Synonyms: Unii-vh2xou12ie;Polydextrose (200 mg);Polydextrose type 2;Water-soluble dietary fiber;POLYDEXTROSE;Poly-D-glucose;POLYDEXTROSE,UNTREATED,FCC;dextrose/ sorbitol condensation polymer CAS: 68424-04-4

poly(dimethylsiloxane); PDMS; dimethicone; dimethylpolysiloxane; E900 CAS NO:63148-62-9

Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS PDMS Names IUPAC name poly(dimethylsiloxane) Other names PDMS dimethicone dimethylpolysiloxane E900 Identifiers CAS Number 63148-62-9 ☒ 3D model (JSmol) n = 12: Interactive image ChemSpider none ECHA InfoCard 100.126.442 E number E900 (glazing agents, ...) UNII 92RU3N3Y1O check CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID0049573 Properties Chemical formula (C2H6OSi)n Density 965 kg/m3 Melting point N/A (vitrifies) Boiling point N/A (vitrifies) Pharmacology ATC code P03AX05 (WHO) Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 110 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☒ verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.[1] Polydimethylsiloxane is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer due to its versatility and properties leading to many applications.[2] It is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable. It is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane). Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is also present in shampoos (as it makes hair shiny and slippery), food (antifoaming agent), caulking, lubricants and heat-resistant tiles. Structure The chemical formula for Polydimethylsiloxane is CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [SiO(CH3)2] units.[3] Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethyldichlorosilane and water by the following net reaction: The polymerization reaction evolves hydrochloric acid. For medical and domestic applications, a process was developed in which the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups. In this case, the polymerization produces acetic acid, which is less chemically aggressive than HCl. As a side-effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case. The acetate is used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives. Branching and capping Hydrolysis of Si(CH3)2Cl2 generates a polymer that is terminated with silanol groups (−Si(CH3)2OH]). These reactive centers are typically "capped" by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride: 2 Si(CH3)3Cl + [Si(CH3)2O]n−2[Si(CH3)2OH]2 → [Si(CH3)2O]n−2[Si(CH3)2O Si(CH3)3]2 + 2 HCl Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain. Under ideal conditions, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This can be used to produce hard silicone resins. In a similar manner, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain. Well-defined Polydimethylsiloxane with a low polydispersity index and high homogeneity is produced by controlled anionic ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane. Using this methodology it is possible to synthesize linear block copolymers, heteroarm star-shaped block copolymers and many other macromolecular architectures. The polymer is manufactured in multiple viscosities, ranging from a thin pourable liquid (when n is very low), to a thick rubbery semi-solid (when n is very high). Polydimethylsiloxane molecules have quite flexible polymer backbones (or chains) due to their siloxane linkages, which are analogous to the ether linkages used to impart rubberiness to polyurethanes. Such flexible chains become loosely entangled when molecular weight is high, which results in PDMS' unusually high level of viscoelasticity. Mechanical properties Polydimethylsiloxane is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey. However, at short flow times (or low temperatures), it acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber. Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers.[4] The loading and unloading of a stress-strain curve for Polydimethylsiloxane do not coincide; rather, the amount of stress will vary based on the degree of strain, and the general rule is that increasing strain will result in greater stiffness. When the load itself is removed, the strain is slowly recovered (rather than instantaneously). This time-dependent elastic deformation results from the long-chains of the polymer. But the process that is described above is only relevant when cross-linking is present; when it is not, the polymer Polydimethylsiloxane cannot shift back to the original state even when the load is removed, resulting in a permanent deformation. However, permanent deformation is rarely seen in PDMS, since it is almost always cured with a cross-linking agent. If some Polydimethylsiloxane is left on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections. However, if the same Polydimethylsiloxane is poured into a spherical mold and allowed to cure (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.[3] The mechanical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane enable this polymer to conform to a diverse variety of surfaces. Since these properties are affected by a variety of factors, this unique polymer is relatively easy to tune. This enables Polydimethylsiloxane to become a good substrate that can easily be integrated into a variety of microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems.[5][6] Specifically, the determination of mechanical properties can be decided before Polydimethylsiloxane is cured; the uncured version allows the user to capitalize on myriad opportunities for achieving a desirable elastomer. Generally, the cross-linked cured version of Polydimethylsiloxane resembles rubber in a solidified form. It is widely known to be easily stretched, bent, compressed in all directions.[7] Depending on the application and field, the user is able to tune the properties based on what is demanded. Fabric embedded within PDMS. This technique enables a user to retain a thin layer of Polydimethylsiloxane as a substrate while achieving a higher stiffness through the insertion of reinforcement. Linear relationship in Sylgard 184 Polydimethylsiloxane between curing temperature and Young's modulus Overall Polydimethylsiloxane has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a rubber.[8][9][10] Viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be more precisely measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. This method requires determination of the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations. Because of PDMS's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment. The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane varies with preparation conditions, and consequently dramatically varies in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa. The loss tangent is very low (tan δ ≪ 0.001).[10] Chemical compatibility Polydimethylsiloxane is hydrophobic.[6] Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface. Atmospheric air plasma and argon plasma will work for this application. This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet it. The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes. After a certain amount of time, recovery of the surface's hydrophobicity is inevitable, regardless of whether the surrounding medium is vacuum, air, or water; the oxidized surface is stable in air for about 30 minutes.[11] Alternatively, for applications where long-term hydrophilicity is a requirement, techniques such as hydrophilic polymer grafting, surface nanostructuring, and dynamic surface modification with embedded surfactants can be of use. [12] Solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples (whether surface-oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material. Thus Polydimethylsiloxane structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation. However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell.[6] Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with PDMS, for instance within the channels of Polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices. The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent. Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane to the greatest extent; solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent. Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent. Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.[13] Applications Surfactants and antifoaming agents Polydimethylsiloxane is a common surfactant and is a component of defoamers.[14] PDMS, in a modified form, is used as an herbicide penetrant[15] and is a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings, such as Rain-X.[16] Hydraulic fluids and related applications Dimethicone is also the active silicone fluid in automotive viscous limited slip differentials and couplings. This is usually a non-serviceable OEM component but can be replaced with mixed performance results due to variances in effectiveness caused by refill weights or non-standard pressurizations.[citation needed] Soft lithography Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips.[17] The process of soft lithography consists of creating an elastic stamp, which enables the transfer of patterns of only a few nanometers in size onto glass, silicon or polymer surfaces. With this type of technique, it is possible to produce devices that can be used in the areas of optic telecommunications or biomedical research. The stamp is produced from the normal techniques of photolithography or electron-beam lithography. The resolution depends on the mask used and can reach 6 nm.[18] In biomedical (or biological) microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS), soft lithography is used extensively for microfluidics in both organic and inorganic contexts. Silicon wafers are used to design channels, and Polydimethylsiloxane is then poured over these wafers and left to harden. When removed, even the smallest of details is left imprinted in the PDMS. With this particular Polydimethylsiloxane block, hydrophilic surface modification is conducted using plasma etching techniques. Plasma treatment disrupts surface silicon-oxygen bonds, and a plasma-treated glass slide is usually placed on the activated side of the Polydimethylsiloxane (the plasma-treated, now hydrophilic side with imprints). Once activation wears off and bonds begin to reform, silicon-oxygen bonds are formed between the surface atoms of the glass and the surface atoms of the PDMS, and the slide becomes permanently sealed to the PDMS, thus creating a waterproof channel. With these devices, researchers can utilize various surface chemistry techniques for different functions creating unique lab-on-a-chip devices for rapid parallel testing.[5] Polydimethylsiloxane can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.[citation needed] Polydimethylsiloxane can be directly patterned by surface-charge lithography.[19] Polydimethylsiloxane is being used in the making of synthetic gecko adhesion dry adhesive materials, to date only in laboratory test quantities.[20] Some flexible electronics researchers use Polydimethylsiloxane because of its low cost, easy fabrication, flexibility, and optical transparency.[21] Stereo lithography In stereo lithography (SLA) 3D printing, light is projected onto photocuring resin to selectively cure it. Some types of SLA printer are cured from the bottom of the tank of resin and therefore require the growing model to be peeled away from the base in order for each printed layer to be supplied with a fresh film of uncured resin. A Polydimethylsiloxane layer at the bottom of the tank assists this process by absorbing oxygen : the presence of oxygen adjacent to the resin prevents it adhering to the PDMS, and the optically clear Polydimethylsiloxane permits the projected image to pass through to the resin undistorted. Medicine and cosmetics Activated dimethicone, a mixture of Polydimethylsiloxane s and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is often used in over-the-counter drugs as an antifoaming agent and carminative.[22][23] It has also been at least proposed for use in contact lenses.[24] Silicone breast implants are made out of a Polydimethylsiloxane elastomer shell, to which fumed amorphous silica is added, encasing Polydimethylsiloxane gel or saline solution. [25] In addition, Polydimethylsiloxane is useful as a lice or flea treatment because of its ability to trap insects.[26] It also works as a moisturizer that is lighter and more breathable than typical oils. Skin Polydimethylsiloxane is used variously in the cosmetic and consumer product industry as well. For example, Polydimethylsiloxane can be used in the treatment of head lice on the scalp[26] and dimethicone is used widely in skin-moisturizing lotions where it is listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protection." Some cosmetic formulations use dimethicone and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that dimethicone and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations."[27] Hair Polydimethylsiloxane compounds such as amodimethicone, are effective conditioners when formulated to consist of small particles and be soluble in water or alcohol/act as surfactants[28][29] (especially for damaged hair[30]), and are even more conditioning to the hair than common dimethicone and/or dimethicone copolyols.[31] Contact Lenses A proposed use of Polydimethylsiloxane is contact lens cleaning. Its physical properties of low elastic modulus and hydrophobicity have been used to clean micro and nano pollutants from contact lens surfaces more effectively than multipurpose solution and finger rubbing; the researchers involved call the technique PoPPR (polymer on polymer pollution removal) and note that it is highly effective at removing nanoplastic that has adhered to lenses.[32] Flea treatment for pets Dimethicone is the active ingredient in a liquid applied to the back of the neck of a cat or dog from a small one time use dose disposable pipette. The parasite becomes trapped and immoblised in the substance and thus breaks the life cycle of the insect. Foods Polydimethylsiloxane is added to many cooking oils (as an antifoaming agent) to prevent oil splatter during the cooking process. As a result of this, Polydimethylsiloxane can be found in trace quantities in many fast food items such as McDonald's Chicken McNuggets, french fries, hash browns, milkshakes and smoothies[33] and Wendy's french fries.[34] Under European food additive regulations, it is listed as E900. Condom lubricant Polydimethylsiloxane is widely used as a condom lubricant.[35][36] Domestic and niche uses Many people are indirectly familiar with Polydimethylsiloxane because it is an important component in Silly Putty, to which Polydimethylsiloxane imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties.[37] Another toy Polydimethylsiloxane is used in is Kinetic Sand. The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known. Polydimethylsiloxane is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications. Polydimethylsiloxane has also been used as a filler fluid in breast implants. It can be used as a sorbent for the analysis of headspace (dissolved gas analysis) of food.[38] Safety and environmental considerations According to Ullmann's Encyclopedia, no "marked harmful effects on organisms in the environment" have been noted for siloxanes. Polydimethylsiloxane is nonbiodegradable, but is absorbed in waste water treatment facilities. Its degradation is catalyzed by various clays. Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of the high-performance polymers, with unique physical and chemical properties like flexible, thermo-tolerant, resistant to oxidation, ease of fabrication, tunable hardness, and other desirable properties. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the simplest member of the silicone polymer family. It is formed by hydrolyzing Me2SiCl2, which is produced from high-purity SiO2 and CH2Cl2 by the Muller–Rochow reaction. The term “silicone” was coined by chemist F. S. Kipping in 1901. Low–molecular weight Polydimethylsiloxane is a liquid used in lubricants, antifoaming agents, and hydraulic fluids. Its use in breast implants is not as popular as it once was because of safety concerns. At higher molecular weights, Polydimethylsiloxane is a soft, compliant rubber or resin. It is used in caulks, sealants, an even Silly Putty. More recently, Polydimethylsiloxane resins have been used in soft lithography, a key process in biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS). Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane IUPAC name poly(dimethylsiloxane) Other names PDMS dimethicone E900 Identifiers CAS number 63148-62-9 Properties Molecular formula (C2H6OSi)n Density 965 kg m−3 Melting point N/A (vitrifies) Boiling point below about 200 °C Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers, caulking, lubricating oils and heat resistant tiles. Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear, and is generally considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable. It has been assigned CAS number 63148-62-9, and is occasionally called dimethicone. It is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane). Chemistry The chemical formula for Polydimethylsiloxane is (H3C)3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [SiO(CH3)2] units. Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethylchlorosilane and water by the following net reaction: n [Si(CH3)2Cl2] + n [H2O] → [Si(CH3)2O]n + 2n HCl During polymerization, this reaction evolves potentially hazardous hydrogen chloride gas. For medical uses, a process was developed where the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups, so that the reaction product of the final curing process is nontoxic acetic acid (vinegar). As a side effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case. This is the chemistry used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives. Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain. Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This can be used to produce hard silicone resins. Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain. The polymer is manufactured in multiple viscosities, ranging from a thin pourable liquid (when n is very low), to a thick rubbery semi-solid (when n is very high). Polydimethylsiloxane molecules have quite flexible polymer backbones (or chains) due to their siloxane linkages, which are analogous to the ether linkages used to impart rubberiness to polyurethanes. Such flexible chains become loosely entangled when molecular weight is high, which results in Polydimethylsiloxane having an unusually high level of viscoelasticity. Mechanical properties Polydimethylsiloxane is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey. However at short flow times (or low temperatures) it acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber. In other words, if you leave some Polydimethylsiloxane on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections. However if you roll the same Polydimethylsiloxane into a sphere and throw it onto the same surface (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball. Although the viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be intuitively observed using the simple experiment described above, they can be more accurately measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. This involves using a specialized instrument to determine the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations. Because of PDMS's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment. The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane varies with preparation conditions, but is typically in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa. The loss tangent is very low (\tan\delta\ll0.001).[1] Chemical compatibility After polymerization and cross-linking, solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples will present an external hydrophobic surface.[2] This surface chemistry makes it difficult for polar solvents (such as water) to wet the Polydimethylsiloxane surface, and may lead to adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants. Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface. This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet (this is frequently required for, e.g. water-based microfluidics). The oxidized surface resists adsorption of hydrophobic and negatively charged species. The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes. Oxidized surfaces are stable for ~30 minutes in air, after a certain time hydrophobic recovery of the surface is inevitable independently of the surrounding medium whether it is vacuum, air or water.[3] Solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples (whether surface oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material. Thus Polydimethylsiloxane structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation. However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell,[2] making them incompatible with Polydimethylsiloxane devices. Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane, for instance within the channels of Polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices. The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent. Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane to the greatest extent, solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent. Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent. Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.[4] Applications Many people are indirectly familiar with Polydimethylsiloxane because it is an important (4%) component in Silly Putty, to which Polydimethylsiloxane imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties. The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known. Polydimethylsiloxane is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications. Polydimethylsiloxane has also been used as a filler fluid in breast implants, although this practice has decreased somewhat, due to safety concerns. It continues to be used in knuckle replacement implants, with good results. Activated dimethicone, a mixture of Polydimethylsiloxane s and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is used in Over-the-counter drug as an anti-foaming agent and carminative. As a food additive, it has the E number E900 and is used as an anti-foaming agent and an anti-caking agent. Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips. Polydimethylsiloxane can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks. Polydimethylsiloxane can be used in the treatment of head lice. Dimethicone is also used widely in skin moisturizing lotions, listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protectant." Some cosmetic formulations use dimethicone and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that dimethicone and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations" [1] Polydimethylsiloxane is also used in analytical chemistry as a component of some types of SPME fibers. Introduction Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a commonly used silicon-based organic polymer. Due to its unique mechanical, chemical, and optical properties, it has become integrated into many optical and micro-fluidic devices. Polydimethylsiloxane can be purchased as a two-part kit. The kit consists of a base and a cross-linking agent. The two parts are in a viscous liquid form until mixed and cross-linking occurs. The cross-linking procedure will occur without other aid once the two parts are mixed. However, the procedure can be greatly accelerated with heat. The mixing ratios and curing procedures used during development determine the mechanical, chemical, and optical properties of the final solid. 2. Polydimethylsiloxane Mechanical Properties When cross-linked, Polydimethylsiloxane acts like a rubbery solid. In this state, the polymer does not permanently deform when under stress or strain. Rather, the elastic polymer will return to its original shape when released. The elastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane are highly dependent on the amount of cross-linking agent (often is used methyltrichlorosilane) integrated into the polymer. The higher the concentration of the cross-linking agent, the more solid the final polymer becomes. With little or no cross-linking agent, the polymer will remain a viscous liquid. Since the curing process changes Polydimethylsiloxane from a liquid into an elastic solid, Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used in micro-fabrication molds. Polydimethylsiloxane has been also used as walls for micro-fluidic channels and as a silicon wafer bonding agent. [1] 3. Polydimethylsiloxane Chemical Properties Polydimethylsiloxane is generally considered to be chemically inert and also notably hydrophobic, meaning that water cannot easily penetrate its surface. This property has led extended use of Polydimethylsiloxane in micro-fluidics. However, most organic solvents can still penetrate the Polydimethylsiloxane surface, limiting its versatility. Polydimethylsiloxane has also increasingly been used in extraction processes, where Polydimethylsiloxane is used to remove organic contaminants from water for analysis. As organic solvents are absorbed into the polymer, the volume of the polymer must increase, or swell, referred to the volume of the introduced chemicals. The solubility parameter of each chemical determines the amount of swelling that occurs. Neither chemical absorption, nor physical swelling are permanent. The absorbed chemicals can just as easily diffuse out of the polymer as they can diffuse in. The diffusion mechanics are dependent on equilibrium states between the polymer and the surrounding medium. Therefore, absorbed chemicals will remain in the polymer as long as a similar concentration of that chemical exists in the surrounding medium at the Polydimethylsiloxane surface. If the concentration in the medium decreases, then diffusion mechanics will cause the absorbed chemical to naturally flow out of the Polydimethylsiloxane until a new equilibrium is met. 4. Polydimethylsiloxane Optical Properties Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear at a wide range of wavelengths. In addition, the curing time and temperature used during cross-linking can determine the refractive index (RI) of the bulk. Since the polymer can be easily molded, it has been used to form lenses and waveguides. Also, the effective refractive index and the absorption spectrum of Polydimethylsiloxane are changed when organic compounds are physically absorbed into the polymer. These properties have created the basis for several fiber-optic based chemical sensors. Through monitoring changes in refractive index or absorption spectrum, chemical concentrations absorbed into a volume of Polydimethylsiloxane may be identified and characterized. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fluids are available in a broad range of viscosities and are used in a wide range of applications. Polydimethylsiloxane fluids are known in the beauty and personal care industry by their INCI name, i.e.“dimethicone.” The Dow Corning commercial name of Polydimethylsiloxane is XIAMETER®.[ 2 ] Very-low-viscosity (≤ 2 cSt) Polydimethylsiloxane fluids are categorized as volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS). In the United States, VMS fluids are exempt from regulation as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Features And Benefits of PDMS Excellent water repellency Good dielectric properties over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies. Low glass transition (Tg) temperature Low surface tension Heat stability Oxidation resistance Very low vapor pressure High flash point Inert, nonreactive Typical Uses Mechanical fluids Dielectric coolants Insulating and damping fluids for electrical and electronic equipment Release agents Foam control Surface active fluids Lubricants Ingredients for cosmetic and personal care formulations, polishes and specialty chemical products Plastics additives Most Polydimethylsiloxane s are non-volatile organosilicon polymers consisting of (CH3)2 SiO structural units as shown below : Polydimethylsiloxane s Polydimethylsiloxane structure, where typically x > 4 Various Polydimethylsiloxane fluids are linear, ranging in viscosity from very low to ultrahigh viscosities. Polydimethylsiloxane fluids draw strength, stability and flexibility from their siloxane backbone. Polydimethylsiloxane fluids gain inertness, lubricity, release properties and water repellency from their attached methyl groups,. Consequently, they are used in a wide range of industrial applications, such as paper, leather goods or textiles. They often serve as antifoams, softeners or water repellents. [3] Polydimethylsiloxane fluids can also be found in auto motive care products, personal – and household products. 5. Environment and Recycling Due to their wide range of applications, Polydimethylsiloxane fluids can enter the environment in different ways. Since they are non-volatile, Polydimethylsiloxane do not evaporate into the atmosphere. In household products, only very small quantities of Polydimethylsiloxane fluids can be washed from the surfaces to which they have been applied , eventually into the soil or a water treatment plant. This is the case for personal care products such as conditioners and shampoos, that are rinsed away after use and consequently the Polydimethylsiloxane they contain is carried with water to the treatment site. In industrial applications, where Polydimethylsiloxane are used as surface treatments or process aids, small quantities may be found in process water too. About 17% of the total Polydimethylsiloxane production volume worldwide is used in “ down – the – drain” applications. End-use industrial products such as transformer fluids are used in contained appli

Polydimethylsiloxane, also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication.
Polydimethylsiloxane is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


CAS Number: 9006-65-9
E number: E900 (glazing agents, ...)
Chemical formula: CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3


Polydimethylsiloxane is the simplest member of the silicone polymer family.
Polydimethylsiloxane is formed by hydrolyzing Me2SiCl2, which is produced from high-purity SiO2 and CH2Cl2 by the Muller–Rochow reaction.
The term “silicone” was coined by chemist F. S. Kipping in 1901.


At higher molecular weights, Polydimethylsiloxane is a soft, compliant rubber or resin.
Polydimethylsiloxane is a silicone elastomer most often used in microfluidic or lab-on-a-chip applications to form devices with defined microstructures.
Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear, and is generally considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable.


Polydimethylsiloxane is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane is a colorless and transparent new polymer materials, a variety of different viscosities (5cps ~ 2million cps), the liquid from flowing easily into a thick semi-solid material.


Polydimethylsiloxane has a special smoothness, softness, hydrophobicity, good chemical stability, excellent electrical insulation and resistance to high temperature.
Polydimethylsiloxane has been assigned CAS number 63148-62-9, and is occasionally called dimethicone.


Polydimethylsiloxane has high flash point, low freezing point, long-term using between -50 ℃ ~ +200 ℃, low viscosity-temperature coefficient, high compression ratio, low surface tension,water-repellent moisture resistance, low heat conduction coefficient.
Polydimethylsiloxane consists of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers containing repeating units of the formula [(CH3)2SiO] with trimethylsiloxy end-blocking units of the formula (CH3)3SiO-.


The additive is produced by hydrolysis of a mixture of dimethyldichlorosilane and a small quantity of trimethylchlorosilane.
The average molecular weights of the linear polymers range from
approximately 6,800 to 30,000.


Polydimethylsiloxane belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are referred to as silicones and is the most widely used silicon-based organic-polymer.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is particularly known for its unusual rheological or flow properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear and inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.
Polydimethylsiloxane is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane is a non-conducting, silicone-based elastomer that is of widespread interest due to its flexibility and ease of micromolding for the rapid prototyping of microdevices and systems.


Also examined are the properties which make polydimethylsiloxane an excellent candidate for understanding complex biological behaviors, including its transparency for applying optical methods, biocompatibility and nontoxicity, high conformity with cells and other biostructures, gas permeability for the transfer of nutrients and oxygen, and flexibility.


In the subsequent study, a hybrid material of titanium dioxide and polydimethylsiloxane is obtained and characterized using a sol-gel and electrospraying method.
These results indicate that the hybrid material may be viable as an adsorbent, and that the optimization of the process could reduce both cost and analysis time.


In order to further the applications of polydimethylsiloxane, the closing study describes the steps in the fabrication of its plasmonic structure, and also examines the switching effect of the sample.
Polydimethylsiloxane, also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication.


Polydimethylsiloxane is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.
Polydimethylsiloxane is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).


Polydimethylsiloxane's applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is also present in shampoos (as it makes hair shiny and slippery), food (antifoaming agent), caulk, lubricants and heat-resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane emulsion is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane, called PDMS or dimethicone, is a polymer widely used for the fabrication and prototyping of microfluidic chips.
Polydimethylsiloxane is a mineral-organic polymer (a structure containing carbon and silicon) of the siloxane family (word derived from silicon, oxygen and alkane).


For the fabrication of microfluidic devices, Polydimethylsiloxane (liquid) mixed with a cross-linking agent is poured into a microstructured mold and heated to obtain a elastomeric replica of the mold (cross-linked).
All silicones are characterised by the repeating siloxane unit which consists of one Si-O group each.


A wide range of side groups can be bound to the silicon atom.
With Polydimethylsiloxane, they are methyl groups CH3.
Various chain ends can be coupled to the polymer.
Often, this is the trimethylsiloxyl group Si-SH3.


The shortest molecule consisting only of the two end groups without dimethysiloxane monomer units is hexamethyl disiloxane HMDSO; it is very important as a process gas for hydrophobic plasma coating.
Polydimethylsiloxane is a linear polymers which are liquid up to very high molecular weights.
But they can be crosslinked, which gives them elastomeric properties.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Hydraulic fluids and related applications: Polydimethylsiloxane is used in the active silicone fluid in automotive viscous limited slip differentials and couplings.
Many people are indirectly familiar with Polydimethylsiloxane because it is an important (4%) component in Silly Putty, to which PDMS imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties.


The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known.
Polydimethylsiloxane is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications.


Polydimethylsiloxane has also been used as a filler fluid in breast implants, although this practice has decreased somewhat, due to safety concerns.
Polydimethylsiloxane continues to be used in knuckle replacement implants, with good results.
Activated dimethicone, a mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is used in Over-the-counter drug as an anti-foaming agent and carminative.


As a food additive, Polydimethylsiloxane has the E number E900 and is used as an anti-foaming agent and an anti-caking agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips.


Polydimethylsiloxane can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.
Polydimethylsiloxane can be used in the treatment of head lice.
Polydimethylsiloxane is also used widely in skin moisturizing lotions, listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protectant."


Some cosmetic formulations use dimethicone and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that dimethicone and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations.
Polydimethylsiloxane is also used in analytical chemistry as a component of some types of SPME fibers.


Polydimethylsiloxane is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane's applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers, caulking, lubricating oils and heat resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane is used in caulks, sealants, an even Silly Putty.


More recently, Polydimethylsiloxane resins have been used in soft lithography, a key process in biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS).
Condom lubricant: Polydimethylsiloxane is widely used as a condom lubricant.
Polydimethylsiloxane is used Component of defoamers, Ingredient in water-repellent coatings, Plasticizer in silicone sealants, Stamp resin in the procedure of soft-lithography, Lubricant in condoms, A component in silicone grease, A component in heat-transfer fluids, A component in mold-release agents, and

Sorbent for the analysis of head-space.
In addition to applications in microfluidics, Polydimethylsiloxane has been widely used in the fabrication of biomodels (flow phantom) for the in vitro hemodynamic study of diseases such as aneurysms and stenosis.


The biomodels developed in Polydimethylsiloxane allow good replicability of the lumen of the arteries and good transparency, being ideal for the application of optical techniques of micro particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV), particle image velocimetry (PIV), particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and non-evasive techniques.


These experimental tests have provided a greater understanding of these pathologies, validated numerical techniques, and tested medical devices such as stents.
Polydimethylsiloxane has also been investigated in the field of medical implants.
Polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS for short, is a polymer of the silicones type; it is used very often and for many different purposes.


These types of implants are usually made with titanium or Polydimethylsiloxane alloys; however, such materials do not allow good osseointegration.
In order to overcome this limitation, Polydimethylsiloxane has been studied to produce coatings with microscale features that help the bonding between the implant and the bone.


The main characteristics for its use in implants are its high biocompatibility, excellent resistance to biodegradation and flexibility, which makes Polydimethylsiloxane one of the most successful polymers in implanted devices, presenting only mild foreign body reactions.
Common applications of Polydimethylsiloxane include cardiac pacemakers, cuff and book electrodes in the PNS, cochlear implants, bladder and pain controllers and planar electrode arrays in the CNS.


Further, Polydimethylsiloxane is used in contact lenses, medical devices to elastomers and in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery).
Polydimethylsiloxane finds application as an antifoaming agent in food, caulking, lubricants, kinetic sand and heat-resistant tiles.
In addition to this, Polydimethylsiloxane serves as a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings such as Rain-X.


Polydimethylsiloxane is an elastomer with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties, which makes it well-suited for several engineering applications.
Due to its biocompatibility, Polydimethylsiloxane is widely used for biomedical purposes.


Polydimethylsiloxane is an elastomeric polymer with interesting properties for biomedical applications, including physiological indifference, excellent resistance to biodegradation, biocompatibility, chemical stability, gas permeability, good mechanical properties, excellent optical transparency and simple fabrication by replica moulding.


Some properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be improved by adding additives.
Due to these characteristics, Polydimethylsiloxane has been widely used in micropumps, catheter surfaces, dressings and bandages, microvalves, optical systems, in the in vitro study of diseases, in implants, in microfluidics and photonics.


Soft-lithography techniques such as micro-contact printing, replica moulding, micro-transfer moulding, micro-moulding in capillaries and solvent-assisted micro-moulding usually require the use of Polydimethylsiloxane to create an elastomeric stamp or mould that incorporates nano- and microstructures for the transfer of patterns onto a subsequent substrate.


Apart from microfluidics, Polydimethylsiloxane is used as a food additive (E900), in shampoos, and as an anti-foaming agent in beverages or in lubricating oils.
Polydimethylsiloxane is used release agent, lubricant, antifoam agent, liquid dielectric for electrical and electronic equipment, polish additive, additive for textile and fiber auxiliaries, chemical auxiliary material, glass vial and lens coating, penetrating oil ingredient, and surface active agent.


Polydimethylsiloxane is an almost inert polymer which is highly resistant to oxidation, but it can also be used as an electric insulator in organic electronics (micro-electronics or polymer electronics) or in biological micro-analytics.
One of the most frequent applications of low-pressure plasma with Polydimethylsiloxane is in the field of micro-fluidic systems; here, a certain polydimethysiloxane (such as Sylgard 184) is structured by the customer to match the respective application.


Next, a plasma treatment is carried out and the Polydimethylsiloxane chip can be irreversibly attached to a glass plate, a silicon surface or another substrate.
Moreover, soft-lithography technology has driven the use of Polydimethylsiloxane in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications and in microfluidic components.


-MEMS are approaches that use electronic and mechanical technologies to deal with biomedical problems on the micro-scale.
Candidate polymers for the production of MEMS are polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE) and Polydimethylsiloxane.

Additionally, Polydimethylsiloxane is the most commonly used material in the manufacturing of microfluidic devices, which are an important technology for the development of systems such as drug delivery, DNA sequencing, clinical diagnostics, point of care testing and chemical synthesis.
The used materials in these systems should be biocompatible, optically transparent and provide fast prototyping and low fabrication cost, features found in Polydimethylsiloxane.


-Surfactants and antifoaming agents:
Polydimethylsiloxane derivatives are common surfactants and are a component of defoamers.
Polydimethylsiloxane, in a modified form, is used as an herbicide penetrant and is a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings, such as Rain-X.


-Daytime radiative cooling:
Polydimethylsiloxane is a common surface material used in passive daytime radiative cooling as a broadband emitter that is high in solar reflectivity and heat emissivity.
Many tested surfaces use Polydimethylsiloxane because of its potential scalability as a low-cost polymer.
As a daytime radiative cooling surface, Polydimethylsiloxane has also been tested to improve solar cell efficiency.


-Stereo lithography:
In stereo lithography (SLA) 3D printing, light is projected onto photocuring resin to selectively cure it.
Some types of SLA printer are cured from the bottom of the tank of resin and therefore require the growing model to be peeled away from the base in order for each printed layer to be supplied with a fresh film of uncured resin.
A Polydimethylsiloxane layer at the bottom of the tank assists this process by absorbing oxygen : the presence of oxygen adjacent to the resin prevents it adhering to the Polydimethylsiloxane, and the optically clear PDMS permits the projected image to pass through to the resin undistorted.


-Medicine and cosmetics:
Activated dimethicone, a mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is often used in over-the-counter drugs as an antifoaming agent and carminative.
Polydimethylsiloxane also works as a moisturizer that is lighter and more breathable than typical oils.

Silicone breast implants are made out of a Polydimethylsiloxane elastomer shell, to which fumed amorphous silica is added, encasing PDMS gel or saline solution.
The use of Polydimethylsiloxane in the manufacture of contact lenses was patented (later abandoned).


-Skin:
Polydimethylsiloxane is used variously in the cosmetic and consumer product industry as well.
For example, dimethicone is used widely in skin-moisturizing lotions where Polydimethylsiloxane is listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protection.
Some cosmetic formulations use dimethicone and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that dimethicone and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations.


-Hair:
Polydimethylsiloxane compounds such as amodimethicone, are effective conditioners when formulated to consist of small particles and be soluble in water or alcohol/act as surfactants (especially for damaged hair), and are even more conditioning to the hair than common dimethicone and/or dimethicone copolyols.


-Contact lenses:
A proposed use of Polydimethylsiloxane is contact lens cleaning.
Its physical properties of low elastic modulus and hydrophobicity have been used to clean micro and nano pollutants from contact lens surfaces more effectively than multipurpose solution and finger rubbing; the researchers involved call the technique PoPPR (polymer on polymer pollution removal) and note that it is highly effective at removing nanoplastic that has adhered to lenses.


-As anti-parasitic:
Polydimethylsiloxane is effective for treating lice in humans.
This is thought to be due not to suffocation (or poisoning), but to Polydimethylsiloxane's blocking water excretion, which causes insects to die from physiological stress either through prolonged immobilisation or disruption of internal organs such as the gut.

Polydimethylsiloxane is the active ingredient in an anti-flea preparation sprayed on a cat, found to be equally effective to a widely used more toxic pyriproxifen/permethrin spray.
The parasite becomes trapped and immobilised in Polydimethylsiloxane, inhibiting adult flea emergence for over three weeks.


-Foods:
Polydimethylsiloxane is added to many cooking oils (as an anti-foaming agent) to prevent oil splatter during the cooking process.
As a result of this, Polydimethylsiloxane can be found in trace quantities in many fast food items such as McDonald's Chicken McNuggets, french fries, hash browns, milkshakes and smoothies and Wendy's french fries.
Under European food additive regulations, Polydimethylsiloxane is listed as E900.


-Domestic and niche uses:
Many people are indirectly familiar with PDMS because it is an important component in Silly Putty, to which Polydimethylsiloxane imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties.
Another toy Polydimethylsiloxane is used in is Kinetic Sand.

The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known.
Polydimethylsiloxane is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications.
Polydimethylsiloxane can be used as a sorbent for the analysis of headspace (dissolved gas analysis) of food.



HOW TO USE POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Because Polydimethylsiloxane have special and excellent physical and chemical function, it can be used in many different industries:
1. Polydimethylsiloxane is used cosmetic industry for skin care cream, bath gel, shampoo and other cosmetic formulations with excellent softness and silky feel.

2. Polydimethylsiloxane is used rubber, plastic, latex, polyurethane, light industry: as a model release agent, brightener agent and release agent of some rubber, plastic, latex , polyurethane products and handicraft production.

3. Polydimethylsiloxane is used machinery, automotive, instrumentation, electronics and other industries used as high-grade lubricants, liquid springs, cutting fluids, buffers oil, transformer oil, high temperature brake fluid, brake fluid, instrumentation damping oil, mold release agents and other modeling framework.

4. Polydimethylsiloxane is used textile, apparel industry as a softener, water repellent, feel modifiers, sewing thread lubrication, chemical fiber spinneret pressure lubrication and clothing lining additives.

5. Add Polydimethylsiloxane to other additives in leather and leather chemicals industry, it can be used as softeners, water repellent, feel agents, defoamers, brighteners.

6. Polydimethylsiloxane is used pharmaceutical, food, chemical, paint , building materials industry as defoamers, lubricants, and other weather-resistant paint.

7. Polydimethylsiloxane is used other specific purposes and other new materials.



APPLICATIONS FOR MICRO-FLUIDIC SYSTEMS, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane is a widely-used and versatile ingredient seen in many skin care and beauty products because of its ability to serve as an anti-foaming agent, skin protectant and conditioner; it is known to prevent water and moisture loss in the skin by forming a hydrating barrier.
According to research published in Skin Research and Technology, this barrier also serves as a mild water repellent, and has been shown to fill in fine lines, giving skin a temporary “plump” look.
Polydimethylsiloxane is an easily spreadable silicone oil that creates a coating when applied to the skin that feels smooth and silky to the touch, although this effect is superficial.



FEATURE AND ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
1. Smoothness & softness & hydrophobicity & good chemical stability & insulation property.
2. High and low temperature resistance & high flash point.
3. Low freezing point (it can be chronically used in the temperature from -50℃ to +200 ℃).
4. Small viscosity-temperature coefficicent & big compression ratio & low surface tension.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Silicone oil is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic and non-irritating products, chemical stability, heat resistance, cold resistance, water repellency, lubricity, high refraction, storage stability and compatibility with commonly used cosmetic ingredients.



BENEFITS OF PLASMA PRE-TREATMENT OF MICRO-FLUIDIC SYSTEMS, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
*Short process time
*Irreversible connections of PDMS to the substrate surface, thus formation of impermeable channels in the micro-fluidic component
*Hydrophiling of the PDMS and the substrate surface for complete wetting of the channels
*Formation of hydrophilic-hydrophobic areas



PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Silicon, glass and polymers are the typical materials used for micro devices fabrication: silicon, because of its thermal conductivity and the availability of advanced fabrication technologies; glass, mainly due to its transparency; polymers, because of its low cost, optical transparency and flexibility.
Compared to glass and silicon, Polydimethylsiloxane turns out to be the most promising elastomer, because the other two materials have a high manufacturing cost, require greater labour intensity and are rigid in nature.

The variable elasticity of Polydimethylsiloxane in medical applications is also favourable; its modulus of elasticity is 1–3 MPa (compared to ~50 GPa of glass).
Polydimethylsiloxane is also chemically inert, thermally stable, permeable to gases, simple to handle and manipulate, exhibits isotropic and homogeneous properties and can replicate submicron features to develop microstructures.

Additionally, this elastomer is optically transparent, can work as a thermal and electrical insulator and degrades quickly in the natural environment.
Polydimethylsiloxane presents a hyperelastic behaviour, which is the ability of a material to undergo large deformations before rupture.

This characteristic is also found in biological tissues and, for that reason, Polydimethylsiloxane is a well-suited material to mimic, for example, blood vessels.
Another characteristic of this elastomer is its biocompatibility, which means that Polydimethylsiloxane is compatible with biologic tissues.

Polydimethylsiloxane presents a transmittance up to 90% for the wavelength from 390 nm to 780 nm and, due to this characteristic, PDMS-based microsystems allow the direct observation of the mimicked blood flow inside the mimicked vessels and the integration of optical detection systems, hence playing an important role in this field.
With the purpose of extending the lifespan of a chip, Polydimethylsiloxane is used to embed or encapsulate electronic components by casting.

Due to its thermal and electrical insulation capability, Polydimethylsiloxane protects the components from environmental factors and mechanical shock within a large temperature range (−50–200 °C).
Despite these advantages, Polydimethylsiloxane has some properties that can present a limitation in some applications.

Due to its CH3 groups, Polydimethylsiloxane presents a hydrophobic surface (contact angle with water ~108° ± 7°), often limiting its application in solutions composed of biological samples.
Additionally, Polydimethylsiloxane tends to swell when combined with certain reagents.

In some applications, the absorption of small molecules flowing through the channels makes it difficult to quantitatively analyse experiments in proteomic drug discovery and cell culture.
In microchannels, the hydrophobicity of Polydimethylsiloxane generates complications that include impedance to the flow of polar liquids, which makes it difficult to wet its surface with aqueous solvents.

On the other hand, much effort has been made to make the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic and resistant to protein adsorption.
Strategies employed in attempting to solve Polydimethylsiloxane hydrophobicity include surface activation methods such as: oxygen plasma; UV/ozone treatments; corona discharges, which are widely used for PDMS surface oxidation to promote microchannel wettability.

The main benefits of these methods are the short treatment time and easy operation; however, the Polydimethylsiloxane surface recovers its hydrophobicity when in contact with air within a few minutes.
Another method is physisorption, which is a simple and efficient approach that relies on surface hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions.
This method includes the following techniques: layer-by-layer deposition; non-ionic surfactants; charged polymers.

The disadvantages are the lack of covalent bonds between Polydimethylsiloxane and surface modifiers, which lead to the loss of modifiers quickly through desorption.
In order to improve the difficulties encountered in physisorption, chemical modification methods allow for maintaining a long-term stability of the modified surface.

These methods include: chemical vapor deposition, surface segregation and self-assembled monolayers, silanization, and polymer brushes via grafting methods.
Adding waxes such as paraffin or beeswax to Polydimethylsiloxane has been demonstrated to potentially increase the corrosion resistance, hydrophobicity and thermal and optical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane, which is useful in applications such as sensors, wearable devices and superhydrophobic coating



SOFT LITHOGRAPHY, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips.
The process of soft lithography consists of creating an elastic stamp, which enables the transfer of patterns of only a few nanometers in size onto glass, silicon or polymer surfaces.

With this type of technique, Polydimethylsiloxane is possible to produce devices that can be used in the areas of optic telecommunications or biomedical research.
The stamp is produced from the normal techniques of photolithography or electron-beam lithography.
The resolution depends on the mask used and can reach 6 nm.

The popularity of Polydimethylsiloxane in microfluidics area is due to its excellent mechanical properties.
Moreover, compared to other materials, Polydimethylsiloxane possesses superior optical properties, allowing for minimal background and autofluorescence during fluorescent imaging.

In biomedical (or biological) microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS), soft lithography is used extensively for microfluidics in both organic and inorganic contexts.
Silicon wafers are used to design channels, and Polydimethylsiloxane is then poured over these wafers and left to harden.

When removed, even the smallest of details are left imprinted in the Polydimethylsiloxane.
With this particular Polydimethylsiloxane block, hydrophilic surface modification is conducted using plasma etching techniques.
Plasma treatment disrupts surface silicon-oxygen bonds, and a plasma-treated glass slide is usually placed on the activated side of the Polydimethylsiloxane (the plasma-treated, now hydrophilic side with imprints).

