
LUDOX HS 30
LUDOX RS 40
MIN-U-SIL 5
NIPSIL 300A
SILICA GEL [VANDF]
SYLOX 15
TARANOX 500
UNISIL Q 30
ZEODENT 113
ZEOTHIX 265
AEROSIL A 130
AEROSIL A 175
AEROSIL A 200
AEROSIL A 380
AEROSIL K 315
AEROSIL M 300
AEROSIL R 912
AEROSIL R 960
CAB-O-SIL H 5
CAB-O-SIL L 5
CAB-O-SIL M 5
CAB-O-SIL N 5
FLORITE S 700
FLORITE S 800
LUFILEN E 100
NALCOAG 1034A
Nano SIPERNAT 22 S Powder
NIPSIL B 220A
NIPSIL E 150J
NIPSIL E 150K
NIPSIL E 150V
NIPSIL E 200A
NIPSIL E 220A
SILCRON G 100
SILCRON G 640
Silica gel 40-60Angstoms
TIX-O-SIL 33J
TIX-O-SIL 38A
AROGEN 500
CAB-O-SIL LM 50
Chromosorb P 100/120
DSSTox_RID_78805
EMSAC 460S
EMSAC 465T
IMSIL A 10
IMSIL A 15
IMSIL A 25
NEOSYL 186
NEOSYL 224
NUCLEOSIL 100-5
QUSO WR 55
QUSO WR 82
Respirable crystalline silica
silica gel 60g (type60)
silica gel 60h (type60)
SSA 1
SSK 5
ST 30 (MINERAL)
SYTON W 15
SYTON W 30
SYTON X 30
UNII-2RF6EJ0M85
ZEOSYL 100
ZEOSYL 200
ZORBAX PSM 1000
CAB-O-SIL MS 75D
CAB-O-SIL N 70TS
CARPLEX 1120
CELATOM(R) FW-60
DSSTox_GSID_29677
FILLITE 52/7
IMSIL A 108H
MIN-U-SIL 15
MIN-U-SIL 30
NALCO 2SS374
NALCO CD 100
NALCOAG 1030
NALCOAG 1050
NALCOAG 1060
NALCOAG 1115
NALCOAG 1129
NALCOAG 1140
NIPSIL E 150
NIPSIL E 200
NIPSIL G 300
NIPSIL L 300
NYACOL 2034A
P 2 (SILICA)
Pesticide Code 072605.
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid washed
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid-washed
VITASIL 1500
VITASIL 1600
ZEOSIL 1000V
BS 30 (FILLER)
BS 50 (SILICA)
CAB-M 5
CAB-O-SIL L 90
Diatomaceous earth non-washed
EP 10TP
HKDN 20
NALFLOC N 1030
SILICA GEL [WHO-DD]
Silica, hydrate(8CI,9CI)
Silica, hydrophobic colloidal
Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2)
Tridimita (SiO2) (9CI)
LO-VEL 24
LO-VEL 27
Silica, fused respirable dust
SIPERNAT 22 S, Precipitated
EXSIL A 300
F 40 (SILICA)
FILLITE 200/7
IATROBEADS 6RS8060
IMSIL A 108
NALCO 1034A
NALCO 84SS258
Silica fibers, 1/4'' long
SIPERNAT 22 S [FCC]
SILICON OXIDE (SIO2)
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous
TIX-O-SIL 375
TS 100 (SILICA)
ZEOSYL 2000
CATALOID OSCAL 1432
Kieselguhr, calcined, purified
Silica gel, CP, blue, beads
Silica, crystalline, tridymite
SIPERNAT 22 S, amorphous gel
SILICA DIMETHYL SILYLATE
Silica Gel 60-100 MESH
Silica, fused, respirable dust
25wt% Silicon Oxide in Water
AW Standard Super-Cel(R) NF
B-6C
C2-H6-Cl2-Si.O2-Si
FK 320DS
HDK-N 20
HDK-S 15
HDK-V 15
HSDB 682
IMSIL 1240
MCM-41
NALCO 1115
NALCO 1129
NALCO 1140
OSCAL 1132
OSCAL 1232
OSCAL 1432
OSCAL 1433
OSCAL 1434
Silica gel, amorphous synthetic
Silica gel, CP, white, beads
SIPUR 1500
SYLOID 244 [VANDF]
ZEO 49
Hyflo(R) Super-Cel(R), CP
SIPERNAT 22 S (SIO2)
SIPERNAT 22 S [VANDF]
CHEMBL3188292
DTXSID1029677
DTXSID6050465
Filter agent, Celite(R) 545
IATROBEADS GRS 80100
Sand, white quartz, CP, beads
silica gel 60gf254(type60)
silica gel 60hf254(type60)
Silicagel 60A 40-63 micron
SILICONE DIOXIDE [VANDF]
AEROSIL S 504BT320
B-CEL 300
Quarz cryst., 0.6-1.3 mm
Silica gel, pptd., cryst.-free
SIPERNAT 22 S, colloidal (NF)
DCF 784
DEP 002
MAS 200
MSS-500
SILICA, AMORPHOUS HYDRATED
Silica, crystalline, cristobalite
SILICA, HYDRATED AMORPHOUS
SIPERNAT 22 S [WHO-DD]
SIPERNAT 22 S, SAJ first grade
TMC 200
XOB 075
Silicagel LC60A 40-63 micron
SYLOID SILICA GEL [VANDF]
VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BS 30
BS 50
GP 71
Silica Gel Dessicant (Grade 03)
Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size
SILICA GEL,PPTD.CRYST-FREE
Silica, fused, - Respirable dust
SS 10
ST 30
SX 10
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-14
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-50
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-60
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-80
Silica, amorphous - inhalable dust
Silica, fused [Silica, amorphous]
SIPERNAT 22 S, JIS special grade
Silicon Oxide Mesoporous Nanopowder
AMORPHOUS PRECIPITATED SILICA
AMY37125
Chromosorb(R) G, 80-100 mesh
Silica, hydrophobic colloidal [NF]
2-Mercaptoethyl ethyl sulfide silica
Celite(R) 545 AW, reagent grade
EINECS 271-893-4
NALCO 8455-258
Silica Hollow Nanospheres Dispersion
Silica, amorphous - respirable dust
Silicon(IV) oxide, electronic grade
Tox21_301288
BS 100
BS 120
HK 125
KS 300
KS 380
KS 404
LC3025
LC4005
LC4025
LS-866
MFCD00148266
MFCD00603035
MFCD02100519
MFCD06202255
MFCD07370733
PC 100
Sand, white quartz, CP, crystalline
Silica gel, indicating, 6-16 mesh
TK 900
Chromosorb(R) W/AW, 45-60 mesh
Light anhydrous silicic acid (JP17)
Quarz fine, cryst., 0.4-0.8 mm
Silica gel, 70-200 mesh (TLC)
Silica, fumed, powder, 0.008 mum
AKOS009085429
Colloidal silica, 30% susp. in H2O
Silica gel, spherical, 300 angstroms
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres Properties
CS-O-30773
DB11132
Iron Sulfide (FeS) Sputtering Targets
LS-2422
S 1-45D
Glass spheres, 9-13 mum particle size
s25266
Silica gel, CP, white, medium granules
Silica gel, technical grade, 3-9 mesh
Silica, mesostructured, HMS (wormhole)
NCGC00257531-01
Sand, white quartz, purum p.a., powder
Silica gel orange, granular, 0.2-1 mm
Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel.
Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust)
SIPERNAT 22 S amorphous fumed silica
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 0.5 micron
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 1.0 micron
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 1.5 micron
SILICONE DIOXIDE COATINGS FOR PET
E551
Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size, medium
Silica gel, technical grade, 6-16 mesh
Silicon oxide powder, 99% Nano, 20 nm
CAS-7631-86-9
Silica gel desiccant, -3+8 mesh granules
Silica gel, 12-24 mesh (liquid drying)
Silica gel, for column chromatography, 60
Silica gel, precipitated, crystalline free
Silica gel, precipitated, crystalline-free
Silica, amorphous, fumed, crystalline free
Silica, amorphous, fumed, crystalline-free
(Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust))
Celite(R) 281, filter aid, flux calcined
Celite(R) S, filter aid, dried, untreated
Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh
Dusts containing less than 10% free silica
HY-154739
LS-145280
LS-145284
LS-145287
Silica gel desiccant, -6+12 mesh granules
SIPERNAT 22 S, purum p.a., acid purified
White Silica Gel Beads, 3 mm (2-5 mm)
CS-0694521
F 307
FT-0624621
FT-0645127
FT-0689145
FT-0689270
FT-0696592
FT-0696603
FT-0697331
FT-0697389
FT-0700917
Quartz rod, fused, 2.0mm (0.079in) dia
S 600
S0822
Silica gel, with 1-4 mm moisture indicator
Silica, amorphous, fumed (crystalline free)
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder KH550 processing
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder KH570 processing
Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.0% (metals basis)
SYNTHETIC CRYSTALLINE-FREE SILICA GEL
Celite(R) 110, filter aid, flux calcinated
Celite(R) 512 medium, filter aid, calcined
Chromosorb(R) G/AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh
Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 120-140 mesh
K-411 Glass microspheres, NIST SRM 2066
SILICA GEL, PRECIPITATED, CRYSTAL-FREE
Silica gel, technical grade 40, 6-12 mesh
Silica, crystalline quartz, - Respirable dust
Silica, crystalline-quartz; (SIPERNAT 22 S)
C18 Silica Gel, Endcapped, 60A, 40-63um
D05839
D06521
D06522
D78143
Sand, white quartz, 50-70 mesh particle size
Silica, crystalline-quartz; (SIPERNAT 22 S)
Silica, mesostructured, MSU-F (cellular foam)
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous Gel, 15% In Water
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous Gel, 40% In Water
Celite(R) 209, filter aid, natural, untreated
Celite(R) Analytical Filter Aid II (CAFA II)
Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 165a, low iron
Silica gel spherical, 75-200 mum particle size
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 922, -200 mesh
Silica gel, large pore, P.Vol. ca. 1.65cc/g
Silica, Amorphous - Precipitated and gel, Total
Silica, crystalline tridymite, - Respirable dust
Silicon Oxide (Silica, SIPERNAT 22 S, quartz)
Silicon oxide powder, 99.5% Nano, 15-20 nm
D 11-10
Q116269
Sand for sand sieve analysis, NIST(R) RM 8010
Silica gel, GF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, HF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, Type III, Indicating, for desiccation
Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O
Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Silica, mesostructured, MCM-41 type (hexagonal)
SIPERNAT 22 S, purum p.a., acid purified, sand
Standard Super Cel(R) fine, filter aid, calcined
Celite(R) 500 fine, filter aid, dried, untreated
Collodial Silica in Aqueous Solution (nanoparticles)
Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1413, high alumina
J-002874
Sand, white quartz, >=99.995% trace metals basis
Silica gel, large pore, P.V. ca. 1cc/g, 8 mesh
Silica gel, technical grade, 1-3 mm particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, 3-6 mm particle size
Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), coarse
Silica, crystalline cristobalite, - Respirable dust
Celpure(R) P65, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 2 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 3 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 4 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 5 mum
Quartz lid for 30ml quartz crucible, fused, ID 48mm
Silica gel 60, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh)
Silica gel desiccant, indicating, <1% Cobalt chloride
Silica gel, -60-120 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica, Amorphous - Precipitated and gel, Respirable
SIPERNAT 22 S, AMORPHOUS AND HIGHLY DISPERSED
Silicon(IV) oxide, 15% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Silicon(IV) oxide, 30% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Silicon(IV) oxide, 50% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Synthetic-fused silica: Trade Names: Suprasil; TAFQ
Celpure(R) P100, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Celpure(R) P1000, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Celpure(R) P300, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 0.5 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 1.0 mum
Silica Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous)
Silica gel 60, 0.032-0.063mm (230-450 mesh)
Silica gel 60, 0.036-0.071mm (215-400 mesh)
Silica gel 60, 0.040-0.063mm (230-400 mesh)
Silica gel desiccant, indicating, -6+16 mesh granules
Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), -6-20 mesh
Silica, mesostructured, MSU-H (large pore 2D hexagonal)
Silica, mesostructured, SBA-15, 99% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S (Silica) Nanodispersion Type A (20nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S (Silica) Nanodispersion Type B (20nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S, -325 mesh, 99.5% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, washed and calcined, analytical reagent
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 85-115m2/g
SYNTHETIC AMORPHOUS SILICA,FUMED,CRYSTALLINE FREE
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (SBA-15 Type)
Chromosorb(R) W, AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh particle size
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 0.15 mum
Silica gel, high-purity grade (15111), pore size 60 ??
Silica Slurry (SiO2, Purity: 99%, Diameter: 15-20nm)
Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 200 m2/g
Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 400 m2/g
SIPERNAT 22 S; synthetic amorphous SIPERNAT 22 S (nano)
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 300-350m?/g
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 350-420m2/g
Amorphous silica: Vitreous silica, quartz glass, fused silica
LUDOX(R) AM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) CL colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) CL-X colloidal silica, 45 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) LS colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) SM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TMA colloidal silica, 34 wt. % suspension in H2O
Silica gel orange, with moisture indicator free of heavy metals
Silica gel, high-purity grade, FIA according to DIN 51791
Silica, mesoporous, 0.5 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 0.5 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid washed and calcined, Analytical Reagent
SIPERNAT 22 S, crystalline (fine), coating quality, >=99.9%
Chromosorb(R) P, NAW, 60-80 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, AW, 80-100 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, HP, 60-80 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
LUDOX(R) AS-30 colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) AS-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) HS-30 colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) HS-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TM-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TM-50 colloidal silica, 50 wt. % suspension in H2O
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 22, pore size 60 ??, 60-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 60??, 35-60 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 3 micron APS, 120 angstroms
Silica gel, technical grade (w/ fluorescent indicator), 60 F254
Silica gel, Type H, without binder, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, Type II, 3.5 mm bead size, Suitable for desiccation
Silica, fumed, powder, 0.2-0.3 mum avg. part. size (aggregate)
SIPERNAT 22 S Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous)
SIPERNAT 22 S, for cleaning of platinum crucibles, calcined, crude
SIPERNAT 22 S, fused (pieces), 4 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
Silicon oxide, catalyst support, high surface area, S.A.250m2/g
Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.5% (metals basis) , -325 Mesh Powder
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (1D-Hexagonal SBA-41 Type)
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (3D-Cubic MCM-48 Type)
Celatom(R), acid-washed, for use in Total Dietary Fiber Assay, TDF-100A
Chromosorb(R) G, HP, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) P, AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, AW, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, HP, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
NBS 28 (silicon and oxygen isotopes in silica sand), NIST(R) RM 8546
Pyrogenic or fumed silica: Trade Names: Aerosil; Cab-O-Sil; HDK; Reolosil
Quartz disc, fused, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 1.59mm (0.06in) thick
Quartz disc, fused, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.13in) thick
Quartz disc, fused, 76.2 (3.0 in) dia x 3.18mm (0.13in) thick
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 25.4x25.4x1.0mm (1.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 50.8x25.4x1.0mm (2.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 76.2x25.4x1.0mm (3.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Silica gel 60, 0.105-0.2mm (70-150 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel, high purity, 90??, 35-70 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7734), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7754), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, >=400 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, 35-70 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 90??, 15-25 mum, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 40 ??, 35-70 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, >=400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 200-425 mesh particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum
Silica Nanoparticles Dispersion (SiO2, Purity: 99.9%, Diameter: 50-80nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S, ~99%, 0.5 - 10 um (approx. 80% between 1-5 um)
SIPERNAT 22 S, ~99%, 0.5-10 mum (approx. 80% between 1-5 mum)
SIPERNAT 22 S, fused (granular), 4-20 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
Silicon Oxide Hollow NanospheresSIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres Properties
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Toluene)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Hollow Silica Nanospheres Dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80-100nm)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 20 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 25 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 30 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 20 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 25 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 30 wt.%)
Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescence indicator 254 nm
Silica gel 60, 0.019-0.037mm (400-600 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel 60, 0.062-0.105mm (150-230 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 710, pore size 50-76 ??, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (10180), pore size 40 ??, 70-230 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (9385), pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 12), pore size 22 ??, 28-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 62), pore size 150 ??, 60-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 635), pore size 60 ??, 60-100 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 643), pore size 150 ??, 200-425 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 646), 35-60 mesh, pore size 150 ??
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 923), pore size 30 ??, 100-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 100??, 200-400 mesh, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40??, 230-400 mesh, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 60??, gypsum ~13 %, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 90??, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, for thin layer chromatography, H, without calcium sulfate
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 130-270 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 200-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, 5-15 mum, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 10 micron APS, 60 angstroms
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 7.5 micron APS, 120 angstroms
Silica gel, wide pore, 150 angstroms, -100+200 Mesh, S.A. 350-400m2/g
Silica, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources)
Silica, mesoporous MCM-48, 15 mum particle size, pore size 3 nm, Cubic pore morphology
Silica, mesoporous SBA-16, Silica, nanopowder, spec. surface area 175-225 m2/g (BET), 99.8% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, nanopowder, 10-20 nm particle size (BET), 99.5% trace metals basis
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide, 40% in H20, colloidal dispersion, 0.02 Micron Particles
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 105-130m2/g, -325 Mesh
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 105-145m2/g, -325 mesh
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 205-245m2/g, -325 mesh
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Dimethylacetamide)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethyl acetate)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,35 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,45 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: N-Methylpyrrolidone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Cyclohexanone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Ethylene Glycol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Dimethylacetamide)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Ethyl acetate)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Natural-diatomaceous earths: Trade names: Celatom, Celite, Clarcel; Decalite; Fina/Optima; Skamol
Precipitated silica: Trade Names: FK, Hi-Sil, Ketjensil, Neosyl, Nipsil, Sident, Sipernat; Spherosil; Tixosil; Ultrasil
Respirable alpha-quartz, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1878b, quantitative X-ray powder diffraction standard
Silica , crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources)
Silica gel - technical grade, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 |m particle size, pore size 60+
Silica gel 60, with fluorescent indicator, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh), -70+230 Mesh Powder, S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel high-purity grade, pore size 60 ?, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 ?m particle size
Silica gel, 30 mum particle size (average), average pore diameter 60 ??, Suitable for normal-phase adsorption-partition chromatography
Silica gel, EMD Millipore, TLC grade (11695), 15 mum, pore size 60 ??, with silica/alumina binder
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7749), with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 633), pore size 60 ??, 200-425 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 636), pore size 60 ??, 35-60 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (puriss), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, HF254, without calcium sulfate, with fluorescent indicator, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 2-25 mum particle size, without binder, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 2-25 mum particle size, without binder, with fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 220-440 mesh particle size, 35-75 mum particle size, for flash chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, for flash chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 5-25 mum particle size, without binder, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, with ~13% calcium sulfate, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, with ~15% calcium sulfate and fluorescent indicator, GF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 2.2 micron APS, 80 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 470m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 120 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 70 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 500m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC/UHPLC grade, spherical, 1.6 micron APS, 110 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 20 micron APS, 150 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 270m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g
Silica gel, technical grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), 60??, 230-400 mesh particle size, Ca 0.1-0.3 %
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder & fluorescent indicator,12 Micron APS,S.A. 500-600m2/g,60A,pH 6.5-7.5
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder, 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6-7
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, without binder, with fluorescent indic., 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6.5-7.5
Silica gel, TLC high-purity grade, 5-25 mum, pore size 60 ??, with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g
Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, SIPERNAT 22 S, nanopowder (spherical, porous), 5-15 nm particle size (TEM), 99.5% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, single crystal substrate, optical grade, 99.99% trace metals basis, <0001>, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,42 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 45 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)SIPERNAT 22 S is composed of synthetic amorphous silica, which is a form of SIPERNAT 22 S (SiO2).
SIPERNAT 22 S is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.

