Prop-2-yn-1-ol, also known as 2-propyn-1-ol or ethynyl alcohol, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H4O.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is an alcohol that contains a triple bond between the second carbon (C2) and the oxygen (O) atom.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in various chemical reactions and organic synthesis processes due to its unique chemical structure.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is also known for its flammable and reactive nature, and it should be handled with care in laboratory and industrial settings.

CAS Number: 107-19-7
EC Number: 203-471-4



APPLICATIONS


Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used as a chemical intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry for synthesizing various drugs and medicines.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the production of agrochemicals, including herbicides and pesticides.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is utilized as a reagent in organic synthesis to introduce alkynyl functional groups into organic molecules.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is a key component in the synthesis of acetylenic compounds, which find applications in materials science.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the preparation of specialty chemicals, such as plasticizers and surfactants.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a starting material in the synthesis of fragrances and flavor compounds in the fragrance industry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the production of resins, which have applications in adhesives and coatings.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used as a building block for the synthesis of various organic compounds in research laboratories.
In the rubber industry, it is used in the production of rubber chemicals, enhancing the properties of rubber materials.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be utilized in the manufacturing of flame retardants for textiles and plastics.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol finds applications in the production of UV-curable coatings and inks used in the printing industry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the preparation of cross-linking agents for polymers, improving their mechanical properties.
In the electronics industry, it can be employed as a precursor in the synthesis of conductive polymers.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used as a reagent in organic chemistry research to study reaction mechanisms.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is sometimes used in the preparation of synthetic lubricants and hydraulic fluids.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be employed in the synthesis of dyes and pigments used in the textile and printing industries.
In the field of material science, it is used to modify the surface properties of materials through chemical reactions.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol can serve as a starting material for the production of specialty polymers with specific properties.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the synthesis of organic peroxides, which have applications as initiators in polymerization reactions.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be employed as a reactant in the preparation of insecticides used in agriculture.
In the cosmetics industry, it is used in the formulation of personal care products and cosmetics.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used as a research reagent for studying chemical reactions under controlled conditions.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be utilized in the preparation of organometallic compounds, which have applications in catalysis.

In the automotive industry, it can be used in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for vehicle components.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is important in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and materials across a wide range of industries, contributing to advancements in various fields.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used as a reactant in the synthesis of vinyl ethers, which are important intermediates in polymer chemistry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a building block for the preparation of acetylenic dyes and pigments used in the textile and printing industries.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is utilized in the synthesis of specialty chemicals used in the oil and gas industry for drilling fluids and well stimulation.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in the production of fuel additives and stabilizers for improving the combustion characteristics of fuels.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol finds applications in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors for protecting metal surfaces in various industries.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the manufacture of adhesives and sealants, contributing to the bonding of various materials.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the synthesis of cross-linking agents for polymers, enhancing their strength and durability.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a precursor in the preparation of acetylenic alcohols, which are important in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be utilized in the production of flame retardants for plastics and textiles.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the preparation of intermediates for the production of agrochemicals and plant growth regulators.
In the construction industry, it is used as a chemical additive for improving the performance of concrete and cementitious materials.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the formulation of inkjet printer inks, contributing to high-quality printing.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in the synthesis of propargylamines, which have applications in medicinal chemistry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the manufacture of specialty coatings for automotive refinishing and industrial applications.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a key component in the synthesis of photoresists used in microelectronics and semiconductor manufacturing.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in the preparation of chelating ligands for coordination chemistry.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the synthesis of alkynylsilanes, which find applications in organic and organometallic chemistry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is utilized in the production of surfactants and emulsifiers used in the cosmetics and personal care industry.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and natural product derivatives.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol finds applications in the formulation of specialty paints and coatings for architectural and industrial use.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the preparation of organosilicon compounds, which have applications in materials science.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be employed in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds for medicinal and agrochemical purposes.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a chemical reagent in the preparation of propargyl halides used in various chemical reactions.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the synthesis of metal acetylides, which are important in organometallic chemistry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is a versatile building block with a wide range of applications across industries, contributing to the development of new materials, chemicals, and technologies.


Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the production of synthetic rubber, contributing to the elasticity and durability of rubber products.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a precursor in the synthesis of propargyl ethers, which have applications in the field of organic chemistry.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the preparation of specialty solvents used in various industrial processes.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used to synthesize propargyl aldehydes and ketones, important intermediates in organic synthesis.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol finds applications in the formulation of adhesion promoters for improving bonding in composites and laminates.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is utilized in the production of corrosion-resistant coatings for protecting metal structures and equipment.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the synthesis of photoinitiators for photopolymerization processes, such as UV curing.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a reagent in the preparation of propargyl sulfides, which have applications in medicinal chemistry.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used as a cross-linking agent in the formulation of epoxy resins, enhancing their performance.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be employed in the preparation of propargyl carbonates, which are important in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the synthesis of propargyl halides, which can further react to form various organic compounds.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a building block for the preparation of propargyl boronates used in organic synthesis.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used as a reagent in the preparation of propargyl phosphates, important intermediates in chemical synthesis.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be employed in the formulation of specialty inks used in screen printing and graphic arts.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the preparation of propargyl sulfonates, which have applications in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a starting material for the synthesis of propargylamines, which can be used in pharmaceutical research.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the production of specialty adhesives for specific industrial applications.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in the preparation of propargyl acetates, which find use in organic synthesis.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the synthesis of propargyl esters, which can serve as reagents in various chemical reactions.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a reactant in the preparation of propargyl alcohols, which have applications in the synthesis of natural products.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the formulation of specialty coatings for protecting and enhancing the appearance of surfaces.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be employed in the synthesis of propargyl nitriles, which have applications in organic chemistry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the production of flame retardant additives for plastics and textiles.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a reagent in the preparation of propargyl isocyanides, important in the field of organic chemistry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is a versatile chemical with a wide range of applications, contributing to the development of materials, pharmaceuticals, and various chemical processes in industries worldwide.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the synthesis of propargyl sulfides, which have antimicrobial properties and can be used as preservatives in personal care products.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a reactant in the preparation of propargyl azides, which are important in click chemistry reactions for the modification of biomolecules.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be employed in the synthesis of propargyl phosphonates, which have applications in the development of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the production of propargyl silanes, which are useful in the functionalization of silicon surfaces and the synthesis of silicon-containing compounds.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the formulation of adhesives and sealants used in the aerospace industry for bonding critical components.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in the preparation of propargyl amides, which are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is utilized in the manufacture of propargyl glycol ethers, which are used as solvents and coupling agents in various applications.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a reagent in the synthesis of propargyl carbamates, which have applications in medicinal chemistry as potential drug candidates.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the formulation of cutting-edge resist materials for photolithography processes in semiconductor manufacturing.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be employed in the synthesis of propargyl hydrazines, which have applications in the field of chemical biology and drug discovery.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the preparation of propargyl thioethers, which can be used in the synthesis of complex organic molecules.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a building block for the synthesis of propargyl aziridines, which are useful in the development of biologically active compounds.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the production of propargyl thiols, which can be used as odorants and flavorants in the food and beverage industry.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in the synthesis of propargyl carbazates, which are versatile intermediates in organic chemistry.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the formulation of specialty paints and coatings for artistic and decorative applications.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a reactant in the preparation of propargyl selenides, which have applications in the synthesis of organoselenium compounds.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the synthesis of propargyl oximes, which can serve as building blocks in organic synthesis.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in the preparation of propargyl imidates, which are important intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the formulation of specialty inks for various printing applications, including packaging and labeling.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a reagent in the synthesis of propargyl carbodiimides, which are versatile intermediates in chemical reactions.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in the production of specialty surfactants used in the formulation of cleaning products.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in the preparation of propargyl phosphinates, which have applications in the development of novel chemical compounds.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the synthesis of propargyl urethanes, which can be used as coatings for medical devices and implants.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol serves as a building block for the preparation of propargyl phosphoramidates, which are potential candidates in drug discovery.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol continues to play a vital role in a wide range of industries, contributing to advancements in chemistry, materials science, and product development.



DESCRIPTION


Prop-2-yn-1-ol, also known as 2-propyn-1-ol or ethynyl alcohol, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H4O.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is an alcohol that contains a triple bond between the second carbon (C2) and the oxygen (O) atom.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used in various chemical reactions and organic synthesis processes due to its unique chemical structure.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is also known for its flammable and reactive nature, and it should be handled with care in laboratory and industrial settings.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is a colorless, flammable liquid at room temperature.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is an organic compound with a unique triple bond between carbon atoms.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is also known as ethynyl alcohol.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol has a molecular formula of C3H4O.

The IUPAC name for it is 2-propyn-1-ol.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is soluble in water and many organic solvents.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol has a pungent, acrid odor.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is important in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol is a terminal alkyne, meaning the triple bond is at the end of the carbon chain.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can undergo addition reactions with electrophiles.
It is highly reactive due to the presence of the triple bond.
In the presence of strong acids, it can be converted to other functional groups.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is a common starting material in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol can be used as a precursor to make acetylene gas (ethyne).
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is used in the preparation of specialty chemicals.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol should be handled with caution due to its flammability.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is employed in some organic reactions as a nucleophile.

In the laboratory, it is often used in organic chemistry experiments.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol has a low boiling point, making it easily vaporizable.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is sometimes used in the production of plastics and resins.

Prop-2-yn-1-ol has applications in the manufacturing of rubber chemicals.
In industry, it may be utilized in the synthesis of pesticides.
Proper safety measures and protective equipment should be used when handling Prop-2-yn-1-ol due to its reactivity and potential hazards.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C3H4O
Molecular Weight: 56.06 g/mol
Physical State: Colorless liquid
Odor: Pungent and acrid
Melting Point: -69.2 °C (-92.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 81.6 °C (178.9 °F)
Density: 0.865 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Solubility: Soluble in water and many organic solvents
Flash Point: -18 °C (-0.4 °F)
Vapor Pressure: 19 mm Hg at 20 °C


Chemical Properties:

Functional Group: Terminal alkyne (-C≡C) and hydroxyl (-OH) group
Reactivity: Highly reactive due to the presence of a triple bond (alkyne)
pH: Typically neutral when dissolved in water
Flammability: Flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air
Miscibility: Miscible with many organic solvents, including acetone, ether, and ethanol



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately, away from the source of exposure.
Keep the person calm and encourage deep breaths.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing and does not have a pulse, begin CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and continue until medical professionals arrive.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes if they come into contact with Prop-2-yn-1-ol.
Wash the affected skin area gently with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use mild soap to cleanse the skin, but do not scrub vigorously.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or chemical burns develop.


Eye Contact:

Immediately rinse the affected eye(s) with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelid(s) open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do so after the initial rinse.
Continue rinsing while seeking immediate medical attention from an eye specialist.
Do not delay medical treatment, even if symptoms seem minor, as eye injuries can worsen over time.


Ingestion:

If Prop-2-yn-1-ol is ingested accidentally, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center for guidance.


General First Aid:

If there are any signs of discomfort, irritation, or adverse health effects after exposure to Prop-2-yn-1-ol, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide the medical personnel with information about the chemical, including its name, CAS number, and the circumstances of exposure.
If assisting someone exposed to the chemical, ensure that you are also safe from exposure and follow appropriate personal protective measures, such as wearing gloves and eye protection.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling Prop-2-yn-1-ol.
This may include but is not limited to:
Chemical-resistant gloves
Safety goggles or a face shield to protect the eyes
A lab coat or chemical-resistant apron
Closed-toe shoes with chemical-resistant soles
A chemical-resistant apron or lab coat
Respiratory protection if ventilation is inadequate or exposure levels are high

Ventilation:

Work with Prop-2-yn-1-ol in a well-ventilated area, such as a chemical fume hood, to minimize inhalation exposure.
Ensure that the ventilation system effectively removes vapors and maintains a safe working environment.

Avoidance of Contact:

Minimize skin and eye contact with the chemical.
Use appropriate PPE to prevent accidental contact.

Handling Precautions:

Use caution when transferring or pouring Prop-2-yn-1-ol to prevent spills or splashes.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the chemical.

Labeling:

Ensure that containers holding Prop-2-yn-1-ol are properly labeled with its name, hazard warnings, and safety information.


Storage:

Storage Area:

Store Prop-2-yn-1-ol in a dedicated storage area away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, strong bases, and strong oxidizing agents.
Keep the storage area cool, dry, and well-ventilated.

Container Selection:

Use containers made of materials compatible with Prop-2-yn-1-ol, such as glass or chemical-resistant plastics (e.g., high-density polyethylene).
Ensure that containers are tightly sealed to prevent leaks or evaporation.

Separation from Incompatibles:

Keep Prop-2-yn-1-ol separated from incompatible chemicals and substances to avoid potential reactions or hazards.

Flammability Precautions:

Store away from open flames, heat sources, and ignition sources.
Ensure that there are no smoking or open flame sources in the storage area.

Labeling and Identification:

Clearly label all containers with the chemical's name, hazard information, and storage instructions.
Consider using color-coded labels or hazard signs to easily identify the contents.

Storage Temperature:

Store Prop-2-yn-1-ol at the appropriate temperature, which is typically room temperature (20-25°C or 68-77°F).

Spill Containment:

Have spill containment materials, such as absorbent materials and spill kits, readily available in the storage area.

Security Measures:

Limit access to the storage area to authorized personnel only.
Implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.



SYNONYMS


Ethynyl alcohol
2-Propyn-1-ol
Ethynylcarbinol
Ethinylcarbinol
Acetylenyl alcohol
Propargyl alcohol
Hydroxyacetylene
Propinol
Ethynol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
2-Hydroxy-1-propyne
Ethinylmethanol
1-Propin-1-ol
1-Propyne-1-ol
Vinyl carbinol
Methyl ketene
Propargyl hydroxide
Acetylenemethanol
Ethinol
Ethynylmethanol
Ethinylethanol
Ethynylcarbinol
Propargyl alcohol
Ethynylmethanol
2-Propynol
Propargyl methanol
Hydroxyethyne
1-Hydroxypropyne
1-Propyne-1-ol
Propynyl alcohol
Hydroxylethyne
Acetylenecarbinol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
Ethynyl ethyl alcohol
Methyl ethynyl carbinol
Acetylenylmethanol
Ethynyl ethylmethanol
Propynylmethanol
Acetylene ethanol
Methyl acetylenol
Ethynylmethanol
Acetylene carbinol
2-Hydroxypropyne
Ethynyl carbinol
2-Propin-1-ol
Prop-2-yn-1-yl alcohol
1-Ethynyl-1-hydroxyethane
Ethinylmethylethanol
Ethynylcarbinol
Acetylenylmethanol
Ethynylmethylethyl alcohol
Methyl ethynylmethanol
Propargylcarbinol
Hydroxyacetylenemethane
Ethynyl alcohol
Propynylmethylethanol
Ethinylmethylethanol
Acetylenyl ethyl alcohol
Ethinylmethylethyl alcohol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Ethynyl-1-hydroxy-ethane
Acetylenylmethylcarbinol
Propynylmethylmethanol
2-Propynylalcohol
Ethinyl ethylmethanol

Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is miscible with water, ethanol and ether.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colourless liquid and an isomer of 2-propanol.


CAS Number: 71-23-8
EC Number: 200-746-9
MDL Number: MFCD00002941
Molecular Formula: C3H8O / CH3CH2CH2OH



Propan-1-ol, n-Propyl alcohol, n-Propanol, n-PrOH, Ethyl carbinol, 1-Hydroxypropane, Propionic alcohol, Propionyl alcohol, Propionylol, Propyl alcohol, Propylic alcohol, Propylol, 1-propanol, propanol, Propan-1-ol, Propyl alcohol, n-propanol, 71-23-8, n-Propyl alcohol, ethylcarbinol, Policosanol,
optal, 1-hydroxypropane, osmosol extra, Propylic alcohol, Propanol-1, 1-Propyl alcohol, n-Propan-1-ol, Propanole, Propanolen, Alcohol, propyl,
Propanoli, Ethyl carbinol, Alcool propylique, Propylowy alkohol, n-Propyl alkohol, Albacol, 142583-61-7, propane-1-ol, 1-PROPONOL, propylalcohol, Propyl alcohol, normal Caswell No. 709A, FEMA No. 2928, FEMA Number 2928, Propyl alcohol (natural), Propyl alcohol, n-, Propyl-d7 alcohol, NSC 30300, CCRIS 3202, HSDB 115, n-Propylalkohol, EINECS 200-746-9, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 047502, n-PrOH, UNII-96F264O9SV, BRN 1098242, DTXSID2021739, CHEBI:28831, AI3-16115, Propylan-propyl alcohol, 96F264O9SV, Propyl-1,1-d2 alcohol, MFCD00002941, NSC-30300, 62309-51-7, UN 1274, Propyl-3,3,3-d3 alcohol, DTXCID001739,
PROPANOL-2,2-D2, PROPYL ALCOHOL (PROPANOL), EC 200-746-9, 4-01-00-01413 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 1-Propanol, anhydrous, 1-Propanol-D1, Propanol, Propan-1-ol, POL, Propanol, 1-, PROPANOL (EP MONOGRAPH), PROPANOL [EP MONOGRAPH], PROPYL ALCOHOL (MART.), PROPYL ALCOHOL [MART.], PROPYL-2-D1 ALCOHOL, 188894-71-5, 70907-80-1, 89603-83-8, 1 Propanol, UN1274, Hydroxypropane, ethyl methanol, n-propylalcohol, normal propanol, 3-propanol, nPrOH, HOPr, PrOH, normal propyl alcohol, Caswell No 709A, N-Propanol ACS grade, n-C3H7OH, 1-Propanol, HPLC Grade, bmse000446, N-PROPANOL [HSDB], PROPANOL [WHO-DD], 1-Propanol, >=99%, PROPYL ALCOHOL [MI], Pesticide Code: 047502, PROPYL ALCOHOL [FCC], WLN: Q3, CHEMBL14687, PROPYL ALCOHOL [FHFI], PROPYL ALCOHOL [INCI], 1-PROPANOL [USP-RS], 1-Propanol, analytical standard, 1-Propanol, JIS special grade, 1-Propanol, >=99%, FG, 1-Propanol, LR, >=99%, 1-Propanol, >=99.80%, BDBM36153, 1-Propanol, anhydrous, 99.7%, 1-Propanol, p.a., 99.5%, 1-Propanol, AR, >=99.5%, AMY11110, NSC30300, Tox21_302440, 1-Propanol, Spectrophotometric Grade, LMFA05000101, n-Propanol or propyl alcohol, normal, 1-Propanol, natural, >=98%, FG, Hydroxypropyl cellulose-SL (HPC-SL), 1-Propanol, >=99% (GC), purum, AKOS000249219, 1-Propanol, for HPLC, >=99.5%, 1-Propanol, for HPLC, >=99.9%, DB03175, 1-Propanol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%, 1-Propanol, HPLC grade, >=99.5%, CAS-71-23-8, 1-Propanol, purum, >=99.0% (GC), NCGC00255163-01, 1-Propanol 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, PROPYL-1,1,3,3,3-D5 ALCOHOL, 1-Propanol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, FT-0608280, FT-0608281, FT-0627482, NS00001811, P0491, 1-Propanol, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.0%, EN300-19337, C05979,
Q14985, A837125, InChI=1/C3H8O/c1-2-3-4/h4H,2-3H2,1H, J-505102, 1-Propanol, for inorganic trace analysis, >=99.8%, F0001-1829, 1-Propanol, puriss. p.a., Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5% (GC), 1-Propanol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, n-Propanol or propyl alcohol, normal [UN1274], 5VQ, Propan-1-ol Other Names: n-Propyl alcohol, n-Propanol, n-PrOH, Ethylcarbinol, 1-Hydroxypropane, Propionic alcohol, Propionyl alcohol, Propionylol, Propyl alcohol, Propylic alcohol, Propylol, (1-hydroxypropane, 1-propanol, anhydrous, alcohol C3, ethyl carbinol, normal-propanol, normal-propyl alcohol, n-propanol, n-propanol (propyl alcohol, normal), OPTAL, OS MOSOL, osmosol extra, propan-1-ol, propanol, propyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, normal, propylic alcohol, Propyl alcohol, n-Propan-1-ol, n-Propanol, n-Propyl alcohol, Ethylcarbinol, Optal, Osmosol extra, Propanol, Propylic alcohol, 1-Propyl alcohol, n-C3H7OH, 1-Hydroxypropane, Propanol-1, Propan-1-ol, n-Propyl alkohol, Alcool propilico, Alcool propylique, Propanole, Propanolen, Propanoli, Propylowy alkohol, UN 1274, Propylan-propyl alcohol, NSC 30300, Alcohol, propyl, n-C3H7OH, Propanol, 1-Propanol, n-Propanol, Propan-1-ol, Propyl Alcohol, femanumber2928, ethyl carbinol, alcoolpropilico, n-propyl alcohol, n-ppropylalcohol, alcoolpropylique, Natural Propyl Alcohol, epapesticidechemicalcode047502, 1 Propanol, 1-Hydroxypropane, 1-Propanol, 1-Propyl alcohol, Alcohol, propyl, Ethyl carbinol, Ethylcarbinol, Hydroxypropane, N Propanol, N-Propan-1-ol, n-Propyl alcohol, n-Propanol, n-PrOH, Ethyl carbinol, 1-Hydroxypropane, Propionic alcohol, Propionyl alcohol, Propionylol, Propyl alcohol, Propylic alcohol, Propylol, 1-Hydroxypropane, 1-Propyl alcohol, Alcohol, propyl, Alcool propilico, Alcool propylique, Ethylcarbinol, N-PROPYL ALCOHOL, NSC 30300, Optal, Osmosol extra, PROPYL ALCOHOL, Propan-1-ol, Propanol, Propanol-1, Propanole, Propanolen, Propanoli, Propylan-propyl alcohol, Propylic alcohol, Propylowy alkohol, UN 1274, n-C3H7OH, n-Propan-1-ol, n-Propanol, n-Propyl alkohol, 1-propanol, propanol, n-propanol, Propyl alcohol, Propan-1-ol, n-Propyl alcohol, ethylcarbinol, 1-hydroxypropane, 1-Hydroxypropane, 1-propanol, 1-Propanol, ethyl carbinol, Ethylcarbinol, n-propan-1-ol, n-Propanol, N-PROPANOL, n-Propyl alcohol, n-Propylalkohol, Optal, Osmosol extra, propan-1-ol, Propan-1-ol, Propane-1-ol, Propanol, propanol-1, Propyl alcohol, UN 1274,



Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is colorless clear liquid with ethanol-like odor.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is with water, alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon and other solvents miscible.
The chemical properties of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) are similar to those of other low molecular weight aliphatic primary alcohols.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is miscible with water, ethanol and ether.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), also known as propanol or ethylcarbinol, is a member of the class of compounds known as primary alcohols.
Primary alcohols are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl).


Thus, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is considered to be a fatty alcohol lipid molecule.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa).
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be found in a number of food items such as cashew nut, chinese mustard, greenthread tea, and chayote, which makes propyl alcohol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be found primarily in blood, feces, and saliva, as well as in human fibroblasts tissue.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans.
In humans, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is involved in the sulfate/sulfite metabolism.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is also involved in sulfite oxidase deficiency, which is a metabolic disorder.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as primary alcohols.
Primary alcohols are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl).


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH and sometimes represented as PrOH or n-PrOH.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colourless liquid and an isomer of 2-propanol.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH.


This colorless liquid, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), is also known as propan-1-ol, 1-propyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, n-propanol, or simply propanol.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is an isomer of isopropanol (2-propanol, isopropyl alcohol).
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has high octane numbers and it is suitable for engine fuel usage.


However, the production of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has been too expensive to make it a common fuel.
The research octane number (RON) of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is 118 and anti-knock index (AKI) is 108.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is also known as 1-propanol, 1-propyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, or simply propanol.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is an isomer of propan-2-ol.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) (also propan-1-ol, propanol, n-propyl alcohol) is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH and sometimes represented as PrOH or n-PrOH.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colourless liquid and an isomer of 2-propanol.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol.


Flash point of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is 53-77 °F.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) vapors are heavier than air and mildly irritate the eyes, nose, and throat.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is the parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has a role as a protic solvent and a metabolite.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a short-chain primary fatty alcohol and a member of propan-1-ols.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a natural product found in Aloe africana, Cichorium endivia, and other organisms with data available.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a primary alcohol in which the OH entity is bonded to a primary carbon atom.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) (CH3CH2CH2OH) is one of two isomers of propanol (C3H8O); the other is 2-propanol ((CH3)2CHOH).
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a clear, colourless transparent liquid that has a typical sharp musty odour that is comparable with the smell of rubbing alcohol.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol)belongs to the class of organic compounds known as primary alcohols.
Primary alcohols are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl).
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is one of the most common types of alcohol.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has the formula CH3CH2CH2OH.
Propan-1-ol, n-propyl alcohol, 1-propyl alcohol, or n-propanol are all names for this colourless oil.
Alcohols are those organic compounds which are characterised by the presence of one, two or more hydroxyl groups (−OH) that are attached to the carbon atom in an alkyl group or hydrocarbon chain.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is the parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has a role as a protic solvent and a metabolite.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a short-chain primary fatty alcohol and a member of propan-1-ols.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a low molecular weight alcohol that is currently being investigated as an alternative fuel for direct methanol/oxygen fuel cells.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a primary alcohol with a molecular formula of CH3(CH2)2OH.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colourless, transparent liquid that has a typical sharp musty odor that is comparable with the smell of rubbing alcohol.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is fully miscible in water and freely miscible with all common solvents such as glycols, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers and aliphatic hydrocarbons.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has a flash point of around 15° C and improves drying in coating applications.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a compound in which one hydrogen atom in the propane molecule is replaced by a hydroxyl group.
Since the hydroxyl group can replace hydrogen on both ends of the carbon chain or the intermediate carbon atom, two isomers of N-Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) and isopropanol can be formed.


The chemical properties of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) and ethanol similar to carbon monoxide and hydrogen synthesis of methanol by-products, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, are colorless transparent liquid, fragrance.
In industry, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is prepared from ethylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen under high pressure and cobalt catalysis, and it is prepared from propylene in the action of sulfuric acid or from acetone by catalytic hydrogenation reaction.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) also known as n-propanol, n-propyl alcohol, propionic alcohol and propylol has the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2OH.
Like other alcohols, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has a hydroxy group, —OH, attached to a saturated carbon atom.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be abbreviated as PrOH or (n-PrOH).


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colorless liquid at room temperature and pressure.
Like other alcohols, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can have hydrogen bonds between its molecules which strengthen its intermolecular interactions and result in much higher values of physical properties like melting and boiling points in comparison to many other organic and inorganic substances with similar molecular weights.


For example, while Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) boils at 97 °C, methoxyethane (CH3OCH2CH3) with the same molecular weight but no hydrogen bonds between its molecules boils at 7.4 °C.
Like other alcohols, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has both a hydrophilic (literally water loving) group, which is the hydroxy group (—OH), and a hydrophobic (lipophilic or literally fat loving) group which is the propyl group (—CH2CH2CH3).


In addition to Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), another alcohol, 2-propanol or propan-2-ol, exists with the molecular formula of C3H8O which has its hydroxy group attached to the middle carbon (it has the form CH3CHOHCH3).
These two alcohols, propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol, in a broad sense are constitutional (structural) isomers of each other.


In a more specific way, they are position isomers (positional isomers) of each other.
One should note that by constitutional isomerism we mean isomerism between structures differing in constitution like CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3CHOHCH3 and CH3CH2OCH3 as constitutional isomers of each other; while by position isomerism (regioisomerism) we mean isomerism between structures differing in the position of a functional group or substituent on a same parent structure like CH3CH2CH2OH and CH3CHOHCH3 as positional isomers of each other.


Position isomerism can be considered as a specific form of constitutional isomerism.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has some applications like its use as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is industrially produced by catalytic hydrogenation of propanal (CH3CH2CH=O + H2 —> CH3CH2CH2OH) where propanal itself is obtained from the hydroformylation or oxo reaction of ethylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen together (H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 —> CH3CH2CH=O).


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can also be produced naturally in small amounts by fermentation processes.
Considering its octane number and anti-knock index, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is suitable for engine fuel usage which is hindered by its price.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry mainly for resins and cellulose esters.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has high octane numbers and it is suitable for engine fuel usage.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and for resins and cellulose esters.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, disinfection, food and animals feeds.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, anti-freeze products, coating products, finger paints, washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes and perfumes and fragrances.


Other release to the environment of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).


Other release to the environment of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be found in products with material based on: wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys).
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in the following products: coating products, laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids and plant protection products.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used for the manufacture of: fabricated metal products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment, machinery and vehicles and textile, leather or fur.


Other release to the environment of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in the following products: coating products and inks and toners.
Release to the environment of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, formulation in materials and in processing aids at industrial sites.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, coating products, pharmaceuticals, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and metal working fluids.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in the following areas: health services and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release and manufacturing of the substance.


Release to the environment of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Density of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) approximately is 6.5 lb / gal.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, rubbing alcohols, soaps, window cleaners, acetone and other chemicals and products.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly for resins and cellulose esters, and, sometimes, as a disinfecting agent.


Pharmaceuticals, floor polishes, dental lotions, lacquers, printing inks, natural gums, pigments, intermediates, dye solutions, antifreeze, gasoline additives, paint additives, and degreasing fluids all use Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) as a solvent.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has low acute toxicity for animals when administered via the dermal, inhalation, or oral routes; it is not irritating to the skin, and dermal absorption is expected to be sluggish. n-Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is easily metabolized and has no carcinogenic or mutagenic properties.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used as a solvent, in many cases can replace the lower boiling point of ethanol.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is also used as a coupling and dispersing agent in the pharmaceutical and chemicals industries.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, rubbing alcohols, soaps, window cleaners, acetone and other chemicals and products.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, rubbing alcohols, soaps, window cleaners, acetone and other chemicals and products.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used as a solvent or to make other solvents including antifreezes, lacquer formulas, soaps, dye solutions, and window cleaners.


In the printing industry and in printing ink, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) compounds such as isopropanol or isopropyl alcohol are most widely used.
In pharmaceutics, hospitals, clean rooms, and electronics or medical device manufacturing, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is the most popular and widely used disinfectant.


Tremors, angina (chest pain), hypertension (high blood pressure), heart rhythm problems, and other heart or circulatory issues are treated with Propan-1-ol (n-propanol).
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol)’s also used to treat or avoid heart attacks, as well as to lessen the severity and frequency of migraines.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), also known as n-propyl alcohol or 1-propanol, is one of two isomeric alcohols used in chemical processing as solvents and intermediates.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is most commonly used as a solvent in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, as well as in lacquer preparation.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) produces a variety of esters and ethers, some of which are commercially valuable.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is generally used as a solvent.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a good solvent, can be directly or through the synthesis of propyl acetate for coating, printing ink, daily chemical products and other fields.


N-propylamine, propylacetate, propylurea, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, n-bromopropane, perfluoropropionic acid, propylparaben and propylparaben can be synthesized from Propan-1-ol (n-propanol).
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of probenecid, sodium valproate, erythromycin, propylamine sulfate, 2, 5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dipropyl ester.


The most important derivative of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is N-propylamine, which is mainly used in the production of pesticides such as azulene, endazole, isopropramine, trifluralin, and caecones.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can also be produced naturally in small amounts by fermentation processes.


Considering its octane number and anti-knock index, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is suitable for engine fuel usage which is hindered by its price.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used solvent, desinfective agent, analytical reagent, substrate for organic syntheses.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly for resins and cellulose esters, and, sometimes, as a disinfecting agent.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is generally used as a solvent, is also the preparation of N-propylamine and other raw materials.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used as chromatographic analysis reagents, solvents and cleaning agents.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used extraction solvents; GB 27601996: food flavors, food processing aids..


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is directly used as a solvent or synthesis of propyl acetate, used in Coating solvents, printing inks, cosmetics, etc.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in the production of pharmaceuticals, pesticide intermediates N-propylamine, used in the production of feed additives, synthetic spices, etc.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of probenecid, sodium valproate, erythromycin, Jiantian, adhesive hemostatic agent BCA, propylthiamine, 2, 5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dipropyl Ester, etc, used in food additives, plasticizers, spices and many other aspects; Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) derivatives, especially di-n-propylamine in medicine, pesticide production has many applications, used to produce pesticide sulfamethoxazole, bacteria killing, isopropylamine, maimao, sulfolin, flumol, etc.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used as a solvent, in many cases can replace the lower boiling point of ethanol.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used solvents and cleaning agents for vegetable oils, natural rubber, resins and cellulose esters.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is generally used as a solvent.


Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be used in Coating solvents, printing inks, cosmetics, etc., for the production of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, intermediates for the production of N-propylamine, for the production of feed additives, synthetic spices.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) in the pharmaceutical industry, food additives, plasticizers, spices and many other areas have a wide range of applications.


-Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used as fuel:
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has high octane number and is suitable for engine fuel usage.
However, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is too expensive to use as a motor fuel.
The research octane number (RON) of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is 118, and anti-knock index (AKI) is 108.


-Industry Uses of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used as a solvent in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, polishes, dental lotions, coatings, lacquers, printing inks, natural gums, pigments, intermediates, dye solutions, antifreeze, fuel additives, paint additives and de-greasing fluids.

Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is also used as a chemical intermediate to create esters, halides, propyl amines and propyl acetate.
The end-user markets of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) are the cosmetics, cleaning, motor, printing, coatings and chemical industries.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is also used as fuel in engines due to its high-octane count.

However, due to its expensive nature and low energy gains, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is not commonly used.
Commercial Uses: Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is used as a solvent in antifoaming in cosmetics, perfumes, flavours, fragrances, air care products, cleaning and furnishing products, paints, coatings, inks, personal care products, soaps and window cleaner.



STRUCTURE OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is one of the most common types of alcohol.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has the formula CH3CH2CH2OH.
Propan-1-ol, n-propyl alcohol, 1-propyl alcohol, or n-propanol are all names of this colourless oil.



PREPARATION OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
*From Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde is catalytically hydrogenated to produce Propan-1-ol (n-propanol).
Propionaldehyde is made by hydroformylation ethylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst like cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex in the oxo phase.

H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH

The synthesis of methanol (methyl alcohol) from carbon monoxide and hydrogen produces propyl alcohol as a by-product.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can also be found in fusel oil.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is most commonly used as a solvent in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, as well as in lacquer preparation.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colourless, flammable, and aromatic liquid that is miscible in all proportions with water and is moderately toxic.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is colorless, transparent liquid with pungent scent, inflammable, soluble in water and ethanol.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol.
Thus Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be converted to alkyl halides; for example red phosphorus and iodine produce 1-iodopropane in 90% yield, while PCl3 with catalytic ZnCl2 gives 1-chloropropane.

Reaction with acetic acid in the presence of an H2SO4 catalyst under Fischer esterification conditions gives propyl acetate, while refluxing Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) overnight with formic acid alone can produce propyl formate in 65% yield.
Oxidation of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol)with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 gives only a 36% yield of propionaldehyde, and therefore for this type of reaction higher yielding methods using PCC or the Swern oxidation are recommended.

Oxidation of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) with chromic acid yields propionic acid.
Some example reactions of 1-propanol:
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol.

Thus Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be converted to alkyl halides; for example red phosphorus and iodine produce n-propyl iodide in 80% yield, while PCl3 with catalytic ZnCl2 gives n-propyl chloride.
Reaction with acetic acid in the presence of an H2SO4 catalyst under Fischer esterification conditions gives propyl acetate, while refluxing propanol overnight with formic acid alone can produce propyl formate in 65% yield.

Oxidation of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 gives a 36% yield of propionaldehyde, and therefore for this type of reaction higher yielding methods using PCC or the Swern oxidation are recommended.
Oxidation with chromic acid yields propionic acid.



PREPARATION OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde.
Propionaldehyde is produced via the oxo process by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.

H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH
A traditional laboratory preparation of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) involves treating n-propyl iodide with moist Ag2O.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PRODUCTION METHODS OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
*Recovery method from isopropanol by-products when propylene is directly hydrated to isopropanol, the by-product is N-propanol, from which the n-propanol is recovered.

*Hydrogenation of propylene oxide.
Propionaldehyde hydrogenation method from propionaldehyde, acrolein hydrogenation of N-propanol and allyl alcohol.

*Hydrogenation of allyl alcohol.

*Methanol method.
Oxo-ethene synthesis.
Derived from the oxidation of natural gas by carbon hydride.
Made from fusel oil.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a colorless transparent liquid.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has an ethanol-like odor.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a small amount is present in the fusel oil.

Density 0.8036.
Refractive index 1.3862.
Melting Point -127 °c.

Boiling point 97.19 °c.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is soluble in water, ethanol and ether.
The vapor forms of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.5% to 8.7% by volume.



PREPARATION OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is a major constituent of fusel oil, a by-product formed from certain amino acids when potatoes or grains are fermented to produce ethanol.
This is no longer a significant source of the material.

Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde.
The propionaldehyde is itself produced via the oxo process, by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.

(1) H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
(2) CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH
A traditional laboratory preparation of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) involves treating 1-iodopropane with moist Ag2O.



HISTORY OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) was discovered in 1853 by Chancel, who obtained it by fractional distillation of fusel oil.



PREPARATION OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde.
Propionaldehyde is produced via the oxo process by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.

H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH
A traditional laboratory preparation of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) involves treating n-propyl iodide with moist Ag2O.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol.
Thus Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be converted to alkyl halides; for example red phosphorus and iodine produce n-propyl iodide in 80% yield, while PCl3 with catalytic ZnCl2 gives n-propyl chloride.

Reaction with acetic acid in the presence of an H2SO4 catalyst under Fischer esterification conditions gives propyl acetate, while refluxing Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) overnight with formic acid alone can produce propyl formate in 65% yield.

Oxidation of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 gives a 36% yield of propionaldehyde, and therefore for this type of reaction higher yielding methods using PCC or the Swern oxidation are recommended.
Oxidation with chromic acid yields propionic acid.



PREPARATION METHOD OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
propionaldehyde is synthesized from ethylene by carbonyl, and then Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is obtained by hydrogenation.
Alternatively, Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be directly formed from ethylene and water using metal carbonyl compounds as catalysts.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can also be prepared by liquid phase oxidation using propane or butane as a raw material.



CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is miscible in water and freely miscible with all common solvents such as glycols, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is primarily used as a solvent in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, coatings and as a chemical intermediate.



HOW IS PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL) PRODUCED?
Normal Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is manufactured by a catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde.
The propionaldehyde is itself produced via the oxo process, by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.

Hydrogenation is the process of adding pairs of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated compounds, with the aim of saturating these compounds.
H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH



HANDLING, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) has an NFPA health rating of 1.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) sits in the alcohol and polyol reactive groups.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) reacts with alkali metal, nitrides, oxoacids and carboxylic acids.

Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is not reactive with strong oxidising agents.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) reacts the same way as primary alcohols.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be converted to alkyl halides (red phosphorus, iodine), acetic acid to give propyl acetate and chromic acids to give propionic acid.



STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is typically bulk stored within a petrochemical storage facility for regulation.
Storage is normally in a cool, dry and well ventilated facility away from oxidising agents.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) should be kept out of direct sunlight, heat, and open flames.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) can be stored in drummed containers such as iso tanks made of stainless steel, aluminium or carbon steel.



DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL) AND ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL:
Propyl alcohol, also known as n-propyl alcohol or Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), is one of two isomeric alcohols used in chemical processing as solvents and intermediates.