Once activation wears off and bonds begin to reform, silicon-oxygen bonds are formed between the surface atoms of the glass and the surface atoms of the Polydimethylsiloxane, and the slide becomes permanently sealed to the PDMS, thus creating a waterproof channel.
With these devices, researchers can utilize various surface chemistry techniques for different functions creating unique lab-on-a-chip devices for rapid parallel testing.

Polydimethylsiloxane can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.
Polydimethylsiloxane can be directly patterned by surface-charge lithography.

Polydimethylsiloxane is being used in the making of synthetic gecko adhesion dry adhesive materials, to date only in laboratory test quantities.
Some flexible electronics researchers use Polydimethylsiloxane because of its low cost, easy fabrication, flexibility, and optical transparency.
Yet, for fluorescence imaging at different wavelengths, Polydimethylsiloxane shows least autofluorescence and is comparable to BoroFloat glass.



STRUCTURE OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
The chemical formula of Polydimethylsiloxane is CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [Si(CH3)2O] units.
Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethyldichlorosilane and water by the following net reaction:

n Si(CH3)2Cl2 + (n + 1) H2O → HO[−Si(CH3)2O−]nH + 2n HCl
The polymerization reaction evolves hydrochloric acid.
For medical and domestic applications, a process was developed in which the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups.

In this case, the polymerization produces acetic acid, which is less chemically aggressive than HCl.
As a side-effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case. The acetate is used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives.



CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane is hydrophobic.
Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface.
Atmospheric air plasma and argon plasma will work for this application.

This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet it.
The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes.
After a certain amount of time, recovery of the surface's hydrophobicity is inevitable, regardless of whether the surrounding medium is vacuum, air, or water; the oxidized surface is stable in air for about 30 minutes.

Alternatively, for applications where long-term hydrophilicity is a requirement, techniques such as hydrophilic polymer grafting, surface nanostructuring, and dynamic surface modification with embedded surfactants can be of use.
Solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples (whether surface-oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material.

Thus Polydimethylsiloxane structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation.
However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell.
Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane, for instance within the channels of PDMS microfluidic devices.

The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent.
Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane to the greatest extent; solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent.
Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent.
Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.



CHEMISTRY OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
The chemical formula for Polydimethylsiloxane is (H3C)3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [SiO(CH3)2] units.
Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethylchlorosilane and water by the following net reaction:
n [Si(CH3)2Cl2] + n [H2O] → [Si(CH3)2O]n + 2n HCl

During polymerization, this reaction evolves potentially hazardous hydrogen chloride gas.
For medical uses, a process was developed where the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups, so that the reaction product of the final curing process is nontoxic acetic acid (vinegar).

As a side effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case.
This is the chemistry used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives.
Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain.

Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This can be used to produce hard silicone resins.
Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.

Polydimethylsiloxane is manufactured in multiple viscosities, ranging from a thin pourable liquid (when n is very low), to a thick rubbery semi-solid (when n is very high).
Polydimethylsiloxane molecules have quite flexible polymer backbones (or chains) due to their siloxane linkages, which are analogous to the ether linkages used to impart rubberiness to polyurethanes.

Such flexible chains become loosely entangled when molecular weight is high, which results in Polydimethylsiloxane having an unusually high level of viscoelasticity.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey.
However at short flow times (or low temperatures) it acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber.
In other words, if you leave some Polydimethylsiloxane on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections.

However if you roll the same Polydimethylsiloxane into a sphere and throw it onto the same surface (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.
Although the viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be intuitively observed using the simple experiment described above, they can be more accurately measured using dynamic mechanical analysis.
This involves using a specialized instrument to determine the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations.

Because of Polydimethylsiloxane's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment.
The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane varies with preparation conditions, but is typically in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa.
The loss tangent is very low (\tan\delta\ll0.001).

Polydimethylsiloxane is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey.
However, at short flow times (or low temperatures), Polydimethylsiloxane acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber.
Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers.

The loading and unloading of a stress-strain curve for Polydimethylsiloxane do not coincide; rather, the amount of stress will vary based on the degree of strain, and the general rule is that increasing strain will result in greater stiffness.
When the load itself is removed, the strain is slowly recovered (rather than instantaneously).

This time-dependent elastic deformation results from the long-chains of the polymer.
But the process that is described above is only relevant when cross-linking is present; when it is not, the polymer Polydimethylsiloxane cannot shift back to the original state even when the load is removed, resulting in a permanent deformation.

However, permanent deformation is rarely seen in Polydimethylsiloxane, since it is almost always cured with a cross-linking agent.
If some Polydimethylsiloxane is left on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections.
However, if the same Polydimethylsiloxane is poured into a spherical mold and allowed to cure (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.

The mechanical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane enable this polymer to conform to a diverse variety of surfaces.
Since these properties are affected by a variety of factors, Polydimethylsiloxane is relatively easy to tune.
This enables Polydimethylsiloxane to become a good substrate that can easily be integrated into a variety of microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems.

Specifically, the determination of mechanical properties can be decided before Polydimethylsiloxane is cured; the uncured version allows the user to capitalize on myriad opportunities for achieving a desirable elastomer.
Generally, the cross-linked cured version of Polydimethylsiloxane resembles rubber in a solidified form.

Polydimethylsiloxane is widely known to be easily stretched, bent, compressed in all directions.
Depending on the application and field, the user is able to tune the properties based on what is demanded.
Overall Polydimethylsiloxane has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a rubber.

Viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be more precisely measured using dynamic mechanical analysis.
This method requires determination of Polydimethylsiloxane's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations.
Because of Polydimethylsiloxane's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment.

The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane varies with preparation conditions, and consequently dramatically varies in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa. The loss tangent is very low (tan δ ≪ 0.001)



CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
After polymerization and cross-linking, solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples will present an external hydrophobic surface.
This surface chemistry makes it difficult for polar solvents (such as water) to wet the Polydimethylsiloxane surface, and may lead to adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants.

Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface.
This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet (this is frequently required for, e.g. water-based microfluidics).
The oxidized surface resists adsorption of hydrophobic and negatively charged species.

The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes.
Oxidized surfaces are stable for ~30 minutes in air, after a certain time hydrophobic recovery of the surface is inevitable independently of the surrounding medium whether it is vacuum, air or water.

Solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples (whether surface oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material.
Thus Polydimethylsiloxane structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation.
However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell, making them incompatible with Polydimethylsiloxane devices.

Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane, for instance within the channels of PDMS microfluidic devices.
The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent.

Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane to the greatest extent, solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent.
Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent.
Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.



BRANCHING AND CAPPING OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Hydrolysis of Si(CH3)2Cl2 generates a polymer that is terminated with silanol groups (–Si(CH3)2OH).
These reactive centers are typically "capped" by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride:

2 Si(CH3)3Cl + [Si(CH3)2O]n−2[Si(CH3)2OH]2 → [Si(CH3)2O]n−2[Si(CH3)2OSi(CH3)3]2 + 2 HCl
Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain.

Under ideal conditions, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point.
This can be used to produce hard silicone resins. In a similar manner, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.

Well-defined PDMS with a low polydispersity index and high homogeneity is produced by controlled anionic ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane.
Using this methodology it is possible to synthesize linear block copolymers, heteroarm star-shaped block copolymers and many other macromolecular architectures.

Polydimethylsiloxane is manufactured in multiple viscosities, from a thin pourable liquid (when n is very low), to a thick rubbery semi-solid (when n is very high).

Polydimethylsiloxane molecules have quite flexible polymer backbones (or chains) due to their siloxane linkages, which are analogous to the ether linkages used to impart rubberiness to polyurethanes.
Such flexible chains become loosely entangled when molecular weight is high, which results in Polydimethylsiloxane' unusually high level of viscoelasticity.



SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
According to Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, no "marked harmful effects on organisms in the environment" have been noted for siloxanes.
Polydimethylsiloxane is nonbiodegradable, but is absorbed in waste water treatment facilities.
Polydimethylsiloxane's degradation is catalyzed by various clays.



SOME CHEMISTRY, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
A little bit of chemistry will help us better understand the advantages and drawbacks of Polydimethylsiloxane for microfluidic applications.
Polydimethylsiloxane empirical formula is (C2H6OSi)n and its fragmented formula is CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, n being the number of monomers repetitions.



FORMULA OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Depending on the size of monomers chain, the non-cross-linked Polydimethylsiloxane may be almost liquid (low n) or semi-solid (high n).
The siloxane bonds result in a flexible polymer chain with a high level of viscoelasticity.
After “cross-linking”

Polydimethylsiloxane becomes a hydrophobic elastomer.
Polar solvents, such as water, struggle to wet the Polydimethylsiloxane (water beads and does not spread) and this leads to the adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants from water on the material’s surface.



OXIDATION OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane oxidation using plasma changes the surface chemistry, and produces silanol terminations (SiOH) on its surface.
This helps making the material hydrophilic for thirty minutes or so.
This process also makes the surface resistant to the adsorption of hydrophobic and negatively-charged molecules.

In addition, its plasma oxidation is used to functionalize the surface with trichlorosilane or to covalently bond Polydimethylsiloxane (at the atomic scale) on an oxidized glass surface by the creation of a Si-O-Si bonds.
Whether the surface is plasma oxidized or not, Polydimethylsiloxane does not allow water, glycerol, methanol or ethanol infiltration and consecutive deformation.

Thus, it is possible to use Polydimethylsiloxane with these fluids without fear of micro-structure deformation.
However, Polydimethylsiloxane deforms and swells in the presence of diisopropylamine, chloroform and ether, and also, to a lesser extent, in the presence of acetone, propanol and pyridine – therefore, Polydimethylsiloxane is not ideal for many organic chemistry applications.



POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE IN MICROFLUIDICS:
Polydimethylsiloxane is one of the most employed materials to mold microfluidic devices.
We describe here the fabrication of a microfluidic chip by soft-lithography methods.
(1) The molding step allows mass-production of microfluidic chips from a mold.

(2) A mixture of PDMS (liquid) and crosslinking agent (to cure it) is poured into the mold and heated at high temperature.
(3) Once it has hardened, it can be taken off the mold.
We obtain a replica of the micro-channels on the block.


Microfluidic device completion:
(4) To allow the injection of fluids for future experiments, the inputs and outputs of the microfluidic device are punched with a Polydimethylsiloxane puncher the size of the future connection tubes.
(5) Finally, the face of the block of Polydimethylsiloxane with micro-channels and the glass slide are treated with plasma.

(6) The plasma treatment allows Polydimethylsiloxane and glass bonding to close the microfluidic chip.
The chip is now ready to be connected to microfluidic reservoirs and pumps using microfluidic tubing.
Tygon tubing and Teflon tubing are the most commonly used tubings on microfluidic setups.



FORM OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
1. Clear, colorless, odorless fluids
2. High Viscosities
3. Non-Flammable
4. High Damping action
5. Low Temperature stability
6. High Temperature Stability
7. Little viscosity change at temperature
8. Inert to virtually all o-rings, gaskets, seals and valves
9. Excellent lubrication
10. High oxidation resistance
11. High dielectric strength
12. High water repellency
13. High Shear resistance
14. High molecular weight
15. Although not recommended for silicone o-rings



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Chemical formula: CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3
Density: 0.965 g/cm3
Melting point: N/A, vitrifies
Boiling point: N/A, vitrifies
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: -50 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 35 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 321 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 7 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 0,76 - 0,97 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available



GENERAL PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
1. Name: Dimethyl Silicone Fluid
2. Model No.: AS-201#
3. Appearance: colorless, clear, transparent liquid
4. Smell: Odorless
5. Viscosity (25°C): 50～1,000,000 cSt
6. Specific Gravity (25°C): 0.955～0.978 g/cm3
7. Volatile Matter Content (150°C/24hr): ≤1.5%
8. Refractive Index (25°C): 1.390～1.410
9. Flash Point: 260°C～300°C
10. Pour Point: -50°C
11. Viscosity Temperature Coefficient: 0.59~0.61
12. Coefficient of Expansion: 0.00094~0.00104 cc/cc/°C
13. Thermal Conductivity (25°C): 0.10~0.16
14. Dielectric Constant (25°C, 50Hz): 2.60-2.80
15. Dielectric Loss Factor(25°C, 50Hz): ≤1.0×104
16. Volume Resistivity: ≥1.0×1015 Ω·cm
17. Breakdown Voltage: ≥1.0 KV/mm
18. Recommended dosage: 1~3%



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
not required
*Respiratory protection:
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PDMS
dimethicone
dimethylpolysiloxane
E900
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
dimethylpolysiloxane
dimethylsilicone fluid
dimethylsilicone oil
dimethicone
INS No. 900a

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.

CAS: 9016-00-6
MF: C5H6Si
MW: 94.18664
EINECS: 618-493-1

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)'s applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is also present in shampoos (as it makes hair shiny and slippery), food (antifoaming agent), caulk, lubricants and heat-resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), called PDMS or dimethicone, is a polymer widely used for the fabrication and prototyping of microfluidic chips.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a mineral-organic polymer (a structure containing carbon and silicon) of the siloxane family (word derived from silicon, oxygen and alkane).
Apart from microfluidics, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as a food additive (E900), in shampoos, and as an anti-foaming agent in beverages or in lubricating oils.

For the fabrication of microfluidic devices, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed with a cross-linking agent is poured into a microstructured mold and heated to obtain a elastomeric replica of the mold (cross-linked).
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are referred to as silicones and is the most widely used silicon-based organic-polymer.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is particularly known for its unusual rheological or flow properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is optically clear and inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a widely-used and versatile ingredient seen in many skin care and beauty products because of its ability to serve as an anti-foaming agent, skin protectant and conditioner; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is known to prevent water and moisture loss in the skin by forming a hydrating barrier.
According to research published in Skin Research and Technology, this barrier also serves as a mild water repellent, and has been shown to fill in fine lines, giving skin a temporary “plump” look.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an easily spreadable silicone oil that creates a coating when applied to the skin that feels smooth and silky to the touch, although this effect is superficial.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Chemical Properties
Melting point: -35°C
Boiling point: 155-220°C
Density: 0.971
Vapor pressure: 5 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: 1.4035
Fp: 63°C
Storage temp.: Refrigerator
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Form: Viscous Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.918
Color: Colorless
Water Solubility: INSOLUBLE
Stability: Stable. Flammable or combustible. Flammability depends upon extent of polymerization. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (9016-00-6)

Colourless liquid with a viscosity, The polydimethylsiloxane materials are excellent examples of silicones because of their chemical properties and widespread industrial use.
They can be manufactured as gels, resins, fluids, or elastomers, depending on the cross-linking characteristics.
Toxicity testing using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) compounds on animals has found little, if any, harmful effects associated with chronic exposure.
These tests include oral dosing and teratogenicity testing.
Human health effects associated with silicone implants have been reported. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most prevalent silicone used medically and has been incorporated into many prostheses, including breast implants.

Structure
The chemical formula of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [Si(CH3)2O] units.
Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethyldichlorosilane and water by the following net reaction:

n Si(CH3)2Cl2 + (n + 1) H2O → HO[−Si(CH3)2O−]nH + 2n HCl
The polymerization reaction evolves hydrochloric acid.
For medical and domestic applications, a process was developed in which the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups.
In this case, the polymerization produces acetic acid, which is less chemically aggressive than HCl.
As a side-effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case.
The acetate is used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives.

Mechanical properties
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey.
However, at short flow times (or low temperatures), Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber.
Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers.
The loading and unloading of a stress-strain curve for Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) do not coincide; rather, the amount of stress will vary based on the degree of strain, and the general rule is that increasing strain will result in greater stiffness.
When the load itself is removed, the strain is slowly recovered (rather than instantaneously).
This time-dependent elastic deformation results from the long-chains of the polymer.
But the process that is described above is only relevant when cross-linking is present; when Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is not, the polymer PDMS cannot shift back to the original state even when the load is removed, resulting in a permanent deformation.
However, permanent deformation is rarely seen in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), since it is almost always cured with a cross-linking agent.

If some Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is left on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections.
However, if the same Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is poured into a spherical mold and allowed to cure (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.
The mechanical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) enable this polymer to conform to a diverse variety of surfaces.
Since these properties are affected by a variety of factors, this unique polymer is relatively easy to tune.

This enables Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to become a good substrate that can easily be integrated into a variety of microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems.
Specifically, the determination of mechanical properties can be decided before Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is cured; the uncured version allows the user to capitalize on myriad opportunities for achieving a desirable elastomer.
Generally, the cross-linked cured version of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) resembles rubber in a solidified form.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely known to be easily stretched, bent, compressed in all directions.
Depending on the application and field, the user is able to tune the properties based on what is demanded.

Overall Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a rubber.
Viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can be more precisely measured using dynamic mechanical analysis.
This method requires determination of the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations.
Because of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)'s chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment.
The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) varies with preparation conditions, and consequently dramatically varies in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa.
The loss tangent is very low (tan δ ≪ 0.001).

Chemical compatibility
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is hydrophobic.
Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface.
Atmospheric air plasma and argon plasma will work for this application.
This treatment renders the PDMS surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes.
After a certain amount of time, recovery of the surface's hydrophobicity is inevitable, regardless of whether the surrounding medium is vacuum, air, or water; the oxidized surface is stable in air for about 30 minutes.
Alternatively, for applications where long-term hydrophilicity is a requirement, techniques such as hydrophilic polymer grafting, surface nanostructuring, and dynamic surface modification with embedded surfactants can be of use.

Solid Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples (whether surface-oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material.
Thus Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation.
However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell.
Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), for instance within the channels of PDMS microfluidic devices.
The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent.
Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to the greatest extent; solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent.
Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent. Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.

Uses
Silicones are polymeric materials having silicon and oxygen on their composition.
They are largely inert compounds usually heat-resistant, nonstick, and rubberlike.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, molecular formula (C2H6OSi)n, density 965 kg/m3, boiling point: < 200℃, shear modulus between 100 kPa and 3 MPa, loss tangent less than 0.001) is a viscoelastic polymer (elastomer).
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in microfluidic technology thanks to some of its unique properties: it is low cost, nontoxic, chemically resistant, and stable against humidity and temperature variations.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) also presents low interfacial energy, which allows it to avoid chemical interactions with other polymers and solutions in the microfluidic channels.

After polymerization and cross-linking, solid PDMS presents hydrophobic surface.
A treatment using plasma oxidation is frequently used to alter the surface chemistry by adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface terminations and make the surface hydrophilic (wettable).
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is usually used as sealant, structural microchannel material or elastomer stamping matrix in soft lithography techniques like microcontact printing and micromolding.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an antifoaming agent used in fats and oils.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prevents foaming and spattering when oils are heated and prevents foam formation during the manufacture of wine, refined sugar, gelatin, and chewing gum.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is also termed methyl polysilicone and methyl silicone.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Simethicone is a mixture of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and silica gel, known for their antifoaming properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an orally administered suspension containing polysiloxanes and silicon dioxide.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an antifoaming agent and is used to reduce bloating by decreasing the surface tension in bubbles.
Excessive formation of gas bubbles in the stomach and intestines can be painful and can also be of hindrance for any ultrasound examination.
Simethicone can be found in antacids and in suspensions given to babies against colic.

Biochem/physiol Actions
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a silicon-based organic polymer, inert and non-toxic.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is applicable in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industry.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is excreted unchanged unaltered in the faeces and is non-mutagenic.

Synonyms
dimethylsilanone
Dimethyloxosilane
47956-45-6
dimethyl(oxo)silane
Akvastop
Silane, dimethyloxo-
9016-00-6
Aeropax
EINECS 256-344-9
Bicolon
Delesan
Dymasyl
Meteorex
Mylicon
Mylocon
Silain
Hycar
Ovol
Good-rite
Baysilone MA
Aquasil E
Antifoam A compd
Accuglass 210
Accuglass 211
Accuglass 305
Antaphron NM 42
Dow corning 346
Antifoam FD 62
Silyloxy, dimethyl-
Baysilone M 50EL
DB 1 (silicone)
A 50 (silicone)
ASP 3 (silicone)
AF 60 (siloxane)
AK 50 (siloxane)
ASI 100 Methyl
Chaline Buruba 520C
C2H6OSi
AK 100 (silicone)
CP-Sil 5
Silane,dimethyloxo-(9ci)
DSSTox_CID_3833
DSSTox_RID_77201
KQ8X4B6MN9
DSSTox_GSID_23833
C2-H6-O-Si
CT 89E
CHEMBL3182512
HSDB 1444
DTXSID40274001
BIO-PSA Q 7-4301
A 80R
DTXSID001349043
DC-MDX 4-4139
Tox21_302437
AK 750
BW 400
DC 225
AK 5000
AV 1000
CF 1241
LS-2295
NCGC00255308-01
401N
CAS-9016-00-6
AK 300000
BY 16-801
BY 16-817
BY 22-064
BY 27-003
BY 27-007
CY 52-111
DC 2-1184
DC 2-1691
DC 6-1104
FT-0696318
EN300-1688905
B 160-40
113540-54-8

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a colorless and transparent new polymer material, a variety of different viscosities (5cps ~ 2million cps), the liquid from flowing easily into a thick semi-solid material.


CAS Number: 63148–62–9
EC Number: 203-492-7
Formula: (-Si(CH3)2O-)n
Molecular Formula: C6H18OSi2(C2H6OSi)n



Dimethylpolysiloxane, PDMS, Silicone oil,Dimethicone, DMF 5CS, Dimethicone 245, Xiameter PMX 200, KM 910, Dow Corning 200/100 cSt Fluid, Belsil DM 1000, Belsil DM 1 Plus, Dow Corning 365, Mirasil DME 30, Mirasil DME 2, E 1049, NYDA sensitiv,Dimeticone, Belsil DM 5, Dow Corning 1413, Dow Corning 200/5 cst, Silkonoel AK 500, Wacker-Belsil DM 1 Plus, DC 200-100cS, Dimethicone 350, PMX 200DC 1664, Mirasil DM 300000, Viscasil 5M, Clearocast 100, Momentive SE 30 Gum, M 620, Xiameter MEM 1664, Belsil DM 100, Viscasil 330000, DC 200-10cS, Dow Corning 365 Dimethicone NF Emulsion, Visosal 330M, Dimeticone, HL 88, Viscasil 330M, KF 96A50CS, Silicone Fluid 350, DC 100-350CS, NYDA, Dow Corning 1664, TSF 451-1MA, DC 200 Fluid, DC 1428, Belsil DM 35, DC 1618, Mirasil DM 350, EY 22-067, Xiameter 300, DC 5-2117, Dow Corning 5-2117, Dow Corning 1132, Dow Corning 200 Fluid 5cSt, Dow Corning 200 Fluid 350 c/s, Dow Corning 1618, DC 1132, Dow Corning 100-350CS, Dow Corning 5-7139, KHS 7, Belsil DM 1, Dow Corning 5-7137, Dow Corning 200/10CST, Hedrin, α-Trimethylsilyl-ω-methylpoly[oxy(dimethylsilanediyl)], Mirasil DM 20, HL 999, Belsil DM 200, Aeropax, Dermafilm, Dimethicone, Dimethicream, Dimethylpoly-Siloxane, Latex, Silbar, polydimethylsiloxane trimethylsiloxy-terminated, belsil DM 1 plus, DIMETHICONE (1000 CST), DIMETHICONE (1000 MPA.S), DIMETHICONE 1000 [II], DIMETICONE 1000, DIMETICONE 1000 [EP IMPURITY], DOW CORNING 360 MEDICAL FLUID (1000 CST), DOW CORNING Q7-9120 SILICONE FLUID (1000 CST), SILCOREL(R) ADP1000 ANTIFOAM COMPOUND, SILICONE OIL DC 200, SILICONE FLUID, REDUCED VOLATILITY POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 158’000, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 16’000, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 173’000, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1’850, Dimethicone Dimethyl Silicone Fluid Dimethyl Silicone Fluid 1,000 cSt Dow Corning 200 Fluid 1,000 CST Polydimethylsiloxane, Dimeticone, α-Trimethylsilyl-ω-methylpoly[oxy(dimethylsilanediyl)], Belsil DM 1, Belsil DM 1 Plus, Belsil DM 100, Belsil DM 1000, Belsil DM 200, Belsil DM 35, Belsil DM 5, Clearocast 100, DC 100-350CS, DC 1132, DC 1428, DC 1618, DC 1664, DC 200 Fluid, DC 200-100cS, DC 200-10cS, DC 5-2117, DMF 5CS, Dimethicone 245, Dimethicone 350, Dimeticone, Dow Corning 100-350CS, Dow Corning 1132, Dow Corning 1413, Dow Corning 1618, Dow Corning 1664, Dow Corning 200 Fluid 350 c/s, Dow Corning 200 Fluid 5cSt, Dow Corning 200/100 cSt Fluid, Dow Corning 200/10CST, Dow Corning 200/5 cst, Dow Corning 365, Dow Corning 365 Dimethicone NF Emulsion, Dow Corning 5-2117, Dow Corning 5-7137, Dow Corning 5-7139, E 1049, EY 22-067, HL 88, HL 999, Hedrin, KF 96A50CS, KHS 7, KM 910, M 620, Mirasil DM 20, Mirasil DM 300000, Mirasil DM 350, Mirasil DME 2, Mirasil DME 30, Momentive SE 30 Gum, NYDA, NYDA sensitiv, PMX 200, Silicone Fluid 350, Silkonoel AK 500, TSF 451-1MA, Viscasil 330000, Viscasil 330M, Viscasil 5M, Visosal 330M, Wacker-Belsil DM 1 Plus, Xiameter 300, Xiameter MEM 1664, Xiameter PMX 200



Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is dimethyl silicone fluid with middle viscosity.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) provides smooth texture, good spreadability, water repellency and skin protection.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is suitable for formulating hair- & skin care, make-up and sunscreen products.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a high-quality dimethicone fluid with a viscosity of 1000 CST.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) provides superior lubrication and heat resistance, making it perfect for use in various applications such as lubricants, antifoaming agents, and water repellents.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is insoluble in water, ethanol and vegetable oils but soluble in Isopropyl Myristate, Palmitate and Laurate and Lauryl Alcohol.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a polydimethylsiloxane fluid and is tasteless, odorless and non-toxic.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a colorless and transparent new polymer material, a variety of different viscosities (5cps ~ 2million cps), the liquid from flowing easily into a thick semi-solid material.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has a special smoothness, softness, hydrophobicity, good chemical stability, excellent electrical insulation and resistance to high temperature.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is generally a colorless (or light yellow), odorless, non-toxic, non-volatile liquid.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is insoluble in water.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has a wide range of viscosities (5 cps to 8 million cps), from very flowable liquids to thick semi-solids,widely used in various applications.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is present, also, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is occasionally called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane)....
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a high quality of silicone oil which is clear, water- white, tasteless, odorless and neutral liquid.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s viscosity shows very little change with temperature variation.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) exhibits minimum of change among all types of silicone fluids.
Outstanding resistance to high and low temperature extremes, maintenance of flexibility over a wide temperature range are Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s unique properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) also known as dimethicone, it has physiological inertness, good chemical stability, electrical and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low freezing point, high flash point, good hydrophobicity, and high shear resistance.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used active ingredient in a variety of automotive, furniture, metal and specialty polishes in paste, emulsion and solvent-based polishes and aerosols.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a clear, colorless, medium viscosity polydimethylsiloxane polymer manufactured to yield essentially linear polymers in a wide range of average kinematic viscosities.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is highly soluble in organic solvents and is easily emulsified in water with standard emulsifiers.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Anti Ageing Creams & Lotions, Automobile Polish, Conditioners, Cosmetics, and Defoaming Agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Dielectric Cooling Fluid, Electrical Insulating Fluids, Eye Shadow,
Foundations, Furniture Polish, Hair Care, Hair Colorants, Hair Conditioner, and Hydraulic Fluid.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Leather Finishes, Lipsticks, Lubricant, Moisturizing Cream Formulations, Mold Release Agent, Nail Polish, Paint & Coatings, Pharmaceuticals Pigment Flotation, and Polish.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Polish - Automotive, Printing, Release Agent, Sealants, Silicone Caulks, Silicone Sealants, Skin Care Products, Sun Care Products, Water Repellent, and Waterless Hand Cleaners.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) acts as a protecting and de-soaping agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) imparts soft & velvety skin feel and spreads easily on both skin & hair.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) provides ease of application, greater depth of gloss and prevents foaming during rubout.


Moreover, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) offers ease of buffering, color enhancement, high water repellency, high compressibility and high shearability without breakdown.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) exhibits high spreadability, compatibility, low environmental & fire hazard, low reactivity & vapour pressure, good heat stability and low surface energy.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) finds application in formulating hand creams and lotions to form an effective barrier and a more uniform film.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) shows high resistance to breakdown by mechanical shearing.


The low change in viscosity with temperature and excellent heat and cold resistance makes Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) an ideal lubricant.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is, therefore, widely used in gear wheels, bearings and brushes.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) exhibits excellent dielectric properties, which are maintained for prolonged periods of time even under varying operating conditions.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Heat & mechanical transfer media, Hydraulic fluids, Liquid dielectric for electrical and electronic, Water repellents, and Polishes.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Antifriction agents, Lubricants, Antifoams, Mould release agents, Automotive care, Paint, and Sewing thread lubricant & textile spin finish.
Other uses of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) include High Damping Action Fluid, Dielectric Fluid, Lubricant for Rubber and plastics, O-Ring Lubricant, Valve and Gasket lubricant.


Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is present, also, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles.


Various applications of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) including cosmetic ingredient, elastomer and plastics lubricant, electrical insulating fluid, foam preventive or breaker, mechanical fluid, mold release agent, surface active agent, and solvent-based finishing and fat liquoring of leather.


For personal care applications of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs): Imparts soft, velvety skin feel, Spreads easily on both skin and hair, and De-soaping (prevents foaming during rubout) .
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) may be used as a surface agent or for de-soaping creams and lotions.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) spreads easily on both skin and hair and protects the skin, imparting a soft, velvety skin feel.
For industrial applications of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs): High dielectric strength, High damping action, Oxidation-, chemical- and weather-resistant.


-As a lubricant:
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is suitable for rubber, plastic bearings, gear lubricant.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can also be used as the rolling friction of steel to steel at high temperature, or a lubricant when the friction between steel and other metals, but because the lubrication performance of methylsilicone oil is not particularly good at normal temperature, generally, it is not recommended as a lubricant between metals at normal temperature.


-As additives:
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can be used as many material additives, such as paint as polish, add a small amount of silicon oil to paint, can make the paint not floating bag, not wrinkle improve the brightness of paint film, add a small amount of silicon oil to ink, can improve the printing quality, add a small amount of silicon oil to polishing oil (such as car polish), can increase light, protect paint film, and has excellent waterproof effect.


-Application in medical and health care:
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is not toxic to human body and is not decomposed by body fluids, so it is also widely used in medical and health undertakings.
Using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s definar effect, made oral gastrointestinal distension tablets, and pulmonary edema defole aerosol and other medicinal purposes.

Adding Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) to the ointment can improve the penetration ability of the drug to the skin and improve the efficacy.
Some plasters based on silicone oil have a very good curative effect on scald, dermatitis, bedsores, etc.

The anticoagulant effect of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can be used to treat the surface of the blood reservoir, and prolong the storage time of blood samples.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can also be used as a wet lubricant and it does not kill sperm.


-Other aspects of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs):
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has many uses in other ways.
Such as: the use of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s high flash point, no smell, no smell, colorless, transparent and non-toxic to the human body and other characteristics, in the steel, glass, ceramics and other industrial and scientific research, as a heat carrier in the oil bath or thermostat.

Using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s good shear resistance performance, can do hydraulic oil, especially aviation hydraulic oil.
The treatment of the rayon spinning head can eliminate static electricity and improve the quality of wire drawing.
Adding Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) to cosmetics can improve the moisturizing and protective effect of the skin.


-Application in the electromechanical industry of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs):
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is widely used in motors, electrical appliances, electronic instruments as temperature resistance, arc resistance corona, corrosion resistance, moisture-proof, dustproof insulation medium, is also used as transformer, capacitor, TV scanning transformer impregnated agent.

In a variety of precision machinery, instruments and instruments, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as liquid shock-proof, damping materials.
The shock absorption performance of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is less affected by the temperature, and it is mostly used for the occasions with strong mechanical vibration and large ambient temperature changes, such as the instruments used in aircraft and automobiles.
For shock, damping, stable instrument reading, but also as a liquid spring, and in the aircraft landing device.


-Make a defoaming agent:
Decoaming agent because of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) surface tension is small, and insoluble in water, animal and plant oil and high boiling point mineral oil, good chemical stability, and non-toxic, used as a defoaming agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has been widely used in petroleum, chemical, medical, pharmaceutical, food processing, textile, printing and dyeing, paper and other industries, as long as add 10-100PPM silicone oil has a good defoaming agent


-Make a mold release agent:
As a mold release agent due to the Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) and rubber, plastic, metal and other non-viscosity, and used as a variety of rubber, plastic products molding processing mold release agent, and used in precision casting.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used to do release agent not only convenient to release, and make the product surface clean, smooth, clear texture.


-Make insulation, dust-proof and mildew-proof coatin:
For insulation, dust proof, mildew proof coating on the glass, ceramic surface coated with a layer of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs), and heat treatment at 250-300℃, can form a semi-permanent waterproof, mildew proof and insulating film.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used the insulation device can improve the insulation performance of the device: the optical instrument can prevent the lenses and prism from mold; the preservation period of the drug; the surface of the film can provide lubrication, reduce friction and prolong the life of the film.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has physiological inertia, good chemical stability, electric edge and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low setting point,high flash point, good hydrophobic performance, and

*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has a high shear resistance,
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can be used in 50~180oC temperature, widely used as insulation, lubrication, shock, dustproof oil, dielectric liquid and heat carrier, and

*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as foam, uncoating, paint and daily cosmetics additives, etc.
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has physiological inertia, good chemical stability, electric edge and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low setting point,high flash point, good hydrophobic performance, and has a high shear resistance,

*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can be used in 50~180oC temperature, widely used as insulation, lubrication, shock, dustproof oil, dielectric liquid and heat carrier, and used as foam, uncoating, paint and daily cosmetics additives, etc.



PROPERTIES AND FEATURES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
*Chemically Inert
*Good dielectric characteristics
*Excellent High & Low Thermal Stability
*High Water Repellency
*Low surface tension
*Low pour point
*Excellent Lubrication
*Non-Flammable
*High Resistance to Oxidation
*High Resistance to Shear
*Low surface tension
*Low viscosity-tempertaure change
*Wide service temperature range –40C to 170C (for open systems), –40C to 230C (for closed systems).



BENEFITS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
*Ease of application and rubout
*Ease of buffing
*Enhances color
*High water repellency
*High compressibility
*High shearability without breakdown
*High spreadability and compatibility
*Low environmental hazard
*Low fire hazard
*Low reactivity and vapor pressure
*Low surface energy
*Good heat stability
*Essentially odorless, tasteless and nontoxic
*Soluble in a wide range of solvents



FEATURES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has good heat resistamce,weather resistance,hydrophobicity,electrical insulation and physiological inertness.
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as insulating,lubricating,shckproof oil,dielectric fluif and heat carrier.
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as deforamer,lubricant,hydroohobic agent,paint additive and polishing agent,etc.
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as a soft finishing of fabrics, increasing the lubricity of fabric, increasing the smoothness,fullness and elasticity of fabrics.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
Formula: (-Si(CH3)2O-)n
CAS No: 63148–62–9
Viscosity: 1000 centistokes
Pour Point: –47 oC (closed cup)
Flash Point: 314 oC (open cup)
Ignition temperature: > approx 450 oC
Density: 0.97 g/cm3 at 20oC
Surface tension: 21.3 dynes/cm @25C
Refractive index: 1.4
Thermal expansion cc/cc C: 0.00096
Dielectric Constant 50Hz: 2.75
Dielectric Strength volt/mil: 400
Thermal Conductivity g/cal/cs/sec C: 0.00038
Molecular Weight: 236.53

Appearance: Limpid liquid, with no extraneous matter
Colour (Hazen): 30 max.
Turbidity (NTU): 4 max.
Odour: None to slight
Heavy metals (Pb ; ppm): 5 max
Phenyl compounds (DO): 0.2 max.
Mineral oils (mg/kg: 0.1 max.
Identity (I.R. Spectrum): Conform
Specific gravity (25°C ; kg/m3): 970
Viscosity at 25°C (mm2/s): 900 – 1100
Refractive index at 25°C: 1.403
Surface tension (25°C; mN/m): 21.1
Flash point (closed cup) (°C): 300
Volatile matters (150°C-1g-2h ; %): 0.3 max.
Acidity (in NaOH - 0.01N ; ml, for neutralization of 2g product): 0.15 max.



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.
*Respiratory protection
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a linear polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 1000 centipoise (cps).
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 fluids can stay in liquid form over a wide range of temperatures and pressures.


CAS Number: 63148-62-9 / 9006-65-6
EC Number: 613-156-5
MDL number: MFCD00084411
Linear Formula: [Si(CH3)2O]n


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is also present in shampoos (as it makes hair shiny and slippery), food (antifoaming agent), caulk, lubricants and heat-resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 also known as dimethicone, has physiological inertness, good chemical stability, electrical and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low freezing point, high flash point, good hydrophobicity, and high shear resistance.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a Linear, non-reactive polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of approx. 1000 mm2/s.
Due to its chemical structure, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 silicone fluid has an outstanding property profile, which sets it apart from organic materials such as mineral oils.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a silicone fluid with a dimethylpolysiloxane structure.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a synthetic oil which does not exist in nature.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is composed of organic methyl groups and inorganic siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si).


Siloxane bonds also make up such highly heat-resistant materials as glass and quartz.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has numerous unique properties not found in conventional mineral oils or synthetic oils.
Products are available in viscosities ranging from water-like, free-flowing fluids to syrup-like fluids.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a colorless transparent liquid composed of polymethylsiloxane, also known as dimethicone.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a surfactant that is essentially non-toxic and has excellent dielectric properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 contains organic methyl groups and inorganic siloxane bonds providing it excellent chemical and thermal stability.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 products are available in a variety of viscosity ranges.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a liquid based siloxane that is part of the methyl silicone fluid system.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has a viscosity of 1000 cSt with a refractive index of ~ 1.403 and a dielectric strength of ~ 14 kV/mm.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000′s surface tension tends to increase with an increase in the viscosity.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a linear polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 1000 centipoise (cps).
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 fluids can stay in liquid form over a wide range of temperatures and pressures.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is present, also, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is occasionally called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane)....
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is one of the main types of linear silicone oil and a hydrophobic silicone material.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a low viscosity, linear polydimethylsiloxane polymer.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a linear polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 1000 centipoise (cps).
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can stay in liquid form over a wide range of temperatures and pressures.


As a result, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in applications that require fluid properties in harsh environments.
In mechanically demanding applications Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 provides excellent shear stability and good lubrication or slip.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a 100% polydimethylsiloxane of viscosity 1000cSt: Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a release agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used purely or as a part of a compounded formula it provides a non-toxic, non-carbonizing mould release for silicone rubber, plastics and metal die-castings.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as an Anti-Foam agent: Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a very small quantities of the fluid are very effective as a foam control agent, especially in non-aqueous systems.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a mechanical fluid.


The very high viscosity-index, the thermal and chemical stability, shear-breakdown resistance and the rubber compatibility as well as the compressibility make this fluid outstanding for mechanical and hydraulic uses.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a lubricant: The lubricant Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 provides excellent lubricating properties for most plastic and elastomeric surfaces.


Lubricity with metals depends upon the possible combinations such as P.T.F.E., MoS2 and other lubricity improvers.
In polishes and chemical specialties: Polydimethylsiloxane 1000is used in most automobile and furniture polishes for its ease of application, high gloss with a minimum rubbing and durable water repellent film.


Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 include Lubricant and Anti-friction Agents, Release Agents (Molds), Surface care/ Polishes, Hydraulic and transformer fluids, Damping fluids, Diffusion pump fluids, Heat-resistant lubricants, Dielectrics, Release agents for high-performance digital-printing machines, Defoaming (Oil/Gas/Diesel), Automotive care (Paint), light lubricant that can be sprayed). Used for treadmills by itself or mixed with AK350.


As a result, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in applications that require fluid properties in harsh environments.
In mechanically demanding applications they provide excellent shear stability and good lubrication or slip.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 are used as damping liquid, silicone lubricant.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as excellent lubricant for rubber and plastic surfaces, including gears, bearings, bushings, motion picture film and photograph records.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in electrical and electronic equipment.
Because of the excellent dielectric properties, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely used as an insulating and damping fluid.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a most efficient polishing agent used in most automobile and furniture polishes, resulting inpolishes that develop a high gloss with least rubbing.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as an excellent release agent in moulding plastic and rubber, non-ferrous metal die casting .


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as water-repellent treatment for glass, ceramic etc.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in protein chromatography and affininty chromatography.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, viscosity, 1000 cSt - used to determine that postprandial inflammatory response after ingestion of heated oils in obese persons is reduced by the presence of phenol compounds.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used Lubricants, Thermostatic fluids (- 50 °C to + 200 °C), Dielectric fluids (impregnation of paper for condensers), Anti-blotting products for photocopying machines, Thinning and plastifying agents for RTV’s and silicone sealants, Lubricating and heat protecting agents for textile threads (synthetic sewing threads), Ingredients in maintenance products (wax polishes, floor and furniture polishes, etc.).


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used Paint additives (anti-cratering, anti-floating/flooding and anti-scratching effects, etc.), Water repellent treatment: Of powders (for paints and plastics), Of fibers: glass fibers.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as Release agent (mould release of plastics and metal castings), and Surfactant for styrene-butadiene foam.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has physiological inertia, good chemical stability, electric edge and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low setting point,high flash point, good hydrophobic performance, and has a high shear resistance, can be used in 50~180oC temperature, widely used as insulation, lubrication, shock, dustproof oil, dielectric liquid and heat carrier, and used as foam, uncoating, paint and daily cosmetics additives, etc.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 possesses excellent lubricity and is used to lubricate a wide range of rubber & plastic parts including O‐rings, gaskets, rubber seals, grommets, rubber hoses, rubber cables...
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely used as a lubricant, mechanical fluid, mold release agent, anti-foam agent, polish, wetting
agent insulating and damping fluid.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in variety of industries such as food, personal care, metal die casting, plastics, rubbers, electronics and paints and coatings
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used active ingredient in a variety of automotive, furniture, metal and specialty polishes in paste, emulsion and solvent-based polishes and aerosols


Various applications of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 including cosmetic ingredient, elastomer and plastics lubricant, electrical insulating fluid, foam preventive or breaker, mechanical fluid, mold release agent, surface active agent, and solvent-based finishing and fat liquoring of leather.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be used as a sorbent for the analysis of headspace (dissolved gas analysis) of food.