CAS Number: 7631-86-9
Molecular Formula: O2Si
Molecular weight: 60.08
EINECS: 231-545-4

SIPERNAT 22 S occurs almost everywhere on earth.
SIPERNAT 22 S commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.

SIPERNAT 22 S exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.

SIPERNAT 22 S is produced through a precipitation process that results in fine, white powder particles with a high surface area.
SIPERNAT 22 S represents a specific product range of precipitated silica, aluminum, and calcium silicates.
SIPERNAT 22 S is silica with a high absorption capacity used as a flow and anticaking agent in many applications as well as a special-purpose ingredient for mechanical graphics papers.

In plant protection, SIPERNAT 22 S is recommended as a carrier in solid formulations such as wettable powders (WP) and water-dispersible granules (WG) if grinding is to be avoided.
Sipernat 22 S is a silica with a high absorption capacity.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a flow and anticaking agent.

SIPERNAT 22 S ensures porosity in polyethylene separators for acid/lead batteries.
SIPERNAT 22 S exhibits very low electrical resistance.
The specific particle size and structure of SIPERNAT 22 S may vary based on the manufacturing process and intended application.

SIPERNAT 22 S has a high surface area and a porous structure, which contributes to its performance-enhancing properties in various applications.
SIPERNAT 22 S food grade is a precipitated silica that generates good flowability into a mixed product.

When powdered ingredients are added to either wet or dry mixes, the possibility exists that too little or too much of the powder will end up within any given sample.
By adding SIPERNAT 22 S to nutritional supplements, your product will combine properly with the same ingredients in every bite, sip, or tablet.

Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
refractive index: 1.46
Flash point: 2230°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid. It dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific: Gravity 2.2
color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8493

SIPERNAT 22 S is manufactured to high purity standards to ensure consistent quality and performance in various applications.
The production process involves strict quality control measures to meet specific particle size distribution and other technical specifications.
In some cases, SIPERNAT 22 S may undergo surface treatment or be available in different grades to suit specific applications.

Surface treatments can modify the surface chemistry of the SIPERNAT 22 S particles, enhancing their compatibility with certain matrices or polymers.
SIPERNAT 22 S is compatible with a wide range of materials, including elastomers, plastics, resins, adhesives, and various liquid systems.
SIPERNAT 22 Ss versatility allows it to be incorporated into different formulations without causing significant adverse effects.

As a synthetic amorphous silica, SIPERNAT 22 S is considered relatively environmentally friendly.
It does not contain hazardous substances such as heavy metals, making it a safer alternative compared to some other fillers or additives.
Manufacturers of SIPERNAT 22 S adhere to relevant regulations and guidelines governing the use of silica in different industries, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for food-contact applications.

Companies that produce SIPERNAT 22 S often offer technical support to their customers, including guidance on product selection, application-specific recommendations, and problem-solving assistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S is typically available in various packaging options, including bags, drums, or bulk quantities, depending on the needs of the customer.

In addition to its industrial uses, SIPERNAT 22 S may also be found in some personal care products, such as cosmetics and skincare items.
It is often used to provide texture, absorb excess oils, and improve the performance of various formulations.
SIPERNAT 22 S is a finely milled, hydrophilic silica.

SIPERNAT 22 S is primarily used as a free-flow agent in other applications.
SIPERNAT 22 S can also be used in-situ hydrophobized in defoamers.
The use of an alkaline catalyst is recommended.

SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds, improving tear resistance, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S can be used as a filler in plastics to enhance their mechanical properties and reduce production costs.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be added to adhesives and sealants to improve their thixotropic behavior and control viscosity.
SIPERNAT 22 S can be used in paints and coatings to provide anti-blocking properties and improve flow characteristics.
In these industries, SIPERNAT 22 S may be used as an anti-caking agent in powdered products to prevent clumping.

SIPERNAT 22 S is often used as a thickening agent or rheology modifier in different liquid systems, such as coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
SIPERNAT 22 S can help control viscosity and prevent sagging or settling of suspended particles.

In rubber compounds, SIPERNAT 22 S acts as a reinforcing filler, improving the mechanical properties of the rubber, including tensile strength, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance.
In food and pharmaceutical applications, it serves as an anti-caking agent, preventing powdered products from forming clumps and maintaining free-flowing characteristics.

In coatings and paints, SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a matting agent, providing a matte or low-gloss finish.
Its high surface area and porous structure make SIPERNAT 22 S useful for applications where absorption or adsorption properties are needed, such as in certain catalysts or desiccants.

Uses
SIPERNAT 22 S is also known as silicone dioxide.
SIPERNAT 22 S has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
It can also function as an abrasive.

SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
SIPERNAT 22 S is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.

SIPERNAT 22 S is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.
It has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds.

SIPERNAT 22 S enhances the mechanical properties of rubber products, such as tires, conveyor belts, gaskets, and seals, by improving tensile strength, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S is employed as a filler in plastics to improve their mechanical strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability.
SIPERNAT 22 S can reduce production costs and provide additional benefits in plastic products such as automotive components, packaging materials, and consumer goods.

SIPERNAT 22 S acts as a matting agent in coatings and paints, providing a matte or low-gloss finish.
It is also used to control rheology, improve flow properties, and prevent sagging or settling of pigments in liquid coatings.
In adhesives and sealants, SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a rheology modifier to control viscosity and improve thixotropic behavior.

SIPERNAT 22 S functions as an anti-caking agent in powdered food products and pharmaceutical formulations.
It prevents clumping and improves the flowability of powders, ensuring a better user experience and product stability.
In cosmetics and personal care products, SIPERNAT 22 S is utilized as a texturizing agent and oil absorber.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be found in products such as powders, creams, lotions, and makeup formulations.
Due to its high surface area and porosity, SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a carrier material in catalyst formulations and as a desiccant to absorb moisture.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used in agriculture as an inert carrier for the delivery of active ingredients, such as in pesticide formulations.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be employed as a flow aid and anti-caking agent in foundry applications, ensuring smooth and consistent pouring of molds.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a flow and anticaking agent in many applications as well as a special-purpose ingredient for mechanical graphics papers.
In plant protection, this product is recommended as a carrier in solid formulations such as wettable powders (WP) and water-dispersible granules (WG) if grinding is to be avoided

SIPERNAT 22 S is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.
They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.

SIPERNAT 22 S, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.
Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic SIPERNAT 22 Ss are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.

SIPERNAT 22 S is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a performance additive in inks and toners for various printing applications.
It helps improve the flow properties of the ink, leading to better print quality and reduced clogging in printing equipment.

In powder coatings, SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a flow aid, improving the powder's handling and application characteristics.
SIPERNAT 22 S is sometimes used in the production of battery separator films.
These films are critical components in lithium-ion batteries, and the addition of silica can enhance their mechanical properties and thermal stability.

In some cleaning agents, SIPERNAT 22 S is utilized as a thickening agent to improve their texture and flow properties.
In the foundry industry, SIPERNAT 22 S can be added to resin-bonded molds and cores to enhance their strength and improve dimensional accuracy during casting processes.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used in plastic film applications as an anti-blocking agent.

SIPERNAT 22 S helps prevent the adhesion of film surfaces, reducing blocking during storage and handling.
SIPERNAT 22 S is incorporated into masterbatches, which are concentrated mixtures of pigments, additives, and resins used for coloration or enhancing properties in rubber and plastic processing.