Isopropyl alcohol is the second isomer (2-propanol).
Position isomerism can be seen in n-propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol.
Constitutional isomers have the same carbon skeleton and functional groups, but the functional groups are in different places.

The OH group is present on the first C atom in n-propyl alcohol.
The OH group is present on the second C atom in isopropyl alcohol.
When heated with I2 and NaOH solution, isopropyl alcohol produces a yellow iodoform precipitate, while n-propyl does not.



PREPARATION OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
a clean production process for the hydrogenation of propionaldehyde to produce Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), comprising the following steps: a, when the crude Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) generated by the hydrogenation of propionaldehyde enters the distillation system, the stripping tower condenses and exchanges the three-phase azeotrope residue formed by the reaction by-product propyl propionate, water and Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), the gas phase material separated by the pervaporation membrane dehydration device is condensed to obtain wastewater A, which is mixed with the raw material propionaldehyde and enters the system again, the condensed residual gas is evacuated by a vacuum pump;
The liquid phase material separated by the pervaporation membrane dehydration unit is sent to rectification to separate Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) and propyl propionate in the liquid phase material.



CONTENT ANALYSIS OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
the content of Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) and volatile impurities was determined by gas chromatography (GT-10-4) using a polar column.



PURIFICATION METHOD OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
a chromatographic pure Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) preparation method, the specific preparation steps are as follows:(1) take 50g shell type activated carbon, after drying at 150 ° C for 8 hours, put it in a desiccator for cooling;(2) take 1000ml of analytical pure Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) into an extraction bottle, add 50g step (1) after the pre-treated activated carbon is shaken for 30 minutes, it is placed for 10 hours, the activated carbon is filtered out, and the Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is put into a 1000ml three-mouth distillation bottle; (3) after the rectification equipment is installed as required, the step (2) after further rectification of medium-Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), the reflux ratio was adjusted to 2:30, and 96.5-97.5 fractions were collected to obtain chromatographically pure Propan-1-ol (n-propanol), which was sampled and analyzed.
Inspection was conducted according to Q/12HB3730-2010 standard, and the yield of the finished product was about 88%.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) reacts with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is converted by oxidizing agents to propanal or propionic acid.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.



PROPERTIES OF PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) forms binary azeotropes with acetal, benzene, biacetyl,1-bromobutane, 2-bromobutane, n-butyl chloride, butyl formate, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, 1-chloro-3-methylbutane, 1-chloro-2-methylpropane, diethoxymethane, dioxane, di-n-propyl ether, ethyl propionate, ethyl sulfide, ethylene chloride, fluorobenzene, n-hexane, 1-iodobutane, 2-iodobutane, 1-iodo-2-methylpropane, isobutyl formate, isobutyronitrile, methyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-butanol, methyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, alpha-pinene, propyl acetate, n-propyl bromide, propyl formate, toluene, water.

Propan-1-ol (n-propanol) forms ternary azeotropes with water, acetaldehyde dipropylacetal; water, benzene; water, carbon tetrachloride; water, 1,3-cyclohexadiene; water, cyclohexane; water, cyclohexene; water, dipropoxymethane; water, ethoxypropoxymethane; water, 3-iodopropene; water, nitromethane; water, 3-pentanone; water, propyl acetate; water, propyl chloroacetate; water, propyl ether; water, propyl formate; water, trichloroethylene



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
Chemical formula: C3H8O
Molar mass: 60.096 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: mild, alcohol-like
Density: 0.803 g/mL
Melting point: −126 °C; −195 °F; 147 K
Boiling point: 97 to 98 °C; 206 to 208 °F; 370 to 371 K
Solubility in water: miscible
log P: 0.329
Vapor pressure: 1.99 kPa (at 20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 16

Basicity (pKb): −2
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −45.176·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.387
Viscosity: 1.959 mPa·s (at 25 °C)
Dipole moment: 1.68 D
Heat capacity (C): 143.96 J/(K·mol)
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 192.8 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −302.79…−302.29 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −2.02156…−2.02106 MJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 60.10 g/mol
XLogP3: 0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 1

Exact Mass: 60.057514874 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 60.057514874 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 7.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical and physical properties of n-propanol:
Molecular Formula: CH3CH2CH2OH / n-PrOH
Synonyms: 1-propanol, n-propanol alcohol, propan-1-ol,
propyl alcohol, n-PrOH, 1-hydroxypropane, propionic alcohol

Cas Number: 71-23-8
Molecular Mass: 60.096 g/mol-1
Exact Mass: 60.057515 g/mol
Flashpoint: 77 °F / 22 °C
Boiling Point: 207 °F (at 760 mm Hg) / 97.2 °C
Melting Point: -195 °F / -126 °C
Vapour Pressure: 1.99 kPa (at 20 °C)
Water Solubility: miscible
Density: 0.803 g/mL
Log P: 0.329
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: alcohol-like
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -127 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 97 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available

Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 13,7 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 2,1 %(V)
Flash point: 22 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: 400 °C at 1.013,25 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 8,5 at 200 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 2,21 mPa.s at 20 °C
Water solubility: at 20 °C completely miscible
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 0,2 at 25 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 19,3 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 0,804 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.

Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 23,45 mN/m at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: 2,07 - (Air = 1.0)
Boiling point: 96.5 - 98 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 0.8 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 2.1 - 19.2 %(V)
Flash point: 22 °C
Ignition temperature: 360 °C
Melting Point: -127 °C
pH value: 8.5 (200 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 19.3 hPa (20 °C)

pH: 7
Melting Point: -127°C
Color: Colorless
Formula Weight:60.1g/mol
Boiling Point: 97°C
Physical Form: Liquid
Vapor Pressure: 25mbar at 20°C
Viscosity: 2.2 mPaS at 20°C
CAS: 71-23-8
EINECS: 200-746-9
InChI: InChI=1/C3H8O/c1-2-3-4/h4H,2-3H2,1H3
Molecular Formula: C3H8O
Molar Mass: 60.1
Density: 0.804 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)

Melting Point: -127°C(lit.)
Boling Point: 97°C(lit.)
Flash Point: 59°F
JECFA Number: 82
Water Solubility: soluble
Solubility: H2O: passes test
Vapor Presure: 10 mm Hg ( 147 °C)
Vapor Density: 2.1 (vs air)
Appearance: Liquid
Color: <10(APHA)
Odor: Resembles that of ethyl alcohol.
Maximum wavelength(λmax):
['λ: 220 nm Amax: ≤0.40', , 'λ: 240 nm Amax: ≤0.071', 'λ: 275 nm Amax: ≤0.0044']
Merck: 14,7842
BRN: 1098242
pKa: >14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993)

PH: 7 (200g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Storage Condition: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
Stability: Stable.
Molecular Weight：60.095
Exact Mass：60.0575
EC Number：200-746-9
UNII：96F264O9SV
ICSC Number：0553
NSC Number：30300
UN Number：1274
DSSTox ID：DTXSID2021739
Color/Form：Colorless liquid.
HScode：2905121000
PSA：20.23
XLogP3：0.3887
Appearance：colourless liquid
Density：0.8

Melting Point：-127ºC
Boiling Point：97ºC
Flash Point：15ºC
Refractive Index：1.384-1.386
Water Solubility：soluble
Storage Conditions：Store at RT.
Vapor Pressure：10 mm Hg ( 147 °C)
Vapor Density：2.1 (vs air)
Odor：Similar to ethanol
Odor perception threshold: <0.07-100 mg/cu-m;
odor recognition threshold: 0.32-150 mg/cu m
Taste： CHARACTERISTIC RIPE, FRUITY FLAVOR
OH：5.53e-12 cm3/molecule*sec
Henrys Law Constant：7.41e-06 atm-m3/mole
Henry's Law constant = 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 °C

Dissociation Constants：
pKa = 16.10
Heat of fusion: 20.66 cal/g
Heat of solution: (est) -9 BTU/lb= -5 cal/g= -0.2X10+5 J/kg
Reid Vapor Pressure: 0.87 psia
Liquid heat capacity= 0.566 BTU/lb-F @ 70 °F
Ideal gas heat capacity= 0.345 BTU/lb-F @ 75 °C
Water Solubility: 391 g/L
logP: 0.21
logP: 0.36
logS: 0.81
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 16.85
pKa (Strongest Basic): -2
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 1

Hydrogen Donor Count: 1
Polar Surface Area: 20.23 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Refractivity: 17.53 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 7.23 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: No
Chemical Formula: C3H8O
IUPAC name: propan-1-ol
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C3H8O/c1-2-3-4/h4H,2-3H2,1H3
InChI Key: BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: CCCO
Average Molecular Weight: 60.095
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 60.057514878



FIRST AID MEASURES of PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,65 mm
Break through time: 120 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A (acc. to DIN 3181)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PROPAN-1-OL (n-PROPANOL):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

Propan-2-ol Isopropyl Alcohol Propan-2-ol (izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is an organic compound, an isomer of n-propanol, aliased dimethylmethanol, 2-propanol. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is a colorless, transparent liquid with a scent like a mixture of ethanol and acetone. Soluble in water, also soluble in most organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, etc. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) has a wide range of uses as an organic raw material and solvent. 1）As a chemical raw material, it can produce acetone, hydrogen peroxide, methyl isobutyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, isopropylamine, diisopropyl ether, isopropyl chloride, and fatty acid isopropyl ester and chloro fatty acid isopropyl ester. 2）In the fine chemical industry, it can be used to produce isopropyl nitrate, isopropyl xanthate, triisopropyl phosphite, aluminum isopropoxide, pharmaceuticals and pesticides, etc. It can also be used to produce diisopropanone, isopropyl acetate and Thymol and gasoline additives. 3）Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Can be used to produce coatings, inks, extractants, aerosols, etc. 4) In the electronics industry, Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) can be used as a cleaning and degreasing agent. 5) In the oil and fat industry, the extractant of cottonseed oil can also be used for degreasing of animal-derived tissue membranes. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) (IUPAC name propan-2-ol; commonly called Propan-2-olor 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable chemical compound (chemical formula CH3CHOHCH3) with a strong odor.[8] As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of 1-propanol and ethyl methyl ether. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial and household chemicals and is a common ingredient in chemicals such as antiseptics, disinfectants, and detergents. Names of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is also known as 2-propanol, sec-propyl alcohol, IPA, or isopropanol. IUPAC considers Propan-2-olan incorrect name as the hydrocarbon isopropane does not exist. Properties of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is miscible in water, ethanol, ether, and chloroform. It dissolves ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, gums and natural resins.[9] Unlike ethanol or methanol, Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride. The process is colloquially called salting out, and causes concentrated Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) to separate into a distinct layer. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of 80.37 °C (176.67 °F) and a composition of 87.7 wt% (91 vol%) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA). Water-Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) mixtures have depressed melting points.[10] It has a slightly bitter taste, and is not safe to drink. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) becomes increasingly viscous with decreasing temperature and freezes at -89 °C (-128 °F). Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) has a maximal absorbance at 205 nm in an ultraviolet-visible spectrum. Reactions of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) over a heated copper catalyst: (CH3)2CHOH → (CH3)2CO + H2 Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is often used as both solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and other transfer hydrogenation reactions. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acid. Like most alcohols, Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides that can be called isopropoxides. The reaction with aluminium (initiated by a trace of mercury) is used to prepare the catalyst aluminium isopropoxide.[14] History of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) In 1920, Standard Oil first produced Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) by hydrating propene. Its major use at the time was not rubbing alcohol but for oxidation to acetone, whose first major use was in World War I for the preparation of cordite, a smokeless, low explosive propellant. Production of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) In 1994, 1.5 million tonnes of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) were produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan.[16] It is primarily produced by combining water and propene in a hydration reaction or by hydrogenating acetone. There are two routes for the hydration process and both processes require that the Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) be separated from water and other by-products by distillation. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) and water form an azeotrope, and simple distillation gives a material that is 87.9% by weight Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) and 12.1% by weight water.[18] Pure (anhydrous) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is made by azeotropic distillation of the wet Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) using either diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents.[16] Biological of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Small amounts of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) are produced in the body in diabetic ketoacidosis.[19] Indirect hydration of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Indirect hydration reacts propene with sulfuric acid to form a mixture of sulfate esters. This process can use low-quality propene, and is predominant in the USA. These processes give primarily Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) rather than 1-propanol, because adding water or sulfuric acid to propene follows Markovnikov's rule. Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters by steam produces Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA), by distillation. Diisopropyl ether is a significant by-product of this process; it is recycled back to the process and hydrolyzed to give the desired product. CH3CH=CH2 + H2O H2SO4⟶ (CH3)2CHOH Direct hydration of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) See also: Heteropoly acid Direct hydration reacts propene and water, either in gas or liquid phase, at high pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts. This type of process usually requires higher-purity propylene (> 90%).[16] Direct hydration is more commonly used in Europe. Hydrogenation of acetone Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) may be prepared via the hydrogenation of acetone, however this approach involves an extra step compared to the above methods, as acetone is itself normally prepared from propene via the cumene process.[16] It may remain economical depending on the value of the products. A known issue is the formation of MIBK and other self-condensation products. Raney nickel was one of the original industrial catalysts, modern catalysts are often supported bimetallic materials. This is an efficient process and easy Uses of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) One of the small scale uses of Propan-2-olis in cloud chambers. Propan-2-olhas ideal physical and chemical properties to form a supersaturated layer of vapor which can be condensed by particles of radiation. In 1990, 45,000 metric tonnes of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) were used in the United States, mostly as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. In that year, 5400 metric tonnes were used for household purposes and in personal care products. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is popular in particular for pharmaceutical applications,[16] due to its low toxicity. Some Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is used as a chemical intermediate. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) may be converted to acetone, but the cumene process is more significant. [16] Solvent of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It also evaporates quickly, leaves nearly zero oil traces, compared to ethanol, and is relatively non-toxic, compared to alternative solvents. Thus, it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for dissolving oils. Together with ethanol, n-butanol, and methanol, it belongs to the group of alcohol solvents, about 6.4 million tonnes of which were used worldwide in 2011.[20] Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is commonly used for cleaning eyeglasses, electrical contacts, audio or video tape heads, DVD and other optical disc lenses, removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs and other IC packages, etc. Intermediate Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is esterified to give isopropyl acetate, another solvent. It reacts with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide to give sodium isopropylxanthate, a herbicide and an ore flotation reagent.[21] Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) reacts with titanium tetrachloride and aluminium metal to give titanium and aluminium isopropoxides, respectively, the former a catalyst, and the latter a chemical reagent.[16] This compound may serve as a chemical reagent in itself, by acting as a dihydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation. Medical of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads typically contain a 60-70% solution of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) or ethanol in water. Water is required to open up membrane pores of bacteria, which acts as a gateway for Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA). A 75% v/v solution in water may be used as a hand sanitizer.[22] Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is used as a water-drying aid for the prevention of otitis externa, better known as swimmer's ear.[23] Early uses as an anesthetic Although Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) can be used for anesthesia, its many negative attributes or drawbacks prohibit this use. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) can also be used similarly to ether as a solvent[24] or as an anesthetic by inhaling the fumes or orally. Early uses included using the solvent as general anesthetic for small mammals[25] and rodents by scientists and some veterinarians. However, it was soon discontinued, as many complications arose, including respiratory irritation, internal bleeding, and visual and hearing problems. In rare cases, respiratory failure leading to death in animals was observed. Automotive Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is a major ingredient in "gas dryer" fuel additives. In significant quantities, water is a problem in fuel tanks, as it separates from gasoline and can freeze in the supply lines at low temperatures. Alcohol does not remove water from gasoline, but the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once soluble, water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water, as it no longer accumulates in the supply lines and freezes but is consumed with the fuel itself. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is often sold in aerosol cans as a windshield or door lock deicer. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is also used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic braking systems, so that the brake fluid (usually DOT 3, DOT 4, or mineral oil) does not contaminate the brake pads and cause poor braking. Mixtures of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) and water are also commonly used in homemade windshield washer fluid. Laboratory As a biological specimen preservative, Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) provides a comparatively non-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other synthetic preservatives. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) solutions of 70-99% are used to preserve specimens. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is often used in DNA extraction. A lab worker adds it to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation. This is possible because DNA is insoluble in Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA). Safety of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) vapor is denser than air and is flammable, with a flammability range of between 2 and 12.7% in air. It should be kept away from heat and open flame.[26] Distillation of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) over magnesium has been reported to form peroxides, which may explode upon concentration. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is a skin irritant. Wearing protective gloves is recommended. Toxicology of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) and its metabolite, acetone, act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants.[31] Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Symptoms of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, hypothermia, low blood pressure, shock, respiratory depression, and coma.[31] Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone.[32] Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) does not cause an anion gap acidosis but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols.[31] Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver,[31] and has a biological half-life in humans between 2.5 and 8.0 hours.[31] Unlike methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, the metabolites of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) are considerably less toxic, and treatment is largely supportive. Furthermore, there is no indication for the use of fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected. In forensic pathology, people who have died as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis usually have blood concentrations of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) of tens of mg/dL, while those by fatal Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) ingestion usually have blood concentrations of hundreds of mg/dL. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is an isomer of propyl alcohol with antibacterial properties. Although the exact mechanism of isopropanol's disinfecting action is not known, it might kill cells by denaturing cell proteins and DNA, interfering with cellular metabolism, and dissolving cell lipo-protein membranes. Propan-2-olis used in soaps and lotions as an antiseptic. Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) should be removed immediately and not reworn until the Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is removed from the clothing. Clothing should then be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision can be made for the removal of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA), the person performing the operation should be informed of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA)'s hazardous properties. When a stream of hydrogen entrained Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) vapors and palladium particles, the mixture caught fire on exposure to air. Solutions of 90% nitroform in 10% Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) in polyethylene bottles exploded. The reaction between Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) and phosgene forms isopropyl chloroformate and hydrogen chloride. In the presence of iron salts thermal decomposition can occur, which in some cases can become explosive. Mixing oleum and Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) (without residue) may be used in inks for marking food supplements in tablet form, gum, and confectionery. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) may be present in the following foods under the conditions specified: (a) In spice oleoresins as a residue from the extraction of spice, at a level not to exceed 50 parts per million. (b) In lemon oil as a residue in production of the oil, at a level not to exceed 6 parts per million. (c) In hops extract as a residue from the extraction of hops at a level not to exceed 2.0 percent by weight: Provided, that, (1) The hops extract is added to the wort before or during cooking in the manufacture of beer. (2) The label of the hops extract specifies the presence of the Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) and provides for the use of the hops extract only as prescribed by paragraph (c)(1) of this section. WORKERS IN AN Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) PACKAGING PLANT BECAME ILL AFTER ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) POTENTIATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE TOXICITY HAS BEEN SHOWN PREVIOUSLY ONLY IN RATS. ACETONE, A PRODUCT OF Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) METABOLISM, IS A MAJOR POTENTIATOR OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE TOXICITY. IDENTIFICATION: Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is an aliphatic alcohol hydrocarbon. It is prepared from propylene, which is obtained in the cracking of petroleum or by the reduction of acetone. It is a colorless liquid which is soluble in water, alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene and chloroform. It is insoluble in salt solutions. It has a slight odor resembling a mixture of ethanol and acetone and has a slight bitter taste. It is used in antifreeze, industrial solvent, solvent for gums, shellac, essential oils, in quick drying oils, creosote and resins; extraction of alkaloids; in quick drying inks; in denaturing ethyl alcohol; in body rubs, hand lotions, after shave lotions, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in manufacture of acetone, glycerol, isopropyl acetate; antiseptic; rubefacient ; and pharmaceutical aid. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Toxic effects include central nervous depression, liver, kidney, cardiovascular depression and brain damage. It can cause drowsiness, ataxia, stupor, coma and respiratory depression, irritation of mucous membranes and eyes, gastritis, gastric hemorrhage, vomiting, pancreatitis, cold clammy skin, hypothermia, miosis, tachycardia, slow and noisy respiration. High risk of circumstances of poisoning: Accidental ingestion of rubbing alcohols/toiletries by children. There is a potential exposure from dermal and inhalation exposure in children during Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) sponging for control of fever. Intentional ingestion for alcoholic effect or in suicide attempts. Occupational or accidental exposure to liquid or its vapor in industrial applications. Individuals exposed to Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) include the following: workers in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, chemical industry, petroleum workers, laboratory workers, printers, painters and carpenters and cabinet makers. There is little absorption through intact skin. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is a potent eye and skin irritant. 80% of an oral dose is absorbed within 30 minutes. Absorption is complete within 2 hours although this may be delayed in a large overdose. Alveolar concentration is correlated to the environmental concentration at any given time. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is absorbed through intact skin on prolonged exposure. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) distributes in body water with an apparent volume of distribution of 0.6-0.7 L/kg. 20-50% of an absorbed dose is excreted unchanged. Most Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is oxidized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetone, formate and finally carbon dioxide. Acetone is slowly eliminated by the lung (40%) or kidney. Clinically insignificant excretion occurs into the stomach and saliva. Related keto acids are not produced in sufficient quantities to cause a severe metabolic acidosis. Inebriation, peripheral vasodilation has occurred. In children, hypoglycemia is particularly severe when poisoning following fasting, exercise or chronic malnutrition Lactic acidosis may occur in patients with severe liver disease, pancreatitis or receiving biguanide therapy or as a result of the hypovolemia which frequently accompanies severe intoxication. ANIMAL STUDIES: Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) most closely follows first order kinetics, with a half life of 2.5 to 3.2 hours. The elimination half life of the active metabolite acetone is significantly prolonged to about 5 hours in rats. In rat hepatocytes the following has been observed: marked depletion of glutathione, increased malondialdehyde production, decreased protein sulfhydryls content and leakage of lactic dehydrogenase with loss of membrane activity. A complete history and physical examination should be performed to detect pre existing conditions that might place the employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the skin, liver, kidneys, and respiratory system should be stressed. Skin disease: Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is a defatting agent and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. Persons with pre existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. Liver disease: Although Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is not known as a liver toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the biotransformation and detoxification of foreign substances should be considered before exposing persons with impaired liver function. Kidney disease: Although Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) is not known as a kidney toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the elimination of toxic substances justifies special consideration in those with impaired renal function. Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis. The assessment of Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) exposure can be accomplished through measurement of either Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) or acetone. Propan-2-ol(izopropil alkol, Isopropanol, IPA) measurement has not been found to be a good assessment of low level exposure, due to its low sensitivity. However, measurement of acetone has been found to be a good indicator of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) exposure for exposures as low as 70 ppm, and has been found to correlate well with air concentrations. Whole Blood Reference Ranges: Normal - none detected (Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Exposed - BAT (sampling time is end of exposure or end of shift, measured as the metabolite, acetone), 50 mg/l; Toxic - Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) level associated with serious toxic symptoms is 150 mg/l. Serum or Plasma Reference Ranges: Normal - none detected (Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Exposed - not established; and Toxic - not established. Urine Reference Ranges: The assessment of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) exposure can be accomplished through measurement of either Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) or acetone. However only acetone was found to be a useful test, due to its greater sensitivity and good correlation with air exposure levels. Normal - none detected (Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Exposed - BAT (sampling time is end of exposure or end of shift, measured as the metabolite, acetone), 50 mg/l; Toxic - Not established. Persons with pre existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)'s production and use in the manufacture of acetone, glycerol, and isopropyl acetate and as a solvent for a variety of applications may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)'s use in hydraulic fracturing fluids results in its direct release to the environment. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) has been identified as a metabolic product of aerobic microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms, fungi, and yeast. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 45.4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 days. If released to soil, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1.5. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.10X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 86 hours and 29 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process based on the results of microbial screening tests. Occupational exposure to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound directly and from consumer products containing Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA). ANAEROBIC: Typical Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) removal efficiencies for an anaerobic lagoon treatment facility, with a retention time of 15 days, were 50% after loading with dilute waste, and 69 and 74% after loading with concentrated wastes(1). In closed bottle studies, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) was completely degraded anaerobically by an acetate-enriched culture, derived from a seed of domestic sludge(1). The culture started to use cross-fed Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA), after 4 days, at a rate of 200 mg/L/day(1). In a mixed reactor with a 20-day retention time, seeded by the same culture, 56% removal was achieved in the 20 days following 70 days of acclimation to a final concentration of 10,000 mg/L(1). The avg percent removal of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) in semi-pilot scale anaerobic lagoons was 50% in 7.5-10 days for dilute wastes with 60 ppm Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) and 69-74% in 20-40 days for concentrated wastes with 175 ppm Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)(2). Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) was readily mineralized to methane and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions(3). The degradation rate of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) under these conditions in fuel impacted river sediments and industrial/sewage impacted creek sediments was 2.4 ppm C/day (82% of expected methane recovery) and 3.0 ppm C/day (91% of expected methane recovery), respectively(3). The degradation rate of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) in a sediment slurry from a shallow anoxic aquifer under methanogenic conditions was 7.6 ppm C/day (112% of theoretical methane recovery)(4). In anaerobic bioreactor studies using a granular sludge inocula, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) (at 125 ppm initial concentration) degraded with 115.5% of theoretical methane production over a 21-day incubation period(5); acetone was identified as a metabolite(5). In laboratory anaerobic sludge reactor tests using liquid hen manure as inoculum, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) was degraded 100% in a 13-day incubation period with lag period(6). The Henry's Law constant for Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is 8.10X10-6 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 86 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 29 days(SRC). Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)'s Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 45.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). The volatilization of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) from a runoff tank of an industrial wastewater treatment facility was measured; the volatilization rate of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) ranged between 0.64-0.69 mg/sq m-min(4). The evaporation rate of a 1:1 Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA):water mixture from a shallow pool was 1.5 kg/sq-m per hour at a wind speed of 4.5 m/s and pool temperature of 20 °C and an ambient air temperature of 22 °C(5). Laboratory studies demonstrated that Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) will volatilize from water to air in the absence of wind(6).

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a cross linker in the coating industry and surgical adhesive.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is soluble in cold water.


CAS Number: 141-82-2
EC Number: 205-503-0
MDL number: MFCD00002707
Linear Formula: CH2(COOH)2
Molecular Formula: C3H4O4 / COOHCH2COOH



Malonic acid, Carboxyacetic acid, Dicarboxymethane, Methanedicarboxylic acid, CH2(COOH)2, USAF EK-695, Kyselina malonova, Methanedicarbonic acid, NSC 8124 H2malo, HOOC-CH2-COOH, Malonic acid, MALONIC ACID, propanedioic acid, Propanedioic acid, PROPANEDIOIC ACID, MAAC, Daucic acid, CH2(COOH)2, Methane acid, Propandioic acid, Methanedicarbonic acid, METHANEDICARBOXYLIC ACID, MALONIC ACID, 99%MALONIC ACID, 99%MALONIC ACID, 99%MALONIC ACID, 99%, Malonsure, malonic acid, propanedioic acid, 141-82-2, Dicarboxymethane, Carboxyacetic acid, Methanedicarboxylic acid, malonate, Kyselina malonova, USAF EK-695, 1,3-Propanedioic acid, Dicarboxylate, Malonicacid, Dicarboxylic acid, NSC 8124, UNII-9KX7ZMG0MK, 9KX7ZMG0MK, AI3-15375, H2malo, EINECS 205-503-0, MFCD00002707, BRN 1751370, Methanedicarbonic acid, CHEBI:30794, Thallium malonate, HOOC-CH2-COOH, NSC-8124, Propane-1,3-dioic acid, alpha,omega-Dicarboxylic acid, DTXSID7021659, HSDB 8437, NSC8124, 4-02-00-01874 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 1,3-Propanoic acid, PROPANEDIOLIC ACID, METAHNEDICARBOXYLIC ACID, 2fah, Malonic acid, 99%, Malonic acid (8CI), 1o4m, MLI, Malonate dicarboxylic acid, Malonic acid, 99.5%, Propanedioic acid (9CI), SCHEMBL336, WLN: QV1VQ, MALONIC ACID [MI], CH2(COOH)2, CHEMBL7942, MALONIC ACID [INCI], DTXCID401659, SCHEMBL1471092, BDBM14673, Propanedioic acid dithallium salt, Malonic acid, analytical standard, AMY11201, BCP05571, STR00614, Tox21_200534, AC8295, LMFA01170041, s3029, Malonic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, AKOS000119034, CS-W019962, DB02175, PROPANEDIOIC ACID MALONIC ACID, NCGC00248681-01, NCGC00258088-01, BP-11453, CAS-141-82-2, SY001875, Malonic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, FT-0628127, FT-0628128, FT-0690260, FT-0693474, M0028, NS00013842, EN300-18457, Malonic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, C00383, C02028, C04025, Q421972, J-521669, Z57965450, F1908-0177, Malonic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), 592A9849-68C3-4635-AA3D-CBC44965EA3A, Malonic acid, sublimed grade, >=99.95% trace metals basis, DICARBOXYLIC ACID C3; PROPANEDIOLIC ACID; METHANEDICARBOXYLIC ACID, InChI=1/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7, Malonic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%, LML, Propanedioic acid, Methanedicarboxylic acid, H2Malo, HOOC-CH2-COOH, Propanedioic acid, Propanedioate, Malonate, alpha,Omega-dicarboxylic acid, Carboxyacetic acid, Dicarboxylate, Dicarboxylic acid, Dicarboxymethane, Kyselina malonova, Malonate dicarboxylic acid, Metahnedicarboxylic acid, Methanedicarbonic acid, Methanedicarboxylic acid, Propanedioic acid dithallium salt, Propanediolic acid, Thallium malonate, Malonic acid, 2-(14)C-labeled, Malonic acid, monocalcium salt, Malonic acid, 1,3-(14)C2-labeled, Malonic acid, diammonium salt, Malonic acid, disodium salt, Malonic acid, dithallium salt, Malonic acid, dipotassium salt, Malonic acid, disodium salt, 1-(14)C-labeled, Malonic acid, monosodium salt, Malonic acid, potassium salt, Malonic acid, sodium salt, Thallous malonate, Dithallium malonate, Monosodium malonate, Malonic acid, malonic acid, dicarboxymethane, carboxyacetic acid, methanedicarboxylic acid, kyselina malonova, usaf ek-695, dicarboxylate, dicarboxylic acid, kyselina malonova czech, propanediolic acid, Malonic acid, Carboxyacetic acid, Dicarboxymethane, Methanedicarboxylic acid, CH2(COOH)2, USAF EK-695, Kyselina malonova, Methanedicarbonic acid, NSC 8124, alpha,Omega-dicarboxylic acid, Carboxyacetic acid, Dicarboxylate, Dicarboxylic acid, Dicarboxymethane, H2Malo, HOOC-CH2-COOH, Kyselina malonova, Malonate, Malonate dicarboxylic acid, Malonic acid, 1,3-(14)C2-labeled, Malonic acid, 2-(14)C-labeled, Malonic acid, diammonium salt, Malonic acid, dipotassium salt, Malonic acid, disodium salt, Malonic acid, disodium salt, 1-(14)C-labeled, Malonic acid, dithallium salt, Malonic acid, monocalcium salt, Malonic acid, monosodium salt, Malonic acid, potassium salt, Malonic acid, sodium salt, Metahnedicarboxylic acid, Methanedicarbonic acid, Methanedicarboxylic acid, Propanedioate, Propanedioic acid, Propanedioic acid dithallium salt, Propanediolic acid, Thallium malonate, Thallous malonate, Dithallium malonate, Monosodium malonate, Malonic acid, Malonic Acid, Disodium Salt, 1 (14)C Labeled, Propanedioic Acid Dithallium Salt, Malonic Acid, 1,3 (14)C2 Labeled, Malonic Acid, Monocalcium Salt, Malonic Acid, Dipotassium Salt, Alpha,Omega Dicarboxylic Acid, Malonic Acid, 2 (14)C Labeled, Malonic Acid, Diammonium Salt, Malonic Acid, Dithallium Salt, Malonic Acid, Monosodium Salt, Malonic Acid, Potassium Salt, Malonic Acid, Disodium Salt, Malonate Dicarboxylic Acid, Malonic Acid, Sodium Salt, Metahnedicarboxylic Acid, Methanedicarboxylic Acid, Methanedicarbonic Acid, Dithallium Malonate, Monosodium Malonate, Carboxyacetic Acid, Propanediolic Acid, Propanedioic Acid, Dicarboxylic Acid, Kyselina Malonova, Thallium Malonate, Thallous Malonate, Dicarboxymethane, Hooc Ch2 Cooh, Propanedioate, Dicarboxylate, Malonate, H2 Malo, Propanedioic Acid-2-13C, 1,3-Propanedioic Acid-2-13C, Carboxyacetic Acid-2-13C, Dicarboxymethane-2-13C, Methanedicarboxylic Acid-2-13C, NSC 8124-2-13C, Malonic-2-13C Acid, [2-13C]Malonic Acid



Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), Reagent is a dicarboxylic acid which name originates from the Greek work, malon, meaning apple.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) contains calcium salt in high concentrations of beetroot.
Normally Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) appears as white crystals.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid also referred to as propanedioic acid.
On the Kofler bench, the powdery body melts around 136°C and evaporates gradually.
Some impurities coat crystals which makes the determination of the melting point of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) very imprecise.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
The ionized form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a building block in organic synthesis.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also useful as a precursor for polyesters and alkyd resins, which is used in coating applications, thereby protecting against UV light, corrosion and oxidation.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a cross linker in the coating industry and surgical adhesive.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is soluble in cold water.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has three kinds of crystal forms, of which two are triclinic, and one is monoclinic.


That crystallized from ethanol is white triclinic crystals.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) decomposes to acetic acid and carbon dioxide at 140℃.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) does not decompose at 1.067×103~1.333×103Pa vacuum, but directly sublimates.


The ionised form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.
For example, diethyl malonate is Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s ethyl ester.
The name originates from Latin malum, meaning apple.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has a role as a human metabolite.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a conjugate acid of a malonate(1-).


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is white crystals or crystalline powder.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) sublimes in vacuum.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is water soluble.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), also known as propanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H4O4.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a white crystalline solid with a sour taste and is soluble in water and ethanol.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
The ionized form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has the chemical formula C3H4O4.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) appears as a white, odorless crystal or crystalline powder.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is soluble in Water, Ether, and Alcohol.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also known as Propanedioic acid or Dicarboxymethane.
The name is derived from the Greek word Malon which means apple.
Malonate is the ionized form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), along with its esters and salt.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) appears as a white crystal or crystalline powder.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) dissolves in alcohol, pyridine, and ether.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was first prepared in the year, 1858 by the French chemist Victor Dessaignes by the oxidation of malic acid.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is found in some fruits viz citrus fruits.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can be produced through the fermentation of glucose.
Industrially, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is produced by the hydrolysis of diethyl malonate or dimethyl malonate.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a forerunner to polyester specialities.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
The ionised form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.


For example, diethyl malonate is Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s ethyl ester.
The name originates from Latin malum, meaning apple.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: It acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has the chemical formula C3H4O4.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) appears as a white, odorless crystal or crystalline powder.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is soluble in Water, Ether, and Alcohol.


Upon heating to decomposition temperature, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) emits irritating fumes and acrid smoke.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a precursor for conversion to 1,3-propanediol, which is a compound used in polyesters and polymers with the huge market size.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), also known as malonate or H2MALO is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2, belonging to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.


The ionised form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.
For example, diethyl malonate is Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s ethyl ester.
The name originates from Latin malum, meaning apple.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Within humans, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) participates in a number of enzymatic reactions.
In particular, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) and acetic acid can be converted into acetoacetic acid, which is mediated by the enzyme fatty acid synthase.


Beta ketoacyl synthase domain.
In addition, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)d and coenzyme A can be biosynthesized from malonyl-CoA through its interaction with the enzyme fatty acid synthase. malonyl/acetyl transferase domain.


A Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.
In humans, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Outside of the human body, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as red beetroots, corns, scarlet beans, common beets, and cow milks.


This could make Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), also known as malonate or H2MALO, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.


Within yeast, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) participates in a number of enzymatic reactions.
In particular, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) and acetic acid can be converted into acetoacetic acid through the action of the enzyme fatty acid synthase.


Beta ketoacyl synthase domain.
In addition, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can be biosynthesized from malonyl-CoA through its interaction with the enzyme fatty acid synthase. malonyl/acetyl transferase domain.


In yeast, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is involved in the metabolic pathway called fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has a white crystal or crystalline powder structure.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is naturally occurring and can be found in many vegetables, fruits.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was first prepared by Victor Dessaignes by the oxidation reaction of malic acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is the second smallest aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with oxalic acid being the smallest.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can be confused with maleic or malic acid as both contain two carboxyl groups, but it is different.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) differs from these two acids in terms of properties, structure, etc.
The name of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is derived from the Greek word Malon which means apple.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) on heating gives acetic acid.


French Chemist Victor Dessaignes was the first person to prepare this acid in 1858 by oxidation of malic acid.
Its name originated from the Greek word Malon which means Apple.
It is because Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is found in some fruits.


Greater concentrations of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) in citrus are found in fruits generated in organic farming compared to fruits generated in conventional farming.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a white crystalline substance that quickly dissolves in water and oxygenated solutions.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has a breakdown temperature of 135 °C.
Its ionized form, esters and salts are known as malonates, such as the diethyl malonate, which is Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)’s diethyl ester.
The molecular weight of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is 104.061 g/mol, and its density is 1.619g/cm3.


Its melting point is 135 to 137°C and Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) decomposes above the boiling point of 140°C.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
The ionised form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.


For example, diethyl malonate is Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s ethyl ester.
The name of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) originates from Latin malum, meaning apple.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.


The ionized form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.
For example, diethyl malonate is Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s diethyl ester.
The name originates from the Greek word μᾶλον (malon) meaning 'apple'.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has a role as a human metabolite.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a lipid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a conjugate acid of a malonate(1-).


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is soluble in cold water.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), also known as malonate or H2MALO, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.


Within yeast, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) participates in a number of enzymatic reactions.
In particular, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) and acetic acid can be converted into acetoacetic acid through the action of the enzyme fatty acid synthase.


Beta ketoacyl synthase domain.
In addition, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can be biosynthesized from malonyl-CoA through its interaction with the enzyme fatty acid synthase. malonyl/acetyl transferase domain.


In yeast, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is involved in the metabolic pathway called fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), also known as malonate or H2MALO, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.


Within humans, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) participates in a number of enzymatic reactions.
In particular, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) and acetic acid can be converted into acetoacetic acid; which is mediated by the enzyme fatty acid synthase.


Beta ketoacyl synthase domain.
In addition, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) and coenzyme A can be biosynthesized from malonyl-CoA through its interaction with the enzyme fatty acid synthase.


malonyl/acetyl transferase domain.
An Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.
In humans, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis.


Outside of the human body, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as red beetroots, corns, scarlet beans, common beets, and cow milks.
This could make Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis, combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria, and early preeclampsia; Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder malonyl-coa decarboxylase deficiency.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that forms a solid at room temperature.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid used as a precursor to certain polyesters and is a component in alkyd resins.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid belonging to the family of carboxylic acids.
A dicarboxylic acid contains two carboxylic acid functional groups. Usually, a dicarboxylic acid exhibits the same chemical behavior as monocarboxylic acids.


This naturally occurs in certain fruits.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a useful organic compound with various benefits.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s IUPAC name is propanedioic acid.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) should not be confused with malic or maleic acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H4O4.
Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds containing two carboxylic acid functional groups.


Dicarboxylic acids generally show the same chemical behaviour and reactivity as monocarboxylic acids.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a substance found in some fruits that occurs naturally.
Fruits generated in organic farming contain greater concentrations of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) in citrus compared to fruits generated in conventional farming.