Condom lubricant: Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely used as a condom lubricant.
The popularity of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 in microfluidics area is due to its excellent mechanical properties.
Moreover, compared to other materials, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 possesses superior optical properties, allowing for minimal background and autofluorescence during fluorescent imaging.


In biomedical (or biological) microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS), soft lithography is used extensively for microfluidics in both organic and inorganic contexts.
Silicon wafers are used to design channels, and Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is then poured over these wafers and left to harden.


When removed, even the smallest of details is left imprinted in the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000.
With this particular PDMS block, hydrophilic surface modification is conducted using plasma etching techniques.
Plasma treatment disrupts surface silicon-oxygen bonds, and a plasma-treated glass slide is usually placed on the activated side of the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 (the plasma-treated, now hydrophilic side with imprints).


Once activation wears off and bonds begin to reform, silicon-oxygen bonds are formed between the surface atoms of the glass and the surface atoms of the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, and the slide becomes permanently sealed to the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, thus creating a waterproof channel.
With these devices, researchers can utilize various surface chemistry techniques for different functions creating unique lab-on-a-chip devices for rapid parallel testing.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be directly patterned by surface-charge lithography.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is being used in the making of synthetic gecko adhesion dry adhesive materials, to date only in laboratory test quantities.


Some flexible electronics researchers use Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 because of its low cost, easy fabrication, flexibility, and optical transparency.
Yet, for fluorescence imaging at different wavelengths, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 shows least autofluorescence and is comparable to BoroFloat glass.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has been used in medicine, daily chemical products, food, architecture and other fields, and its derivatives have reached hundreds.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 could also be used as silicone transformer oil, the raw material to cosmetics, textile industry and many other industries.
Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000: Heat and mechanical transfer fluids, Hydraulic fluids, Electrical insulating fluid, Water repellent, Polish ingredient, Mold release agent, Lubricant, Anti-foam, Personal care ingredient, Textile spin finishes, and Paints and coatings additive.


Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 include elastomer and plastics lubricant, electrical insulating fluid, anti-foaming agent, anti-corrosion metal protectant, leather protectant, mechanical compression or dampening fluid, mold release agent, surface active agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 could also be used to produce other types of modified siliconeoil.


-Application of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 in the electromechanical industry:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely used in motors, electrical appliances, electronic instruments as temperature resistance, arc resistance corona, corrosion resistance, moisture-proof, dustproof insulation medium,is also used as transformer, capacitor, TV scanning transformer impregnated agent.
In a variety of precision machinery,instruments and instruments, used as liquid shock-proof, damping materials.

The shock absorption performance of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is less affected by the temperature, and it is mostly used for the occasions with strong mechanical vibration and large ambient temperature changes, such as the instruments used in aircraft and automobiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used for shock shock, damping, stable instrument reading, but also as a liquid spring, and in the aircraft landing device.


-Make a defoaming agent:
Decoaming agent because of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 surface tension is small, and insoluble in water, animal and plant oil and high boiling point mineral oil,good chemical stability, and non-toxic, used as a defoaming agent has been widely used in petroleum, chemical, medical,pharmaceutical, food processing, textile, printing and dyeing, paper and other industries, as long as add 10-100PPM silicone oil has a good defoaming agent.


-Make a mold release agent:
As a mold release agent due to the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 and rubber,plastic, metal and other non-viscosity, and used as a variety of rubber, plastic products molding processing mold release agent,and used in precision casting.
Use Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to do release agent not only convenient to release, and make the product surface clean,smooth, clear texture.


-Make insulation, dust-proof and mildew-proof coating:
For insulation, dust proof, mildew proof coating on the glass, ceramic surface coated with a layer of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, and heat treatment at 250-300ºC, can form a semi-permanent waterproof, mildew proof and insulating film.
The insulation device can improve the insulation performance of the device: the optical instrument can prevent the lenses and prism from mold; the preservation period of the drug; the surface of the film can provide lubrication, reduce friction and prolong the life of the film.


-As a lubricant:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is suitable for rubber, plastic bearings, gear lubricant.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can also be used as the rolling friction of steel to steel at high temperature, or a lubricant when the friction between steel and other metals, but because the lubrication performance of methylsilicone oil is not particularly good at normal temperature, generally, it is not recommended as a lubricant between metals at normal temperature.


-As additives:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be used as many material additives, such as paint as polish, add a small amount of silicon oil to paint, can make the paint not floating bag, not wrinkle improve the brightness of paint film, add a small amount of silicon oil to ink, can improve the printing quality, add a small amount of silicon oil to polishing oil (such as car polish), can increase light, protect paint film, and has excellent waterproof effect.


-Application in medical and health care:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is not toxic to human body and is not decomposed by body fluids, so it is also widely used in medical and health undertakings.
Using Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's definar effect, made oral gastrointestinal distension tablets, and pulmonary edema defole aerosol and other medicinal purposes.

Adding Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to the ointment can improve the penetration ability of the drug to the skin and improve the efficacy.
Some plasters based on Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 have a very good curative effect on scald, dermatitis, bedsores, etc.
The anticoagulant effect of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be used to treat the surface of the blood reservoir, and prolong the storage time of blood samples.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can also be used as a wet lubricant and it does not kill sperm.


-Other aspects of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has many uses in other ways.
Such as: the use of its high flash point, no smell, no smell, colorless, transparent and non-toxic to the human body and other characteristics, in the steel, glass, ceramics and other industrial and scientific research, as a heat carrier in the oil bath or thermostat.

Using its good shear resistance performance, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can do hydraulic oil, especially aviation hydraulic oil.
The treatment of the rayon spinning head can eliminate static electricity and improve the quality of wire drawing.
Adding Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to cosmetics can improve the moisturizing and protective effect of the skin.


-Stereo lithography:
In stereo lithography (SLA) 3D printing, light is projected onto photocuring resin to selectively cure it.
Some types of SLA printer are cured from the bottom of the tank of resin and therefore require the growing model to be peeled away from the base in order for each printed layer to be supplied with a fresh film of uncured resin.
A Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 layer at the bottom of the tank assists this process by absorbing oxygen : the presence of oxygen adjacent to the resin prevents it adhering to the PDMS, and the optically clear Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 permits the projected image to pass through to the resin undistorted.


-Medicine and cosmetics uses of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000:
Activated Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, a mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is often used in over-the-counter drugs as an antifoaming agent and carminative.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 also works as a moisturizer that is lighter and more breathable than typical oils.

Silicone breast implants are made out of a Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 elastomer shell, to which fumed amorphous silica is added, encasing PDMS gel or saline solution.
The use of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 in the manufacture of contact lenses was patented (later abandoned).


-Skin uses of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used variously in the cosmetic and consumer product industry as well.
For example, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used widely in skin-moisturizing lotions where it is listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protection.

Some cosmetic formulations use Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations.


-Hair:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 compounds such as amodimethicone, are effective conditioners when formulated to consist of small particles and be soluble in water or alcohol/act as surfactants (especially for damaged hair), and are even more conditioning to the hair than common dimethicone and/or dimethicone copolyols.


-Contact lenses:
A proposed use of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is contact lens cleaning.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's physical properties of low elastic modulus and hydrophobicity have been used to clean micro and nano pollutants from contact lens surfaces more effectively than multipurpose solution and finger rubbing; the researchers involved call the technique PoPPR (polymer on polymer pollution removal) and note that it is highly effective at removing nanoplastic that has adhered to lenses.


-As anti-parasitic:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is effective for treating lice in humans.
This is thought to be due not to suffocation (or poisoning), but to Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's blocking water excretion, which causes insects to die from physiological stress either through prolonged immobilisation or disruption of internal organs such as the gut.


-Foods:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is added to many cooking oils (as an anti-foaming agent) to prevent oil splatter during the cooking process.
As a result of this, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be found in trace quantities in many fast food items such as McDonald's Chicken McNuggets, french fries, hash browns, milkshakes and smoothies and Wendy's french fries.
Under European food additive regulations, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is listed as E900.


-Domestic and niche uses:
Many people are indirectly familiar with Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 because it is an important component in Silly Putty, to which PDMS imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties.
Another toy Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in is Kinetic Sand.

The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications.


-Surfactants and antifoaming agents:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 derivatives are common surfactants and are a component of defoamers.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, in a modified form, is used as an herbicide penetrant and is a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings, such as Rain-X.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in the active silicone fluid in automotive viscous limited slip differentials and couplings.


-Daytime radiative cooling
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a common surface material used in passive daytime radiative cooling as a broadband emitter that is high in solar reflectivity and heat emissivity.
Many tested surfaces use Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 because of its potential scalability as a low-cost polymer.
As a daytime radiative cooling surface, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has also been tested to improve solar cell efficiency.


-Soft lithography:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips.

The process of soft lithography consists of creating an elastic stamp, which enables the transfer of patterns of only a few nanometers in size onto glass, silicon or polymer surfaces.
With this type of technique, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is possible to produce devices that can be used in the areas of optic telecommunications or biomedical research.

The stamp is produced from the normal techniques of photolithography or electron-beam lithography.
The resolution depends on the mask used and can reach 6 nm.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic and non-irritating products, chemical stability, heat resistance, cold resistance, water repellency, lubricity, high refraction, storage stability and compatibility with commonly used cosmetic ingredients.



FEATURE AND ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
1. Smoothness & softness & hydrophobicity & good chemical stability & insulation property.
2. High and low temperature resistance & high flash point.
3. Low freezing point (it can be chronically used in the temperature from -50°C to +200 °C).
4. Small viscosity-temperature coefficicent & big compression ratio & low surface tension.



PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
1,Clear, colorless, odorless
2,Non-Flammable
3,High Damping action
4,Low Temp stability
5,High Temp Stability
6,HS Code 39100.00
7,Little viscosity change at temperature
8,Excellent lubrication
9,High oxidation resistance
10,High dielectric strength
11,High water repellency
12,High Shear resistance
13,Open and closed system bath fluid



FEATURES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*EU REACH Registration
*Colorless and Odorless
*Cyclic Siloxanes (D4, D5, D6)＜0.1%
*Very good resistance to high and low temperature
*Good combustion resistance
*Good dielectric properties
*Low surface tension
*High compressibility
*Absence of ageing upon exposure to atmospheric agents
*Good oxidation resistance
*Little change in viscosity with temperature
*Good resistance to high and prolonged shear stress



FEATURES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
1. Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has good heat resistance, weather resistance,hydrophobicity,electrical insulation and physiological inertness.
2. Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as an insulating, lubricating, shockproof oil, dielectric fluid, and heat carrier.
3. Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a defoamer, lubricant, hydrophobic agent, paint additive and polishing agent, etc.
4. Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a soft finishing of fabrics, increasing the lubricity of fabric, increasing the smoothness,fullness and elasticity of fabrics.



KEY FEATURES AND TYPICAL BENEFITS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*Silicones differ from organic compounds in both their physical and chemical properties.
*high and low temperature stability
*oxidative stability
*chemically inert
*low flammability
*low surface tension
*shear stability
*high compressibility
*low vapor pressure
*low odor
*soft, smooth silky feel
*non-oily feel
*spreadability
*low coefficient of friction
*lubricious



BENEFITS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*Ease of application and rubout
*Ease of buffing
*Enhances color
*High water repellency
*High compressibility
*High shearability without breakdown
*High spreadability and compatibility
*Low environmental hazard
*Low fire hazard
*Low reactivity and vapor pressure
*Low surface energy
*Good heat stability
*Essentially odorless, tasteless and nontoxic
*Soluble in a wide range of solvents For personal care applications
Imparts soft, velvety skin feel
*Spreads easily on both skin and hair
*De-soaping (prevents foaming during rubout) For industrial applications
*High dielectric strength
*High damping action
*Oxidation-, chemical- and weather-resistant
*Does not contain ingredients of animal origin (Suitable for Vegan)



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey.
However, at short flow times (or low temperatures), Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber.
Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers.

The loading and unloading of a stress-strain curve for Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 do not coincide; rather, the amount of stress will vary based on the degree of strain, and the general rule is that increasing strain will result in greater stiffness.
When the load itself is removed, the strain is slowly recovered (rather than instantaneously).

This time-dependent elastic deformation results from the long-chains of the polymer.
But the process that is described above is only relevant when cross-linking is present; when it is not, the polymer Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 cannot shift back to the original state even when the load is removed, resulting in a permanent deformation.

However, permanent deformation is rarely seen in Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, since it is almost always cured with a cross-linking agent.
If some Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is left on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections.
However, if the same Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is poured into a spherical mold and allowed to cure (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.

The mechanical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 enable this polymer to conform to a diverse variety of surfaces.
Since these properties are affected by a variety of factors, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is relatively easy to tune.
This enables Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to become a good substrate that can easily be integrated into a variety of microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems.

Specifically, the determination of mechanical properties can be decided before Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is cured; the uncured version allows the user to capitalize on myriad opportunities for achieving a desirable elastomer.
Generally, the cross-linked cured version of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 resembles rubber in a solidified form.

Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely known to be easily stretched, bent, compressed in all directions.
Depending on the application and field of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, the user is able to tune the properties based on what is demanded.
Overall Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a rubber.

Viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be more precisely measured using dynamic mechanical analysis.
This method requires determination of the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations.
Because of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment.

The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 varies with preparation conditions, and consequently dramatically varies in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa.
The loss tangent is very low (tan δ ≪ 0.001).



CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is hydrophobic.
Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface.
Atmospheric air plasma and argon plasma will work for this application.

This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet it.
The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes.
After a certain amount of time, recovery of the surface's hydrophobicity is inevitable, regardless of whether the surrounding medium is vacuum, air, or water; the oxidized surface is stable in air for about 30 minutes.

Alternatively, for applications where long-term hydrophilicity is a requirement, techniques such as hydrophilic polymer grafting, surface nanostructuring, and dynamic surface modification with embedded surfactants can be of use.
Solid Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 samples (whether surface-oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material.

Thus Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation.
However, most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell.
Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, for instance within the channels of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 microfluidic devices.

The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent.
Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to the greatest extent; solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent.
Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent.
Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.



FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*High and low temperature stability
*Oxidative stability
*Chemically inert
*Low flammability
*Low surface tension
*Shear stability
*High compressibility
*Low vapor pressure
*Low odor
*Soft, smooth silky feel
*Spreadability
*Low coefficient of friction
*Lubricious



INDUSTRIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*Adhesives
*Care Chemicals
*Elastomers
*Facility Infrastructure
*Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul
*Metal Processing & Fabrication
*Plastics
*Silicones
*Transportation



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Physical state: viscous
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: -55 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: > 140 °C at 0,003 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 101,1 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C
Decomposition temperature: > 200 °C
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 0,003 Pas at 25 °C
Water solubility slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 7 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 0,970 g/cm3

Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Formula: (CH₃)₃SiO(Si(CH₃)₂O)n
Boiling Pt: >140 °C (0.002 mmHg)) (lit.)
Density: 0.97 g/cm³ (20 °C)
MDL Number: MFCD00084411
CAS Number: 63148-62-9
Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
Specific gravity at 25 °C: 0.965 – 0.975
Refractive index at 25 °C: 1.4025 – 1.4045
Viscosity (cSt): 1000 ± 50
Flash point (°C): ≥ 315
Ignition point (C): > 400
Freezing point, approx. (°C): - 55
Density at 25ºC: Approx. 0.97 g/cm3
Flash Point: > 314ºC
Ignition Temperature (Liquids): Aprox. 450ºC
Surface Tension at 25ºC: 0.021 N/m

Viscosity, Dynamic at 25ºC: 1000 mPa.s
Viscosity, Kinetic at 25ºC: Approx. 1000 mm2/s
Viscosity cSt: 1000
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Specific gravity at 25°C: 0.97
Refractive index at 25°C: 1.4
Flash point, open cup, °C: >302
Pour point, °C: -47
Surface tension dynes/cm at 25°C: 21.3
Color and Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
Specific Gravity 25°C: 0.970
Refractive Index 25°C: 1.403
Viscosity: 1000 cSt
Flash Point: >300°C
Ignition Point: >400°C
Freezing Point: -50°C
Surface Tension: 21.2mN/m
Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
Viscosity (25℃), cSt: 1000±50
Density(25℃, g/cm3): 0.965 ~ 0.975
Refractive Index, 25℃: 1.4020 ~ 1.4045
Flash point, ℃: ≥310
Volatile (150℃/2h), %: ≤1.00
Acid Value(KOH), μg/g: ≤10.0



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
not required
*Respiratory protection:
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Dimethylpolysiloxane
Element14 PDMS 1000
Dimethicone
Silicone oil
Dimethylpolysiloxane
PDMS
silicone, all silicones
Dimethylpolysiloxane hydrolyzate
alpha-Methyl-omega-methoxypolydimethylsiloxane
Polydimethyl silicone oil
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Polydimethylsiloxane, methyl end-blocked
Polyoxy(dimethylsilylene)
alpha-(trimethylsilyl)-omega-hydroxy
Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)], alpha-[trimethylsilyl]-omega-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]
Silicone oils
Siloxane and silicones, dimethyl
Siloxanes and silicones, dimethyl
alpha-(Trimethylsilyl)poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)]-omega-methyl
Silicone oil
Silicone oil, for oil baths.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are referred to as silicones and is the most widely used silicon-based organic-polymer. Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is particularly known for its unusual rheological or flow properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is optically clear and inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.

CAS: 63148-62-9
MF: C6H18OSi2
MW: 162.38
EINECS: 613-156-5

Synonyms
DIETHYL ETHER RECTIFIED;ETHYL ACETATE PESTINORM SUPRA TRACE;SILICONE FLUID;2,2,4,4-TETRAMETHYL-3-OXA-2,4-DISILAPENTANE;BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ETHER;Hexamethyloxy disilane;HMDO;dimethylsilicone fluid;OCTAMETHYLTRISILOXANE;107-51-7;Trisiloxane, octamethyl-;63148-62-9;1,1,1,3,3,5,5,5-Octamethyltrisiloxane;dimethyl-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)silane;Dimeticone;Dimethicone 350;Pentamethyl(trimethylsilyloxy)disiloxane
;Dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane;9G1ZW13R0G;CHEBI:9147;DTXSID9040710;Dimethicones
;Trisiloxane, 1,1,1,3,3,5,5,5-octamethyl-;MFCD00084411;MFCD00148360;CCRIS 3198;EINECS 203-497-4;dimeticonum;UNII-9G1ZW13R0G;Dimeticona;FRD 20;Ctamethyltrisiloxane;MFCD00008264;Pentamethyl(trimethylsiloxy)disiloxane;octamethyl-trisiloxane;dimethicone macromolecule;VOLASIL DM-1;TRISILOXANE [INCI];EC 203-497-4;Octamethyltrisiloxane, 98%;OS 20 (SILOXANE);SCHEMBL23459;TRISILOXANE, OCTAMETHYL;Dow Corning High-Vacuum Grease;CHEMBL2142985;DTXCID7020710;CHEBI:31498;CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-;KF 96A1;OCTAMETHYLTRISILOXANE [MI];dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)siliane;Dimethylbis(trimethylsilyloxy)silane;[(CH3)3SiO]2Si(CH3)2;Tox21_301002;CO9816;MFCD00134211;MFCD00165850;Silane, dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)-;AKOS015840180;FS-4459;NCGC00164100-01;NCGC00164100-02
;NCGC00254904-01;CAS-107-51-7;NS00041459;O0257;O9816;C07261;D91850;S12475;viscosity 500 inverted exclamation markA30mPa.s;A801717;J-001906;Q2013799;2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethyl-3,5-dioxa-2,4,6-trisilaheptane;InChI=1/C8H24O2Si3/c1-11(2,3)9-13(7,8)10-12(4,5)6/h1-8H3;28349-86-2

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt having a silica structure and is liquid at room temperature and is called as siloxane, referred as silicone oils.
The simplest polydimethylsiloxane is as formula.
In , if the R, R1, R2 are all methyl groups, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is called α, ω-trimethylsilyloxy polydimethylsiloxane, that’s the commonly called silicone oil.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is a linear polymer of a low molecular weight.
If R1 and R2 are not a methyl group, then Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is not related to this article.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is a colorless or light yellow transparent liquid and is odorless and tasteless.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has a high boiling point and low freezing point.
The silicon-oxygen bond is very stable.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is an excellent kind of transformer insulating oil with high heat resistance and high flash point.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is not easy to be subject to oxidation and combustion with its long-term working temperature being as high as 200 ℃.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can tolerate electric arc, corona.
Moreover, the value its dielectric loss factor can keep nearly constant over a wide temperature range (-40~110 ℃) and frequency range (103~108Hz).
In addition, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt also has good viscosity-temperature, low freezing point, and low volatility and is non-toxic without contaminating the environment and so on.
The disadvantage of Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is its great dielectric loss, being easy for hydrolysis and relative high prices and so on.
Currently the Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt variety frequent application and good efficacy is "polydimethylsiloxane."
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is easily soluble in water and can also have reaction with the relevant components of the reaction in the air.
So Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt should be tightly sealed during the application process.
In addition, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is also necessary to take measures to prevent moisture and air intrusion.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is a kind of oily linear polysiloxane produced from the hydrolysis and poly-condensation of chlorotrimethylsilane, ethyl chlorosilane, and phenyl chlorosilane containing mono-functional group and bifunctional group.
The commonly called Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt means the polydimethylsiloxane and polymethyl phenyl siloxane. Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is a kind of colorless, odorless, non-toxic, transparent, non-volatile liquid with non-corrosive effect on metal, low freezing point and good anti-water property and moisture resistance, low surface tension and being capable of being resistant to dilute acids and bases and has wide application in various national economy departments.

The viscosity of the Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has small changes with temperature.
At-60~250 °C, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used as a lubricant agent for sextant, electromotor, shells aiming system and shipborne radar devices. When being mixed with thickener such as carbon black and lithium stearate, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used for preparation of viscous grease for being applied to vacuum or high temperature sealing systems and the sealing of vacuum cocks, bushings, and valve.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt will not be cured by high compression with a relative high compressibility and can be used as liquid springs of aircraft and used for eliminating flutter in the buffer, shock absorption system to maintain the stability of the gauge pointer in aircraft cabin and damping of damper device.

Because of its non-corrosiveness on metal and long lifespan, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is widely used as hydraulic pressure fluid in various kinds of delivery systems such as being the hydraulic pressure fluid of aircraft landing gear, flaps, doors, and speed brakes; Because of its small density, low viscosity, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can decrease the weight of the hydraulic pressure systems of the aircraft system by 45% compared with the mineral oil system.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is heat resistant and can be used as the heat transfer medium of-50~250 ℃; Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt does not absorb moisture and has excellent electrical insulation and can resist high temperature to be used as a dielectric liquid for being applied to the capacitors and the miniature transformer of encapsulating and impregnating.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is permeable to visible light and can be coated to the lens and optical glass to improve the light transmission properties; its being coated to the motion picture film can reduce the friction and extend the lifespan of the film.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has a good water resistance and can be used for processing wool, rayon, nylon, cotton fabric and can be used for making waterproof fabric; Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has a low surface tension and can be used for plastic and rubber mold releasing agents; in the food and textile industry, it can be used in defoamers.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is non-toxic with physiologically inertia and can be used for the treatment of flatulence and can also play a role of skin care when added to cosmetics.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt Chemical Properties
Melting point: −59 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 101 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.963 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.377(lit.)
Fp: >270 °C (518 °F)
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Sparingly), Toluene (Sparingly)
Form: Oily Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.853
Color: Clear colorless
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE
Merck: 14,8495
Dielectric constant: 2.7（Ambient）
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt (63148-62-9)

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is milk-white viscous liquid and is non-volatile and odorless.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has a relative density of O.98~1.02.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is miscible with benzene, gasoline and other kinds of chlorinated hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; it is not soluble in methanol, ethanol and water, but can be dispersed in water.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is Non-flammable, non-corrosive and is chemically stable. ADI: 0~1.5mg /start.

Uses
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used as emulsifiers.
China has provided that it can be applied during the fermentation process with the maximum usage amount being 0.2g/kg.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used as advanced lubricants, anti-vibration oil, insulating oil, defoamers, release agents, polishes and vacuum diffusion pump oil.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used as the paint for prevention of moisture and rust of metal surface.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can also be used as the coating for the surfaces of buildings for prevention of water.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is used as hardening polyurethane foams additive.

Polyoxirane-2; 3-dicarboxylic acid; epoxysuccinic acid homopolymer; 2,3-oxiranedicarboxylic acid homopolymer; poly(1-oxacyclopropane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid);PESA; polyepoxysuccinic acid; Polyepoxysuccinic Acid(PESA);epoxysuccinic acid homopolymer;Polyoxirane-2,3-Dicarboxylic Acid; 2,3-oxiranedicarboxylic acid homopolymer;poly(1-oxacyclopropane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid); CAS NO:51274-37-4

Polyether amine ;poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether); diaminopolypropylene glycol; poly(oxypropylene)diamine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL Nom INCI : POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL Classification : PEG/PPG

Polyethoxylated tallow amine = POEA

CAS Number: 61791-26-2

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (also polyoxyethyleneamine, POEA) refers to a range of non-ionic surfactants derived from animal fats (tallow).
They are used primarily as emulsifiers and wetting agents for agrochemical formulations, such as pesticides and herbicides (e.g. glyphosate).

Polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) is a non-ionic surfactant used in herbicide formulations to increase the efficacy of active ingredients.
POEA promotes penetration of herbicide active ingredients into plant cuticles, and in animal species is known to cause alterations in respiratory surfaces.
POEA use has increased recently with the advent of "Roundup-Ready" crops; however, Polyethoxylated tallow amines potential effects on aquatic invertebrates are relatively unknown.

The aquatic macroinvertebrate Thamnocephalus platyurus (Crustacea, Anostraca) was used to assess the acute toxicity of POEA.
Three formulations of POEA consisting of a 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 average oxide:tallowamine were used in this study.
All POEA formulations were found to be extremely toxic to T. platyurus with 48-h LC50 concentrations as low as 2.01 microg/L for 15:1.
POEA toxicity increased as the tallowamine chain length was reduced, whereas the oxide chain length appeared to only slightly increase toxicity.
Based on these results, POEA has the potential to adversely affect aquatic organisms in areas in which it is used.

POEA (polyoxyethylene tallow amine) is a surfactant with known toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
POEA was added to the original formulation of the herbicide glyphosate to aid in its application and effectiveness at controlling weeds. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists developing methods to measure POEA in the environment have shown that it’s a complex and variable mixture of related compounds, and that POEA is still a common additive in several newer agricultural and household glyphosate formulations.
Since glyphosate is one of the most widely used pesticides in the United States, the findings could indicate that POEA may be widely available for transport into surface water and groundwater.
Such additives in pesticide formulations are commonly called "inert" ingredients or adjuvants, and little is known about these ingredients and their occurrence and transport in, and effects on, the environment.
This USGS study is the first step in investigating the environmental fate and effects of POEA in herbicide applications.

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) is a common surfactant used in glyphosate-based herbicide formulations to enhance the bioavailability of the active herbicide ingredient.
Toxic effects of POEA exposure are well documented for aquatic organisms, but despite the widespread occurrence of POEA in soils, the potential effects on soil bacteria have not been investigated.
Here we examined the growth and metabolic effects of POEA in three strains of plant-beneficial soil Pseudomonas species grown on succinate, a common root exudate.
Compared to the rate of growth on only succinate, the addition of POEA resulted in up to 60% reduction in the biomass growth rate.

In the presence of both POEA and glyphosate, the biomass growth rate either remained the same as during exposure to only POEA or decreased by only an additional 5–15%, thus indicating that growth inhibition was primarily caused by POEA.
Metabolomics analysis of POEA-exposed cells identified, relative to control cells, disruption of metabolite levels in key biosynthetic pathways: accumulation of ribonucleotides and depletion of amino acids.
Kinetic 13C flux experiments further revealed delayed de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine ribonucleotides.
Our findings thus highlight disconnects between carbon metabolism and biomass biosynthesis as potential adverse metabolic outcomes in POEA-exposed soil-beneficial bacteria.

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) refers to a range of non-ionic surfactants derived from animal fats (tallow).
They primarily find used as emulsifiers and wetting agents for agrochemical formulations, such as pesticides and herbicides (e.g. glyphosate).

Synthesis of Polyethoxylated tallow amine:
Animal fat is hydrolysed to give a mixture of free fatty acids, typically oleic (37–43%), palmitic (24–32%), stearic (20–25%), myristic (3–6%), and linoleic (2–3%).
These are then converted to fatty amines via the nitrile process before being ethoxylated with ethylene oxide; this makes them water-soluble and amphiphilic.
The length of the fatty tail and degree of exothylation will determine the overall properties of the surfactant.
Due to Polyethoxylated tallow amine being synthesized from an impure material POEA is itself a mixture of compounds.

Composition and uses of Polyethoxylated tallow amine:
The polyethoxylated tallow amine used as a surfactant is referred to in the literature as MON 0139 or polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA).
Polyethoxylated tallow amine is contained in the herbicide Roundup.
An ethoxylated tallow amine (CAS No. 61791-26-2), is on the United States Environmental Protection Agency List 3 of Inert Ingredients of Pesticides."

Roundup Pro is a formulation of glyphosate that contains a "phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine" surfactant; as of 1997 there was no published information regarding the chemical differences between the surfactant in Roundup and Roundup Pro.
POEA concentrations range from <1% in ready-to-use glyphosate formulations to 21% in concentrates.
POEA constitutes 15% of Roundup formulations and the phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant constitutes 14.5% of Roundup Pro.
Surfactants are added to glyphosate to allow effective uptake of water-soluble glyphosate across plant cuticles, which are hydrophobic, and reduces the amount of glyphosate washed off plants by rain.

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) surfactants have been used in many glyphosate-based herbicide formulations for agricultural, industrial and residential weed control.
The potential for release of these compounds into the environment is of increasing concern due to their toxicity towards aquatic organisms.
Current methods for analysis of POEA surfactants require significant time and effort to achieve limits of quantification that are often higher than the concentrations at which biological effects have been observed (as low as 2 ng mL(-1)).
We have developed a rapid and robust method for quantifying the POEA surfactant mixture MON 0818 at biologically relevant concentrations in fresh water, sea water and lake sediment using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.
Water samples preserved by 1:1 v/v dilution with methanol are analyzed directly following centrifugation.

Sediment samples undergo accelerated solvent extraction in aqueous methanol prior to analysis.
Large volume (100 μL) sample injection and multiple reaction monitoring of a subset of the most abundant POEA homologs provide limits of quantification of 0.5 and 2.9 ng mL(-1) for MON 0818 in fresh water and sea water, respectively, and 2.5 ng g(-1) for total MON 0818 in lake sediment.
Average recoveries of 93 and 75% were achieved for samples of water and sediment, respectively spiked with known amounts of MON 0818.
Precision and accuracy for the analysis of water and sediment samples were within 10 and 16%, respectively based upon replicate analyses of calibration standards and representative samples.
Results demonstrate the utility of the method for quantifying undegraded MON 0818 in water and sediment, although a more comprehensive method may be needed to identify and determine other POEA mixtures and degradation profiles that might occur in the environment.

Definition:
Polyethoxylated tallow amine, also known as tallow fatty amine oxethylate or tallow amine (the basis is beef tallow), is a non-ionic surfactant and a mixture of acylated amine ethoxylate polymers of different lengths.
Polyethoxylated tallow amine belongs to the fatty amines.
Polyethoxylated tallow amine is easily soluble in ethanol and water.
Among others, the substance is used in different compounds in cosmetic products.
Furthermore Polyethoxylated tallow amine is used in herbicides.

There are considerable reservations against the use of tallow fatty amine ethoxethylates.
Among others, they destroy the cell membranes of the gills of aquatic organisms.
In combination with glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) there are synergistic toxic effects on plant and animal cells.

POEA concentrations range from <1% in ready-to-use glyphosate formulations to 21% in concentrates.
POEA constitutes 15% of Roundup formulations and the phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant constitutes 14.5% of Roundup Pro.
Surfactants are added to glyphosate to allow effective uptake of water-soluble glyphosate across plant cuticles, which are hydrophobic, and reduces the amount of glyphosate washed off of plants by rain.

What is tallow amine ethoxylate?
Tallow amines are derived from animal fats based fatty acids via the nitrile process.
The main source of tallow amine is from animal fats, but vegetable based tallow is also available and both can be ethoxylated to give non-ionic surfactants having similar properties. …

Is polyethoxylated tallow amine toxic?
Polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) is a non-ionic surfactant used in herbicide formulations to increase the efficacy of active ingredients.
All POEA formulations were found to be extremely toxic to T. platyurus with 48-h LC50 concentrations as low as 2.01 microg/L for 15:1.

What is tallow amine used for?
Uses of Polyethoxylated tallow amine: Tallow Amine is widely used in mineral floating agent, waterproof softener of fiber, dyeing assistant, anti-static agent, pigment dispersant, anti-rusting agent, anti-caking agent of fertilizer, additives of lubricating oil, germicide, etc.

What is POEA roundup?
Category: Environment and Wildlife. POEA is an acronym which stands for polyoxyethylene amine.
Polyethoxylated tallow amine is a surfactant mixture that is included in some glyphosate-based herbicides to enhance uptake of the active ingredient (glyphosate) across the waxy layers and membranes of plants.

Is tallow a surfactant?
POEA (polyoxyethylene tallow amine) is a surfactant with known toxic effects on aquatic organisms.

What is tallow alkyl?
Tallow based alkyl amines are used for synthesizing of organic chemicals & cationic and amphoteric surfactants.
Widely used in producing synthetic surfactants.
Tallow amines easily dissolve in alcohols, chloroform, benzene, & ethers.
However Polyethoxylated tallow amine does not dissolve in water.

What is the surfactant in Roundup?
POEA (polyoxyethylene tallow amine) is a surfactant with known toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
POEA was added to the original formulation of the herbicide glyphosate to aid in its application and effectiveness at controlling weeds.

How do you make a tallow amine?
First, ammonia is reacted with animal fat extracts (tallow) to produce a tallow amine.
Then, the tallow amine is ethoxylated to form a polyoxyethylene tallow amine.
This representation of the different chemicals used to synthetize one molecule of polyoxyethylene (15) tallow amine is a simplification.

What is hydrogenated tallow amine?
Hydrogenated Tallow Amine.
Odor of Polyethoxylated tallow amine: characteristic.
Uses of Polyethoxylated tallow amine: Tallow Amines are used for soaps, leather dressings, candles, food, and lubricants.
They are used in producing synthetic surfactants.
Tallow based alkyl amines are widely used in the synthesis of organic chemicals and cationic and amphoteric surfactants.

Environmental effects of Polyethoxylated tallow amine:
The chemical complexity of POEA makes it difficult to study in the environment.

POEA is toxic to aquatic species like fish and amphibians.
Like other surfactants, Polyethoxylated tallow amine can affect membrane transport and can often act as a general narcotic.

In laboratory experiments POEA has a half-life in soils of less than 7 days.
Washout from soil is assumed to be minimal, and the estimated half-life in bodies of water would be about 2 weeks.
Field experiments have shown that the half-life of POEA in shallow waters is about 13 hours, "further supporting the concept that any potential direct effects of formulated products on organisms in natural waters are likely to occur very shortly post-treatment rather than as a result of chronic or delayed toxicity."

A review of the literature provided to the EPA in 1997 found that POEA was generally more potent in causing toxicity to aquatic organisms than glyphosate, and that POEA becomes more potent in more alkaline environments.
(Potency is measured by the median lethal dose (LD50); a low LD50 means that just a little of the substance is lethal; a high LD50 means that it takes a high dose to kill.) Glyphosate has an LD50 ranging from 4.2 times that of POEA for midge larvae at pH 6.5, to 369 times that of POEA for rainbow trout at pH 9.5 (for comparison, at pH 6.5 the LC50 of glyphosate was 70 times that of POEA for rainbow trout).
The pH value of most freshwater streams and lakes is between 6.0 and 9.0; fish species are harmed by water having a pH value outside of this range.

The formulation of glyphosate composed of Isopropylamine salt and Polyethoxylated tallow Amine (Clearweed) is widely used as herbicide to control weeds both in the terrestrial and aquatic environments.
A static bioassay was conducted to examine toxicity of this formulation on juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
Catfish juvenile (mean weight 27.97±0.03g) were exposed to glyphosate at concentrations of 0.00mg/l (control), 5.00, 7.50, 10.00, 12.50 and 15.00mg/l.
Each concentration was treated in triplicate and the exposure period lasted for 96 hrs.

Mortality rates and physico-chemical parameters of water were monitored.
Results revealed that fish mortality increased with increasing concentration of glyphosate and time of exposure.
The median lethal concentration (96-hr LC50) value was 8.88mg/l with the upper and lower limits of 9.10mg/l and 7.75mg/l respectively.
Behavioural changes observed the treated fish included: erratic swimming, jerky movement, increased opercula and tail movements, gulping of air, lost of balance and consciousness, cessation of opercula and tail movement signifying eventual death.

Water quality parameters increased significantly (p<0.05) with extract concentration except dissolve oxygen levels which reduced (p<0.05).
However, all values reported were within the permissible limits of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) for water samples.
The results of this study indicated that glyphosate formulation has toxic effects on catfish.
Thus, the herbicide should be cautiously used to avoid ecotoxicological hazards particularly on non-target organisms.

Little is known about the occurrence, fate, and effects of the ancillary additives in pesticide formulations.
Polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA) is a non-ionic surfactant used in many glyphosate formulations, a widely applied herbicide both in agricultural and urban environments.
POEA has not been previously well characterized, but has been shown to be toxic to various aquatic organisms.

Characterization of technical mixtures using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and mass spectrometry shows POEA is a complex combination of homologs of different aliphatic moieties and ranges of ethoxylate units.
Tandem mass spectrometry experiments indicate that POEA homologs generate no product ions readily suitable for quantitative analysis due to poor sensitivity.
A comparison of multiple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UHPLC analytical columns indicates that the stationary phase is more important in column selection than other parameters for the separation of POEA.
Analysis of several agricultural and household glyphosate formulations confirms that POEA is a common ingredient but ethoxylate distributions among formulations vary.

Human toxicity of Polyethoxylated tallow amine:
A review published in 2000 examining the toxicity of POEA and other components in glyphosate formulations found "no convincing evidence for direct DNA damage in vitro or in vivo, and it was concluded that Roundup and its components do not pose a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans.
Glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA were not teratogenic or developmentally toxic.
Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies."

Another review, published in 2004, said that with respect to glyphosate formulations, "experimental studies suggest that the toxicity of the surfactant, polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), is greater than the toxicity of glyphosate alone and commercial formulations alone.
There is insufficient evidence to conclude that glyphosate preparations containing POEA are more toxic than those containing alternative surfactants.
Although surfactants probably contribute to the acute toxicity of glyphosate formulations, the weight of evidence is against surfactants potentiating the toxicity of glyphosate."

Synonym(s):
POEA
Polyethoxylated tallow amines
Talgamine
Tallow amine
Tallow Fatty Amine Oxethylate

SYNONYMS PEG; Macrogol; Polyoxyethlene; Aquaffin; Nycoline; alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polyethylene glycols; Poly Ethylene Oxide; Polyoxyethylene; Polyglycol; 1,2-ethanediol Ehoxylated; Polyoxyethylene ether; Polyoxyethylene; Poly(ethylene glycol); CAS NO. 25322-68-3

PEG; Polyglycol; Polyethylene oxide; Polyoxy ethylene; Polyethylene Glycol 200; Polyethylene Glycol 400; Polyethylene Glycol 300; Polyethylene Glycol 600; Polyethylene Glycol 1500; Polyethylene Glycol 4000; Polyethylene Glycol 8000; Polyethylene Glycol 6000; CAS NO: 25322-68-3

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a polyether compound with the chemical formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where "n" represents the average number of ethylene glycol units.
In the case of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, "n" is approximately 4.

CAS Number: 25322-68-3
EC Number: 500-038-2

Polyethylene glycol 200, PEG 200, Polyethylene oxide monobutyl ether 200, PEG ether 200, Polyethylene oxide monoethyl ether 200, PEG-4 methyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 monomethyl ether, PEG 200 monobutyl ether, Macrogol 200 methyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 butyl ether, Carbowax 200 monomethyl ether, PEG 200 butyl ether, Polyglycol 200 methyl ether, PEG-4 butyl ether, Polyethylene glycol monobutyl ether 200, Polyethylene glycol 200, PEG 200, Polyethylene oxide monobutyl ether 200, PEG ether 200, Polyethylene oxide monoethyl ether 200, PEG-4 methyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 monomethyl ether, PEG 200 monobutyl ether, Macrogol 200 methyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 butyl ether, Carbowax 200 monomethyl ether, PEG 200 butyl ether, Polyglycol 200 methyl ether, PEG-4 butyl ether, Polyethylene glycol monobutyl ether 200, Polyethylene glycol butyl ether 200, PEG ether butyl 200, Polyethylene oxide monooctyl ether 200, PEG 200 monooctyl ether, Polyethylene glycol monooctyl ether 200, PEG-4 octyl ether, Polyglycol 200 octyl ether, PEG ether octyl 200, Polyethylene oxide 200 octoxy ether, PEG 200 octoxyethanol, Polyethylene glycol octoxy ether 200, PEG ether octyl 200, Polyethylene oxide monoisoctyl ether 200, PEG 200 monoisoctyl ether, Polyethylene glycol monoisoctyl ether 200, PEG ether isoctyl 200, Polyglycol isoctyl ether 200, PEG-4 isoctyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 isoctoxy ether, PEG 200 isoctoxyethanol



APPLICATIONS


Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as a solubilizing agent for poorly water-soluble drugs.
In cosmetics, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as an emollient and thickening agent in lotions, creams, and personal care products.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the formulation of liquid soaps and shampoos, contributing to their texture and stability.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a plasticizer in the production of adhesives and sealants, improving flexibility.
As a lubricant, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the textile industry to enhance the processing of fibers.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of stable emulsions, making it valuable in the food and beverage industry.
In antifreeze solutions, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 helps lower the freezing point, preventing damage to systems in cold temperatures.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the synthesis of various chemicals, acting as a reactant in diverse reactions.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a common ingredient in skin creams and lotions, providing a smooth and moisturizing feel.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used as a carrier in the food industry for certain food additives, ensuring their even distribution.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed as a plasticizer in the production of printing inks, enhancing their flow properties.
In the manufacturing of paints and coatings, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to the formation of stable formulations.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a humectant in certain products, helping retain moisture and preventing drying.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the creation of stable suspensions in the agricultural industry.