In powdered food and beverage applications, SIPERNAT 22 S acts as an anti-caking and flow aid agent, ensuring proper dispersion and handling of the powdered products.
SIPERNAT 22 S can serve as a precursor in the production of silica gel, a widely used desiccant in various applications, including moisture control in packaging, electronics, and storage of sensitive items.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be used as a functional filler in abrasive products, improving their performance and durability.
SIPERNAT 22 S is sometimes used in the production of construction materials, such as sealants and caulks, to enhance their properties and performance.

Safety Profile
The pure unaltered form is considered a nuisance dust.
Some SIPERNAT 22 S contain small amounts of crystahne quartz and are therefore fibrogenic.
When SIPERNAT 22 S earth is calcined (with or without fluxing agents) some sdica is converted to cristobalite and is therefore fibrogenic.
Tridymite has never been detected in calcined batomaceous earth.

Dust Inhalation
Prolonged and excessive inhalation of fine SIPERNAT 22 S dust may lead to respiratory irritation or lung issues, particularly if adequate ventilation is not provided during handling or if the material is used in processes generating airborne dust.

Skin Irritation
Direct contact with SIPERNAT 22 S may cause skin irritation, especially in individuals with sensitive skin.
Prolonged contact should be avoided, and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used when handling the material.

Eye Irritation
Accidental contact with SIPERNAT 22 S may cause eye irritation.
Safety goggles or protective eyewear should be worn when working with the material to prevent eye exposure.

Slip Hazards
Spilled SIPERNAT 22 S may create slippery surfaces, potentially leading to slip and fall accidents.
Promptly clean up any spills and ensure proper housekeeping practices are in place.
SIPERNAT 22 S is not combustible, but it is a fine powder that can disperse in the air and create a dust cloud, which could become flammable if exposed to an ignition source.