The IUPAC name of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is propanedioic acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is the archetypal instance of a competitive inhibitor: it functions in the respiratory electron transport chain against succinate dehydrogenase.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is correlated with deficiency of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase, an inborn metabolism mistake.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) sublimes in vacuum.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has a role as a human metabolite.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a conjugate acid of a malonate(1-).


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Meum athamanticum, and other organisms with data available.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
The ionized form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.


For example, diethyl malonate is malonic acid's diethyl ester.
The name of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) originates from the Greek word μᾶλον (malon) meaning 'apple'.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) finds application in the production of specialty chemicals, flavors and fragrances, polymer cross linkers and pharmaceuticals.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a building block in organic synthesis.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also useful as a precursor for polyesters and alkyd resins, which are used in coating applications, thereby protecting against UV light, corrosion and oxidation.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a cross linker in the coating industry and surgical adhesive.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) finds application in the production of specialty chemicals, flavors and fragrances, polymer cross linkers and pharmaceuticals.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used to produce an enhanced starch-based resin, which is environmentally-benign, uses water-based processing without toxic catalysts.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in the synthesis of barbituric acid and its derivatives.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was discovered and identified in 1858 from the oxidation products of apple juice.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is present as a white crystalline powder with no odor but with a high vapor pressure at room temperature.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is however easily soluble in water as well as in pyridine, ethanol, methanol and ether.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is not soluble in benzene.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of barbiturates and other pharmaceuticals.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a component used as a stabilizer in many high-end cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also used as building block in chemical synthesis, specifically to introduce the molecular group -CH2-COOH.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used for the introduction of an acetic acid moiety under mild conditions by Knoevenagel condensation and subsequent decarboxylation.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is acts as a building block in organic synthesis.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also useful as a precursor for polyesters and alkyd resins, which is used in coating applications, thereby protecting against UV light, corrosion and oxidation.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a cross linker in the coating industry and surgical adhesive.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) finds application in the production of specialty chemicals, flavors and fragrances, polymer cross linkers and pharmaceuticals.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is commonly used in organic synthesis, specifically in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fragrances.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also used as a pH adjuster in the food industry.
The chemical properties of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) make it a unique and versatile compound in organic chemistry.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) contains two carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) which make it a weak acid with a pKa of 2.8.
Additionally, the presence of two carbonyl groups (-C=O) make Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) a useful compound in organic synthesis.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is often used as a building block in the synthesis of various organic compounds due to its ability to undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also known for its ability to form stable complexes with metal ions.
This property is utilized in analytical chemistry for the determination of metal ions in various samples.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can form chelates with metal ions such as calcium, magnesium, and iron, which are then easily detected and quantified.


In conclusion, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a versatile compound with a wide range of applications in various fields.
Its unique chemical properties make Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) a useful building block in organic synthesis and a valuable reagent in analytical chemistry.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used to produce an enhanced starch-based resin, which is environmentally-benign, uses water-based processing without toxic catalysts.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) may be used as a cross-linking agent between corn starch and potato starch to improve its mechanical properties.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can be converted into 1,3-propanediol for use in polyesters and polymers (whose usefulness is unclear though).
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can also be a component in alkyd resins, which are used in a number of coatings applications for protecting against damage caused by UV light, oxidation, and corrosion.


One application of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is in the coatings industry as a crosslinker for low-temperature cure powder coatings, which are becoming increasingly valuable for heat sensitive substrates and a desire to speed up the coatings process.
The global coatings market for automobiles was estimated to be $18.59 billion in 2014 with projected combined annual growth rate of 5.1% through 2022.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in a number of manufacturing processes as a high value specialty chemical including the electronics industry, flavors and fragrances industry, specialty solvents, polymer crosslinking, and pharmaceutical industry.
In 2004, annual global production of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) and related diesters was over 20,000 metric tons.


Potential growth of these markets could result from advances in industrial biotechnology that seeks to displace petroleum-based chemicals in industrial applications.
In 2004, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was listed by the US Department of Energy as one of the top 30 chemicals to be produced from biomass.


In food and drug applications, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can be used to control acidity, either as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulation or natural preservative additive for foods.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as a building block chemical to produce numerous valuable compounds, including the flavor and fragrance compounds gamma-nonalactone, cinnamic acid, and the pharmaceutical compound valproate.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has been used to cross-link corn and potato starches to produce a biodegradable thermoplastic; the process is performed in water using non-toxic catalysts.
Starch-based polymers comprised 38% of the global biodegradable polymers market in 2014 with food packaging, foam packaging, and compost bags as the largest end-use segments.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as a precursor in polymers and polyester.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in flavours as well as in the fragrance industry.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used to control acidity.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in pharmaceutical products.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as a cross-linking agent between potato starch and cornstarch to enhance its mechanical properties.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used for the preparation of cinnamic acid, a compound used for the formation of cin metacin which is an anti-inflammatory.


The malonates are used in syntheses of B1 and B6, barbiturates, and several other valuable compounds.
Common Uses of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid): Plating agent, Surface treating agent, Intermediate, Buffer, ans Cross-linking agent.
Commercial/Industrial Applications of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) :Laboratory chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Paint industry.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in cosmetics as a buffering and as a flavouring agent in food.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as a component of alkyd resins.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in coating applications to protect from UV rays, oxidation, and corrosion.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a building block to many valuable compounds in food and drug applications, pharmaceutical, electronics industry, fragrances, specialty polymer, specialty solvents, and many more.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as a cross-linking agent between cornstarch and potato starch to enhance its mechanical properties.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as a precursor in polymers and polyester and is used to produce vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, and amino acids.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in flavors as well as in the fragrance industry and electroplating.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a precursor to specialty polyesters.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also used in chemical synthesis as a building block and is used to control acidity.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in pharmaceutical products and the preparation of barbituric salt.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a building block in organic synthesis.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also useful as a precursor for polyesters and alkyd resins, which are used in coating applications, thereby protecting against UV light, corrosion and oxidation.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a cross linker in the coating industry and surgical adhesive.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) finds application in the production of specialty chemicals, flavors and fragrances, polymer cross linkers and pharmaceuticals.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is acts as a building block in organic synthesis.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also useful as a precursor for polyesters and alkyd resins, which are used in coating applications, thereby protecting against UV light, corrosion and oxidation.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a cross linker in the coating industry and surgical adhesive.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) finds application in the production of specialty chemicals, flavors and fragrances, polymer cross linkers and pharmaceuticals.
This dicarboxylic acid, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), finds application across various industries, including automobiles, food, fragrance, and pharmaceuticals.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as a precursor in polyester and other polymers.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used as a flavoring agent in the fragrance industry.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is suitable for controlling acidity.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) finds usage in pharmaceutical products.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in the manufacture of biodegradable containers.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also a component of surgical adhesives.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) serves as a cross-linking agent between cornstarch and potato starch to enhance its properties.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used for the preparation of barbituric salt.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in electroplating.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in the production of vitamins– B1, B6, B2, and amino acids.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can also be used as a component in alkyd resins.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is widely used in several coating applications to protect objects against UV light damage, oxidation, and corrosion.


A common application of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is as a crosslinker for low-temperature powder coatings.
These are valuable for heat-sensitive substrates.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is on the US Department of Energy’s list of top chemicals for biomass production.


In food and drug applications, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts as a natural preservative additive for foods.
Its therapeutic uses include the prevention of resorption of bone tissue in broiler chicks by adding Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) to feed.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a common intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry and is frequently used in veterinary medicine.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also used as a flavouring agent in certain foods.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used to generate countless useful compounds as a construction block chemical.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in the preparation of barbituric salt.


Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in electroplating.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used to produce vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, and amino acids.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is used in chemical synthesis as a building block.


-Biotechnological Applications of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid):
The calcium salt of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) occurs in high concentrations in beetroot.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) exists in its normal state as white crystals.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a white crystalline solid that decomposes at approximately 135°C.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has high solubility in water and oxygenated solvents and exhibits greater acidity than acetic acid, which has a pK value of 4.75.

The pKa values for the loss of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s first and second protons are 2.83 and 5.69, respectively.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is slightly soluble in pyridine.

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can decompose to formic acid and carbon dioxide in case of potassium permanganate.
Since Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) generates carbon dioxide and water after heated without pollution problems, it can be directly used as aluminum surface treatment agent.



PREPARATION OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is usually produced from chloroacetic acid.



REACTIONS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The chloroacetic acid is added to the reaction kettle by adding sodium carbonate aqueous solution to generate sodium chloroacetate aqueous solution, and then 30% sodium cyanide solution is slowly added dropwise, and the reaction is carried out at a predetermined temperature to generate sodium cyanoacetate.
After the cyanation reaction is completed, add sodium hydroxide for heating and hydrolysis to generate sodium malonate solution, concentrate, then dropwise add sulfuric acid for acidification to generate Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), filter and dry to obtain the product.



PREPARATION OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
This method often does not produce a pure enough product or the pure product has an extremely low yield.
Industrially, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also produced by hydrolyzing dimethyl malonate or diethyl malonate.
This manufacturing method is able to bring about a higher yield and purity, but the organic synthesis of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) through these processes is extremely costly and environmentally hazardous.



STRUCTURE OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Malonic acid Synthesis – C3H4O4:
Preparation of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) starts with chloroacetic acid which is also known as MCA (monochloroacetic acid).

Step 1: Sodium carbonate produces sodium salt.
Step 2: It is made to react with sodium cyanide.
Step 3: cyanoacetic acid salt is generated through nucleophilic substitution.
Step 4: The nitrile group is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium malonate.
Step 5: The acidification results in Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
*1,3-dicarbonyl compounds
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
*1,3-dicarbonyl compound
*Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



STRUCTURE AND PREPARATION OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography and extensive property data including for condensed phase thermochemistry are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
A classical preparation of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) starts from chloroacetic acid:


*Preparation of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) from chloroacetic acid.
Sodium carbonate generates the sodium salt, which is then reacted with sodium cyanide to provide the sodium salt of cyanoacetic acid via a nucleophilic substitution.

The nitrile group can be hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to sodium malonate, and acidification affords Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).
Industrially, however, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is produced by hydrolysis of dimethyl malonate or diethyl malonate.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has also been produced through fermentation of glucose.


*Organic reactions:
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) reacts as a typical carboxylic acid: forming amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives.
Malonic anhydride can be used as an intermediate to mono-ester or amide derivatives, while malonyl chloride is most useful to obtain diesters or diamides.

In a well-known reaction, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) condenses with urea to form barbituric acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) may also be condensed with acetone to form Meldrum's acid, a versatile intermediate in further transformations.
The esters of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) are also used as a −CH2COOH synthon in the malonic ester synthesis.


*Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis:
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is the starting substrate of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII), in which it is converted to malonyl-CoA by malonyl-CoA synthetase (ACSF3).

Additionally, the coenzyme A derivative of malonate, malonyl-CoA, is an important precursor in cytosolic fatty acid biosynthesis along with acetyl CoA.
Malonyl CoA is formed there from acetyl CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the malonate is transferred to an acyl carrier protein to be added to a fatty acid chain.


*Briggs–Rauscher reaction:
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a key component in the Briggs–Rauscher reaction, the classic example of an oscillating chemical reaction.


*Knoevenagel condensation:
In Knoevenagel condensation, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) or its diesters are reacted with the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone, followed by a dehydration reaction.

When Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) itself is used, it is normally because the desired product is one in which a second step has occurred, with loss of carbon dioxide, in the so-called Doebner modification.

Thus, for example, the reaction product of acrolein and Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) in pyridine is trans-2,4-Pentadienoic acid with one carboxylic acid group and not two.


*Preparation of carbon suboxide:
Carbon suboxide is prepared by warming a dry mixture of phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10) and Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).
It reacts in a similar way to malonic anhydride, forming malonates.



FORMULA OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H4O4 and structural formula CH2(COOH)2.
Propanedioic acid is the IUPAC name of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), and another name for the acid is Methane Dicarboxylic acid.

Malonates are Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s esters and salts.
There are three carbons with four hydrogen molecules and four oxygen molecules attached.
The two OH groups are attached with two carbons



SYNTHESIS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The synthesis of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) starts with chloroacetic acid, also known as Monochloroacetic acid.
The following steps occur during the reaction:

Step 1:- Sodium salt is produced when sodium carbonate breaks down.
Step 2:- Then, the reaction of sodium salt with sodium cyanide is made to occur.
Step 3:- Through nucleophilic substitution, cyanoacetic acid salt is generated.
Step 4:- To produce sodium malonate, the nitrile group is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide.
Step 5:- Then the acidification yields Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).



REACTION OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
As with other carboxylic acids, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) reacts by producing derivatives of chloride, ester, anhydride, and amide.
Malonyl chloride is best for producing diamides or diesters, although malonic anhydride can be employed as an intermediary to produce mono-ester or amide derivatives.

Barbituric acid is created when Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) and urea condense in a well-known process.
Additionally, acetone and propanedioic acid can be combined to generate Meldrum’s acid, a flexible intermediate used in other conversions.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) esters are also utilised in the malonic ester production as a CH2COOH synthon.

Furthermore, the coenzyme Malonyl-CoA, a malonate derivative, is the main precursor in fatty acid biosynthesis, along with acetyl CoA.
By the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malonyl CoA is generated from acetyl CoA, and the malonate is transported to an acyl carrier protein to be added to a fatty acid chain.

Following are the chemical reactions that involve the Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid):
*Briggs–Rauscher Reaction
*Knoevenagel condensation
*Preparation of carbon suboxide



IUPAC NAME OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structural formula CH2(COOH)2 and chemical formula C3H4O4.
The name Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) originated from the word ‘Malon’ which is Greek for ‘apple’.
The IUPAC name of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is Propanedioic acid.

Methane Dicarboxylic acid is another name for Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).
The ester and salts of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) are called malonates.
The dicarboxylic acid has organic reactions similar to the monocarboxylic acid where amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives are formed.
Lastly, the malonic ester malonate as a coenzyme A derivative malonyl CoA that is as important a precursor as Acetyl CoA in the biosynthesis of fatty acids.



SYNTHESIS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The synthesis of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) usually begins with chloroacetic acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also synthesized by cyanoacetic acid or by acid saponification reaction of malonates.
From monochloroacetic acid, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is produced by sodium or potassium cyanide.

The sodium carbonate primarily breaks down to give sodium salt which reacts with sodium cyanide to give sodium salt of cyanoacetic acid by the process of nucleophilic substitution.
Further, via hydrolyzation, the nitrile group binds with sodium malonate, whose acidification results in the production of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).



STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The structural formula of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can be given as:
The Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) Lewis structure has been found by the X-ray crystallography method.
The Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) structure CH2(COOH)2 has two carboxylic acids.
The salts and esters of malonic acid (malonates) have structures similar to Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).



PROPERTIES OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) molecular weight: 104.061 g.mol-1
The density of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is 1.619 g/cm3.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) appears as a crystalline powder that is white or colourless.

At the boiling point above 140oC Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) decomposes.
The melting point of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is 135-137o C.
If heated to decomposition under fire Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) emits carbon oxide fumes and acrid irritating smoke.

Acidity pKa = 2.85 at 25oC.
pKa1 = 2.83, pKa2 = 5.69
The molar heat of combustion of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is 864 kJ/mol.

The heat of vaporization of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is 92 kJ/mol.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is soluble in water.
Solubility of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is 763 g/L.



POLARITY AND SOLUBILITY OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid belonging to the family of carboxylic acids.
A dicarboxylic acid contains two carboxylic acid functional groups.
Usually, a dicarboxylic acid exhibits the same chemical behavior as monocarboxylic acids.

This naturally occurs in certain fruits.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a useful organic compound with various benefits.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s IUPAC name is propanedioic acid.

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) should not be confused with malic or maleic acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an organic compound naturally found in some fruits.
Fruits produced in organic farming have greater concentrations of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) than those generated from conventional farming practices.

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is often found in some citrus fruits and vegetables.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a component of food items, it is present in animals, including humans.



POLARITY OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Carboxyl group is polar as there is a large difference in the electronegativity values of oxygen and hydrogen.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has two carboxyl groups and only three carbon atoms, which has little effect on polarity, so the malonic acid molecule is polar.



SOLUBILITY OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Sample of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was tested with water, methyl alcohol, and hexane.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was soluble in water because both malonic acid and water are polar.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) took 25 seconds for malonic acid to dissolve in water.

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was soluble in methyl alcohol because malonic acid is polar and methyl alcohol is intermediately polar, allowing malonic acid to dissolve in the methanol in 15 seconds.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was insoluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar while malonic acid is polar.



HISTORY OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a naturally occurring substance found in many fruits and vegetables.
There is a suggestion that citrus fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) than fruits produced in conventional agriculture.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was first prepared in 1858 by the French chemist Victor Dessaignes via the oxidation of malic acid.



REACTIONS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
In a well - known reaction, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) condenses with urea to form barbituric acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also frequently used as an enolate in Knoevenagel condensations or condensed with acetone to form Meldrum's acid.
The esters of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) are also used as a - CH2COOH synthon in the malonic ester synthesis.



BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), in the respiratory electron transport chain.

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) binds to the active site of the enzyme without reacting, competing with the usual substrate succinate but lacking the ?CH2CH2? group required for dehydrogenation.
This observation was used to deduce the structure of the active site in succinate dehydrogenase.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a carboxylic acid.
Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them.
They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic.

Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat.
Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt.
Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water.

Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions.
The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0.
Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt.

Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt.
Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry.
Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers.

Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents.
These reactions generate heat.
A wide variety of products is possible.

Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is incompatible with strong oxidizers.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also incompatible with bases and reducing agents.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Crystallise Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) from *benzene/diethyl ether (1:1) containing 5% of pet ether (b 60-80o), wash with diethyl ether, then recrystallise it from H2O or acetone.
Dry Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) under vacuum over conc H2SO4.



PATHOLOGY OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
If elevated Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) levels are accompanied by elevated methylmalonic acid levels, this may indicate the metabolic disease combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA).
By calculating the Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) to methylmalonic acid ratio in blood plasma, CMAMMA can be distinguished from classic methylmalonic acidemia.



BIOCHEMISTRY OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), in the respiratory electron transport chain.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) binds to the active site of the enzyme without reacting, competing with the usual substrate succinate but lacking the −CH2CH2− group required for dehydrogenation.

This observation was used to deduce the structure of the active site in succinate dehydrogenase.
Inhibition of this enzyme decreases cellular respiration.
Since Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a natural component of many foods, it is present in mammals including humans.



RELATED CHEMICALS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The fluorinated version of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is difluoromalonic acid
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is diprotic; that is, it can donate two protons per molecule.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s first is 2.8 and the second is 5.7.

Thus the malonate ion can be HOOCCH2COO− or CH2(COO)2−2.
Malonate or propanedioate compounds include salts and esters of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), such as Diethyl malonate, Dimethyl malonate, Disodium malonate, and Malonyl-CoA.



CALCULATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The formula of malonic acid is C3H4O4.
The atomic weight of carbon is 12.011.
The atomic weight of oxygen is 15.999.
The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1.00784.

So, its molar mass can be calculated as follows:
= (3 × 12.011) + (4 × 1.00784) + (4 × 15.999)
= 36.033 + 4. 03136 + 63.996
= 104.06 grams/ mol
Thus, the molar mass or molecular weight of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is 104.061 g/mol.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The chemical properties of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) are as follows:

*On Heating
When It is heated, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) gives acetic acid and carbon dioxide.


*Reaction with Phosphorus Pentoxide
On heating a dry mixture of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) and phosphorus pentoxide, carbon suboxide is prepared.


*Decomposition
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) has hazardous decomposition products under fire conditions, including carbon oxides.
Also, when heated, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) decomposes and emits acrid smoke in addition to irritating fumes.


*Organic Reactions
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) reactions are usually similar to a typical carboxylic acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) forms amide, anhydrides, esters, and chloride derivatives on reacting with specific reactants.

Malonic anhydride serves as an intermediate in the formation of amide derivatives.
Malonyl chloride is widely used for obtaining diamides or diesters.
Some of the popular organic reactions involving Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) are as follows:

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) condenses with urea to give barbituric acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) also condenses with acetone to produce Meldrum’s acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a versatile intermediate and helps in further transformations.

Malonate’s coenzyme A derivative— malonyl-CoA, acts as an important precursor in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is formed from acetyl CoA when it is acted upon by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
The malonate gets transferred to an acyl carrier protein for its addition to the fatty acid chain.


*Briggs–Rauscher Reaction
A popular name reaction has Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) as its key component.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an example of an oscillating chemical reaction.


*Knoevenagel Condensation
The reaction is a modification of the aldol condensation reaction (the reaction between benzaldehyde and acetophenone).
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) involves the interaction of malonic acid or its diesters with the carbonyl group of a ketone or an aldehyde.
This process is followed by a dehydration reaction.



BIOCHEMISTRY OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The calcium salt of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) occurs in high concentrations in beetroot.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) exists in its normal state as white crystals.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
A classical preparation of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) starts from acetic acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is chlorinated to chloroacetic acid.
Sodium carbonate generates the sodium salt which is then reacted with sodium cyanide to the cyano acetic acid salt in a nucleophilic substitution.
The nitrile group can be hydrolysed with sodium hydroxide to sodium malonate and acidification affords Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).



ORGANIC REACTIOS OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
In a well known reaction Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) condenses with urea to barbituric acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is frequently used as an enolate in Knoevenagel condensations or condensed with acetone to form Meldrum's acid.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid)'s esters are also used for the -CH2COOH synthon in the malonic ester synthesis.



OCCURRENCE OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an organic compound naturally found in some fruits.
Fruits produced in organic farming have greater concentrations of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) than those generated from conventional farming practices.

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is often found in some citrus fruits and vegetables.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is a component of food items, it is present in animals, including humans.
The name of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is derived from the Greek word Malon.

It means apple.
The ionized form of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is malonate, along with its salts and esters.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) occurs as a white crystal or crystalline powder in nature.



DID YOU KNOW:
Several food substances contain Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid), including:
● Red beetroots
● Corns
● Common beets
● Scarlet beans
● Cow’s milk
Its occurrence in food items makes Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) a potential biomarker indicating the consumption of these foods.



HISTORY OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
In 1858, Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was prepared for the first time by a French chemist –Victor Dessaignes.
He oxidized malic acid with potassium dichromate, which is a strong oxidizing agent.
Later Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) was found to occur in some fruits viz citrus fruits.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can also be produced by fermenting glucose.



SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is an example of a competitive inhibitor.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) functions in the ETS chain against succinate dehydrogenase in respiration.

Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is related to a deficiency of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase that leads to an inborn metabolism mistake.
It serves as a potential biomarker for tracking foods that contain Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) finds usage in various industries.



FORMULA OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) formula is C3H4O4.
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is also called propanedioic acid or dicarboxymethane, and the formula is written as CH₂(COOH)₂.

So, the names of C3H4O4 are as follows:
*Malonic acid
*Propanedioic acid
*Carboxy Acetic acid
*Dicarboxymethane
*Methane dicarboxylic acid
*Dicarboxylate
*Dicarboxylic acid
*1,3-Propanedioic acid
*Methane dicarbonic acid
*Propane-1,3-dioic acid



STRUCTURE OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
The structure of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is as follows:
*Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) is diprotic.
*Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can donate two protons per molecule.



CHEMICALS CLOSELY RELATED TO PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
● Difluoro Malonic acid:
It is the fluorinated version of Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).

● Malonate includes esters and salts of malonic acids, such as:
*Disodium malonate
*Diethyl malonate
*Malonyl-CoA
*Dimethyl malonate



PREPARATION OF PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can be prepared with chloroacetic acid (also called mono chloroacetic acid).
Sodium carbonate gives sodium salt.
The salt reacts with sodium cyanide.

Nucleophilic substitution reaction gives rise to cyanoacetic acid salt.
The nitrile group is hydrolyzed with NaOH to produce sodium malonate.
The acidification of sodium malonate gives Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid).

*Industrial Preparation:
Propanedioic acid (Malonic acid) can also be produced by hydrolyzing diethyl malonate or dimethyl malonate.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
Melting point: 132-135 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point: 140℃（decomposition）
Density: 1.619 g/cm3 at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 0-0.2Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.4780
Flash point: 157°C
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: 1 M NaOH: soluble100mg/mL, clear to slightly hazy, colorless to faintly yellow
form: Liquid
pka: 2.83(at 25℃)
color: White
PH: 3.17(1 mM solution);2.5(10 mM solution);1.94(100 mM solution)
Water Solubility: 1400 g/L (20 ºC)

Merck: 14,5710
BRN: 1751370
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, bases.
InChIKey: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.81
CAS DataBase Reference 141-82-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: 9KX7ZMG0MK
NIST Chemistry Reference: Malonic acid(141-82-2)
EPA Substance Registry System: Propanedioic acid (141-82-2)
Physical Appearance: A solid
Storage: Store at -20°C
M.Wt: 104.06
Cas No.: 141-82-2

Formula: C3H4O4
Solubility: ≥10.4 mg/mL in DMSO; ≥104 mg/mL in H2O; ≥119.8 mg/mL in EtOH
Chemical Name: malonic acid
Canonical SMILES: O=C(O)CC(O)=O
Shipping Condition: Small Molecules with Blue Ice, Modified Nucleotides with Dry Ice.
CAS Number: 141-82-2
Molecular Weight: 104.06
Beilstein: 1751370
MDL number: MFCD00002707
Molecular Weight: 104.06 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2

Exact Mass: 104.01095860 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.01095860 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 83.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: powder
Color: white
Odor: odorless

Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: >= 135 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 215 °C at 18,66 hPa (decomposition)
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 157 °C - c.c.
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: > 140 °C
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility 766 g/l at 20 °C

Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water:
log Pow: -0,81 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,002 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,6 g/cm3
Relative density: 1,03 at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
CAS Number: 141-82-2
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7) check
Key: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)
Key: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYAJ

SMILES: O=C(O)CC(O)=O
C(C(=O)O)C(=O)O
Chemical formula: C3H4O4
Molar mass: 104.061 g•mol−1
Density: 1.619 g/cm3
Melting point: 135 to 137 °C (275 to 279 °F; 408 to 410 K) (decomposes)
Boiling point: decomposes
Solubility in water: 763 g/L
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 2.83
pKa2 = 5.69
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -46.3•10−6 cm3/mol
Chemical Formula: C3H4O4
Average Molecular Weight: 104.0615
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 104.010958616
IUPAC Name: propanedioic acid
Traditional Name: malonic acid

CAS Registry Number: 141-82-2
SMILES: OC(=O)CC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)
InChI Key: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight： 104.06100
Exact Mass： 104.06
EC Number： 205-503-0
UNII： 9KX7ZMG0MK
ICSC Number： 1085
NSC Number： 8124
DSSTox ID： DTXSID7021659
Color/Form： White crystals|Crystalline powder
Colorless hygroscopic solid which sublimes in vacuum
HScode： 2917190090
PSA： 74.60000
XLogP3： -0.8
Appearance： Malonic acid appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Sublimes in vacuum.

Density： 1.6 g/cm3
Melting Point： 135 °C (decomp)
Boiling Point: 215 °C @ Press: 14 Torr
Flash Point： 201.9ºC
Refractive Index： 1.479
Water Solubility： H2O: 1400 g/L (20 ºC)
Storage Conditions： Store at RT.
Vapor Pressure： 4.66E-07mmHg at 25°C
PKA： 2.85(at 25 °C)
Dissociation Constants： 2.85 (at 25 °C)|pKa1 = 2.8, pKa2 = 5.7 at 25 °C
Experimental Properties：
Enthalpy of Sublimation: 72.7 kJ/mol at 306 deg K, 108.0 kJ/mol at 348 deg K

Henry's Law constant = 4.8X10-13 atm-cu m/mole at 23 °C
(estimated from vapor pressure and water solubility)
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.6X10-12 cu-cm/molc sec at 25 °C (est)
Air and Water Reactions： Water soluble.
Reactive Group： Acids, Carboxylic
Heat of Combustion： Molar heat of combustion: 864 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization： 92 kJ/mol
Critical Temperature & Pressure：
Critical temperature: 805 K (estimated);
critical pressure: 5640 kPa (estimated)
CAS: 141-82-2
Molecular Formula: C3H4O4
Molecular weight: 104.06
EINECS: 205-503-0

Purity: ≥99%
Appearance: White crystal powder
Melting point: 132-135 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point: 140ºC(decomposition)
Density: 1.619 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Refractive index: 1.478
Flash Point: 157°C
Storage condition: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility : 1 M NaOH: soluble100mg/mL, clear to slightly hazy, colorless to faintly yellow
Pka: 2.83(at 25ºC)
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, bases.
HS Code: 29171910

PH: 3.17(1 mM solution);2.5(10 mM solution);
1.94(100 mM solution)
MDL: MFCD00002707
Water Solubility: 1400 g/L (20 ºC)
Vapor Presure: 0-0.2Pa at 25ºC
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Character: white crystal.
soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether, pyridine.
Color: White
Formula Weight: 104.1
Percent Purity: 0.99
Physical Form: Powder
Chemical Name or Material: Malonic acid
Melting point: 132-135 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point: 140℃（decomposition）

Density: 1.619 g/cm3 at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 0-0.2Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.4780
Flash point: 157°C
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: 1 M NaOH: soluble100mg/mL, clear to slightly hazy, colorless to faintly yellow
form: Liquid
pka: 2.83(at 25℃)
color: White
PH: 3.17(1 mM solution);2.5(10 mM solution);1.94(100 mM solution)
Water Solubility: 1400 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,5710
BRN: 1751370
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, bases.
InChIKey: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

LogP: -0.81
CAS DataBase Reference: 141-82-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: 9KX7ZMG0MK
NIST Chemistry Reference: Malonic acid(141-82-2)
EPA Substance Registry System: Propanedioic acid (141-82-2)
Molecular Weight: 104.06 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 104.01095860 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.01095860 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 83.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C3H4O4
Molar mass: 104.061 g•mol−1
Density: 1.619 g/cm3
Melting point: 135 to 137 °C (275 to 279 °F; 408 to 410 K) (decomposes)
Boiling point: decomposes
Solubility in water: 763 g/L
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 2.83

pKa2 = 5.69
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -46.3•10−6 cm3/mol
Solubility: Dissolves in alcohol, pyridine, and ether.
Molecular Wt/ Molar Mass: 104.06 g/mol
Density: 1.619 g/cm³
Boiling Point: Decomposes
Melting Point: 135 to 137°C
Nature: Acidic
Color: White
Stability: Usually stable under recommended conditions
Molar heat of combustion: 864 kJ/mol
The heat of vaporization: 92 kJ/mol
It does not have a chiral center.
So, it doesn’t exhibit optical isomerism.
It is a hygroscopic solid that sublimes in a vacuum.
Chemical Formula: C3H4O4
Average Molecular Weight: 104.0615
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 104.010958616

IUPAC Name: propanedioic acid
Traditional Name: malonic acid
CAS Registry Number: 141-82-2
SMILES: OC(=O)CC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)
InChI Key: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS number: 141-82-2
Weight Average: 104.0615
Monoisotopic: 104.010958616
InChI Key: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)
IUPAC Name: propanedioic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: malonic acid
Chemical Formula: C3H4O4
SMILES: OC(=O)CC(O)=O

Water Solubility: 197 g/L
logP: -0.6
logP: -0.33
logS: 0.28
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 2.43
Physiological Charge: -2
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Refractivity: 18.99 m³•mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 8.13 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes



FIRST AID MEASURES of PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PROPANEDIOIC ACID (MALONIC ACID):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

2-Propyn-1-ol; Acetyleneylcarbinol; Propyn-1-ol; Propargyl alcohol; 1-Propyne-3-ol; 2-Propynyl alcohol; Ethynylcarbinol; Ethynyl methanol; Prop-2-yn-1-ol; propiolic alcohol; Prop-2-in-1-ol; hydroxymethylacetylene; Acetylene carbinol CAS NO:107-19-7

2-Propyn-1-ol; Acetyleneylcarbinol; Propyn-1-ol; Propargyl alcohol; 1-Propyne-3-ol; 2-Propynyl alcohol; Ethynylcarbinol; Ethynyl methanol; Prop-2-yn-1-ol; propiolic alcohol; Prop-2-in-1-ol; hydroxymethylacetylene; Acetylene carbinol CAS NO:107-19-7

DESCRIPTION:

Propargyl alcohol, or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O.
Propargyl alcohol is the simplest stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group.
Propargyl alcohol is a colorless viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.

CAS Number: 107-19-7
EC Number: 203-471-2
IUPAC name: Prop-2-yn-1-ol

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C3H4O
Molar mass: 56.064 g•mol−1
Appearance: Colorless to straw-colored liquid
Odor: geranium-like
Density : 0.9715 g/cm3
Melting point: −51 to −48 °C (−60 to −54 °F; 222 to 225 K)
Boiling point: 114 to 115 °C (237 to 239 °F; 387 to 388 K)
Solubility in water: miscible
Vapor pressure : 12 mmHg (20 °C)
Linear Formula: HC≡CCH2OH
CAS Number: 107-19-7
Molecular Weight: 56.06
Beilstein: 506003
EC Number: 203-471-2
MDL number: MFCD00002912
PubChem Substance ID: 24898591
vapor density: 1.93 (vs air)
Quality Level: 100
vapor pressure: 11.6 mmHg ( 20 °C)
Assay: 99%
refractive index: n20/D 1.432 (lit.)
bp: 114-115 °C (lit.)
Mp: −53 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.963 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
storage temp.: 2-8°C
Molecular Weight 56.06
XLogP3 -0.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 1
Rotatable Bond Count 0
Exact Mass 56.026214747
Monoisotopic Mass 56.026214747
Topological Polar Surface Area 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count 4
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 38.5
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
Appearance (Clarity) Clear
Appearance (Colour) Colourless
Appearance (Form) Liquid
Assay (GC) min. 99%
Density (g/ml) @ 20°C 0.945-0.950
Refractive Index (20°C) 1.430-1.432
Boiling Range 112-115°C
Molecular Formula : C3H4O
Molecular Weight : 56.06
Storage : Room Temperature
Shelf Life : 60 Months
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.96300 @ 25.00 °C.
Boiling Point: 113.60 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 10.556000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 97.00 °F. TCC ( 36.11 °C. )
logP (o/w): -0.380

Propargyl alcohol appears as a clear colorless liquid with a geranium-like odor.
The Flash point of Propargyl alcohol is 97 °F.
Vapors of Propargyl alcohol are heavier than air.

Propargyl alcohol is Used to make other chemicals, as a corrosion inhibitor and a soil fumigant.
Prop-2-yn-1-ol is a terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Propargyl alcohol has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and an antifungal agent.

Propargyl alcohol is a terminal acetylenic compound, a volatile organic compound and a propynol.
2-Propyn-1-ol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Propargyl alcohol is an organic compound with two reactive sides and is used as a chemical intermediate or as a corrosion inhibitor component in the industrial as well as profesional area.
Therefore, Propargyl alcohol can be used as a versatile intermediate, i.e. for the synthesis of antibiotics, pesticides, as a precursor to a fungicide (IPBC), as iron dissolution inhibitor in mineral acids, as corrosion inhibitor during oil well stimulation and as electroplating bath additive.

Propargyl alcohol is a solvent stabilizer that is useful as an intermediate in organic synthesis, an electroplating brightener additive.
Propargyl alcohol is useful 3-carbon fragment in acetylene coupling reactions
Propargyl alcohol undergoes Pd-catalyzed O-coupling with alcohols to give the corresponding 1-methoxyallyl ethers.
Solubility: Fully miscible in water.

Propargyl alcohol is a propargyl compound that has been shown to bind to the hydroxyl group of an allyl carbonate.
Propargyl alcohol has been shown to have carcinogenic effects in rats, but not in mice.
Propargyl alcohol is also a good electrochemical agent for the synthesis of 1,4-dioxane.

Propargyl alcohol reacts with an inorganic acid and forms a catalyst for the transfer reactions of organic compounds.
Propargyl alcohol induces enzymes and is used as an asymmetric synthesis reagent in human serum.




REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL:
Propargyl alcohol polymerizes with heating or treatment with base.
Propargyl alcohol is used as a corrosion inhibitor, a metal complex solution, a solvent stabilizer and an electroplating brightener additive.
Propargyl alcohol is also used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.

Secondary and tertiary substituted propargylic alcohols undergo catalyzed rearrangement reactions to form α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the Meyer–Schuster rearrangement and others.
Propargyl alcohol can be oxidized to propynal[4] or propargylic acid.

As an indication of the electronegativity of an sp carbon, propargyl alcohol is significantly more acidic (pKa = 13.6) compared to its sp2-containing analog allyl alcohol (pKa = 15.5), which is in turn more acidic than the fully saturated (sp3 carbons only) n-propyl alcohol (pKa = 16.1).


APPLICATIONS OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL:
Propargyl alcohol has been used as a key starting material in the [4+2] cycloisomerization mediated synthesis of various phthalide derivatives.
Propargyl alcohol can also be used to synthesize:

A variety of regioselective furan-3-carboxamides by reacting with 3-oxo amides using Ag2CO3 as a promoter.
β-oxopropyl esters by reacting with carboxylic acids in the presence of (arene) (phosphine)ruthenium(II) complex as a catalyst

Propargyl alcohol is a solvent stabilizer that is useful as an intermediate in organic synthesis, an electroplating brightener additive.
Propargyl alcohol is useful 3-carbon fragment in acetylene coupling reactions.
Propargyl alcohol undergoes Pd-catalyzed O-coupling with alcohols to give the corresponding 1-methoxyallyl ethers.

PREPARATION OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL:
Propargyl alcohol is produced by the copper-catalysed addition of formaldehyde to acetylene as a by-product of the industrial synthesis of but-2-yne-1,4-diol.
Propargyl alcohol can also be prepared by dehydrochlorination of 3-chloro-2-propen-1-ol by NaOH



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PROPARGYL ALCOHOL:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SYNONYMS OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL:
1-propyn-3-ol
2-propyn-1-ol
propargyl alcohol
propargyl alcohol, lithium salt
propargyl alcohol, sodium salt
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL
Prop-2-yn-1-ol
2-Propyn-1-ol
107-19-7
2-Propynyl alcohol
Ethynylcarbinol
1-Propyn-3-ol
Ethynyl carbinol
Methanol, ethynyl-
Propynyl alcohol
2-Propynol
3-Propynol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
Acetylenylcarbinol
Acetylene carbinol
Agrisynth PA
Propiolic alcohol
RCRA waste number P102
prop-2-yne-1-ol
Prop-2-in-1-ol
propargylalcohol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
NSC 8804
DTXSID5021883
CHEBI:28905
E920VF499L
NSC-8804
Propargyl alcohol [NA1986] [Flammable liquid]
30306-19-5
2-propyne-1-ol
CCRIS 6781
HSDB 6054
EINECS 203-471-2
NA1986
RCRA waste no. P102
BRN 0506003
ethynylmethanol
UNII-E920VF499L
AI3-24359
prop-2-ynol
propyn-3-ol
1-Propyne-3-ol
2-propyn-1 ol
MFCD00002912
prop-2-yn-I-ol
prop-1-yn-3-ol
Propargyl alcohol, 99%
bmse000363
EC 203-471-2
HC.$.CCH2OH
WLN: Q2UU1
4-01-00-02214 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL [MI]
DTXCID301883
CHEMBL1563026
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL [HSDB]
NSC8804
ZINC895974
Tox21_200976
BBL011350
STL146440
AKOS000118737
NA 1986
NCGC00091559-01
NCGC00091559-02
NCGC00258529-01
BP-30161
CAS-107-19-7
P0536
EN300-19326
C05986
Q903345
Q-201629
F0001-0140

Propargyl Alcohol (propynol), or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is the simplest and most stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless, viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.