In the production of rubber and elastomers, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a processing aid, improving workability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, aiding in their dispersion in various solutions.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of veterinary pharmaceuticals for enhanced drug delivery.
In the creation of de-icing solutions, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to preventing ice buildup on surfaces.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain industrial cleaning agents for improved efficacy.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a component in the production of brake fluids, ensuring proper functionality in vehicles.
In the field of biotechnology, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in protein crystallization and DNA precipitation.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the development of stable ink formulations for inkjet printers.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of certain herbicides for improved dispersion and effectiveness.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the creation of stable suspensions for diagnostic imaging agents.
In the oil and gas industry, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in drilling fluids to control rheological properties.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of stable inkjet printer inks, contributing to consistent printing performance.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a key ingredient in the creation of coolant formulations for efficient heat transfer in automotive systems.

In the field of biopharmaceuticals, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in protein purification processes to prevent protein aggregation.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the production of thermosetting resins, enhancing their flexibility and workability.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of lubricating agents for metalworking processes, reducing friction.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a dispersant in the formulation of ceramic glazes, ensuring even coating on surfaces.
In the textile industry, PEG 200 is applied as a dyeing assistant, improving the evenness of dye distribution.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the production of certain antifoaming agents to control foam formation in industrial processes.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a common component in the manufacturing of bubble bath formulations for enhanced foaming.
In the agricultural sector, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the formulation of pesticides for improved solubility and efficacy.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the creation of stable suspensions for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the production of lithium-ion battery electrolytes, ensuring ion conductivity.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the preparation of stable emulsions for the pharmaceutical industry, aiding drug delivery.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a dispersing agent in the formulation of ceramic slurries for the production of advanced ceramics.

In the creation of metalworking fluids, PEG 200 serves as a lubricating and cooling additive.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the formulation of water-based drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of certain brake fluids to ensure proper lubrication and functionality in braking systems.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the production of adhesive formulations for improved bond strength and flexibility.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the preparation of certain dental products, including impression materials.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the creation of stable suspensions for magnetic particle imaging (MPI) contrast agents.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a humectant in the formulation of certain tobacco products to prevent drying.
In the paper and pulp industry, PEG 200 is used as a wetting agent to improve paper quality.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain liquid detergents for improved solubility and cleaning efficiency.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the production of certain biodegradable polymers, contributing to their processing properties.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the formulation of stable suspensions for the controlled release of agrochemicals in precision agriculture.
In the creation of certain pharmaceutical ointments, PEG 200 is employed as a base for enhanced topical drug delivery.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the synthesis of nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, ensuring controlled release and improved bioavailability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the preparation of cryoprotective solutions for the preservation of biological samples at low temperatures.

In the field of tissue engineering, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of hydrogels for cell encapsulation and growth.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of certain veterinary medicines for enhanced solubility and palatability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a plasticizer in the production of moldable plastic compounds, contributing to their flexibility.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of contrast agents in medical imaging.

In the formulation of certain herbicides, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 aids in the dispersion of active ingredients for optimal efficacy.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of stable emulsions for the formulation of photodynamic therapy agents in medicine.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a wetting agent in the formulation of herbicidal sprays for improved coverage on plant surfaces.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of therapeutic RNA molecules.
In the field of regenerative medicine, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the development of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a lubricant in the production of polymeric materials for 3D printing, improving printability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of contrast agents in diagnostic radiology.

In the formulation of certain antifungal agents, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 aids in improving solubility and bioavailability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the production of certain ink formulations for printing on various substrates.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a carrier for the encapsulation of enzymes in biocatalysis applications.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of therapeutic proteins in biopharmaceuticals.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the formulation of certain oral care products for enhanced stability and texture.
In the creation of certain wound dressings, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied to enhance moisture retention and promote healing.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a dispersant in the formulation of ceramic pastes for the production of advanced ceramics.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the development of stable emulsions for the encapsulation of essential oils in cosmetics.
In the formulation of certain lubricating greases, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to improved flow properties and stability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of therapeutic antibodies in biomedicine.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of certain cosmetic and skincare products, acting as a humectant to retain skin moisture.
In the creation of certain mouthwashes and oral care products, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to the solubility of active ingredients.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a stabilizing agent in the formulation of certain vaccines, ensuring the preservation of antigenic properties.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the preparation of stable emulsions for the delivery of vitamins and nutrients in dietary supplements.
In the field of nanotechnology, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the synthesis of stable nanoparticles for drug delivery applications.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain hair care products, contributing to improved texture and manageability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a carrier in the creation of certain ink formulations for the printing of flexible electronic devices.
In the formulation of certain dye solutions, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 aids in the dispersion of dyes for even coloring of fabrics.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a plasticizer in the production of certain biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging materials.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of certain sunscreen products, contributing to their spreadability and stability.

In the development of certain diagnostic assays, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of stable assay components.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain veterinary vaccines, ensuring the stability of antigens during storage.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a dispersant in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of contrast agents in medical imaging.
In the field of analytical chemistry, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the extraction and purification of certain analytes.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain lubricating oils, contributing to improved viscosity and stability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a cryoprotectant in the preservation of certain cell lines and tissues for research purposes.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the creation of stable emulsions for the encapsulation of essential oils in aromatherapy products.
In the field of tissue preservation, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of stable solutions for organ storage.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a carrier in the formulation of certain pesticide solutions for crop protection.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the preparation of stable emulsions for the encapsulation of fragrances in perfumes and colognes.
In the development of certain chromatography columns, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied as a stationary phase for separation.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain inkjet printer inks for improved color dispersion.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a stabilizer in the creation of certain enzyme formulations for industrial processes.
In the production of certain hydrogels for medical applications, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to their structural integrity.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of certain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for medical diagnostics.



DESCRIPTION


Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a polyether compound with the chemical formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where "n" represents the average number of ethylene glycol units.
In the case of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, "n" is approximately 4.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 belongs to a class of polymers where the repeating unit is made up of ethylene glycol monomers.

Polyethylene glycol 200, often abbreviated as PEG 200, is a clear and colorless liquid.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 belongs to the polyethylene glycol family, characterized by its ethylene glycol repeating units.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 has a relatively low molecular weight, around 200 g/mol, contributing to its liquid state at room temperature.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a versatile and water-soluble polymer widely used in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
The clear nature of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 makes it suitable for formulations where color or turbidity is undesirable.
With a high degree of miscibility, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 readily dissolves in water, facilitating its use in aqueous solutions.

Its chemical structure includes repeating units of ethylene oxide, endowing it with surfactant and lubricating properties.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient and solubilizing agent in drug formulations.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 functions as a viscosity modifier and emollient in creams and lotions.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is known for its hygroscopic nature, capable of attracting and holding water molecules.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the industrial sector as a plasticizer and lubricant, enhancing the flow and flexibility of materials.
Its low volatility makes Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 suitable for applications where the retention of moisture is important.

In the textile industry, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used for fiber lubrication, improving the processing of textiles.
Due to its solubilizing properties, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 aids in the dispersion of various substances in liquid formulations.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the production of antifreeze solutions, contributing to the lowering of freezing points.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a stable reactant in chemical syntheses, participating in the formation of diverse compounds.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is often incorporated into formulations for liquid soaps, shampoos, and body washes in the personal care sector.
Its role as a plasticizer extends to the formulation of adhesives and sealants, enhancing their flexibility.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 exhibits low toxicity, contributing to its widespread use in consumer and industrial products.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200's compatibility with various materials makes it suitable for a range of applications in different industries.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200's mild and non-irritating nature makes it suitable for use in gentle and hypoallergenic formulations.
In the food industry, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 may find use as a carrier for certain food additives, aiding in their dispersion.

Its stability under varying storage conditions contributes to its reliability in different manufacturing processes.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a crucial role in the creation of stable and homogeneous emulsions in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
As a widely employed polyethylene glycol variant, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 continues to be a valuable component in numerous formulations across diverse sectors.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: H(OCH2CH2)nOH (n is approximately 4 for PEG 200).
Molecular Weight: Approximately 200 g/mol.
Structure: Linear polyether with repeating ethylene glycol units.


Physical Properties:

State: Liquid at room temperature.
Color: Clear and colorless.
Odor: Odorless.
Solubility: Highly soluble in water.
Miscibility: Miscible with various organic solvents.
Hygroscopicity: Attracts and holds water molecules.
Density: 1.142 g/mL.
Melting Point: 4 °C.
Boiling Point: 315 °C.
Viscosity: Low viscosity liquid.
Flash Point: Non-flammable.


Thermochemical Properties:

Heat of Formation: Ranges from -312.1 to -312.1 kJ mol−1.
Heat of Combustion: Ranges from -2.0089 to -2.0145 MJ mol−1.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Remove to Fresh Air:
If inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Seek Medical Attention:
If breathing difficulties persist or if the person is unconscious, seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
Take off contaminated clothing, shoes, and accessories.

Flush with Water:
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.

Seek Medical Advice:
If irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions occur, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
Immediately flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids.

Remove Contact Lenses:
If applicable, remove contact lenses during the flushing process.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation or other symptoms persist, seek medical attention promptly.


Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.

Rinse Mouth:
If conscious, rinse the mouth with water.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention.
Provide medical personnel with information about the ingested substance.


General First Aid Measures:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) if providing first aid.

Provide Comfort:
Keep the affected person calm and reassure them.

Monitoring:
Monitor vital signs such as breathing and pulse.

Do Not Leave Unattended:
Do not leave a person who has ingested or come into contact with PEG 200 unattended.

Note to Healthcare Professionals:
Provide medical personnel with detailed information about the substance, including its name, chemical formula, and any known exposure.


Notes:

Medical Attention:
Always seek medical attention if there is uncertainty or if symptoms persist.

Individual Sensitivity:
Individuals may vary in their sensitivity to chemical substances; therefore, responses to exposure can differ.

Product Specifics:
Consult the product's safety data sheet (SDS) for specific first aid measures recommended by the manufacturer.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including safety glasses or goggles, gloves, and protective clothing, to minimize skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Ensure adequate general and local exhaust ventilation.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of vapors or mists.
Use mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Preventive Measures:
Implement good industrial hygiene practices. Wash hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling.

Storage Compatibility:
Store away from incompatible materials such as strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.

Static Electricity:
Ground containers during transfer to prevent the build-up of static electricity.

Handling Precautions:
Follow established handling procedures and protocols.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.

Spill and Leak Response:
In the case of spills, use appropriate absorbent materials to contain and clean up the substance.
Avoid discharging into drains or water sources.

Equipment Handling:
Use suitable equipment for handling, such as pumps or valves, to minimize the risk of spills.


Storage:

Storage Temperature:
Store Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 at room temperature unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.

Storage Area:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. Keep away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

Segregation:
Segregate from incompatible materials following established storage guidelines.

Containers:
Use appropriate containers made of materials compatible with PEG 200 to prevent contamination or degradation.

Avoidance of Contaminants:
Prevent contamination by keeping containers tightly closed when not in use.

Labeling:
Ensure proper labeling of containers with the substance name, hazards, and handling instructions.

Fire Prevention:
Keep away from open flames and potential ignition sources.
PEG 200 is non-flammable but should be stored away from sources of heat.

Shelf Life:
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations regarding the shelf life of the product.
Check for any signs of degradation before use.

Separation from Food and Feed:
Avoid storing near food, feed, or medications to prevent the risk of contamination.

Controlled Substance:
Store PEG 200 in controlled areas with restricted access, particularly in laboratory or industrial settings.

Emergency Planning:
Be familiar with emergency procedures, including spill response and fire control measures.

Training:
Ensure that personnel handling and storing PEG 200 are adequately trained in safety procedures and emergency response.

Polyethylene glycol 1000 is used as an excipent in pharmaceutical products.
Polyethylene glycol 1000 is used in the precipitation of proteins as well as in the separation and purification of biomolecules and in the induction of cell hybridization.
Polyethylene glycol 1000 acts as a fusing agent to enhance the effect of macrophages on hybridoma; as a vascular agent in preclinical work; as an anti-foaming agent in food and as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to enhance superconductivity in an insulator.

CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2

Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000;Polyethylene Glycol 600;PEG 600;NL4J9F21N9;CARBOWAX PEG 600;JEECHEM 600;LIPO POLYGLYCOL 600;LIPOXOL 600 MED;MACROGOL 600 DISTEARATE;NORFOX E-600;PEG-12;PLURACARE E 600;POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (II);POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (USP-RS);POLYGLYKOL 600;SABOPEG 600;TOHO PEG NO. 600;UNIPEG-600;UPIWAX 600

Polyethylene glycol 1000 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene glycol 1000(25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene glycol 1000 (25322-68-3)

The USP32–NF27 describes Polyethylene glycol 1000 as being an addition polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene glycol grades 200–600 are liquids; grades 1000 and above are solids at ambient temperatures.
Liquid grades Polyethylene glycol 1000 occur as clear, colorless or slightly yellow-colored, viscous liquids.
They have a slight but characteristic odor and a bitter, slightly burning taste.
PEG 600 can occur as a solid at ambient temperatures.
Solid grades (PEG>1000) are white or off-white in color, and range in consistency from pastes to waxy flakes.
They have a faint, sweet odor.
Grades of Polyethylene glycol 1000 and above are available as freeflowing milled powders.

Uses
Polyethylene glycol 1000 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.
Polyethylene glycol 1000 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown Polyethylene glycol 1000 maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, Polyethylene glycol 1000 has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
Polyethylene glycol 1000 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.

DESCRIPTION:

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000 is a compound used to modify therapeutic proteins and peptides to increase their solubility
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000 (PEG 10000), with the CAS number 25322-68-3, is a high molecular weight polymer of ethylene oxide commonly used in various scientific and industrial applications due to its unique physicochemical properties.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000, characterized by its long chains and high solubility in water, serves primarily as an inert and non-toxic agent in processes requiring molecular crowding or the alteration of solute mobility and stability.



CAS No.: 25322-68-3
EC Number: 500-038-2
Molecular formula:(C2H4O)nH2O


SYNONYM(S) OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000:
Poly(ethylene glycol), Polyglycol, Polyethylene oxide, Polyoxy ethylene, PEG 10000, PEG


In research, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000 has been extensively utilized in the field of protein chemistry, where it acts as a precipitant in the crystallization of proteins.
This utility arises from POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000′s ability to exclude volume and reduce water activity around macromolecules, thus promoting the necessary interactions for crystal formation without altering the biological activity of the proteins.

Additionally, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000 is employed in molecular biology for the preparation of density gradients used in the purification of viruses, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules.
Its role in these applications is pivotal due to its capacity to create a stable environment that supports the separation of biological components based on size and density.
Furthermore, in bioconjugation, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000 is used to enhance the solubility and stability of bioactive compounds, thereby facilitating a variety of research methodologies that require modified biomolecules for advanced studies.







APPLICATIONS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000:
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000 is a multipurpose polymer which can be applied in solid, semi-solid and liquid formulations.
Its broad functional spectrum includes e.g. improvement of API solubility, acting as a lubricant for tablet coating, function as a carrier, and many more.
Our comprehensive portfolio of PEGs comprises diverse polymer sizes of different molecular weights to meet your specific application and needs.



PHYSICOCHEMICAL INFORMATION ABOUT POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000:
Boiling point >200 °C (1013 hPa) Non applicable
Density 1.2 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point 138.6 °C
Ignition temperature 420 °C
Fusion point 58 - 63 °C
pH value 5 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure Solubility 550 g/l
Color according to Munsell color system not more intensely colored than reference standard NE12
Melting range (lower value) ≥ 59 °C
Melting range (upper value) ≤ 64 °C
Hydroxyl value 15 - 22
Average molecular mass 5000 - 7500
Identity (IR) passes test
CASE
25322-68-3
Molecular formula
(C2H4O)n
Molecular weight (g/mol)
62.07
MDL number
MFCD01779601
InChI Key
LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-NShow more
Synonymous
PEG
IUPAC Name
ethane-1,2-diol
SMILES
[H]OCCO
Chemical name or material Poly(ethylene glycol)
Color White
Fitness Powder or glitter
Fusion point 55.0°C to 60.0°C
Linear formula H ( OCH2CH2 ) nOH
Merck Index 15, 7688
Solubility information Solubility in water: 550g/L (20°C). Other solubilities: soluble in thf
Quantity 1 kg
Formula weight 6000
Hydroxyl value 17 to 20mg KOH/g
Conditioning Plastic bottle
Viscosity 220-262 mPa.s (20°C)
Agency
Ph. Eur.
Quality Level
500
vapor pressure
product line
EMPROVE® ESSENTIAL
form
solid
autoignition temp.
420 °C
mol wt
average Mn 6000
technique(s)
API processing | nano-milling: suitable
pH
5-7 (20 °C, 100 g/L in H2O)
mp
58-63 °C
transition temp
flash point 270 °C
solubility
550 g/L
density
1.2 g/cm3 at 20 °C
application(s)
liquid formulation
pharmaceutical
semi-solid formulation
solid formulation
solubility enhancement
storage temp.
15-25°C
SMILES string
C(CO)O
InChI
1S/C2H6O2/c3-1-2-4/h3-4H,1-2H2
InChI key
LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Distributor reference
528877-100GM
Storage area
France and Germany
DGOS nomenclature
LC13AOOO
Type of coloring
White
Certification
RUO
Sterile device
No
CAS number
25322-68-3
CE DIV marking
No
State
Solid
Barcode
Yes
Subjected to dry ice
No
INSERM nomenclature
NA.NA28
Expiry date on delivery date
12 months
Manufacturer reference
528877-100GM
Nomenclature of Mother-of-pearl
NA.28
Brand
MILLIPORE
Specificity
Solubility: water: 200 mg/mL
Subject to regulation
No
Supplier
SIGMA ALDRICH CHEMISTRY
Quantity
N / A
CEA nomenclature
SGP01
Customs Code
34042000
Manufacturer product label
PEG 10000, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1PC X 100GM
Manufacturer reference
528877-100GM
CHU nomenclature
18,552
IRSN nomenclature
273
Sold by
100 g
CNRS nomenclature
NA28
Customer error recovery
No



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 10000
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ethers are products of condensed ethylene oxide and water that can have various derivatives and functions.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a non-ionic hydrophilic polymer and is available in different molecular weights.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a compound derived from cetyl and stearyl alcohols.

CAS Number: 27879-07-8
Molecular Formula: (C2H4O)nC2H6O

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether helps in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether and dextran together result in aqueous polymer two phase system, which is required for the purification of biological materials.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether also interacts with cell membrane, thereby allowing cell fusion.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a mixture of ethers of mixed polyethylene glycols with linear fatty alcohols, mainly cetostearyl alcohol.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may contain some free polyethylene glycols and various amounts of free cetostearyl alcohol.

The number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted per mole of cetostearyl alcohol is 12 (nominal value).
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a compound used in the formulation of cosmetic and personal care products.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is part of the larger family of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can be used as an excipient.
Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients.
Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations.

Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether, a United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard known for its unparalleled reliability and adherence to stringent US Pharmacopeia guidelines.
This ether stands out for its consistent performance, minimal impurities, and strict quality assurance, making it an indispensable component in the pharmaceutical industry.

Cetomacrogol 1000 is the tradename for Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether, which is nonionic surfactant produced by the ethoxylation of cetyl alcohol to give a material with the general formula HO(C2H4O)nC16H33.
Several grades of this material are available depending on the level of ethoxylation performed, with repeat units (n) of polyethylene glycol varying between 2 and 20.
Commercially it can be known as Brij 58 (when n=20) or Brij 56 (when n=10). Brij is a trademark of Croda International.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used as an oil in water (O/W) emulsifier for creams/lotions, and a wetting agent.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can be used as an excipient.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a polymer of ethylene oxide, and it is commonly used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether's known for its emollient and humectant properties, helping to soften and moisturize the skin.

These alcohols are fatty alcohols that are often obtained from natural sources like coconut or palm oil.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used in cosmetics and personal care products for its emollient properties, which contribute to the product's texture and skin-feel.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a polymer with the chemical formula HO(CH2CH2O)nH.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is properties vary according to its molecular weight, from a colourless and odourless viscous liquid to a waxy solid.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a liquid at room temperature with a molecular weight of 200 to 600, and gradually becomes a semi-solid with a molecular weight above 600, with different properties depending on the average molecular weight.
From colourless and odourless viscous liquids to waxy solids.

As the molecular weight increases, its hygroscopic capacity decreases accordingly.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is soluble in water, ethanol and many other organic solvents.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether has a low vapour pressure and is stable to heat, acids and bases.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether does not interact with many chemicals.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether has good hygroscopicity, lubricity and bonding properties.
In emulsion-based products, such as creams and lotions, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether aids in balancing the oil and water phases.

This is crucial for the stability and uniformity of the product.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is generally considered mild and non-irritating, making it suitable for use in products intended for individuals with sensitive skin.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is often included in hair conditioning products such as leave-in conditioners and hair masks.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is emollient properties contribute to detangling and smoothing the hair.
The emollient nature of the compound helps provide long-lasting moisturization to the skin, contributing to the overall hydration and comfort of the user.

In some formulations, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may assist in the delivery of other active ingredients, ensuring their effective absorption into the skin or hair.
Due to its versatility, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used in a diverse range of product formulations, allowing formulators to create products with different textures, consistencies, and performance characteristics.

Melting point: 255 °C
EPA Substance Registry System: Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-ethyl-.omega.-hydroxy- (27879-07-8)

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is white granular.
Soluble in water, soluble in some organic solvents.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is solution has high viscosity at low concentration, and can be processed by calendering, extrusion, casting, etc.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a thermoplastic resin with good compatibility with other resins.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is resistant to bacterial erosion and has weak hygroscopicity in the atmosphere.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may contribute to the foaming properties of a product.

This is particularly relevant in products such as facial cleansers and body washes, where a foaming action is desirable for cleansing.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is known for its ability to improve the spreading properties of cosmetic formulations.
This ensures that the product is easy to apply and distribute evenly on the skin or hair.

Depending on the concentration used, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may contribute to the viscosity (thickness) of a product.
This can be beneficial in achieving the desired texture, especially in formulations like creams and lotions.
In some sunscreen formulations, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may be included.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is emollient and stabilizing properties can contribute to the overall sensory experience of a sunscreen product.
The emollient nature of this compound can contribute to the soothing and calming properties of a product, making it suitable for formulations targeting sensitive or irritated skin.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is commonly found in various makeup products such as foundations, BB creams, and concealers.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is emollient and spreading properties contribute to the smooth application of these products.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a compound, its series of products are non-irritating, slightly bitter in taste, have good water solubility, and have good compatibility with many organic components.
They have excellent lubricity, moisture retention, dispersibility, adhesive, antistatic agent and softener, etc.

They are used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, chemical fibers, rubber, plastics, papermaking, paints, electroplating, pesticides, metal processing and food processing, etc.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is often found in cleansing products such as facial cleansers, body washes, and shampoos.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is surfactant properties contribute to the formation of stable emulsions and help in the removal of dirt and impurities from the skin and hair.

In hair care formulations, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can contribute to the conditioning and smoothing of the hair.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is commonly found in shampoos, conditioners, and styling products.
Due to its emollient and stabilizing properties, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is frequently used in the formulation of creams and lotions.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether helps create products with a desirable texture, providing a smooth and moisturizing feel upon application.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is known for its compatibility with a wide range of other cosmetic ingredients.
This makes it a versatile choice for formulators who seek to create products with various active ingredients and sensory attributes.

In addition to its functional properties, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can enhance the overall feel of a product.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether contributes to the sensory experience, making the product more pleasant to use.
In some formulations, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may be used in combination with other surfactants to achieve specific cleansing or foaming characteristics in a product.

The emollient nature of the compound helps in maintaining skin hydration by preventing water loss.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can also contribute to the formation of a protective barrier on the skin, enhancing its overall condition.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is suitable for both leave-on and rinse-off products, offering flexibility in formulating various types of cosmetic and personal care items.

Cosmetic ingredients, including Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether, are subject to regulatory standards and safety assessments.
Formulations are designed to comply with these regulations to ensure consumer safety.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used globally in a wide range of cosmetic and personal care products, contributing to the formulation of products with consistent quality and performance.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether helps to soften and smooth the skin, contributing to the overall sensory experience of a cosmetic or personal care product.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether compounds are known for their humectant properties, meaning they can attract and retain moisture. This can help improve the hydration of the skin.
The compound can contribute to the stability of emulsions (mixtures of oil and water) in formulations, preventing them from separating over time.

Depending on its concentration, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may act as a surfactant, helping to reduce the surface tension between different phases in a formulation.
This is particularly relevant in products like creams and lotions where oil and water need to be combined.

Uses:
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can be used as a medium for organic synthesis and a heat carrier with high requirements.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used as a humectant, inorganic salt solubilizer and viscosity adjuster in the daily chemical industry; as a softener and antistatic agent in the textile industry; as a wetting agent in the paper and pesticide industry.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used to contribute to the texture and consistency of cosmetic formulations.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether aids in the even distribution of the product and enhances its spreadability.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is most suitable for softgels.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is a liquid, it has a wide range of compatibility with various solvents and is a good solvent and solubiliser, and is widely used in liquid formulations, such as oral liquids and eye drops.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether serves as an emollient, helping to soften and smooth the skin.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is commonly found in moisturizers, creams, and lotions, contributing to the overall skin-feel and hydration.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can act as a surfactant in cleansing products such as facial cleansers, body washes, and shampoos.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether helps in the removal of dirt, oils, and impurities from the skin and hair.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is often used to stabilize emulsions, especially in formulations where oil and water need to be combined.
This is crucial for maintaining the stability and uniformity of products like creams and lotions.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether contributes to the texture of cosmetic products, providing a smooth and creamy consistency.
This is desirable in formulations like foundations, BB creams, and concealers.
In hair care products such as conditioners and leave-in treatments, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether helps condition the hair, making it more manageable, smooth, and easy to comb.

In formulations like facial cleansers and body washes, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may contribute to the foaming properties, providing a pleasant and satisfying cleansing experience.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can serve as a thickening agent in certain formulations, helping to achieve the desired viscosity of products like creams and lotions.
The humectant properties of this compound contribute to the hydration of the skin.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether attracts and retains moisture, helping to keep the skin supple.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is often included in various makeup products, including foundations, primers, and other cosmetic formulations.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether helps create products with a smooth application and desirable texture.

Due to its emollient and stabilizing properties, it may be included in the formulation of sunscreens, contributing to the product's texture and overall performance.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is suitable for both leave-on and rinse-off products, offering versatility in formulating a wide range of cosmetic and personal care items.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether enhances the spreading properties of products, ensuring even application on the skin or hair.

Being generally mild and non-irritating, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is suitable for use in products targeted for individuals with sensitive or easily irritated skin.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is the material of choice when vegetable oils are not suitable as a carrier for active ingredients.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used as a base or lubricant and softener in the pharmaceutical, textile and cosmetic industries; used as a dispersant in the paint industry to improve the water dispersibility and flexibility of resins, with a dosage of 10-30%; used to improve the solubility of dyestuffs and reduce their volatility in printing ink, especially in wax paper and printing ink, also used to adjust the consistency of ink in biros ink.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is also used as a dispersant in the rubber industry to promote vulcanisation and as a dispersant for carbon black filling materials.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used as metal processing casting agent, lubricant and cutting fluid for metal drawing, stamping or forming, grinding cooling lubricating polishing agent, welding agent, etc.; used as lubricant in paper industry, etc., also used as hot melt adhesive to increase fast rewetting ability.
Included in facial moisturizers, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether helps provide hydration and contributes to the overall texture of the product, offering a smooth and moisturizing experience for the skin.

This ingredient is commonly found in hand creams and lotions, contributing to the formulation's ability to soften and moisturize the skin on the hands.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used in body creams and body butters, it enhances the emollient properties of the formulation, leaving the skin feeling soft and nourished.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may be included in anti-aging products such as serums and creams, contributing to the overall feel and performance of these formulations.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is emollient properties make it suitable for inclusion in shaving creams and gels, providing a smooth glide during shaving while helping to hydrate the skin.
In addition to foaming cleansers, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can be used in cleansing lotions, offering a gentle and hydrating cleansing experience.
Included in after-sun lotions and creams, it can help soothe and moisturize the skin after sun exposure.

Found in baby lotions and creams, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether contributes to formulations designed for the delicate skin of infants.
In deodorants and antiperspirants, this ingredient may be used to enhance the product's feel and spreadability on the skin.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used in foot creams, it contributes to the moisturizing and softening properties of the product, addressing dryness and roughness on the feet.

Included in cosmetic primers, Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether can help create a smooth base for makeup application, contributing to a flawless finish.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether may be found in certain fragrance formulations, contributing to the overall texture of scented products.
In formulations designed for intimate care, this ingredient may contribute to the moisturizing and soothing properties of the product.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used in tinted moisturizers, it helps in creating a product that not only provides hydration but also contributes to an even and smooth application of color.
Included in various serums and treatment products, it can enhance the overall feel and performance of targeted skincare formulations.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether good coating material, hydrophilic polishing material, film and capsule material, plasticizer, lubricant and drip matrix for the preparation of tablets, pills, capsules, microcapsules, etc.

Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is used as a finishing agent in the paper industry to increase the gloss and smoothness of paper; as an additive in the rubber industry to increase the lubricity and plasticity of rubber products, reduce the power consumption during processing and extend the service life of rubber products.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether is commonly used in various cosmetic and personal care products such as creams, lotions, moisturizers, and hair care products.

Safety Profile:
In some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin, there is a possibility of skin irritation.
This can manifest as redness, itching, or other forms of skin discomfort.
Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether's advisable to perform patch tests, especially for individuals prone to skin sensitivities.

Contact with the eyes may cause irritation.
In case of accidental contact, thorough rinsing with water is recommended.
Protective measures, such as avoiding direct contact with the eyes, should be taken.

Some people may be allergic to specific ingredients in cosmetic formulations, including Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether.
Allergic reactions can vary and may include redness, swelling, or itching.
Inhalation of dust or aerosolized particles of cosmetic ingredients, including Polyethylene Glycol 12 Cetostearyl Ether, should be avoided.

Contamination of cosmetic products can occur if proper hygiene and storage practices are not followed.
This can lead to the growth of microorganisms, potentially causing skin infections.
Users should ensure the cleanliness of products and storage containers.

Synonyms:
27879-07-8
Brij-58
2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-hexadecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol
PEG 20 cetostearyl ether
DTXSID7046708
NCGC00167551-01
198563-32-5
CETOMACROGOL

The molecular weight can range from 200 to several million corresponding to the number of oxyethylene groups.
The higher-molecular-weight materials (100 000 to 5 000 000) are also referred to as polyethylene oxides.
The average molecular weight of any specific Polyethylene glycol 1500 product falls within quite narrow limits (°5%).

CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2

Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000;Polyethylene Glycol 600;PEG 600;NL4J9F21N9;CARBOWAX PEG 600;JEECHEM 600;LIPO POLYGLYCOL 600;LIPOXOL 600 MED;MACROGOL 600 DISTEARATE;NORFOX E-600;PEG-12;PLURACARE E 600;POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (II);POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (USP-RS);POLYGLYKOL 600;SABOPEG 600;TOHO PEG NO. 600;UNIPEG-600;UPIWAX 600

Polyethylene glycol 1500 is completely soluble in water with low toxicity and is molecularly stable and non-volatile.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 is a family of linear polymers formed by a base-catalyzed condensation reaction with repeating ethylene oxide units being added to ethylene.
The molecular formula is (C2H4O)multH2O where mult denotes the average number of oxyethylene groups.
The number of ethylene oxide units or their approximate molecular weight (e.g., PEG-4 or PEG-200) commonly designates the nomenclature of specific polyethylene glycols.
Polyethylene glycols with amolecular weight less than 600 are liquid, whereas those of molecular weight 1000 and above are solid.

Polyethylene glycol 1500 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene glycol 1500(25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene glycol 1500 (25322-68-3)

Application in biomedicine
Polyethylene glycol 1500 is also known as polyoxirane (PEO).
Polyethylene glycol 1500 is a linear polyether obtained by ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide.
The main uses in the field of biomedicine are as follows:
Contact lens liquid.
The viscosity of Polyethylene glycol 1500 is sensitive to the shear rate and it is not easy for bacteria to grow on polyethylene glycol.
Synthetic lubricants.
The condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 is a cream matrix for preparing water-soluble drugs.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, which is difficult to dissolve in water.
Drug sustained-release and immobilized enzyme carrier.
The Polyethylene glycol 1500 is applied to the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of drugs in the pill so as to improve the efficacy.
Surface modification of medical polymer materials.

The biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood can be improved by adsorption, interception and grafting of two amphiphilic copolymers containing polyethylene glycol on the surface of medical polymers.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 can make the membrane of the alkanol contraceptive pill.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 can make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 is an osmotic laxative.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 can increase osmotic pressure and absorb moisture in the intestinal cavity, which makes the stool soften and increase in volume, resulting in bowel movement and defecation.
Denture fixing agent.
Peg nontoxic and gelatinous nature can be used as a component of denture fixer.
PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 are commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeasts) to take DNA in transformation.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 absorbs water from the solution, so it is also used to concentrate the solution.

Production Methods
Polyethylene glycol 1500 polymers are formed by the reaction of ethylene oxide and water under pressure in the presence of a catalyst.
Polyethylene glycol 1500 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400.
Dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 1500 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of polyethylene glycol 1500 and potassium hydroxide.
The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer:catalyst.

PEG 1500 Applications PEG 1500 Application Polyethylene glycol 1500 for synthesis. CAS 25322-68-3, pH 4 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C). PEG 1500 Physicochemical Information PEG 1500 Boiling point >200 °C (1013 hPa) PEG 1500 Density 1.2 g/cm3 (20 °C) PEG 1500 Flash point 240 °C PEG 1500 Ignition temperature 420 °C PEG 1500 Melting Point 43 - 49 °C PEG 1500 pH value 4 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) PEG 1500 Vapor pressure <0.01 hPa (20 °C) PEG 1500 Bulk density 400 - 500 kg/m3 PEG 1500 Solubility 650 g/l PEG 1500 Toxicological Information PEG 1500 LD 50 oral LD50 Rat 28000 mg/kg PEG 1500 LD 50 dermal LD50 Rabbit > 20000 mg/kg PEG 1500 Safety Information according to GHS PEG 1500 Storage class 10 Combustible liquids PEG 1500 WGK WGK 1 slightly hazardous to water PEG 1500 Disposal 3 PEG 1500 Relatively unreactive organic reagents should be collected in container A. If halogenated, they should be collected in container B. For solid residues use container C. PEG 1500 Storage and Shipping Information PEG 1500 Storage Store below +30°C. PEG 1500 Transport Information PEG 1500 Declaration (railroad and road) ADR, RID Kein Gefahrgut PEG 1500 Declaration (transport by air) IATA-DGR No Dangerous Good PEG 1500 Declaration (transport by sea) IMDG-Code No Dangerous Good PEG 1500 Specifications PEG 1500 Melting range (lower value) ≥ 43 °C PEG 1500 Melting range (upper value) ≤ 49 °C PEG 1500 Hydroxyl value 70 - 80 PEG 1500 Average molecular mass 1400 - 1600 PEG 1500 Identity (IR) passes test Activated PEG 1500s (for conjugation to biologics) PEG 1500-PLA or PEG 1500-PLGA (for nanoparticle formulations of drugs) Linear and branched functionalized polyethylene imines and other polyimines (for oligo-nucleotide binding and delivery) PEG 1500-pAsp / PEG 1500-pGlu (for oligo-nucleotide binding and delivery) Hyperbranched polyglycerols (for drug delivery and protein formulation) Other polymers for nanoparticle formation (drug delivery) Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 1500) is a non-ionic hydrophilic polymer and is available in different molecular weights. It helps in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids. PEG 1500 and dextran together result in aqueous polymer two phase system, which is required for the purification of biological materials. PEG 1500 also interacts with cell membrane, thereby allowing cell fusion.Polyethylene Glycol 1500 (PEG 1500-1500) has been used to mediate cell fusion.PEG 1500 is a polymer of ethylene oxide with an average molecular weight of 1500. This polymeric material is an excellent solubiliser and can be used in a wide variety of home care and I&I applications.Polyethylene glycol. PEG- 1500 by Dynamic International is a surfactant. It is available in the form of milky white solid. PEG- 1500 is used in cream and shampoo base material.Crystallization grade Polyethylene glycol 1500(PEG 1500) for formulating screens or for optimization.PEG 1500 Eye contact Unlikely to cause eye irritation in man.PEG 1500 Skin contact Unlikely to cause skin irritation in man.PEG 1500 Inhalation This material may cause irritation following inhalation.PEG 1500 Ingestion Will cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.Low oral toxicity, but ingestion may cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.PEG 1500 Eye contact Irrigate with eyewash solution or clean water, holding the eyelids apart, for at least 10 minutes. Obtain medical attention.PEG 1500 Skin contact Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin with soap and water. If symptoms develop, obtain medical attention.PEG 1500 Inhalation Remove patient from exposure. Obtain medical attention if ill effects occur.PEG 1500 Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. Wash out mouth with water and give 200-300 ml (half a pint) of water to drink. Obtain medical attention if ill effects occur.PEG 1500 Further Medical Treatment Symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy as indicated.PEG 1500 Extinguishing Media Water fog, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.PEG 1500 Unsuitable Extinguishing Media None known.PEG 1500 Special fire-fighting protective equipment A self contained breathing apparatus and suitable protective clothing must be worn in fire conditions.PEG 1500 Fire and explosion hazards Combustible but not readily ignited. PEG 1500 Colour white PEG 1500 Form solid PEG 1500 Odour mild PEG 1500 pH approx 5 - 7 5% In water PEG 1500 Boiling point/boiling range (°C) No data. PEG 1500 Flash Point (ºC) > 260 (open cup) PEG 1500 Autoignition Temperature (ºC) approx 420 PEG 1500 Flammable Limits No data. PEG 1500 Explosive Properties No data. PEG 1500 Oxidising Properties No data. PEG 1500 Vapour Density No data. PEG 1500 Solubility in water soluble PEG 1500 Solubility in other ingredients Soluble in many organic solvents, insoluble in:, aliphatic hydrocarbons PEG 1500 Partition Coefficient No data. PEG 1500 Dynamic viscosity (mPa.s) approx 30 @99°C PEG 1500 Density (g/ml) 1.208 @ 20 °C PEG 1500 Stability Stable under normal conditions. PEG 1500 Materials to avoid Strong oxidising agents. PEG 1500 Conditions to avoid None known PEG 1500 Hazardous decomposition products None known PEG 1500 Hazardous polymerisation Will not occur

Polyethylene glycol 200 a structure-directing agent to synthesize iron vanadate (FeVO4) nanoparticles via co-precipitation method.
Polyethylene glycol 200 an organic additive to prepare crystalline nanorods of calcium tungstate (CaWO4) using calcium chloride and sodium tungstate via solvothermal process.
Polyethylene glycol 200 a surface modifier in the synthesis of calcium peroxide nanoparticles using CaCl2 as a precursor via hydrolysis-precipitation method.

CAS Number: 25322-68-3
EINECS Number: 500-038-2

Synonyms: Polyethylene Glycol 200, PEG 200, PEG-200, R95B8J264J, 203-989-9, MACROGOL 200, polyox FRA, 1,11-DIHYDROXY-3,6,9-TRIOXAUNDECANE, 1,2-ETHANEDIOL, HOMOPOLYMER, 1660O, 1660S, ALKOX, ALKOX E 30, ALPHA-HYDRO-OMEGA-HYDROXYPOLY(OXY-1,2-ETHANEDIYL)POLYOXYETHYLENEDIOL), CARBOWAX E 9000, CARBOWAX PEG 200, CBP 20, CERASOL 250A, CHEMIOX E 20(C), DB-WAX, DECUFLUX RM 33, DESMOPHEN L 1208, E 1450NF, E 200 (POLYGLYCOL), E 400NF, EMKAPOL 150, EMKAPOL 200, ETHYLENE OXIDE, HOMOPOLYMER, ETHYLENE POLYOXIDE, GAFANOL E 300, GENOPLAST 200, IW (DISPERSANT), KLEANPREP, LAPROL 1001, LAPROL 402, LINEARTOP P, LIPO POLYGLYCOL 200, LUMULSE PEG 200, LUTROL 9, M 9000, MACOL E 300, MACROGOL 400R, MICROSOLV PEG 100, NOPCOFLOC 310, NSC-1262, OEG, OEG 100, OEG 2000, OEG 300, OXIDE A, OXIDE WAX A, OXIRANE, HOMOPOLYMER, P 300 (POLYOXYALKYLENE), PE 68, PE 68 (POLYOL), PEG (POLYGLYCOL), PEG 115, PEG 20000, PEG 2M, PEG 35, PEG 4, PEG 4000N, PEG 4600, PEG 5000, PEG 6, PEG 6000S, PEG 75, PEO 1, PEO 10, PEO 100, PEO 15, PEO 16, PEO 18, PEO 3, PEO 5000, PEO 8, PEOPO-A, PLASTIGEN PR 8086, PLURACARE E 200, PLURACOL E 300, PLURACOL E 4600, PLURIOL 9000, PLURIOL E, PLURIOL E 2000, PLURIOL E 300, PLURIOL E 9000, POLIKOL, POLIKOL 1600, POLIKOL 300, POLIKOL 3T, POLY(ETHYLENE ETHER) GLYCOL, POLY(OXYETHYLENE) GLYCOL, POLY(VINYL OXIDE), POLYDIOL 1550, POLYDIOL 200, POLYDIOL 300, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 200 (II), POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 200 (USP-RS), POLYGLYCOL 12000, POLYGLYCOL 300, POLYGLYKOL 200, POLYGOL, POLYHYDROXYETHYLENE, POLYOX (POLYGLYCOL), POLYOX 1, POLYOX 100, POLYOX 30, POLYOX 303, POLYOX 309, POLYOX 600K, POLYOX COAGULANT, POLYOX N 10, POLYOX N 12K, POLYOX N 3000, POLYOX N 60K, POLYOX N 750, POLYOX N 78, POLYOX N 80, POLYOX OF 50, POLYOX UCARFLOC 309, POLYOX WRN 3000, POLYOX WRPA 3154, POLYOX WSR, POLYOX WSR 1105, POLYOX WSR 205, POLYOX WSR 303, POLYOX WSR 31, POLYOX WSR 35, POLYOX WSR 700, POLYOX WSR 80, POLYOX WSR-FRA, POLYOX WSR-N 10, POLYOX WSR-N 12K, POLYOX WSR-N 205, POLYOX WSR-N 3000, POLYOX WSR-N 301, POLYOX WSR-N 303, POLYOX WSR-N 3333, POLYOX WSR-N 60K, POLYOX WSR-N 750, POLYOX WSR-N 78, POLYOX WSR-N 80, POLYOX WSR-N 80-1001C, POLYOXYALKYLENES, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, POLYOXYDIN, POLYOXYETHYLENEDIOL, POLYWAX 12000, POLYWAX 20000, POSTONAL, PT-C 300ZT, PT-T 8-200DL, REXOL P 2002, SABOPEG 200, SOLBASE, SS 70, ST 836, SUPEROX 0.1, SUPEROX 0.6, SUPEROX 4, SUPEROX 5, SURFONYL, SWASCONOL D 60, SWASCONOL D 80, TEISAN Z 75, TENZILIN 200, TENZILIN 300, TOHO PEG NO. 200, U 100 (POLYGLYCOL), UCAR 4C, UCARFLOC, ULTRAFLOC 309, UNIPEG-200 X, UPIWAX 200, VITERRA 2 HYDROGEL, WSR 205, WSR 301, WSR 35, WSR-N 10, WSR-N 3000, WSR-N 750, WSR-N COAG, ZUSOPLAST 9002

Polyethylene glycol 200 a green solvent in combination with H2O in the preparation of 4-sulfanylcoumarins by sulfanylation of 4-tosyloxycoumarins with thiourea and alkyl halides
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a type of polyethylene glycol, which is a polymer made from ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is strongly hydrophilic.