Synonyms
SIPERNAT 22 S
Silica
Dioxosilane
Quartz
7631-86-9
Cristobalite
Silicic anhydride
Tridymite
14808-60-7
Sand
112945-52-5
61790-53-2
KIESELGUHR
Aerosil
Silicon(IV) oxide
112926-00-8
Wessalon
Diatomaceous silica
Zorbax sil
Crystalline silica
Silica, amorphous
60676-86-0
Dicalite
Glass
Ludox
Nyacol
14464-46-1
Amorphous silica
QUARTZ (SIO2)
Cab-O-sil
Christensenite
Crystoballite
Sillikolloid
Extrusil
Santocel
Sipernat
Superfloss
Acticel
Carplex
Celite
Neosil
Neosyl
Porasil
Silikil
Siloxid
Zipax
Aerosil-degussa
Silicon oxide
Aerosil 380
Synthetic amorphous silica
White carbon
Quartz sand
Silica particles
Cab-o-sil M-5
Cristobalite (SiO2)
Vulkasil S
Snowtex O
Corasil II
Calcined diatomite
Silica, colloidal
Tokusil TPLM
Dri-Die
SILICA, VITREOUS
Cabosil st-1
Manosil vn 3
Ultrasil VH 3
Ultrasil VN 3
Aerosil bs-50
Carplex 30
Carplex 80
Snowtex 30
Zeofree 80
Aerosil K 7
Cabosil N 5
Syton 2X
Amorphous silica gel
Positive sol 232
91053-39-3
Siliziumdioxid
Aerogel 200
Aerosil 300
Amethyst
Aquafil
Cataloid
Chalcedony
Crysvarl
Diatomite
Flintshot
Ludox hs 40
Nalcoag
Novaculite
Silanox 101
Silica (SiO2)
Silikill
Vitasil 220
Vulkasil
Cherts
Snowit
Agate
Flint
Imsil
Metacristobalite
Positive sol 130M
Silica vitreous
Onyx
SIPERNAT 22 S (amorphous)
Aerosil A 300
Aerosil E 300
Aerosil M-300
alpha-Quartz
colloidal silica
Fossil flour
Fumed silica
Fused silica
Quartz dust
Quartz glass
Quartz silica
Rock crystal
Rose quartz
Silica dust
Silica slurry
Chromosorb P
SIPERNAT 22 S, fumed
Silicone dioxide
Tiger-eye
Caswell No. 734A
Nalfloc N 1050
Quso 51
Celite superfloss
Cristobalite dust
Silica, amorphous fused
Silver bond B
alpha-Cristobalite
alpha-Crystobalite
Cab-O-sperse
Colloidal SIPERNAT 22 S
Nalco 1050
Quso G 30
Gold bond R
Hydrophobic silica 2482
Kieselsaeureanhydrid
Sil-Co-Sil
Tridymite 118
Cab-O-grip II
Min-U-Sil
Siderite (SiO2)
Tridimite [French]
HI-Sil
15468-32-3
68855-54-9
Amorphous silica dust
Nyacol 830
Sibelite M 3000
Sibelite M 4000
Sibelite M 6000
SiO2
Quazo puro [Italian]
Sicron F 300
Sikron F 100
Spectrosil
Accusand
CCRIS 3699
Coesite
Fuselex
Nalcast
Nyacol 1430
Optocil
Quartzine
Quarzsand
Rancosil
Suprasil
Tridimite
Siltex
Silica aerogel
Tridymite dust
Vitreous quartz
Vitreous silica
W 12 (Filler)
beta-Quartz
Fused quartz
MIN-U-sil alpha quartz
Quartz-beta
(SiO2)n
Amorphous quartz
Dri-Die insecticide 67
Quazo puro
Vitrified silica
Silica, amorphous, fumed
Pyrogenic colloidal silica
UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4
Silica, fumed
Silica, fused
Suprasil W
Vitreosil IR
ETJ7Z6XBU4
Borsil P
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous
Silane, dioxo-
Crystallized SIPERNAT 22 S
Optocil (quartz)
Silica 2482, hydrophobic
SIPERNAT 22 S, chemically prepared
CP-SilicaPLOT
EINECS 231-545-4
Silicon oxide, di- (sand)
CAB-O-SIL N-70TS
HK 400
Sand, Sea
Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles
Quarzsand [German]
S-Col
Admafine SO 25H
Admafine SO 25R
Admafine SO 32H
Admafine SO-C 2
Admafine SO-C 3
Cristobalite asbestos
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605
Keatite (SiO2)
Kieselguhr, calcined
Sg-67
Tridymite (SiO2)
CI 7811
Fumed silica, crystalline-free
ED-C (silica)
Fuselex ZA 30
Stishovite (SiO2)
CCRIS 2475
DQ12
As 1 (silica)
Fumed synthetic amorphous silica
Silica, crystalline - tridymite
99439-28-8
Agate (SiO2)
FB 5 (silica)
Fuselex RD 120
CHEBI:30563
Corning 7940
Microcrystalline quartz
AI3-25549
Denka F 90
Denka FB 30
Denka FB 44
Denka FB 74
Denka FS 30
Dri-Die 67
Synthetic amorphous silica, fumed
Cryptocrystalline quartz
FB 20 (silica)
WGL 300
Elsil 100
F 44 (filler)
D & D
SF 35
Elsil BF 100
N1030
U 333
F 125 (silica)
F 160 (silica)
Fuselex RD 40-60
Silica, amorphous, fused
EINECS 238-455-4
EINECS 238-878-4
EINECS 239-487-1
Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh
43-63C
TGL 16319
Silica, crystalline quartz
SIPERNAT 22 S, colloidal
15723-40-7
SIPERNAT 22 S (vitreous)
ENT 25,550
Silica, amorphous, fumed, cryst.-free
Silica, crystalline, quartz
Silica, crystalline: quartz
[SiO2]
GP 7I
Precipitated amorphous silica
Silica, crystalline - fused
Silica, crystalline tridymite
Silica, crystalline - quartz
Silicagel
AF-SO 25R
Quartz [Silica, crystalline]
Silica flour (powdered crystalline silica)
Silica, crystalline: tridymite
GP 11I
INS NO.551
RD 8
Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free
13778-37-5
13778-38-6
17679-64-0
Silicondioxide
Silica gel desiccant, indicating
Tridymite [Silica, crystalline]
W 006
CRS 1102RD8
Sand, Ottawa
Silica, crystalline: cristobalite
INS-551
EF 10
FS 74
MR 84
Silica, crystalline - cristobalite
Cristobalite [Silica, crystalline]
Amorphous silica: Pyrogenic (fumed)
EINECS 262-373-8
silica gel desiccant
BF 100
EQ 912
MFCD00011232
MFCD00217788
QG 100
RD 120
Silica, amorphous,fumed, cryst.-free
Silica, mesostructured
O2Si
F 44
Y 40
O2-Si
SIMETHICONE COMPONENT SIPERNAT 22 S
E-551
EC 231-545-4
SIPERNAT 22 S COMPONENT OF SIMETHICONE
(SiO2)
SIPERNAT 22 S (II)
SIPERNAT 22 S [II]
92283-58-4
Silicates (<1% crystalline silica):Graphite, natural
Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres
SILICA, AMORPHOUS (IARC)
SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC]
Celatom
Silica glass
Dioxide, Silicon
14639-89-5
SGA
Celite 545
Silica gel spherical, 40-75 mum particle size
tripolite
Cristobalita
Kieselglas
Ronasphere
Speriglass
Chromaton
Diatomita
Seesand
Spherica
Tridimita
Cuarzo
Siilca
Zorbax
quartz-glass
silica sand
Silicom dioxide
silica-gel
Fused-silica
pyrogenic silica
Silica,fumed
Chromosorb G
silica-
Fine grain sand
QuarZ
Chromaton N
Greensil K
silica gel white
Calofrig FJ
Silicon di-oxide
Zelec Sil
Armsorb GKhI
Silica Dispersion
SiO2 Nanopowder
Chromosorb P-AW
Silica gel G
Silotrat-1
Kieselsaureanhydrid
Silica, tridymite
SiO2 Nanospheres
Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescent indicator 254 nm
Ludox SM
Celite White Mist
Chromosorb P-NAW
Fossil Flour MBK
Precipitated silica
Silica Microspheres
Chromatron N Super
Sorbosil AC33
Sorbosil AC77
Sorbosil BFG50
Sorbosil TC15
Sand, white quartz
Silica , amorphous
Silica, crystalline
Silica: Crystalline
Quartz (Tridymite)
Silica gel, ASTM
Silica, SiO2
silicon (iv) oxide
Coesite (SiO2)
Methyl3-oxohexanoate
Silica, diatomaceous
Siliceous sand, CP
Sorbosil AC 35
Sorbosil AC 37
Sorbosil AC 39
Chalcedony (SiO2)
Neosil CBT50
Neosil CBT60
Neosil CBT60S
Neosil CBT70
Neosil CT11
Neosil PC10
Neosil PC50S
AEROSIC
Aerosil 200
Aquafil N 81
ARSIL
BIOSILICA
Cuarzo (SiO2)
DALTOSIL
DUROSIL
KOMSIL
MICROSIL
MILOWHITE
MIZUKASIL
NOVAKUP
OSCAL
PHOTOX
PREGEL
REOLOSIL
ROMSIL
SIFLOX
SILEX
SILICAFILM
SILICALITE
SILIPUR
SILMOS
SIONOX
SNOWTEX
Sorbpso; BFG10
SYTON
TOSIL
UNISIL
VERTICURINE
ZEOPAN
Kieselgur, ungebrannt
Wacker HDK H30
Celite 503
Cristobalita (SiO2)
ENTERO TEKNOSAL
Silica amorphous fumed
SOLUM DIATOMEAE
Spheron PL-700
AEROSIL PST
CATALOID SA
CATALOID SN
NALCAST PLW
Quartz (Cristobalite)
SANTOCEL CS
SNOWTEX OXS
SORBSIL MSG
ADELITE A
ELKEM SAND
FINESIL B
FUJIGEL B
FUSELEX X
GAROSIL GB
GAROSIL N
HIMESIL A
NEOSIL XV
NEOSYL GP
NIPSIL AQ
NIPSIL ER
NIPSIL ES
NIPSIL LP
NIPSIL NA
NIPSIL NS
NIPSIL NST
SANTOCEL Z
SIPERNAT 22 S Powder
SILTON AK
SNOWTEX AK
SNOWTEX C
SNOWTEX N
SNOWTEX OL
TOKUSIL GU
TOKUSIL N
TOKUSIL NR
TOKUSIL P
TOKUSIL U
TOKUSIL UR
VULKASIL C
Wacker HDK N 20
Wacker HDK T 30
Wacker HDK V 15
WESSALON S
LUDOX LS
LUDOX TM
NEOSIL A
Sea sand, acid washed
Silica, fumed, powder
SIPERNAT 22 S (NF)
SILTON A
SYTON FM
CRYSTALITE 5V
CRYSTALITE 5X
GLASGRAIN SG-A
IMSIL H
Neosil CL2000
Sand 50-70 mesh
Silica, Anhydrous 31
SILICA, QUARTZ
Spheron L-1500
Spheron N-2000
Spheron P-1000
Spheron P-1500
TOSIL P
Cab-O-Sil EH-5
Cab-O-Sil M-5P
Cab-O-Sil MS55
Celite Hyflo Super Cel
NIPSIL VN3LP
Silica gel, large pore
TOKUSIL GU-N
TOKUSIL GV-N
Wacker HDK N 20P
Wacker HDK N 25P
KAOWOOL RIGIDIZER
CRYSTALITE FM 1
CRYSTALITE NA 1
HYPERSIL 3
HYPERSIL 5
MSP-X
ULTRASIL VN 3SP
C2H6Cl2Si.O2Si
Hollow Silica Nanosphere
MIZUKASIL NP 8
MIZUKASIL SK 7
Silicon Oxide Dispersion
Silicon Oxide Nanopowder
CARPLEX FPS 1
CARPLEX FPS 3
Chromosorb P 60/80
NIPSIL VN 3AQ
SI-O-LITE
SILICA [INCI]
Silica amorphous hydrated
SUPERNAT 22LS
SYLOID SILICA GEL
ULTRASIL VN 2
CARPLEX CS 5
CRYSTALITE CMC 1
S-CO
silica fibers (biogenic)
SILICATE [VANDF]
SIPERNAT 22 S (silica)
SUPERNAT 50S
TOKUSIL AL 1
Celite (R) 545
Crystalline Silica Quartz
Glass (fibrous or dust)
MIZUKASIL P 78A
MIZUKASIL P 78F
Silica gel, ACS reagent
Silica gel, crystal-free
UNII-EU2PSP0G0W
Wacker HDK V 15 P
Celite(R) 512 medium
HYPERSIL 10
Kieselguhr, -325 mesh
NIPSIL VN 3
SAND [INCI]
SANTOCEL 54
SANTOCEL 62
Silica, 99.8%
SILNEX NP 8
SIPERNAT 22
SYLOBLOC 41
SYLOBLOC 44
SYLOBLOC 46
SYLOBLOC 47
ADELITE AT 20A
ADELITE AT 20Q
ADELITE AT 30S
CATALOID HS 40
CATALOID S 20L
CATALOID S 30H
CATALOID S 30L
CATALOID SI 40
HARIMIC SWC 05
MIZUKASIL P 78
SBA-15 Molecular Sieve
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder
SNOWTEX NCS 30
ADELITE 30
ADELITE AT 30
AEROSIL BS 50
AEROSIL FK 60
AEROSIL OX 50
CARPLEX 67
DSSTox_CID_9677
HISILEX EF 10
LUDOX 40HS
NIPSIL SS 50A
S-CO (FILLER)
SIPERNAT 22 S Dispersion
SILTON A 2
SILTON LP 75C
SILTON R 2
SNOWTEX 20
SNOWTEX 40
SUPERNAT 250S
TULLANOX A 50
ZEOTHIX 95
ZORBAX PSM 60
Cab-O-Sil LM-130
silica gel, cryst. -free
AEROSIL 130V
AEROSIL 200V
AEROSIL D 17
CATALOID SI 350
Celite Standard Super Cell
Epitope ID:158537
FINESIL E 50
FINESIL X 37
MIZUKASIL P 526
MIZUKASIL P 527
MIZUKASIL P 801
MIZUKASIL P 802
NEOSYL 81
NIPSIL SS 10
NIPSIL SS 50
PROTEK-SORB 121
REOLOSIL 202
REOLOSIL QS 102
SIDENT 12
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres
SOLEX (M)
SYLODENT 704
SYTON 30X
SYTON W 3
TULLANOX TM 500
ZEOSIL 175MP
ZEOSIL 75
ADELITE AD 321
AEROSIL A 200V
AEROSIL OK 412
AEROSIL TT 600
CAB-O-SIL HS 5
CAB-O-SIL MS 7
CAB-O-SIL ST 1
NALCOAG 2SS374
SILICA, CRISTOBALITE
Wacker HDK P 100 H
ZORBAX PSM 150
ZORBAX PSM 300
ZORBAX PSM 500
AEROSIL 175
AEROSIL 308
AEROSIL 360
CARPLEX 100
Celite(R) 503, CP
Celite(R) 535, CP
Celite(R) 545, CP
DAVISON 951
DENKA FB 90
DENKA FS 44
FLORITE 700
FRANSIL 251
IMSIL 10
KESTREL 600
LUDOX AS 40
LUDOX HS 30
LUDOX RS 40
MIN-U-SIL 5
NIPSIL 300A
SILICA GEL [VANDF]
SYLOX 15
TARANOX 500
UNISIL Q 30
ZEODENT 113
ZEOTHIX 265
AEROSIL A 130
AEROSIL A 175
AEROSIL A 200
AEROSIL A 380
AEROSIL K 315
AEROSIL M 300
AEROSIL R 912
AEROSIL R 960
CAB-O-SIL H 5
CAB-O-SIL L 5
CAB-O-SIL M 5
CAB-O-SIL N 5
FLORITE S 700
FLORITE S 800
LUFILEN E 100
NALCOAG 1034A
Nano SIPERNAT 22 S Powder
NIPSIL B 220A
NIPSIL E 150J
NIPSIL E 150K
NIPSIL E 150V
NIPSIL E 200A
NIPSIL E 220A
SILCRON G 100
SILCRON G 640
Silica gel 40-60Angstoms
TIX-O-SIL 33J
TIX-O-SIL 38A
AROGEN 500
CAB-O-SIL LM 50
Chromosorb P 100/120
DSSTox_RID_78805
EMSAC 460S
EMSAC 465T
IMSIL A 10
IMSIL A 15
IMSIL A 25
NEOSYL 186
NEOSYL 224
NUCLEOSIL 100-5
QUSO WR 55
QUSO WR 82
Respirable crystalline silica
silica gel 60g (type60)
silica gel 60h (type60)
SSA 1
SSK 5
ST 30 (MINERAL)
SYTON W 15
SYTON W 30
SYTON X 30
UNII-2RF6EJ0M85
ZEOSYL 100
ZEOSYL 200
ZORBAX PSM 1000
CAB-O-SIL MS 75D
CAB-O-SIL N 70TS
CARPLEX 1120
CELATOM(R) FW-60
DSSTox_GSID_29677
FILLITE 52/7
IMSIL A 108H
MIN-U-SIL 15
MIN-U-SIL 30
NALCO 2SS374
NALCO CD 100
NALCOAG 1030
NALCOAG 1050
NALCOAG 1060
NALCOAG 1115
NALCOAG 1129
NALCOAG 1140
NIPSIL E 150
NIPSIL E 200
NIPSIL G 300
NIPSIL L 300
NYACOL 2034A
P 2 (SILICA)
Pesticide Code 072605.
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid washed
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid-washed
VITASIL 1500
VITASIL 1600
ZEOSIL 1000V
BS 30 (FILLER)
BS 50 (SILICA)
CAB-M 5
CAB-O-SIL L 90
Diatomaceous earth non-washed
EP 10TP
HKDN 20
NALFLOC N 1030
SILICA GEL [WHO-DD]
Silica, hydrate(8CI,9CI)
Silica, hydrophobic colloidal
Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2)
Tridimita (SiO2) (9CI)
LO-VEL 24
LO-VEL 27
Silica, fused respirable dust
SIPERNAT 22 S, Precipitated
EXSIL A 300
F 40 (SILICA)
FILLITE 200/7
IATROBEADS 6RS8060
IMSIL A 108
NALCO 1034A
NALCO 84SS258
Silica fibers, 1/4'' long
SIPERNAT 22 S [FCC]
SILICON OXIDE (SIO2)
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous
TIX-O-SIL 375
TS 100 (SILICA)
ZEOSYL 2000
CATALOID OSCAL 1432
Kieselguhr, calcined, purified
Silica gel, CP, blue, beads
Silica, crystalline, tridymite
SIPERNAT 22 S, amorphous gel
SILICA DIMETHYL SILYLATE
Silica Gel 60-100 MESH
Silica, fused, respirable dust
25wt% Silicon Oxide in Water
AW Standard Super-Cel(R) NF
B-6C
C2-H6-Cl2-Si.O2-Si
FK 320DS
HDK-N 20
HDK-S 15
HDK-V 15
HSDB 682
IMSIL 1240
MCM-41
NALCO 1115
NALCO 1129
NALCO 1140
OSCAL 1132
OSCAL 1232
OSCAL 1432
OSCAL 1433
OSCAL 1434
Silica gel, amorphous synthetic
Silica gel, CP, white, beads
SIPUR 1500
SYLOID 244 [VANDF]
ZEO 49
Hyflo(R) Super-Cel(R), CP
SIPERNAT 22 S (SIO2)
SIPERNAT 22 S [VANDF]
CHEMBL3188292
DTXSID1029677
DTXSID6050465
Filter agent, Celite(R) 545
IATROBEADS GRS 80100
Sand, white quartz, CP, beads
silica gel 60gf254(type60)
silica gel 60hf254(type60)
Silicagel 60A 40-63 micron
SILICONE DIOXIDE [VANDF]
AEROSIL S 504BT320
B-CEL 300
Quarz cryst., 0.6-1.3 mm
Silica gel, pptd., cryst.-free
SIPERNAT 22 S, colloidal (NF)
DCF 784
DEP 002
MAS 200
MSS-500
SILICA, AMORPHOUS HYDRATED
Silica, crystalline, cristobalite
SILICA, HYDRATED AMORPHOUS
SIPERNAT 22 S [WHO-DD]
SIPERNAT 22 S, SAJ first grade
TMC 200
XOB 075
Silicagel LC60A 40-63 micron
SYLOID SILICA GEL [VANDF]
VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BS 30
BS 50
GP 71
Silica Gel Dessicant (Grade 03)
Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size
SILICA GEL,PPTD.CRYST-FREE
Silica, fused, - Respirable dust
SS 10
ST 30
SX 10
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-14
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-50
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-60
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-80
Silica, amorphous - inhalable dust
Silica, fused [Silica, amorphous]
SIPERNAT 22 S, JIS special grade
Silicon Oxide Mesoporous Nanopowder
AMORPHOUS PRECIPITATED SILICA
AMY37125
Chromosorb(R) G, 80-100 mesh
Silica, hydrophobic colloidal [NF]
2-Mercaptoethyl ethyl sulfide silica
Celite(R) 545 AW, reagent grade
EINECS 271-893-4
NALCO 8455-258
Silica Hollow Nanospheres Dispersion
Silica, amorphous - respirable dust
Silicon(IV) oxide, electronic grade
Tox21_301288
BS 100
BS 120
HK 125
KS 300
KS 380
KS 404
LC3025
LC4005
LC4025
LS-866
MFCD00148266
MFCD00603035
MFCD02100519
MFCD06202255
MFCD07370733
PC 100
Sand, white quartz, CP, crystalline
Silica gel, indicating, 6-16 mesh
TK 900
Chromosorb(R) W/AW, 45-60 mesh
Light anhydrous silicic acid (JP17)
Quarz fine, cryst., 0.4-0.8 mm
Silica gel, 70-200 mesh (TLC)
Silica, fumed, powder, 0.008 mum
AKOS009085429
Colloidal silica, 30% susp. in H2O
Silica gel, spherical, 300 angstroms
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres Properties
CS-O-30773
DB11132
Iron Sulfide (FeS) Sputtering Targets
LS-2422
S 1-45D
Glass spheres, 9-13 mum particle size
s25266
Silica gel, CP, white, medium granules
Silica gel, technical grade, 3-9 mesh
Silica, mesostructured, HMS (wormhole)
NCGC00257531-01
Sand, white quartz, purum p.a., powder
Silica gel orange, granular, 0.2-1 mm
Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel.
Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust)
SIPERNAT 22 S amorphous fumed silica
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 0.5 micron
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 1.0 micron
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 1.5 micron
SILICONE DIOXIDE COATINGS FOR PET
E551
Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size, medium
Silica gel, technical grade, 6-16 mesh
Silicon oxide powder, 99% Nano, 20 nm
CAS-7631-86-9
Silica gel desiccant, -3+8 mesh granules
Silica gel, 12-24 mesh (liquid drying)
Silica gel, for column chromatography, 60
Silica gel, precipitated, crystalline free
Silica gel, precipitated, crystalline-free
Silica, amorphous, fumed, crystalline free
Silica, amorphous, fumed, crystalline-free
(Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust))
Celite(R) 281, filter aid, flux calcined
Celite(R) S, filter aid, dried, untreated
Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh
Dusts containing less than 10% free silica
HY-154739
LS-145280
LS-145284
LS-145287
Silica gel desiccant, -6+12 mesh granules
SIPERNAT 22 S, purum p.a., acid purified
White Silica Gel Beads, 3 mm (2-5 mm)
CS-0694521
F 307
FT-0624621
FT-0645127
FT-0689145
FT-0689270
FT-0696592
FT-0696603
FT-0697331
FT-0697389
FT-0700917
Quartz rod, fused, 2.0mm (0.079in) dia
S 600
S0822
Silica gel, with 1-4 mm moisture indicator
Silica, amorphous, fumed (crystalline free)
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder KH550 processing
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder KH570 processing
Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.0% (metals basis)
SYNTHETIC CRYSTALLINE-FREE SILICA GEL
Celite(R) 110, filter aid, flux calcinated
Celite(R) 512 medium, filter aid, calcined
Chromosorb(R) G/AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh
Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 120-140 mesh
K-411 Glass microspheres, NIST SRM 2066
SILICA GEL, PRECIPITATED, CRYSTAL-FREE
Silica gel, technical grade 40, 6-12 mesh
Silica, crystalline quartz, - Respirable dust
Silica, crystalline-quartz; (SIPERNAT 22 S)
C18 Silica Gel, Endcapped, 60A, 40-63um
D05839
D06521
D06522
D78143
Sand, white quartz, 50-70 mesh particle size
Silica, crystalline-quartz; (SIPERNAT 22 S)
Silica, mesostructured, MSU-F (cellular foam)
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous Gel, 15% In Water
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous Gel, 40% In Water
Celite(R) 209, filter aid, natural, untreated
Celite(R) Analytical Filter Aid II (CAFA II)
Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 165a, low iron
Silica gel spherical, 75-200 mum particle size
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 922, -200 mesh
Silica gel, large pore, P.Vol. ca. 1.65cc/g
Silica, Amorphous - Precipitated and gel, Total
Silica, crystalline tridymite, - Respirable dust
Silicon Oxide (Silica, SIPERNAT 22 S, quartz)
Silicon oxide powder, 99.5% Nano, 15-20 nm
D 11-10
Q116269
Sand for sand sieve analysis, NIST(R) RM 8010
Silica gel, GF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, HF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, Type III, Indicating, for desiccation
Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O
Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Silica, mesostructured, MCM-41 type (hexagonal)
SIPERNAT 22 S, purum p.a., acid purified, sand
Standard Super Cel(R) fine, filter aid, calcined
Celite(R) 500 fine, filter aid, dried, untreated
Collodial Silica in Aqueous Solution (nanoparticles)
Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1413, high alumina
J-002874
Sand, white quartz, >=99.995% trace metals basis
Silica gel, large pore, P.V. ca. 1cc/g, 8 mesh
Silica gel, technical grade, 1-3 mm particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, 3-6 mm particle size
Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), coarse
Silica, crystalline cristobalite, - Respirable dust
Celpure(R) P65, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 2 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 3 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 4 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 5 mum
Quartz lid for 30ml quartz crucible, fused, ID 48mm
Silica gel 60, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh)
Silica gel desiccant, indicating, <1% Cobalt chloride
Silica gel, -60-120 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica, Amorphous - Precipitated and gel, Respirable
SIPERNAT 22 S, AMORPHOUS AND HIGHLY DISPERSED
Silicon(IV) oxide, 15% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Silicon(IV) oxide, 30% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Silicon(IV) oxide, 50% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Synthetic-fused silica: Trade Names: Suprasil; TAFQ
Celpure(R) P100, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Celpure(R) P1000, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Celpure(R) P300, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 0.5 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 1.0 mum
Silica Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous)
Silica gel 60, 0.032-0.063mm (230-450 mesh)
Silica gel 60, 0.036-0.071mm (215-400 mesh)
Silica gel 60, 0.040-0.063mm (230-400 mesh)
Silica gel desiccant, indicating, -6+16 mesh granules
Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), -6-20 mesh
Silica, mesostructured, MSU-H (large pore 2D hexagonal)
Silica, mesostructured, SBA-15, 99% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S (Silica) Nanodispersion Type A (20nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S (Silica) Nanodispersion Type B (20nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S, -325 mesh, 99.5% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, washed and calcined, analytical reagent
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 85-115m2/g
SYNTHETIC AMORPHOUS SILICA,FUMED,CRYSTALLINE FREE
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (SBA-15 Type)
Chromosorb(R) W, AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh particle size
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 0.15 mum
Silica gel, high-purity grade (15111), pore size 60 ??
Silica Slurry (SiO2, Purity: 99%, Diameter: 15-20nm)
Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 200 m2/g
Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 400 m2/g
SIPERNAT 22 S; synthetic amorphous SIPERNAT 22 S (nano)
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 300-350m?/g
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 350-420m2/g
Amorphous silica: Vitreous silica, quartz glass, fused silica
LUDOX(R) AM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) CL colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) CL-X colloidal silica, 45 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) LS colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) SM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TMA colloidal silica, 34 wt. % suspension in H2O
Silica gel orange, with moisture indicator free of heavy metals
Silica gel, high-purity grade, FIA according to DIN 51791
Silica, mesoporous, 0.5 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 0.5 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid washed and calcined, Analytical Reagent
SIPERNAT 22 S, crystalline (fine), coating quality, >=99.9%
Chromosorb(R) P, NAW, 60-80 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, AW, 80-100 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, HP, 60-80 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
LUDOX(R) AS-30 colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) AS-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) HS-30 colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) HS-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TM-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TM-50 colloidal silica, 50 wt. % suspension in H2O
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 22, pore size 60 ??, 60-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 60??, 35-60 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 3 micron APS, 120 angstroms
Silica gel, technical grade (w/ fluorescent indicator), 60 F254
Silica gel, Type H, without binder, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, Type II, 3.5 mm bead size, Suitable for desiccation
Silica, fumed, powder, 0.2-0.3 mum avg. part. size (aggregate)
SIPERNAT 22 S Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous)
SIPERNAT 22 S, for cleaning of platinum crucibles, calcined, crude
SIPERNAT 22 S, fused (pieces), 4 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
Silicon oxide, catalyst support, high surface area, S.A.250m2/g
Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.5% (metals basis) , -325 Mesh Powder
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (1D-Hexagonal SBA-41 Type)
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (3D-Cubic MCM-48 Type)
Celatom(R), acid-washed, for use in Total Dietary Fiber Assay, TDF-100A
Chromosorb(R) G, HP, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) P, AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, AW, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, HP, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
NBS 28 (silicon and oxygen isotopes in silica sand), NIST(R) RM 8546
Pyrogenic or fumed silica: Trade Names: Aerosil; Cab-O-Sil; HDK; Reolosil
Quartz disc, fused, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 1.59mm (0.06in) thick
Quartz disc, fused, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.13in) thick
Quartz disc, fused, 76.2 (3.0 in) dia x 3.18mm (0.13in) thick
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 25.4x25.4x1.0mm (1.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 50.8x25.4x1.0mm (2.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 76.2x25.4x1.0mm (3.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Silica gel 60, 0.105-0.2mm (70-150 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel, high purity, 90??, 35-70 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7734), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7754), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, >=400 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, 35-70 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 90??, 15-25 mum, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 40 ??, 35-70 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, >=400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 200-425 mesh particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum
Silica Nanoparticles Dispersion (SiO2, Purity: 99.9%, Diameter: 50-80nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S, ~99%, 0.5 - 10 um (approx. 80% between 1-5 um)
SIPERNAT 22 S, ~99%, 0.5-10 mum (approx. 80% between 1-5 mum)
SIPERNAT 22 S, fused (granular), 4-20 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
Silicon Oxide Hollow NanospheresSIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres Properties
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Toluene)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Hollow Silica Nanospheres Dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80-100nm)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 20 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 25 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 30 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 20 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 25 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 30 wt.%)
Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescence indicator 254 nm
Silica gel 60, 0.019-0.037mm (400-600 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel 60, 0.062-0.105mm (150-230 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 710, pore size 50-76 ??, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (10180), pore size 40 ??, 70-230 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (9385), pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 12), pore size 22 ??, 28-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 62), pore size 150 ??, 60-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 635), pore size 60 ??, 60-100 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 643), pore size 150 ??, 200-425 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 646), 35-60 mesh, pore size 150 ??
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 923), pore size 30 ??, 100-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 100??, 200-400 mesh, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40??, 230-400 mesh, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 60??, gypsum ~13 %, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 90??, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, for thin layer chromatography, H, without calcium sulfate
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 130-270 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 200-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, 5-15 mum, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 10 micron APS, 60 angstroms
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 7.5 micron APS, 120 angstroms
Silica gel, wide pore, 150 angstroms, -100+200 Mesh, S.A. 350-400m2/g
Silica, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources)
Silica, mesoporous MCM-48, 15 mum particle size, pore size 3 nm, Cubic pore morphology
Silica, mesoporous SBA-16, Silica, nanopowder, spec. surface area 175-225 m2/g (BET), 99.8% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, nanopowder, 10-20 nm particle size (BET), 99.5% trace metals basis
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide, 40% in H20, colloidal dispersion, 0.02 Micron Particles
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 105-130m2/g, -325 Mesh
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 105-145m2/g, -325 mesh
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 205-245m2/g, -325 mesh
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Dimethylacetamide)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethyl acetate)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,35 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,45 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: N-Methylpyrrolidone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Cyclohexanone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Ethylene Glycol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Dimethylacetamide)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Ethyl acetate)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Natural-diatomaceous earths: Trade names: Celatom, Celite, Clarcel; Decalite; Fina/Optima; Skamol
Precipitated silica: Trade Names: FK, Hi-Sil, Ketjensil, Neosyl, Nipsil, Sident, Sipernat; Spherosil; Tixosil; Ultrasil
Respirable alpha-quartz, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1878b, quantitative X-ray powder diffraction standard
Silica , crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources)
Silica gel - technical grade, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 |m particle size, pore size 60+
Silica gel 60, with fluorescent indicator, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh), -70+230 Mesh Powder, S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel high-purity grade, pore size 60 ?, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 ?m particle size
Silica gel, 30 mum particle size (average), average pore diameter 60 ??, Suitable for normal-phase adsorption-partition chromatography
Silica gel, EMD Millipore, TLC grade (11695), 15 mum, pore size 60 ??, with silica/alumina binder
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7749), with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 633), pore size 60 ??, 200-425 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 636), pore size 60 ??, 35-60 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (puriss), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, HF254, without calcium sulfate, with fluorescent indicator, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 2-25 mum particle size, without binder, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 2-25 mum particle size, without binder, with fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 220-440 mesh particle size, 35-75 mum particle size, for flash chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, for flash chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 5-25 mum particle size, without binder, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, with ~13% calcium sulfate, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, with ~15% calcium sulfate and fluorescent indicator, GF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 2.2 micron APS, 80 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 470m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 120 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 70 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 500m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC/UHPLC grade, spherical, 1.6 micron APS, 110 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 20 micron APS, 150 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 270m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g
Silica gel, technical grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), 60??, 230-400 mesh particle size, Ca 0.1-0.3 %
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder & fluorescent indicator,12 Micron APS,S.A. 500-600m2/g,60A,pH 6.5-7.5
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder, 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6-7
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, without binder, with fluorescent indic., 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6.5-7.5
Silica gel, TLC high-purity grade, 5-25 mum, pore size 60 ??, with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g
Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, SIPERNAT 22 S, nanopowder (spherical, porous), 5-15 nm particle size (TEM), 99.5% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, single crystal substrate, optical grade, 99.99% trace metals basis, <0001>, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,42 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 45 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)SIPERNAT 22 S is composed of synthetic amorphous silica, which is a form of SIPERNAT 22 S (SiO2).
SIPERNAT 22 S is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.