CAS Number: 107-19-7
EC Number: 203-471-2
MDL number: MFCD00002912
Linear Formula: HC≡CCH2OH
Chemical formula: C3H4O


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) other names 3-hydroxy-1-propyne; 2-Propynol.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless liquid with a geranium-like odor.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol), or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is the simplest stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a clear colourless to slightly yellow liquid


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless liquid with a geranium-like odor.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol), or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is the simplest stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol), or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is the simplest and most stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless, viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a dark liquid with a "fishlike" odor. Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is less dense than water.


The flash point of Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is 90°F.
The boiling point of Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is 239°F.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is soluble in water.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol), known by various names such as propynol, prop-2-yn-1-ol, or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound that finds wide-ranging applications in the scientific and industrial domains.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless and volatile liquid characterized by a sweet and pungent odor.


As a three-carbon alkyl alcohol, Propargyl Alcohol (propynol)'s molecular formula is C3H4O.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a solvent stabilizer that is useful as an intermediate in organic synthesis, an electroplating brightener additive.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is useful 3-carbon fragment in acetylene coupling reactions.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) undergoes Pd-catalyzed O-coupling with alcohols to give the corresponding 1-methoxyallyl ethers.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is colorless to straw-colored liquid with a mild, geranium odor.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) appears as a clear colorless liquid with a geranium-like odor.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a terminal acetylenic compound, a volatile organic compound and a propynol.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is miscible with benzene, chloroform, ethanol, 1,2-dichloroethane, ether, acetone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine; moderately sol in carbon tetrachloride.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is miscible with water
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is solubility in water: miscible
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol), or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is the simplest and most stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless, viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol), or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is the simplest and most stable alcohol containing an alkyne functional group.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless, viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) (13C3, 99%) is a carbon-13 labeled compound that is often used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is fully miscible in water.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a solvent stabilizer that is useful as an intermediate in organic synthesis, an electroplating brightener additive.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is useful 3-carbon fragment in acetylene coupling reactions.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) undergoes Pd-catalyzed O-coupling with alcohols to give the corresponding 1-methoxyallyl ethers.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) appears as a clear colorless liquid with a geranium-like odor.


The flash point of Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is 97 °F.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol)'s vapors are heavier than air.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and an antifungal agent.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a terminal acetylenic compound, a volatile organic compound and a propynol.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) uses and applications include: Corrosion inhibitor for oil-well acidizing, electroplating baths; inhibits attack of mineral acids on steel; prevents hydrogen embrittlement of steel; metal picklingplating; electroplating brightener additive; stabilizer for solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbon formulations; polishing agent in galvanotechnics; soil fumigant; solvent for cellulose acetate; chemical intermediate in organic synthesis, production of alkaloids, antibiotics, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biocides; laboratory reagent.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used as an rust remover, chemical intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, solvent, stabilizer, etc.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used Organic synthesis intermediates, solvents, stabilizers of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used an hydrochloric acid and other industrial corrosion inhibitors in acidizing and fracturing process of oil and gas wells.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) can be used as a corrosion inhibitor separately.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used as a corrosion inhibitor alone, and it is better to mix with the substances which have synergistic effect to obtain higher corrosion inhibition efficiency.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used anticorrosive agent, manufacturing of organic products.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol)’s widely used in the production of medicines (sodium sulfonamides, fosfomycin, etc.) and pesticides (propargene).
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) can be used as a drill pipe and tubing corrosion inhibitor in the petroleum industry.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used as an additive in the steel industry to prevent hydrogen embrittlement of steel, etc.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used Chemical intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, lab reagent, solvent stabilizer, prevents hydrogen embrittlement of steel, soil fumigant.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used to prevent the hydrogen embrittlement of steel; as a corrosion inhibitor, solvent stabilizer, soil fumigant, and chemical intermediate.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a solvent stabilizer that is useful as an intermediate in organic synthesis, an electroplating brightener additive.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is useful 3-carbon fragment in acetylene coupling reactions.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) undergoes Pd-catalyzed O-coupling with alcohols to give the corresponding 1-methoxyallyl ethers.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used to make other chemicals.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used in metal plating and pickling and asa corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in mineral acids.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) also finds application in preventingthe hydrogen embrittling of mild steel inacids.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used as an intermediate for makingmiticide and sulfadiazine.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) serves as a valuable reagent in organic synthesis and as a solvent for diverse applications.
Furthermore, Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) functions as a catalyst in certain reactions and finds utility as a fuel additive.
The applications of Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) extend to numerous scientific research domains.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) plays a vital role in the synthesis of polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide).
These polymers can possess a wide range of functional groups, such as esters, amides, and amines.
Due to its alkylating properties, Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) readily reacts with nucleophiles like amines and thiols.


Notably, Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) acts as an oxidizing agent capable of converting primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones.
Moreover, Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) demonstrates the ability to oxidize sulfides into sulfoxides.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used as a corrosion inhibitor, a metal complex solution, a solvent stabilizer and an electroplating brightener additive.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is also used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used to make other chemicals, as a corrosion inhibitor and a soil fumigant.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and an antifungal agent.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used to make other chemicals, as a corrosion inhibitor and a soil fumigant.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a solvent stabilizer that is useful as an intermediate in organic synthesis, an electroplating brightener additive.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used a solvent stabilizer.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a colorless, volatile liquid with irritating odor.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is easy to yellow especially when exposed to light.
With water, benzene, chloroform, 1, 2-dichloroethane, ethyl ether, ethanol, acetone, dioxane, Tetrahydrofuran, pyridine miscible, partially soluble in carbon tetrachloride, but Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
The commercial material contains a stabiliser.
An aqueous solution of Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) can be concentrated by azeotropic distillation with butanol or butyl acetate.
Dry it with K2CO3 and distil it under reduced pressure, in the presence of about 1% succinic acid, through a glass helices-packed column.



REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is polymerized by heating or base treatment.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is used as corrosion inhibitor, metal complex solution, solvent stabilizer, electroplating brightener additive.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is also used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.

Secondary and tertiary substituted Propargyl Alcohol (propynol)s undergo catalyzed rearrangement reactions to form α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds such as via the Mayer-Schuster rearrangement.
This can be oxidized to propinalic acid or propargylic acid.
As an indicator of the electronegativity of the sp carbon, Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is significantly more acidic (pKa = 13.6) compared to the sp2-containing analogue allyl alcohol (pKa = 15.5) and more acidic than the fully saturated (sp3 carbon). . only) n-propyl alcohol (pKa = 16.1).



PREPARATION OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is produced by the copper-catalyzed addition of formaldehyde to acetylene as a by-product of the industrial synthesis of but-2-yne-1,4-diol.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) can also be prepared by dehydrochlorination of 3-chloro-2-propen-1-ol with NaOH.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is the major commercially available acetylenic primary alcohol.
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) is a byproduct of butynediol production.
In the usual high-pressure butynediol process, about 5% of the product is Propargyl Alcohol (propynol).
Some processes give higher proportions of Propargyl Alcohol (propynol).



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
Propargyl Alcohol (propynol), FATTY ACID DERIVED AMINES is an aminoalcohol mixture.
Amines are chemical bases.
They neutralize acids to form salts plus water.

These acid-base reactions are exothermic.
The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base.
Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.

Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.
When phosphorus pentaoxide is added to Propargyl Alcohol (propynol) caused ignition.
Acetyl bromide reacts violently with alcohols or water.
Mixtures of alcohols with concentrated sulfuric acid and strong hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions.

Example: An explosion will occur if dimethylbenzylcarbinol is added to 90% hydrogen peroxide then acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Mixtures of ethyl alcohol with concentrated hydrogen peroxide form powerful explosives.
Mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and 1-phenyl-2-methyl propyl alcohol tend to explode if acidified with 70% sulfuric acid.

Alkyl hypochlorites are violently explosive.
They are readily obtained by reacting hypochlorous acid and alcohols either in aqueous solution or mixed aqueous-carbon tetrachloride solutions.
Chlorine plus alcohols would similarly yield alkyl hypochlorites.
They decompose in the cold and explode on exposure to sunlight or heat.

Tertiary hypochlorites are less unstable than secondary or primary hypochlorites.
Base-catalysed reactions of isocyanates with alcohols should be carried out in inert solvents.
Such reactions in the absence of solvents often occur with explosive violence



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
Chemical formula: C3H4O
Molar mass: 56.064 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless to straw-colored liquid
Odor: geranium-like
Density: 0.9715 g/cm3
Melting point: −51 to −48 °C (−60 to −54 °F; 222 to 225 K)
Boiling point: 114 to 115 °C (237 to 239 °F; 387 to 388 K)
Solubility in water: miscible
Vapor pressure: 12 mmHg (20 °C)
Molecular Weight: 56.06 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 56.026214747 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 56.026214747 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 38.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Weight: 59.04 g/mol (Labeled)
Chemical Purity: 98%
Form: Individual
Concentration: Neat
Application(s): Synthetic Intermediates
Storage Temp: Store refrigerated (-5 °C to 5 °C). Protect from light.
CAS: 107-19-7
Molecular Formula: C3H4O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 56.06
MDL Number: MFCD00002912
InChI Key: TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: light yellow
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -53 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 114 - 115 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 33 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: 365 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 1.000 g/l at 20 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: -0,35 at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 20,8 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 0,963 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 1,94 - (Air = 1.0)
CAS Number: 107-19-7
Molecular Formula: C₃H₄O
Appearance: Clear Colourless Liquid
Molecular Weight: 56.06
Storage: 20°C
Solubility: Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate
CAS No.: 107-19-7
Product Name: Propargyl Alcohol
Molecular Formula: C3H4O
CHCCH2OH
C3H4O

Molecular Weight: 56.06 g/mol
IUPAC Name: prop-2-yn-1-ol
Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C3H4O/c1-2-3-4/h1,4H,3H2
Standard InChIKey: TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C#CCO
Canonical SMILES: C#CCO
Boiling Point: 236.5 °F at 760 mm Hg 113.6 °C
114-115 °C at 760 mm Hg; 100 °C at 490.3 mm Hg;
70 °C at 147.6 mm Hg; 20 °C at 11.6 mm Hg
Colorform: Colorless liquid
Colorless to straw-colored liquid
Density: 0.9485 at 68 °F , 0.9715 at 20 °C/4 °C
Relative density (water = 1): 0.97, 0.9485, 0.97
Flash Point: 91 °F , 97 °F (36 °C) (Open cup) 33 °C c.c.
97°F (open cup) (oc) 97°F
Melting Point: -54 °F , -51.8 °C, -48 to -52 °C, -48 - -52 °C, -62°F
Vapor Density: Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.93
Vapor Pressure: 12 mm Hg, 15.60 mmHg, 15.6 mm Hg at 25 °C
Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 1.54 12 mmHg
Melting point: -53 °C

Boiling point: 114-115 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.963 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 1.93 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 11.6 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.432(lit.)
Flash point: 97 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: soluble in Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate
form: Liquid
pka: 13.6(at 25℃)
color: Clear colorless to slightly yellow
Odor: at 100.00 %. geranium
Odor Type: floral
Water Solubility: miscible
Merck: 14,7809
BRN: 506003
LogP: -0.35 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 107-19-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: E920VF499L

NIST Chemistry Reference: 2-Propyn-1-ol(107-19-7)
EPA Substance Registry System: Propargyl alcohol (107-19-7)
ΔfG°: 60.63 kJ/mol
ΔfH°gas: 34.42 kJ/mol
ΔfusH°: 10.59 kJ/mol
ΔvapH°: 38.81 kJ/mol
IE: [10.45; 10.51] eV
log10WS: -0.14
logPoct/wat: -0.388
McVol: 50.400 ml/mol
Pc: 6239.25 kPa J
Inp: [546.00; 576.00]
I: [1320.00; 1357.00]
Tboil: [385.00; 387.50]K
Tc: 523.88 K
Tfus: 221.35 ± 0.30 K
Vc: 0.184 m3/kmol
Cp,gas: [81.35; 101.24] J/mol×K [350.34; 523.88]
ΔvapH: 42.00 kJ/mol 340.00
Pvap: [3.63e-03; 6558.50] kPa [221.35; 580.00]

CAS: 107-19-7
EINECS: 203-471-2
InChI: InChI=1/C3H4O/c1-2-3-4/h1,4H,3H2
Molecular Formula: C3H4O
Molar Mass: 56.06
Density: 0.963g/mLat 25°C(lit.)
Melting Point: -53 °C
Boling Point: 114-115°C(lit.)
Flash Point: 97°F
Water Solubility: miscible
Vapor Presure: 11.6 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Vapor Density: 1.93 (vs air)
Appearance: Liquid
Color: Clear colorless to slightly yellow
Merck: 14,7809
BRN: 506003
pKa: 13.6(at 25℃)
Storage Condition: 2-8°C
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.432(lit.)
Molecular weight: 56.06
InChI: 1S/C3H4O/c1-2-3-4/h1,4H,3H2
InChIKey: TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Atmospheric OH Rate Constant: 1.04E-11 cm3/molecule-sec
log P (octanol-water): -0.38
Boiling Point: 113.6 ° C
Water solubility: 1.00E+06 mg/L
Henry's Law Constant: 1.15E-06 atm-m3/mole

Vapor Pressure: 15.6 mm Hg
Melting Point: -5.18E+01 ° C
Molecular form: C3H4O
Appearance: NA
Mol. Weight: 56.06
Storage: 2-8°C Refrigerator
Shipping Conditions: Ambient
Applications: NA
Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 113.6±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: -53 °C
Molecular Formula: C3H4O
Molecular Weight: 56.063
Flash Point: 36.1±0.0 °C
Exact Mass: 56.026215
PSA: 20.23000
LogP: -0.38
Vapour density: 1.93 (vs air)
Vapour Pressure: 10.6±0.4 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction: 1.430
Water Solubility: miscible



FIRST AID MEASURES of PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Give water to drink (two glasses at most).
Seek medical advice immediately.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,65 mm
Break through time: 60 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PROPARGYL ALCOHOL (PROPYNOL):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Prop-2-yn-1-ol
propynol, 2-propynol, 2-propyn-1-ol, hydroxymethylacetylene.
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL
Prop-2-yn-1-ol
2-Propyn-1-ol
107-19-7
2-Propynyl alcohol
Ethynylcarbinol
1-Propyn-3-ol
Ethynyl carbinol
Methanol, ethynyl-
Propynyl alcohol
2-Propynol
3-Propynol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
Acetylenylcarbinol
Acetylene carbinol
Agrisynth PA
Propiolic alcohol
RCRA waste number P102
prop-2-yne-1-ol
Prop-2-in-1-ol
propargylalcohol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
NSC 8804
DTXSID5021883
CHEBI:28905
E920VF499L
NSC-8804
Propargyl alcohol [NA1986]
2-propyne-1-ol
CCRIS 6781
HSDB 6054
EINECS 203-471-2
NA1986
RCRA waste no. P102
BRN 0506003
ethynylmethanol
UNII-E920VF499L
AI3-24359
prop-2-ynol
propyn-3-ol
1-Propyne-3-ol
2-propyn-1 ol
MFCD00002912
prop-2-yn-I-ol
prop-1-yn-3-ol
Propargyl alcohol, 99%
bmse000363
EC 203-471-2
HC.$.CCH2OH
WLN: Q2UU1
4-01-00-02214 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL [MI]
DTXCID301883
CHEMBL1563026
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL [HSDB]
NSC8804
Tox21_200976
BBL011350
STL146440
AKOS000118737
NA 1986
NCGC00091559-01
NCGC00091559-02
NCGC00258529-01
BP-30161
CAS-107-19-7
P0536
EN300-19326
C05986
InChI=1/C3H4O/c1-2-3-4/h1,4H,3H
Q903345
Q-201629
F0001-0140
2-Propyn-1-ol-1,2,3-13C3
2-Propyn-1-ol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
2-Propynol
2-Propynyl alcohol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
3-Hydroxypropyne
3-Propynol
Ethynylcarbinol
Hydroxymethylacetylene
Propiolic alcohol
Propynyl alcohol
2-Propyn-1-ol
Ethynyl carbinol
Propynyl alcohol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
2-Propynol
2-Propynyl alcohol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
1-Propyne-3-ol
3-Propynol
prop-2-yn-1-ol
Methanol, ethynyl-
Rcra waste number P102
HC≡CCH2OH
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
NSC 8804
2-propyn-1-ol (propargyl alcohol)
2-Propyn-1-ol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
2-Propynol
2-Propynyl alcohol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
3-Hydroxypropyne
3-Propynol
Ethynylcarbinol
Hydroxymethylacetylene
NSC 8804
Propynyl alcohol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
1-hydroxy-2-propyne
1-propyn-3-ol
2-Propyn-1-ol (8CI, 9CI)
2-Propynol
2-Propynyl alcohol
2-propynol
2-propynyl alcohol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
3-Propynol
3-hydroxy-1-propyne
3-propynol
Ethynylcarbinol
Propargyl alcohol
Propynyl alcohol
acetylene carbinol
ethynylcarbinol
methanol, ethynyl-
propargyl alcohol
propiolic alcohol
propynyl alcohol
2-Propyn-1-ol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
2-Propynol
2-Propynyl alcohol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
3-Hydroxypropyne
3-Propynol
Ethynylcarbinol
Hydroxymethylacetylene
NSC 8804
Propynyl alcohol
Propargyl alcohol
2-propyn-1-ol
prop-2-yn-1-ol
2-PROPYN-1-OL
PROPYNOL
PROPINOL
2-Propynol
1-Propyn-3-ol
PROPYNYL ALCOHOL
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
NA 1986
3-Propynol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
1-Propyne-3-ol
2-Propyn-1-ol
2-Propynol
2-Propynyl alcohol
2-propyn-1-ol (propargyl alcohol)
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
3-Propynol
Ethynyl carbinol
HC«equiv»CCH2OH
HC«equiv»CCH2OH
Methanol, ethynyl-
NSC 8804
Propynyl alcohol
Rcra waste number P102
prop-2-yn-1-ol
2-Propyn-1-ol
Prop-2-yn-1-ol
Prop-2-yne-1-ol
Prop-2-in-1-ol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
2-Propynol
2-Propynyl alcohol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
3-Propynol
Ethynylcarbinol
NA 1986
Propargyl alcohol
Propynyl alcohol
PA
PROPYNOL
PROPINOL
2-Propynol
3-PROPYNOL
1-Propyn-3-ol
2-PROPYN-1-OL
prop-2-yn-1-ol
prop-1-yn-1-ol
2-Propyny-1-0l
PROPYNYL ALCOHOL
Propargyl alcohol
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL
2-Propynyl alcohol
2-propynyl alcohol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
LABOTEST-BB LT01409238
2-propyn-1-ol (propargyl alcohol)
Propynyl alcohol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
Ethynyl carbinol
1-Propyne-3-ol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
Propyn-1-ol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
prop-2-yn-1-ol
Acetylene carbinol
Ethynyl methanol
Methanol, ethynyl-
2-Propynol 2-Propyn-1-ol
Propargyl alcohol
HC=CCH2OH
3-Propynol
2-Propynyl alcohol
Rcra waste number P102
2-Propynol
NSC 8804
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne Propiolic alcohol
2-Propynyl alcohol
3-Hydroxy-1-propyne
Hydroxymethylacetylene
3-Hydroxypropyne
1-Propyn-3-ol
Ethynylcarbinol
1-Hydroxy-2-propyne, 3-Propynol
NSC 8804
Propynyl alcohol
1-Propyn-3-yl alcohol
2-Propynol
Propargyl alcohol

METHYL DIISOPROPYL PROPIONAMIDE. N° CAS : 51115-67-4. Nom INCI : METHYL DIISOPROPYL PROPIONAMIDE. Nom chimique : Butanamide, N,2,3-trimethyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 256-974-4. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit

Propionaldehyde is a colorless, flammable liquid with a slightly fruity odor and is produced on a large scale industrially.
Propionaldehyde is predominantly used as a precursor to trimethylolethane (CH3C(CH2OH)3) through a condensation reaction with formaldehyde, an important intermediate in the production of alkyd resins.
Propionaldehyde has been isolated from various plant sources, such as hops, banana, sweet or sour cherry, blackcurrants, melon, pineapple, bread, cheeses, coffee, cooked rice, and strawberry or apple aroma.

CAS Number: 123-38-6
EC Number: 204-623-0
Molecular Formula: C3H6O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 58.08

Synonyms: Propionaldehyde, propanal, 123-38-6, Methylacetaldehyde, Propaldehyde, Propanaldehyde, n-Propanal, Propylaldehyde, Propional, Propionic aldehyde, Propylic aldehyde, 1-Propanal, Propyl aldehyde, Aldehyde propionique, n-Propionaldehyde, Propanalaldehyde, Proprionaldehyde, 1-Propanone, FEMA No. 2923, NCI-C61029, NSC 6493, C2H5CHO, AMJ2B4M67V, DTXSID2021658, CHEBI:17153, NSC-6493, UN 1275, 25722-18-3, Propionaldehyd, FEMA Number 2923, Propionaldehyde (natural), Aldehyde propionique [French], CCRIS 2917, HSDB 1193, EINECS 204-623-0, MFCD00007020, UN1275, UNII-AMJ2B4M67V, proprionaldhyde, propion aldehyde, AI3-16114, methyl acetaldehyde, Propionaldehyde, 97%, ETHYLCARBOXALDEHYDE, EC 204-623-0, WLN: VH2, PROPIONALDEHYDE [MI], PROPIONALDEHYDE [FCC], PROPIONALDEHYDE [FHFI], PROPIONALDEHYDE [HSDB], CHEMBL275626, DTXCID001658, Propionaldehyde, >=97%, FG, BDBM60952, NSC6493, ZINC895256, Propionaldehyde, analytical standard, STR01357, Tox21_201071, Propionaldehyde, reagent grade, 97%, STL264226, AKOS000119167, Propionaldehyde, natural, >=98%, FG, NCGC00091772-01, NCGC00091772-02, NCGC00258624-01, CAS-123-38-6, FT-0655858, P0498, EN300-19153, C00479, Propionaldehyde [UN1275] [Flammable liquid], A805061, Q422909, J-004931, J-524059, F2190-0621, 2,5-Dioxo-1-[[1-oxo-6-[[1-oxo-3-(2-pyridinyldithio)propyl]amino]hexyl]oxy]-3-pyrrolidinesulfonic Acid Monosodium Salt;, 123-38-6 [RN], 1-Propanal, 1-Propanone, 204-623-0 [EINECS], Aldehyde propionique, n-Propanal, n-Propionaldehyde, Propanal [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Propanalaldehyde, Propanaldehyde, Propionaldehyd [German], Propionaldehyde [Wiki], Propionaldéhyde [French], PROPIONIC ALDEHYDE, Proprionaldehyde, 15843-24-0 [RN], 198710-93-9 [RN], 39493-21-5 [RN], methyl acetaldehyde, Methylacetaldehyde, n-Propylal, Propaldehyde, Propanal;Propionaldehyde, Propanal-2,2,3,3,3-d5(9CI), PROPANAL-2,2-D2, Propanal204-623-0MFCD00007020, Propional, Propionaldehyde|Propanal, Propionaldehyde-2,2,3,3,3-d5, Propionaldehyde-2,2-d2, Propyl aldehyde, Propylaldehyde, Propylic aldehyde, STR01357, WLN: VH2

Propionaldehyde or propanal is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2CHO.
Propionaldehyde is the 3-carbon aldehyde.

Propionaldehyde is a colourless, flammable liquid with a slightly fruity odour.
Propionaldehyde is produced on a large scale industrially.

Propionaldehyde is the chemical intermediate in the production of propionic acid.
Propionaldehyde is also used for the production of Perstorp’s Bis-MPA.
Propionaldehyde could also be used to produce various chemical compounds used in pharmaceutical applications, plastics, plasticizers, lacquers, flavourings, cellulose and rubber chemicals.

Propionaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aldehydes.
These are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organic group.

In organic chemistry, propanal or propionaldehyde is the aldehyde of the 3-carbon propyl group.
Propionaldehyde has a chemical formula of CH3CH2CHO and is a structural isomer of propanone.

Propionaldehyde is a colourless liquid with a slightly irritating, fruity odour, at room temperature.
Researchers have recently discovered two new interstellar molecules one of which is Propionaldehyde.

Propionaldehyde was located within the Milky Way Galaxy inside an interstellar cloud known as Sagittarius B2.
Propionaldehyde is used as a flavouring agent.
Propionaldehyde has been isolated from various plant sources, such as hops, banana, sweet or sour cherry, blackcurrants, melon, pineapple, bread, chesses, coffee, cooked rice and strawberry or apple aroma.

Propionaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydrogen aldehydes.
These are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group.

Propionaldehyde exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Propionaldehyde is an alcohol, cocoa, and earthy tasting compound.

Outside of the human body, Propionaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within wild celeries and carrots.
Propionaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as purple lavers, black salsifies, strawberry guava, grapefruit/pummelo hybrids, and alaska wild rhubarbs.
Propionaldehyde is an aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent.

Propanal or propionaldehyde is the aldehyde of the 3 carbon propyl group.
Propionaldehyde has a chemical formula of CH3CH2CHO, and is a structural isomer of propanone.
At room temperature, Propionaldehyde is a colourless liquid with a slightly irritating, fruity odour.

Propionaldehyde is principally used as a precursor to trimethylolethane (CH3C(CH2OH)3) through a condensation reaction with formaldehyde; this triol is an important intermediate in the production of alkyd resins.
Other applications include reduction to propanol and oxidation to propionic acid.

Propionaldehyde is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Propionaldehyde is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Propionaldehyde appears as a clear colorless liquid with an overpowering fruity-like odor.
Propionaldehyde is flash point 15 °F.

Propionaldehyde is used in the manufacture of plastics, in the synthesis of rubber chemicals, and as a disinfectant and preservative.
Limited information is available on the health effects of propionaldehyde.
No information is available on the acute (short-term), chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental or carcinogenic effects of propionaldehyde in humans.

Animal studies have reported that exposure to high levels of propionaldehyde, via inhalation, results in anesthesia and liver damage, and intraperitoneal exposure results in increased blood pressure.
EPA has not classified propionaldehyde for carcinogenicity.

Propanal, also known as N-propionaldehyde or C2H5CHO, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydrogen aldehydes.
These are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group.

Propionaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on Propionaldehyde pKa).
Propionaldehyde exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.

Propionaldehyde is a flammable, colorless liquid with an unpleasant, suffocating, fruity odor similar to acetaldehyde.
Propionaldehyde is miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, and water.
Propionaldehyde reacts vigorously with oxidizers and polymerizes with addition of methyl methacrylate.

Propionaldehyde applications include as an intermediate, in pharmaceuticals, perfumes, plastics and polyols or polyhydric alcohols.
Propionaldehyde is also used as a precursor to trimethylolethane (CH3C(CH2OH)3) through a condensation reaction with formaldehyde, this triol is an important intermediate in the production of alkyd resins.

Other applications include reduction to propanol and oxidation to propionic acid.
Propionaldehyde is also used in PEGylated protein purification.

Propionaldehyde is a volatile organic compound, which belongs to the class of flavor & fragrance standards for use in the food, beverage and cosmetic industry.
These standards are widely used to add taste and/or smell to products without aroma, to mask unpleasant odors and to maintain stability of original flavor.
Propionaldehyde is listed on the positive list of the EU regulation 10/2011 for plastics intended to come into contact with food.

Applications of Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde applications include as an intermediate, in pharmaceuticals, perfumes, plastics and polyols or polyhydric alcohols.
Propionaldehyde is also used as a precursor to trimethylolethane (CH3C(CH2OH)3) through a condensation reaction with formaldehyde, this triol is an important intermediate in the production of alkyd resins.

Other applications include reduction to propanol and oxidation to propionic acid.
Propionaldehyde is also used in PEGylated protein purification.

Propionaldehyde may be used as an analytical reference standard for the quantification of the analyte in:
Food products and cosmetics using gas-chromatography with photo ionization detection (GC-PID).
Infant formulas using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID).
Household products using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Other Applications:
Food flavors & food fragrances
Fragrance
Herbicides - intermediate for other
Polymer modification
Process solvents

Uses of Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde is predominantly used as a precursor to trimethylolethane (CH3C(CH2OH)3) through a condensation reaction with formaldehyde.
This triol is an important intermediate in the production of alkyd resins.

Propionaldehyde is used in the synthesis of several common aroma compounds (cyclamen aldehyde, helional, lilial).
Other applications include reduction to propanol and oxidation to propionic acid.

Propionaldehyde is used to make propionic acid, trimethylolethane, polyvinyl and other plastics, and rubber, medicinal, and agricultural chemicals.
Propionaldehyde is also used as a disinfectant, preservative, and flavoring agent.

Propionaldehyde is used as a chemical intermediate in closed systems and not contained in consumer products.
Propionaldehyde is used almost exclusively (thought to be >99%) as a closed system intermediate and transported by bulk carrier.

Laboratory Uses:
Propionaldehyde is a common reagent, being a building block to many compounds.
Many of these uses exploit Propionaldehyde participation in condensation reactions.
With tert-butylamine Propionaldehyde gives CH3CH2CH=N-t-Bu, a three-carbon building block used in organic synthesis.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Propionaldehyde is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Propionaldehyde is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Propionaldehyde is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Uses at industrial sites:
Propionaldehyde is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Propionaldehyde has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Propionaldehyde is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Propionaldehyde is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Propionaldehyde can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Intermediate
Intermediates
Monomers

Consumer Uses:
Fragrance

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Using Disinfectants or Biocides

Properties of Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde is a colorless, flammable liquid, having a suffocating odor.
Propionaldehyde should be used as a chemical intermediate only.

Propionaldehyde undergoes reactions typical for the low molecular weight aldehydes, which, because of the terminal carbonyl group, are very reactive.
Contamination or the exposure to elevated temperatures may induce a hazardous polymerization.
Propionaldehyde is readily oxidized if in contact to oxygen and should therefore be stored under inert gases.

Physical Properties:
Propionaldehyde is a colorless, flammable liquid with a suffocating fruity odor.
The odor threshold for propionaldehyde is 1 part per million (ppm).

The chemical formula for propionaldehyde is C3H6O, and the molecular weight is 58.08 g/mol.
The vapor pressure for propionaldehyde is 317 mm Hg at 25 °C.

Production of Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde is mainly produced industrially by hydroformylation of ethylene:
CO + H2 + C2H4 → CH3CH2CHO

In this way, several hundred thousand tons are produced annually.

Laboratory preparation of Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde may also be prepared by oxidizing 1-propanol with a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate.
The reflux condenser contains water heated at 60 °C, which condenses unreacted propanol, but allows propionaldehyde to pass.

The propionaldehyde vapor is immediately condensed into a suitable receiver.
In this arrangement, any propionaldehyde formed is immediately removed from the reactor, thus Propionaldehyde does not get over-oxidized to propionic acid.

General Manufacturing Information of Propionaldehyde:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing

Reactions of Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde exhibits the reactions characteristic of alkyl aldehydes, e.g. hydrogenation, aldol condensations, oxidations, etc.
Propionaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde with a prochiral methylene such that α-functionalized derivatives (CH3CH(X)CHO) are chiral.

Extraterrestrial Occurrence of Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde along with acrolein has been detected in the molecular cloud Sagittarius B2 near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, about 26,000 light years from Earth.
Measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments on comet 67/P's surface, revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde.

Action Mechanism of Propionaldehyde:
Inhibition of intercellular communication is an important feature in the tumor promotion phase of a multistage carcinogenesis model.
In atherosclerosis inhibition of cell-cell communication by atherogenic compounds, e.g., low density lipoproteins (LDL), also seems to be important.

For testing atherogenic compounds we used an atherosclerosis relevant cell type, namely human smooth muscle cells. In order to investigate which part of the LDL particle would be involved in inhibition of metabolic co-operation between human smooth muscle cells in culture several fatty acids and their breakdown products were tested, namely aldehydes.
Unsaturated C-18 fatty acids markedly influenced gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), whereas saturated (C18:0, C16:0) and unsaturated fatty acids with > 20 carbon atoms did not inhibit GJIC.

In the case of oleic and elaidic acid, orientation seemed important; however, after exposure to palmitoleic and palmitelaidic acid no differences were found.
The most potent inhibitor of GJIC was linoleic acid, which inhibited GJIC by 75%.

No correlation was found between degrees of unsaturation and ability to inhibit GJIC.
Of the tested aldehydes, hexanal, Propionaldehyde, butanal and 4-hydroxynonenal did significantly inhibit GJIC, while pentanal had no effect.
Since modification of LDL was shown to be important in order for LDL to inhibit GJIC, these results show that fatty acids and their oxidative breakdown products may be of importance for the inhibition of GJIC by LDL.

Reactivity Profile of Propionaldehyde:
Propionaldehyde may form explosive peroxides.
Reacts vigorously with oxidizing agents.

Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame.
Incompatible with strong bases and strong reducing agents.

Vigorous polymerization reaction with methyl methacrylate.
Polymerization may also occur in the presence of acids or caustics.

Handling and Storage of Propionaldehyde:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling Propionaldehyde must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Safe Storage of Propionaldehyde:
Separated from acids, bases and oxidants.
Keep in the dark.
Store only if stabilized.

Storage Conditions:
Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location.
Store away from heat and oxidizers.

Outside or detached storage is preferred.
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

Separate from oxidizing materials and other reactive hazards.
Store in cool, well ventilated area away from oxidizers.

Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers.
Metals containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of this chemical should be grounded or bonded.

Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters.
Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical.

First Aid Measures of Propionaldehyde:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting.

Thus, the risk of increasing the medical problems by inducing vomiting of a volatile corrosive chemical is very high.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Propionaldehyde:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.
If Propionaldehyde can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
If this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Identifiers of Propionaldehyde:
CAS Number: 123-38-6
3DMet: B01258
ChEBI: CHEBI:17153
ChEMBL: ChEMBL275626
ChemSpider: 512
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.204
EC Number: 204-623-0
KEGG: C00479
PubChem CID: 527
RTECS number: UE0350000
UNII: AMJ2B4M67V
UN number: 1275
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2021658
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H6O/c1-2-3-4/h3H,2H2,1H3
Key: NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CCC=O

CAS number: 123-38-6
EC index number: 605-018-00-8
EC number: 204-623-0
Hill Formula: C₃H₆O
Chemical formula: CH₃CH₂CHO
Molar Mass: 58.08 g/mol
HS Code: 2912 19 00

EC / List no.: 204-623-0
CAS no.: 123-38-6
Mol. formula: C3H6O

Synonym(s): Propanal
Linear Formula: CH3CH2CHO
CAS Number: 123-38-6
Molecular Weight: 58.08
Beilstein: 506010
EC Number: 204-623-0
MDL number: MFCD00007020
PubChem Substance ID: 329820216

CAS: 123-38-6
Molecular Formula: C3H6O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 58.08
MDL Number: MFCD00007020
InChI Key: NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 527
ChEBI: CHEBI:17153
IUPAC Name: propanal
SMILES: CCC=O

Typical Properties of Propionaldehyde:
Chemical formula: C3H6O
Molar mass: 58.080 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Odor: Pungent, fruity
Density: 0.81 g cm−3
Melting point: −81 °C (−114 °F; 192 K)
Boiling point: 46 to 50 °C (115 to 122 °F; 319 to 323 K)
Solubility in water: 20 g/100 mL
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -34.32·10−6 cm3/mol
Viscosity: 0.6 cP at 20 °C
Structure
Molecular shape: C1, O: sp2 C2, C3: sp3
Dipole moment: 2.52 D

Boiling point: 47 - 48 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 0.80 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 2.3 - 21 %(V)
Flash point: -30 °C
Ignition temperature: 175 °C
Melting Point: -81 °C
Vapor pressure: 400.46 hPa (23.61 °C)
Solubility: 200 g/l

Vapor density: 2 (vs air)

Vapor pressure
18.77 psi ( 55 °C)
4.89 psi ( 20 °C)

Assay: 97%
Autoignition temp.: 404 °F

Expl. lim.
17 %, 26 °F
2.6 %, 31 °F

Refractive index: n20/D 1.362 (lit.)
bp: 46-50 °C (lit.)
mp: −81 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.805 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
SMILES string: [H]C(=O)CC
InChI: 1S/C3H6O/c1-2-3-4/h3H,2H2,1H3
InChI key: NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Boiling Point/Range: 46-50 °C (1.013 hPa)
Color: Colorless
Density: 0.81 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flashpoint: -40 °C
Form: Liquid
Grade: Reagent Grade
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents, Alkalis
Lower Explosion Limit: 2.3 %(V)
Melting Point/Range: -81 °C
Partition Coefficient: 0.59 (25 °C)
Purity Percentage: 97.00
Purity Details: 97.00%
Solubility in Water: 306 g/l (25 °C)
Upper Explosion Limit: 21 %(V)
Vapor Density: 2.01
Vapor Pressure: 341 hPa (20 °C)
Viscosity: 0.317 mPa.s (26.7 °C)
Storage Temperature: Ambient

Molecular Weight: 58.08
XLogP3: 0.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 58.041864811
Monoisotopic Mass: 58.041864811
Topological Polar Surface Area: 17.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Complexity: 17.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Propionaldehyde:
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 98.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 0.797 - 0.802
Water (GC): ≤ 2.0 % (a/a)
Identity (IR): passes test

Melting Point: -81°C
Density: 0.81
Boiling Point: 47°C to 49°C
Flash Point: −40°C (−40°F)
Odor: Pungent
Refractive Index: 1.362
Quantity: 500 mL
UN Number: UN1275
Beilstein: 506010
Sensitivity: Air sensitive
Merck Index: 14,7823
Solubility Information: Fully miscible in water.
Formula Weight: 58.08
Percent Purity: 97%
Chemical Name or Material: Propionaldehyde

Identity (IR): complying
Assay (GC): Min. 97.0 %
Water (Karl Fischer): Max. 2.5 %
APHA: Max. 10
Autoignition Temperature: 404 °F
Explosion Limit: 2.6 %, 31 °F
Vapor Pressure: 18.77 psi ( 55 °C)
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.362(lit.)
Vapor Density: 2 (vs air)
Explosion Limit: 17 %, 26 °F

Related Products of Propionaldehyde:
Nivalenol
(R)-Ochratoxin α
Di-N-heptytin Dichloride-D30
Ergosinine
3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

Related compounds of Propionaldehyde:

Related aldehydes:
Acetaldehyde
Butyraldehyde

Names of Propionaldehyde:

IUPAC name:
Propionaldehyde

Preferred IUPAC name:
Propanal

Other names:
Methylacetaldehyde
Propionic aldehyde
Propaldehyde
Propan-1-one

SYNONYMS Hydroacrylic acid; Carboxyethane; Methylacetic acid; C-3 Acid; Metacetonic acid; Pseudoacetic acid; Ethylformic Acid; Ethanecarboxylic Acid; Acide Propionique; Kyselina Propionova; Propanyl acid; CAS NO. 79-09-4, 784139-72-6

cas no 105-37-3 Propionic acid, Ethyl ester; Ethyl n-propionate; Propionic ether, Propionic ester; Propionate d'ethyle; Ethylester kyseliny propionove; Ethyl ester of propanoic acid; ETHYL PROPIONATE;

Isopropyl Alcohol; Dimethylcarbinol; sec-Propyl alcohol; Rubbing alcohol; Petrohol; 1-Methylethanol; 1-Methylethyl alcohol; 2-Hydroxypropane; 2-Propyl alcohol; Isopropyl alcohol; Propan-2-ol; IPA; 2-Propanol; Alcool Isopropilico (Italian); Alcool Isopropylique (French); I-Propanol (German); I-Propylalkohol (German); Iso-Propylalkohol (German) cas no: 67-63-0

PROPYL ALCOHOL, N° CAS : 71-23-8, Nom INCI : PROPYL ALCOHOL. Nom chimique : Propan-1-ol. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-746-9. Classification : Alcool. Ses fonctions (INCI)Anti-moussant : Supprime la mousse lors de la fabrication / réduit la formation de mousse dans des produits finis liquides. Solvant : Dissout d'autres substances. Noms français : 1-HYDROXYPROPANE ; 1-PROPANOL; 1-PROPYL ALCOHOL; Alcool propylique; Alcool propylique normal; N-PROPANOL; PROPANOL; PROPANOL-1; PROPYL ALCOHOL (NORMAL-). Noms anglais : ETHYL CARBINOL; n-Propanol (n-Propyl alcohol); n-Propyl alcohol; NORMAL PROPYL ALCOHOL; Propyl alcohol, PROPYLIC ALCOHOL. Utilisation : L'alcool propylique normal est utilisé dans une grande gamme d'applications industrielles, notamment: comme solvant pour les résines, les cires et les huiles végétales dans certains cosmétiques, lotions dentaires et produits pharmaceutiques; comme antiseptique; dans la synthèse organique; 1-Propanol; n-PROPANOL (PROPYL ALCOHOL, NORMAL); propan-1-ol; n-propanol. : 1-propanolo; 2propan-1-ol; N-propyl alcohol; n-Propyl alcohol, 1-Propanol; propan- 1-olo; Propan-1-ol (n-Propanol); propan-1-oln-propanol; PROPYL ALCOHOL; Tyzor NPZ. Translated names: 1-пропанол (bg); alkohol propylowy (pl) ; n-propanol (cs); n-propanoli (fi); n-propanolis (lt); n-propanolo (it); n-propanols (lv); n-propanool (et); n-προπανόλη (el); n-пропанол (bg); Propaan-1-ol (nl); Propaan-1-ool (et); propan-1-ol (cs); Propan-1-oli (fi); Propan-1-olis (lt); Propan-1-olo (it); Propane-1-ol (fr);propanol (sk); Propán-1-ol (hu); Propān-1-ols (lv); Προπαν-1-όλη (el); Пропан-1-ол (bg). : 1-propanolo; 2propan-1-ol; N-propyl alcohol; n-Propyl alcohol, 1-Propanol; propan- 1-olo; Propan-1-ol (n-Propanol); propan-1-oln-propanol; PROPYL ALCOHOL; Tyzor NPZ. Trade names: 1-Hydroxypropan; 1-Hydroxypropane; 1-Propanol (9CI); Ethylcarbinol; Propanol-1; Propyl alcohol (8CI); Propylalkohol; Propylol; 109-78-4 [RN] ; 1-HYDROXYPROPANE; 1-Propanol [ACD/Index Name] ; 1-Propanol [German] ; 1-Propanol [French] ; 1-Propyl alcohol; 1-プロパノール [Japanese]; 1-丙醇 [Chinese]; Alcohol, propyl; Alcool propilico; Alcool propilico [Italian]; Alcool propylique ; Alcool propylique [French]; Hydroxypropane; n-propan-1-ol; n-propanol; n-Propyl alcohol; n-Propyl alkohol [German]; n-Propylalkohol; Propan-1-ol ; Propane-1-ol; propanol [German]; Propanol, 1-; propanol-1; propyl alcohol; Propylowy alkohol [Polish]; γ-Propanol; Propanolen; 1-Propanol, 99%; 1-Propanol, anhydrous; 200-661-7 [EINECS]; 2-Propen-1-ol ; Albacol; ethyl carbinol; Ethylcarbinol ; n-C3H7OH; N-Propanol ACS grade; Optal; Osmosol extra; oxabutane; POL; Policosanol; Propan-1-ol, GlenDry, anhydrous; Propan-1-ol, GlenPure; propanol; Propanole; Propyl alcohol200-746-; 9MFCD00002941; propylalcohol; Propylic alcohol; WLN: Q3; 正丙醇 [Chinese]

CAS: 71-23-8
European Community (EC) Number: 200-746-9
Molecular Formula: C3H8O
Molecular Weight: 60.10 g/mol
IUPAC Name: propan-1-ol



DESCRIPTION:
Propan-1-ol (also propanol, n-propyl alcohol) is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH and sometimes represented as PrOH or n-PrOH.
Propyl alcohol is a colorless liquid and an isomer of 2-propanol.
Propyl alcohol is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly for resins and cellulose esters, and, sometimes, as a disinfecting agent.
Propyl alcohol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Propyl alcohol appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol.
Flash point of Propyl alcohol is 53-77 °F.
Propyl alcohol Autoignites at 700 °F.
Vapors of Propyl alcohol are heavier than air and mildly irritate the eyes, nose, and throat.
Density of Propyl alcohol is approximately 6.5 lb / gal.
Propyl alcohol is Used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, rubbing alcohols, soaps, window cleaners, acetone and other chemicals and products.