The partition coefficient of Polyethylene glycol 200 between hexane and water is 0.000015 (log𝑃=−4.8{\displaystyle P=-4.8}), indicating that when Polyethylene glycol 200 is mixed with water and hexane, there are only 15 parts of Polyethylene glycol 200 in the hexane layer per 1 million parts of PEG 400 in the water layer.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid that is used in a variety of applications due to its properties as a solvent, plasticizer, surfactant, and lubricant.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid. Due in part to its low toxicity, PEG 400 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG-200, polyethylene glycol monostearate) is a polyether compound with the chemical structure H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is soluble in water, acetone, alcohols, benzene, glycerin, glycols, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is not miscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons and diethyl ether.
Therefore, reaction products can be extracted from the reaction media with those solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.

Polyethylene glycol 200 has no toxicity and irritation.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.
The toxicity of low molecular weight Polyethylene glycol 200 is relatively large.

In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a non-ionic hydrophilic polymer and is available in different molecular weights.

Polyethylene glycol 200 either exists in the form of a linear or branched structure.
Polyethylene glycol 200 aids in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids.

Polyethylene glycol 200 along with dextran is used to achieve an aqueous polymer two-phase system, which is essential for the purification of biological materials.
Polyethylene glycol 200 permits cell fusion through its interaction with the cell membrane.
Polyethylene glycol 200 has been used in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Polyethylene glycol 200, NF acts as a lubricant, coating the surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.
All SpectrumPolyethylene glycol 200 grade products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP).
The low-molecular weight liquid Polyethylene glycol 200 is an excellent solvent for a large number of substances that do not readily dissolve in water.

Topical application of Polyethylene glycol 200, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.
In topical lotion, Polyethylene glycol 200 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Diarrhoea can occur in large doses of oral administration.

In injection, the maximum Polyethylene glycol 200 concentration is about 30% (V/V).
Traditionally, Polyethylene glycol 200 is derived from petroleum-based sources.
Acme-Hardesty is proud to offer a completely renewable PEG-200 that is Bio-based.

One of our many sustainable alternatives to conventional industrial chemicals, our Polyethylene glycol 200 is an ideal choice for a wide range of industrial applications.
Polyethylene glycol 200 has a wide range of potential uses.
It is a defoaming agent, lubricant and viscosity modifier in many different products.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is also used as a coating for fresh fruit, as a solvent in metal working fluids, as a binder and modifier in latex paints, and as a humectant in inks and abrasives.
Specific industries that rely on PEG-200 include cosmetics, health and medicine, textiles and more.
For a detailed list of potential applications, or for assistance determining whether or not Polyethylene glycol 200 can be used for your product, contact Acme-Hardesty today.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is a clear, slightly viscous liquid, a polymer of ethylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 200 g/mol.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a compound with a wide range of applications.
Polyethylene glycol 200 has wetting, dissolving, dispersing and stabilizing properties.

In metalworking, polyethylene glycol 200 is used as a solvent in welding fluxes.
Polyethylene glycol 200 can be used both in the production of the fluxes themselves, as a base for dissolving/solubilizing components, and in the cleaning of welding fluxes after welding.
In cosmetics, Polyethylene Glycol 200 is used as a non-toxic humectant (often in combination with glycerin to obtain a synergistic effect), as a solvent in a variety of creams and lotions, since it acts as a non-ionic surfactant.

Polyethylene glycol 200 can also be used as a base for lotions, transparent creams, or massage products such as lotions, creams, or massage products.
Bath gels or bath bombs, because of its lubricating/slip-enhancing properties.
In the manufacture of soaps or detergents, it is used as a viscosity modifier/thickener, which helps to thicken products without the use of surfactants.

In the manufacture of toothpastes, Polyethylene glycol 200 is used as a stabilizer to help keep the water evenly distributed and the xanthan gum evenly distributed throughout the toothpaste volume.
Moisture-retaining agent: maintains the water content of the cosmetic product both in the packaging and on the skin.
Polyethylene glycol 200, commonly known as PEG 200, is a low-molecular-weight variant of PEG, widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial applications for its excellent solubility and lubricating properties.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is characterized by its hydrophilic nature, making it an ideal ingredient for formulations requiring water solubility and lubrication.
Polyethylene glycol 200 has a relatively low freezing point and a high boiling point, making it stable and effective over a wide temperature range.
It is highly soluble in water and many organic solvents, and its chemical stability makes it suitable for various formulations.

Polyethylene glycol 200, commonly known as PEG 200, is a highly adaptable and stable product that is essential in many diverse industries for its lubricating and hydrating properties.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a key component in many different applications including industrial, lubricants, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (often combined with glycerin).
Polyethylene glycol 200 is used as a dispersant in a number of toothpastes.

In this application, Polyethylene glycol 200 binds water and helps keep the xanthan gum evenly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is also being researched in body armor and tattoos used to monitor diabetes.
Polyethylene glycol 200 belongs to the group of polyoxyethylene glycols.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is a colourless liquid, well soluble in water.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is characterized by strong hygroscopic properties.
Polyethylene glycol 200 exhibits excellent dissolution capacity of the active ingredients.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is characterized by a wide range of applications.
Polyethylene glycol 200 has excellent softening, lubricating, solubilizing, moisturizing and anti-electrostatic properties.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications from industrial production to pharmaceuticals.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE) depending on its molecular weight.
The Polyethylene glycol 200 structure is usually expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2) n−OH.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol with a low-level toxicity.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is very hydrophilic, which renders it a useful ingredient in drug formulations to augment the solubility and bioavailability of weakly water-soluble drugs.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is used in ophthalmic solutions for the relief of burning, irritation and/or discomfort that follows dryness of the eye.
Polyethylene glycol 200 indicates that the average molecular weight of the specific PEG is 400.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is a clear liquid with an average molecular weight of 400.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is soluble in water and other polar organic solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is useful in a wide variety of applications including lubricants, plastics, paper, pharmaceuticals, personal care, and food industries.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is useful as a viscosity modifier, plasticizer, and heat transfer agent in many industrial applications.
Because it its humectant properties, Polyethylene glycol 200 can be used in many personal care formulations for ointments and creams.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is also used in gelatin capsules as liquid carriers.

Because of Polyethylene glycol 200’s hydroxyl groups, it can also be used as a chemical intermediate.
The low-molecular weight liquid Polyethylene glycol 200 is an excellent solvent for a large number of substances that do not readily dissolve in water.
They are therefore widely used as solvents and solubilising agents for active substances and excipients in liquid and semi-solid preparations.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is the ability of PEGs to form complexes with active substances that is responsible for their excellent solvent power.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a strongly hydrophilic polyethylene glycol used as an excellent solvent for a large number of substances.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.

Polyethylene glycol 200 can be used as: A structure-directing agent to synthesize iron vanadate (FeVO4) nanoparticles via co-precipitation method.
An organic additive to prepare crystalline nanorods of calcium tungstate (CaWO4) using calcium chloride and sodium tungstate via solvothermal process.
A surface modifier in the synthesis of calcium peroxide nanoparticles using CaCl2 as a precursor via hydrolysis-precipitation method.

A green solvent in combination with H2O in the preparation of Polyethylene glycol 200 by sulfanylation of 4-tosyloxycoumarins with thiourea and alkyl halides.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a clear, colorless liquid that is made from sugar cane waste so it is naturally derived and renewable.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is completely soluble in water and has an average molecular weight of 190 - 210.

Polyethylene glycol 200 are another group of products with an incredibly long list of uses and applications from industrial uses to food and pharma, and everything in between.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a UV monomer with low volatility. It contains MEHQ (400 ppm) as inhibitor.
Polyethylene glycol 200 offers chemical resistance, good flexibility, impact strength and adhesive force.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is suitable for radiation-curable adhesives.
Polyethylene glycol 200 a thermoplastic polymer obtained by the polymerization of ethylene oxide; the various types of PEG vary according to their average molecular weight, from which they take their name.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is soluble in water and in most organic solvents, but with the increase of its molecular weight, solubility and hygroscopicity decrease.
The most recognized application of polyethylene glycols is the consolidation of waterlogged wood.

Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: >1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Flash point: 270 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: waxy solid
color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Viscosity: 1,650-3,850cp (1% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 11cs (99C)
Viscosity: 4.5cs (99C)
Viscosity: 5,500-8,000cp (1% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 6cs (99C)
Viscosity: 7.4cs (99C)
Viscosity: 750cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 75cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 8,000cs (99C)
Viscosity: 8,800-17,600cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 93cs (99C)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃

Polyethylene Glycol 200 (PEG-200) is a polyether compound with the chemical structure H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.
Traditionally, Polyethylene Glycol 200 is derived from petroleum-based sources.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine.

Polyethylene Glycol 200 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight.
The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products, in oral, topical, and parenteral dosage forms.

Polyethylene Glycol 200 used in medicines for treating disimpaction and maintenance therapy for children with constipation.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization.

X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (frequently combined with glycerin).
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is used in a number of toothpastes[5] as a dispersant. In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.

Polyethylene Glycol 200 is also under investigation for use in body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.
In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 200), Polyethylene Glycol 200 is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is also used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks.

The metabolism of Polyethylene glycol 200 involves the oxidation of the alcohol groups located on the PEG to a carboxylic acid.
For example, the diacid and hydroxyl acid metabolites of Polyethylene glycol 200 have been measured in the plasma and urine of burn patients and rabbits and in the bile of cats.
In the isolated guinea pig liver and in rat/guinea pig in vitro, Polyethylene glycol 200 has demonstrated to be sulfated.

Evidence from experiments with Polyethylene glycol 200 suggests that ethylene glycol is not formed as a metabolite of PEG in humans.
Negligible amounts of oxalic acid are liberated after the metabolism of PEG 12.
The first phase of metabolism of Polyethylene glycol 200 in mammals is regulated by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.

Liver cytochorome Polyethylene glycol 200 enzymes may also play a role in the oxidation of PEG, although the evidence for this is not clear 12.
Also, Polyethylene glycol 200 has been shown to be metabolized by sulfotransferase enzymes.
Although there is evidence that Polyethylene glycol 200 can be metabolized to various phase 1 and phase 2 metabolites, the toxicology data presented above indicate that these metabolites are of very little toxicological concern.

However, metabolism of Polyethylene glycol 200 to the acid metabolite(s) has been implicated in the acidosis and hypercalcemia observed in patients after overdose 12.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is clear that these metabolites can be formed in multiple toxicology species and that the phase 1 metabolites are seen in animals and humans.
These data indicate that humans and animals will be exposed to similar metabolites after administration of PEG 12.

Metabolic clearance of Polyethylene glycol 200 decreases markedly as molecular weight increases.
Polyethylene glycol 200, up to 25% of the dose may be metabolized in humans (Schaffer et al., 1950); similar results are also seen in the rabbit 12.
Polyethylene glycol 200 by the oral route is molecular weight- dependent.

Polyethylene Glycol 200 is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 was used as an additive to silver halide photographic emulsions.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles.

Polyethylene Glycol 200 is the main ingredient in many personal lubricants.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is the main ingredient in the paint in paintballs
Polyethylene Glycol 200 has a wide range of potential uses.

Polyethylene Glycol 200 is a defoaming agent, lubricant and viscosity modifier in many different products.
Polyethylene Glycol 200 is also used as a coating for fresh fruit, as a solvent in metal working fluids, as a binder and modifier in latex paints, and as a humectant in inks and abrasives.
Specific industries that rely on Polyethylene Glycol 200 include cosmetics, health and medicine, textiles and more.

Uses:
In plastics manufacturing, Polyethylene glycol 200 is used as a lubricant in moulds to facilitate the removal of moulded parts and as a lubricant for external surfaces.
In the lubrication industry, Polyethylene glycol 200 is used as an additive in synthetic greases, cutting oils and hydraulic fluids, as a lubrication enhancer/enhancer/additive.
In rubber production as a mould lubricant to facilitate the removal of products from moulds in both synthetic and natural rubber production

In the textile industry, polyethylene glycol 200 as a fabric softener, a dye carrier, a dirt breaker (dispersant) and as an anti-static agent.
Polyethylene glycol 200 can also be used in carpet cleaning/refreshing agents.
In horticulture/ floriculture it is used as a humectant/active ingredient carrier.

When used in combination with water, Polyethylene glycol 200 prevents plants from drying out quickly, allowing cut flowers to last longer and growing plants to survive dry periods more easily.
In woodworking, Polyethylene glycol 200 is used as a preservative or stabilizer.
In the case of old wood, Polyethylene glycol 200 helps to preserve the original color and shape of the wood, especially when working with wood that has been under water or in wet environments.

In the case of green (fresh) wood, the polymer prevents the wood from drying out too quickly, thus preserving the original shape of the workpiece and avoiding the possibility of the wood becoming warped or cracked.
In the food industry, Polyethylene glycol 200 can be used as food additive E1521.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is commonly found as an additive in chewing gums, sweets and confectionery.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is found in small quantities as it is used as a carrier for pigments and as a component of moisturizers rather than as a main component.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a condensation polymers of ethylene oxide and water with the general formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where n is the average number of repeating oxyethylene groups typically from 4 to about 180.
The low molecular weight members from n=2 to n=4 are diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol respectively, which are produced as pure compounds.

The low molecular weight compounds upto 700 are colorless, odorless viscous liquids with a freezing point from -10 C (diethylene gycol), while polymerized compounds with higher molecular weight than 1,000 are waxlike solids with melting point upto 67 C for n 180.
The abbreviation Polyethylene glycol 200 is termed in combination with a numeric suffix which indicates the average molecular weights.
One common feature of Polyethylene glycol 200 appears to be the water-soluble.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is soluble also in many organic solvents including aromatic hydrocarbons (not aliphatics).
They are used to make emulsifying agents and detergents, and as plasticizers, humectants, and water-soluble textile lubricants.
The wide range of chain lengths provide identical physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections directly or indirectly in the field of; Alkyd and polyester resin preparation to enhance water dispersability and water-based coatings.

Antidusting agent in agricultural formulations Brightening effect and adhesion enhance in electroplating and electroplating process.
Cleaners, detergents and soaps with low volatility and low toxicity solvent properties.
Coupling agent, humectant, solvent and lubricant in cosmetics and personal care bases.

Dimensional stabilizer in wood working operations Dye carrier in paints and inks Heat transfer fluid formulation and defoamer formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 200 low volatilie, water soluble, and noncorrosive lubricant without staining residue in food and package process.
Polyethylene glycol 200 mold release agent and lubricant in fabricating elastomers Paper coating for antisticking, color stabilizing, good gloss and free flow in calendering operations.

Plasticizer to increase lubricity and to impart a humectant property in ceramic mass, adhesives and binders.
Softener and antistatic agent for textiles Soldering fluxes with good spreading property.
Polyethylene glycol is non-toxic, odorless, neutral, lubricating, nonvolatile and nonirritating and is used in a variety of pharmaceuticals and in medications as a solven, dispensing agent, ointment and suppository bases, vehicle, and tablet excipient.

Polyethylene glycol 200 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown Polyethylene glycol 200 m aintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.

In rats, Polyethylene glycol 200 has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
This medication is used to relieve dry, irritated eyes.
Common causes for dry eyes include wind, sun, heating/air conditioning, computer use/reading, and certain medications.

Polyethylene glycol 200 may contain 1 or more of the following ingredients: carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, glycerin, hypromellose, Polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 400), polysorbate, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, or propylene glycol, among others.
Eye lubricants keep the eye moist, help to protect the eye from injury and infection, and decrease symptoms of dry eyes such as burning, itching, and feeling as if something is in the eye.
Polyethylene glycol 200 are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations.

Polyethylene glycol 200 has been used experimentally in biodegradable polymeric matrices used in controlled-release systems.
Polyethylene glycol 200 are stable, hydrophilic substances that are essentially nonirritant to the skin;They do not readily penetrate the skin, although the polyethylene glycols are water-soluble and are easily removed from the skin by washing, making them useful as ointment bases.
Solid grades are generally employed in topical ointments, with the consistency of the base being adjusted by the addition of liquid grades of polyethylene glycol.

Mixtures of Polyethylene glycol 200s can be used as suppository bases,for which they have many advantages over fats.
For example, the melting point of the suppository can be made higher to withstand exposure to warmer climates; release of the drug is not dependent upon melting point; the physical stability on storage is better; and suppositories are readily miscible with rectal fluids.
Polyethylene glycol 200 have the following disadvantages: they are chemically more reactive than fats; greater care is needed in processing to avoid inelegant contraction holes in the suppositories; the rate of release of water-soluble medications decreases with the increasing molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol; and polyethylene glycols tend to be more irritating to mucous membranes than fats.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration.

Polyethylene glycol 200 is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is a binder, solvent, plasticizing agent, and softener widely used for cosmetic cream bases and pharmaceutical ointments.
Polyethylene glycol 200 are quite humectant up to a molecular weight of 500.

Beyond this weight, their water uptake diminishes.
Polyethylene glycol 200 is used in conjunction with carbon black to form a conductive composite.
Polymer nanospheres of poly(ethylene glycol) were used for drug delivery.

Safety Profile:
Polyethylene glycol 200 administered topically may cause stinging, especially when applied to mucous membranes.
Hypersensitivity reactions to Polyethylene glycol 200 applied topically have also been reported, including urticaria and delayed allergic reactions.
The most serious adverse effects associated with Polyethylene glycol 200 are hyperosmolarity, metabolic acidosis, and renal failure following the topical use of polyethylene glycols in burn patients.

Topical preparations containing polyethylene glycols should therefore be used cautiously in patients with renal failure, extensive burns, or open wounds.
Oral administration of large quantities of Polyethylene glycol 200 can have a laxative effect.
Therapeutically, up to 4 L of an aqueous mixture of electrolytes and high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol is consumed by patients undergoing bowel cleansing.

Liquid Polyethylene glycol 200 may be absorbed when taken orally, but the higher-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols are not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Absorbed Polyethylene glycol 200 is excreted largely unchanged in the urine, although polyethylene glycols of low molecular weight may be partially metabolized.
The WHO has set an estimated acceptable daily intake of Polyethylene glycol 200 at up to 10 mg/kg body-weight.

In parenteral products, the maximum recommended concentration of Polyethylene glycol 200 is approximately 30% v/v as hemolytic effects have been observed at concentrations greater than about 40% v/v
When heated to decomposition Polyethylene glycol 200 emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Polyethylene glycol 200s are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.

Generally, they are regarded as nontoxic and nonirritant materials.
Adverse reactions to Polyethylene glycol 200 have been reported, the greatest toxicity being with glycols of low molecular weight.
However, the toxicity of glycols is relatively low.

Polyethylene glycol 2000 is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
Polyethylene glycol 2000 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight.
The structure of Polyethylene glycol 2000 is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.

CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2

Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000;Polyethylene Glycol 600;PEG 600;NL4J9F21N9;CARBOWAX PEG 600;JEECHEM 600;LIPO POLYGLYCOL 600;LIPOXOL 600 MED;MACROGOL 600 DISTEARATE;NORFOX E-600;PEG-12;PLURACARE E 600;POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (II);POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (USP-RS);POLYGLYKOL 600;SABOPEG 600;TOHO PEG NO. 600;UNIPEG-600;UPIWAX 600

Uses
Medical uses
Pharmaceutical-grade Polyethylene glycol 2000 is used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products, in oral, topical, and parenteral dosage forms.
Polyethylene glycol 2000 is the basis of a number of laxatives.
Whole bowel irrigation with Polyethylene glycol 2000 and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy or for children with constipation.
Macrogol (with brand names such as Laxido, Movicol and Miralax) is the generic name for Polyethylene glycol 2000 used as a laxative.
The name may be followed by a number which represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000).
The possibility that Polyethylene glycol 2000 could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury.
An example of Polyethylene glycol 2000 hydrogels (see Biological uses section) in a therapeutic has been theorized by Ma et al.
They propose using the hydrogel to address periodontitis (gum disease) by encapsulating stem cells in the gel that promote healing in the gums.
The gel with encapsulated stem cells was to be injected into the site of disease and crosslinked to create the microenvironment required for the stem cells to function.
Polyethylene glycol 2000 of adenoviruses for gene therapy can help prevent adverse reactions due to pre-existing adenovirus immunity.

A Polyethylene glycol 2000 lipid is used as an excipient in both the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
Both RNA vaccines consist of messenger RNA, or mRNA, encased in a bubble of oily molecules called lipids.
Proprietary lipid technology is used for each.
In both vaccines, the bubbles are coated with a stabilizing molecule of polyethylene glycol.
Polyethylene glycol 2000 could trigger allergic reaction, and allergic reactions are the driver for both the United Kingdom and Canadian regulators to issue an advisory, noting that: two "individuals in the U.K. ... were treated and have recovered" from anaphylactic shock.
The US CDC stated that in their jurisdiction six cases of "severe allergic reaction" had been recorded from more than 250,000 vaccinations, and of those six only one person had a "history of vaccination reactions".

Health effects
Polyethylene glycol 2000 is considered biologically inert and safe by the U.S. FDA.
A 2015 study used a high-sensitivity ELISA assay to detect anti-Polyethylene glycol 2000 antibodies in 72% of plasma samples collected from 1990–1999, suggesting that anti-PEG antibodies may be present (typically at low levels) even amongst people never treated with PEGylated drugs.
Due to its ubiquity in a multitude of products and the large percentage of the population with antibodies to PEG, hypersensitive reactions to Polyethylene glycol 2000 are an increasing concern.
Allergy to Polyethylene glycol 2000 is usually discovered after a person has been diagnosed with an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including processed foods, cosmetics, drugs, and other substances that contain PEG or were manufactured with Polyethylene glycol 2000.

Production
The production of Polyethylene glycol 2000 was first reported in 1859.
Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols.
Polyethylene glycol 2000 is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.
The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts.
Polyethylene glycol 2000 and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution).
Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.

HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H
Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic.
The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain Polyethylene glycol 2000 with a low polydispersity.
Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process.
Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours.

Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight Polyethylene glycol 2000, is synthesized by suspension polymerization.
Polyethylene glycol 2000 is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process.
The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds.
To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used.
Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight Polyethylene glycol 2000.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid that is used in a variety of applications due to its properties as a solvent, plasticizer, surfactant, and lubricant.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is soluble in water, acetone, alcohols, benzene, glycerin, glycols, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is not miscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons and diethyl ether.

CAS Number: 25322-68-3
EINECS Number: 500-038-2

Synonyms: Polyethylene Glycol 300, Macrogol 300, PEG 300, PEG-6, 5655G9Y8AQ, PEG-300, 220-045-1, CHEBI:49793, CARBOWAX PEG 300, JEECHEM 300, LIPO POLYGLYCOL 300, LIPOXOL 300 MED, LUMULSE PEG 300, NSC-201209, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 300 (II), POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 300 (USP-RS), POLYGLYKOL 300, SABOPEG 300, TOHO PEG NO. 300, UPIWAX 300

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight.
The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.

Polyethylene Glycol 300 commonly referred to as PEG 300, is a polyether compound that is used in a wide variety of fields including pharmaceutical manufacturing as an excipient and active ingredient.
Due to its low toxicity it can be used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments, a reagent in biochemistry to create very high osmotic pressures, a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography and as a binder.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a type of polyethylene glycol, which is a polymer made from ethylene oxide and water.

Therefore, reaction products can be extracted from the reaction media with those solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
Polyethylene glycol 300 has no toxicity and irritation.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.
The toxicity of low molecular weight Polyethylene glycol 300 is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.

Topical application of Polyethylene glycol 300, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.
In topical lotion, Polyethylene glycol 300 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Diarrhoea can occur in large doses of oral administration.

In injection, the maximum polyethylene glycol 300 concentration is about 30% (V/V).
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a non-ionic hydrophilic polymer and is available in different molecular weights.
Polyethylene glycol 300 either exists in the form of a linear or branched structure.

Polyethylene glycol 300 aids in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid.
Due in part to its low toxicity, PEG 300 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is strongly hydrophilic.
The partition coefficient of Polyethylene glycol 300 between hexane and water is 0.000015 (log𝑃=−4.8{\displaystyle P=-4.8}), indicating that when Polyethylene glycol 300 is mixed with water and hexane, there are only 15 parts of Polyethylene glycol 300 in the hexane layer per 1 million parts of PEG 400 in the water layer.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol.

A study developed an in vitro testing model for ventricular shunt materials, highlighting the utility of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as an antifouling coating, potentially improving shunt performance in clinical settings.
Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties in hydrogels: Research on Polyethylene glycol 300 hydrogels incorporated with Imidazolium Poly(ionic liquids) microspheres demonstrated enhanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting applications in medical coatings and drug delivery systems.

A study described the development of a Gellan Gum, Polyethylene glycol 300, and Hydroxyapatite composite scaffold, enhanced with Ginseng derived Compound K, which offers potential applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering.
A comprehensive review discussed the advances and challenges in achieving uniform Polyethylene glycol 300, which is critical for its consistency in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
AI-Driven optimization of electrospun scaffolds: A study utilized artificial intelligence to optimize PCL/PEG electrospun scaffolds, significantly enhancing in vivo wound healing capabilities, highlighting its potential for medical textiles and tissue engineering applications.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is one of the most commonly used chemical polyethers in manufacturing, medicine and many other applications.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is available in multiple forms for various uses. The most common way of differentiating between PEGs is by molecular weight.
For example, Polyethylene glycol 300 refers to a polyethylene glycol product with an average weight of 300 daltons.

Acme-Hardesty produces a bio-based Polyethylene glycol 300 product for a wide range of manufacturing processes.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is not derived from raw petroleum materials, making it a more sustainable choice for any environmentally conscious manufacturer.
Keep reading to learn more about potential applications for our PEG 300 product.

Polyethylene glycol 300 and related polymers (PEG phospholipid constructs) are often sonicated when used in biomedical applications.
However, as reported by Murali et al., Polyethylene glycol 300 is very sensitive to sonolytic degradation and PEG degradation products can be toxic to mammalian cells.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is, thus, imperative to assess potential PEG degradation to ensure that the final material does not contain undocumented contaminants that can introduce artifacts into experimental results.

Polyethylene glycol 300 and methoxypolyethylene glycols are manufactured by Dow Chemical under the trade name Carbowax for industrial use, and Carbowax Sentry for food and pharmaceutical use.
They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, as indicated by a number following the name.
They are used commercially in numerous applications, including foods, in cosmetics, in pharmaceutics, in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, as solvents, in ointments, in suppository bases, as tablet excipients, and as laxatives.

Some specific groups are lauromacrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols, and poloxamers.
Polyethylene glycol 300 along with dextran is used to achieve an aqueous polymer two-phase system, which is essential for the purification of biological materials.
Polyethylene glycol 300 permits cell fusion through its interaction with the cell membrane.

Polyethylene glycol 300 has been used in the production of monoclonal antibodies.
Polyethylene glycol 300, NF acts as a lubricant, coating the surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.

All SpectrumPolyethylene glycol 300 grade products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP).
The low-molecular weight liquid Polyethylene glycol 300 is an excellent solvent for a large number of substances that do not readily dissolve in water.

Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: >1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Flash point: 270 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: waxy solid
color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Viscosity: 1,650-3,850cp (1% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 11cs (99C)
Viscosity: 4.5cs (99C)
Viscosity: 5,500-8,000cp (1% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 6cs (99C)
Viscosity: 7.4cs (99C)
Viscosity: 750cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 75cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 8,000cs (99C)
Viscosity: 8,800-17,600cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 93cs (99C)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃

They are therefore widely used as solvents and solubilising agents for active substances and excipients in liquid and semi-solid preparations.
Liver cytochorome Polyethylene glycol 300 enzymes may also play a role in the oxidation of PEG, although the evidence for this is not clear 12.
Also, Polyethylene glycol 300 has been shown to be metabolized by sulfotransferase enzymes.

Although there is evidence that Polyethylene glycol 300 can be metabolized to various phase 1 and phase 2 metabolites, the toxicology data presented above indicate that these metabolites are of very little toxicological concern.
However, metabolism of Polyethylene glycol 300 to the acid metabolite(s) has been implicated in the acidosis and hypercalcemia observed in patients after overdose 12.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is clear that these metabolites can be formed in multiple toxicology species and that the phase 1 metabolites are seen in animals and humans.

These data indicate that humans and animals will be exposed to similar metabolites after administration of PEG 12.
Metabolic clearance of Polyethylene glycol 300 decreases markedly as molecular weight increases.
Polyethylene glycol 300, up to 25% of the dose may be metabolized in humans (Schaffer et al., 1950); similar results are also seen in the rabbit 12.

Polyethylene glycol 300 by the oral route is molecular weight- dependent.
Urinary recovery data for PEG400 indicate that 50 to 60% of Polyethylene glycol 300 with this molecular weight is absorbed from the intestine 12.
In the case of Polyethylene glycol 300, up to 25% of the dose may be metabolized in humans.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is also known as polyoxirane (PEO).
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a linear polyether obtained by ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide.
The viscosity of polyethylene glycol solution is sensitive to the shear rate and it is not easy for bacteria to grow on polyethylene glycol.

The condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a cream matrix for preparing water-soluble drugs.
Polyethylene glycol 300 can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, which is difficult to dissolve in water.

Drug sustained-release and immobilized enzyme carrier.
The polyethylene glycol solution is applied to the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of drugs in the pill so as to improve the efficacy.
Surface modification of medical polymer materials.

The biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood can be improved by adsorption, interception and grafting of two amphiphilic copolymers containing Polyethylene glycol 300 on the surface of medical polymers.
Polyethylene glycol 300 can make the membrane of the alkanol contraceptive pill.
Polyethylene glycol 300 can make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is an osmotic laxative.
Polyethylene glycol 300 can increase osmotic pressure and absorb moisture in the intestinal cavity, which makes the stool soften and increase in volume, resulting in bowel movement and defecation.
Polyethylene glycol 300 nontoxic and gelatinous nature can be used as a component of denture fixer.

Polyethylene glycol 300 are commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeasts) to take DNA in transformation.
Polyethylene glycol 300 absorbs water from the solution, so it is also used to concentrate the solution.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a clear, colorless liquid that is made from sugar cane waste so it is naturally derived and renewable.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is completely soluble in water and has an average molecular weight of 380 - 420.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is another group of products with an incredibly long list of uses and applications from industrial uses to food and pharma, and everything in between.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a high quality research product used as multipurpose polymer of ethelyne glycol for various biochemical, molecular biology and molecular diagnostic applications.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
Applications of Polyethylene glycol 300 include uses in cosmetics, personal care products in which it is used as a solvent and humectant.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in a wide range of lubricant applications due to their low volatility, solubility in water, and natural lubricity

The ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide is readily effected by a variety of ionic reagents and several types of polymer have been prepared.
For commercial purposes, poly(ethylene oxide)s of low molecular weight and of very high molecular weight are of interest.
Polyethylene glycol 300s of low molecular weight, i.e. below about 3000, are generally prepared by passing ethylene oxide into Polyethylene glycol 300 and about 0.3 MPa (3 atmospheres) pressure, using an alkaline initiator such as sodium hydroxide.

The polymers produced by these methods are thus terminated mainly by hydroxy groups (a few unsaturated end-groups are also formed) and are often referred to as poly(ethylene glycol)s.
Polyethylene glycol 300s with molecular weights in the range 200-600 are viscous liquids which find use as surfactants in inks and paints and as humectants.
At molecular weights above about 600, poly(ethylene glycol)s are low-melting waxy solids, uses of which include pharmaceutical and cosmetic bases, lubricants and mould release agents.

Polyethylene glycol 300 may be noted that homogeneous cationic polymerization of ethylene oxide also generally leads to low molecular weight products; typical initiators include aluminium chloride, boron trifluoride and titanium tetrachloride.
Systems of this type are not utilized on a commercial scale.
Polyethylene glycol 300s of molecular weight ranging from about 100000 to 5 x 106 and above are available.

Details of the techniques used to manufacture these polymers have not been disclosed, but the essential feature is the use of (generally) heterogeneous initiator systems.
Effective initiators are mainly of two types, namely alkaline earth compounds (e.g. carbonates and oxides of calcium, barium and strontium) and organometallic compounds (e.g. aluminium and zinc alkyls and alkoxides, commonly with added coinitiators).
The precise modes of action of these initiators have not, as yet, been fully resolved.

However, Polyethylene glycol 300 is now generally thought that polymerization occurs through a co-ordinated anionic mechanism, in which the ethylene oxide is coordinated to the initiator through an unshared electron pair on the oxirane oxygen atom.
Unlike the low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s, the high molecular weight polymers are tough and extensible.
They are highly crystalline, with a melting point of 66??C.

Unlike most water-soluble polymers, the high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s may be melt processed; they may be injection moulded, extruded and calendered without difficulty.
Polyethylene glycol 300s are soluble in an unusually broad range of solvents, which includes water; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and methylene dichloride; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; and alcohols such as methanol and isopropanol.

There is an upper temperature limit of solubility in water for the high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s; this varies with concentration and molecular weight but is usually between 90 and 100??C.
Water-solubility is due to the ability of the polyether to form hydrogen bonds with water; these bonds are broken when the temperature is raised, restoring the anhydrous polymer which is precipated from the solution.
High molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s find use as water-soluble packaging films and capsules for such products as laundry powders, colour concentrates, tablets and seeds.

In solution, the polymers are used as thickeners in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, textile sizes and latex stabilizers.
Dissolves many drugs and active ingredients to form clear, stable solutions.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in drug formulations to ensure the stability and bioavailability of the active ingredients.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in over-the-counter laxative products like MiraLAX, aiding in bowel movements by retaining water in the stool.
Provides a smooth and soft texture to creams and lotions, enhancing their spreadability.
Helps bind together ingredients in solid products like pressed powders and tablets.

Helps active ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively.
Reduces friction between moving parts in machinery and industrial processes.
Polyethylene glycol 300 improves the flexibility and durability of plastics and resins.

Polyethylene glycol 300 reduces static electricity buildup in manufacturing processes involving plastics and textiles.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in products like candy and confectionery to maintain moisture and improve texture.
Helps evenly distribute flavors, colors, and other additives in food products.

Facilitates the smooth operation of surgical instruments and reduces wear and tear.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used to coat medical devices to reduce friction and improve biocompatibility.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is generally recognized as safe by regulatory agencies such as the FDA.

Non-toxic when used in appropriate amounts, but excessive ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances.
Biodegradable, but high concentrations in water bodies can affect aquatic life.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as a carrier for pesticides and herbicides to improve their effectiveness.

Acts as a dispersing agent and helps improve the flow and leveling properties of paints.
Enhances the performance of adhesives by improving flexibility and reducing brittleness.
Should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Generally safe to handle, but standard precautions such as wearing gloves and safety goggles are recommended.
Polyethylene glycol 300 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of Polyethylene glycol 300.
Dipotassium alcogolate of Polyethylene glycol 300 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of Polyethylene glycol 300 and potassium hydroxide.

The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer:catalyst.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is the ability of PEGs to form complexes with active substances that is responsible for their excellent solvent power.
However, equilibrium constants for complex formation vary considerably from one substance to another, and certain drugs such as Penicillin G and Bacitracin can even become inactivated.

The effect of the Polyethylene glycol 300 on the efficacy and absorbtion of a drug must therefore always be determined in tests.
With regard to incompatible substances, please see the remarks in the European Pharmacopoeia, Vol. II/3, Monographs M1, Macrogol 300, p. 3.
Polyethylene glycol 300s can also be used to adjust the viscosity of liquid pharmaceutical preparations and ointments, to modify their absorption properties and to stabilise the preparation.

Polyethylene glycol 300 are products made of condensed ethylene oxide and water that can contain various derivatives and have various functions.
Because many Polyethylene glycol 300 types are hydrophilic, they are favorably used as enhancers of penetration, and used heavily in topical dermatological preparations.
Polyethylene glycol 300, along with their many nonionic derivatives, are widely utilized in cosmetic products as surfactants, emulsifiers, cleansing agents, humectants, and skin conditioners.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol with a low-level toxicity.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is very hydrophilic, which renders it a useful ingredient in drug formulations to augment the solubility and bioavailability of weakly water-soluble drugs.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in ophthalmic solutions for the relief of burning, irritation and/or discomfort that follows dryness of the eye 7.

Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process.
The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds.

To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used.
Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a water-miscible polyether with an average molecular weight of 300 g/mol.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a clear viscous liquid at room temperature with non-volatile, stable properties.
Polyethylene glycol 300 are widely used in biochemistry, structural biology, and medicine in addition to pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
They serve as solubilizers, excipients, lubricants, and chemical reagents.

Low molecular weight glycols are observed to exhibit antibacterial properties as well.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is found in eye drops as a lubricant to temporarily relieve redness, burning and irritation of the eyes.
Polyethylene glycol 300 are made of condensed ethylene oxide and water.

They are widely used in cosmetic products as surfactants, emulsifiers, cleansing agents, humectants, and skin conditioners.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a colourless liquid that acts as a lubricant, coating curfaces in both aqueous and non-aqueous environments.
Low molecular weight glycols are also observed to exhibit antibacterial properties.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is commonly found in eye drops as a lubricant to temporarily relieve redness, burning and irritation of the eyes.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards
These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials.

These are suitable for use in several analytical applications including but not limited to pharma release testing, pharma method development for qualitative and quantitative analyses, food and beverage quality control testing, and other calibration requirements.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is one of the most commonly used chemical polyethers in manufacturing, medicine and many other applications.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is available in multiple forms for various uses.

The most common way of differentiating between Polyethylene glycol 300 is by molecular weight.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as a base for skin creams and other personal care products, as well as a solvent and viscosity modifier in soaps and detergents.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is also used to process rubber, plastics and textiles, as an additive in lubricants and grease, and as a humectant, dye carrier and binder in paints and inks.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is colorless, almost odorless and tasteless liquid at room temperature.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is manufactured by alkali-catalysed polymerization of ethylene oxide with subsequent neutralization of the catalyst.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as an inactive ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry as a solvent, plasticizer, surfactant, ointment and suppository base, and tablet and capsule lubricant.

Polyethylene glycol 300 has low toxicity with systemic absorption less than 0.5%.
Polyethylene glycol 300 indicates the average molecular weight of the specific PEG at 400.PEG 3350 is a laxative.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a liquid PEG excipient grade product, produced under IPEC GMP conditions.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
Polyethylene glycol 300 commonly referred to as PEG 300, is a polyether compound that is used in a wide variety of fields including pharmaceutical manufacturing as an excipient and active ingredient.
Due to its low toxicity, Polyethylene glycol 300 can be used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments, a reagent in biochemistry to create very high osmotic pressures, a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography and as a binder.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a water-miscible polyether widely used in biochemistry, structural biology, and medicine in addition to pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
Polyethylene glycol 300 serves as a kind of solubilizer, excipient, lubricant, and chemical reagent.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a clear, colorless liquid that is made from sugar cane waste so it is naturally derived and renewable.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is completely soluble in water and has an average molecular weight of 288 - 311.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is another group of products with an incredibly long list of uses and applications from industrial uses to food and pharma, and everything in between.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is PEG-6-based plasticizer and mold release agent.

Polyethylene glycol 300 possesses lubricity and humectant properties.
Polyethylene glycol 300 maintains wet-tack strength.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in pressure sensitive and thermoplastic adhesives.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a water-miscible polyether with an average molecular weight of 300 g/mol.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a clear viscous liquid at room temperature with non-volatile, stable properties.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is widely used in biochemistry, structural biology, and medicine in addition to pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

They serve as solubilizers, excipients, lubricants, and chemical reagents.
Low molecular weight glycols are observed to exhibit antibacterial properties as well.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is found in eye drops as a lubricant to temporarily relieve redness, burning and irritation of the eyes.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a neutral and biocompatible hydrophilic polymer.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is usually used to modify therapeutic proteins and peptides to increase their solubility.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as a moisturizer, solubiliser in antiperspirant and deodorants, shampoos and liquid soap, hair styling products, bar soaps and oral care products as a stabilizer and wetting agent for drilling.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
Polyethylene glycol 300 has no toxicity and irritation.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.

The toxicity of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Topical application of Polyethylene glycol 300, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.

In topical lotion, Polyethylene glycol 300 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a family of linear polymers formed by a base-catalyzed condensation reaction with repeating ethylene oxide units being added to ethylene.
The molecular formula is (C2H4O)multH2O where mult denotes the average number of oxyethylene groups.

The molecular weight can range from 200 to several million corresponding to the number of oxyethylene groups.
The higher-molecular-weight materials (100 000 to 5 000 000) are also referred to as polyethylene oxides.
The average molecular weight of any specific polyethylene glycol product falls within quite narrow limits (°5%).

The number of ethylene oxide units or their approximate molecular weight commonly designates the nomenclature of specific polyethylene glycols.
Polyethylene glycol 300 with amolecular weight less than 600 are liquid, whereas those of molecular weight 1000 and above are solid.
These materials are nonvolatile, water-soluble, tasteless, and odorless.

They are miscible with water, alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but immiscible with alkanes, paraffins, waxes, and ethers.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 300 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown Polyethylene glycol 300 maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.