CAS Number: 7631-86-9
Molecular Formula: O2Si
Molecular weight: 60.08
EINECS: 231-545-4

SIPERNAT 22 S occurs almost everywhere on earth.
SIPERNAT 22 S commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.

SIPERNAT 22 S exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.

SIPERNAT 22 S is produced through a precipitation process that results in fine, white powder particles with a high surface area.
SIPERNAT 22 S represents a specific product range of precipitated silica, aluminum, and calcium silicates.
SIPERNAT 22 S is silica with a high absorption capacity used as a flow and anticaking agent in many applications as well as a special-purpose ingredient for mechanical graphics papers.

In plant protection, SIPERNAT 22 S is recommended as a carrier in solid formulations such as wettable powders (WP) and water-dispersible granules (WG) if grinding is to be avoided.
Sipernat 22 S is a silica with a high absorption capacity.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a flow and anticaking agent.

SIPERNAT 22 S ensures porosity in polyethylene separators for acid/lead batteries.
SIPERNAT 22 S exhibits very low electrical resistance.
The specific particle size and structure of SIPERNAT 22 S may vary based on the manufacturing process and intended application.

SIPERNAT 22 S has a high surface area and a porous structure, which contributes to its performance-enhancing properties in various applications.
SIPERNAT 22 S food grade is a precipitated silica that generates good flowability into a mixed product.

When powdered ingredients are added to either wet or dry mixes, the possibility exists that too little or too much of the powder will end up within any given sample.
By adding SIPERNAT 22 S to nutritional supplements, your product will combine properly with the same ingredients in every bite, sip, or tablet.

Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
refractive index: 1.46
Flash point: 2230°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid. It dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific: Gravity 2.2
color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8493

SIPERNAT 22 S is manufactured to high purity standards to ensure consistent quality and performance in various applications.
The production process involves strict quality control measures to meet specific particle size distribution and other technical specifications.
In some cases, SIPERNAT 22 S may undergo surface treatment or be available in different grades to suit specific applications.

Surface treatments can modify the surface chemistry of the SIPERNAT 22 S particles, enhancing their compatibility with certain matrices or polymers.
SIPERNAT 22 S is compatible with a wide range of materials, including elastomers, plastics, resins, adhesives, and various liquid systems.
SIPERNAT 22 Ss versatility allows it to be incorporated into different formulations without causing significant adverse effects.

As a synthetic amorphous silica, SIPERNAT 22 S is considered relatively environmentally friendly.
It does not contain hazardous substances such as heavy metals, making it a safer alternative compared to some other fillers or additives.
Manufacturers of SIPERNAT 22 S adhere to relevant regulations and guidelines governing the use of silica in different industries, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for food-contact applications.

Companies that produce SIPERNAT 22 S often offer technical support to their customers, including guidance on product selection, application-specific recommendations, and problem-solving assistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S is typically available in various packaging options, including bags, drums, or bulk quantities, depending on the needs of the customer.

In addition to its industrial uses, SIPERNAT 22 S may also be found in some personal care products, such as cosmetics and skincare items.
It is often used to provide texture, absorb excess oils, and improve the performance of various formulations.
SIPERNAT 22 S is a finely milled, hydrophilic silica.

SIPERNAT 22 S is primarily used as a free-flow agent in other applications.
SIPERNAT 22 S can also be used in-situ hydrophobized in defoamers.
The use of an alkaline catalyst is recommended.

SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds, improving tear resistance, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S can be used as a filler in plastics to enhance their mechanical properties and reduce production costs.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be added to adhesives and sealants to improve their thixotropic behavior and control viscosity.
SIPERNAT 22 S can be used in paints and coatings to provide anti-blocking properties and improve flow characteristics.
In these industries, SIPERNAT 22 S may be used as an anti-caking agent in powdered products to prevent clumping.

SIPERNAT 22 S is often used as a thickening agent or rheology modifier in different liquid systems, such as coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
SIPERNAT 22 S can help control viscosity and prevent sagging or settling of suspended particles.

In rubber compounds, SIPERNAT 22 S acts as a reinforcing filler, improving the mechanical properties of the rubber, including tensile strength, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance.
In food and pharmaceutical applications, it serves as an anti-caking agent, preventing powdered products from forming clumps and maintaining free-flowing characteristics.