Propyl alcohol is the parent member of the class of Propyl alcohol that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.
Propyl alcohol has a role as a protic solvent and a metabolite.
Propyl alcohol is a short-chain primary fatty alcohol and a member of propan-1-ols.
Propyl alcohol is a clear liquid commonly used as a germ killer (antiseptic).
Propyl alcohol is the second most commonly ingested alcohol after ethanol (drinking alcohol).

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C3H8O
Molar mass: 60.096 g•mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: mild, alcohol-like[2]
Density: 0.803 g/mL
Melting point: −126 °C; −195 °F; 147 K
Boiling point: 97 to 98 °C; 206 to 208 °F; 370 to 371 K
Solubility in water: miscible
log P: 0.329
Vapor pressure: 1.99 kPa (at 20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 16
Basicity (pKb): −2
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −45.176•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.387
Viscosity: 1.959 mPa•s (at 25 °C) [3]
Dipole moment: 1.68 D
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 143.96 J/(K•mol)
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 192.8 J/(K•mol)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −302.79…−302.29 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −2.02156…−2.02106 MJ/mol

Molecular Weight: 60.10
XLogP3: 0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 60.057514874
Monoisotopic Mass: 60.057514874
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 7.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
vapor pressure: 19 hPa ( 20 °C)
Quality Level: 200
Assay:≥98% (GC)
Form: liquid
evapn. Residue: ≤0.01%
Color: APHA: ≤10
pH: 7 (20 °C, 200 g/L in H2O)
Bp: 96.5-98 °C/1013 hPa
Mp: -127 °C
Transition temp: flash point 15 °C

Specifications:
Assay (by GC) Min 99.5 %
Calcium (Ca) Max 0.00002 %
Colour APHA Max 10
Copper (Cu) Max 0.000002 %
Ethanol Max 0.01 %
Iron (Fe) Max 0.00001 %
Lead (Pb) Max 0.000002 %
Magnesium (Mg) Max 0.00001 %
Methanol Max 0.005 %
Potassium (K) Max 0.00002 %
Propan-2-ol Max 0.005 %
Residue after evaporation (ppm) Max 10
Sodium (Na) Max 0.0001 %
Substances darkened by H2SO4
(APHA) Max 10



Propyl alcohol shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol.
Thus propyl alcohol can be converted to alkyl halides; for example red phosphorus and iodine produce n-propyl iodide in 80% yield, while PCl3 with catalytic ZnCl2 gives n-propyl chloride.
Reaction with acetic acid in the presence of an H2SO4 catalyst under Fischer esterification conditions gives propyl acetate, while refluxing propanol overnight with formic acid alone can produce propyl formate in 65% yield.

Oxidation of propyl alcohol with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 gives a 36% yield of propionaldehyde, and therefore for this type of reaction higher yielding methods using PCC or the Swern oxidation are recommended.
Oxidation with chromic acid yields propionic acid.

PREPARATION PROPERTIES OF PROPYL ALCOHOL:
Propyl alcohol is manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde.
Propionaldehyde is produced via the oxo process by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.
H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH
A traditional laboratory preparation of propyl alcohol involves treating n-propyl iodide with moist Ag2O.

PROPYL ALCOHOL AS FUEL:
Propyl alcohol has high octane number and is suitable for engine fuel usage.
However, Propyl alcohol is too expensive to use as a motor fuel.
The research octane number (RON) of Propyl alcohol is 118, and anti-knock index (AKI) is 108



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PROPYL ALCOHOL:
Propyl alcohol is thought to be similar to ethanol in its effects on the human body, but 2–4 times more potent.
Oral LD50 in rats is 1870 mg/kg (compared to 7060 mg/kg for ethanol).
Propyl alcohol is metabolized into propionic acid.
Effects include alcoholic intoxication and high anion gap metabolic acidosis.
As of 2011, one case of lethal propyl alcohol poisoning was reported
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SYNONYMS OF PROPYL ALCOHOL:
MeSH Entry Terms:
1-Propanol
Alcohol, Propyl
n-Propanol
Propanol
Propyl Alcohol

Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
1-propanol
propanol
Propan-1-ol
Propyl alcohol
n-propanol
71-23-8
n-Propyl alcohol
ethylcarbinol
1-hydroxypropane
optal
Policosanol
osmosol extra
Propylic alcohol
Propanol-1
1-Propyl alcohol
n-Propan-1-ol
Propanolen
Propanole
Alcohol, propyl
Propanoli
Ethyl carbinol
Alcool propilico
Alcool propylique
n-Propyl alkohol
Propylowy alkohol
1-PROPONOL
propane-1-ol
142583-61-7
propylalcohol
FEMA No. 2928
NSC 30300
n-PrOH
Propylan-propyl alcohol
MFCD00002941
CHEBI:28831
96F264O9SV
NSC-30300
UN 1274
1-Propanol, anhydrous
Albacol
POL
Propanole [German]
Propanolen [Dutch]
Propanol, 1-
Propanoli [Italian]
Propyl alcohol, normal
Caswell No. 709A
FEMA Number 2928
Propyl alcohol (natural)
1 Propanol
Alcool propilico [Italian]
Alcool propylique [French]
n-Propyl alkohol [German]
Propylowy alkohol [Polish]
Propyl alcohol, n-
CCRIS 3202
HSDB 115
EINECS 200-746-9
UN1274
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 047502
BRN 1098242
Hydroxypropane
ethyl methanol
n-propylalcohol
normal propanol
n-Propylalkohol
UNII-96F264O9SV
AI3-16115
62309-51-7
3-propanol
nPrOH
HOPr
PrOH
normal propyl alcohol
N-Propanol ACS grade
n-C3H7OH
1-Propanol, HPLC Grade
DSSTox_CID_1739
bmse000446
N-PROPANOL [HSDB]
PROPANOL [WHO-DD]
1-Propanol, >=99%
EC 200-746-9
DSSTox_RID_76299
PROPYL ALCOHOL [MI]
DSSTox_GSID_21739
PROPYL ALCOHOL [FCC]
WLN: Q3
4-01-00-01413 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
CHEMBL14687
PROPYL ALCOHOL [FHFI]
PROPYL ALCOHOL [INCI]
1-PROPANOL [USP-RS]
1-Propanol, analytical standard
1-Propanol, JIS special grade
PROPANOL [EP MONOGRAPH]
PROPYL ALCOHOL [MART.]
1-Propanol, >=99%, FG
1-Propanol, LR, >=99%
DTXSID2021739
1-Propanol, >=99.80%
BDBM36153
Propyl Alcohol (Fragrance Grade)
PROPYL ALCOHOL (PROPANOL)
1-Propanol, anhydrous, 99.7%
1-Propanol, p.a., 99.5%
ZINC895969
1-Propanol, AR, >=99.5%
AMY11110
NSC30300
Tox21_302440
1-Propanol, Spectrophotometric Grade
LMFA05000101
n-Propanol or propyl alcohol, normal
STL264225
1-Propanol, natural, >=98%, FG
Hydroxypropyl cellulose-SL (HPC-SL)
1-Propanol, >=99% (GC), purum
AKOS000249219
1-Propanol, for HPLC, >=99.5%
1-Propanol, for HPLC, >=99.9%
DB03175
1-Propanol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
1-Propanol, HPLC grade, >=99.5%
CAS-71-23-8
1-Propanol, purum, >=99.0% (GC)
NCGC00255163-01
1-Propanol 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
1-Propanol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Propyl Alcohol (Normal) Reagent Grade ACS
FT-0608280
FT-0608281
FT-0627482
P0491
1-Propanol, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.0%
C05979
Q14985
A837125
J-505102
1-Propanol, for inorganic trace analysis, >=99.8%
1-Propanol, B&J Brand (product of Burdick & Jackson)
F0001-1829
Z955123580
1-Propanol, puriss. p.a., Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5% (GC)
1-Propanol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
n-Propanol or propyl alcohol, normal [UN1274] [Flammable liquid]
1-Propanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
5VQ
71-31-8

Benzoic acid, propyl ester; n-Propyl benzoate; Propyl benzenecarboxylate; Propyl benzoate; PROPYL BENZOATE, N° CAS : 2315-68-6, Nom INCI : PROPYL BENZOATE. Nom chimique : Propyl benzoate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 219-020-8. Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur, Restriction en Europe : V/1a. La concentration maximale autorisée dans les préparations cosmétiques prêtes à l'emploi est de 0,5 %.Ses fonctions (INCI) : Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.. Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

PROPYL GALLATE, N° CAS : 121-79-9, Nom INCI : PROPYL GALLATE, Nom chimique : Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-498-2. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Antioxydant : Inhibe les réactions favorisées par l'oxygène, évitant ainsi l'oxydation et la rancidité. Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

Propyl ethanoate (also known as 1-propyl acetate, propyl acetate, 1-acetoxypropane, acetic acid) is an organic compound with a molecular formula of C5H10O2 / CH3COOCH2CH2CH3.
Propyl ethanoate is commonly used as a solvent in coatings and printing inks.
Propyl ethanoate is highly flammable and Propyl ethanoate is abundantly miscible with all common organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glycols, esters) but has only slight miscibility in water.

CAS Number: 109-60-4
EC Number: 203-686-1
Chemical Formula: CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
Molecular Weight: 102.13

Propyl ethanoate, also known as N-propyl acetate, is an organic compound.
Nearly 20,000 tons are produced annually for use as a solvent.

Propyl ethanoate is known by its characteristic odor of pears.
Due to this fact, Propyl ethanoate is commonly used in fragrances and as a flavor additive.
Propyl ethanoate is formed by the esterification of acetic acid and propan-1-ol, often via Fischer–Speier esterification, with sulfuric acid as a catalyst and water produced as a byproduct.

Propyl ethanoate (also known as 1-propyl acetate, propyl acetate, 1-acetoxypropane, acetic acid) is an organic compound with a molecular formula of C5H10O2 / CH3COOCH2CH2CH3.
Propyl ethanoate is a clear, colourless ester that has a distinguishable acetate odour, is highly flammable, highly miscible with all common organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glycols, esters) but only slightly miscible in water.

Propyl ethanoate appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor.
Propyl ethanoate is flash point 58 °F.
Propyl ethanoate is less dense than water, Vapors are heavier than air.

Propyl ethanoate is an acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of acetic acid with propanol.
Propyl ethanoate has a role as a fragrance and a plant metabolite.
Propyl ethanoate is functionally related to a propan-1-ol.

Propyl ethanoate is a clear, colourless liquid with a distinctive, pleasant fruity odour.
Propyl ethanoate is readily miscible with most organic solvents such as alcohol, ketones, glycols and esters, but Propyl ethanoate has only limited miscibility with water.

Propyl ethanoate is an organic compound with a molecular formula of C5H10O2.
Propyl ethanoate is a clear, colourless liquid that has a distinguishable acetate odor.

Propyl ethanoate is highly flammable and Propyl ethanoate is abundantly miscible with all common organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glycols, esters) but has only slight miscibility in water.
Propyl ethanoate is commonly used as a solvent in coatings and printing inks.

Propyl ethanoate is an organic chemical compound, more specifically, an ester of acetic acid and propanol.
Propyl ethanoate is obtained by esterification of propanol with acetic acid in the presence of a catalyst.

Propyl ethanoate is also known as N-propyl acetate and is widely used as a solvent, but its characteristic odor makes Propyl ethanoate a fragrance as well.

Propyl ethanoate, also known as “propyl acetate” or “Acetic acid propyl ester”, naturally exists in strawberries, bananas and tomatoes.
Propyl ethanoate is synthetically produced by having acetic acid and 1-propanol undergoing esterification reaction.

Propyl ethanoate is a colorless transparent liquid at room temperature with typical ester properties.
Propyl ethanoate has a special fruity odor and can be dissolved in both ethanol and ethyl ether.

Propyl ethanoate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Propyl ethanoate is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Propyl ethanoate (also known as 1-propyl acetate) is an organic compound with a molecular formula of C5H10O2.
Propyl ethanoate is commonly used as a solvent in coatings and printing inks.

Propyl ethanoate is a clear, colourless liquid that has a distinguishable acetate odour.
Propyl ethanoate is highly flammable with a flash point of 14° C and a flammability rating of 3.
Propyl ethanoate is highly miscible with all common organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glycols, esters) but has only slight miscibility in water.

Propyl ethanoate is a colorless, volatile solvent with an odor similar to acetone.
Propyl ethanoate has good solvency power for many natural and synthetic resins.
Propyl ethanoate is miscible with many organic solvents.

Propyl ethanoate is an ester with an average evaporation rate and high degree of solubility in the major resins on the market, such as nitrocellulose, and synthetic and natural resins.
Propyl ethanoate is used in formulations for paints and thinners for different applications, including printing inks (rotogravure and flexography), industrial coatings, original automotive paints and car refinishing.
In printing inks, Propyl ethanoate also stands out for its low retention in flexible polyethylene and polypropylene films.

Propyl ethanoate is a colorless, volatile solvent with an odor similar to acetone.
Propyl ethanoate has good solvency power for many natural and synthetic resins.
Propyl ethanoate is miscible with many organic solvents.

Propyl ethanoate is the propyl ester of acetic acid.

Propyl ethanoate, also known as 1-acetoxypropane or N-propyl acetate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acid esters.
These are carboxylic acid derivatives in which the carbon atom from the carbonyl group is attached to an alkyl or an aryl moiety through an oxygen atom (forming an ester group).

Propyl ethanoate exists as a clear, colourless liquid with fruity odor and has a bittersweet flavor reminiscent of pear on dilution.
Propyl ethanoate is commonly used in fragrances and as a flavor additive.
Its fruity aroma accounts for the aroma of passion fruit pulps (0.1% - 0.16% relative to total volatile compounds), melons, apples (4.57% - 9.89% relative to total aroma volatiles), and pears (1.31 mg/L in pear juice).

Propyl ethanoate is acts as a clear, colorless, volatile solvent for coatings, printing inks and chemical downstream industries.
Propyl ethanoate is possesses a characteristic odor reminiscent of acetone and a good solvent power for numerous natural and synthetic resins.

Propyl ethanoate is exhibits miscibility with many common solvents, e.g. alcohols, ketones, ethers, aldehydes, glycols and glycol ethers, but sparingly soluble in water.
Propyl ethanoate is used for coatings applications like wood lacquers and industrial finishes and for printing inks applications like flexographic and special screen inks.

Propyl ethanoate (nPAC) is an organic compound with the formula C5H10O2.
Propyl ethanoate is most used as solvent in lacquer, paint and chemistry industry.

Propyl ethanoate is a highly miscible organic solvent.
Propyl ethanoate is used in the production of fragrances and nail care products.

Propyl ethanoate is used as a solvent.
Propyl ethanoate plays an important role in the printing inks industry are flexographic and special screen printing inks.

Propyl ethanoate is widely used in fragrances and as a flavor additive due to its odor.
Propyl ethanoate acts as a good solvent for cellulose nitrate, acrylates, alkyd resins, rosin, plasticizers, waxes, oils and fats.

Propyl ethanoate is a chemical compound used as a solvent and an example of an ester.
Propyl ethanoate is known by its characteristic odor of pears.

Due to this fact, Propyl ethanoate is commonly used in fragrances and as a flavor additive.
Propyl ethanoate is formed by the esterification of acetic acid and 1-propanol (known as a condensation reaction), often via Fischer–Speier esterification, with sulfuric acid as a catalyst and water produced as a byproduct.

Propyl ethanoate, also known as 1-acetoxypropane or N-propyl acetate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acid esters.
These are carboxylic acid derivatives in which the carbon atom from the carbonyl group is attached to an alkyl or an aryl moiety through an oxygen atom (forming an ester group).
Based on a literature review very few articles have been published oPropyl ethanoate.

Propyl ethanoate, also known as N-propyl acetate, is an organic compound with a molecular formula of C5H10O2.
Propyl ethanoate is a clear and colourless liquid with with a mild fruity odor.

Propyl ethanoate is highly flammable with a flash point of 14°C and a flammability rating of 3.
Propyl ethanoate is highly miscible with all common organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glycols, esters) but has only slight miscibility in water.

Propyl ethanoate is found in apple and formed by the esterification of acetic acid and 1-propanol (known as acondensation reaction), often via Fischer–Speier esterification, with sulfuric acid as a catalyst and water produced as a byproduct.
Propyl ethanoate is primarily intended as a solvent in the coatings and printing inks industries.

Propyl ethanoate is widely used in fragrances and as a flavor additive due to its odor.
Propyl ethanoate also acts as a good solvent for cellulose nitrate, acrylates, alkyd resins, rosin, plasticizers, waxes, oils and fats.

Propyl ethanoate Market Outlook-2022-2032:
The global Propyl ethanoate market size is expected to reach a valuation of US$ 418.6 Mn by the end of 2022.
Sales of Propyl ethanoate are likely to expand at a CAGR of 5.4% from 2022 to 2032.

The global market is projected to top a valuation of US$ 706.3 Mn by the end of 2032.
Growing demand for Propyl ethanoate from the printing ink industry as a slow evaporation solvent is anticipated to drive the market during the projected period.

Propyl ethanoate, which is also known as N-propyl acetate, is an ester of acetic acid and n-propanol.
Propyl ethanoate is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor of peers and raspberry.

Propyl ethanoate is miscible with a wide variety of typical solvents, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and glycol ethers, although in water Propyl ethanoate is only sparingly soluble.
Additionally, due to the presence of higher alkanes, Propyl ethanoate offers a slow rate of evaporation when used as an industrial solvent.

Owing to these characteristics, Propyl ethanoate is primarily implemented as a solvent for liquid, flexographic, and rotogravure printing inks.
In the cosmetics industry, Propyl ethanoate is used to make aerosol sprays, nail care products, cosmetics, and fragrances.

The growth of the Propyl ethanoate market is primarily driven by the printing ink industries.
Globally, these industries consume up to a one-third portion of the Propyl ethanoate and are expected to soar the demand in the forecast period.

The market for Propyl ethanoate is directly impacted by expansion in the printing ink sector.
The printing industry uses Propyl ethanoate extensively as a solvent, mostly for flexographic and screen printing inks.

Propyl ethanoate can thin a variety of different organic compounds, making Propyl ethanoate a useful solvent for this sector of the economy.
Particularly in emerging economies such as China and India, need for inks for paper media and packaging is surging.

The conventional ethyl acetate solvent in flexographic printing consumes more solvent, more ink, and requires flame retardants which hikes the printing costs.
However, with the use of Propyl ethanoate, high-quality flexography printings can be achieved with the consumption of 33% lesser solvent and 25% lesser ink which subsequently turns down the printing cost.
Thus, due to these improved benefits over ethyl acetate, Propyl ethanoate is quickly replacing Propyl ethanoate in the printing ink sector and will continue its growth in the forecast period.

Uses of Propyl ethanoate:
The major use of Propyl ethanoate is as a solvent in the coatings and printing industries.
Propyl ethanoate is a good solvent for these industries because Propyl ethanoate has the ability to thin many other organic compounds.

Propyl ethanoate dissolves a host of resins which make Propyl ethanoate a suitable solvent for wood lacquers and industrial finishes.
Within the printing industry Propyl ethanoate is mainly used in flexographic and special screening prints.

Propyl ethanoate is also used in aerosol sprays, nail care and as a fragrance solvent.
Propyl ethanoate can also be used as a flavouring additive due to its odour similar to pears.
The main user end markets are the printing, coatings, lacquers, cosmetic and flavouring industries.

Propyl ethanoate is used as a solvent, flavoring agent, and chemical intermediate.

Propyl ethanoate is flavoring agents, perfumery, solvent for nitrocellulose and other cellulose derivatives, natural and synthetic resins, lacquers, plastics, organic synthesis, lab reagent
Propyl ethanoate is a powerful solvent and is used in waxes, and insecticide formulations.

Propyl ethanoate is used in alcohol-dilutable inks containing nitrocellulose as a main constituent, polyamide inks, acrylic inks.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Propyl ethanoate is used in the following products: coating products, laboratory chemicals, lubricants and greases, washing & cleaning products, inks and toners and metal working fluids.
Propyl ethanoate is used in the following areas: building & construction work and scientific research and development.

Propyl ethanoate is used for the manufacture of: , fabricated metal products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and machinery and vehicles.
Other release to the environment of Propyl ethanoate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Uses at industrial sites:
Propyl ethanoate is used in the following products: coating products, washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, lubricants and greases and metal working fluids.
Propyl ethanoate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Propyl ethanoate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Propyl ethanoate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Industry Uses:
Intermediate
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other
Other (specify)
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Pigments
Solvent

Consumer Uses:
Propyl ethanoate is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, coating products, anti-freeze products, perfumes and fragrances, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, leather treatment products, cosmetics and personal care products and polishes and waxes.
Other release to the environment of Propyl ethanoate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Other Consumer Uses:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Pigments
Solvent

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Painting (Solvents)
Plastic Composites Manufacturing

Applications of Propyl ethanoate:
Propyl ethanoate is mainly used as a solvent in the industrial production of coatings and printing inks (owing to its suitability to thin down many other organic compounds).
Propyl ethanoate is also an excellent solvent for many natural and synthetic resins (such as cellulose nitrate, acrylates, colophony, plastifiers, wax, oils and fats), varnishes for wood, natural and synthetic dyes and plastics.
Propyl ethanoate is also used to produce insecticides and in the perfume, printing and food industry (as a flavor additive for food lending Propyl ethanoate the taste and flavor of a pear).

Propyl ethanoate mainly used as solvent in printing inks, especially in flexographic and special screen printing inks, also used as a safe and pro-environment solvent for food package printing ink industry and used in PTA(purified tereph-thalic acid) industry.
With strong ability to dissolve many natural and synthetic resins (e.g. cellulose nitrate, acrylates, alkyd resin) Coatings for automotive and plastic Solvents for cosmetics and personal care, for fragrances.

Propyl ethanoate is used as an active solvent in many ink and coating applications.
For cosmetics and personal care, Propyl ethanoate can be used in nail care or as a flavoring agent.
In addition, Propyl ethanoate has been listed as Inert Ingredients Permitted for Use in Nonfood Use Pesticide Products under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

Propyl ethanoate is used as a solvent.
Propyl ethanoate plays an important role in the printing inks industry are flexographic and special screen printing inks.

Propyl ethanoate is widely used in fragrances and as a flavor additive due to its odor.
Propyl ethanoate acts as a good solvent for cellulose nitrate, acrylates, alkyd resins, rosin, plasticizers, waxes, oils and fats.

Propyl ethanoate is primarily used as a solvent in the manufacture of paints and coatings because of its ability to thin many other organic compounds.
Propyl ethanoate has the power to dissolve a wide range of resins, which also makes Propyl ethanoate highly suitable as a solvent for wood lacquers and industrial finishes.

Propyl ethanoate is widely used in the printing industry, mainly for flexographic and screen printing inks.
Propyl ethanoate is also used as a solvent in perfumes and is found as an ingredient in aerosol sprays, nail care products and cosmetics.

Propyl ethanoate is used as an intermediate in organic chemistry of pharmaceutical compounds.
Propyl ethanoate is also used as a flavouring additive on account of its fruity odour, which is similar to pears.

Other Applications:
Coatings
Wood lacquers
Aerosol sprays
Nail care
Cosmetic / personal care solvent
Fragrance solvent
Process solvent
Printing inks (especially flexographic and special screen)

Features of Propyl ethanoate:
Propyl ethanoate’s main application is in the printing inks industry for flexographic and special screen printing inks.
Propyl ethanoate is slightly soluble in water but is miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters and hydrocarbons.
Propyl ethanoate is a suitable fluid for blended products requiring variation in end-use performance.

Other Features:
Clear, highly volatile liquid
Mild odor
Sparingly soluble in water
Good resin solvent
Slow RER
Promotes flow and leveling
Non-HAP (Hazardous Air Pollutant) Solvent
Solvency power similar to ethyl acetate
Miscible with many organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, glycols and glycol ethers)

Manufacturing Methods of Propyl ethanoate:
Propyl ethanoate is produced by direct esterification of the corresponding alcohol with acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid, ptoluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, or a strong cationic resin as catalyst.
1-Propanol can also undergo ester interchange with methyl or ethyl acetate in the presence of a strong cationic exchange resin to give Propyl ethanoate.

Propyl ethanoate is manufacture from acetic acid and mixture of propene and propane in the presence of zinc chloride catalyst.
Propyl ethanoate is manufacture from interaction of acetic acid and n-propyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid.

Typical Properties of Propyl ethanoate:

Chemical Properties:
Propyl ethanoate has a fruity (pear–raspberry) odor with a pleasant, bittersweet flavor reminiscent of pear on dilution.
The Odor Threshold is 70 milligram per cubic meter and 2.8 milligram per cubic meter (New Jersey Fact Sheet).

Physical properties:
Clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant, pear-like odor.
Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 200 μg/m3 (48 ppbv) and 600 μg/m3 (140 ppbv), respectively.

An odor threshold concentration of 240 ppbv was determined by a triangular odor bag method.
Cometto-Mu?iz and Cain (1991) reported an average nasal pungency threshold concentration of 17,575 ppmv.

General Manufacturing Information of Propyl ethanoate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Printing Ink Manufacturing
Printing and Related Support Activities
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing

Human Metabolite Information of Propyl ethanoate:

Cellular Locations:
Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Handling and Storage of Propyl ethanoate:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling Propyl ethanoate must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do Propyl ethanoate without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Storage and Handling of Propyl ethanoate:
Propyl ethanoate should be stored in a tightly-closed containerin a cool, dry, well-ventilated place away from direct sunlight, heat, sources of ignition and incompatible materials such as strong oxidizers, acids and bases.
Containers which have been opened should be carefully resealed and stored in an upright position to avoid leakage.

Handle in accordance with good industry practices for safety and hygiene.
Personal protective equipment including eye goggles and impermeable gloves and clothing should be worn to avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Appropriate engineering controls including sufficient natural or exhaust ventilation must be implemented and respiratory protection should be worn to prevent exposure to vapours.

Reactivity Profile of Propyl ethanoate:
Propyl ethanoate is an ester.
Propyl ethanoate is colorless, highly flammable liquid, moderately toxic.

Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, sparks, or strong oxidizers.
When heated to decomposition Propyl ethanoate emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

First Aid Measures of Propyl ethanoate:

Eye:
IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids.
Get medical attention immediately.

Skin:
WATER FLUSH PROMPTLY - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly.
If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly.
If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing:
RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once.
If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration.

Keep the affected person warm and at rest.
Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow:
MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Fighting of Propyl ethanoate:

CAUTION:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.
If Propyl ethanoate can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
If this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Use alcohol-resistant foam, foam, powder, carbon dioxide, fine water spray.
In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Propyl ethanoate:

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined.
Use water in flooding quantities of fog.

Solid streams of water may be ineffective.
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use "alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Accidental Release Measures of Propyl ethanoate:

Isolation and Evacuation:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL:
Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Propyl ethanoate:
Remove all ignition sources.
Evacuate danger area!

Consult an expert! Personal protection:
Filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance.
Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.
Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers.

Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Disposal Methods of Propyl ethanoate:
The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.
Recycle any unused portion of Propyl ethanoate for its approved use or return Propyl ethanoate to the manufacturer or supplier.

Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider:
Propyl ethanoate's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Preventive Measures of Propyl ethanoate:
The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent.
The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.

However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.
In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Identifiers of Propyl ethanoate:
CAS Number: 109-60-4
ChEBI: CHEBI:40116
ChEMBL: ChEMBL44857
ChemSpider: 7706
DrugBank: DB01670
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.352
EC Number: 203-686-1
PubChem CID: 7997
RTECS number: AJ3675000
UNII: 4AWM8C91G6
UN number: 1276
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID6021901
InChI: InChI=1S/C5H10O2/c1-3-4-7-5(2)6/h3-4H2,1-2H3
Key: YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C5H10O2/c1-3-4-7-5(2)6/h3-4H2,1-2H3
Key: YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYAC
SMILES: O=C(OCCC)C

CAS number: 109-60-4
EC index number: 607-024-00-6
EC number: 203-686-1
Hill Formula: C₅H₁₀O₂
Chemical formula: CH₃COOCH₂CH₂CH₃
Molar Mass: 102.13 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 39 00

Synonyms: Propyl acetate
Linear Formula: CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
CAS Number: 109-60-4
Molecular Weight: 102.13

Molecular Weight：102.13200
Exact Mass：102.13
EC Number：203-686-1
UNII：4AWM8C91G6
ICSC Number：0940
NSC Number：72025
UN Number：1276
DSSTox ID：DTXSID6021901
Color/Form：Colorless liquid
HScode：2915390090

CAS: 109-60-4
Molecular Formula: C5H10O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 102.13
MDL Number: MFCD00009372
InChI Key: YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 7997
ChEBI: CHEBI:40116
IUPAC Name: propyl acetate
SMILES: CCCOC(C)=O

Linear Formula: CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
CAS Number: 109-60-4
Molecular Weight: 102.13
Beilstein: 1740764
EC Number: 203-686-1
MDL number: MFCD00009372
eCl@ss: 39022103
PubChem Substance ID: 329757979
NACRES: NA.21

Boiling point: 101.5 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 0.89 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.7 - 8 %(V)
Flash point: 11.8 °C
Ignition temperature: 430 °C
Melting Point: -95 °C
Vapor pressure: 33 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 21.2 g/l

Properties of Propyl ethanoate:
Chemical formula: C5H10O2
Molar mass: 102.133 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Mild, fruity
Density: 0.89 g/cm3
Melting point: −95 °C (−139 °F; 178 K)
Boiling point: 102 °C (216 °F; 375 K)
Solubility in water: 18.9 g/L
Vapor pressure: 25 mmHg (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −65.91·10−6 cm3/mol

PSA：26.30000
XLogP3：0.9595
Appearance：Colorless liquid with a strong odor
Density：0.836 g/cm3 @ Temp: 20 °C
Melting Point：-93 °C
Boiling Point：101.5 °C @ Press: 760 Torr
Flash Point：55 °F
Refractive Index：n20/D 1.384(lit.)
Water Solubility：H2O: 2g/100 mL (20 ºC)
Storage Conditions：Storage Room low temperature ventilation drying ,Separate storage with oxidizing agent
Vapor Pressure：35.2mmHg at 25°C
Vapor Density：3.5 (vs air)
Flammability characteristics：Class IB Flammable Liquid: Fl.P. below 73°F and BP at or above 100°F.
Explosive limit：vol% in air: 1.7.0
Odor：Pleasant odor
Taste：Pleasant, bittersweet flavor reminiscent of pear on dilution.
OH：3.40e-12 cm3/molecule*sec
Henrys Law Constant：2.18e-04 atm-m3/mole|Henry's Law constant = 2.18X10-4 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C
Air and Water Reactions：Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Molecular Formula: C5H10O2 / CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
Cas Number: 109-60-4
Molecular Mass: 102.06808 g/mol
Flashpoint: 58 °F / 14.4 °C
Boiling Point: 214.9 ° F at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point: -139 °F / -95 °C
Vapour Pressure: 67.21 mm Hg
Water Solubility: g/100ml at 16 °C: 1.6
Density: 0.886 at 68 °F

vapor density: 3.5 (vs air)
Quality Level: 200
vapor pressure: 25 mmHg ( 20 °C)
Assay: ≥99.5%
form: liquid
autoignition temp.: 842 °F

expl. lim.:
1.7 %, 37 °F
8 %

impurities:
≤0.01% Acetic acid (free acid)
≤0.1% Water

evapn. residue: ≤0.01%
color: APHA: ≤15
refractive index: n20/D 1.384 (lit.)
bp: 102 °C (lit.)
mp: −95 °C (lit.)
density: 0.888 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CCCOC(C)=O
InChI: 1S/C5H10O2/c1-3-4-7-5(2)6/h3-4H2,1-2H3
InChI key: YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 102.13 g/mol
XLogP3: 1.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 102.068079557 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 102.068079557 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 59.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Propyl ethanoate:
Melting Point: -92°C
Density: 0.887
Boiling Point: 99°C to 102°C
Flash Point: 14°C (57°F)
Odor: Fruit-like
Linear Formula: CH3CO2CH2CH2CH3
Refractive Index: 1.384
Quantity: 500 mL
UN Number: UN1276
Beilstein: 1740764
Merck Index: 14,7841
Solubility Information: Miscible with alcohols,ketones,aldehydes,ethers,glycols and glycol ethers. Slightly soluble in water.
Formula Weight: 102.13
Percent Purity: 99%
Chemical Name or Material: Propyl ethanoate

Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 98.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 0.886 - 0.888
Identity (IR): passes test

Related compounds ofPropyl ethanoate:
Propan-1-ol
Acetic acid

Related esters:
Ethyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
n-butyl acetate
Isobutyl acetate

Names of Propyl ethanoate:

Regulatory process names:
1-Acetoxypropane
1-Propyl acetate
Acetate de propyle normal
Acetic acid n-propyl ester
Acetic acid, propyl ester
n-PROPYL ACETATE
n-Propyl acetate
n-Propyl acetate (natural)
n-Propyl ethanoate
Octan propylu
Propyl acetate
Propyl acetate
propyl acetate
Propyl ethanoate
Propylester kyseliny octove

Translated names:
acetat de propil (mt)
acetat de propil (ro)
acetato de propilo (es)
acetato de propilo (pt)
acetato di propile propilacetato (it)
acétate de propyle; (fr)
octan propylu (pl)
propil acetat (sl)
propil-acetát (hu)
propilacetatas (lt)
propilacetāts (lv)
propyl-acetát (cs)
propyl-acetát (sk)
propylacetaat (nl)
propylacetat (da)
Propylacetat (de)
propylacetat (no)
propylacetat (sv)
Propyyliasetaatti (fi)
propüülatsetaat (et)
οξικός προπυλεστέρας (el)
пропил ацетат (bg)

IUPAC names:
Acetic acid, propyl ester
Acetic acid, propylester
EC_203_686_1__propyl_acetate
n-propyl acetate
n-Propyl ethanoate
n-propyl ethanoate
NPAC
PROPYL ACETATE
Propyl Acetate
Propyl acetate
propyl acetate
Propyl Acetate
Propyl acetate
propyl acetate
PROPYL ACETATE, NORMAL
Propyl ethanoate
propyl ethanoate
propylacetate

Preferred IUPAC name:
Propyl acetate

Systematic IUPAC name:
Propyl ethanoate

Trade names:
1-Acetoxypropane
1-Propyl acetate
ACETATE, PROPYL
Acetic acid n-propyl ester
acetic acid propyl ester
Acetic acid, propyl ester
ESSIGSAEURE-PROPYLESTER
n-Propanol acetate
n-Propyl Acetate
n-Propyl acetate
n-propyl acetate
n-Propylacetat
NSC 72025
Pr acetate
propyl acetate
Propyl ethanoate
Propylacetat

Other names:
Acetic acid propyl ester
n-Propyl ethanoate
n-Propyl acetate
n-Propyl ester of acetic acid

Other identifiers:
109-60-4
607-024-00-6

Synonyms of Propyl ethanoate:
Propyl acetate
109-60-4
N-PROPYL ACETATE
Acetic acid, propyl ester
Propyl ethanoate
1-Acetoxypropane
1-Propyl acetate
n-Propyl ethanoate
Octan propylu
Acetic acid n-propyl ester
Propylacetate
Acetate de propyle normal
n-Propyl acetate (natural)
Acetic acid propyl ester
FEMA No. 2925
Propylester kyseliny octove
NSC 72025
HSDB 161
Octan propylu [Polish]
n-propanol acetate
EINECS 203-686-1
Acetic acid, n-propyl ester
UNII-4AWM8C91G6
BRN 1740764
4AWM8C91G6
DTXSID6021901
CHEBI:40116
AI3-24156
Acetate de propyle normal [French]
Propylester kyseliny octove [Czech]
NSC-72025
UN1276
DTXCID301901
ACETIC ACID,PROPYL ESTER
EC 203-686-1
4-02-00-00138 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
PROPYL ACETATE (USP-RS)
PROPYL ACETATE [USP-RS]
n-propylacetat
n-Propyl ester of acetic acid
?Propyl acetate
acetic acid propyl
Propyl acetate, N-
ACETATE, PROPYL
Propyl acetate, 99%
PAT (CHRIS Code)
Actate de propyle normal
CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
Acetic acid-n-propyl ester
Propyl ester of acetic acid
PROPYL ACETATE [MI]
FEMA NUMBER 2935
SCHEMBL14991
PROPYL ACETATE [FCC]
WLN: 3OV1
CHEMBL44857
PROPYL ACETATE [FHFI]
PROPYL ACETATE [INCI]
Propyl acetate, >=99.5%
Propyl acetate, >=98%, FG
N-PROPYL ACETATE [HSDB]
N-Propyl acetate LBG-64752
Propyl acetate, analytical standard
ACETIC ACID, N-PROPYL ETHER
NSC72025
Tox21_202012
MFCD00009372
NA1276
STL280317
AKOS008949448
DB01670
LS-3066
UN 1276
NCGC00249148-01
NCGC00259561-01
CAS-109-60-4
A0044
FT-0621756
FT-0627474
Propyl acetate, natural, >=97%, FCC, FG
n-Propyl acetate [UN1276] [Flammable liquid]
n-Propyl acetate [UN1276] [Flammable liquid]
Q415750
J-002310
InChI=1/C5H10O2/c1-3-4-7-5(2)6/h3-4H2,1-2H
Propyl acetate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Propyl Acetate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
109-60-4 [RN]
203-686-1 [EINECS]
Acétate de propyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Acetic acid n-propyl ester
Acetic acid, n-propyl ester
Acetic acid, propyl ester [ACD/Index Name]
MFCD00009372 [MDL number]
n-propyl acetate
n-Propyl ethanoate
Propyl acetate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Propyl ethanoate
Propyl-acetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Propylester kyseliny octove [Czech]
1-Propyl acetate
3OV1 [WLN]
4-02-00-00138 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein]
4PA
ACETIC ACID PROPYL ESTER
Acetic acid-n-propyl ester
NORMAL PROPYL ACETATE
N-PROPANOL ACETATE
Octan propylu
Trimethylene acetate
WLN: 3OV1

Propyl gallate is an antioxidant commonly used in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils, thereby extending shelf life and maintaining product quality.
Propyl gallate is effective in protecting against oxidation by scavenging free radicals and is used in various applications including food preservation, anti-fade agents in microscopy, and stabilizers in pharmaceuticals.
Propyl gallate has been shown to possess antimicrobial and hepatoprotective properties, though its use should be monitored for potential allergic reactions and sensitivities.