Uses:
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as an additive in lubricants and adhesives, as well as as a dye carrier and binder in paints and inks.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products, in oral, topical, and parenteral dosage forms.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is the basis of a number of laxatives (as MiraLax, RestoraLAX, etc.).

Whole bowel irrigation with Polyethylene glycol 300 and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy or for children with constipation.
Macrogol (with brand names such as Laxido, Movicol and Miralax) is the generic name for polyethylene glycol used as a laxative.
The name may be followed by a number which represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000).

The possibility that Polyethylene glycol 300 could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury.
An example of Polyethylene glycol 300 hydrogels (see Biological uses section) in a therapeutic has been theorized by Ma et al.
They propose using the hydrogel to address periodontitis (gum disease) by encapsulating stem cells in the gel that promote healing in the gums.

The gel with encapsulated stem cells was to be injected into the site of disease and crosslinked to create the microenvironment required for the stem cells to function.
Polyethylene glycol 300 of adenoviruses for gene therapy can help prevent adverse reactions due to pre-existing adenovirus immunity.
A Polyethylene glycol 300 lipid is used as an excipient in both the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.

Both RNA vaccines consist of messenger RNA, or mRNA, encased in a bubble of oily molecules called lipids.
Proprietary lipid technology is used for each. In both vaccines, the bubbles are coated with a stabilizing molecule of polyethylene glycol.
Polyethylene glycol 300 could trigger allergic reaction, and allergic reactions are the driver for both the United Kingdom and Canadian regulators to issue an advisory, noting that: two "individuals in the U.K.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is frequently used to preserve waterlogged wood and other organic artifacts that have been salvaged from underwater archaeological contexts, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm, and similar cases.
Polyethylene glycol 300 replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.

In addition, Polyethylene glycol 300 is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.
Polyethylene glycol 300 has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.
These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era.

Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air.
The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes.
The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a Polyethylene glycol 300 preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning.
Polyethylene glycol 300 derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants.
Polyethylene glycol 300 has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is a component of the propellent used in UGM-133M Trident II Missiles, in service with the United States Navy.
Polyethylene glycol 300 has been used as a solvent for aryl thioether synthesis.
An example study was done using PEG-diacrylate hydrogels to recreate vascular environments with the encapsulation of endothelial cells and macrophages.

This model furthered vascular disease modeling and isolated macrophage phenotype's effect on blood vessels.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.
Although Polyethylene glycol 300 is considered biologically inert, it can form non-covalent complexes with monovalent cations such as Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, affecting equilibrium constants of biochemical reactions.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization.
X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used to fuse two different types of cells, most often B-cells and myelomas in order to create hybridomas.

In microbiology, Polyethylene glycol 300 precipitation is used to concentrate viruses.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is also used to induce complete fusion (mixing of both inner and outer leaflets) in liposomes reconstituted in vitro.
Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be Polyethylene glycol 300-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target them from organs where they may build up and have a toxic effect.

The size of the Polyethylene glycol 300 polymer has been shown to be important, with larger polymers achieving the best immune protection.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a component of stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) used to package siRNA for use in vivo.
In blood banking, Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as a potentiator to enhance detection of antigens and antibodies.

When working with phenol in a laboratory situation, Polyethylene glycol 300 can be used on phenol skin burns to deactivate any residual phenol.
In biophysics, Polyethylene glycol 300s are the molecules of choice for the functioning ion channels diameter studies, because in aqueous solutions they have a spherical shape and can block ion channel conductance.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is a condensation polymers of ethylene oxide and water with the general formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where n is the average number of repeating oxyethylene groups typically from 4 to about 180.

The low molecular weight members from n=2 to n=4 are diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol respectively, which are produced as pure compounds.
The low molecular weight compounds upto 700 are colorless, odorless viscous liquids with a freezing point from -10 C (diethylene gycol), while polymerized compounds with higher molecular weight than 1,000 are waxlike solids with melting point upto 67 C for n 180.

The abbreviation Polyethylene glycol 300 is termed in combination with a numeric suffix which indicates the average molecular weights.
One common feature of Polyethylene glycol 300 appears to be the water-soluble.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is soluble also in many organic solvents including aromatic hydrocarbons (not aliphatics).

They are used to make emulsifying agents and detergents, and as plasticizers, humectants, and water-soluble textile lubricants.
The wide range of chain lengths provide identical physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections directly or indirectly in the field of; Alkyd and polyester resin preparation to enhance water dispersability and water-based coatings.
Antidusting agent in agricultural formulations Brightening effect and adhesion enhance in electroplating and electroplating process.

Cleaners, detergents and soaps with low volatility and low toxicity solvent properties.
Coupling agent, humectant, solvent and lubricant in cosmetics and personal care bases.
Dimensional stabilizer in wood working operations Dye carrier in paints and inks Heat transfer fluid formulation and defoamer formulations.

Polyethylene glycol 300 low volatilie, water soluble, and noncorrosive lubricant without staining residue in food and package process.
Polyethylene glycol 300 mold release agent and lubricant in fabricating elastomers Paper coating for antisticking, color stabilizing, good gloss and free flow in calendering operations.
Plasticizer to increase lubricity and to impart a humectant property in ceramic mass, adhesives and binders.

Softener and antistatic agent for textiles Soldering fluxes with good spreading property.
Polyethylene glycol is non-toxic, odorless, neutral, lubricating, nonvolatile and nonirritating and is used in a variety of pharmaceuticals and in medications as a solven, dispensing agent, ointment and suppository bases, vehicle, and tablet excipient.
Polyethylene glycol 300 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown Polyethylene glycol 300 m aintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.

Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in a number of toothpastes as a dispersant. In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is under investigation for use in liquid body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.
Polymer segments derived from PEG polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions.

In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), it is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks – its INS number is 1521[33] or E1521 in the EU.
A nitrate ester-plasticized Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.

Dimethyl ethers of Polyethylene glycol 300 are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the syngas stream.
Polyethylene glycol 300 has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes.

Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving Polyethylene glycol 300, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.

Polyethylene glycol 300 was used as an additive to silver halide photographic emulsions.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles.
Polyethylene glycol 300 is the main ingredient in many personal lubricants.[citation needed] (Not to be confused with propylene glycol.)

Polyethylene glycol 300 is the main ingredient in the paint (known as "fill") in paintballs.
A 2015 study used a high-sensitivity ELISA assay to detect anti-PEG antibodies in 72% of plasma samples collected from 1990–1999, suggesting that anti-Polyethylene glycol 300 antibodies may be present (typically at low levels) even amongst people never treated with PEGylated drugs.

Due to its ubiquity in a multitude of products and the large percentage of the population with antibodies to PEG, hypersensitive reactions to PEG are an increasing concern.
Allergy to PEG is usually discovered after a person has been diagnosed with an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including processed foods, cosmetics, drugs, and other substances that contain Polyethylene glycol 300 or were manufactured with PEG.

Safety Profile:
Polyethylene glycol 300's have "very low singledose oral toxicity", on the order of tens of grams per kg body weight (oral).
Because of its low toxicity, Polyethylene glycol 300 is used in a variety of edible products.
The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.

The precursor to PEGs is ethylene oxide, which is hazardous.
Polyethylene glycol 300 and its ethers are nephrotoxic if applied to damaged skin.

PEG 300 Applications PEG 300 Application Polyethylene glycol 1500 for synthesis. CAS 25322-68-3, pH 4 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C). PEG 300 Physicochemical Information PEG 300 Boiling point >200 °C (1013 hPa) PEG 300 Density 1.2 g/cm3 (20 °C) PEG 300 Flash point 240 °C PEG 300 Ignition temperature 420 °C PEG 300 Melting Point 43 - 49 °C PEG 300 pH value 4 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) PEG 300 Vapor pressure <0.01 hPa (20 °C) PEG 300 Bulk density 400 - 500 kg/m3 PEG 300 Solubility 650 g/l PEG 300 Toxicological Information PEG 300 LD 50 oral LD50 Rat 28000 mg/kg PEG 300 LD 50 dermal LD50 Rabbit > 20000 mg/kg PEG 300 Safety Information according to GHS PEG 300 Storage class 10 Combustible liquids PEG 300 WGK WGK 1 slightly hazardous to water PEG 300 Disposal 3 PEG 300 Relatively unreactive organic reagents should be collected in container A. If halogenated, they should be collected in container B. For solid residues use container C. PEG 300 Storage and Shipping Information PEG 300 Storage Store below +30°C. PEG 300 Transport Information PEG 300 Declaration (railroad and road) ADR, RID Kein Gefahrgut PEG 300 Declaration (transport by air) IATA-DGR No Dangerous Good PEG 300 Declaration (transport by sea) IMDG-Code No Dangerous Good PEG 300 Specifications PEG 300 Melting range (lower value) ≥ 43 °C PEG 300 Melting range (upper value) ≤ 49 °C PEG 300 Hydroxyl value 70 - 80 PEG 300 Average molecular mass 1400 - 1600 PEG 300 Identity (IR) passes test Activated PEG 300s (for conjugation to biologics) PEG 300-PLA or PEG 300-PLGA (for nanoparticle formulations of drugs) Linear and branched functionalized polyethylene imines and other polyimines (for oligo-nucleotide binding and delivery) PEG 300-pAsp / PEG 300-pGlu (for oligo-nucleotide binding and delivery) Hyperbranched polyglycerols (for drug delivery and protein formulation) Other polymers for nanoparticle formation (drug delivery) Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 300) is a non-ionic hydrophilic polymer and is available in different molecular weights. It helps in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids. PEG 300 and dextran together result in aqueous polymer two phase system, which is required for the purification of biological materials. PEG 300 also interacts with cell membrane, thereby allowing cell fusion.Polyethylene Glycol 1500 (PEG 300-1500) has been used to mediate cell fusion.PEG 300 is a polymer of ethylene oxide with an average molecular weight of 1500. This polymeric material is an excellent solubiliser and can be used in a wide variety of home care and I&I applications.Polyethylene glycol. PEG- 1500 by Dynamic International is a surfactant. It is available in the form of milky white solid. PEG- 1500 is used in cream and shampoo base material.Crystallization grade Polyethylene glycol 1500(PEG 300) for formulating screens or for optimization.PEG 300 Eye contact Unlikely to cause eye irritation in man.PEG 300 Skin contact Unlikely to cause skin irritation in man.PEG 300 Inhalation This material may cause irritation following inhalation.PEG 300 Ingestion Will cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.Low oral toxicity, but ingestion may cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.PEG 300 Eye contact Irrigate with eyewash solution or clean water, holding the eyelids apart, for at least 10 minutes. Obtain medical attention.PEG 300 Skin contact Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin with soap and water. If symptoms develop, obtain medical attention.PEG 300 Inhalation Remove patient from exposure. Obtain medical attention if ill effects occur.PEG 300 Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. Wash out mouth with water and give 200-300 ml (half a pint) of water to drink. Obtain medical attention if ill effects occur.PEG 300 Further Medical Treatment Symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy as indicated.PEG 300 Extinguishing Media Water fog, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.PEG 300 Unsuitable Extinguishing Media None known.PEG 300 Special fire-fighting protective equipment A self contained breathing apparatus and suitable protective clothing must be worn in fire conditions.PEG 300 Fire and explosion hazards Combustible but not readily ignited. PEG 300 Colour white PEG 300 Form solid PEG 300 Odour mild PEG 300 pH approx 5 - 7 5% In water PEG 300 Boiling point/boiling range (°C) No data. PEG 300 Flash Point (ºC) > 260 (open cup) PEG 300 Autoignition Temperature (ºC) approx 420 PEG 300 Flammable Limits No data. PEG 300 Explosive Properties No data. PEG 300 Oxidising Properties No data. PEG 300 Vapour Density No data. PEG 300 Solubility in water soluble PEG 300 Solubility in other ingredients Soluble in many organic solvents, insoluble in:, aliphatic hydrocarbons PEG 300 Partition Coefficient No data. PEG 300 Dynamic viscosity (mPa.s) approx 30 @99°C PEG 300 Density (g/ml) 1.208 @ 20 °C PEG 300 Stability Stable under normal conditions. PEG 300 Materials to avoid Strong oxidising agents. PEG 300 Conditions to avoid None known PEG 300 Hazardous decomposition products None known PEG 300 Hazardous polymerisation Will not occur

Polyethylene glycol 3000 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 has no toxicity and irritation.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.

CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2

Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000;Polyethylene Glycol 600;PEG 600;NL4J9F21N9;CARBOWAX PEG 600;JEECHEM 600;LIPO POLYGLYCOL 600;LIPOXOL 600 MED;MACROGOL 600 DISTEARATE;NORFOX E-600;PEG-12;PLURACARE E 600;POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (II);POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (USP-RS);POLYGLYKOL 600;SABOPEG 600;TOHO PEG NO. 600;UNIPEG-600;UPIWAX 600

Polyethylene glycol 3000, referred to as PEG 3000, is used as an inactive ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry as a solvent, plasticizer, surfactant, ointments, and suppository base, and tablet and capsule lubricant.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 has low toxicity with systemic absorption less than 0.5%.
PEGylation occurs when PEGs are attached to various protein medications, allowing for greater solubility for certain drugs.
Examples of PEGylated medications include PEG-interferon alpha (Pegintron) and PEG-filgrastim (Neulasta).
PEG is also available as a bowel prep for colonoscopy procedures and as a laxative.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 indicates the average molecular weight of the specific PEG at 3000.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is a laxative available over-the-counter by the name of Miralax.
In this case, Polyethylene glycol 3000 is considered an "active" ingredient, even though systemic absorption is less than 0.5%.

Polyethylene glycol 3000 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene glycol 3000 (25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene glycol 3000 (25322-68-3)

Polyethylene glycol 3000 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration.
it is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is a binder, solvent, plasticizing agent, and softener widely used for cosmetic cream bases and pharmaceutical ointments.
Pegs are quite humectant up to a molecular weight of 500.
Beyond this weight, their water uptake diminishes.
Used in conjunction with carbon black to form a conductive composite.
Polymer nanospheres of Polyethylene glycol 3000 were used for drug delivery.

Applications: Polyethylene glycol 3000 has various applications in different industries, including:
1. Pharmaceuticals: PEG 3000 is a common ingredient in many pharmaceutical formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is used as a base for gels, emulsions, creams, and ointments.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 also serves as a solubilizer for poorly soluble drugs.
2. Cosmetics: PEG 3000 is used in cosmetic applications as an emulsifier, lubricant, and moisturizer.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is found in many personal care products, including lotions, face creams, and shampoos.
3. Food: PEG 3000 is approved for use as a food additive in some countries.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is used as a thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer in many food products.
4. Industrial: Polyethylene glycol 3000 is used in metalworking as a lubricant and coolant.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 also serves as a dispersing agent for pigments and dyes in the textile industry.

Chemical uses
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is frequently used to preserve waterlogged wood and other organic artifacts that have been salvaged from underwater archaeological contexts, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm, and similar cases.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.
In addition, Polyethylene glycol 3000 is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.

These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era.
Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air.
The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes.
The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a PEG preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 is a component of the propellent used in UGM-133M Trident II Missiles, in service with the United States Navy.
Polyethylene glycol 3000 has been used as a solvent for aryl thioether synthesis.

Manufacturing Process
Polyethylene glycol 3000 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of Polyethylene glycol 3000.
Dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of Polyethylene glycol 3000 and potassium hydroxide.
The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer:catalyst.

Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used to treat occasional constipation.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 works by holding water in the stool to soften the stool and increases the number of bowel movements.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is known as an osmotic-type laxative.

CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2

Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000;Polyethylene Glycol 600;PEG 600;NL4J9F21N9;CARBOWAX PEG 600;JEECHEM 600;LIPO POLYGLYCOL 600;LIPOXOL 600 MED;MACROGOL 600 DISTEARATE;NORFOX E-600;PEG-12;PLURACARE E 600;POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (II);POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (USP-RS);POLYGLYKOL 600;SABOPEG 600;TOHO PEG NO. 600;UNIPEG-600;UPIWAX 600

Average molecular weightsrange from 200 to 6000.
Properties vary with molec-ular weight.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 helps in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 also interacts with cell membrane, thereby allowing cell fusion.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 are made of condensed ethylene oxide and water.
They are widely used in cosmetic products as surfactants, emulsifiers, cleansing agents, humectants, and skin conditioners.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a semi-solid polyethylene glycol that provides enhanced solvency, lubricity, hygroscopicity and other important functional properties in a wide range of formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is completely soluble in water with low toxicity and is molecularly stable and non-volatile.

Polyethylene glycol 3350 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene glycol 3350 (25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene glycol 3350 (25322-68-3)

Biological uses
An example study was done using Polyethylene glycol 3350-diacrylate hydrogels to recreate vascular environments with the encapsulation of endothelial cells and macrophages.
This model furthered vascular disease modeling and isolated macrophage phenotype's effect on blood vessels.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.
Although polyethylene glycol is considered biologically inert, Polyethylene glycol 3350 can form non-covalent complexes with monovalent cations such as Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, affecting equilibrium constants of biochemical reactions.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization.
X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used to fuse two different types of cells, most often B-cells and myelomas in order to create hybridomas.

César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler originated this technique, which they used for antibody production, winning a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.
In microbiology, PEG precipitation is used to concentrate viruses.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is also used to induce complete fusion (mixing of both inner and outer leaflets) in liposomes reconstituted in vitro.
Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be Polyethylene glycol 3350-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target them from organs where they may build up and have a toxic effect.
The size of the Polyethylene glycol 3350 polymer has been shown to be important, with larger polymers achieving the best immune protection.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a component of stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) used to package siRNA for use in vivo.

In blood banking, Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used as a potentiator to enhance detection of antigens and antibodies.
When working with phenol in a laboratory situation, Polyethylene glycol 3350 can be used on phenol skin burns to deactivate any residual phenol.
In biophysics, Polyethylene glycol 3350 is the molecules of choice for the functioning ion channels diameter studies, because in aqueous solutions they have a spherical shape and can block ion channel conductance.

Commercial uses
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used in a number of toothpastes as a dispersant.
In this application, Polyethylene glycol 3350 binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is under investigation for use in liquid body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.
Polymer segments derived from Polyethylene glycol 3350 polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions.
In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks – its INS number is 1521 or E1521 in the EU.

Purification Methods
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is available commercially as a powder or as a solution in various degrees of polymerization depending on the average molecular weight, e.g. PEG 400 and PEG 800 have average molecular weights of 400 and 800, respectively.
They may be contaminated with aldehydes and peroxides.
Solutions deteriorate in the presence of air due to the formation of these contaminants.
Methods available for purification are as follows: Procedure A: A 40% aqueous solution of PEG 400 (2L, average molecular weight 400) is de-aerated under vacuum and made 10mM in sodium thiosulfate.
After standing for 1hour at 25o, the solution is passed through a column (2.5x20cm) of mixed-bed R-208 resin which has a 5cm layer of Dowex 50-H+ at the bottom of the column.
The column was previously flushed with 30% aqueous MeOH, then thoroughly with H2O.
A flow rate of 1mL/minute is maintained by adjusting the fluid head.
The first 200mL are discarded, and the effluent is then collected at an increased flow rate.

The concentration of Polyethylene glycol 3350 is checked by density measurement, and it is stored (preferably anaerobically) at 15o.
Procedure B: A solution of PEG 800 (500g in 805mL H2O) is made 1mM in H2SO4 and stirred overnight at 25o with 10g of treated Dowex 50-H+ (8% crosslinked, 20-50 mesh).
The resin, after settling, is filtered off on a sintered glass funnel.
The filtrate is treated at 25o with 1.5g of NaBH4 (added over a period of 1minute) in a beaker with tight but removable lid through which a propeller-type mechanical stirrer is inserted and continuously flushed with N2.
After 15minutes, 15g of fresh Dowex 50-H+ are added, and the rate of stirring is adjusted to maintain the resin suspended.
The addition of an equal quantity of Dowex 50-H+ is repeated and the reaction times are 30 and 40minutes.
The pH of a 1 to 10 dilution of the reaction mixture should remain above pH 8 throughout.

If Polyethylene glycol 3350 does not, more NaBH4 is added or the addition of Dowex 50-H+ is curtailed.
(Some samples of PEG can be sufficiently acidic, at least after the hydrolysis treatment, to produce a pH that is too low for efficient reduction when the above ratio of NaBH4 to Dowex 50-H+ is used.)
About 30minutes after the last addition of NaBH4, small amounts of Dowex 50-H+ (~0.2g) are added at 15minute intervals until the pH of a 1 to 10 dilution of the solution is less than 8.
After stirring for an additional 15minutes the resin is allowed to settle, and the solution is transferred to a vacuum flask for brief de-gassing under a vacuum.
The de-gassed solution is passed through a column of mixed-bed resin as in procedure A.
The final Polyethylene glycol 3350 concentration would be about 40% w/v.
Assays for aldehydes by the purpural method and of peroxides are given in the reference below.
Treatment of Dowex 50-H+ (8% crosslinked, 20-50 mesh): The Dowex (500g) is suspended in excess 2N NaOH, and 3mL of liquid Br2 is stirred into the solution.
After the Br2 has dissolved, the treatment is repeated twice, and then the resin is washed with 1N NaOH on a sintered glass funnel until the filtrate is colourless.
The resin is then converted to the acid form (with dilute HCl, H2SO4 or AcOH as required) and washed thoroughly with H2O and sucked dry on the funnel.
The treated resin can be converted to the Na salt and stored.

SYNONYMS 1,2-Propanediol, Propylene glycol;;Macrogol;Macrogol 3350;Macrogol 4000;Macrogol 6000;PEG;Polyethylene glycol 3350;Polyethylene glycol 4000;Polyethylene glycol 6000 CAS NO:57-55-6

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a type of polyethylene glycol, which is a polymer made from ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid that is used in a variety of applications due to its properties as a solvent, plasticizer, surfactant, and lubricant.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid. Due in part to its low toxicity, PEG 400 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.

CAS Number: 25322-68-3
EINECS Number: 500-038-2

Synonyms: Polyethylene Glycol 400, B697894SGQ, PEG-400, Peg 400, 225-856-4, BLINK TRIPLE CARE, PEG-8, Polyethylene glycol 8, Visine Dry Eye Relief, blink gel tears, blink tears, BOTANIPEG 400, CARBOWAX PEG 400, EINECS 225-856-4, Foster and Thrive Dry Eye Relief, HETOXIDE EG-400, JEECHEM 400, LIPO POLYGLYCOL 400, LIPOXOL 400 MED, LUMULSE PEG 400, Lightening Day Cream, Moderate lubricating drops, Moderate lubricating dropsCVS Health, NSC-152325, NSC-155081, NSC-32853, NSC-32854, NSC-32855, NSC-32856, NSC-35744, NSC-35745, NSC-35746, NSC-35747, NSC-35748, NSC-35749, NSC-57859, PLURACARE E 400, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400 (II), POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400 (USP-RS), POLYGLYKOL 400, PROTACHEM 400, SYMPATENS-PEG/400, TOHO PEG NO. 400, UNIPEG-400 X, UPIWAX 400, Visine Dry Eye ReliefEye Drops

Polyethylene glycol 400 is strongly hydrophilic.
The partition coefficient of Polyethylene glycol 400 between hexane and water is 0.000015 (log𝑃=−4.8{\displaystyle P=-4.8}), indicating that when Polyethylene glycol 400 is mixed with water and hexane, there are only 15 parts of Polyethylene glycol 400 in the hexane layer per 1 million parts of PEG 400 in the water layer.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is soluble in water, acetone, alcohols, benzene, glycerin, glycols, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is not miscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons and diethyl ether.
Therefore, reaction products can be extracted from the reaction media with those solvents.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has no toxicity and irritation.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.

The toxicity of low molecular weight Polyethylene glycol 400 is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Topical application of Polyethylene glycol 400, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.

In topical lotion, Polyethylene glycol 400 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Diarrhoea can occur in large doses of oral administration.
In injection, the maximum polyethylene glycol 300 concentration is about 30% (V/V).

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a non-ionic hydrophilic polymer and is available in different molecular weights.
Polyethylene glycol 400 either exists in the form of a linear or branched structure.
Polyethylene glycol 400 aids in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids.

Polyethylene glycol 400 along with dextran is used to achieve an aqueous polymer two-phase system, which is essential for the purification of biological materials.
Polyethylene glycol 400 permits cell fusion through its interaction with the cell membrane.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has been used in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Polyethylene glycol 400, NF acts as a lubricant, coating the surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.
All SpectrumPolyethylene glycol 400 grade products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP).
The low-molecular weight liquid Polyethylene glycol 400 is an excellent solvent for a large number of substances that do not readily dissolve in water.

They are therefore widely used as solvents and solubilising agents for active substances and excipients in liquid and semi-solid preparations.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is the ability of PEGs to form complexes with active substances that is responsible for their excellent solvent power.
However, equilibrium constants for complex formation vary considerably from one substance to another, and certain drugs such as Penicillin G and Bacitracin can even become inactivated.

The effect of the Polyethylene glycol 400 on the efficacy and absorbtion of a drug must therefore always be determined in tests.
With regard to incompatible substances, please see the remarks in the European Pharmacopoeia, Vol. II/3, Monographs M1, Macrogol 300, p. 3.
Polyethylene glycol 400s can also be used to adjust the viscosity of liquid pharmaceutical preparations and ointments, to modify their absorption properties and to stabilise the preparation.

Polyethylene glycol 400 are products made of condensed ethylene oxide and water that can contain various derivatives and have various functions.
Because many Polyethylene glycol 400 types are hydrophilic, they are favorably used as enhancers of penetration, and used heavily in topical dermatological preparations.
Polyethylene glycol 400, along with their many nonionic derivatives, are widely utilized in cosmetic products as surfactants, emulsifiers, cleansing agents, humectants, and skin conditioners.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol with a low-level toxicity.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is very hydrophilic, which renders it a useful ingredient in drug formulations to augment the solubility and bioavailability of weakly water-soluble drugs.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in ophthalmic solutions for the relief of burning, irritation and/or discomfort that follows dryness of the eye 7.

Polyethylene glycol 400 indicates that the average molecular weight of the specific PEG is 400 10.
PEGylation occurs when Polyethylene glycol 400 are attached to numerous protein medications, allowing for greater solubility for selected drugs.
Examples of PEGylated medications are PEG-interferon alpha (Pegintron) and PEG-filgrastim.

In addition, Polyethylene glycol 400 is available as a bowel preparation for colonoscopy procedures and as a laxative 10.
Polyethylene glycol 400 are a family of linear polymers formed by a base-catalyzed condensation reaction with repeating ethylene oxide units being added to ethylene.
The molecular formula is (C2H4O)multH2O where mult denotes the average number of oxyethylene groups.

The molecular weight can range from 200 to several million corresponding to the number of oxyethylene groups.
The higher-molecular-weight materials (100 000 to 5 000 000) are also referred to as polyethylene oxides.
The average molecular weight of any specific polyethylene glycol product falls within quite narrow limits (°5%).

The number of ethylene oxide units or their approximate molecular weight (e.g., PEG-4 or PEG-200) commonly designates the nomenclature of specific polyethylene glycols.
Polyethylene glycol 400s with amolecular weight less than 600 are liquid, whereas those of molecular weight 1000 and above are solid.
These materials are nonvolatile, water-soluble, tasteless, and odorless.

They are miscible with water, alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but immiscible with alkanes, paraffins, waxes, and ethers.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has been indicated for the temporary relief of burning and irritation due to dryness of the eye, andfor protection against further irritation and desiccation 14, 15, 16.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has an average molecular weight of 380 to 420 g/mol.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is soluble in water, alcohol, and many organic solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has a moderate viscosity, making it useful in various formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a solvent and vehicle in liquid medications.
Acts as a base in ointments and creams.
Serves as a plasticizer in tablets and capsules.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in skin creams, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners as a moisturizer and thickener.
Acts as a humectant, helping to retain moisture.
Polyethylene glycol 400 serves as a lubricant and mold release agent in rubber and plastic manufacturing.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a coolant and heat transfer fluid.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a food additive and carrier for flavors and colors.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a lubricant for surgical instruments and medical devices.

Polyethylene glycol 400, when used as PEG-400 for eye lubrication provides relief of dry eye symptoms and prevents further irritation, thus protecting the eye from injury 15.
Polyethylene glycol 400 allows comfortable eye drop/natural tear instillation by offering improved spreading of the drop over the ocular surface with diminished blurring 14,15.
Polyethylene glycol 400, depending on molecular weight, has various mechanisms of action 4, 5, 6, 7. For the purpose of Peg-400, the mechanism of action on the eye tissues will be the primary focus of discussion.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is considered a lacrimomimetic, or a synthetic ocular lubricant that improves one or more components of the lacrimal film by augmenting the tear volume and stability and by protecting the eye surface against desiccation 16.
Hydroxypropyl-guar (HPG) is used along with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) and propylene glycol (PG) as a gelling agent that conforms to abnormalities of the tear film and existing irregularities on the ocular surface 16.

Polyethylene glycol 400 provides lubrication and acts as a surfactant by coating the eye and interacting with propylene glycol and other solutions that help to act as surfactants on the eye mucosa 15.
This allows for long-lasting, soothing effects 15.
Recent studies involving nanoparticle drug delivery have demonstrated that PEG can achieve sustained drug delivery.

The delivery of drugs to mucosal surfaces is a significant challenge due to the presence of the protective mucus layer that acts to trap and quickly remove foreign particles.
Nanoparticles designed to rapidly cross mucosal barriers (mucus-penetrating particles, “MPP”) have proven promising for augmenting drug distribution, and efficacy at various mucosal surfaces.
Mucus- penetrating particles are heavily coated with Polyethylene glycol 400, protecting the nanoparticle core from adhesion with mucus 17.

Polyethylene glycol 400, when free in solution, may also demonstrate attraction to the surfaces of various types of vesicles, cells or macromolecules, leading to polymer adsorption and subsequently either a repulsion or to an attraction, via bridging, of the surfaces or vesicles—again strongly depending on the temperature, molecular weight, and concentration of the polyethylene glycol.
Low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (such as PEG-400) generally promotes cells or vesicles to adhere (depletion attraction), high molecular weight polyethylene glycol causes them to repel 18.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.

Polyethylene glycol 400 finds application in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and a lubricant for the print heads.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is an important raw material for the manufacture of polyuretnae, PEG salts of lauric, oleic and stearic acids and latex.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a clear, colorless liquid that is made from sugar cane waste so it is naturally derived and renewable.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is completely soluble in water and has an average molecular weight of 380 - 420.
Polyethylene glycol 400 are another group of products with an incredibly long list of uses and applications from industrial uses to food and pharma, and everything in between.
Polyethylene glycol 400 describes polyethylene glycol as being an addition polymer of ethylene oxide and water.

Polyethylene glycol 400 are liquids; grades 1000 and above are solids at ambient temperatures.
Polyethylene glycol 400 occur as clear, colorless or slightly yellow-colored, viscous liquids.
They have a slight but characteristic odor and a bitter, slightly burning taste.

Polyethylene glycol 400 can occur as a solid at ambient temperatures.
Polyethylene glycol 400 are white or off-white in color, and range in consistency from pastes to waxy flakes.
They have a faint, sweet odor. Grades of PEG 6000 and above are available as freeflowing milled powders.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid. Due in part to its low toxicity, PEG 400 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is water-soluble, nonionic, relatively inert, liquids or solids.

Polymer chains are hydroxyl-terminated at both ends.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has a broad molecular weight distribution ranging from ~ 0.5x to 1.5x the values shown.
Because Polyethylene glycol 400 is hydrophilic molecule, it is used to passivate microscope glass slides to prevent non-specific adhesion of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence studies.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is low in toxicity and is used in a variety of products.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a lubricating coating for a variety of surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.
Because Polyethylene glycol 400 is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is widely used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic test equipment.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is often used in mass spectrometry experiments with its characteristic fragmentation pattern that allows for accurate and reproducible tuning.
Polyethylene glycol 400 derivatives such as narrow-range ethoxylates are used as surfactants.

Polyethylene glycol 400 has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to form some polymers.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is the basis of a number of laxatives.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro experiments to mimic highly populated cellular conditions.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is commonly used as a precipitate for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization.
X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of proteins.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used to fuse two different types of cells, mostly B-cells and myelomas, to form hybridomas.

Polymer fragments derived from Polyethylene glycol 400 polyols add flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam pillows.
Polyethylene glycol 400 precipitation is used to concentrate viruses.
Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) are coated with Polyethylene glycol 400 to protect them from inactivation by the immune system, and can remove them from organs and prevent them from being targeted where they can exert toxic effects.

Dimethyl ethers of Polyethylene glycol 400 are the key component of Selexol, a solvent used by coal combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the gas waste stream.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has been used as a gate insulator in an electric double layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is also used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes.

Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the world are researching solid polymer electrolytes containing
Polyethylene glycol 400 to improve their properties and allow other products to be used in batteries, electrochromic display systems and other products. future.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (often combined with glycerin).
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a dispersant in a number of toothpastes.

In this application, Polyethylene glycol 400 binds water and helps keep the xanthan gum evenly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is also being researched in body armor and tattoos used to monitor diabetes.
Polyethylene glycol 400 belongs to the group of polyoxyethylene glycols.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a colourless liquid, well soluble in water.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is characterized by strong hygroscopic properties.
Polyethylene glycol 400 exhibits excellent dissolution capacity of the active ingredients.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is characterized by a wide range of applications.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has excellent softening, lubricating, solubilizing, moisturizing and anti-electrostatic properties.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications from industrial production to pharmaceuticals.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE) depending on its molecular weight.
The Polyethylene glycol 400 structure is usually expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2) n−OH.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol with a low-level toxicity.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is very hydrophilic, which renders it a useful ingredient in drug formulations to augment the solubility and bioavailability of weakly water-soluble drugs.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in ophthalmic solutions for the relief of burning, irritation and/or discomfort that follows dryness of the eye.
Polyethylene glycol 400 indicates that the average molecular weight of the specific PEG is 400.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a clear liquid with an average molecular weight of 400.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is soluble in water and other polar organic solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is useful in a wide variety of applications including lubricants, plastics, paper, pharmaceuticals, personal care, and food industries.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is useful as a viscosity modifier, plasticizer, and heat transfer agent in many industrial applications.
Because it its humectant properties, Polyethylene glycol 400 can be used in many personal care formulations for ointments and creams.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is also used in gelatin capsules as liquid carriers.

Because of Polyethylene glycol 400’s hydroxyl groups, it can also be used as a chemical intermediate.
The low-molecular weight liquid Polyethylene glycol 400 is an excellent solvent for a large number of substances that do not readily dissolve in water.
They are therefore widely used as solvents and solubilising agents for active substances and excipients in liquid and semi-solid preparations.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is the ability of PEGs to form complexes with active substances that is responsible for their excellent solvent power.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a strongly hydrophilic polyethylene glycol used as an excellent solvent for a large number of substances.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.

Polyethylene glycol 400 diacrylate.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is water soluble and has low profile.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is able to form a flexible curing film.

Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: >1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Flash point: 270 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: waxy solid
color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Viscosity: 1,650-3,850cp (1% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 11cs (99C)
Viscosity: 4.5cs (99C)
Viscosity: 5,500-8,000cp (1% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 6cs (99C)
Viscosity: 7.4cs (99C)
Viscosity: 750cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 75cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 8,000cs (99C)
Viscosity: 8,800-17,600cp (5% solution @ 25C)
Viscosity: 93cs (99C)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃

The metabolism of Polyethylene glycol 400 involves the oxidation of the alcohol groups located on the PEG to a carboxylic acid.
For example, the diacid and hydroxyl acid metabolites of Polyethylene glycol 400 have been measured in the plasma and urine of burn patients and rabbits and in the bile of cats.
In the isolated guinea pig liver and in rat/guinea pig in vitro, Polyethylene glycol 400 has demonstrated to be sulfated.

Evidence from experiments with Polyethylene glycol 400 suggests that ethylene glycol is not formed as a metabolite of PEG in humans.
Negligible amounts of oxalic acid are liberated after the metabolism of PEG 12.
The first phase of metabolism of PEG in mammals is regulated by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.

Liver cytochorome Polyethylene glycol 400 enzymes may also play a role in the oxidation of PEG, although the evidence for this is not clear 12.
Also, Polyethylene glycol 400 has been shown to be metabolized by sulfotransferase enzymes.
Although there is evidence that Polyethylene glycol 400 can be metabolized to various phase 1 and phase 2 metabolites, the toxicology data presented above indicate that these metabolites are of very little toxicological concern.

However, metabolism of Polyethylene glycol 400 to the acid metabolite(s) has been implicated in the acidosis and hypercalcemia observed in patients after overdose 12.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is clear that these metabolites can be formed in multiple toxicology species and that the phase 1 metabolites are seen in animals and humans.
These data indicate that humans and animals will be exposed to similar metabolites after administration of PEG 12.

Metabolic clearance of Polyethylene glycol 400 decreases markedly as molecular weight increases.
Polyethylene glycol 400, up to 25% of the dose may be metabolized in humans (Schaffer et al., 1950); similar results are also seen in the rabbit 12.
Polyethylene glycol 400 by the oral route is molecular weight- dependent.

Urinary recovery data for PEG400 indicate that 50 to 60% of Polyethylene glycol 400 with this molecular weight is absorbed from the intestine 12.
In the case of Polyethylene glycol 400, up to 25% of the dose may be metabolized in humans.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is also known as polyoxirane (PEO).

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a linear polyether obtained by ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide.
The viscosity of polyethylene glycol solution is sensitive to the shear rate and it is not easy for bacteria to grow on polyethylene glycol.
The condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is a cream matrix for preparing water-soluble drugs.
Polyethylene glycol 400 can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, which is difficult to dissolve in water.
Drug sustained-release and immobilized enzyme carrier.

The polyethylene glycol solution is applied to the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of drugs in the pill so as to improve the efficacy.
Surface modification of medical polymer materials.
The biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood can be improved by adsorption, interception and grafting of two amphiphilic copolymers containing Polyethylene glycol 400 on the surface of medical polymers.

Polyethylene glycol 400 can make the membrane of the alkanol contraceptive pill.
Polyethylene glycol 400 can make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is an osmotic laxative.

Polyethylene glycol 400 can increase osmotic pressure and absorb moisture in the intestinal cavity, which makes the stool soften and increase in volume, resulting in bowel movement and defecation.
Polyethylene glycol 400 nontoxic and gelatinous nature can be used as a component of denture fixer.
Polyethylene glycol 400 are commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeasts) to take DNA in transformation.

Polyethylene glycol 400 absorbs water from the solution, so it is also used to concentrate the solution.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a clear, colorless liquid that is made from sugar cane waste so it is naturally derived and renewable.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is completely soluble in water and has an average molecular weight of 380 - 420.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is another group of products with an incredibly long list of uses and applications from industrial uses to food and pharma, and everything in between.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a high quality research product used as multipurpose polymer of ethelyne glycol for various biochemical, molecular biology and molecular diagnostic applications.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine.

Applications of Polyethylene glycol 400 include uses in cosmetics, personal care products in which it is used as a solvent and humectant.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in a wide range of lubricant applications due to their low volatility, solubility in water, and natural lubricity
The ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide is readily effected by a variety of ionic reagents and several types of polymer have been prepared.

For commercial purposes, poly(ethylene oxide)s of low molecular weight and of very high molecular weight are of interest.
Polyethylene glycol 400s of low molecular weight, i.e. below about 3000, are generally prepared by passing ethylene oxide into Polyethylene glycol 400 and about 0.3 MPa (3 atmospheres) pressure, using an alkaline initiator such as sodium hydroxide.

The polymers produced by these methods are thus terminated mainly by hydroxy groups (a few unsaturated end-groups are also formed) and are often referred to as poly(ethylene glycol)s.
Polyethylene glycol 400s with molecular weights in the range 200-600 are viscous liquids which find use as surfactants in inks and paints and as humectants.
At molecular weights above about 600, poly(ethylene glycol)s are low-melting waxy solids, uses of which include pharmaceutical and cosmetic bases, lubricants and mould release agents.

Polyethylene glycol 400 may be noted that homogeneous cationic polymerization of ethylene oxide also generally leads to low molecular weight products; typical initiators include aluminium chloride, boron trifluoride and titanium tetrachloride.
Systems of this type are not utilized on a commercial scale.
Polyethylene glycol 400s of molecular weight ranging from about 100000 to 5 x 106 and above are available.
Details of the techniques used to manufacture these polymers have not been disclosed, but the essential feature is the use of (generally) heterogeneous initiator systems.

Effective initiators are mainly of two types, namely alkaline earth compounds (e.g. carbonates and oxides of calcium, barium and strontium) and organometallic compounds (e.g. aluminium and zinc alkyls and alkoxides, commonly with added coinitiators).
The precise modes of action of these initiators have not, as yet, been fully resolved.
However, Polyethylene glycol 400 is now generally thought that polymerization occurs through a co-ordinated anionic mechanism, in which the ethylene oxide is coordinated to the initiator through an unshared electron pair on the oxirane oxygen atom.

Unlike the low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s, the high molecular weight polymers are tough and extensible.
They are highly crystalline, with a melting point of 66??C.
Unlike most water-soluble polymers, the high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s may be melt processed; they may be injection moulded, extruded and calendered without difficulty.

Polyethylene glycol 400s are soluble in an unusually broad range of solvents, which includes water; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and methylene dichloride; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; and alcohols such as methanol and isopropanol.
There is an upper temperature limit of solubility in water for the high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s; this varies with concentration and molecular weight but is usually between 90 and 100??C.

Water-solubility is due to the ability of the polyether to form hydrogen bonds with water; these bonds are broken when the temperature is raised, restoring the anhydrous polymer which is precipated from the solution.
High molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s find use as water-soluble packaging films and capsules for such products as laundry powders, colour concentrates, tablets and seeds.
In solution, the polymers are used as thickeners in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, textile sizes and latex stabilizers.

Dissolves many drugs and active ingredients to form clear, stable solutions.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in drug formulations to ensure the stability and bioavailability of the active ingredients.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in over-the-counter laxative products like MiraLAX, aiding in bowel movements by retaining water in the stool.

Provides a smooth and soft texture to creams and lotions, enhancing their spreadability.
Helps bind together ingredients in solid products like pressed powders and tablets.
Helps active ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively.

Reduces friction between moving parts in machinery and industrial processes.
Polyethylene glycol 400 improves the flexibility and durability of plastics and resins.
Polyethylene glycol 400 reduces static electricity buildup in manufacturing processes involving plastics and textiles.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in products like candy and confectionery to maintain moisture and improve texture.
Helps evenly distribute flavors, colors, and other additives in food products.
Facilitates the smooth operation of surgical instruments and reduces wear and tear.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used to coat medical devices to reduce friction and improve biocompatibility.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is generally recognized as safe by regulatory agencies such as the FDA.
Non-toxic when used in appropriate amounts, but excessive ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances.