In coatings and paints, SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a matting agent, providing a matte or low-gloss finish.
Its high surface area and porous structure make SIPERNAT 22 S useful for applications where absorption or adsorption properties are needed, such as in certain catalysts or desiccants.

Uses
SIPERNAT 22 S is also known as silicone dioxide.
SIPERNAT 22 S has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
It can also function as an abrasive.

SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
SIPERNAT 22 S is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.

SIPERNAT 22 S is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.
It has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds.

SIPERNAT 22 S enhances the mechanical properties of rubber products, such as tires, conveyor belts, gaskets, and seals, by improving tensile strength, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance.
SIPERNAT 22 S is employed as a filler in plastics to improve their mechanical strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability.
SIPERNAT 22 S can reduce production costs and provide additional benefits in plastic products such as automotive components, packaging materials, and consumer goods.

SIPERNAT 22 S acts as a matting agent in coatings and paints, providing a matte or low-gloss finish.
It is also used to control rheology, improve flow properties, and prevent sagging or settling of pigments in liquid coatings.
In adhesives and sealants, SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a rheology modifier to control viscosity and improve thixotropic behavior.

SIPERNAT 22 S functions as an anti-caking agent in powdered food products and pharmaceutical formulations.
It prevents clumping and improves the flowability of powders, ensuring a better user experience and product stability.
In cosmetics and personal care products, SIPERNAT 22 S is utilized as a texturizing agent and oil absorber.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be found in products such as powders, creams, lotions, and makeup formulations.
Due to its high surface area and porosity, SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a carrier material in catalyst formulations and as a desiccant to absorb moisture.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used in agriculture as an inert carrier for the delivery of active ingredients, such as in pesticide formulations.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be employed as a flow aid and anti-caking agent in foundry applications, ensuring smooth and consistent pouring of molds.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a flow and anticaking agent in many applications as well as a special-purpose ingredient for mechanical graphics papers.
In plant protection, this product is recommended as a carrier in solid formulations such as wettable powders (WP) and water-dispersible granules (WG) if grinding is to be avoided

SIPERNAT 22 S is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.
They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.

SIPERNAT 22 S, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.
Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic SIPERNAT 22 Ss are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.

SIPERNAT 22 S is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used as a performance additive in inks and toners for various printing applications.
It helps improve the flow properties of the ink, leading to better print quality and reduced clogging in printing equipment.

In powder coatings, SIPERNAT 22 S can act as a flow aid, improving the powder's handling and application characteristics.
SIPERNAT 22 S is sometimes used in the production of battery separator films.
These films are critical components in lithium-ion batteries, and the addition of silica can enhance their mechanical properties and thermal stability.

In some cleaning agents, SIPERNAT 22 S is utilized as a thickening agent to improve their texture and flow properties.
In the foundry industry, SIPERNAT 22 S can be added to resin-bonded molds and cores to enhance their strength and improve dimensional accuracy during casting processes.
SIPERNAT 22 S is used in plastic film applications as an anti-blocking agent.

SIPERNAT 22 S helps prevent the adhesion of film surfaces, reducing blocking during storage and handling.
SIPERNAT 22 S is incorporated into masterbatches, which are concentrated mixtures of pigments, additives, and resins used for coloration or enhancing properties in rubber and plastic processing.

In powdered food and beverage applications, SIPERNAT 22 S acts as an anti-caking and flow aid agent, ensuring proper dispersion and handling of the powdered products.
SIPERNAT 22 S can serve as a precursor in the production of silica gel, a widely used desiccant in various applications, including moisture control in packaging, electronics, and storage of sensitive items.

SIPERNAT 22 S can be used as a functional filler in abrasive products, improving their performance and durability.
SIPERNAT 22 S is sometimes used in the production of construction materials, such as sealants and caulks, to enhance their properties and performance.

Safety Profile
The pure unaltered form is considered a nuisance dust.
Some SIPERNAT 22 S contain small amounts of crystahne quartz and are therefore fibrogenic.
When SIPERNAT 22 S earth is calcined (with or without fluxing agents) some sdica is converted to cristobalite and is therefore fibrogenic.
Tridymite has never been detected in calcined batomaceous earth.

Dust Inhalation
Prolonged and excessive inhalation of fine SIPERNAT 22 S dust may lead to respiratory irritation or lung issues, particularly if adequate ventilation is not provided during handling or if the material is used in processes generating airborne dust.

Skin Irritation
Direct contact with SIPERNAT 22 S may cause skin irritation, especially in individuals with sensitive skin.
Prolonged contact should be avoided, and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used when handling the material.

Eye Irritation
Accidental contact with SIPERNAT 22 S may cause eye irritation.
Safety goggles or protective eyewear should be worn when working with the material to prevent eye exposure.

Slip Hazards
Spilled SIPERNAT 22 S may create slippery surfaces, potentially leading to slip and fall accidents.
Promptly clean up any spills and ensure proper housekeeping practices are in place.
SIPERNAT 22 S is not combustible, but it is a fine powder that can disperse in the air and create a dust cloud, which could become flammable if exposed to an ignition source.