CAS Number: 121-79-9
EC Number: 204-498-2
Molecular Formula: C10H12O5
Molecular Weight: 196.2 g/mol

Synonyms: Gallic acid propyl ester , PG, Propyl gallate, 98% 100GR, Propyl gallat, Propyl gallate,3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Tenox PG, Propyl gallate 3g [121-79-9], Propyl gallate (200 mg)G2D2031.000mg/mg(dr), Propyl gallate (200 mg), Propyl gallate, USP, Propyl gallate SynonyMs: Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, proply gallate, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester Tenox PG, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate for synthesis, 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZENE-1-PROPYLCARBOXYLATE, 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID N-PROPYL ESTER, 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID PROPYL ESTER, n-propylesterof3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoicacid, Propyl galiate, propyl3,4,5-, Propylester kyseliny gallove, propylesterkyselinygallove, Sustane PG, Tenox PG, tenoxpg, GALLIC ACID N-PROPYL ESTER, GALLIC ACID PROPYL ESTER, FEMA 2947, FEMA 2974, n-Propyl gallate (Ph. Eur.) pure, pharma grade, Propyl gallate 121-79-9 Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 121-79-9 Propyl gallate, PROGALLIN P, Propyl gallate, N-Propyl gallate, N-PROPYL 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOATE, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoicacipropylester, Benzoicacid,3,4,5-trihydroxy-,propylester, NCI-C50588, nci-c505888, Nipa 49, nipa49, Nipagallin P, nipagallinp, n-Propyl ester of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, L-A-PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE, B-OLEOYL,*GAMMA -MYRISTOYL, Propyl gallate, FOR MICROSCOPY, Propyl gallate 98+% FCC, PropylGallate(Antioxidant), PropylGallate-(N-Propyl-3,4,5-Trihydroxybezoate), Propyl gallate ,99%, Ethyl carbamate Solution, 1000ppm, Propyl gailate, Propyl gallate ,98%, Gallic acid propyl, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-Benzoic, Propyl gallate USP/NF/FCC, PROPYLGALLATE,FCC, PROPYLGALLATE,NF

Propyl gallate is a chemical compound used primarily as an antioxidant.
Propyl gallate's primary function is to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils in food products, which helps to extend shelf life and maintain flavor and nutritional quality.
Propyl gallates often found in processed foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.
Since 1948, Propyl gallate has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation.
As a food additive, Propyl gallate is used under the E number E310.

Propyl gallate is an antioxidant.
Propyl gallate protects against oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals.

Propyl gallate (also known as propyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenoate) is a kind of ester formed through the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.
Propyl gallate appears as a fine white to creamy-white crystalline powder.

Propyl gallate has long been used as a kind of antioxidants to be supplied to foods especially animal fats and vegetable oil, being especially effective with polyunsaturated fats.
Propyl gallate, as an anti-oxidant, can protect the food and oils from the attack of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals, having an effect similar to the superoxide dismutase.
Propyl gallate can also be applied to ethers, emulsion, waxes, and transformer oil as the antioxidants.

Propyl gallate caused contact dermatitis in a baker and in a female confectioner who fried doughnuts, primarily sensitized by her night cream; the margarine probably contained gallates.
Propyl gallate is an antioxidant with antimicrobial activity.

Propyl gallate is hepatoprotective in vitro and in vivo, preventing CCl4 induced lipoperoxidation and reduction in polysomes in rat liver.
Propyl gallate in combination with potassium sorbate is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against S. aureus strains known to produce enterotoxins in food. Propyl gallate is commonly added to foods to prevent autoxidation and microbial growth.

Propyl gallate appears as fine white to creamy-white crystalline powder.
Propyl gallate is odorless or with a faint odor.

Propyl gallate's melting point 150°C.
Propyl gallate is insoluble in water.
Propyl gallate is slightly bitter taste.

Propyl gallate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Propyl gallate is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.

Propyl gallate is the n-propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid).
Propyl gallate is soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, oil, lard, and aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of cetyl alcohol, but only slightly soluble in water.

Propyl gallate currently is used as an antioxidant in a reported 167 cosmetic products at maximum concentrations of 0.1%.
Propyl gallate is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides.

The biological activity of Propyl gallate is consistent with its free-radical scavenging ability, with effects that include antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, inhibition of biosynthetic processes, inhibition of the formation of nitrosamines, anesthesia, inhibition of neuromuscular response to chemicals, ionizing/ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection, chemoprotection, antimutagenesis, anticarcinogenesis and antitumorigenesis, antiteratogenesis, and anticariogenesis.
Propyl gallate has being shown to be a hepatoprotector in vitro and in vivo.

Propyl gallate is an anti-fade reagent in fluorescence microscopy to reduce photobleaching of fluorescent probes such as rhodamine and fluorescein.
An antioxidant which exhibits antimicrobial activity.

Propyl gallate is an antioxidant with antimicrobial activity.
Propyl gallate is hepatoprotective in vitro and in vivo, preventing CCl4 induced lipoperoxidation and reduction in polysomes in rat liver.

1,2 Propyl gallate (100 mg/kg, i.p.) increases expression of HIF-1α, EPO, and VEGF mRNA levels and the number of normal neurons in rat brains after 8 minutes of forebrain ischemia.
Propyl gallate in combination with potassium sorbate is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against S. aureus strains known to produce enterotoxins in food.4 Propyl gallate is commonly added to foods to prevent autoxidation and microbial growth.

Propyl gallate, C10H12O5, is an ester formed from gallic acid and propanol.
Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation.

As a food additive, Propyl gallate is used under the E number E310.

Propyl gallate is an important antioxidant for the prevention of rancidity in edible oils and fats.
Gallic acid is 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid and has the formula (HO)3C6H2·CO2H.

Propyl gallate is found in foods, cosmetics, hair products, adhesives, and lubricants.
Propyl gallate is used to protect oils and fats from oxidation.

Uses of Propyl Gallate:
Propyl gallate is used to protect oils and fats in products from oxidation; Propyl gallate is used in foods, cosmetics, hair products, adhesives, and lubricants.
Propyl gallate is used as a triplet state quencher and an antioxidant in fluorescence microscopy.

Propyl gallate is used as an antioxidant for foods and cosmetics; especially fats, oils, emulsions, and waxes.
Propyl gallate is also used in transformer oils and as a stabilizer for synthetic vitamin A.

Reactive peroxides in povidone often lead to degradation of oxidation-labile drugs.
The antioxidants ascorbic acid, Propyl gallate, and sodium sulfite reduced the peroxide concentration in povidone.

Synthetic antioxidants commonly used in food include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Propyl gallate (PG), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ).

Industry Uses:
Oxidizing/reducing agents

Consumer Uses:
Cleaning and furnishing care products

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Propyl gallate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Propyl gallate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Propyl gallate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Uses at industrial sites:
Propyl gallate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Propyl gallate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.

Propyl gallate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Propyl gallate can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in processing aids at industrial sites.

Applications of Propyl Gallate:
Propyl gallate is used as an anti-fade reagent in fluorescence microscopy to reduce photobleaching of fluorescent probes such as rhodamine and fluorescein.

Pharmaceutical Applications:
Propyl gallate has become widely used as an antioxidant in cosmetics, perfumes, foods, and pharmaceuticals since its use in preventing autoxidation of oils was first described in 1943.
Propyl gallate is primarily used, in concentrations up to 0.1% w/v, to prevent the rancidity of oils and fats.
Propyl gallate may also be used at concentrations of 0.002% w/v to prevent peroxide formation in ether, and at 0.01% w/v to prevent the oxidation of paraldehyde.

Synergistic effects with other antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene have been reported.
Propyl gallate is also said to possess some antimicrobial properties;

Studies have shown that, when added to powder blends containing ketorolac, Propyl gallate significantly increases the drug stability in the preparation.
Other alkyl gallates are also used as antioxidants and have approximately equivalent antioxidant properties when used in equimolar concentration, however, solubilities vary.

Biological effects of Propyl Gallate:
A 1993 study in fat rodents found little or no effect on carcinogenesis by Propyl gallate.
A 2009 study found that Propyl gallate acts as an estrogen antagonist.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Propyl Gallate:
An antioxidant that exhibits antimicrobial activity.
Propyl gallate has been reported to be an effective antioxidant-based hepatoprotector, both in vitro and in vivo.

Propyl gallate has also been shown to prevent neuronal apoptosis and block the death of neurons exposed to FeSO4/GA as well as partially protect endothelial cells against TNF-induced apoptosis.
Propyl gallate has been reported to be an effective antioxidant-based hepatoprotector, both in vitro and in vivo.

Propyl gallate has also been shown to prevent neuronal apoptosis and block the death of neurons exposed to FeSO4/GA as well as partially protect endothelial cells against TNF-induced apoptosis.
However, Propyl gallate induced single strand breaks in DNA at concentrations higher than 0.25 μM when Propyl gallate was combined with copper concentrations at 5 μM and above.

Propyl gallate (Gallic acid propyl esterZ, n-Propyl gallate) is an antioxidant used in foods especially animal fats and vegetable oils, also in a wide variety of cosmetics and beauty care products.
Propyl gallate (PG) could modulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activation and decrease lung cancer cell survival.

Propyl gallate also induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells and HeLa cells by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glutathione (GSH) depletion.
Propyl gallate inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and exerts an antimigration effect on TMZ-treated U87MG cells.

Propyl gallate also possesses anti-inflammatory activity via downregulation of the NF-κB pathway.
Propyl gallate could reduce the proliferation and augment the chemosensitivity of a THP-1 leukemia cell line via extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.

In brain ischemia, Propyl gallate inhibits the activity of NF-κB, reduces COX-2 and TNF-alpha G expression, and decreases ischemic-reperfusion injury.

Chemical Properties of Propyl Gallate:
Propyl gallate is an odorless powder having a slightly bitter taste.
Propyl gallate functions particularly well in stabilizing animal fats and vegetable oils.

With a melting point of 148°C, Propyl gallate loses its effectiveness during heat processing and is therefore not suitable in frying applications that involve temperatures exceeding 190°C.
Propyl gallate chelates iron ions and forms an unappealing, blue–black complex.

Hence, Propyl gallate is always used with chelators such as citric acid to eliminate the pro-oxidative iron and copper catalysts.
Good synergism is obtained with BHA and BHT; however, application with TBHQ is not permitted.
For additional details, refer to Burdock (1997).

Structure of Propyl Gallate:

Core Structure:
A benzene ring with three hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached at the 3, 4, and 5 positions.
This gives the ring Propyl gallate's characteristic "gallate" structure.

A propyl ester group attached to the benzene ring through a carboxyl group (-COO-).
The ester is formed by the esterification of the carboxyl group with propanol.

Detailed Structure:
The benzene ring is the central structure with hydroxyl groups at the 3, 4, and 5 positions, which are the ortho and para positions relative to each other.
The ester linkage connects the carboxyl group of the benzene ring to a propyl group (a three-carbon chain).

Handling and Storage of Propyl Gallate:

Handling:

Precautions:
Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety goggles, and lab coats.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to avoid inhaling dust or vapors.

Hygiene:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling Propyl gallate.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where Propyl gallate is used.

Storage:
Propyl gallate is unstable at high temperatures and is rapidly destroyed in oils that are used for frying purposes.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed, nonmetallic container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place.

Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and sources of heat.
Keep containers tightly closed.

Container:
Use appropriate containers that are compatible with Propyl gallate.
Typically, Propyl gallate should be stored in airtight, moisture-proof containers.

Separation:
Keep away from strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents to prevent potential reactions.

Reactivity and Stability of Propyl Gallate:

Reactivity:

Conditions to Avoid:
Avoid exposure to high temperatures, strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.
Propyl gallate can decompose under extreme conditions.

Hazardous Reactions:
May react with strong acids and bases, potentially leading to hazardous decomposition products.

Stability:

Stability:
Stable under normal conditions of use and storage.

Decomposition Products:
In case of decomposition, Propyl gallate may produce fumes or gases that could be harmful if inhaled.

Ventilation:

Requirement:
Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where Propyl gallate is used.
Use local exhaust ventilation or a fume hood if working with large quantities or in a confined space.

First Aid Measures of Propyl Gallate:

Inhalation:
Move the person to fresh air immediately.
If symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with plenty of water and soap.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by a medical professional.
Seek medical attention immediately.

Fire Fighting Measures of Propyl Gallate:

Suitable Extinguishers:
Use dry chemical powder, foam, or carbon dioxide (CO₂) extinguishers.

Unsuitable Extinguishers:
Avoid using water if Propyl gallate can spread the fire or cause hazardous reactions.

Fire Fighting Procedures:

Precautions:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear.
Use water spray to cool containers exposed to fire and prevent the spread of fire.

Hazardous Combustion Products:

Possible Products:
Combustion may produce hazardous fumes or gases.
Be aware of potential exposure risks during a fire.

Accidental Release Measures of Propyl Gallate:

Personal Precautions:

Protective Equipment:
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and masks.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid inhaling dust or vapors and prevent contact with skin and eyes.

Containment and Cleanup:

Containment:
Isolate the area and prevent the spread of the spill.
Use barriers or absorbents to contain the material.

Cleanup:
Collect the spilled material using suitable tools and dispose of Propyl gallate according to local regulations.
Clean the area thoroughly with an appropriate solvent or detergent.

Disposal:

Regulations:
Follow local regulations for the disposal of chemical waste.
Ensure that disposal methods do not harm the environment.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Propyl Gallate:

Exposure Limits:

Standards:
Refer to occupational exposure limits established by regulatory agencies, though Propyl gallate typically does not have specific exposure limits.

PPE Recommendations:

Eye Protection:
Safety goggles or face shield.

Skin Protection:
Chemical-resistant gloves and lab coats.

Respiratory Protection:
Use an N95 respirator or higher if there is a risk of inhaling dust or vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation or use a fume hood when handling large quantities.

Identifiers of Propyl Gallate:
Chemical Name: Propyl gallate
IUPAC Name: Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
CAS Number: 121-79-9
Molecular Formula: C10H12O5
Molecular Weight: 196.2 g/mol
SMILES: CCCC(=O)O[C@H]1Oc2c(C=CC)cc(c2O)O1
InChI: InChI=1S/C10H12O5/c1-2-3-4-13-10(12)8-5-6(11)7(9(8)14)15/h5-7,11-14H,2-4H2,1H3
InChIKey: XWDFUBTNVVIGKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

EC / List no.: 204-498-2
CAS no.: 121-79-9
Mol. formula: C10H12O5

Properties of Propyl Gallate:
Physical State: Solid (typically a white to off-white powder)
Melting Point: Approximately 125–129°C (257–264°F)
Boiling Point: Not well-defined, as it decomposes before boiling

Solubility:
In Water: Very low solubility
In Organic Solvents: Soluble in ethanol, acetone, and other organic solvents

Density: Approximately 1.29 g/cm³
Odor: Generally odorless
pH: Neutral to slightly acidic in solution
Chemical Stability: Stable under normal conditions of use and storage. However, Propyl gallate can decompose under high temperatures or in the presence of strong acids or bases.
Reactivity: Propyl gallate is relatively stable but can undergo hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions.
Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder

Specifications of Propyl Gallate:

Purity:

Minimum Purity: Often required to be at least 98% or higher by weight.
Test Method: Typically determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or similar analytical techniques.

Appearance:
Color: White to off-white crystalline powder.
Odor: Odorless or with a faint characteristic odor.

Melting Point:
Range: Approximately 125–129°C (257–264°F).

Loss on Drying:
Maximum Limit:
Usually less than 1% to ensure that the substance is not excessively hygroscopic.

Heavy Metals:
Maximum Limit:
Typically less than 10 ppm (parts per million) or as specified by regulatory standards to ensure safety.

Arsenic:
Maximum Limit:
Usually less than 1 ppm.

Assay:
Minimum:
Should meet the assay requirements of 98% or higher as determined by specific analytical methods.

Residue on Ignition:
Maximum Limit:
Often less than 0.1% to ensure purity.

Acidity/Alkalinity:
Should be neutral or slightly acidic.

Names of Propyl Gallate:

IUPAC Names:
3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-propyl-benzoate
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Propyl gallate, Gallic acid propyl ester
n-Propilo 3,4,5 Trihidroxi Benzoato
n-Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
n-Propylgallate
Propyl 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoate
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
Propyl gallate
Propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoat
propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

Nipasol; Propyl Chemosept; Solbrol P; Propyl Parasept; Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester; p-hydroxy propyl benzoate; n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; aseptoform p; betacide p; paseptol; propyl aseptoform; protaben p; tegosept p; 4-hydroxybenzoic propyl ester CAS NO. : 94-13-3

Paradept; Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium 4-Propoxycarbonylphenoxide; Natrium-4-propoxycarbonylphenoxid; 4-Propoxicarbonilfenoxido de sodio; 4-Propoxycarbonylphénolate de sodium; Solbrol P, Natriumsalz CAS NO: 35285-69-9

aseptoform P bayer D 206 benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester betacide P betacine P bonomold OP chemacide PK chemocide PK p- hydroxy propyl benzoate 4- hydroxy-benzoic acid propyl ester 4- hydroxybenzoic acid N-propyl ester 4- hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester p- hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester para- hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester 4- hydroxybenzoic acid propylester 4- hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester p- hydroxybenzoic propyl ester p- hydroxypropyl benzoate mekkings P nipagin P nipasol M nipasol P nipazol paseptol preserval P propagin propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate N- propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate propyl aseptoform propyl butex propyl chemosept propyl chemsept propyl p-hydroxybenzoate N- propyl p-hydroxybenzoate propyl para hydroxy benzoate propyl para-hydroxybenzoate N- propyl para-hydroxybenzoate propyl parabens (india) propyl parahydroxybenzoate propyl parasept propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate USP/NF propylparaben N- propylparaben propylparasept protaben P solbrol P tegosept P CAS Number: 94-13-3

4-methyl-1,3-Dioxolan-2-one; 1,2-Propylene Carbonate; 1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate; PC; Carbonic Acid Cyclic Propylene Ester; Propylene carbonat; ene carbonate; PROPYLENE CARBONATE, 99%PROPYLENE CARBONATE, 99%PROPYLENE CARBONATE, 99%; (±)-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; (R,S)-4-Methyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one; 1,2-PDC; 1,2-Propanediol carbonate; propylenesterkyselinyuhlicite CAS NO:108-32-7

4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, Propylene glycol carbonate, Carbonic acid propylene glycol ester; 1,2-Propylene Carbonate; 1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate; PC; Carbonic Acid Cyclic Propylene Ester CAS NO: 108-32-7

4-methyl-1,3-Dioxolan-2-one; 1,2-Propylene Carbonate; 1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate; PC; Carbonic Acid Cyclic Propylene Ester; (R,S)-4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; Cyclic propylene carbonate; Carbonic acid propylene ester; Cyclic 1,2-propylene carbonate; Propylene glycol cyclic carbonate; 1,2-Propanediol carbonate; 4-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane; Arconate 5000; Texacar PC CAS NO:108-32-7

Propylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate that is commonly used as a solvent and as a reactive intermediate in organic synthesis.
Propylene carbonate is being considered as a potential electrochemical solvent due to its low vapor pressure, high dielectric constant and high chemical stability.
Propylene carbonate can be synthesized from propylene oxide and CO2.

CAS: 108-32-7
MF: C4H6O3
MW: 102.09
EINECS: 203-572-1

Optically active form of propylene carbonate can be prepared from the reaction between CO2 and racemic epoxides.
Decomposition of propylene carbonate on the graphite electrode in lithium batteries results in the formation of a lithium intercalated compound.
Propylene carbonate (often abbreviated PC) is an organic compound with the formula C4H6O3.
Propylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol.
This colorless and odorless liquid is useful as a polar, aprotic solvent.
Propylene carbonate is chiral, but is used as the racemic mixture in most contexts.

Clinical studies indicate that propylene carbonate does not cause skin irritation or sensitization when used in cosmetic preparations, whereas moderate skin irritation is observed when used undiluted.
No significant toxic effects were observed in rats fed propylene carbonate, exposed to the vapor, or exposed to the undiluted liquid.
In the US, propylene carbonate is not regulated as a volatile organic compound (VOC) because it does not contribute significantly to the formation of smog and because Propylene carbonate's vapor is not known or suspected to cause cancer or other toxic effects.
Propylene carbonate is an ingredient that is used in cosmetics and skincare products.
Propylene carbonate is mainly used to dissolve or suspend other ingredients in a formulation and also to decrease the thickness of formulations.

Propylene Carbonate is a PU-plasticizer and it is VOC-free clear polar solvent having high boiling and flashpoints.
Propylene Carbonate is a carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol with the peculiarity to have a low order of toxicity and a mild ether-like odor.
The product is stable under most conditions and it is not hydroscopic or corrosive.
Propylene carbonate is a VOC-exempt clear polar solvent having high boiling and
flash points, a low order of toxicity and a mild ether-like odor.
Propylene carbonate is stable under most conditions and is not hydroscopic or corrosive is particularly well suited for applications requiring a water white product or high purity.

Examples would be cosmetics, electronics or where recycling of spent material will occur.
Propylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate that reacts with amines to form carbamates,
undergoes hydroxy alkylation and transesterification.
Propylene carbonate can be used as an isocyanate and unsaturated polyester resin cleanup solvent, viscosity reducer in coatings, CO2 extraction solvent, electrolyte in lithium batteries, polar additive for clay gellants, foundry binder catalyst, and textile dye carrier and cleaner.

Propylene Carbonate Chemical Properties
Melting point: -55 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 240 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.204 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor pressure: 0.13 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.421(lit.)
Fp: 270 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: 240g/l
Form: Liquid
pka: 3.92[at 20 ℃]
Specific Gravity: 1.209 (20/4℃)
Color: Clear
PH: 7.0 (200g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Relative polarity: 6
Odor: odorless
Explosive limit: 1.8-14.3%(V)
Water Solubility: 240 g/L (20 ºC)
λmax: λ: 235 nm Amax: 1.00
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.50
λ: 300 nm Amax: 0.30
λ: 350 nm Amax: 0.05
λ: 375-400 nm Amax: 0.01
BRN: 107913
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, acids, bases, reducing agents.
Protect from contact with moist air or water.
InChIKey: RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.41 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 108-32-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Propylene carbonate(108-32-7)
EPA Substance Registry System: Propylene carbonate (108-32-7)
Propylene carbonate is a clear, colorless, mobile liquid, with a faint odor.

Uses
Propylene carbonate is used in chemical reactions as a solvent, plasticizer, solubilizer, or dilutent.
Propylene carbonate is also used in the synthesis of solar cells as well as lithium ion batteries.
Propylene carbonate is particularly well suited for applications requiring a water-white product or high purity.
Propylene carbonate can be used in cosmetics and personal care products; mainly in the formulation of make-up, primarily lipstick, eye shadow, and mascara, as well as in skin cleansing products.

Propylene carbonate is a polar, aprotic solvent used in paints and coatings and as a high-permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.
Propylene carbonate plays an important role in adhesives, paint strippers, cosmetics, plasticizer, hard surface cleaner, resin cleaner, fiberglass, polyester and polyurethane cleaner.
Furthermore, Propylene carbonate acts as a cleaner in polyurethane, a carburetor and is used in stereo lithography parts.
In electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Propylene carbonate is doped into low surface tension solutions to enhance analyte charging.

As a solvent
Propylene carbonate is used as a polar, aprotic solvent.
Propylene carbonate has a high molecular dipole moment (4.9 D), considerably higher than those of acetone (2.91 D) and ethyl acetate (1.78 D).
Propylene carbonate is possible, for example, to obtain potassium, sodium, and other alkali metals by electrolysis of their chlorides and other salts dissolved in propylene carbonate.

Electrolyte
Due to its high relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of 64, Propylene carbonate is frequently used as a high-permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries, usually together with a low-viscosity solvent (e.g. dimethoxyethane).
Propylene carbonate's high polarity allows it to create an effective solvation shell around lithium ions, thereby creating a conductive electrolyte.
However, Propylene carbonate is not used in lithium-ion batteries due to its destructive effect on graphite.
Propylene carbonate can also be found in some adhesives, paint strippers, and in cosmetics.
Propylene carbonate is also used as plasticizer.
Propylene carbonate is also used as a solvent for removal of CO2 from natural gas and synthesis gas where H2S is not also present.

Other
Propylene carbonate product may be converted to other carbonate esters by transesterification as well (see Carbonate ester#Carbonate transesterification).
In electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, propylene carbonate is doped into low surface tension solutions to increase analyte charging.
In Grignard reaction propylene carbonate (or most other carbonate esters) might be used to create tertiary alcohols.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Propylene carbonate is used mainly as a solvent in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
In topical applications, propylene carbonate has been used in combination with propylene glycol as a solvent for corticosteroids.
The corticosteroid is dissolved in the solvent mixture to yield microdroplets that can then be dispersed in petrolatum.
Propylene carbonate has been used as a dispensing solvent in topical preparations.

Propylene carbonate has also been used in hard gelatin capsules as a onvolatile, stabilizing, liquid carrier.
For formulations with a low dosage of active drug, a uniform drug content may be obtained by dissolving the drug in propylene carbonate and then spraying this solution on to a solid carrier such as compressible sugar; the sugar may then be filled into hard gelatin capsules
Propylene carbonate may additionally be used as a solvent, at room and elevated temperatures, for many cellulose-based polymers and plasticizers.
Propylene carbonate is also used in cosmetics.

Purification Methods
Propylene carbonate is manufactured by reaction of 1,2-propylene oxide with CO2 in the presence of a catalyst (quaternary ammonium halide).
Contaminants include propylene oxide, carbon dioxide, 1,2-and 1,3-propanediols, allyl alcohol and ethylene carbonate.
Propylene carbonate can be purified by percolation through molecular sieves (Linde 5A, dried at 350o for 14hours under a stream of argon), followed by distillation under a vacuum.
Propylene carbonate can be stored over molecular sieves under an inert gas atmosphere.

When purified in this way Propylene carbonate contains less than 2ppm of water.
Activated alumina and dried CaO have also been used as drying agents prior to fractional distillation under reduced pressure.
Propylene carbonate has been dried with 3A molecular sieves and distilled under nitrogen in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid, then redistilled and the middle fraction collected.

Preparation
Although many organic carbonates are produced using phosgene, propylene and ethylene carbonates are exceptions.
They are mainly prepared by the carbonation of the epoxides (epoxypropane, or propylene oxide here):

CH3CHCH2O + CO2 → CH3C2H3O2CO

The process is particularly attractive since the production of these epoxides consumes carbon dioxide.
Thus this reaction is a good example of a green process.
The corresponding reaction of 1,2-propanediol with phosgene is complex, yielding not only propylene carbonate but also oligomeric products.
Propylene carbonate can also be synthesized from urea and propylene glycol over zinc acetate.

Synonyms
PROPYLENE CARBONATE
108-32-7
4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
1,2-Propylene carbonate
1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate
Texacar PC
1,3-Dioxolan-2-one, 4-methyl-
Cyclic propylene carbonate
Arconate 5000
1,2-Propanediol carbonate
1-Methylethylene carbonate
Cyclic 1,2-propylene carbonate
Dipropylene carbonate
1,2-Propanediyl carbonate
4-Methyldioxalone-2
Propylene glycol cyclic carbonate
Cyclic methylethylene carbonate
4-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane
Carbonic acid, propylene ester
Propylenecarbonate, 99%
Carbonic acid, cyclic propylene ester
NSC 11784
Propylenester kyseliny uhlicite
Carbonic acid cyclic methylethylene ester
NSC-11784
Propylene carbonate [NF]
DTXSID2026789
8D08K3S51E
Propylene carbonate (NF)
WLN: T5OVOTJ D
DTXCID006789
CAS-108-32-7
HSDB 6806
PC-HP
EINECS 203-572-1
Carbonic acid, cyclic propylene ether
4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one
Propylenester kyseliny uhlicite [Czech]
BRN 0107913
butylhexanoate
UNII-8D08K3S51E
AI3-19724
MFCD00798264
MFCD00798265
Solvenon PC
propylen carbonate
MFCD00005385
Carbonic acid propylene
Arconate propylene carbonate
EC 203-572-1
SCHEMBL15309
5-19-04-00021 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
1-propanediol cyclic carbonate
(S)-1,2-Propanediol carbonate
CHEMBL1733973
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [II]
2-Oxo-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane
1,2-PDC
4-methyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one
NSC1913
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [HSDB]
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [INCI]
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [VANDF]
NSC-1913
NSC11784
Propylene carbonate (Battery grade)
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [MART.]
Tox21_202047
Tox21_303214
BBL027518
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [USP-RS]
STL373011
AKOS009158417
Propylene Carbonate (Industrial Grade)
SB66353
Propylene carbonate, anhydrous, 99.7%
NCGC00165974-01
NCGC00165974-02
NCGC00256995-01
NCGC00259596-01
Propylene carbonate, for HPLC, 99.7%
BP-30108
BP-31155
SY008770
SY066861
DB-018081
Propylene carbonate, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-0076373
FT-0602265
FT-0639979
FT-0660009
FT-0674103
P0525
D05633
EN300-296359
Propylene carbonate, anhydrous, Water 50ppm Max.
Propylene carbonate, Selectophore(TM), >=99.0%
Q415979
J-002116
Propylene carbonate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
F0001-0165
Propylene carbonate, >=99%, acid 1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate, 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
Propylene carbonate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
110320-40-6

DESCRIPTION:
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) (often abbreviated PC) is an organic compound with the formula C4H6O3.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is a cyclic carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is useful as a polar, aprotic solvent.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is chiral, but is used as the racemic mixture in most contexts.

CAS Number: 108-32-7
European Community (EC) Number: 203-572-1
Empirical Formula (Hill Notation):C4H6O3
Molecular Weight:102.09
Preferred IUPAC name: 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one




SYNONYMS OF PROPYLENE CARBONATE (1,2-PROPYLENE CARBONATE):
(RS)-4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one,Cyclic propylene carbonate,Carbonic acid propylene ester,Cyclic 1,2-propylene carbonate,Propylene glycol cyclic carbonate,1,2-Propanediol carbonate,4-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane,Arconate 5000,Texacar PC , 1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate, 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, Propylene carbonate,PROPYLENE CARBONATE,108-32-7
4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one,1,2-Propylene carbonate,1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate,Texacar PC,Arconate 5000,Cyclic propylene carbonate,1,2-Propanediol carbonate,1,3-Dioxolan-2-one, 4-methyl-,Dipropylene carbonate,-Methylethylene carbonate,4-Methyldioxalone-2,1,2-Propanediyl carbonate,Cyclic 1,2-propylene carbonate,Propylene glycol cyclic carbonate,Cyclic methylethylene carbonate,4-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane,Carbonic acid, propylene ester,NSC 11784,Carbonic acid, cyclic propylene ester,Propylenester kyseliny uhlicite,HSDB 6806,Carbonic acid cyclic methylethylene ester,EINECS 203-572-1,Carbonic acid, cyclic propylene ether,NSC-11784,UNII-8D08K3S51E,BRN 0107913,DTXSID2026789,AI3-19724,8D08K3S51E,Propylenecarbonate, 99%,Propylene carbonate [NF],DTXCID006789,EC 203-572-1,5-19-04-00021 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),Propylene carbonate (NF),WLN: T5OVOTJ D,PROPYLENE CARBONATE (II),PROPYLENE CARBONATE [II],PROPYLENE CARBONATE (MART.),PROPYLENE CARBONATE [MART.],PROPYLENE CARBONATE (USP-RS),PROPYLENE CARBONATE [USP-RS],CAS-108-32-7,PC-HP,4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one,Propylenester kyseliny uhlicite,[Czech],butylhexanoate,MFCD00798264,MFCD00798265,Propylenecarbonate,Solvenon PC,propylen carbonate,?Propylene carbonate,MFCD00005385Arconate propylene carbonate,SCHEMBL15309,1-propanediol cyclic carbonate,(S)-1,2-Propanediol carbonate,CHEMBL1733973,2-Oxo-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane,1,2-PDC,4-methyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one,NSC1913,1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4-methyl,PROPYLENE CARBONATE [HSDB],PROPYLENE CARBONATE [INCI],PROPYLENE CARBONATE [VANDF],NSC-1913,NSC11784,Propylene carbonate (Battery grade),Tox21_202047,Tox21_303214,AKOS009158417,SB66353,Propylene carbonate, anhydrous, 99.7%,NCGC00165974-01,NCGC00165974-02,NCGC00256995-01,NCGC00259596-01,Propylene carbonate, for HPLC, 99.7%,BP-30108,BP-31155,SY008770,SY066861,Propylene carbonate, ReagentPlus(R), 99%,CS-0076373,FT-0602265,FT-0639979,FT-0660009,FT-0674103,NS00004305,P0525,D05633,EN300-296359,Propylene carbonate, anhydrous, Water 50ppm Max.,Propylene carbonate, Selectophore(TM), >=99.0%,Q415979,J-002116,Propylene carbonate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%,F0001-0165,Propylene carbonate, >=99%, acid


Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is a natural product found in Solanum lycopersicum with data available.
(R)-1,2-Propylene carbonate is a chiral c1-c3 activating agent that is used as an efficient catalyst for the reaction of inorganic acids with aldehydes.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) can also be used to dehydrate activated esters and mismatched alkyl halides.
(R)-1,2-Propylene carbonate has been shown to activate chloride to produce reactive chlorine in organic synthesis.


Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is a polar, aprotic solvent used in paints and coatings and as a high-permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) plays an important role in adhesives, paint strippers, cosmetics, plasticizer, hard surface cleaner, resin cleaner, fiberglass, polyester and polyurethane cleaner.

Furthermore, Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) acts as a cleaner in polyurethane, a carburetor and is used in stereo lithography parts.
In electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, it is doped into low surface tension solutions to enhance analyte charging.


Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) (PC) is a PU-plasticizer and it is VOC-free clear polar solvent having high boiling and flashpoints.
Propylene Carbonate (PC) is a carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol with the peculiarity to have a low order of toxicity and a mild ether-like odor. The product is stable under most conditions and it is not hydroscopic or corrosive




APPLICATIONS OF PROPYLENE CARBONATE (1,2-PROPYLENE CARBONATE):

Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is a polar, aprotic solvent used in paints and coatings and as a high-permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) plays an important role in adhesives, paint strippers, cosmetics, plasticizer, hard surface cleaner, resin cleaner, fiberglass, polyester and polyurethane cleaner.
Furthermore, Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) acts as a cleaner in polyurethane, a carburetor and is used in stereo lithography parts.
In electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, it is doped into low surface tension solutions to enhance analyte charging.


Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is particularly well suited for applications requiring a water-white product or high purity.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) can be used in cosmetics and personal care products; mainly in the formulation of make-up, primarily lipstick, eye shadow, and mascara, as well as in skin cleansing products.

Being a cyclic carbonate reacts with amines to form carbamates, undergoes hydroxy alkylation and transesterification PC can be used as an isocyanate and unsaturated polyester resin cleanup solvent, viscosity reducer in coatings, CO2 extraction solvent, electrolyte in lithium batteries, polar additive for clay gellants, foundry binder catalyst, and textile dye carrier and cleaner.


Solubility of Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate):
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is Miscible with water, alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform and ethyl acetate.