Biodegradable, but high concentrations in water bodies can affect aquatic life.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a carrier for pesticides and herbicides to improve their effectiveness.
Acts as a dispersing agent and helps improve the flow and leveling properties of paints.

Enhances the performance of adhesives by improving flexibility and reducing brittleness.
Should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.
Generally safe to handle, but standard precautions such as wearing gloves and safety goggles are recommended.

Polyethylene glycol 400 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400.
Dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 and potassium hydroxide.
The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer:catalyst.

Uses:
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a condensation polymers of ethylene oxide and water with the general formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where n is the average number of repeating oxyethylene groups typically from 4 to about 180.
The low molecular weight members from n=2 to n=4 are diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol respectively, which are produced as pure compounds.
The low molecular weight compounds upto 700 are colorless, odorless viscous liquids with a freezing point from -10 C (diethylene gycol), while polymerized compounds with higher molecular weight than 1,000 are waxlike solids with melting point upto 67 C for n 180.

The abbreviation Polyethylene glycol 400 is termed in combination with a numeric suffix which indicates the average molecular weights.
One common feature of Polyethylene glycol 400 appears to be the water-soluble.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is soluble also in many organic solvents including aromatic hydrocarbons (not aliphatics).

They are used to make emulsifying agents and detergents, and as plasticizers, humectants, and water-soluble textile lubricants.
The wide range of chain lengths provide identical physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections directly or indirectly in the field of; Alkyd and polyester resin preparation to enhance water dispersability and water-based coatings.
Antidusting agent in agricultural formulations Brightening effect and adhesion enhance in electroplating and electroplating process.

Cleaners, detergents and soaps with low volatility and low toxicity solvent properties.
Coupling agent, humectant, solvent and lubricant in cosmetics and personal care bases.
Dimensional stabilizer in wood working operations Dye carrier in paints and inks Heat transfer fluid formulation and defoamer formulations.

Polyethylene glycol 400 low volatilie, water soluble, and noncorrosive lubricant without staining residue in food and package process.
Polyethylene glycol 400 mold release agent and lubricant in fabricating elastomers Paper coating for antisticking, color stabilizing, good gloss and free flow in calendering operations.
Plasticizer to increase lubricity and to impart a humectant property in ceramic mass, adhesives and binders.

Softener and antistatic agent for textiles Soldering fluxes with good spreading property.
Polyethylene glycol is non-toxic, odorless, neutral, lubricating, nonvolatile and nonirritating and is used in a variety of pharmaceuticals and in medications as a solven, dispensing agent, ointment and suppository bases, vehicle, and tablet excipient.
Polyethylene glycol 400 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown Polyethylene glycol 400 m aintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a binder, solvent, plasticizing agent, and softener widely used for cosmetic cream bases and pharmaceutical ointments.
Polyethylene glycol 400 are quite humectant up to a molecular weight of 500.

Beyond this weight, their water uptake diminishes.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in conjunction with carbon black to form a conductive composite.
Polymer nanospheres of poly(ethylene glycol) were used for drug delivery.

This medication is used to relieve dry, irritated eyes.
Common causes for dry eyes include wind, sun, heating/air conditioning, computer use/reading, and certain medications.
Polyethylene glycol 400 may contain 1 or more of the following ingredients: carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, glycerin, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), polysorbate, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, or propylene glycol, among others.

Eye lubricants keep the eye moist, help to protect the eye from injury and infection, and decrease symptoms of dry eyes such as burning, itching, and feeling as if something is in the eye.
Polyethylene glycol 400 are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has been used experimentally in biodegradable polymeric matrices used in controlled-release systems.

Polyethylene glycol 400 are stable, hydrophilic substances that are essentially nonirritant to the skin;They do not readily penetrate the skin, although the polyethylene glycols are water-soluble and are easily removed from the skin by washing, making them useful as ointment bases.
Solid grades are generally employed in topical ointments, with the consistency of the base being adjusted by the addition of liquid grades of polyethylene glycol.
Mixtures of polyethylene glycols can be used as suppository bases,for which they have many advantages over fats.

For example, the melting point of the suppository can be made higher to withstand exposure to warmer climates; release of the drug is not dependent upon melting point; the physical stability on storage is better; and suppositories are readily miscible with rectal fluids.
Polyethylene glycol 400 have the following disadvantages: they are chemically more reactive than fats; greater care is needed in processing to avoid inelegant contraction holes in the suppositories; the rate of release of water-soluble medications decreases with the increasing molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol; and polyethylene glycols tend to be more irritating to mucous membranes than fats.

Aqueous Polyethylene glycol 400 solutions can be used either as suspending agents or to adjust the viscosity and consistency of other suspending vehicles.
When used in conjunction with other emulsifiers, Polyethylene glycol 400 can act as emulsion stabilizers.
Liquid polyethylene glycols are used as water-miscible solvents for the contents of soft gelatin capsules.

However, they may cause hardening of the capsule shell by preferential absorption of moisture from gelatin in the shell.
In concentrations up to approximately 30% v/v, PEG 300 and Polyethylene glycol 400 have been used as the vehicle for parenteral dosage forms.
In solid-dosage formulations, higher-molecular-weight Polyethylene glycol 400 can enhance the effectiveness of tablet binders and impart plasticity to granules.

However, they have only limited binding action when used alone, and can prolong disintegration if present in concentrations greater than 5% w/w.
When used for thermoplastic granulations,a mixture of the powdered constituents with 10–15% w/w PEG 6000 is heated to 70–75°C.
The mass becomes pastelike and forms granules if stirred while cooling.

This technique is useful for the preparation of dosage forms such as lozenges when prolonged disintegration is required.
Polyethylene glycol 400 can also be used to enhance the aqueous solubility or dissolution characteristics of poorly soluble compounds by making solid dispersions with an appropriate polyethylene glycol.
Animal studies have also been performed using polyethylene glycols as solvents for steroids in osmotic pumps.

In film coatings, solid grades of Polyethylene glycol 400 can be used alone for the film-coating of tablets or can be useful as hydrophilic polishing materials.
Solid grades are also widely used as plasticizers in conjunction with film-forming polymers.
The presence of Polyethylene glycol 400 in film coats, especially of liquid grades, tends to increase their water permeability and may reduce protection against low pH in enteric-coating films.

Polyethylene glycol 400 are useful as plasticizers in microencapsulated products to avoid rupture of the coating film when the microcapsules are compressed into tablets.
Polyethylene glycol 400 grades with molecular weights of 6000 and above can be used as lubricants, particularly for soluble tablets.
The lubricant action is not as good as that of magnesium stearate, and stickiness may develop if the material becomes too warm during compression.

An antiadherent effect is also exerted, again subject to the avoidance of overheating.
Polyethylene glycol 400 have been used in the preparation of urethane hydrogels, which are used as controlled-release agents.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has also been used in insulin-loaded microparticles for the oral delivery of insulin;it has been used in inhalation preparations to improve aerosolization;polyethylene glycol nanoparticles have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine;it has been used in self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles as a drug carrier;and copolymer networks of polyethylene glycol grafted with poly(methacrylic acid) have been used as bioadhesive controlled drug delivery formulations.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as an inactive ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry as a solvent, plasticizer, surfactant, ointment and suppository base, and tablet and capsule lubricant.
Polyethylene glycol 400 has low toxicity and absorption.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol with a low-level toxicity.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is very hydrophilic, which renders it a useful ingredient in drug formulations to augment the solubility and bioavailability of weakly water-soluble drugs.
Dissolves active ingredients in liquid medications.
Stabilizes and enhances the bioavailability of active ingredients.

Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in products like MiraLAX to treat constipation by retaining water in the stool.
Polyethylene glycol 400 improves texture and spreadability.
Used in tablet and capsule formulations to improve flexibility.

Adds smoothness and softness to creams and lotions.
Retains moisture in products like shampoos, conditioners, and skin creams.
Helps solid products like pressed powders and tablets maintain their shape.

Polyethylene glycol 400 increases the absorption of active ingredients through the skin.
Reduces friction in machinery and industrial processes.
Enhances flexibility and durability in plastics and resins.

Minimizes static electricity buildup in plastics and textiles manufacturing.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used in various industrial cooling applications.
Maintains moisture and improves the texture of products like candy and confectionery.

Distributes flavors, colors, and other additives evenly in food products.
Facilitates the smooth operation of surgical instruments.
Reduces friction and improves biocompatibility of medical devices.

Polyethylene glycol 400 enhances the effectiveness of agricultural chemicals by improving their distribution and absorption.
Improves the flow and leveling properties of paints.
Adjusts the thickness and consistency of coatings.

Polyethylene glycol 400 improves flexibility and reduces brittleness in adhesive formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 400 is used as a solvent and reagent in various chemical and biological experiments.
Included in formulations for personal care products to reduce friction.

Safety Profile:
When heated to decomposition Polyethylene glycol 400 emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Polyethylene glycol 400s are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.
Generally, they are regarded as nontoxic and nonirritant materials.

Adverse reactions to Polyethylene glycol 400 have been reported, the greatest toxicity being with glycols of low molecular weight.
However, the toxicity of glycols is relatively low.
Polyethylene glycol 400 administered topically may cause stinging, especially when applied to mucous membranes.

Hypersensitivity reactions to Polyethylene glycol 400 applied topically have also been reported, including urticaria and delayed allergic reactions.
The most serious adverse effects associated with Polyethylene glycol 400 are hyperosmolarity, metabolic acidosis, and renal failure following the topical use of polyethylene glycols in burn patients.
Topical preparations containing polyethylene glycols should therefore be used cautiously in patients with renal failure, extensive burns, or open wounds.

Oral administration of large quantities of Polyethylene glycol 400 can have a laxative effect.
Therapeutically, up to 4 L of an aqueous mixture of electrolytes and high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol is consumed by patients undergoing bowel cleansing.
Liquid Polyethylene glycol 400 may be absorbed when taken orally, but the higher-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols are not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Absorbed Polyethylene glycol 400 is excreted largely unchanged in the urine, although polyethylene glycols of low molecular weight may be partially metabolized.
The WHO has set an estimated acceptable daily intake of Polyethylene glycol 400 at up to 10 mg/kg body-weight.
In parenteral products, the maximum recommended concentration of Polyethylene glycol 400 is approximately 30% v/v as hemolytic effects have been observed at concentrations greater than about 40% v/v.

Polyethylene glycol 4000 is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
The structure of Polyethylene glycol 4000 is (note the repeated element in parentheses):
H-(O-CH2-CH2)n-OH
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight.

CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2

Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used in gene delivery of protoplast transfection and incubation.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used in the preparation of extraction for measuring cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) from plant tissues.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is useful to mediate DNA transformation into protoplasts derived from rice leaf sheaths.

Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000;Polyethylene Glycol 600;PEG 600;NL4J9F21N9;CARBOWAX PEG 600;JEECHEM 600;LIPO POLYGLYCOL 600;LIPOXOL 600 MED;MACROGOL 600 DISTEARATE;NORFOX E-600;PEG-12;PLURACARE E 600;POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (II);POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (USP-RS);POLYGLYKOL 600;SABOPEG 600;TOHO PEG NO. 600;UNIPEG-600;UPIWAX 600

Polyethylene glycol 4000 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene glycol 4000 (25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene glycol 4000 (25322-68-3)

Industrial uses
A nitrate ester-plasticized Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.
Dimethyl ethers of Polyethylene glycol 4000 are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the syngas stream.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes.
Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving Polyethylene glycol 4000, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.
PEG was used as an additive to silver halide photographic emulsions.

Entertainment uses
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is the main ingredient in many personal lubricants.
(Not to be confused with propylene glycol.)
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is the main ingredient in the paint (known as "fill") in paintballs.

Commercial uses
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used in a number of toothpastes as a dispersant.
In this application, Polyethylene glycol 4000 binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is under investigation for use in liquid body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.
Polymer segments derived from Polyethylene glycol 4000 polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions.
In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks – its INS number is 1521 or E1521 in the EU.

Production
The production of Polyethylene glycol 4000 was first reported in 1859.
Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.
The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts.
Ethylene glycol and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution).
Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.

HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H
Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic.
The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain Polyethylene glycol 4000 with a low polydispersity.
Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process.
Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours.

Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight Polyethylene glycol 4000, is synthesized by suspension polymerization.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process.
The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds.
To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used.

Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight Polyethylene glycol 4000.

PEG 4000 Applications PEG 4000 Application Polyethylene glycol 1500 for synthesis. CAS 25322-68-3, pH 4 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C). PEG 4000 Physicochemical Information PEG 4000 Boiling point >200 °C (1013 hPa) PEG 4000 Density 1.2 g/cm3 (20 °C) PEG 4000 Flash point 240 °C PEG 4000 Ignition temperature 420 °C PEG 4000 Melting Point 43 - 49 °C PEG 4000 pH value 4 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) PEG 4000 Vapor pressure <0.01 hPa (20 °C) PEG 4000 Bulk density 400 - 500 kg/m3 PEG 4000 Solubility 650 g/l PEG 4000 Toxicological Information PEG 4000 LD 50 oral LD50 Rat 28000 mg/kg PEG 4000 LD 50 dermal LD50 Rabbit > 20000 mg/kg PEG 4000 Safety Information according to GHS PEG 4000 Storage class 10 Combustible liquids PEG 4000 WGK WGK 1 slightly hazardous to water PEG 4000 Disposal 3 PEG 4000 Relatively unreactive organic reagents should be collected in container A. If halogenated, they should be collected in container B. For solid residues use container C. PEG 4000 Storage and Shipping Information PEG 4000 Storage Store below +30°C. PEG 4000 Transport Information PEG 4000 Declaration (railroad and road) ADR, RID Kein Gefahrgut PEG 4000 Declaration (transport by air) IATA-DGR No Dangerous Good PEG 4000 Declaration (transport by sea) IMDG-Code No Dangerous Good PEG 4000 Specifications PEG 4000 Melting range (lower value) ≥ 43 °C PEG 4000 Melting range (upper value) ≤ 49 °C PEG 4000 Hydroxyl value 70 - 80 PEG 4000 Average molecular mass 1400 - 1600 PEG 4000 Identity (IR) passes test Activated PEG 4000s (for conjugation to biologics) PEG 4000-PLA or PEG 4000-PLGA (for nanoparticle formulations of drugs) Linear and branched functionalized polyethylene imines and other polyimines (for oligo-nucleotide binding and delivery) PEG 4000-pAsp / PEG 4000-pGlu (for oligo-nucleotide binding and delivery) Hyperbranched polyglycerols (for drug delivery and protein formulation) Other polymers for nanoparticle formation (drug delivery) Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 4000) is a non-ionic hydrophilic polymer and is available in different molecular weights. It helps in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids. PEG 4000 and dextran together result in aqueous polymer two phase system, which is required for the purification of biological materials. PEG 4000 also interacts with cell membrane, thereby allowing cell fusion.Polyethylene Glycol 1500 (PEG 4000-1500) has been used to mediate cell fusion.PEG 4000 is a polymer of ethylene oxide with an average molecular weight of 1500. This polymeric material is an excellent solubiliser and can be used in a wide variety of home care and I&I applications.Polyethylene glycol. PEG- 1500 by Dynamic International is a surfactant. It is available in the form of milky white solid. PEG- 1500 is used in cream and shampoo base material.Crystallization grade Polyethylene glycol 1500(PEG 4000) for formulating screens or for optimization.PEG 4000 Eye contact Unlikely to cause eye irritation in man.PEG 4000 Skin contact Unlikely to cause skin irritation in man.PEG 4000 Inhalation This material may cause irritation following inhalation.PEG 4000 Ingestion Will cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.Low oral toxicity, but ingestion may cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.PEG 4000 Eye contact Irrigate with eyewash solution or clean water, holding the eyelids apart, for at least 10 minutes. Obtain medical attention.PEG 4000 Skin contact Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin with soap and water. If symptoms develop, obtain medical attention.PEG 4000 Inhalation Remove patient from exposure. Obtain medical attention if ill effects occur.PEG 4000 Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. Wash out mouth with water and give 200-300 ml (half a pint) of water to drink. Obtain medical attention if ill effects occur.PEG 4000 Further Medical Treatment Symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy as indicated.PEG 4000 Extinguishing Media Water fog, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.PEG 4000 Unsuitable Extinguishing Media None known.PEG 4000 Special fire-fighting protective equipment A self contained breathing apparatus and suitable protective clothing must be worn in fire conditions.PEG 4000 Fire and explosion hazards Combustible but not readily ignited. PEG 4000 Colour white PEG 4000 Form solid PEG 4000 Odour mild PEG 4000 pH approx 5 - 7 5% In water PEG 4000 Boiling point/boiling range (°C) No data. PEG 4000 Flash Point (ºC) > 260 (open cup) PEG 4000 Autoignition Temperature (ºC) approx 420 PEG 4000 Flammable Limits No data. PEG 4000 Explosive Properties No data. PEG 4000 Oxidising Properties No data. PEG 4000 Vapour Density No data. PEG 4000 Solubility in water soluble PEG 4000 Solubility in other ingredients Soluble in many organic solvents, insoluble in:, aliphatic hydrocarbons PEG 4000 Partition Coefficient No data. PEG 4000 Dynamic viscosity (mPa.s) approx 30 @99°C PEG 4000 Density (g/ml) 1.208 @ 20 °C PEG 4000 Stability Stable under normal conditions. PEG 4000 Materials to avoid Strong oxidising agents. PEG 4000 Conditions to avoid None known PEG 4000 Hazardous decomposition products None known PEG 4000 Hazardous polymerisation Will not occur

Polyethylene glycol 600 is a versatile solvent product with balance properties.
Fast evaporating solvent with high water solubility and active solvency used in a variety of applications such as solvent-based coatings, household and industrial cleaners, and agricultural pesticides​.
Polyethylene glycol 600 is made of condensed ethylene oxide and water.

CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2

Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000;Polyethylene Glycol 600;PEG 600;NL4J9F21N9;CARBOWAX PEG 600;JEECHEM 600;LIPO POLYGLYCOL 600;LIPOXOL 600 MED;MACROGOL 600 DISTEARATE;NORFOX E-600;PEG-12;PLURACARE E 600;POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (II);POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (USP-RS);POLYGLYKOL 600;SABOPEG 600;TOHO PEG NO. 600;UNIPEG-600;UPIWAX 600

They are widely used in cosmetic products as surfactants, emulsifiers, cleansing agents, humectants, and skin conditioners.
Polythylene Glycol 600 is a semi-solid polyethylene glycol that provides enhanced solvency, lubricity, hygroscopicity and other important functional properties in a wide range of formulations.
These materials are nonvolatile, water-soluble, tasteless, and odorless.
They are miscible with water, alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but immiscible with alkanes, paraffins, waxes, and ethers.
Any of several condensa-tion polymers of ethylene glycol with thegeneral formula HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH orH(OCH2CH2)nOH.

Polyethylene glycol 600 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene glycol 600 (25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene glycol 600 (25322-68-3)

The toxicity of low molecular weight Polyethylene glycol 600 is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Topical application of Polyethylene glycol 600, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.
In topical lotion, Polyethylene glycol 600 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Polyethylene glycol 600 can occur in large doses of oral administration.
In injection, the maximum Polyethylene glycol 600 concentration is about 30% (V/V).
Hemolysis could occur when the concentration is more than 40% (V/V).

Reactivity Profile
Polyethylene glycol 600 is heat-stable and inert to many chemical agents; Poly(ethylene glycol) will not hydrolyze or deteriorate under normal conditions.
Polyethylene glycol 600 has a solvent action on some plastics.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Polyethylene glycol 600 (PEGs) are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations.
Polyethylene glycol 600 has been used experimentally in biodegradable polymeric matrices used in controlled-release systems.
Polyethylene glycol 600 is stable, hydrophilic substances that are essentially nonirritant to the skin;They do not readily penetrate the skin, although the polyethylene glycols are water-soluble and are easily removed from the skin by washing, making them useful as ointment bases.
Solid grades are generally employed in topical ointments, with the consistency of the base being adjusted by the addition of liquid grades of polyethylene glycol.
Mixtures of Polyethylene glycol 600 can be used as suppository bases,for which they have many advantages over fats.

For example, the melting point of the suppository can be made higher to withstand exposure to warmer climates; release of the drug is not dependent upon melting point; the physical stability on storage is better; and suppositories are readily miscible with rectal fluids.
Polyethylene glycol 600 have the following disadvantages: they are chemically more reactive than fats; greater care is needed in processing to avoid inelegant contraction holes in the suppositories; the rate of release of water-soluble medications decreases with the increasing molecular weight of the Polyethylene glycol 600; and polyethylene glycols tend to be more irritating to mucous membranes than fats.
Aqueous Polyethylene glycol 600 solutions can be used either as suspending agents or to adjust the viscosity and consistency of other suspending vehicles.
When used in conjunction with other emulsifiers, Polyethylene glycol 600 can act as emulsion stabilizers.
Liquid Polyethylene glycol 600 is used as water-miscible solvents for the contents of soft gelatin capsules.
However, they may cause hardening of the capsule shell by preferential absorption of moisture from gelatin in the shell.

In concentrations up to approximately 30% v/v, PEG 300 and PEG 400 have been used as the vehicle for parenteral dosage forms.
In solid-dosage formulations, higher-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols can enhance the effectiveness of tablet binders and impart plasticity to granules.
However, they have only limited binding action when used alone, and can prolong disintegration if present in concentrations greater than 5% w/w.
When used for thermoplastic granulations,a mixture of the powdered constituents with 10–15% w/w PEG 600 is heated to 70–75°C.
The mass becomes pastelike and forms granules if stirred while cooling.
This technique is useful for the preparation of dosage forms such as lozenges when prolonged disintegration is required.
Polyethylene glycols can also be used to enhance the aqueous solubility or dissolution characteristics of poorly soluble compounds by making solid dispersions with an appropriate Polyethylene glycol 600.
Animal studies have also been performed using Polyethylene glycol 600 as solvents for steroids in osmotic pumps.
In film coatings, solid grades of Polyethylene glycol 600 can be used alone for the film-coating of tablets or can be useful as hydrophilic polishing materials.
Solid grades are also widely used as plasticizers in conjunction with film-forming polymers.

The presence of Polyethylene glycol 600 in film coats, especially of liquid grades, tends to increase their water permeability and may reduce protection against low pH in enteric-coating films.
Polyethylene glycol 600 is useful as plasticizers in microencapsulated products to avoid rupture of the coating film when the microcapsules are compressed into tablets.
Polyethylene glycol 600 grades with molecular weights of 6000 and above can be used as lubricants, particularly for soluble tablets.
The lubricant action is not as good as that of magnesium stearate, and stickiness may develop if the material becomes too warm during compression.
An antiadherent effect is also exerted, again subject to the avoidance of overheating.
Polyethylene glycol 600 has been used in the preparation of urethane hydrogels, which are used as controlled-release agents.
Polyethylene glycol 600 has also been used in insulin-loaded microparticles for the oral delivery of insulin;it has been used in inhalation preparations to improve aerosolization;polyethylene glycol nanoparticles have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine;Polyethylene glycol 600 has been used in self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles as a drug carrier;and copolymer networks of polyethylene glycol grafted with poly(methacrylic acid) have been used as bioadhesive controlled drug delivery formulations.

DESCRIPTION:

Polyethylene Glycol 6000 is a compound used to modify therapeutic proteins and peptides to increase their solubility
Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), with the CAS number 25322-68-3, is a high molecular weight polymer of ethylene oxide commonly used in various scientific and industrial applications due to its unique physicochemical properties.
Polyethylene Glycol 6000, characterized by its long chains and high solubility in water, serves primarily as an inert and non-toxic agent in processes requiring molecular crowding or the alteration of solute mobility and stability.



CAS No.: 25322-68-3
EC Number: 500-038-2
Molecular formula:(C2H4O)nH2O


SYNONYM(S) OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000:
Poly(ethylene glycol), Polyglycol, Polyethylene oxide, Polyoxy ethylene, PEG 6000, PEG


In research, Polyethylene Glycol 6000 has been extensively utilized in the field of protein chemistry, where it acts as a precipitant in the crystallization of proteins.
This utility arises from Polyethylene Glycol 6000′s ability to exclude volume and reduce water activity around macromolecules, thus promoting the necessary interactions for crystal formation without altering the biological activity of the proteins.

Additionally, Polyethylene Glycol 6000 is employed in molecular biology for the preparation of density gradients used in the purification of viruses, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules.
Its role in these applications is pivotal due to its capacity to create a stable environment that supports the separation of biological components based on size and density.
Furthermore, in bioconjugation, Polyethylene Glycol 6000 is used to enhance the solubility and stability of bioactive compounds, thereby facilitating a variety of research methodologies that require modified biomolecules for advanced studies.







APPLICATIONS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000:
Polyethylene Glycol 6000 is a multipurpose polymer which can be applied in solid, semi-solid and liquid formulations.
Its broad functional spectrum includes e.g. improvement of API solubility, acting as a lubricant for tablet coating, function as a carrier, and many more.
Our comprehensive portfolio of PEGs comprises diverse polymer sizes of different molecular weights to meet your specific application and needs.



PHYSICOCHEMICAL INFORMATION ABOUT POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000:
Boiling point >200 °C (1013 hPa) Non applicable
Density 1.2 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point 138.6 °C
Ignition temperature 420 °C
Fusion point 58 - 63 °C
pH value 5 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure Solubility 550 g/l
Color according to Munsell color system not more intensely colored than reference standard NE12
Melting range (lower value) ≥ 59 °C
Melting range (upper value) ≤ 64 °C
Hydroxyl value 15 - 22
Average molecular mass 5000 - 7500
Identity (IR) passes test
CASE
25322-68-3
Molecular formula
(C2H4O)n
Molecular weight (g/mol)
62.07
MDL number
MFCD01779601
InChI Key
LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-NShow more
Synonymous
PEG
IUPAC Name
ethane-1,2-diol
SMILES
[H]OCCO
Chemical name or material Poly(ethylene glycol)
Color White
Fitness Powder or glitter
Fusion point 55.0°C to 60.0°C
Linear formula H ( OCH2CH2 ) nOH
Merck Index 15, 7688
Solubility information Solubility in water: 550g/L (20°C). Other solubilities: soluble in thf
Quantity 1 kg
Formula weight 6000
Hydroxyl value 17 to 20mg KOH/g
Conditioning Plastic bottle
Viscosity 220-262 mPa.s (20°C)
Agency
Ph. Eur.
Quality Level
500
vapor pressure
product line
EMPROVE® ESSENTIAL
form
solid
autoignition temp.
420 °C
mol wt
average Mn 6000
technique(s)
API processing | nano-milling: suitable
pH
5-7 (20 °C, 100 g/L in H2O)
mp
58-63 °C
transition temp
flash point 270 °C
solubility
550 g/L
density
1.2 g/cm3 at 20 °C
application(s)
liquid formulation
pharmaceutical
semi-solid formulation
solid formulation
solubility enhancement
storage temp.
15-25°C
SMILES string
C(CO)O
InChI
1S/C2H6O2/c3-1-2-4/h3-4H,1-2H2
InChI key
LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Distributor reference
528877-100GM
Storage area
France and Germany
DGOS nomenclature
LC13AOOO
Type of coloring
White
Certification
RUO
Sterile device
No
CAS number
25322-68-3
CE DIV marking
No
State
Solid
Barcode
Yes
Subjected to dry ice
No
INSERM nomenclature
NA.NA28
Expiry date on delivery date
12 months
Manufacturer reference
528877-100GM
Nomenclature of Mother-of-pearl
NA.28
Brand
MILLIPORE
Specificity
Solubility: water: 200 mg/mL
Subject to regulation
No
Supplier
SIGMA ALDRICH CHEMISTRY
Quantity
N / A
CEA nomenclature
SGP01
Customs Code
34042000
Manufacturer product label
PEG 6000, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1PC X 100GM
Manufacturer reference
528877-100GM
CHU nomenclature
18,552
IRSN nomenclature
273
Sold by
100 g
CNRS nomenclature
NA28
Customer error recovery
No



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

DESCRIPTION:

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000 is a compound used to modify therapeutic proteins and peptides to increase their solubility
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000 (PEG 8000), with the CAS number 25322-68-3, is a high molecular weight polymer of ethylene oxide commonly used in various scientific and industrial applications due to its unique physicochemical properties.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000, characterized by its long chains and high solubility in water, serves primarily as an inert and non-toxic agent in processes requiring molecular crowding or the alteration of solute mobility and stability.



CAS No.: 25322-68-3
EC Number: 500-038-2
Molecular formula:(C2H4O)nH2O


SYNONYM(S) OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
Poly(ethylene glycol), Polyglycol, Polyethylene oxide, Polyoxy ethylene, PEG 8000, PEG


In research, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000 has been extensively utilized in the field of protein chemistry, where it acts as a precipitant in the crystallization of proteins.
This utility arises from POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000′s ability to exclude volume and reduce water activity around macromolecules, thus promoting the necessary interactions for crystal formation without altering the biological activity of the proteins.

Additionally, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000 is employed in molecular biology for the preparation of density gradients used in the purification of viruses, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules.
Its role in these applications is pivotal due to its capacity to create a stable environment that supports the separation of biological components based on size and density.
Furthermore, in bioconjugation, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000 is used to enhance the solubility and stability of bioactive compounds, thereby facilitating a variety of research methodologies that require modified biomolecules for advanced studies.







APPLICATIONS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000 is a multipurpose polymer which can be applied in solid, semi-solid and liquid formulations.
Its broad functional spectrum includes e.g. improvement of API solubility, acting as a lubricant for tablet coating, function as a carrier, and many more.
Our comprehensive portfolio of PEGs comprises diverse polymer sizes of different molecular weights to meet your specific application and needs.



PHYSICOCHEMICAL INFORMATION ABOUT POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
Boiling point >200 °C (1013 hPa) Non applicable
Density 1.2 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point 138.6 °C
Ignition temperature 420 °C
Fusion point 58 - 63 °C
pH value 5 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure <0.1 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility 550 g/l
Color according to Munsell color system not more intensely colored than reference standard NE12
Melting range (lower value) ≥ 59 °C
Melting range (upper value) ≤ 64 °C
Hydroxyl value 15 - 22
Average molecular mass 5000 - 7500
Identity (IR) passes test
CASE
25322-68-3
Molecular formula
(C2H4O)n
Molecular weight (g/mol)
62.07
MDL number
MFCD01779601
InChI Key
LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-NShow more
Synonymous
PEG
IUPAC Name
ethane-1,2-diol
SMILES
[H]OCCO
Chemical name or material Poly(ethylene glycol)
Color White
Fitness Powder or glitter
Fusion point 55.0°C to 60.0°C
Linear formula H ( OCH2CH2 ) nOH
Merck Index 15, 7688
Solubility information Solubility in water: 550g/L (20°C). Other solubilities: soluble in thf
Quantity 1 kg
Formula weight 6000
Hydroxyl value 17 to 20mg KOH/g
Conditioning Plastic bottle
Viscosity 220-262 mPa.s (20°C)
Agency
Ph. Eur.
Quality Level
500
vapor pressure
<0.01 hPa ( 20 °C)
product line
EMPROVE® ESSENTIAL
form
solid
autoignition temp.
420 °C
mol wt
average Mn 6000
technique(s)
API processing | nano-milling: suitable
pH
5-7 (20 °C, 100 g/L in H2O)
mp
58-63 °C
transition temp
flash point 270 °C
solubility
550 g/L
density
1.2 g/cm3 at 20 °C
application(s)
liquid formulation
pharmaceutical
semi-solid formulation
solid formulation
solubility enhancement
storage temp.
15-25°C
SMILES string
C(CO)O
InChI
1S/C2H6O2/c3-1-2-4/h3-4H,1-2H2
InChI key
LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Distributor reference
528877-100GM
Storage area
France and Germany
DGOS nomenclature
LC13AOOO
Type of coloring
White
Certification
RUO
Sterile device
No
CAS number
25322-68-3
CE DIV marking
No
State
Solid
Barcode
Yes
Subjected to dry ice
No
INSERM nomenclature
NA.NA28
Expiry date on delivery date
12 months
Manufacturer reference
528877-100GM
Nomenclature of Mother-of-pearl
NA.28
Brand
MILLIPORE
Specificity
Solubility: water: 200 mg/mL
Subject to regulation
No
Supplier
SIGMA ALDRICH CHEMISTRY
Quantity
N / A
CEA nomenclature
SGP01
Customs Code
34042000
Manufacturer product label
PEG 8000, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1PC X 100GM
Manufacturer reference
528877-100GM
CHU nomenclature
18,552
IRSN nomenclature
273
Sold by
100 g
CNRS nomenclature
NA28
Customer error recovery
No



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

Polyethylene glycol 8000 is colorless, inert, odorless, and non-volatile. Polyethylene glycol 8000 is biocompatible (it won’t damage tissues or cells), hydrophilic, dissolves readily in water without changing the color odor or taste and is nontoxic.


CAS Number: 25322-68-3
EC Number : 500-038-2
MDL number: MFCD00081839
Linear Formula: H(OCH2CH2)nOH



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Polyethylene glycol 8000, a hydrophilic polymer, is easily synthesized by the anionic ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide, into a range molecular weights and variety of end groups.
On being incorporated into networks by crosslinking, Polyethylene glycol 8000 can have high water content, forming “hydrogels”.


Hydrogel formation can be initiated by either crosslinking Polyethylene glycol 8000 by ionizing radiation or by covalent crosslinking of PEG macromers with reactive chain ends.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a suitable compound with a wide scope in biological applications since it does not elicit any immune responses.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 has been shown to modify therapeutic proteins and peptides for enhanced solubility.
Additionally, photopolymerized Polyethylene glycol 8000 hydrogels have emerging applications in the fabrication of bioactive and immune-isolating barriers for encapsulation of cells.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 has low toxicity with systemic absorption less than 0.5%.


High-molecular weight Polyethylene glycol 8000 provides enhanced solvency, lubricity, hygroscopicity and other important functional properties in a wide range of formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a white or almost white solid with a waxy or paraffin-like appearance.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is very soluble in water and in methylene chloride, very slightly soluble in alcohol, practically_x000D_ insoluble in fatty oils and in mineral oils.
The kinetics of the ligation in the cloning of DNA-fragments into bacteriophage M13-vectors can be improved by the inclusion of 5% Polyethylene glycol 8000.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 has a molecular weight of 8000 and is sold in its granular form.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 can be hydrated to be a clear, colorless, viscous liquid.
This is the highest molecular weight sold and will provide the highest viscosity.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is colorless, inert, odorless, and non-volatile. Polyethylene glycol 8000 is biocompatible (it won’t damage tissues or cells), hydrophilic, dissolves readily in water without changing the color odor or taste and is nontoxic.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a high-quality reagent that has been certified by the National Formulary (NF), which makes it suitable for biological substances, dosage forms, compounded preparations, medical devices, and dietary supplements.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a polyethylene glycol having white to off white color and available in solid flakes or powder form.
High molecular weight Polyethylene glycol 8000 that provides enhanced solvency, lubricity, hygroscopicity and other important functional properties in a wide range of formulations.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a hard, waxy solid having the appearance of thin, irregularly shaped shards.
Chemically equivalent to Polyethylene glycol 8000's spherical granular counterpart, being produced from the same molten material.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 used as a base in the formulation of soap sticks.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 has low glycol content and higher crystalinity.
Polyethylene glycol 8000's high molecular weight mainly prompts its use in pharmaceutical formulations as solvent for oral, topical and parenteral preparations.


The high molecular weight Polyethylene glycol 8000 is soluble in water and organic solvents such as alcohols.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a water-soluble linear polymer formed by the addition reaction of ethylene oxide.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is PEG-180-based mold release agent and plasticizer.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 possesses lubricity and humectant properties.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 can blend with other PEG molecular weights to achieve the desired viscosity properties.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is quite stable and does not support microbial growth, even in aqueous solutions.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a white crystals for molecular biology applications such as precipitation of DNA, nucleic acids, hybridization and fusion of mammalian cells.
Melting Point of Polyethylene glycol 8000 is 55°-60°C


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a white to off-white waxy material in flakes, granules, and powdered form.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 has low glycol content and higher crystallinity.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 contains the added stabilizer, BHT, at a nominal concentration of 100 PPM.


High molecular weight Polyethylene glycol 8000 that provides enhanced solvency, lubricity, hygroscopicity and other important functional properties in a wide range of formulations.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a hard, waxy solid having the appearance of thin, irregularly shaped shards.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a white or almost white solid with a waxy or paraffin-like appearance.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is very soluble in water and in methylene chloride, very slightly soluble in alcohol, practically insoluble in fatty oils and in mineral oils.


Owing to the lower surface area as compared to the granular form, the flaked grade exhibits longer relative dissolution times in water-based applications.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 will not support microbial growth, even in aqueous solutions
Versatile, water-miscible vehicle used as solvent and solubilising agent for active substances and excipients in liquid and semi-sollid preapration.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a compound used to modify therapeutic proteins and peptides to increase their solubility.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a compound used to modify therapeutic proteins and peptides to increase their solubility.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is often utilized in mass spectrometry experiments and as a polar stationary phase for Gas Chromatorgraphy.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is also used to preserve objects that have been retrieved from the ocean.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used high quality polysorbates available for use in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and feed industry.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 has been used in the precipitation of proteins, as a fusing agent in enhancing the effect of macrophages on hybridoma, in the separation and purification of biomolecules and in induction of cell hybridization.


In fabricating elastomers, Polyethylene glycol 8000 functions as a lubricant and mold releasing agent.
In pharmaceuticals, Polyethylene glycol 8000 powder can function as a tablet and capsule lubricant.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as a lubricant to coat aqueous and non-aqueous surfaces


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as antistatic agent, lubricant, etc. in the textile industry.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used in Adhesives, Ceramic BinderCeramic Binder, Chemical Intermediates, Detergents and Household Cleaners, Dye Carrier, Lubricants, Mining, Mold Release Agent, Plasticizer, and Wood Treating.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as a plasticizer in tablet coating providing hardness as well as water solubility and lubricity.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals
Especially for the cloning with 'blunt-ended' DNA, the concentration of 'blunt'-DNA-ends plays a crucial role for the successful cloning.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as a matrix in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industrial production to adjust viscosity and melting point.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as lubricant and coolant in rubber and metal processing industries.
Substances, that increase the so-called 'macromolecular crowding' and condense DNA molecules into aggregates, concentrate the DNA and increase the possibility, that DNA ends will meet and thereby improve the cloning result.


So, the DNA and enzyme concentration can be reduced.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as dispersant and emulsifier in the industrial production of pesticides and pigments.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used in the modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides to enhance its solubility.


Besides, such substances reduce the intramolecular ligation (religation).
For 'blunt end' cloning the recommended Polyethylene glycol 8000 concentration is 15%.
Stock solutions of Polyethylene glycol 8000 are prepared with deionized water and stored at -20°C in small aliquots.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as lubricant and coolant in rubber and metal processing industry, dispersant and emulsifier in pesticide and pigment industry production.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as antistatic agent and lubricant in textile industry.


Polyethylene glycol 8000, a hydrophilic polymer, is used in the modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides to enhance its solubility.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as matrix in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry to regulate viscosity and melting point.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 maintains wet-tack strength and is used in pressure-sensitive and thermoplastic adhesives.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used in the modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides to enhance its solubility.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is also used in the fabrication of bioactive and immuno isolating barriers for encapsulation of cells.
In gas chromatography, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as a polar stationary phase.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as mold release agent and lubricant in fabricating elastomers.
As a dispersant, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used in toothpastes.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 finds application in blood banking as a potentiator, which is used to detect antigens and antibodies.


In pharmaceutical industry, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as tablet and capsule lubricant.
Polyethylene glycol 8000meets the requirements for use under food additive regulations for indirect use as components of articles intended for use in contact with food.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is suitable as a medium for the fusion of mammalian cells.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is also used to precipitate bacteriophage from lysed cell supernatants.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used Chromatography (GC & HPLC), Decontamination & cleaning, Karl Fischer titration, Kjeldahl analysis, Microbiology & cell culture, Proteinbiochemistry, Spectroscopy & MS, Titration


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as solvent, antifreeze and raw material for synthetic polyester.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as mold release agent and lubricant in fabricating elastomers.
As a dispersant, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used in toothpastes.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 finds application in blood banking as a potentiator, which is used to detect antigens and antibodies.
Polyethylene glycol 8000, a high polymer of ethylene glycol, is a phase transfer catalyst and is also used in cell fusion
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used in the precipitation of phage, isolation of plasmid DNA and the enhancement of blunt-ended ligation reactions.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used Fragrance carrier, Ceramics, Automotive sprays, Household cleaners, Dye carrier, Lubricants, Mining, Mold release agent, Plasticizer, and Wood treating.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used in the modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides to enhance its solubility.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used pharmaceutical products, personal care products, automotive products, household products, packaging products, petroleum chemicals, plastics, inks, coatings, adhesives, chemical interme, Industrial chemical intermediary, pharmaceutical products, personal care products, automotive products, household products, packaging products, petroleum chemicals, plastics, inks, coatings, adhesives, chemical intermediates, rubber processing, lubricants, metalworking fluids, mold releas, Surfactant.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as mold release agent and lubricant in fabricating elastomers.
As a dispersant, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used in toothpastes.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 finds application in blood banking as a potentiator, which is used to detect antigens and antibodies.


In pharmaceutical industry, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as tablet and capsule lubricant.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is also used in the fabrication of bioactive and immuno isolating barriers for encapsulation of cells.
In gas chromatography, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as a polar stationary phase.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 acts as a lubricant, coating the surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is a partial list of applications include pharmaceutical products, personal care products, automotive products, household products, packaging products, petroleum chemicals, plastics, inks, coatings, adhesives, chemical intermediates, rubber processing, lubri.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used Fragrance carrier, Ceramics, Automotive sprays, Household cleaners, Dye carrier, Lubricants, Mining, Mold release agent, Plasticizer, Wood treating, and Powdered detergents.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as an inactive ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry as a solvent, plasticizer, surfactant, ointments and suppository base, and tablet and capsule lubricant.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is also used as a fusogen (induces cell hybridization) to obtain hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is also used in the fabrication of bioactive and immuno isolating barriers for encapsulation of cells.
In gas chromatography, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as a polar stationary phase.