Synonyms
SIPERNAT 22 S
Silica
Dioxosilane
Quartz
7631-86-9
Cristobalite
Silicic anhydride
Tridymite
14808-60-7
Sand
112945-52-5
61790-53-2
KIESELGUHR
Aerosil
Silicon(IV) oxide
112926-00-8
Wessalon
Diatomaceous silica
Zorbax sil
Crystalline silica
Silica, amorphous
60676-86-0
Dicalite
Glass
Ludox
Nyacol
14464-46-1
Amorphous silica
QUARTZ (SIO2)
Cab-O-sil
Christensenite
Crystoballite
Sillikolloid
Extrusil
Santocel
Sipernat
Superfloss
Acticel
Carplex
Celite
Neosil
Neosyl
Porasil
Silikil
Siloxid
Zipax
Aerosil-degussa
Silicon oxide
Aerosil 380
Synthetic amorphous silica
White carbon
Quartz sand
Silica particles
Cab-o-sil M-5
Cristobalite (SiO2)
Vulkasil S
Snowtex O
Corasil II
Calcined diatomite
Silica, colloidal
Tokusil TPLM
Dri-Die
SILICA, VITREOUS
Cabosil st-1
Manosil vn 3
Ultrasil VH 3
Ultrasil VN 3
Aerosil bs-50
Carplex 30
Carplex 80
Snowtex 30
Zeofree 80
Aerosil K 7
Cabosil N 5
Syton 2X
Amorphous silica gel
Positive sol 232
91053-39-3
Siliziumdioxid
Aerogel 200
Aerosil 300
Amethyst
Aquafil
Cataloid
Chalcedony
Crysvarl
Diatomite
Flintshot
Ludox hs 40
Nalcoag
Novaculite
Silanox 101
Silica (SiO2)
Silikill
Vitasil 220
Vulkasil
Cherts
Snowit
Agate
Flint
Imsil
Metacristobalite
Positive sol 130M
Silica vitreous
Onyx
SIPERNAT 22 S (amorphous)
Aerosil A 300
Aerosil E 300
Aerosil M-300
alpha-Quartz
colloidal silica
Fossil flour
Fumed silica
Fused silica
Quartz dust
Quartz glass
Quartz silica
Rock crystal
Rose quartz
Silica dust
Silica slurry
Chromosorb P
SIPERNAT 22 S, fumed
Silicone dioxide
Tiger-eye
Caswell No. 734A
Nalfloc N 1050
Quso 51
Celite superfloss
Cristobalite dust
Silica, amorphous fused
Silver bond B
alpha-Cristobalite
alpha-Crystobalite
Cab-O-sperse
Colloidal SIPERNAT 22 S
Nalco 1050
Quso G 30
Gold bond R
Hydrophobic silica 2482
Kieselsaeureanhydrid
Sil-Co-Sil
Tridymite 118
Cab-O-grip II
Min-U-Sil
Siderite (SiO2)
Tridimite [French]
HI-Sil
15468-32-3
68855-54-9
Amorphous silica dust
Nyacol 830
Sibelite M 3000
Sibelite M 4000
Sibelite M 6000
SiO2
Quazo puro [Italian]
Sicron F 300
Sikron F 100
Spectrosil
Accusand
CCRIS 3699
Coesite
Fuselex
Nalcast
Nyacol 1430
Optocil
Quartzine
Quarzsand
Rancosil
Suprasil
Tridimite
Siltex
Silica aerogel
Tridymite dust
Vitreous quartz
Vitreous silica
W 12 (Filler)
beta-Quartz
Fused quartz
MIN-U-sil alpha quartz
Quartz-beta
(SiO2)n
Amorphous quartz
Dri-Die insecticide 67
Quazo puro
Vitrified silica
Silica, amorphous, fumed
Pyrogenic colloidal silica
UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4
Silica, fumed
Silica, fused
Suprasil W
Vitreosil IR
ETJ7Z6XBU4
Borsil P
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous
Silane, dioxo-
Crystallized SIPERNAT 22 S
Optocil (quartz)
Silica 2482, hydrophobic
SIPERNAT 22 S, chemically prepared
CP-SilicaPLOT
EINECS 231-545-4
Silicon oxide, di- (sand)
CAB-O-SIL N-70TS
HK 400
Sand, Sea
Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles
Quarzsand [German]
S-Col
Admafine SO 25H
Admafine SO 25R
Admafine SO 32H
Admafine SO-C 2
Admafine SO-C 3
Cristobalite asbestos
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605
Keatite (SiO2)
Kieselguhr, calcined
Sg-67
Tridymite (SiO2)
CI 7811
Fumed silica, crystalline-free
ED-C (silica)
Fuselex ZA 30
Stishovite (SiO2)
CCRIS 2475
DQ12
As 1 (silica)
Fumed synthetic amorphous silica
Silica, crystalline - tridymite
99439-28-8
Agate (SiO2)
FB 5 (silica)
Fuselex RD 120
CHEBI:30563
Corning 7940
Microcrystalline quartz
AI3-25549
Denka F 90
Denka FB 30
Denka FB 44
Denka FB 74
Denka FS 30
Dri-Die 67
Synthetic amorphous silica, fumed
Cryptocrystalline quartz
FB 20 (silica)
WGL 300
Elsil 100
F 44 (filler)
D & D
SF 35
Elsil BF 100
N1030
U 333
F 125 (silica)
F 160 (silica)
Fuselex RD 40-60
Silica, amorphous, fused
EINECS 238-455-4
EINECS 238-878-4
EINECS 239-487-1
Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh
43-63C
TGL 16319
Silica, crystalline quartz
SIPERNAT 22 S, colloidal
15723-40-7
SIPERNAT 22 S (vitreous)
ENT 25,550
Silica, amorphous, fumed, cryst.-free
Silica, crystalline, quartz
Silica, crystalline: quartz
[SiO2]
GP 7I
Precipitated amorphous silica
Silica, crystalline - fused
Silica, crystalline tridymite
Silica, crystalline - quartz
Silicagel
AF-SO 25R
Quartz [Silica, crystalline]
Silica flour (powdered crystalline silica)
Silica, crystalline: tridymite
GP 11I
INS NO.551
RD 8
Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free
13778-37-5
13778-38-6
17679-64-0
Silicondioxide
Silica gel desiccant, indicating
Tridymite [Silica, crystalline]
W 006
CRS 1102RD8
Sand, Ottawa
Silica, crystalline: cristobalite
INS-551
EF 10
FS 74
MR 84
Silica, crystalline - cristobalite
Cristobalite [Silica, crystalline]
Amorphous silica: Pyrogenic (fumed)
EINECS 262-373-8
silica gel desiccant
BF 100
EQ 912
MFCD00011232
MFCD00217788
QG 100
RD 120
Silica, amorphous,fumed, cryst.-free
Silica, mesostructured
O2Si
F 44
Y 40
O2-Si
SIMETHICONE COMPONENT SIPERNAT 22 S
E-551
EC 231-545-4
SIPERNAT 22 S COMPONENT OF SIMETHICONE
(SiO2)
SIPERNAT 22 S (II)
SIPERNAT 22 S [II]
92283-58-4
Silicates (<1% crystalline silica):Graphite, natural
Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres
SILICA, AMORPHOUS (IARC)
SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC]
Celatom
Silica glass
Dioxide, Silicon
14639-89-5
SGA
Celite 545
Silica gel spherical, 40-75 mum particle size
tripolite
Cristobalita
Kieselglas
Ronasphere
Speriglass
Chromaton
Diatomita
Seesand
Spherica
Tridimita
Cuarzo
Siilca
Zorbax
quartz-glass
silica sand
Silicom dioxide
silica-gel
Fused-silica
pyrogenic silica
Silica,fumed
Chromosorb G
silica-
Fine grain sand
QuarZ
Chromaton N
Greensil K
silica gel white
Calofrig FJ
Silicon di-oxide
Zelec Sil
Armsorb GKhI
Silica Dispersion
SiO2 Nanopowder
Chromosorb P-AW
Silica gel G
Silotrat-1
Kieselsaureanhydrid
Silica, tridymite
SiO2 Nanospheres
Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescent indicator 254 nm
Ludox SM
Celite White Mist
Chromosorb P-NAW
Fossil Flour MBK
Precipitated silica
Silica Microspheres
Chromatron N Super
Sorbosil AC33
Sorbosil AC77
Sorbosil BFG50
Sorbosil TC15
Sand, white quartz
Silica , amorphous
Silica, crystalline
Silica: Crystalline
Quartz (Tridymite)
Silica gel, ASTM
Silica, SiO2
silicon (iv) oxide
Coesite (SiO2)
Methyl3-oxohexanoate
Silica, diatomaceous
Siliceous sand, CP
Sorbosil AC 35
Sorbosil AC 37
Sorbosil AC 39
Chalcedony (SiO2)
Neosil CBT50
Neosil CBT60
Neosil CBT60S
Neosil CBT70
Neosil CT11
Neosil PC10
Neosil PC50S
AEROSIC
Aerosil 200
Aquafil N 81
ARSIL
BIOSILICA
Cuarzo (SiO2)
DALTOSIL
DUROSIL
KOMSIL
MICROSIL
MILOWHITE
MIZUKASIL
NOVAKUP
OSCAL
PHOTOX
PREGEL
REOLOSIL
ROMSIL
SIFLOX
SILEX
SILICAFILM
SILICALITE
SILIPUR
SILMOS
SIONOX
SNOWTEX
Sorbpso; BFG10
SYTON
TOSIL
UNISIL
VERTICURINE
ZEOPAN
Kieselgur, ungebrannt
Wacker HDK H30
Celite 503
Cristobalita (SiO2)
ENTERO TEKNOSAL
Silica amorphous fumed
SOLUM DIATOMEAE
Spheron PL-700
AEROSIL PST
CATALOID SA
CATALOID SN
NALCAST PLW
Quartz (Cristobalite)
SANTOCEL CS
SNOWTEX OXS
SORBSIL MSG
ADELITE A
ELKEM SAND
FINESIL B
FUJIGEL B
FUSELEX X
GAROSIL GB
GAROSIL N
HIMESIL A
NEOSIL XV
NEOSYL GP
NIPSIL AQ
NIPSIL ER
NIPSIL ES
NIPSIL LP
NIPSIL NA
NIPSIL NS
NIPSIL NST
SANTOCEL Z
SIPERNAT 22 S Powder
SILTON AK
SNOWTEX AK
SNOWTEX C
SNOWTEX N
SNOWTEX OL
TOKUSIL GU
TOKUSIL N
TOKUSIL NR
TOKUSIL P
TOKUSIL U
TOKUSIL UR
VULKASIL C
Wacker HDK N 20
Wacker HDK T 30
Wacker HDK V 15
WESSALON S
LUDOX LS
LUDOX TM
NEOSIL A
Sea sand, acid washed
Silica, fumed, powder
SIPERNAT 22 S (NF)
SILTON A
SYTON FM
CRYSTALITE 5V
CRYSTALITE 5X
GLASGRAIN SG-A
IMSIL H
Neosil CL2000
Sand 50-70 mesh
Silica, Anhydrous 31
SILICA, QUARTZ
Spheron L-1500
Spheron N-2000
Spheron P-1000
Spheron P-1500
TOSIL P
Cab-O-Sil EH-5
Cab-O-Sil M-5P
Cab-O-Sil MS55
Celite Hyflo Super Cel
NIPSIL VN3LP
Silica gel, large pore
TOKUSIL GU-N
TOKUSIL GV-N
Wacker HDK N 20P
Wacker HDK N 25P
KAOWOOL RIGIDIZER
CRYSTALITE FM 1
CRYSTALITE NA 1
HYPERSIL 3
HYPERSIL 5
MSP-X
ULTRASIL VN 3SP
C2H6Cl2Si.O2Si
Hollow Silica Nanosphere
MIZUKASIL NP 8
MIZUKASIL SK 7
Silicon Oxide Dispersion
Silicon Oxide Nanopowder
CARPLEX FPS 1
CARPLEX FPS 3
Chromosorb P 60/80
NIPSIL VN 3AQ
SI-O-LITE
SILICA [INCI]
Silica amorphous hydrated
SUPERNAT 22LS
SYLOID SILICA GEL
ULTRASIL VN 2
CARPLEX CS 5
CRYSTALITE CMC 1
S-CO
silica fibers (biogenic)
SILICATE [VANDF]
SIPERNAT 22 S (silica)
SUPERNAT 50S
TOKUSIL AL 1
Celite (R) 545
Crystalline Silica Quartz
Glass (fibrous or dust)
MIZUKASIL P 78A
MIZUKASIL P 78F
Silica gel, ACS reagent
Silica gel, crystal-free
UNII-EU2PSP0G0W
Wacker HDK V 15 P
Celite(R) 512 medium
HYPERSIL 10
Kieselguhr, -325 mesh
NIPSIL VN 3
SAND [INCI]
SANTOCEL 54
SANTOCEL 62
Silica, 99.8%
SILNEX NP 8
SIPERNAT 22
SYLOBLOC 41
SYLOBLOC 44
SYLOBLOC 46
SYLOBLOC 47
ADELITE AT 20A
ADELITE AT 20Q
ADELITE AT 30S
CATALOID HS 40
CATALOID S 20L
CATALOID S 30H
CATALOID S 30L
CATALOID SI 40
HARIMIC SWC 05
MIZUKASIL P 78
SBA-15 Molecular Sieve
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder
SNOWTEX NCS 30
ADELITE 30
ADELITE AT 30
AEROSIL BS 50
AEROSIL FK 60
AEROSIL OX 50
CARPLEX 67
DSSTox_CID_9677
HISILEX EF 10
LUDOX 40HS
NIPSIL SS 50A
S-CO (FILLER)
SIPERNAT 22 S Dispersion
SILTON A 2
SILTON LP 75C
SILTON R 2
SNOWTEX 20
SNOWTEX 40
SUPERNAT 250S
TULLANOX A 50
ZEOTHIX 95
ZORBAX PSM 60
Cab-O-Sil LM-130
silica gel, cryst. -free
AEROSIL 130V
AEROSIL 200V
AEROSIL D 17
CATALOID SI 350
Celite Standard Super Cell
Epitope ID:158537
FINESIL E 50
FINESIL X 37
MIZUKASIL P 526
MIZUKASIL P 527
MIZUKASIL P 801
MIZUKASIL P 802
NEOSYL 81
NIPSIL SS 10
NIPSIL SS 50
PROTEK-SORB 121
REOLOSIL 202
REOLOSIL QS 102
SIDENT 12
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres
SOLEX (M)
SYLODENT 704
SYTON 30X
SYTON W 3
TULLANOX TM 500
ZEOSIL 175MP
ZEOSIL 75
ADELITE AD 321
AEROSIL A 200V
AEROSIL OK 412
AEROSIL TT 600
CAB-O-SIL HS 5
CAB-O-SIL MS 7
CAB-O-SIL ST 1
NALCOAG 2SS374
SILICA, CRISTOBALITE
Wacker HDK P 100 H
ZORBAX PSM 150
ZORBAX PSM 300
ZORBAX PSM 500
AEROSIL 175
AEROSIL 308
AEROSIL 360
CARPLEX 100
Celite(R) 503, CP
Celite(R) 535, CP
Celite(R) 545, CP
DAVISON 951
DENKA FB 90
DENKA FS 44
FLORITE 700
FRANSIL 251
IMSIL 10
KESTREL 600
LUDOX AS 40
LUDOX HS 30
LUDOX RS 40
MIN-U-SIL 5
NIPSIL 300A
SILICA GEL [VANDF]
SYLOX 15
TARANOX 500
UNISIL Q 30
ZEODENT 113
ZEOTHIX 265
AEROSIL A 130
AEROSIL A 175
AEROSIL A 200
AEROSIL A 380
AEROSIL K 315
AEROSIL M 300
AEROSIL R 912
AEROSIL R 960
CAB-O-SIL H 5
CAB-O-SIL L 5
CAB-O-SIL M 5
CAB-O-SIL N 5
FLORITE S 700
FLORITE S 800
LUFILEN E 100
NALCOAG 1034A
Nano SIPERNAT 22 S Powder
NIPSIL B 220A
NIPSIL E 150J
NIPSIL E 150K
NIPSIL E 150V
NIPSIL E 200A
NIPSIL E 220A
SILCRON G 100
SILCRON G 640
Silica gel 40-60Angstoms
TIX-O-SIL 33J
TIX-O-SIL 38A
AROGEN 500
CAB-O-SIL LM 50
Chromosorb P 100/120
DSSTox_RID_78805
EMSAC 460S
EMSAC 465T
IMSIL A 10
IMSIL A 15
IMSIL A 25
NEOSYL 186
NEOSYL 224
NUCLEOSIL 100-5
QUSO WR 55
QUSO WR 82
Respirable crystalline silica
silica gel 60g (type60)
silica gel 60h (type60)
SSA 1
SSK 5
ST 30 (MINERAL)
SYTON W 15
SYTON W 30
SYTON X 30
UNII-2RF6EJ0M85
ZEOSYL 100
ZEOSYL 200
ZORBAX PSM 1000
CAB-O-SIL MS 75D
CAB-O-SIL N 70TS
CARPLEX 1120
CELATOM(R) FW-60
DSSTox_GSID_29677
FILLITE 52/7
IMSIL A 108H
MIN-U-SIL 15
MIN-U-SIL 30
NALCO 2SS374
NALCO CD 100
NALCOAG 1030
NALCOAG 1050
NALCOAG 1060
NALCOAG 1115
NALCOAG 1129
NALCOAG 1140
NIPSIL E 150
NIPSIL E 200
NIPSIL G 300
NIPSIL L 300
NYACOL 2034A
P 2 (SILICA)
Pesticide Code 072605.
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid washed
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid-washed
VITASIL 1500
VITASIL 1600
ZEOSIL 1000V
BS 30 (FILLER)
BS 50 (SILICA)
CAB-M 5
CAB-O-SIL L 90
Diatomaceous earth non-washed
EP 10TP
HKDN 20
NALFLOC N 1030
SILICA GEL [WHO-DD]
Silica, hydrate(8CI,9CI)
Silica, hydrophobic colloidal
Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2)
Tridimita (SiO2) (9CI)
LO-VEL 24
LO-VEL 27
Silica, fused respirable dust
SIPERNAT 22 S, Precipitated
EXSIL A 300
F 40 (SILICA)
FILLITE 200/7
IATROBEADS 6RS8060
IMSIL A 108
NALCO 1034A
NALCO 84SS258
Silica fibers, 1/4'' long
SIPERNAT 22 S [FCC]
SILICON OXIDE (SIO2)
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous
TIX-O-SIL 375
TS 100 (SILICA)
ZEOSYL 2000
CATALOID OSCAL 1432
Kieselguhr, calcined, purified
Silica gel, CP, blue, beads
Silica, crystalline, tridymite
SIPERNAT 22 S, amorphous gel
SILICA DIMETHYL SILYLATE
Silica Gel 60-100 MESH
Silica, fused, respirable dust
25wt% Silicon Oxide in Water
AW Standard Super-Cel(R) NF
B-6C
C2-H6-Cl2-Si.O2-Si
FK 320DS
HDK-N 20
HDK-S 15
HDK-V 15
HSDB 682
IMSIL 1240
MCM-41
NALCO 1115
NALCO 1129
NALCO 1140
OSCAL 1132
OSCAL 1232
OSCAL 1432
OSCAL 1433
OSCAL 1434
Silica gel, amorphous synthetic
Silica gel, CP, white, beads
SIPUR 1500
SYLOID 244 [VANDF]
ZEO 49
Hyflo(R) Super-Cel(R), CP
SIPERNAT 22 S (SIO2)
SIPERNAT 22 S [VANDF]
CHEMBL3188292
DTXSID1029677
DTXSID6050465
Filter agent, Celite(R) 545
IATROBEADS GRS 80100
Sand, white quartz, CP, beads
silica gel 60gf254(type60)
silica gel 60hf254(type60)
Silicagel 60A 40-63 micron
SILICONE DIOXIDE [VANDF]
AEROSIL S 504BT320
B-CEL 300
Quarz cryst., 0.6-1.3 mm
Silica gel, pptd., cryst.-free
SIPERNAT 22 S, colloidal (NF)
DCF 784
DEP 002
MAS 200
MSS-500
SILICA, AMORPHOUS HYDRATED
Silica, crystalline, cristobalite
SILICA, HYDRATED AMORPHOUS
SIPERNAT 22 S [WHO-DD]
SIPERNAT 22 S, SAJ first grade
TMC 200
XOB 075
Silicagel LC60A 40-63 micron
SYLOID SILICA GEL [VANDF]
VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BS 30
BS 50
GP 71
Silica Gel Dessicant (Grade 03)
Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size
SILICA GEL,PPTD.CRYST-FREE
Silica, fused, - Respirable dust
SS 10
ST 30
SX 10
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-14
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-50
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-60
Filter agent, Celatom(R) FW-80
Silica, amorphous - inhalable dust
Silica, fused [Silica, amorphous]
SIPERNAT 22 S, JIS special grade
Silicon Oxide Mesoporous Nanopowder
AMORPHOUS PRECIPITATED SILICA
AMY37125
Chromosorb(R) G, 80-100 mesh
Silica, hydrophobic colloidal [NF]
2-Mercaptoethyl ethyl sulfide silica
Celite(R) 545 AW, reagent grade
EINECS 271-893-4
NALCO 8455-258
Silica Hollow Nanospheres Dispersion
Silica, amorphous - respirable dust
Silicon(IV) oxide, electronic grade
Tox21_301288
BS 100
BS 120
HK 125
KS 300
KS 380
KS 404
LC3025
LC4005
LC4025
LS-866
MFCD00148266
MFCD00603035
MFCD02100519
MFCD06202255
MFCD07370733
PC 100
Sand, white quartz, CP, crystalline
Silica gel, indicating, 6-16 mesh
TK 900
Chromosorb(R) W/AW, 45-60 mesh
Light anhydrous silicic acid (JP17)
Quarz fine, cryst., 0.4-0.8 mm
Silica gel, 70-200 mesh (TLC)
Silica, fumed, powder, 0.008 mum
AKOS009085429
Colloidal silica, 30% susp. in H2O
Silica gel, spherical, 300 angstroms
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres Properties
CS-O-30773
DB11132
Iron Sulfide (FeS) Sputtering Targets
LS-2422
S 1-45D
Glass spheres, 9-13 mum particle size
s25266
Silica gel, CP, white, medium granules
Silica gel, technical grade, 3-9 mesh
Silica, mesostructured, HMS (wormhole)
NCGC00257531-01
Sand, white quartz, purum p.a., powder
Silica gel orange, granular, 0.2-1 mm
Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel.
Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust)
SIPERNAT 22 S amorphous fumed silica
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 0.5 micron
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 1.0 micron
Silicon(IV) oxide, powder, 1.5 micron
SILICONE DIOXIDE COATINGS FOR PET
E551
Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size, medium
Silica gel, technical grade, 6-16 mesh
Silicon oxide powder, 99% Nano, 20 nm
CAS-7631-86-9
Silica gel desiccant, -3+8 mesh granules
Silica gel, 12-24 mesh (liquid drying)
Silica gel, for column chromatography, 60
Silica gel, precipitated, crystalline free
Silica gel, precipitated, crystalline-free
Silica, amorphous, fumed, crystalline free
Silica, amorphous, fumed, crystalline-free
(Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust))
Celite(R) 281, filter aid, flux calcined
Celite(R) S, filter aid, dried, untreated
Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh
Dusts containing less than 10% free silica
HY-154739
LS-145280
LS-145284
LS-145287
Silica gel desiccant, -6+12 mesh granules
SIPERNAT 22 S, purum p.a., acid purified
White Silica Gel Beads, 3 mm (2-5 mm)
CS-0694521
F 307
FT-0624621
FT-0645127
FT-0689145
FT-0689270
FT-0696592
FT-0696603
FT-0697331
FT-0697389
FT-0700917
Quartz rod, fused, 2.0mm (0.079in) dia
S 600
S0822
Silica gel, with 1-4 mm moisture indicator
Silica, amorphous, fumed (crystalline free)
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder KH550 processing
SIPERNAT 22 S Nanopowder KH570 processing
Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.0% (metals basis)
SYNTHETIC CRYSTALLINE-FREE SILICA GEL
Celite(R) 110, filter aid, flux calcinated
Celite(R) 512 medium, filter aid, calcined
Chromosorb(R) G/AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh
Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 120-140 mesh