PREPARATION OF PROPYLENE CARBONATE (1,2-PROPYLENE CARBONATE):
Although many organic carbonates are produced using phosgene, propylene and ethylene carbonates are exceptions.
They are mainly prepared by the carbonation of the epoxides[5] (epoxypropane, or propylene oxide here):
CH3CHCH2O + CO2 → CH3C2H3O2CO

The process is particularly attractive since the production of these epoxides consumes carbon dioxide.
Thus this reaction is a good example of a green process.
The corresponding reaction of 1,2-propanediol with phosgene is complex, yielding not only propylene carbonate but also oligomeric products.

Propylene carbonate can also be synthesized from urea and propylene glycol over zinc acetate.

As a solvent:
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is used as a polar, aprotic solvent.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) has a high molecular dipole moment (4.9 D), considerably higher than those of acetone (2.91 D) and ethyl acetate (1.78 D).

Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is possible, for example, to obtain potassium, sodium, and other alkali metals by electrolysis of their chlorides and other salts dissolved in propylene carbonate.

Electrolyte:
Due to its high relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of 64, it is frequently used as a high-permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries, usually together with a low-viscosity solvent (e.g. dimethoxyethane).
Its high polarity allows it to create an effective solvation shell around lithium ions, thereby creating a conductive electrolyte.
However, Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is not used in lithium-ion batteries due to its destructive effect on graphite.


Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) can also be found in some adhesives, paint strippers, and in cosmetics.
Propylene Carbonate (1,2-propylene Carbonate) is also used as plasticizer. Propylene carbonate is also used as a solvent for removal of CO2 from natural gas and synthesis gas where H2S is not also present.

This use was developed by El Paso Natural Gas Company and Fluor Corporation in the 1950s for use at the Terrell County Gas Plant in West Texas, now owned by Occidental Petroleum.

Other:
Propylene carbonate product may be converted to other carbonate esters by transesterification as well (see Carbonate ester#Carbonate transesterification).
In electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, propylene carbonate is doped into low surface tension solutions to increase analyte charging.
In Grignard reaction propylene carbonate (or most other carbonate esters) might be used to create tertiary alcohols






SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PROPYLENE CARBONATE (1,2-PROPYLENE CARBONATE):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product




CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPYLENE CARBONATE (1,2-PROPYLENE CARBONATE):
Chemical formula, C4H6O3
Molar mass, 102.089 g•mol−1
Appearance, Colorless liquid
Density, 1.205 g/cm3
Melting point, −48.8 °C (−55.8 °F; 224.3 K)
Boiling point, 242 °C (468 °F; 515 K)
Solubility in water, Very soluble (240 g/L at 20°C)
Refractive index (nD), 1.4189
Structure,
Dipole moment, 4.9 D
Molecular Weight
102.09 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
XLogP3
-0.4
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
0
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
3
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
0
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
102.031694049 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
102.031694049 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
35.5Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
7
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
88.9
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Chemical name:, 1,2-Propylene carbonate
CAS Number:, 108-32-7
Synonyms:, Propylene Carbonate (USP);
Molecular form:, C4H6O3
Appearance:, NA
Mol. Weight:, 102.09
Storage:, 2-8°C Refrigerator
Shipping Conditions:, Ambient
Water, , , <0.1%, ,
Assay, , , >98%,
Optical Rotation, , , +2 to +3,
Appearance, , , Clear colourless liquid,
Identifcation, , , GC,

Propylene carbonate (PC) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6O3.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is a colorless to yellowish liquid with a mild odor.
Propylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate derived from propylene oxide.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is miscible with water and many organic solvents, making it a versatile solvent in various applications.

CAS Number: 108-32-7
EC Number: 203-572-1

1,2-Propanediol carbonate, 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, Carbonate de propylène, Carbonato de propileno, Carbonic acid propylene ester, Ethylene carbonate, 1-methylethylene oxide polymer, Ethylene carbonate, polymer with 1-methylethylene oxide, PC



APPLICATIONS


Propylene carbonate (PC) is commonly used as a solvent in various industries.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent in the formulation of paints and coatings.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a solvent in adhesives and sealants to improve viscosity and flow properties.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the electronics industry as a solvent for electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries.

Propylene carbonate (PC) acts as a co-solvent in electrolyte formulations to enhance battery performance and stability.
In the pharmaceutical industry, PC is used as a solvent for drug formulations and delivery systems.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the production of controlled-release formulations and drug delivery matrices.

Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent for flavors and fragrances in the food and beverage industry.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used in the production of food-grade additives and flavorings.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a solvent in the extraction of natural compounds and essential oils.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent in the formulation of personal care products such as cosmetics and skincare items.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the production of hair care products, including shampoos and conditioners.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a solvent in the manufacturing of cleaning products such as degreasers and detergents.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a carrier solvent in the formulation of insecticides and agricultural chemicals.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the production of crop protection formulations and fertilizers.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a solvent in gas chromatography for analytical separations.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a stationary phase solvent in gas chromatography columns.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a solvent for specialty chemicals and industrial intermediates.

Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a reaction solvent in organic synthesis and polymerization reactions.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the production of plasticizers for polymer formulations.

Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent in the formulation of polyurethane coatings and resins.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized in the production of specialty paints and varnishes.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent in the formulation of printing inks and dyes.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the production of lubricants and metalworking fluids.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent and carrier fluid in hydraulic fluids and industrial lubricants.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a solvent in the formulation of electrolytes for supercapacitors and energy storage devices.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent for electrode materials and electrolyte additives in energy storage systems.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the production of specialty polymers and resins for advanced materials applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent and plasticizer in the production of polymeric membranes for filtration and separation processes.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a solvent in the formulation of specialty inks for printing applications, including screen printing and digital printing.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a carrier solvent in the formulation of herbicides, pesticides, and agricultural adjuvants.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a solvent in the production of specialty chemicals and intermediates for pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.

Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a reaction solvent in chemical synthesis for the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the production of high-performance lubricants and greases for automotive and industrial applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a carrier solvent in the formulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration technologies.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a solvent in the formulation of cleaning agents and degreasers for industrial and household use.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent in the formulation of brake fluids and hydraulic fluids for automotive and aerospace applications.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed as a solvent in the production of specialty coatings and finishes for architectural and industrial applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a carrier solvent in the formulation of specialty gases for semiconductor manufacturing processes.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a solvent in the production of specialty adhesives and sealants for automotive, aerospace, and construction applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a reaction solvent in the production of specialty polymers and copolymers for engineering plastics and elastomers.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the formulation of specialty cleaners and degreasers for electronics and precision equipment.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a solvent in the formulation of heat transfer fluids and coolants for automotive and industrial applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a reaction solvent in the production of specialty surfactants and emulsifiers for personal care and household products.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a carrier solvent in the formulation of specialty inks and coatings for flexible packaging and printing applications.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the formulation of specialty solvents and diluents for industrial cleaning and degreasing applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a reaction solvent in the production of specialty resins and polymers for 3D printing and additive manufacturing.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is utilized as a solvent in the formulation of specialty paints and coatings for marine and protective applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a carrier solvent in the formulation of specialty gases and calibration standards for analytical instrumentation.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is employed in the formulation of specialty lubricants and corrosion inhibitors for marine and offshore applications.



DESCRIPTION


Propylene carbonate (PC) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6O3.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is a colorless to yellowish liquid with a mild odor.
Propylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate derived from propylene oxide.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is miscible with water and many organic solvents, making it a versatile solvent in various applications.

Propylene carbonate is used as a solvent in industries such as paints, coatings, adhesives, and electronics.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is valued for its high polarity, low toxicity, and ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar substances.
Additionally, propylene carbonate has high chemical stability and is resistant to hydrolysis and oxidation, making it suitable for use in formulations requiring long-term stability.

In addition to its use as a solvent, propylene carbonate finds applications as a reactive intermediate in organic synthesis, particularly in the production of cyclic carbonates and polycarbonates.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is also employed as a plasticizer in polymer formulations to improve flexibility and mechanical properties.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is a cyclic carbonate compound with the chemical formula C4H6O3.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is soluble in water and many organic solvents, such as ethanol and acetone.
This compound has a relatively high boiling point and low vapor pressure.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is non-flammable and has low volatility under normal conditions.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is stable under ambient temperatures and pressures.
The viscosity of PC is relatively high compared to other common solvents.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is commonly used as a polar solvent in various industrial applications.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is known for its ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar substances.
Propylene carbonate (PC) exhibits good solvency power for organic compounds, salts, and some metals.
Propylene carbonate (PC) has a relatively low toxicity and is considered safe for many applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a solvent in paints, coatings, adhesives, and electronic applications.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is also employed as a reactive intermediate in organic synthesis.
Propylene carbonate (PC) participates in various chemical reactions, including esterifications and transesterifications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a plasticizer in polymer formulations to improve flexibility and mechanical properties.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is used in lithium-ion battery electrolytes as a solvent and co-solvent.
Propylene carbonate (PC) helps improve the conductivity and stability of battery electrolyte solutions.
In pharmaceuticals, PC is used as a solvent for drug formulations and as a carrier in drug delivery systems.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is also utilized in gas chromatography as a stationary phase solvent.
Propylene carbonate (PC) has excellent thermal stability, making it suitable for high-temperature applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, with low eco-toxicity.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is regulated and approved for use in various industries by regulatory authorities.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is produced through the reaction of propylene oxide with carbon dioxide under high pressure.
Propylene carbonate (PC) undergoes purification processes to remove impurities before commercial use.
Overall, Propylene carbonate (PC) is valued for its versatile properties and wide range of applications in industry and research.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C4H6O3
Molecular Weight: 102.09 g/mol
Physical State: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Faint, characteristic odor
Melting Point: −48.8 °C (−55.8 °F; 224.3 K)
Boiling Point: 240.0 °C (464.0 °F; 513.2 K)
Density: 1.20 g/cm³ (at 20 °C)
Solubility in Water: Miscible
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Miscible with many organic solvents, including ethanol, acetone, and benzene
Vapor Pressure: 0.1 mmHg (20 °C)
Viscosity: 2.7 cP (at 25 °C)
Flash Point: 132 °C (270 °F; 405 K) (closed cup)
Autoignition Temperature: 455 °C (851 °F; 728 K)
Refractive Index: 1.426 (at 20 °C)
Surface Tension: 42.7 mN/m (at 20 °C)
Dielectric Constant: 64 (at 20 °C)
pH: Neutral
Heat Capacity: 209 J/(mol·K) (at 25 °C)
Heat of Vaporization: 42.92 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion: -2284 kJ/mol
Flash Point: 132 °C (270 °F)
Flammability: Non-flammable
Acidity (pKa): 13.2 (Dipolar aprotic solvent)
Hygroscopicity: Low



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If the person is having difficulty breathing, administer oxygen if trained to do so.
If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration immediately.
Seek medical attention promptly, even if symptoms seem mild.
Keep the affected person calm and reassured while awaiting medical assistance.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash the affected area with soap and water thoroughly for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.
If skin irritation develops, apply a soothing cream or lotion to alleviate discomfort.
Rinse contaminated clothing and shoes thoroughly before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable after the initial flushing.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if there are no signs of discomfort or irritation.
Protect the unaffected eye from contamination while rinsing the affected eye.
Do not rub the eyes, as it may exacerbate irritation or injury.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water to remove any residual chemical.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center for further guidance.
Provide medical personnel with information about the ingested amount and time of exposure.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.


General Measures:

Move the affected person to a well-ventilated area and provide fresh air.
Keep the person warm and calm, reassuring them while administering first aid.
Monitor vital signs such as breathing, pulse, and consciousness level.
Do not leave the affected person unattended, especially if they are experiencing symptoms.
If necessary, provide supportive measures such as oxygen therapy or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to trained personnel's instructions.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing, when handling Propylene carbonate (PC).
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if there is a risk of inhalation of airborne particles.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations of PC vapors.
Avoid generating aerosols or mists of PC by using handling techniques that minimize splashing or agitation.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of PC vapors or aerosols.
Use appropriate handling procedures, such as pouring or decanting, to minimize spillage and exposure.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling PC, and wash hands thoroughly after handling to prevent accidental ingestion.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Clean up spills immediately to prevent accidental exposure and environmental contamination.
Use absorbent materials, such as vermiculite or sand, to contain and absorb spilled liquid.
Avoid direct contact with spilled material and use appropriate PPE during cleanup.
Dispose of contaminated materials according to local regulations and guidelines.


Storage:

a. Container Selection:
Store Propylene carbonate (PC) in tightly sealed containers made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Ensure containers are labeled with the appropriate hazard warnings and handling instructions.

b. Temperature and Humidity:
Store PC in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Avoid exposure to high temperatures or humidity, as it may affect the stability and quality of the product.

c. Compatibility:
Keep PC away from incompatible materials, including strong acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents.
Store away from sources of ignition or heat to prevent the risk of fire or spontaneous combustion.

d. Segregation:
Segregate PC from food, beverages, and animal feed to prevent contamination.
Store away from sources of contamination, such as pesticides, fertilizers, or other chemicals.

PROPYLENE GLYCOL Propylene glycol Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol) is a viscous, colorless liquid, which is nearly odorless but possesses a faintly sweet taste. Its chemical formula is CH3CH(OH)CH2OH. Containing two alcohol groups, it is classed as a diol. It is miscible with a broad range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform. In general, glycols are non-irritating and have very low volatility.[4] It is produced on a large scale primarily for the production of polymers. In the European Union, it has E-number E1520 for food applications. For cosmetics and pharmacology, the number is E490. Propylene glycol is also present in propylene glycol alginate, which is known as E405. Propylene glycol is a compound which is GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) under 21 CFR x184.1666, and is also approved by the FDA for certain uses as an indirect food additive. Propylene glycol is approved and used as a vehicle for topical, oral, and some intravenous pharmaceutical preparations in the U.S. and in Europe. Structure The compound is sometimes called (alpha) α-propylene glycol to distinguish it from the isomer propane-1,3-diol, known as (beta) β-propylene glycol. Propylene glycol is chiral. Commercial processes typically use the racemate. The S-isomer is produced by biotechnological routes. Production Industrial Industrially, propylene glycol is mainly produced from propylene oxide (for food-grade use). According to a 2018 source, 2.16 M tonnes are produced annually.[4] Manufacturers use either non-catalytic high-temperature process at 200 °C (392 °F) to 220 °C (428 °F), or a catalytic method, which proceeds at 150 °C (302 °F) to 180 °C (356 °F) in the presence of ion exchange resin or a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali.[5] 1,2-Propandiol Synthesis V1.svg Final products contain 20% propylene glycol, 1.5% of dipropylene glycol, and small amounts of other polypropylene glycols.[6] Further purification produces finished industrial grade or USP/JP/EP/BP grade propylene glycol that is typically 99.5% or greater. Use of USP (US Pharmacopoeia) propylene glycol can reduce the risk of Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) rejection.[7] Propylene glycol can also be obtained from glycerol, a byproduct from the production of biodiesel.[4] This starting material is usually reserved for industrial use because of the noticeable odor and taste that accompanies the final product. Laboratory S-Propanediol is synthesized from via fermentation methods. Lactic acid and lactaldehyde are common intermediates. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, one of the two products of breakdown (glycolysis) of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, is a precursor to methylglyoxal. This conversion is the basis of a potential biotechnological route to the commodity chemical 1,2-propanediol. Three-carbon deoxysugars are also precursor to the 1,2-diol.[4] A small-scale, nonbiological route from D-mannitol is illustrated in the following scheme:[8] (s)-Propanediol from D-Mannitol.png Applications Polymers Forty-five percent of propylene glycol produced is used as a chemical feedstock for the production of unsaturated polyester resins. In this regard, propylene glycol reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer. This partially unsaturated polymer undergoes further crosslinking to yield thermoset plastics. Related to this application, propylene glycol reacts with propylene oxide to give oligomers and polymers that are used to produce polyurethanes.[4] Propylene glycol is used in waterbased acrylic architectural paints to extend dry time which it accomplishes by preventing the surface from drying due to its slower evaporation rate compared to water. Food Propylene glycol is also used in various edible items such as coffee-based drinks, liquid sweeteners, ice cream, whipped dairy products and soda.[9][10] Vaporizers used for delivery of pharmaceuticals or personal-care products often include propylene glycol among the ingredients.[4] In alcohol-based hand sanitizers, it is used as a humectant to prevent the skin from drying.[11] Propylene glycol is used as a solvent in many pharmaceuticals, including oral, injectable, and topical formulations. Many pharmaceutical drugs which are insoluble in water utilize Propylène Glycol as a solvent and carrier; benzodiazepine tablets are one example.[12] PG is also used as a solvent and carrier for many pharmaceutical capsule preparations. Additionally, certain formulations of artificial tears use proplyene glycol as an ingredient.[13] Propylene glycol is commonly used to de-ice aircraft Antifreeze The freezing point of water is depressed when mixed with propylene glycol. It is used as aircraft de-icing fluid.[4][14] Water-propylene glycol mixtures dyed pink to indicate the mixture is relatively nontoxic are sold under the name of RV or marine antifreeze. Propylene glycol is frequently used as a substitute for ethylene glycol in low toxicity, environmentally friendly automotive antifreeze. It is also used to winterize the plumbing systems in vacant structures.[15] The eutectic composition/temperature is 60:40 propylene glycol:water/-60 °C.[16][17] The −50 °F/−45 °C commercial product is, however, water rich; a typical formulation is 40:60.[18] Electronic cigarettes liquid Propylene glycol is often used in electronic cigarettes. Along with vegetable glycerin as the main ingredient (<1–92%) in e-liquid used in electronic cigarettes, where it is aerosolized to resemble smoke. It serves as both the carrier for substances like nicotine and cannabinoids, as well as for creating a vapor which resembles smoke.[19] Miscellaneous applications A bottle of flavored e-liquid for vaping shows propylene glycol as one of the main ingredients along with vegetable glycerin. Propylene glycol (often abbreviated 'PG') has many applications. Some common applications see PG used: As a solvent for many substances, both natural and synthetic.[20] As a humectant (E1520). As a freezing point depressant for slurry ice. In veterinary medicine as an oral treatment for hyperketonaemia in ruminants.[21] In the cosmetics industry, where PG is very commonly used as a carrier or base for various types of makeup.[22] For trapping and preserving insects (including as a DNA preservative).[23] For the creation of theatrical smoke and fog in special effects for film and live entertainment. So-called 'smoke machines' or 'hazers' vaporize a mixture of PG and water to create the illusion of smoke. While many of these machines use a PG-based fuel, some use oil. Those which use PG do so in a process that is identical to how electronic cigarettes work; utilizing a heating element to produce a dense vapor. The vapor produced by these machines has the aesthetic look and appeal of smoke, but without exposing performers and stage crew to the harms and odors associated with actual smoke.[24][25] As an additive in PCR to reduce the melting temperature of nucleic acids for targeting of GC rich sequences. Safety in humans When used in average quantities, propylene glycol has no measurable effect on development and/or reproduction on animals and probably does not adversely affect human development or reproduction.[26] The safety of electronic cigarettes—which utilize PG-based preparations of nicotine or THC and other cannabinoids—is the subject of much controversy.[27][28][29] Oral administration The acute oral toxicity of propylene glycol is very low, and large quantities are required to cause perceptible health effects in humans; in fact, propylene glycol is three times less toxic than ethanol.[30] Propylene glycol is metabolized in the human body into pyruvic acid (a normal part of the glucose-metabolism process, readily converted to energy), acetic acid (handled by ethanol-metabolism), lactic acid (a normal acid generally abundant during digestion),[31] and propionaldehyde (a potentially hazardous substance).[32][33][34] According to the Dow Chemical Company, The LD50 (Lethal Dose that kills in 50% of tests) for rats is 20 g/kg (rat/oral).[35][36] Toxicity generally occurs at plasma concentrations over 4 g/L, which requires extremely high intake over a relatively short period of time, or when used as a vehicle for drugs or vitamins given intravenously or orally in large bolus doses.[37] It would be nearly impossible to reach toxic levels by consuming foods or supplements, which contain at most 1 g/kg of PG, except for alcoholic beverages in the US which are allowed 5 percent = 50g/kg.[38] Cases of propylene glycol poisoning are usually related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of large quantities by children.[39] The potential for long-term oral toxicity is also low. In an NTP continuous breeding study, no effects on fertility were observed in male or female mice that received propylene glycol in drinking water at doses up to 10,100 mg/kg bw/day. No effects on fertility were seen in either the first or second generation of treated mice.[26] In a 2-year study, 12 rats were provided with feed containing as much as 5% propylene glycol, and showed no apparent ill effects.[40] Because of its low chronic oral toxicity, propylene glycol was classified by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) for use as a direct food additive, including frozen foods such as ice cream and frozen desserts.[38][41] The GRAS designation is specific to its use in food, and does not apply to other uses.[42] Skin, eye and inhalation contact Propylene glycol is essentially non-irritating to the skin.[43] Undiluted propylene glycol is minimally irritating to the eye, producing slight transient conjunctivitis; the eye recovers after the exposure is removed. A 2018 human volunteer study found that 10 male and female subjects undergoing 4 hours exposures to concentrations of up to 442 mg/m3 and 30 minutes exposures to concentrations of up to 871 mg/m3 in combination with moderate exercise did not show pulmonary function deficits, or signs of ocular irritation, with only slight symptoms of respiratory irritation reported.[44] Inhalation of propylene glycol vapors appears to present no significant hazard in ordinary applications.[45] Due to the lack of chronic inhalation data, it is recommended that propylene glycol not be used in inhalation applications such as theatrical productions, or antifreeze solutions for emergency eye wash stations.[46] Recently, propylene glycol (commonly alongside glycerol) has been included as a carrier for nicotine and other additives in e-cigarette liquids, the use of which presents a novel form of exposure. The potential hazards of chronic inhalation of propylene glycol or the latter substance as a whole are as-yet unknown.[47] According to a 2010 study, the concentrations of PGEs (counted as the sum of propylene glycol and glycol ethers) in indoor air, particularly bedroom air, has been linked to increased risk of developing numerous respiratory and immune disorders in children, including asthma, hay fever, eczema, and allergies, with increased risk ranging from 50% to 180%. This concentration has been linked to use of water-based paints and water-based system cleansers. However, the study authors write that glycol ethers and not propylene glycol are the likely culprit.[48][49][50] Propylene glycol has not caused sensitization or carcinogenicity in laboratory animal studies, nor has it demonstrated genotoxic potential.[51][52] Intravenous administration Studies with intravenously administered propylene glycol have resulted in LD50 values in rats and rabbits of 7 mL/kg BW.[53] Ruddick (1972) also summarized intramuscular LD50 data for rat as 13-20 mL/kg BW, and 6 mL/kg BW for the rabbit. Adverse effects to intravenous administration of drugs that use propylene glycol as an excipient have been seen in a number of people, particularly with large bolus dosages. Responses may include CNS depression, "hypotension, bradycardia, QRS and T abnormalities on the ECG, arrhythmia, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, agitation, serum hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, and haemolysis".[54] A high percentage (12% to 42%) of directly-injected propylene glycol is eliminated or secreted in urine unaltered depending on dosage, with the remainder appearing in its glucuronide-form. The speed of renal filtration decreases as dosage increases,[55] which may be due to propylene glycol's mild anesthetic / CNS-depressant -properties as an alcohol.[56] In one case, intravenous administration of propylene glycol-suspended nitroglycerin to an elderly man may have induced coma and acidosis.[57] However, no confirmed lethality from propylene glycol was reported. Animals Propylene glycol is an approved food additive for dog and sugar glider food under the category of animal feed and is generally recognized as safe for dogs,[58] with an LD50 of 9 mL/kg. The LD50 is higher for most laboratory animals (20 mL/kg).[59] However, it is prohibited for use in food for cats due to links to Heinz body formation and a reduced lifespan of red blood cells.[60] Heinz body formation from Propilen Glikol has not been observed in dogs, cattle, or humans. Allergic reaction Estimates on the prevalence of propylene glycol allergy range from 0.8% (10% propylene glycol in aqueous solution) to 3.5% (30% propylene glycol in aqueous solution).[61][62][63] The North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data from 1996 to 2006 showed that the most common site for propylene glycol contact dermatitis was the face (25.9%), followed by a generalized or scattered pattern (23.7%).[61] Investigators believe that the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to propylene glycol may be greater than 2% in patients with eczema or fungal infections, which are very common in countries with lesser sun exposure and lower-than-normal vitamin D balances. Therefore, propylene glycol allergy is more common in those countries.[64] Because of its potential for allergic reactions and frequent use across a variety of topical and systemic products, propylene glycol was named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2018.[65][66] Recent publication from The Mayo Clinic reported 0.85% incidence of positive patch tests to propylene glycol (100/11,738 patients) with an overall irritant rate of 0.35% (41/11,738 patients) during a 20-year period of 1997–2016.[67] 87% of the reactions were classified as weak and 9% as strong. The positive reaction rates were 0%, 0.26%, and 1.86% for 5%, 10%, and 20% propylene glycol respectively, increasing with each concentration increase. The irritant reaction rates were 0.95%, 0.24%, and 0.5% for 5%, 10%, and 20% propylene glycol, respectively. Propylene glycol skin sensitization occurred in patients sensitive to a number of other concomitant positive allergens, most common of which were: Myroxylon pereirae resin, benzalkonium chloride, carba mix, potassium dichromate, neomycin sulfate; for positive propylene glycol reactions, the overall median of 5 and mean of 5.6 concomitant positive allergens was reported. Environmental Propylene glycol occurs naturally, probably as the result of anaerobic catabolism of sugars in the human gut. It is degraded by vitamin B12-dependent enzymes, which convert it to propionaldehyde.[68] Propylene glycol is expected to degrade rapidly in water from biological processes, but is not expected to be significantly influenced by hydrolysis, oxidation, volatilization, bioconcentration, or adsorption to sediment.[69] Propylene glycol is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions in freshwater, in seawater and in soil. Therefore, propylene glycol is considered as not persistent in the environment. Propylene glycol exhibits a low degree of toxicity toward aquatic organisms. Several guideline studies available for freshwater fish with the lowest observed effect concentration of 96-h LC50 value of 40,613 mg/l in a study with Oncorhynchus mykiss. Similarly, the effect concentration determined in marine fish is a 96-h LC50 of >10,000 mg/l in Scophthalmus maximus. Propylene Glycol in Food: Is This Additive Safe? Propylene glycol is a substance commonly used as a food additive or ingredient in many cosmetic and hygiene products. The US and European food authorities have declared it as generally safe for use in foods. However, it has become controversial since it is also an ingredient in antifreeze. This had led to health concerns about possible toxic effects from eating foods that contain it. This article investigates what propylene glycol is, why it is used and whether it is dangerous to your health. What Is Propylene Glycol? Propylene glycol is a synthetic food additive that belongs to the same chemical group as alcohol. It is a colorless, odorless, slightly syrupy liquid that is a bit thicker than water. It has practically no taste (1Trusted Source). Additionally, it can dissolve some substances better than water and is also good at retaining moisture. This makes it very useful as a food additive, so it can be found in a wide variety of processed foods and drinks (2). Other names it is known by include (2): 1,2-propanediol 1,2-dihydroxypropane Methyl ethyl glycol Trimethyl glycol Propylene glycol is sometimes confused with ethylene glycol, as both have been used in antifreeze due to their low melting points. However, these are not the same substance. Ethylene glycol is highly toxic to humans and is not used in food products. SUMMARY Propylene glycol is a synthetic, colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that belongs to the same chemical class as alcohol. It should not be confused with the toxic substance ethylene glycol. Where and How Is It Used? Propylene glycol is commonly used as an additive to aid in the processing of foods and improve their texture, flavor, appearance and shelf life. In foods, propylene glycol may be used in the following ways (3, 4, 5): Anti-caking agent: It helps prevent food components from sticking to one another and forming clumps, such as in dried soups or grated cheese. Antioxidant: It extends the shelf life of foods by protecting them against deterioration caused by oxygen. Carrier: It dissolves other food additives or nutrients to be used in processing, such as colors, flavors or antioxidants. Dough strengthener: It modifies the starches and gluten in dough to make it more stable. Emulsifier: It prevents food ingredients from separating, such as oil and vinegar in salad dressing. Moisture preserver: It helps foods maintain a stable level of moisture and stops them from drying out. Examples include marshmallows, coconut flakes and nuts. Processing aid: It is used to enhance the appeal or the use of a food, for example, to make a liquid clearer. Stabilizer and thickener: It can be used to hold food components together or thicken them during and after processing. Texturizer: It can change the appearance or mouthfeel of a food. Propylene glycol is commonly found in many packaged foods, such as drink mixes, dressings, dried soups, cake mix, soft drinks, popcorn, food coloring, fast foods, bread and dairy products (6Trusted Source). It is also used in injectable medications, like lorazepam, and in some creams and ointments that are applied to the skin, such as corticosteroids (2, 7Trusted Source). Due to its chemical properties, it is also found in a wide variety of hygiene and cosmetic products. Additionally, it is used in industrial products like paint, antifreeze, artificial smoke and e-cigarettes (2, 6Trusted Source). SUMMARY Propylene glycol is commonly used as a food additive. It helps preserve moisture as well as dissolve colors and flavors. It is also used in some medications, cosmetic products, antifreeze and other industrial products. Is Propylene Glycol in Food Dangerous? Propylene glycol is “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (8). In the US, it can be used as a direct and indirect food additive. In Europe, it is only allowed to be used in food as a solvent for colors, emulsifiers, antioxidants and enzymes, with up to 0.45 grams per pound (1 gram/kg) allowed in the final food product (9Trusted Source). The World Health Organization recommends a maximum intake of 11.4 mg of propylene glycol per pound of body weight (25 mg/kg) per day. The estimated exposure to propylene glycol through foods in the US is 15 mg per pound (34 mg/kg) per day (9Trusted Source). In comparison, one person who developed symptoms of toxicity was receiving 213 grams of propylene glycol per day. For a 120-pound (60-kg) adult, that is over 100 times what is found in the average diet (9Trusted Source). There is only one documented case of toxicity caused by food. A man drank very large amounts of cinnamon whiskey containing propylene glycol and was found unconscious. While his symptoms were also due to the alcohol, some could be attributed to the propylene glycol (10Trusted Source). Overall, apart from people with allergies and one case of excessive consumption, there have been no other reported cases of negative or toxic effects of propylene glycol in foods. However, as current intakes are estimated to be above the recommended level, it may be wise to reduce dietary sources where you can, especially as the primary sources are highly processed foods. SUMMARY Propylene glycol is considered generally safe by US and European authorities. There is only one documented case of toxicity caused by excessive alcohol intake. It is recommended to limit intake to 11.4 mg per pound (25 mg/kg) of body weight per day. Health Effects of Propylene Glycol There is a lot of conflicting information about the dangers of propylene glycol. Some websites state it is safe, while others claim it causes heart attacks, kidney and liver failure and brain problems. How Toxic Is Propylene Glycol? The toxicity of propylene glycol is very low. It has not been found to cause cancer, damage genes or interfere with fertility or reproduction. Moreover, there are no reported deaths on record (1Trusted Source, 9Trusted Source). In rats, the median lethal dose is 9 grams per pound (20 g/kg). Compare this to sugar, which has a lethal dose of 13.5 grams per pound (29.7 g/kg), or salt, which is just 1.4 grams per pound (3 g/kg) in rats (11, 12, 13). After ingesting a food containing propylene glycol, about 45% of it will be excreted by the kidneys unchanged. The rest is broken down in the body into lactic acid (1Trusted Source, 14). When consumed in toxic quantities, the buildup of lactic acid can lead to acidosis and kidney failure. Acidosis occurs when the body cannot get rid of the acid fast enough. It begins to build up in the blood, which interferes with proper functioning (10Trusted Source). The main sign of toxicity is central nervous system depression. Symptoms include a slower rate of breathing, decreased heart rate and loss of consciousness (14). Cases of poisoning may be treated with hemodialysis to remove the substance from the blood or by removing the drug or substance that contains propylene glycol (15Trusted Source). However, toxicity is very rare. Most cases resulted from the use of very high doses of medication containing propylene glycol or unusual circumstances, such as one man who was ill and drank the contents of an ice pack (16Trusted Source, 17Trusted Source). SUMMARY Propylene glycol has very low toxicity. Poisoning rarely occurs, and it is typically due to high doses of medications that contain it. Dangers for People With Kidney or Liver Disease In adults with normal liver and kidney function, propylene glycol is broken down and removed from the blood fairly quickly. On the other hand, in people with kidney disease or liver disease, this process may not be as efficient. This can lead to a buildup of propylene glycol and lactic acid in the bloodstream, causing symptoms of toxicity (9Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source). Additionally, because there is no maximum dose limit for propylene glycol used in drugs, it is possible to receive very high doses in some circumstances (9Trusted Source). One woman with kidney damage was treated for short breath and throat swelling with lorazepam. She received 40 times the recommended level of propylene glycol over 72 hours, resulting in acidosis and other symptoms of toxicity (18Trusted Source). Critically ill patients often have impaired kidney or liver function and may also have an increased risk from prolonged or high-dose drug treatments. For example, in one study, 19% of critical patients being treated with the drug lorazepam were observed to have signs of propylene glycol toxicity (19Trusted Source). For people with kidney and liver disease, drug alternatives without propylene glycol may be used if needed. There is no evidence that dietary amounts are cause for concern. SUMMARY People with kidney or liver damage are not able to clear propylene glycol or lactic acid from the blood as effectively as healthy people. When receiving very high doses of it in medications, they have an increased risk of developing toxicity. Dangers for Infants and Pregnant Women Pregnant women, children and infants under four years of age have lower levels of an enzyme known as alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme is essential for the breakdown of propylene glycol Therefore, these groups may be at risk of developing toxicity if they are exposed to large amounts through medication. Infants are at particular risk. They take up to three times as long to remove propylene glycol from their bodies and may be particularly sensitive to the effects on the central nervous system (9Trusted Source, 20Trusted Source, 21Trusted Source). There are case reports of premature infants injected with large doses of vitamins containing propylene glycol that resulted in seizures (22Trusted Source, 23Trusted Source). However, another study demonstrated that doses of up to 15.4 mg per pound (34 mg/kg) of propylene glycol over 24 hours were tolerated by young babies (24Trusted Source). While these populations may be at increased risk of toxicity in the case of very high exposure from medication, there is no research indicating any harm from the amounts found in the diet. SUMMARY Young children and infants are not able to process propylene glycol as effectively as adults. Therefore, they are at risk of it building up in their bodies and developing symptoms of toxicity when exposed to high doses in medications. Risk of Heart Attack Some websites claim that propylene glycol increases the risk of heart disease and heart attacks. It is true that when propylene glycol is injected in high amounts or too quickly, a drop in blood pressure and heart rhythm problems can occur (20Trusted Source). Animal studies also demonstrate that very high doses of propylene glycol can rapidly decrease heart rate, cause low blood pressure and even cause the heart to stop (25Trusted Source, 26Trusted Source). In one report, an 8-month-old child suffered loss of heart function and subsequent brain damage after being treated with silver sulfadiazine cream that contained propylene glycol. The cream was used for treating burns that covered 78% of his body (27Trusted Source). In this case, the child received 4.1 grams per pound (9 g/kg) of propylene glycol, which is a very high dose. In another case, a 15-month-old child was given oral doses of vitamin C dissolved in propylene glycol. He developed symptoms of toxicity, including non-responsiveness and irregular heart rhythms, but recovered after the vitamin solution was stopped (28Trusted Source). While these reports may be concerning, it is important to note that in both these cases, toxicity occurred due to a high dosage of medication in a vulnerable age group. The most common skin reaction, or dermatitis, is the development of a rash on the face or in a generalized scattered pattern over the body (32Trusted Source). Systemic dermatitis has been reported after eating foods and taking medications and intravenous drugs that contain propylene glycol (33Trusted Source, 34Trusted Source, 35). One study of 38 sensitive people given propylene glycol by mouth found that 15 of them developed a rash within 3 to 16 hours (31Trusted Source). In addition, propylene glycol can cause irritant contact dermatitis. In this case, a rash may develop in sensitive people when their skin comes into contact with products that contain it, such as shampoo or moisturizer (6Trusted Source). People who already have skin conditions or sensitive skin are at particular risk of contact allergy to this additive (6Trusted Source). For people with allergic dermatitis, it is best to avoid all sources of propylene glycol. For contact dermatitis, avoid products containing it that come into contact with the skin. SUMMARY Between 0.8 and 3.5% of people are allergic to propylene glycol. Common symptoms include a rash on the face or body. How Can You Avoid It? While propylene glycol is generally considered safe, you may still choose to avoid it if you are allergic or you simply want to reduce your intake. It is found in many different food products and can be identified by checking the ingredients list. The names it may be listed under include: Propylene glycol Propylene glycol mono and diester E1520 or 1520 Common foods include soft drinks, marinades and dressings, cake mix, frosting, popcorn, food coloring, fast foods, bread and dairy products (6Trusted Source, 35). Unfortunately, if propylene glycol is used as a carrier or solvent for another additive, such as flavor or color instead of a direct ingredient, it may not be listed on the food label (36). However, the majority of foods containing it are highly processed junk foods. By consuming a fresh, healthy, whole foods diet, you can avoid most sources without too much trouble. You can also check the labels of cosmetic products, though avoiding it may be difficult. There are several helpful websites that can help you identify which products contain it. If you have an allergy to propylene glycol, it is important to let your doctor or pharmacist know about it before taking certain medications. An alternative can usually be found. SUMMARY To avoid propylene glycol in foods, read labels and look for it as an ingredient or as the additive number E1520. Use online sources to help identify hygiene products that contain it. For medications, ask your doctor or pharmacist. The Bottom Line Propylene glycol is a useful chemical found in a wide variety of products across the food, drug, cosmetic and manufacturing industries. While there are cases of toxicity from very high doses of medication, it is overall considered a very low-toxicity substance. A small percentage of people are allergic to propylene glycol and may need to avoid products containing it. Yet for most people, the amounts regularly found in food products are considered safe. Keep in mind that most of the foods containing propylene glycol are highly processed junk foods. A fresh, whole foods diet will naturally contain lower amounts of this additive. Propylene glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water. Propylene glycol is also used to make polyester compounds, and as a base for deicing solutions. Propylene glycol is used by the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries as an antifreeze when leakage might lead to contact with food. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified propylene glycol as an additive that is “generally recognized as safe” for use in food. It is used to absorb extra water and maintain moisture in certain medicines, cosmetics, or food products. It is a solvent for food colors and flavors, and in the paint and plastics industries. Propylene glycol is also used to create artificial smoke or fog used in fire-fighting training and in theatrical productions. Other names for propylene glycol are 1,2-dihydroxypropane, 1,2-propanediol, methyl glycol, and trimethyl glycol. Propylene glycol is clear, colorless, slightly syrupy liquid at room temperature. It may exist in air in the vapor form, although propylene glycol must be heated or briskly shaken to produce a vapor. Propylene glycol is practically odorless and tasteless.

PROPYLENE GLYCOL CITRATE, N° CAS : 85252-24-0, Nom INCI : PROPYLENE GLYCOL CITRATE. Nom chimique : Citric acid, monoester with propylene glycol.N° EINECS/ELINCS : 286-541-5. Classification : Glycol. Ses fonctions (INCI). Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau

PROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE, N° CAS : 19224-26-1, Nom INCI : PROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE, Nom chimique : 1,2-Propanediol, dibenzoate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 242-894-7, Classification : Glycol, Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Propane-1,2-diyl dibenzoate; 1,2-Propanediol, 1,2-dibenzoate; 1,2-propan-diyl dibenzoate ; 1,2-PROPANEDIOL, DIBENZOATE; 2-(benzoyloxy)propyl benzoate

PROPYLENE GLYCOL DICAPRYLATE/DICAPRATE;Fatty acids, C8-10, propylene esters cas no: 58748-27-9

Chem/IUPAC Name: Decanoic acid, mixed diesters with octanoic acid and propylene glycol, N° CAS : 68583-51-7 / 58748-27-9 / 68988-72-7, synonyme : PGDI, Inci : Propyleneglycol dicaprylate / dicaprate, Cas : 68583-51-7, EC : 271-516-3, Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau

PROPYLENE GLYCOL DICAPRYLATE/DICAPRATE propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate Rating: GOOD Categories: Uncategorized Gel-textured ingredient used in many lightweight moisturizers. It’s a mix of propylene glycol and capric acid, a fatty acid derived from plants. Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is classified as : Emollient CAS Number of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 68583-51-7 / 58748-27-9 / 68988-72-7 EINECS/ELINCS No of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 271-516-3 COSING REF No of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 78795 Chem/IUPAC Name of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: Decanoic acid, mixed diesters with octanoic acid and propylene glycol Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate What Is Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate? Propylene Glycol Isostearate, Propylene Glycol Laurate, Propylene Glycol Myristate, Propylene Glycol Oleate and Propylene Glycol Oleate SE are monoesters of propylene glycol and fatty acids. SE indicates that it is a self-emulsifying form that contains some sodium and/or potassium oleate. Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate, Propylene Glycol Dicocoate, Propylene Glycol Dipelargonate, Propylene Glycol Oleate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprate, Propylene Glycol Diisostearate and Propylene Glycol Dilaurate are diesters of proplyene glycol and fatty acids. The use of the "/" in the name indicates that the ingredient is a mixture of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate and Propylene Glycol Dicaprate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Propylene Glycol monoesters and diesters are used in the formulation of moisturizers, cleansing products, fragrance products, and makeup products such as foundations and lipsticks. Why is Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate used in cosmetics and personal care products? The following functions have been reported for these ingredients. Skin conditioning agent - emollient - Propylene Glycol Oleate, Propylene Glycol Isostearate, Propylene Glycol Laurate, Propylene Glycol Myristate Skin conditioning agent - occlusive - Propylene Glycol Dicaprate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate, Propylene Glycol Dicocoate, Propylene Glycol Diisostearate, Propylene Glycol Dilaurate, Propylene Glycol Dioleate, Propylene Glycol Dipelargonate Surfactant - emulsifying agent - Propylene Glycol Oleate, Propylene Glycol Oleate SE, Propylene Glycol Isostearate, Propylene Glycol Laurate, Propylene Glycol Myristate Viscosity increasing agent - nonaqueous - Propylene Glycol Dicaprate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate, Propylene Glycol Dicocoate, Propylene Glycol Diisostearate, Propylene Glycol Dilaurate, Propylene Glycol Dioleate, Propylene Glycol Dipelargonate Scientific Facts: Propylene glycol monoesters and diesters are typically produced from the reaction of propylene glycol with the corresponding fatty acid. For example, Propylene Glycol Oleate is produced via the reaction of propylene glycol with oleic acid. Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate * A skin-conditioning agent Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is derived from Propylene Glycol, and is a diester of proplyene glycol and fatty acids; it is a mixture of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate and Propylene Glycol Dicaprate (CosmeticsInfo.org). However, this compound differs greatly from Propylene Glycol, and is strictly a skin conditioning agent that utilizes its fatty acid components to maintain and improve lubrication and skin cell resilience, combining with proteins to promote healthy skin, according to research. Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is used in skin care and beauty products as an ingredient in moisturizers, cleansing products, fragrance products, and makeup products such as foundations and lipsticks. * A skin-conditioning agent Functions of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is derived from Propylene Glycol, and is a diester of proplyene glycol and fatty acids; it is a mixture of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate and Propylene Glycol Dicaprate (CosmeticsInfo.org). However, this compound differs greatly from Propylene Glycol, and is strictly a skin conditioning agent that utilizes its fatty acid components to maintain and improve lubrication and skin cell resilience, combining with proteins to promote healthy skin, according to research. Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is used in skin care and beauty products as an ingredient in moisturizers, cleansing products, fragrance products, and makeup products such as foundations and lipsticks. Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is FDA approved as a direct food additive, and CIR approved as well. Safety Measures/Side Effects of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: According to the Cosmetics Database, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is a moderate hazard ingredient. Skin irritation studies reviewed by the CIR Expert Panel found that Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate caused minimal to no irritation, and negative comedogenicity results. "Data on the fatty acids and propylene glycol were negative for mutagenicity, chronic toxicity, and skin irritation and sensitizaiton" However, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is considered a penetration enhancer and may enhance the skin penetration of other chemicals. Users should exercise caution when using products and formulas that contain this ingredient when combined with other ingredients for which limits have been set based on low dermal absorption. The Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate family of ingredients includes several esters and diesters of Propylene Glycol and fatty acids. These ingredients are used in cosmetic formulations as skin conditioning agents, viscosity increasing agents, and surfactants. Two skin irritation studies (minimal to no irritation) and a comedogenicity study (insignificant comedogen) on Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate and a skin irritation study (slight) and an acute oral toxicity study (nontoxic) on Propylene Glycol Laurate were available. Available data were also found indicating that Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate and Propylene Glycol Dipelargonate may enhance the skin penetration of other chemicals. Because of the ability of these Polyethylene Glycol esters and diesters to enhance penetration of other agents, it was recommended that care be taken in using these and other Polyethylene Glycol esters and diesters in cosmetic products. Previous Cosmetic Ingredient Review safety assessments of related ingredients, including Polyethylene Glycol, Polyethylene Glycol Stearate, Coconut Oils and Acids, Isostearic Acid, Lauric Acid, Myristic Acid, Oleic Acid, and Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, were summarized. Included were mutagenicity, chronic toxicity, and skin irritation and sensitization data. Based in part on the limited data available on the ingredients included in the report, but more so on the previous reviews of chemically similar moieties, it was concluded that Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate, Propylene Glycol Dicocoate, Propylene Glycol Dipelargonate, Propylene Glycol Isostearate, Propylene Glycol Laurate, Propylene Glycol Myristate, Propylene Glycol Oleate, Propylene Glycol Oleate SE, Propylene Glycol Dioleate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprate, Propylene Glycol Diisostearate, and Propylene Glycol Dilaurate are safe. Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate (CAS Nos. 58748- 27-9 ; 9062-04-8; and 68988-72-7) is a mixture of the propylene glycol diesters of caprylic and capric acids The structures of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate and Propylene Glycol Dicaprate appear on the preceding page. Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is also defined as the propylene glycol diester of short chain, predominantly naturally derived C8-Clo fatty acids . It is soluble in alcohol containing up to 20% water and its viscosity is usually low . Other names for this mixture include: Decanoic Acid, 1-Methyl-1,2-Ethanediyl Ester mixed with 1-Methyl-1,2-Ethanediyl Dioctanoate; Decanoic Acid, Mixed Diesters with Octanoic Acid and Propylene Glycol ; Caprylic, Capric Acid, Propylene Glycol Diester; Propylene Glycol Dicaprate-Caprate; and Propylene Glycol, Caprylate Caprate Dieste Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate has also been defined as the propylene glycol diester of saturated vegetable acids (C8-ClO chain length) that contains 65 to 80% caprylic acid and 15 to 30% capric acid Details Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is an emollient that leaves a light, non-oily smooth and velvet skin sensation. According to manufacturer info it's also great at dispersing and dissolving pigments and sunscreen actives. Most often you will meet this guy in light moisturizers, sunscreens or makeup products. Properties Related Categories Analytical Standards, Analytical/Chromatography, Pharmacopeia & Metrological Institutes Standards, USP Standards, USP Standards P - R Less... grade pharmaceutical primary standard mfr. no. USP Featured Industry Pharmaceutical (small molecule) InChI 1S/C10H20O2.C8H16O2.C3H8O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10(11)12;1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8(9)10;1-3(5)2-4/h2-9H2,1H3,(H,11,12);2-7H2,1H3,(H,9,10);3-5H,2H2,1H3 InChI key YZWQUQVFVLJWCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Description General description This product is provided as delivered and specified by the issuing Pharmacopoeia. All information provided in support of this product, including SDS and any product information leaflets have been developed and issued under the Authority of the issuing Pharmacopoeia. For further information and support please go to the website of the issuing Pharmacopoeia. Analysis Note Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate are for test and assay use only. They are not meant for administration to humans or animals and cannot be used to diagnose, treat, or cure diseases of any kind. ​ Molecular Weight of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 328.5 g/mol XLogP3-AA of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 6.4 Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 0 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 4 Rotatable Bond Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 17 Exact Mass of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 328.26136 g/mol Monoisotopic Mass of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 328.26136 g/mol Topological Polar Surface Area of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 52.6 Ų Heavy Atom Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate:23 Formal Charge of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 0 Complexity of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 302 Isotope Atom Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 0 Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 0 Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 1 Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 0 Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 0 Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate: 1 Compound of Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate Is Canonicalized : Yes

cas no 107-98-2 1-Methoxy-2-propanol; PGME; 1-Methoxypropan-2-ol; polypropylene glycol methyl ether; propylene glycol 1-methyl ether; PM; (+/-)-1-methoxy-2-propanol; 1-Methoxy-2-hydroxypropane; Methoxy Propanol; 2-Methoxy- 1 -Methyl Ethanol;

Propylene Glycol Isostearate is an ester of propylene glycol and isostearic acid.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a white to cream-colored soft waxy solid with a slightly fatty odor and taste.


CAS Number: 68171-38-0 / 63799-53-1
EC Number: 269-027-5
MDL Number: MFCD00152773
Chem/IUPAC Name: Isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol
Molecular Formula: C21 H42 O3



1,2-Propandiol,Propylenglykol, ISOOCTADECANOIC ACID, MONOESTER WITH 1,2-PROPANEDIOL, MONOESTER WITH 1,2-PROPANEDIOL ISOOCTADECANOIC ACID, PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE, and PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOISOSTEARATE, CAS number: 68171-38-0 / 63799-53-1, Isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol,



Propylene Glycol Isostearate is an ester of propylene glycol and isostearic acid.
Isostearic acid is a lightly chained liquid fatty acid obtained from natural sources like vegetable oils.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a synthetic compound formed from propylene glycol and stearic acid.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a white to cream-colored soft waxy solid with a slightly fatty odor and taste.
Stearic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in animal and vegetable oils.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is an ester of propylene glycol and Isostearic Acid (q.v.).


Propylene Glycol Isostearate's HLB value is 3.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is suitable for hot processes and is ideally added to the oil phase, the recommended usage range is 0.5 - 4.0%.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is made from RSPO-certified, sustainable palm oil and has a Natural Origin Index (ISO 16128) of 0.83.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a mixture of propylene glycol and isostearic acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used as an emollient, humectant, emulsifier, and surfactant in cosmetic products.
As Propylene Glycol Isostearate is apparent both Propylene glycol and isostearic acid individually are very good in terms of skincare. PG can act as a humectant.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate draws water from water vapor present in the air and moisturizes the skin.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate can be used in all skin types, especially on normal and mild dry skin types.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate helps in retaining moisture in the skin. Isostearic acid is a fatty acid and it also acts as an emollient.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate fills up the gaps in between the top layer cells in the skin.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate makes skin appear smoother and tighter.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate forms a thin protective barrier on the surface of the skin and protects it from any allergen or bacteria which may compromise with skin’s health otherwise.


As a surfactant, Propylene Glycol Isostearate carries both a water-loving group PG and a fat-loving group- isostearate.
The oil/ fat-loving group attracts dirt, impurities and attaches them to the surfactant molecule whereas because of the water-loving part Propylene Glycol Isostearate can be carried away with water and becomes cleaner.


With the same principle, Propylene Glycol Isostearate also acts as an emulsifier and prevents separation of the components, and enables even distribution of the product components when used.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used in formulations of creams, lotions, gels, shampoos, conditioners, sun care products, and other hair and skincare products.


In addition to its use in cosmetic products, Propylene Glycol Isostearate is also used in food processing like margarine.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate functions as a self-emulsifying agent in cosmetic products.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is designed for use in face/neck care, body care, colour cosmetics and cleansers.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate comes in pellet form and has a melting point of 41°C.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used in cosmetic formulations.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate acts as an emollient (makes the skin smooth and supple).
Cosmetic Uses of Propylene Glycol Isostearate: skin conditioning and surfactants.



FUNCTIONS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate maintains the skin in good condition

*SURFACTANT - CLEANSING:
Surface-active agent to clean skin, hair and / or teeth



FUNCTIONS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
*SKIN CONDITIONER:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate keeps the skin in good condition.

*SURFACTANT – CLEANSER:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate wets body surfaces, emulsifies or solubilizes oils and suspends dirt (generally, these ingredients contribute to the soap and foaming properties of cleaning products).



WHAT DOES PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Skin conditioning
*Surfactant



WHAT IS PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE USED FOR?
Here are its main functions:
*Attracts water:
Zeichner says at low concentrations, propylene glycol acts like a humectant, which means Propylene Glycol Isostearate binds water and pulls in hydration to the outer skin layer.
When used in cosmetic products, Propylene Glycol Isostearate helps give the skin a hydrated, dewy appearance.



FUNCTIONS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
*Skin care agent:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate maintains skin in good condition
*Surfactant:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the uniform distribution of the product during use



FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
*Base ingredients
*Active ingredients
*Preservatives
*UV filters
*Dyes
*Fragrances



FEATURES OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
W/O emulsifier, an ingredient enabling the creation of an emulsion.
An emulsion is a physicochemical form that is created by dispersing and mixing the water phase and the oil phase.
Examples of cosmetic emulsions are creams, milks and balms.

Propylene Glycol Isostearate acts as a rheology modifier (i.e. improves consistency by increasing viscosity) in washing preparations containing anionic surfactants.
This is possible by creating the so-called mixed micelles.
An opacifying agent that gives a cloudy or opalescent, pearly appearance to transparent cleaning products.



COSMETIC EFFECT OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
*Emollient:
When used in skin and hair care preparations, Propylene Glycol Isostearate creates an occlusive layer (film) on their surface, which prevents excessive evaporation of water from the surface (this is an indirect moisturizing effect), thereby conditioning the skin and hair, softening and smoothing it.



SECURITY OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is safe for use in cosmetics.
Cosmetic Ingredient Review: A CIR panel of experts assessed the safety of Propylene Glycol Isostearate.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate has no toxic effect, is not mutagenic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic or phototoxic.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate does not irritate the skin or have any sensitizing properties.



INFORMATION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Ingredient on the basis of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol).
"Glycol" refers to divalent alcohol as alcoholic component of this ingredient (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, hexylene glycol and others).
Isostearates are salts or esters of the isostearic acid (isooctadecanoic acid).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
CAS Number: 68171-38-0 / 63799-53-1
Chem/IUPAC Name: Isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol
EINECS/ELINCS No: 269-027-5
CAS No.: 57-55-6
Molecular Formula: C3H8O2
Molecular Weight: 76.09
Property: Clear viscous liquid.
MDL: MFCD00152773
XlogP3-AA: 8.00 (est)
Molecular Weight: 342.56334000
Formula: C21 H42 O3
CAS Number: 63799-53-1

Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 443.00 to 444.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 328.00 °F. TCC ( 164.70 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 7.826 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.00717 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
CAS Number: 63799-53-1
Name: propylene glycol isostearate
Molecular Formula: C21H42O3
Molecular Weight: 342.55638
Density: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
Flash Point: N/A



FIRST AID MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a white solid.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate has high oil content grease.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a synthetic compound composed of propylene glycol and stearic acid.


CAS Number: 68171-38-0 / 63799-53-1
EC Number: 269-027-5
MDL Number: MFCD00152773
Chem/IUPAC Name: Isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol
Molecular Formula: C21H42O3



SYNONYMS:
1,2-Propandiol,Propylenglykol, ISOOCTADECANOIC ACID, MONOESTER WITH 1,2-PROPANEDIOL, MONOESTER WITH 1,2-PROPANEDIOL ISOOCTADECANOIC ACID, PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE, and PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOISOSTEARATE, CAS number: 68171-38-0 / 63799-53-1, Isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol,



Propylene Glycol Isostearate is an ester of propylene glycol and isostearic acid.
Isostearic acid is a lightly chained liquid fatty acid obtained from natural sources like vegetable oils.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a white solid.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate has high oil content grease.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is an ester of propylene glycol and isostearic acid.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a white to cream-colored soft waxy solid with a slightly fatty odor and taste.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate is an ester of propylene glycol and isostearic acid.
Isostearic acid is a lightly chained liquid fatty acid obtained from natural sources like vegetable oils.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a synthetic compound formed from propylene glycol and stearic acid.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a white to cream-colored soft waxy solid with a slightly fatty odor and taste.
Stearic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in animal and vegetable oils.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is an ester of propylene glycol and Isostearic Acid (q.v.).


Propylene Glycol Isostearate's HLB value is 3.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is suitable for hot processes and is ideally added to the oil phase, the recommended usage range is 0.5 - 4.0%.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is made from RSPO-certified, sustainable palm oil and has a Natural Origin Index (ISO 16128) of 0.83.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a mixture of propylene glycol and isostearic acid.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate can be used in co-emulsified series products and is very soft to the skin.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate can increase the brightness of lipstick and reduce sweating.


Use Propylene Glycol Isostearate with essential oils to enhance compatibility.
HLB=1~2, Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a w/o type co-emulsifier.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a synthetic compound composed of propylene glycol and stearic acid.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a soft, waxy, white to cream solid with a slightly oily odor and taste.
Stearic acid is a fatty acid found naturally in animal and vegetable oils.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Mixture of propylene glycol and stearic acid, Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used as a skin-conditioning agent and emulsifier.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used surfactant, thickener, skin conditioner, softening component, emulsive component, moistener.
As a surfactant, Propylene Glycol Isostearate carries both a water-loving group PG and a fat-loving group- isostearate.


The oil/ fat-loving group attracts dirt, impurities and attaches them to the surfactant molecule whereas because of the water-loving part Propylene Glycol Isostearate can be carried away with water and becomes cleaner.
With the same principle, Propylene Glycol Isostearate also acts as an emulsifier and prevents separation of the components, and enables even distribution of the product components when used.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used in formulations of creams, lotions, gels, shampoos, conditioners, sun care products, and other hair and skincare products.
In addition to its use in cosmetic products, Propylene Glycol Isostearate is also used in food processing like margarine.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate functions as a self-emulsifying agent in cosmetic products.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is designed for use in face/neck care, body care, colour cosmetics and cleansers.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate comes in pellet form and has a melting point of 41°C.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used in cosmetic formulations.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate acts as an emollient (makes the skin smooth and supple).
Cosmetic Uses of Propylene Glycol Isostearate: skin conditioning and surfactants.


In addition to its use in cosmetic products, Propylene Glycol Isostearate is also used as margarine in the food industry.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate acts as a self-emulsifying agent in cosmetic products.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used as an emollient, humectant, emulsifier, and surfactant in cosmetic products.


As Propylene Glycol Isostearate is apparent both Propylene glycol and isostearic acid individually are very good in terms of skincare. PG can act as a humectant.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate draws water from water vapor present in the air and moisturizes the skin.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate can be used in all skin types, especially on normal and mild dry skin types.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate helps in retaining moisture in the skin. Isostearic acid is a fatty acid and it also acts as an emollient.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate fills up the gaps in between the top layer cells in the skin.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate makes skin appear smoother and tighter.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate forms a thin protective barrier on the surface of the skin and protects it from any allergen or bacteria which may compromise with skin’s health otherwise.



USE AND BENEFITS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used as an emollient, humectant, emulsifier, and surfactant in cosmetic products.
As Propylene Glycol Isostearate is apparent both Propylene glycol and isostearic acid individually are very good in terms of skincare.
PG can act as a humectant.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate draws water from water vapor present in the air and moisturizes the skin.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate can be used in all skin types, especially on normal and mild dry skin types.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate helps in retaining moisture in the skin. Isostearic acid is a fatty acid and it also acts as an emollient.


Propylene Glycol Isostearate fills up the gaps in between the top layer cells in the skin.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate makes skin appear smoother and tighter.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate forms a thin protective barrier on the surface of the skin and protects it from any allergen or bacteria which may compromise with skin’s health otherwise.


As a surfactant, Propylene Glycol Isostearate carries both a water-loving group PG and a fat-loving group- isostearate.
The oil/ fat-loving group attracts dirt, impurities and attaches them to the surfactant molecule whereas because of the water-loving part Propylene Glycol Isostearate can be carried away with water and becomes cleaner.


With the same principle, it also acts as an emulsifier and prevents separation of the components, and enables even distribution of the product components when used.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is used in formulations of creams, lotions, gels, shampoos, conditioners, sun care products, and other hair and skincare products.



OCCURRENCE OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate occurs creams, balms, milks, shower gels, soaps, shampoos, conditioners and hair masks,



HOW DOES PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE WORK?
Propylene Glycol Isostearate creates a nourishing film on the surface of the skin and hair that prevents moisture from evaporating.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate has a softening, moisturizing and smoothing effect.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate enables the creation of an emulsion, combining the water phase with the oil phase.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate increases the viscosity of cosmetics, clouds too clear consistencies, and gives a pearly appearance to transparent preparations.



FROM THE SCIENTIFIC SIDE OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is propylene glycol isostearate.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is a lipophilic, non-ionic, surface-active substance.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is insoluble in water.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is completely safe for the skin, does not cause allergies or irritations.



FUNCTION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Cleansing/Foaming ingredients - remove dirt and grease, can create foam
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is an emollient, surfactant, and emulsifier used in cosmetic and personal care products.



SAFETY OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
There are currently no reports of harmful side effects of Propylene Glycol Isostearate on users' skin and health when used topically.



FUNCTIONS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate maintains the skin in good condition

*SURFACTANT - CLEANSING:
Surface-active agent to clean skin, hair and / or teeth

*Emulsifying :
Propylene Glycol Isostearate promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil)

*Opacifying :
Propylene Glycol Isostearate reduces transparency or translucency of cosmetics



WHAT DOES PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Skin conditioning
*Surfactant



WHAT IS PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE USED FOR?
Here are its main functions:
*Attracts water:
Zeichner says at low concentrations, propylene glycol acts like a humectant, which means Propylene Glycol Isostearate binds water and pulls in hydration to the outer skin layer.
When used in cosmetic products, Propylene Glycol Isostearate helps give the skin a hydrated, dewy appearance.



FUNCTIONS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
*Skin care agent:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate maintains skin in good condition
*Surfactant:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the uniform distribution of the product during use



FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
*Base ingredients
*Active ingredients
*Preservatives
*UV filters
*Dyes
*Fragrances



FEATURES OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
W/O emulsifier, an ingredient enabling the creation of an emulsion.
An emulsion is a physicochemical form that is created by dispersing and mixing the water phase and the oil phase.
Examples of cosmetic emulsions are creams, milks and balms.

Propylene Glycol Isostearate acts as a rheology modifier (i.e. improves consistency by increasing viscosity) in washing preparations containing anionic surfactants.
This is possible by creating the so-called mixed micelles.
An opacifying agent that gives a cloudy or opalescent, pearly appearance to transparent cleaning products.



COSMETIC EFFECT OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
*Emollient:
When used in skin and hair care preparations, Propylene Glycol Isostearate creates an occlusive layer (film) on their surface, which prevents excessive evaporation of water from the surface (this is an indirect moisturizing effect), thereby conditioning the skin and hair, softening and smoothing it.



SECURITY OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Propylene Glycol Isostearate is safe for use in cosmetics.
Cosmetic Ingredient Review: A CIR panel of experts assessed the safety of Propylene Glycol Isostearate.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate has no toxic effect, is not mutagenic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic or phototoxic.
Propylene Glycol Isostearate does not irritate the skin or have any sensitizing properties.



INFORMATION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
Ingredient on the basis of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol).
"Glycol" refers to divalent alcohol as alcoholic component of this ingredient (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, hexylene glycol and others).
Isostearates are salts or esters of the isostearic acid (isooctadecanoic acid).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
CAS Number: 68171-38-0 / 63799-53-1
Chem/IUPAC Name: Isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol
EINECS/ELINCS No: 269-027-5
CAS No.: 57-55-6
Molecular Formula: C3H8O2
Molecular Weight: 76.09
Property: Clear viscous liquid.
MDL: MFCD00152773
XlogP3-AA: 8.00 (est)
Molecular Weight: 342.56334000
Formula: C21 H42 O3
CAS Number: 63799-53-1

Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 443.00 to 444.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 328.00 °F. TCC ( 164.70 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 7.826 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.00717 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
CAS Number: 63799-53-1
Name: propylene glycol isostearate
Molecular Formula: C21H42O3
Molecular Weight: 342.55638
Density: N/A

Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
Flash Point: N/A
Alternate Name(s): Emerest 2389
Classification: Surfactant
CAS Number: 63799-53-1
Molecular Formula: C21H42O3
Molecular Weight: 342.55638
Density: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: N/A



FIRST AID MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PROPYLENE GLYCOL ISOSTEARATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER = 1-METHOXY-2-PROPANOL = PGME


CAS Number: 107-98-2
EC Number: 203-539-1
MDL number: MFCD00004537
Linear Formula: CH3CH(OH)CH2OCH3 / C4H10O2


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether (PGME or 1-methoxy-2-propanol) is an organic solvent with a wide variety of industrial and commercial uses.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether's Flash point is near 89 °F.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is less dense than water.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether's vapors are heavier than air.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is an organic solvent with a wide variety of industrial and commercial uses.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether (also known as propylene glycol monomethyl ether, PM, and PGME), is a colourless liquid that is soluble in water.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is a methoxy alcohol derivative and has a formula of C4H10O2.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is an organic compound that has no color, no odor, is a transparent viscous liquid and has a lightly sweet tatse.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is a colorless liquid with a sweet ether-like odor and bitter taste.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is soluble in water, ether, acetone, and benzene.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether (PGME), a glycol ether, can be synthesized by reacting propylene oxide with methanol in the presence of ZnMgAl (zinc-magnesium-aluminium) catalysts.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is a glycol ether and a good biological indicator of exposure.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether, This hydrophilic solvent has 100% water solubility and is ideally suited as a coupling agent in a wide range of solvent systems.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether, 98% - is an organic solvent with a wide variety of industrial and commercial uses.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is a color- less liquid.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether appears as a colorless liquid.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether's flash point is near 89°F.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is less dense than water.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether's vapors is heavier than air.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is ethereal odor.
The Odor Threshold of Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is 10 ppm.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is miscible and hygroscopic with water, acetone and chloroform.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is the fastest evaporating solvent of the glycol ether family.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether, also known as propylene glycol methyl ether, is a clear, colourless liquid with a faint ether-like odour.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is a clear, hygroscopic, medium-volatility liquid with a mild, alcoholic odor.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether has low surface tension as well as excellent solvency and coupling abilities.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is miscible with water and many common organic solvents.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether has colorless, medium-volatility, water-miscible neutral liquid with a mild, alcoholic odour.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is soluble in water and has moderate volatility.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is a propylene oxide-based glycol ether which is fast evaporating and hydrophilic.
For instance, Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether may react with acids (or form esters), oxidizing agents (to form the corresponding ketones or carboxylic acids), alkali metals (to form alcoholates) or aldehydes (to form acetals).
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether may form peroxides with atmospheric oxygen.


By virtue of it's ether and alcohol groups, Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether has very good solvent power for many of the raw materials used in coatings, e. g. resins, binders, etc.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether possesses the typical properties of the ether and alcohol groups.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is excellent solvent for nitrocellulose, alkyd resin and maleic anhydride modified phenolic resin
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines, a solvent and as an antifreeze agent, and a cleaning agent in the LCD and electronics industry.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is primarily used as a chemical building block for the production of propylene glycol methyl ether acetate.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used in coatings, inks, printing and dyeing, pesticides, cellulose, acrylates, etc.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether appears as a colorless liquid.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a solvent and as an antifreeze agent.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether acts as a good biological indicator, and a reagent in the synthesis of metolachlor.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is also used in cleaning products such as glass and rug cleaners, carbon and grease removers, and paint and varnish removers; and in pesticide formulations as a solvent for applications to crops and animals.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as Solvent for agricultural pesticides, deactivator and emollient for livestock pesticides.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as Component in the solvent phase for wood stains and polishes.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as an additive for jet fuel antifreeze and brake fluid
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a solvent, dispersant and diluent, also as a fuel antifreeze, extractant
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used in the following products: coating products, washing & cleaning products, anti-freeze products and cosmetics and personal care products.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as an Additive in cleaners, e. g. for metals, windows and floors.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is also used in food and tabacco products as a humectant, preservative and solvent.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as an active solvent for solvent-based coatings and tail solvent for solvent based gravure and flexographic printing inks.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as Excellent solvent for nitrocellulose, alkyd resin and maleic anhydride modified phenolic resin
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used Coupling agent and solvent for household and industrial cleaners, rust removers, and hard surface cleaners.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether possesses properties similar to those of methoxyethanol and ethoxyethanol and used in the same applications, particularly in coatings and printing inks.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is widely used in coatings and cleaners.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is also present in many everyday products such as polish, laundry aids, caulk, sealants, pesticides, inks for ballpoint and felt-tip pens, synthetic resin and rubber adhesives.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as starting material in the production of Methoxypropyl Acetate, which is also an excellent solvent.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a solvent for cellulose, acrylics, dyes, inks, and cellophane.
Cosmetic Uses of Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether: perfuming agents and solvents
Other release to the environment of Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether can be used as the active solvent of water-based coatings; Active solvent and coupling agent of solvent based printing ink; Solvent for ballpoint pens and pens; Coupling agents and solvents for household and industrial cleaners, derusting agents and hard surface cleaners; Solvents for agricultural pesticides; Mixed with propylene glycol n-butyl ether for glass cleaner formula.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used Carrier solvent for ball point and felt tip writing pen inks.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as Starting material in the production of esters that may be used as plasticizers.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a reagent in the synthesis of 2-amino-3-carboxy-4-phenylthiophenes, which acts as a protein kinase C inhibitors.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is formulated into a wide range of cleaners for industrial and commercial use such as those for ovens, glass, hard surfaces, floors, carpets and upholstery, as well as in speciality sanitation products such as swimming pool cleaners.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether, 99% Cas no 107-98-2 - is used as a reagent in the synthesis of 2-amino-3-carboxy-4-phenylthiophenes, which acts as a protein kinase C inhibitors.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a solvent, dispersant and diluent, also as a fuel antifreeze, extractant.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as solvent of nitrocellulose, compounding agent of brake oil and detergent, etc.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is predominately used in the manufacture of propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (otherwise known as PMA) and is also used in industrial and commercial products including paints, varnishes, inks, synthetic resin and rubber adhesives, and automotive and oven cleaners.


Similar to other glycol ethers, Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a carrier/solvent in printing/writing inks and paints/coatings.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as an additive for jet fuel antifreeze and brake fluid
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used in coatings, inks, printing and dyeing, pesticides, cellulose, acrylates, etc.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as Component in copying fluids (particularly together with alcohols, inks, and felt-tip pen inks), and Component in the solvent phase for road marking paints.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a solvent in manufacturing processes for the chemical, automotive and agricultural industries and in paint, lacquer and varnishes.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a coalescing agent in water-based paints and inks where it promotes polymer fusion during the drying process.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is mainly used as solvent, dispersant and diluent, as well as fuel antifreeze, extractant, etc.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is primarily used in the manufacture of lacquers and paints, as an anti-freeze in industrial engines, a tailing agent for inks used on very high-speed presses, a coupling agent for resins and dyes in waterbased inks, and a solvent for celluloses, acrylics, dyes, inks, and stains.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used Coupling agent in solvent blends for water-based gravure, flexographic, and silk screen printing inks.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used Solvent for cellulose, acrylics, dyes, inks, and stains; lacquers and paints, and Solvent or leather finishes and stamp pad inks
Nearly half of all propylene glycol made is used for the fabrication of unsaturated polyester resin.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether also finds use as an industrial and commercial paint stripper.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether has a high water solubility, excellent solvent with good coupling properties making it suitable for cleaning solutions and coating applications.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether acts as a good biological indicator.


Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether's favourable physiological properties make it preferable to methoxyethanol and ethoxyethanol as a solvent for coatings and printing inks.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is also used as a reagent in the synthesis of metolachlor.
Further, Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a solvent and an antifreeze agent.


-Printing inks uses of Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether:
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is eminently suitable for use in printing inks, e.g. for cellulose nitrate flexographic inks.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether can also be used in gravure inks.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether regulates, i. e. retards, the drying of printing inks, but two facts should be noted in this respect.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether (evaporation rate= 22; ether = 1) dries more rapidly than ethoxyethanol (evaporation rate = 43).
In other words, somewhat greater amounts are required to retard drying.
A general rule is that drying regulators incur the risk of solvent retention and blocking if their proportion is too high or
if inadequate time is allowed for drying.
This also applies to Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether can also be used for cleaning printing plates and for thinning printing inks.


-Coatings Industry uses of Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether:
The main application for Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether in the coatings industry is the production of cellulose nitrate lacquers.
The initial solutions can be thinned with many cheap diluents, yet still dry to give clear, transparent coatings of good strength.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether improves the brushability, levelling and gloss of air drying paints and prevents blushing.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is included in formulations for paints applied by a spray-gun for the purpose of improving gloss and adhesion.
Similar to other glycol ethers, Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as a carrier/solvent in printing/writing inks and paints/coatings.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether also finds use as an industrial and commercial paint stripper.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines.


-Applications of Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether:
*Architectural coatings
*Auto OEM
*Auto refinish
*Automotive
*Building materials
*Commerical printing inks
*General industrial coatings
*Graphic arts
*Janitorial & household cleaners
*Marine
*Paints & coatings
*Protective coatings
*Wood coatings



KEY ATTRIBUTES OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
*Excellent solvent activity
*Good coupling efficiency
*High dilution ratio
*Inert - Food use with limitations
*Inert - Nonfood use
*Medium evaporation rate
*Miscible with water and most organic liquids
*Non-HAP
*Non-SARA
*Readily biodegradable
*Product description
*Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, a medium-boiling glycol ether, is an active solvent for cellulose acetate butyrate, nitrocellulose, epoxy, phenolic, acrylic, and alkyd resins.
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is used in a variety of coating, printing ink, and cleaning applications.



HOW IS PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER PRODUCED?
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is produced by the reaction of 1,2-epoxy propane and methanol in the presence of a catalyst, and this is then followed by distillation.
The worldwide annual production of Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is approximately 100,000 to 500,000 tonnes.



REACTIVITY PROFILE of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether is a methoxy alcohol derivative.
The ether being relatively unreactive.
They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water.
Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones.
Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior.
They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
Chemical formula: C4H10O2
Molar mass: 90.122 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Ethereal
Density: 0.92 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: −97 °C (−143 °F; 176 K)
Boiling point: 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible
log P: -0.45
Molecular Weight: 90.12
Appearance Form: liquid, clear
Color: colorless
Odor: ethanolic
Odor Threshold: No data available

pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: -96 °C at 1.013 hPa - (ECHA)
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 118 - 119 °C - lit.
Flash point: 34 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 16 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 1,8 %(V)
Vapor pressure: 14,53 hPa at 25 °C
Vapor density: 3,11 - (Air = 1.0)
Density: 0,916 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: 1.000 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water

Pow: < 1 at 20 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 1,7 mPa.s at 25 °C
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 70,7 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: 3,11 - (Air = 1.0)
Boiling point: 120 °C (1013 mbar)
Density: 0.921 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.7 - 11.5 %(V)
Flash point: 34 °C
Ignition temperature: 287 °C

Melting Point: -96 °C
pH value: 4 - 7 (200 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 11.33 hPa (20 °C)
Physical Form (at 20°C): Liquid
Boiling Point: 118-119°C(lit.)
Flash Point: 34°C
Refractive Index: 1.403
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place
Molecular Weight: 90.12
XLogP3-AA: -0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 90.068079557
Monoisotopic Mass: 90.068079557
Topological Polar Surface Area: 29.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6

Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 28.7
Appearance: colorless clear liquid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.92200 @ 25.00 °C.
Melting Point: 119.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 119.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 8.152000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 93.00 °F. TCC ( 33.89 °C. )
logP (o/w): -0.342 (est)
Soluble in:
alcohol
water, 1000000 mg/L @ 25 °C
water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)



FIRST AID MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 120 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
1-Methoxypropan-2-ol
PGME
1-Methoxy-2-propanol
Methoxypropanol
α-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
1-Methoxy-2-propanol
1-Methoxypropan-2-ol
PGME
Methoxyisopropanol
Closol
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
2-Propanol, 1-methoxy-
Dowtherm 209
Poly-Solve MPM
Propasol solvent M
Dowanol 33B
2-Methoxy-1-methylethanol
1-Methoxy-2-hydroxypropane
PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER
2-Propanol, methoxy-
Propylene glycol 1-methyl ether
NSC 2409
Dowanol-33B
1-methoxy-propan-2-ol
.alpha.-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
Methyl proxitol
DSSTox_CID_4284
DSSTox_RID_77354
DSSTox_GSID_24284
UNII-74Z7JO8V3U
Ucar Solvent LM (Obs.)
HSDB 1016
UN3092
BRN 1731270
propyleneglycol monomethylether
AI3-15573
Glycol ether pm
Ucar solvent lm
Solvent PM
Gylcol Ether PM
Icinol PM
Poly-solv MPM
74Z7JO8V3U
Methoxy-2-propanol
3-methoxy-propan-2-ol
Propan-1-methoxy-2-ol
rac-1-methoxy-2-propanol
1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL 1-MONOMETHYL ETHER
2-methoxy-1-methyl ethanol
Propan-2-ol, 1-methoxy-
3-01-00-02146
propylene glycol monomethylether
1-Methoxy-2-propanol, 98%
Propyleneglycol monomethyl ether
Methoxypropanol, .alpha. isomer
CHEMBL3186306
DTXSID8024284
NSC2409
WLN: QY1 & 1O1
propylene glycol mono methyl ether
(+/-)2-methoxy-1-methylethanol
NSC-2409
Propylene Glycol 1-Monomethyl Ether
Tox21_201803
Tox21_303269
7109AF
1-Methoxy-2-propanol, >=99.5%
AKOS009158246
MCULE-7513310960
SB44649
SB44662
NCGC00249123-01
NCGC00256978-01
NCGC00259352-01
1-Methoxy-2-propanol, analytical standard
DB-016688
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Reagent Grade
FT-0608005
FT-0647598
FT-0654880
FT-0655258
M0126
E72455
Q1884806
1-Methoxy-2-propanol
Z1262237356
2-Propanol, 1-methoxy-
propylene glycol methyl ether
propylene glycol monomethyl ether
Propylene glycol methyl ether,Propyleneglycol monomethyl ether
PGME
Closol
Dowanol pm
MeCH(OH)CH2OMe
PGMME
1-methoxy-2-hydroxypropane
PM-EL
dowanol33b
2-methoxyisopropanol
Propylene Glycol 1-Monomethyl Ether
Solvent PM
Icinol PM
1-methoxy 2-propanol