K-411 Glass microspheres, NIST SRM 2066
SILICA GEL, PRECIPITATED, CRYSTAL-FREE
Silica gel, technical grade 40, 6-12 mesh
Silica, crystalline quartz, - Respirable dust
Silica, crystalline-quartz; (SIPERNAT 22 S)
C18 Silica Gel, Endcapped, 60A, 40-63um
D05839
D06521
D06522
D78143
Sand, white quartz, 50-70 mesh particle size
Silica, crystalline-quartz; (SIPERNAT 22 S)
Silica, mesostructured, MSU-F (cellular foam)
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous Gel, 15% In Water
SIPERNAT 22 S, Amorphous Gel, 40% In Water
Celite(R) 209, filter aid, natural, untreated
Celite(R) Analytical Filter Aid II (CAFA II)
Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 165a, low iron
Silica gel spherical, 75-200 mum particle size
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 922, -200 mesh
Silica gel, large pore, P.Vol. ca. 1.65cc/g
Silica, Amorphous - Precipitated and gel, Total
Silica, crystalline tridymite, - Respirable dust
Silicon Oxide (Silica, SIPERNAT 22 S, quartz)
Silicon oxide powder, 99.5% Nano, 15-20 nm
D 11-10
Q116269
Sand for sand sieve analysis, NIST(R) RM 8010
Silica gel, GF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, HF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, Type III, Indicating, for desiccation
Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O
Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Silica, mesostructured, MCM-41 type (hexagonal)
SIPERNAT 22 S, purum p.a., acid purified, sand
Standard Super Cel(R) fine, filter aid, calcined
Celite(R) 500 fine, filter aid, dried, untreated
Collodial Silica in Aqueous Solution (nanoparticles)
Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1413, high alumina
J-002874
Sand, white quartz, >=99.995% trace metals basis
Silica gel, large pore, P.V. ca. 1cc/g, 8 mesh
Silica gel, technical grade, 1-3 mm particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, 3-6 mm particle size
Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), coarse
Silica, crystalline cristobalite, - Respirable dust
Celpure(R) P65, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 2 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 3 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 4 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 5 mum
Quartz lid for 30ml quartz crucible, fused, ID 48mm
Silica gel 60, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh)
Silica gel desiccant, indicating, <1% Cobalt chloride
Silica gel, -60-120 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica, Amorphous - Precipitated and gel, Respirable
SIPERNAT 22 S, AMORPHOUS AND HIGHLY DISPERSED
Silicon(IV) oxide, 15% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Silicon(IV) oxide, 30% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Silicon(IV) oxide, 50% in H2O, colloidal dispersion
Synthetic-fused silica: Trade Names: Suprasil; TAFQ
Celpure(R) P100, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Celpure(R) P1000, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Celpure(R) P300, meets USP/NF testing specifications
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 0.5 mum
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 1.0 mum
Silica Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous)
Silica gel 60, 0.032-0.063mm (230-450 mesh)
Silica gel 60, 0.036-0.071mm (215-400 mesh)
Silica gel 60, 0.040-0.063mm (230-400 mesh)
Silica gel desiccant, indicating, -6+16 mesh granules
Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), -6-20 mesh
Silica, mesostructured, MSU-H (large pore 2D hexagonal)
Silica, mesostructured, SBA-15, 99% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S (Silica) Nanodispersion Type A (20nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S (Silica) Nanodispersion Type B (20nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S, -325 mesh, 99.5% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, washed and calcined, analytical reagent
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 85-115m2/g
SYNTHETIC AMORPHOUS SILICA,FUMED,CRYSTALLINE FREE
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (SBA-15 Type)
Chromosorb(R) W, AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh particle size
Micro particles based on SIPERNAT 22 S, size: 0.15 mum
Silica gel, high-purity grade (15111), pore size 60 ??
Silica Slurry (SiO2, Purity: 99%, Diameter: 15-20nm)
Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 200 m2/g
Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 400 m2/g
SIPERNAT 22 S; synthetic amorphous SIPERNAT 22 S (nano)
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 300-350m?/g
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 350-420m2/g
Amorphous silica: Vitreous silica, quartz glass, fused silica
LUDOX(R) AM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) CL colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) CL-X colloidal silica, 45 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) LS colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) SM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TMA colloidal silica, 34 wt. % suspension in H2O
Silica gel orange, with moisture indicator free of heavy metals
Silica gel, high-purity grade, FIA according to DIN 51791
Silica, mesoporous, 0.5 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm
Silica, mesoporous, 0.5 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm
SIPERNAT 22 S, acid washed and calcined, Analytical Reagent
SIPERNAT 22 S, crystalline (fine), coating quality, >=99.9%
Chromosorb(R) P, NAW, 60-80 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, AW, 80-100 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, HP, 60-80 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
LUDOX(R) AS-30 colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) AS-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) HS-30 colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) HS-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TM-40 colloidal silica, 40 wt. % suspension in H2O
LUDOX(R) TM-50 colloidal silica, 50 wt. % suspension in H2O
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 22, pore size 60 ??, 60-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 60??, 35-60 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 3 micron APS, 120 angstroms
Silica gel, technical grade (w/ fluorescent indicator), 60 F254
Silica gel, Type H, without binder, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, Type II, 3.5 mm bead size, Suitable for desiccation
Silica, fumed, powder, 0.2-0.3 mum avg. part. size (aggregate)
SIPERNAT 22 S Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous)
SIPERNAT 22 S, for cleaning of platinum crucibles, calcined, crude
SIPERNAT 22 S, fused (pieces), 4 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
Silicon oxide, catalyst support, high surface area, S.A.250m2/g
Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.5% (metals basis) , -325 Mesh Powder
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (1D-Hexagonal SBA-41 Type)
Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (3D-Cubic MCM-48 Type)
Celatom(R), acid-washed, for use in Total Dietary Fiber Assay, TDF-100A
Chromosorb(R) G, HP, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) P, AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, AW, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
Chromosorb(R) W, HP, 100-120 mesh particle size, bottle of 100 g
NBS 28 (silicon and oxygen isotopes in silica sand), NIST(R) RM 8546
Pyrogenic or fumed silica: Trade Names: Aerosil; Cab-O-Sil; HDK; Reolosil
Quartz disc, fused, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 1.59mm (0.06in) thick
Quartz disc, fused, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.13in) thick
Quartz disc, fused, 76.2 (3.0 in) dia x 3.18mm (0.13in) thick
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 25.4x25.4x1.0mm (1.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 50.8x25.4x1.0mm (2.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Quartz microscope slide, fused, 76.2x25.4x1.0mm (3.0x1.0x0.0394in)
Silica gel 60, 0.105-0.2mm (70-150 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel, high purity, 90??, 35-70 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7734), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7754), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, >=400 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, 35-70 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 90??, 15-25 mum, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 40 ??, 35-70 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, >=400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 200-425 mesh particle size
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum
Silica Nanoparticles Dispersion (SiO2, Purity: 99.9%, Diameter: 50-80nm)
SIPERNAT 22 S, ~99%, 0.5 - 10 um (approx. 80% between 1-5 um)
SIPERNAT 22 S, ~99%, 0.5-10 mum (approx. 80% between 1-5 mum)
SIPERNAT 22 S, fused (granular), 4-20 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
Silicon Oxide Hollow NanospheresSIPERNAT 22 S Nanospheres Properties
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Toluene)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methanol)
Hollow Silica Nanospheres Dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80-100nm)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 20 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 25 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 10nm, 30 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 20 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 25 wt.%)
Nano silica water dispersion (SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 15nm, 30 wt.%)
Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescence indicator 254 nm
Silica gel 60, 0.019-0.037mm (400-600 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel 60, 0.062-0.105mm (150-230 mesh), S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 710, pore size 50-76 ??, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (10180), pore size 40 ??, 70-230 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (9385), pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 12), pore size 22 ??, 28-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 62), pore size 150 ??, 60-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 635), pore size 60 ??, 60-100 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 643), pore size 150 ??, 200-425 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 646), 35-60 mesh, pore size 150 ??
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 923), pore size 30 ??, 100-200 mesh
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 100??, 200-400 mesh, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 40??, 230-400 mesh, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 60??, gypsum ~13 %, for preparative liquid chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, 90??, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, for thin layer chromatography, H, without calcium sulfate
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 130-270 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 200-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, 5-15 mum, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 10 micron APS, 60 angstroms
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 7.5 micron APS, 120 angstroms
Silica gel, wide pore, 150 angstroms, -100+200 Mesh, S.A. 350-400m2/g
Silica, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources)
Silica, mesoporous MCM-48, 15 mum particle size, pore size 3 nm, Cubic pore morphology
Silica, mesoporous SBA-16, Silica, nanopowder, spec. surface area 175-225 m2/g (BET), 99.8% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, nanopowder, 10-20 nm particle size (BET), 99.5% trace metals basis
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
Silicon(IV) oxide, 40% in H20, colloidal dispersion, 0.02 Micron Particles
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 105-130m2/g, -325 Mesh
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 105-145m2/g, -325 mesh
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, surface treated, S.A. 205-245m2/g, -325 mesh
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Dimethylacetamide)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethyl acetate)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,35 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone,45 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: N-Methylpyrrolidone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Cyclohexanone)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Ethylene Glycol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Dimethylacetamide)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Ethyl acetate)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Isopropyl alcohol)
Natural-diatomaceous earths: Trade names: Celatom, Celite, Clarcel; Decalite; Fina/Optima; Skamol
Precipitated silica: Trade Names: FK, Hi-Sil, Ketjensil, Neosyl, Nipsil, Sident, Sipernat; Spherosil; Tixosil; Ultrasil
Respirable alpha-quartz, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1878b, quantitative X-ray powder diffraction standard
Silica , crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources)
Silica gel - technical grade, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 |m particle size, pore size 60+
Silica gel 60, with fluorescent indicator, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh), -70+230 Mesh Powder, S.A. 500-600m2/g
Silica gel high-purity grade, pore size 60 ?, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 ?m particle size
Silica gel, 30 mum particle size (average), average pore diameter 60 ??, Suitable for normal-phase adsorption-partition chromatography
Silica gel, EMD Millipore, TLC grade (11695), 15 mum, pore size 60 ??, with silica/alumina binder
Silica gel, high-purity grade (7749), with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 633), pore size 60 ??, 200-425 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (Davisil Grade 636), pore size 60 ??, 35-60 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade (puriss), pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size
Silica gel, high-purity grade, HF254, without calcium sulfate, with fluorescent indicator, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 2-25 mum particle size, without binder, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 2-25 mum particle size, without binder, with fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 220-440 mesh particle size, 35-75 mum particle size, for flash chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, for flash chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 5-25 mum particle size, without binder, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum, for column chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, with ~13% calcium sulfate, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, high-purity grade, with ~15% calcium sulfate and fluorescent indicator, GF254, for thin layer chromatography
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 2.2 micron APS, 80 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 470m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 120 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 70 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 500m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, HPLC/UHPLC grade, spherical, 1.6 micron APS, 110 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g
Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 20 micron APS, 150 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 270m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g
Silica gel, technical grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), 60??, 230-400 mesh particle size, Ca 0.1-0.3 %
Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder & fluorescent indicator,12 Micron APS,S.A. 500-600m2/g,60A,pH 6.5-7.5
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder, 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6-7
Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, without binder, with fluorescent indic., 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6.5-7.5
Silica gel, TLC high-purity grade, 5-25 mum, pore size 60 ??, with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g
Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, SIPERNAT 22 S, nanopowder (spherical, porous), 5-15 nm particle size (TEM), 99.5% trace metals basis
SIPERNAT 22 S, single crystal substrate, optical grade, 99.99% trace metals basis, <0001>, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,42 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 45 wt.%)
Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)