In pharmaceutical industry, Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used as tablet and capsule lubricant.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is vastly used for the isolation of plasmid DNA, precipitation of phage, modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides to enhance its solubility.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is also used in the fabrication of bioactive and immuno isolating barriers for encapsulation of cells.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is suitable as a medium for the fusion of mammalian cells.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is also used to precipitate bacteriophage from lysed cell supernatants.


Key Applications of Polyethylene glycol 8000: Precipitation of proteins | Separation and purification of biomolecules.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 is for research or further manufacturing use only, not for food or drug use.
Crystallization grade Polyethylene glycol 8000 for formulating screens or for optimization.


Polyethylene glycol 8000 is used Pharmaceuticals - excipients, Food contact, Cosmetic, Personal care, and Chemical intermediates.
Polyethylene glycol 8000 can be paired with surfactants (for example Kolliphor RH 40) to promote solubilization of poorly water-soluble APIs
Polyethylene glycol 8000 can be used for crystallization ihibition with polymers (for example Kollidon 12 PF)
Polyethylene glycol 8000 can also be used as a chemical intermediate in drug formulation



BENEFITS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
*Polyethylene glycol 8000 will not support microbial growth, even in aqueous solutions
*Versatile, water-miscible vehicle used as solvent and solubilizing agent for active substances and excipients in liquid and semisolid preparation
*Polyethylene glycol 8000 can be paired with surfactants (for example Kolliphor RH 40) to promote solubilization of poorly water-soluble APIs
*Polyethylene glycol 8000 can be used for crystallization inhibition with polymers (for example Kollidon 12 PF)
*Polyethylene glycol 8000 can also be used as a chemical intermediate in drug formulation
*Anti-caking properties in powder detergents
*Acts as a carrier for starch wetting for after wash automotive sprays
*Fragance carrier in scent booster beads
*Binder and plasticizer for green-body formation in ceramics



FUNCTIONALITIES OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
*Plasticizers,
*Viscosity modifiers,
*Solubilizers



BENEFITS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
*Binder and plasticizer for green-body formation
*Anti-caking properties, and acts as a carrier for starch
*Water solubility
*Nonvolatility
*Inertness
*Lubricity



FUNCTIONS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
*Binder,
*Consistency factors & viscosity enhancement,
*Plasticization,
*Solvent,
*Structurants & matrix builders



FEATURES OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
*Sterile filtered solution
*Formulated in Type 1+ ultrapure water: 18.2 megaohm-cm resistivity at 25°C, < 5 ppb Total Organic Carbon, bacteria free (


BENEFITS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
*Proven performance in a variety of excipient formulations
*Compliance with USP/NF and Ph. Eur. monographs
*Solubilize / disperse wide variety of components
*Tune formulation to achieve desired form (solid, liquid with certain viscosities and melt-freeze points)
*Attract and retain moisture—ideal for ointments and lotions



INDUSTRIES OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
*Pharmaceuticals especially the production of tablet binding and coating
*Research and pharmaceuticals as a chemical intermediate
Industrial lubricant applications



MARKET OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
*Chemical Synthesis,
*Cosmetics & Personal Care,
*Household & Industrial Cleaning,
*Meat,
*Baking, and Processed Food,
*Pharmaceutical,
*Nutritional & Healthcare



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
Molecular Weight: 7000-9000
Appearance Form: solid
Color: light yellow
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 57,5 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 205,7 °C at 977,6 hPa
Flash point: 138,6 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 0,01 hPa at 20 °C
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 1,116 g/cm3 at 20 °C at 975,5 hPa
Relative density: No data available

Water solubility: 256,084 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: -0,698 at 30 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: 360 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Physical Form: Solid
Average Number of Repeating Oxyethylene Units: 181
Range of Average Molecular Weight: 7000 – 9000

Range of Average Hydroxyl Number, mg KOH/g: 12 – 16
Density, g/cm3 at 70°C: 1.07
Melting or Freezing Range, °C: 55 – 62
Solubility in Water at 20°C, % by weight: 63
Viscosity at 100°C: cSt 500 - 900
Heat of Fusion: Cal/g 41
CAS NO: 25322-68-3
MOLECULAR FORMULA: HO(C2H4O)nH
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Solid
PRODUCT CODE: A2204
PRODUCT NAME: Polyethylene glycol 8000 BioChemica
SPECIFICATIONS:
Average M: 7000 - 9000
Solubility (5 %; H2O): clear, colorless
pH (5 %; H2O; 20°C): 5.5 - 7.0

Heavy metals: max. 0.005%
WGK: 1
STORAGE: RT
EINECS: 500-038-2
Molar mass (M): 7300-9000 g/mol
Density (D): 1,2 g/cm³
Flash point (flp): 270 °C
Melting point (mp): 60 °C
WGK: 1
CAS No.: 25322-68-3
EG-Nr.: 500-038-2
CAS: 25322-68-3
Molecular Formula: (C2H4O)n
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 62.07
MDL Number: MFCD01779601

InChI Key: LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Synonym: PEG 8000
IUPAC Name: ethane-1,2-diol
SMILES: [H]OCCO
Color: White
pH: 5 to 7
Physical Form: Powder
Melting Point: 55°C to 63°C
Merck Index: 14,7568
Solubility Information: Soluble in water and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Slightly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons and organic solvents.
Odor: Odorless
Chemical Name or Material: Polyethylene glycol 8,000
CAS: 25322-68-3
Molecular formula: H(OCH2CH2)nOH

Molecular weight: 7000 - 9000
Appearance: White/colorless powder or flakes
Solubility: Clear solution at 5% in water at 25°C
Melting point: 61 - 64 °C
pH (5%, H2O): 5.5 - 7.0
Water: < 0.5 %
UV data: 260 nm: < 0.099
280 nm: < 0.03
Peroxides (H2O2): < 0.001 %
Chloride: < 50 ppm
Copper: < 5 ppm
Iron: < 5 ppm
Storage: Room Temperature. Protect from moisture.
Stability: Stable at least 2 years at R.T
CAS: 25322-68-3

Molecular Formula: (C2H4O)n
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 62.07
MDL Number: MFCD01779601
InChI Key: LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Synonym: PEG 8000, Polyethylene Oxide, Carbowax™
IUPAC Name: ethane-1,2-diol
SMILES: [H]OCCO
Appearance :Powder
Physical State :Solid
Solubility : Soluble in water (500 g/l at 20° C), aromatic hydrocarbons (very soluble),
aliphatic hydrocarbons (slightly soluble), and organic solvents.
Storage :Store at room temperature
Melting Point :62.2° C
Boiling Point :250° C at 1013 hPa
Density :1.21 g/cm3 at 20° C



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Take up dry.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Nature of decomposition products not known.
-Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
-Control parameters:
Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Stored at room temperature.
But close the lid of the bottle tightly.
The product has a shelf life of at least 2 years.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions: No data available

PEG; Macrogol; Polyoxyethlene; Aquaffin; Nycoline; alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polyethylene glycols; Poly Ethylene Oxide; Polyoxyethylene; Polyglycol; 1,2-ethanediol Ehoxylated; Polyoxyethylene ether; Polyoxyethylene; Poly(ethylene glycol); CAS NO:25322-68-3

PEG; Macrogol; Polyoxyethlene; Aquaffin; Nycoline; alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polyethylene glycols; Poly Ethylene Oxide; Polyoxyethylene; Polyglycol; 1,2-ethanediol Ehoxylated; Polyoxyethylene ether; Polyoxyethylene; Poly(ethylene glycol); CAS NO:25322-68-3

Polyéthylèneglycol, Macrogol , Synonymes : poly(oxyde d'éthylène), poly(oxyéthylène), PEG, PEO, No CAS 25322-68-3, No ECHA 100.105.546, No CE 500-038-2. On appelle polyéthylène glycol ou PEG des polyéthers linéaires de masse molaire inférieure à 20 000 g·mol-1 fabriqués à partir de monomères d'éthylène glycol. Leurs propriétés hydrosolubles et liposolubles en font des produits utilisés dans un grand nombre d'industries (médical, cosmétique, etc.). On les appelle également macrogol dans le domaine médical. On a l'habitude d'indiquer la masse molaire moyenne du polymère après le nom, par exemple PEG-2000 (2 000 g·mol-1). Lorsque leur masse molaire est supérieure à 20 000 g·mol-1, on les appelle plus communément poly(oxyde d'éthylène) ou poly(oxyéthylène).À température ambiante, le PEG est un liquide visqueux incolore lorsqu’il a une masse moléculaire inférieure à 600 g·mol-1 et un solide cireux lorsque sa masse moléculaire est supérieur à 800 g·mol-1. Le PEG liquide est miscible en toute proportion avec l’eau tandis que le PEG solide est hautement soluble dans l’eau. Le PEG de faible masse moléculaire peut donc être utilisé comme solvant polymère, c'est-à-dire un polymère qui agit comme solvant pour des composés de faible masse molaire5, avec ou sans ajout d’eau. Le PEG peut ainsi dissoudre des sels inorganiques divers par complexation. De plus, la viscosité du PEG diminue lorsque la température augmente. Pour le PEG-1000, la température de fusion se situe vers 35–40 °C, et pour le PEG-2000, la température de fusion se situe vers 44–45 °C.Le PEG est soluble dans l'eau, le toluène, le dichlorométhane, l’alcool et l’acétone mais n’est pas soluble dans les hydrocarbures aliphatiques comme l’hexane, le cyclohexane ou le diéthyléther. Le PEG dans l’eau peut être considéré comme un cosolvant de l’eau qui fait baisser la polarité de la solution pour permettre une meilleure solubilité des produits organiques. La faible solubilité des réactifs organiques et de leurs intermédiaires dans l’eau est le principal obstacle au développement de la chimie en milieu aqueux. De plus, le PEG peut être récupéré d’une solution aqueuse avec un solvant adéquat ou par distillation.3,6,9,12,15,18,21-heptaoxatricosane-1,23-diol; Macrogol; Polyethylene glycol 400; Polyethylene oxide; polyethyleneglycol

Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax can be used as a disperant, slip agent, resin additive, and mold release agent.
As an oxidised product, Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is authorized in the EU as E number reference E914 only for the surface treatment of some fruits.
There are a variety of methods for producing Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax.

CAS: 9002-88-4
MF: （C2H4）n
MW: 28.05316
EINECS: 618-339-3

Synonyms
pad522;pe512;pe617;pen100;pep211;pes100;pes200;petrothene

Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax can be made by direct polymerization of ethylene under special conditions that control molecular weight and chain branching of the final polymer.
Another method involves thermal and/or mechanical decomposition of high molecular weight polyethylene resin to create lower molecular weight fractions.
A third method involves separation of the low molecular weight fraction from a production stream of high molecular weight polymer.
These last two methods produce very low molecular weight fractions that should be removed to avoid a product with low flash point that can result in flammability, migration, equipment build up, fouling and other safety and processing issues.
Volatiles in these un refined waxes can also account for significant yield loss during processing.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax may be used as lubricant additive to the PVC pipes.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is a flexible waxy translucentpolyalkene thermoplastic made in avariety of ways producing a polymerof varying characteristics.

In the ICIprocess, ethene containing a trace of oxygen is subjected to a pressure inexcess of 1500 atmospheres and atemperature of 200°C.
Low-densitypolyethene (r.d. 0.92) has a formulaweight between 50 000 and 300 000,softening at a temperature around110°C, while the high-density polythene(r.d. 0.945–0.96) has a formulaweight up to 3 000 000, softeningaround 130°C.
The low-density polymeris less crystalline, being more atactic.
Polyethene is used as aninsulator; Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is acid resistant and iseasily moulded and blown.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is a water-repellent, white, tough, leathery, thermoplastic resin very similar in appearance to paraffin wax.
Properties vary from a viscous liquid at low molecular weights to a hard waxlike substance at high molecular weights.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is used as a coating for glass bottles and fiberglass fabrics (special treatments for glass are required to obtain good adhesion between polyethylene and glass) and is also used as an injection-molding material for ceramics.

In the polymerization process, the double bond connecting the carbon atoms is broken.
Under the right conditions, these bonds reform with other ethylene molecules to form long molecular chains.
Ethylene copolymers, EVA, and EEA are made by the polymerization of ethylene units with randomly distributed comonomer groups, such as vinyl acetate (VA) and ethyl acrylate (EA).
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax, also known as PE Wax, is an ultra low molecular weight polyethylene consisting of ethylene monomer chains.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax has a large variety of uses and applications.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is available from on-purpose production and as a byproduct of polyethylene production.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is available in both HDPE and LDPE forms.
As there are many grades and types available, please inquire so that one of our knowledgeable representatives can assist you in locating the correct grade that matches your requirements.

Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax stands for Polyethylene Wax.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is a synthetic wax made from polyethylene, a polymer made from ethylene monomers.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is commonly used as a processing aid, lubricant, and release agent in various industries.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax has a low molecular weight and is characterized by its hardness, toughness, and excellent low-temperature properties.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is also highly resistant to water and chemicals, making it suitable for use in a wide range of applications, including coatings, adhesives, inks, plastics, and rubber.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is available in various forms such as powder, flake, or granules, and its properties can be adjusted by varying its molecular weight and degree of branching.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax's versatility and wide range of applications make PE wax a popular choice in many industries.

Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax Chemical Properties
Melting point: 92 °C
Boiling point: 48-110 °C(Press: 9 Torr)
Density: 0.962 g/mL at 25 °C
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: -20°C
Form: powder
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 0.95
Water Solubility: Soluble in acetone and benzene. Insoluble in water.
Merck: 14,7567
Dielectric constant: 2.2（Ambient）
Stability: Stable, but breaks down slowly in uv light or sunlight.
Incompatible with halogens, strong oxidizing agents, benzene, petroleum ether, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, lubricating oils.
IARC: 3 (Vol. 19, Sup 7) 1987
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax(9002-88-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax (9002-88-4)

Chemical and physical properties are markedly affected by increasing density, which is affected by the shape and spacing of the molecular chain.
Low-density materials have highly branched and widely spaced chains, whereas high-density materials have comparatively straight and closely aligned chains.
Low-density polyethylene (0.926–0.9409 g/cm3) is soluble in organic solvents at temperatures higher than 200°F.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is insoluble at room temperature.
High-density polyethylene (0.041–0.965 g/cm3) is hydrophobic, permeable to gas, and has high electrical resistivity.
Low molecular weight polyethylenes have excellent electrical resistance and resistance to water and to most chemicals.

Medium molecular weight polymers are waxes miscible with paraffin wax, and polyethylene polymers whose molecular weights are higher than 10,000 are the familiar tough and strong resins that are flexible or stiff.
By varying the catalyst and methods of polymerization, properties such as density, crystallinity, molecular weight, and polydispersity can be regulated over wide ranges.
Polymers with densities ranging from approximately 0.910 to 0.925 g/cm3 are low-density polyethylenes; those with densities ranging from 0.926 to 0.940 g/cm3 are medium-density polyethylenes; and those with densities ranging from 0.941 to 0.965 g/cm3 and higher are high-density polyethylenes.

As the crystallinity or density increases, Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax generally become stiffer and stronger and have a high softening temperature and high resistance to penetration by liquids and gases.
At the same time, they lose some of their resistance to tear and environmental stress cracking.
High-density PE (HDPE) is a chemically pure, porous plastic implant material that can perform supportive functions.
The material has good tissue biocompatibility and permits ingrowth of connective tissue with related vascularization.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is being used more frequently in nasal surgery.
Polyethylene can be cross-linked by irradiation (electron beam, gamma, or X radiation) or by free radical catalysts such as peroxides.

PE WAX PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax, also known as polyethylene wax.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is used in a variety of industries, including plastics, coatings, adhesives, and printing inks, due to its unique physical properties.
Some of the physical properties of PE wax include:
Molecular Weight: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax has a relatively low molecular weight compared to other types of waxes.
This makes Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax a softer wax that has a lower melting point.
Melting Point: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax typically has a melting point ranging from 105°C to 135°C, depending on the specific grade of the wax.
Density: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax has a density ranging from 0.91 to 0.94 g/cm3, making it a relatively lightweight wax.

Hardness: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is a relatively soft wax, with a hardness ranging from 2 to 4 on the Mohs scale.
Slipperiness: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax has a high degree of slipperiness, making it an excellent lubricant for plastics and other materials.
Chemical Resistance: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is highly resistant to chemicals, making it an ideal choice for coatings and other applications where chemical resistance is important.
Water Repellency: Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is hydrophobic, meaning it repels water.
This makes Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax an excellent choice for coatings and other applications where water repellency is important.
Overall, the physical properties of Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax make it a versatile material with a wide range of applications across many different industries.

Uses
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is a thermoplastic polymer consisting of long hydrocarbon chains.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is used in a number of applications including flexible film packaging produced by the blown film process.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is used to regulate viscosity, suspension properties, and general stability in cosmetic formulations.
Typical applications included specialty injection molded parts, in these fields Polyethylene has a wide range of uses:
Injection and blow molded toys, housewares and lids.
Injection molded car seats, mower parts and pails.
Injection molded, thin-walled containers and housewares.
Hot melt coating for paper, additive in cast moldings, candles, oil-based inks and hot melt adhesives.

Additive to unsaturated polyesters, epoxides and other polymers to impart the unique properties of UHMWPE.
Used in industrial parts, coatings and wear surfaces at 10-40 wt. %.
Film applications having good drawdown and toughness.
Mold release additive, lubricant in rubber processing, extrusion and calendering aid for PVC and dispersing aid for color concentrates.
Bearings, gears, bushings and other moving parts.
Laboratory tubing; in making prostheses; electrical insulation; packaging materials; kitchenware; tank and pipe linings; paper coatings; textile stiffeners.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is used to regulate viscosity, suspension properties, and general stability in cosmetic formulations.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is derived from petroleum gas or dehydration of alcohol.

Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax have very unique polymer properties that make them useful in many applications.
The major functions of Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax in many formulations are to either provide lubrication and/or provide physical modification of a formula by changing viscosity and / or melt point.

Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax increase inorganic and organic pigment dispersion in
matrix polymer during masterbach processing.
Also, Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax helps granule produce by decrease softening point of system.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is very good external lubricant for PVC.
When Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax use in PVC application, final produce face has been shine.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax using decrease the friction so increase the extrusion capacity.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax using doesn’t change the product color because PE wax has got good oxidation resistance.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax doesn’t bad effect product’s heat and light stability because pe wax doesn’t include catalizors remnant.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax increase last product’s light stability.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax hasn’t got toxic materials so PE wax can be use food packaging applications.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax use hot melt application.

Industrial uses
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax include lowdensity polyethylenes (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPE), high-density polyethylenes (HDPE), and ethylene copolymers, such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene- ethyl acrylate (EEA), and ultrahighmolecular- weight polyethylenes (UHMWPE).
The basic properties of polyethylenes can be modified with a broad range of fillers, reinforcements, and chemical modifiers, such as thermal stabilizers, colorants, flame retardants, and blowing agents.
Major application areas for polyethylenes are packaging, industrial containers, automotive, materials handling, consumer products, medical products, wire and cable insulation, furniture, housewares, toys, and novelties.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax, the first of the polyethylenes to be developed, has good toughness, flexibility, low-temperature impact resistance, clarity in film form, and relatively low heat resistance.
Like the higher-density grades, Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax has good resistance to chemical attack.
One of the fastest-growing plastics is linear Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax, used mainly in film applications but also suitable for injection, rotational, and blow molding.

Properties of Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax are different from those of conventional LDPE and HDPE in that impact, tear, and heat-seal strengths and environmental stress-crack resistance of LLDPE are significantly higher.
Major uses at present are grocery bags, industrial trash bags, liners, and heavy-duty shipping bags for such products as plastic resin pellets.
Rigidity and tensile strength of the HDPE resins are considerably higher than those properties in the low- and medium-density materials.
Impact strength is slightly lower, as is to be expected in a stiffer material, but values are high, especially at low temperatures, compared with those of many other thermoplastics.
HDPE resins are available with broad, intermediate, and narrow molecular-weight distribution, which provides a selection to meet specific performance requirements.

As with the other polyethylene grades, very-high-molecular- weight copolymers of HDPE resins are available with improved resistance to stress cracking.
Applications of HDPE range from film products to large, blow-molded industrial containers.
The largest market area is in blowmolded containers for packaging milk, fruit juices, water, detergents, and household and industrial liquid products.
Other major uses include high-quality, injection-molded housewares, industrial pails, food containers, and tote boxes; extruded water and gas-distribution pipe, and wire insulation; and structural-foam housings.
HDPE resins are also used to rotationally mold large, complex-shaped products such as fuel tanks, trash containers, dump carts, pallets, agricultural tanks, highway barriers, and water and waste tanks for recreational vehicles.

Production Methods
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is produced by a low-pressure solution or gasphase process that is initiated by a variety of transition metal catalysts.
The most common catalysts are Ziegler titanium compounds with aluminum alkyls and Phillips chromium oxide-based catalysts.
The gas-phase and slurry processes are used to produce high molecular weight, high-density (HMW-HDPE) products.
The highest density linear PEs can be made from an α-olefin comonomer, typically octene for the solution process and butene or hexene for the gas-phase process.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax does not have long-chain branches and is therefore more crystalline.

The short-chain branches found in linear Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax serve as tie molecules, which give the higher α -olefin copolymers improved puncture and tear properties.
Included in the linear Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax family are ultra-low-density PE (ULDPE), LLDPE, and HDPE.
HDPE’s main use is in blow-molded products such as milk bottles, packaging containers, drums, car fuel tanks, toys, and houseware.
Film and sheet are widely used in wrappings, refuse sacks, carrier bags, and industrial liners.

Injection molding products include crates, pallets, packaging containers, houseware, and toys.
Extrusion grades are used in pipes, conduit, wire coating, and cable insulation.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax is a thermoplastic that in many applications replaces its predecessor, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), or is used in blends with LDPE.
In particular, LDPE’s shortchain branching gives it higher tensile strength, puncture, and anti-tear properties, making Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax especially suitable for film applications.
There are a variety of methods for producing Polyethylene wax.
Polyethylene Wax - PE Wax can be made by direct polymerization of ethylene under special conditions that control molecular weight.
Another method involves breaking down high molecular weight polyethylene into lower molecular weight fractions.
A third method involves separation of the low molecular weight fraction from high molecular weight polymer.

SYNONYMS Polyaziridine;Polyethenimide;POLYETHYLENE IMINE;Polyethyleneimine;Polyethylenimine;Polymin 6;Polymin FL;Polymin G 100;Polymin G 15M;Polymin G 20 CAS NO:9002-98-6

POLYGLUCURONIC ACID, N° CAS : 36655-86-4. Nom INCI : POLYGLUCURONIC ACID. Nom chimique : D-Glucuronic Acid Homopolymer. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

DESCRIPTION:
Polyethylenimine (PEI) or polyaziridine is a polymer with repeating units composed of the amine group and two carbon aliphatic CH2CH2 spacers.
Linear polyethyleneimines contain all secondary amines, in contrast to branched PEIs which contain primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups.
Totally branched, dendrimeric forms were also reported.[1]
Polyethylenimine is produced on an industrial scale and finds many applications usually derived from its polycationic character.[2]

CAS Number : 9002-98-6
IUPAC name: Poly(iminoethylene)
Linear Formula:H(NHCH2CH2)nNH2


SYNONYM(S) OF POLYETHYLENIMINE:
aziridine, homopolymer, PEI


PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENIMINE:
The linear PEI is a semi-crystalline solid at room temperature while branched PEI is a fully amorphous polymer existing as a liquid at all molecular weights.
Linear polyethyleneimine is soluble in hot water, at low pH, in methanol, ethanol, or chloroform.
Polyethylenimine is insoluble in cold water, benzene, ethyl ether, and acetone.
Linear polyethyleneimine has a melting point of around 67 °C.[3]


Both linear and branched polyethyleneimine can be stored at room temperature.
Linear polyethyleneimine is able to form cryogels upon freezing and subsequent thawing of its aqueous solutions.[3]


SYNTHESIS OF POLYETHYLENIMINE:
Branched Polyethylenimine can be synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of aziridine
Depending on the reaction conditions different degree of branching can be achieved.
Linear Polyethylenimine is available by post-modification of other polymers like poly(2-oxazolines) [5] or N-substituted polyaziridines.


Linear Polyethylenimine was synthesised by the hydrolysis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)[7] and sold as jetPEI.[8]
The current generation in-vivo-jetPEI uses bespoke poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) polymers as precursors.[9]


APPLICATIONS OF POLYETHYLENIMINE:
Polyethyleneimine finds many applications in products like: detergents, adhesives, water treatment agents and cosmetics.[10]
Owing to its ability to modify the surface of cellulose fibres, Polyethylenimine is employed as a wet-strength agent in the paper-making process.[11]

Polyethylenimine is also used as flocculating agent with silica sols and as a chelating agent with the ability to complex metal ions such as zinc and zirconium.[12]

There are also other highly specialized PEI applications:

Biology:
Polyethylenimine has a number of uses in laboratory biology, especially tissue culture, but is also toxic to cells if used in excess.
Toxicity is by two different mechanisms,[15] the disruption of the cell membrane leading to necrotic cell death (immediate) and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane after internalisation leading to apoptosis (delayed).

Attachment promoter
Polyethyleneimines are used in the cell culture of weakly anchoring cells to increase attachment.
Polyethylenimine is a cationic polymer; the negatively charged outer surfaces of cells are attracted to dishes coated in PEI, facilitating stronger attachments between the cells and the plate.
Transfection reagent:
Poly(ethylenimine) was the second polymeric transfection agent discovered,[16] after poly-L-lysine. PEI condenses DNA into positively charged particles, which bind to anionic cell surface residues and are brought into the cell via endocytosis.
Once inside the cell, protonation of the amines results in an influx of counter-ions and a lowering of the osmotic potential.

Osmotic swelling results and bursts the vesicle releasing the polymer-DNA complex (polyplex) into the cytoplasm.
If the polyplex unpacks then the DNA is free to diffuse to the nucleus.


Permeabilization of gram negative bacteria:
Poly(ethylenimine) is also an effective permeabilizer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

CO2 capture
Both linear and branched polyethylenimine have been used for CO2 capture, frequently impregnated over porous materials.
First use of PEI polymer in CO2 capture was devoted to improve the CO2 removal in space craft applications, impregnated over a polymeric matrix.[20]
After that, the support was changed to MCM-41, an hexagonal mesostructured silica, and large amounts of PEI were retained in the so-called "molecular basket".[21]

MCM-41-PEI adsorbent materials led to higher CO2 adsorption capacities than bulk PEI or MCM-41 material individually considered.
The authors claim that, in this case, a synergic effect takes place due to the high PEI dispersion inside the pore structure of the material.
As a result of this improvement, further works were developed to study more in depth the behaviour of these materials.

Exhaustive works have been focused on the CO2 adsorption capacity as well as the CO2/O2 and CO2/N2 adsorption selectivity of several MCM-41-PEI materials with PEI polymers.
Also, PEI impregnation has been tested over different supports such as a glass fiber matrix [24] and monoliths.[25]

However, for an appropriate performance under real conditions in post-combustion capture (mild temperatures between 45-75 °C and the presence of moisture) it is necessary to use thermally and hydrothermally stable silica materials, such as SBA-15,[26] which also presents an hexagonal mesostructure.
Moisture and real world conditions have also been tested when using PEI-impregnated materials to adsorb CO2 from the air.[27]

A detailed comparison among PEI and other amino-containing molecules showed an excellent performance of PEI-containing samples with cycles.
Also, only a slight decrease was registered in their CO2 uptake when increasing the temperature from 25 to 100 °C, demonstrating a high contribution of chemisorption to the adsorption capacity of these solids.
For the same reason, the adsorption capacity under diluted CO2 was up to 90% of the value under pure CO2 and also, a high unwanted selectivity towards SO2 was observed.[28]

Lately, many efforts have been made in order to improve PEI diffusion within the porous structure of the support used.
A better dispersion of PEI and a higher CO2 efficiency (CO2/NH molar ratio) were achieved by impregnating a template-occluded PE-MCM-41 material rather than perfect cylindrical pores of a calcined material,[29] following a previously described route.[30]

The combined use of organosilanes such as aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, AP, and PEI has also been studied.
The first approach used a combination of them to impregnate porous supports, achieving faster CO2-adsorption kinetics and higher stability during reutilization cycles, but no higher efficiencies.[31]
A novel method is the so-called "double-functionalization".

It is based on the impregnation of materials previously functionalized by grafting (covalent bonding of organosilanes).
Amino groups incorporated by both paths have shown synergic effects, achieving high CO2 uptakes up to 235 mg CO2/g (5.34 mmol CO2/g).[32]
CO2 adsorption kinetics were also studied for these materials, showing similar adsorption rates as impregnated solids.[33]

This is an interesting finding, taking into account the smaller pore volume available in double-functionalized materials.
Thus, it can be also concluded that their higher CO2 uptake and efficiency compared to impregnated solids can be ascribed to a synergic effect of the amino groups incorporated by two methods (grafting and impregnation) rather than to a faster adsorption kinetics.

Low work function modifier for electronics:
Poly(ethylenimine) and poly(ethylenimine) ethoxylated (PEIE) have been shown as effective low-work function modifiers for organic electronics by Zhou and Kippelen et al.[34]
Polyethylenimine could universally reduce the work function of metals, metal oxides, conducting polymers and graphene, and so on.
Polyethylenimine is very important that low-work function solution-processed conducting polymer could be produced by the PEI or PEIE modification.

Based on this discovery, the polymers have been widely used for organic solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors, perovskite solar cells, perovskite light-emitting diodes, quantum-dot solar cells and light-emitting diodes etc.
Use in delivery of HIV-gene therapies:
Polyethylenimine (PEI), a cationic polymer, has been widely studied and shown great promise as an efficient gene delivery vehicle.
Likewise, the HIV-1 Tat peptide, a cell-permeable peptide, has been successfully used for intracellular gene delivery



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT POLYETHYLENEIMINE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

DESCRIPTION:
Polyethylenimine (PEI) or polyaziridine is a polymer with repeating units composed of the amine group and two carbon aliphatic CH2CH2 spacers.
Linear polyethyleneimines contain all secondary amines, in contrast to branched PEIs which contain primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups.
Totally branched, dendrimeric forms were also reported.

CAS Number: 9002-98-6


PEI is produced on an industrial scale and finds many applications usually derived from its polycationic character.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a hydrophilic cationic polymer widely used as a nonviral nucleotide delivery reagent.
Branched PEI can be synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization of aziridine.

PEI-based particles can also be used as adjuvants for vaccines.
Owing to its excellent physicochemical properties, it is applied in many fields like the separation and purification of proteins, carbon dioxide absorption, drug carriers, effluent treatment, and biological labels



PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
The linear PEI is a semi-crystalline solid at room temperature while branched PEI is a fully amorphous polymer existing as a liquid at all molecular weights.
Linear polyethyleneimine is soluble in hot water, at low pH, in methanol, ethanol, or chloroform.
Polyethylenimine is insoluble in cold water, benzene, ethyl ether, and acetone.

Linear polyethyleneimine has a melting point of around 67 °C.
Both linear and branched polyethyleneimine can be stored at room temperature.
Linear polyethyleneimine is able to form cryogels upon freezing and subsequent thawing of its aqueous solutions.


SYNTHESIS OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Branched PEI can be synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of aziridine.
Depending on the reaction conditions different degree of branching can be achieved.
Linear PEI is available by post-modification of other polymers like poly(2-oxazolines) or N-substituted polyaziridines.


Linear PEI was synthesised by the hydrolysis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and sold as jetPEI.

The current generation in-vivo-jetPEI uses bespoke poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) polymers as precursors.



APPLICATIONS OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Polyethyleneimine finds many applications in products like: detergents, adhesives, water treatment agents and cosmetics.
Owing to its ability to modify the surface of cellulose fibres, PEI is employed as a wet-strength agent in the paper-making process.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is also used as flocculating agent with silica sols and as a chelating agent with the ability to complex metal ions such as zinc and zirconium.

There are also other highly specialized PEI applications:
Biology:
PEI has a number of uses in laboratory biology, especially tissue culture, but is also toxic to cells if used in excess.
Toxicity is by two different mechanisms, the disruption of the cell membrane leading to necrotic cell death (immediate) and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane after internalisation leading to apoptosis (delayed).

Attachment promoter:
Polyethyleneimines are used in the cell culture of weakly anchoring cells to increase attachment.
PEI is a cationic polymer; the negatively charged outer surfaces of cells are attracted to dishes coated in PEI, facilitating stronger attachments between the cells and the plate.


Transfection reagent:
Poly(ethylenimine) was the second polymeric transfection agent discovered,after poly-L-lysine.
PEI condenses DNA into positively charged particles, which bind to anionic cell surface residues and are brought into the cell via endocytosis.
Once inside the cell, protonation of the amines results in an influx of counter-ions and a lowering of the osmotic potential.

Osmotic swelling results and bursts the vesicle releasing the polymer-DNA complex (polyplex) into the cytoplasm.
If the polyplex unpacks then the DNA is free to diffuse to the nucleus.

Permeabilization of gram negative bacteria:
Poly(ethylenimine) is also an effective permeabilizer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

CO2 CAPTURE:
Both linear and branched polyethylenimine have been used for CO2 capture, frequently impregnated over porous materials.
First use of PEI polymer in CO2 capture was devoted to improve the CO2 removal in space craft applications, impregnated over a polymeric matrix.

After that, the support was changed to MCM-41, an hexagonal mesostructured silica, and large amounts of PEI were retained in the so-called "molecular basket".
MCM-41-PEI adsorbent materials led to higher CO2 adsorption capacities than bulk PEI or MCM-41 material individually considered.

The authors claim that, in this case, a synergic effect takes place due to the high PEI dispersion inside the pore structure of the material.
As a result of this improvement, further works were developed to study more in depth the behaviour of these materials.
Exhaustive works have been focused on the CO2 adsorption capacity as well as the CO2/O2 and CO2/N2 adsorption selectivity of several MCM-41-PEI materials with PEI polymers.

Also, PEI impregnation has been tested over different supports such as a glass fiber matrix and monoliths.
However, for an appropriate performance under real conditions in post-combustion capture (mild temperatures between 45-75 °C and the presence of moisture) it is necessary to use thermally and hydrothermally stable silica materials, such as SBA-15, which also presents an hexagonal mesostructure.

Moisture and real world conditions have also been tested when using PEI-impregnated materials to adsorb CO2 from the air.
A detailed comparison among PEI and other amino-containing molecules showed an excellent performance of PEI-containing samples with cycles.
Also, only a slight decrease was registered in their CO2 uptake when increasing the temperature from 25 to 100 °C, demonstrating a high contribution of chemisorption to the adsorption capacity of these solids.

For the same reason, the adsorption capacity under diluted CO2 was up to 90% of the value under pure CO2 and also, a high unwanted selectivity towards SO2 was observed.
Lately, many efforts have been made in order to improve PEI diffusion within the porous structure of the support used.
A better dispersion of PEI and a higher CO2 efficiency (CO2/NH molar ratio) were achieved by impregnating a template-occluded PE-MCM-41 material rather than perfect cylindrical pores of a calcined material, following a previously described route.

The combined use of organosilanes such as aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, AP, and PEI has also been studied.
The first approach used a combination of them to impregnate porous supports, achieving faster CO2-adsorption kinetics and higher stability during reutilization cycles, but no higher efficiencies.

A novel method is the so-called "double-functionalization".
It is based on the impregnation of materials previously functionalized by grafting (covalent bonding of organosilanes).
Amino groups incorporated by both paths have shown synergic effects, achieving high CO2 uptakes up to 235 mg CO2/g (5.34 mmol CO2/g).

CO2 adsorption kinetics were also studied for these materials, showing similar adsorption rates as impregnated solids.
This is an interesting finding, taking into account the smaller pore volume available in double-functionalized materials.
Thus, it can be also concluded that their higher CO2 uptake and efficiency compared to impregnated solids can be ascribed to a synergic effect of the amino groups incorporated by two methods (grafting and impregnation) rather than to a faster adsorption kinetics.

Low work function modifier for electronics :
Poly(ethylenimine) and poly(ethylenimine) ethoxylated (PEIE) have been shown as effective low-work function modifiers for organic electronics by Zhou and Kippelen et al.
It could universally reduce the work function of metals, metal oxides, conducting polymers and graphene, and so on.
It is very important that low-work function solution-processed conducting polymer could be produced by the PEI or PEIE modification.

Based on this discovery, the polymers have been widely used for organic solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors, perovskite solar cells, perovskite light-emitting diodes, quantum-dot solar cells and light-emitting diodes etc.

USE IN DELIVERY OF HIV-GENE THERAPIES:
Polyethylenimine (PEI), a cationic polymer, has been widely studied and shown great promise as an efficient gene delivery vehicle.
Likewise, the HIV-1 Tat peptide, a cell-permeable peptide, has been successfully used for intracellular gene delivery

Polyethyleneimine can be used as a non-viral synthetic polymer vector for in vivo delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids.
The interaction between negatively charged nucleic acids and positively charged polymer backbone results in the formation of nano-sized complexes.
This neutralized complex protects the enclosed nucleic acid from enzymes and maintains its stability till the cellular uptake takes place.

For example, human serum albumin conjugated PEI shows good pDNA transfection and low toxicity.

PEI can be used to functionalize single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) to improve their solubility and biocompatibility while maintaining the structural integrity of the original SWNT.
Covalently functionalized SWNTs find application in CO2 absorption and gene delivery.

Branched PEI can also be used to modify the surface properties of adsorbents.
PEI-modified hydrous zirconium oxide/PAN nanofibers are used for the defluorination of groundwater as they show high fluoride adsorption capacity and a wide working pH range.

FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF POLYETHYLENEIMINE:
Primary and secondary amine groups of PEI can efficiently bind to drugs, nucleic acids, and other functional moieties.

Branched PEI has better complexation and buffering capacity.










CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENEIMINE (PEI):
Chemical formula, (C2H5N)n, linear form
Molar mass, 43.04 (repeat unit), mass of polymer variable
form
viscous liquid
mol wt
average Mn ~10,000 by GPC
average Mw ~25,000 by LS

impurities
≤1% water
refractive index
n20/D 1.5290
viscosity
13,000-18,000(50 °C)
bp
250 °C (lit.)
density
1.030 g/mL at 25 °C
Melting point, 59-60°C
Boiling point, 250 °C(lit.)
Density, 1.030 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure, 9 mmHg ( 20 °C)
refractive index, n20/D 1.5290
Flash point, >230 °F
storage temp., 2-8°C
solubility, DMSO (Sparingly)
form, Liquid
color, Pale yellow
Specific Gravity, 1.045 (20/4℃)
PH, pH(50g/l, 25℃) : 10～12
Water Solubility, Soluble in water.
Sensitive, Hygroscopic
InChI, InChI=1S/C2H5N/c1-2-3-1/h3H,1-2H2
InChIKey, NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES, C1NC1
LogP, -0.969 (est)





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT POLYETHYLENEIMINE (PEI):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product




SYNONYMS OF POLYETHYLENEIMINE (PEI):
PEI-10
polyethyleneimine, branched, m.w. 1800
Aziridine,homopolymer
polyethylenimine(10,000)
POLYETHYLENEIMINE, BRANCHED
PEI-35
PEI-2500
PEI-1500
polyethylenimine(20,000);
Ethyleneimine,homopolymer

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is highly branched liquid water soluble polyamine with high cationic charge density.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a high-charge cationic polymer that readily binds highly anionic substrates.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a clear viscous liquid.


CAS Number: 9002-98-6
MDL number: MFCD00084427
Linear Formula: H(NHCH2CH2)nNH2
Chemical formula: (C2H5N)n, linear form



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Polyethylenimine (PEI), an organic polyamine polymer, is one of the most prominent examples of cationic polymers capable of gene transfection in vitro and in vivo into various cell lines and tissues.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) was also applied in different fields from gene therapy and several studies have emphasized the importance of this polymer in medicinal chemistry.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a clear viscous liquid.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) or polyaziridine is a polymer with repeating units composed of the amine group and two carbon aliphatic CH2CH2 spacers.
Linear polyethyleneimines contain all secondary amines, in contrast to branched PEIs which contain primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) has a branched cationic structure with high charge density that enables improved adhesion of dissimilar materials.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is branched spherical polymeric amines.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is highly branched liquid water soluble polyamine with high cationic charge density.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) contains primary, secondary, and tertiary amine groups in approximately 25/50/25 ratio.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) branched is a organic macromolecule with high cationic-charge-density potential.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) can ensnare DNA as well as attach to cell membrane, PEI also retains a substantial buffering capacity at virtually any pH.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a high-charge cationic polymer that readily binds highly anionic substrates.
Industrially, Polyethylenimine (PEI) can improve the appearance of negatively charged dyes by modulating their properties and improving their adherence to surfaces.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is available in water-free and waterborne grades of various molecular weights.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) has the largest possible amino group density of all commercially available polyamines, with a nitrogen-to-carbon ratio of 1:2.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) thus has a high cationic charge density that is strongly dependent on pH, being highest at pH 2–4.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is generally compatible with non-ionic and cationic systems and incompatible with anionic systems.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is soluble in water as well as both polar and aprotic nonpolar solvents.
The high charge density of Polyethylenimine (PEI) forms strong bonds on negatively charged surfaces, including cellulose, polyester, polyolefins, polyamides, and metals.


In research, Polyethylenimine (PEI) readily binds to DNA and other negatively charged biological molecules, making it the most efficient vector carriers available.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is soluble in: hot water, cold water at low pH, methanol and ethanol


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is insoluble in: benzene, ethyl ether and acetone
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a high-charge cationic polymer that readily binds highly anionic substrates.
Industrially, linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) can improve the appearance of negatively charged dyes by modulating their properties and improving their adherence to surfaces.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) has a branched cationic structure with high charge density that enables improved adhesion of dissimilar materials.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) can be used as a formulation additive or primer coat for: adhesion promotion, pigment stabilization, and increased particle cohesion.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is obtained from the polymerization of ethylenimine, this line of polymers is available in a wide range of molecular weights (from 800 -106 g/mol).


Polyethylenimine (PEI) products are water soluble and also exhibit good solubility in polar solvents with the added benefit of having a strong eco-toxicological profile including several food contact compliances.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is branched spherical polymeric amines.


In research, Polyethylenimine (PEI) readily binds to DNA and other negatively charged biological molecules, making it the most efficient vector carriers available.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers are suitable solutions for a wide range of adhesive applications.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) (molecular weight 40,000) is a highly charged cationic polymer that readily binds to DNA or other negatively charged biomacromolecules, making it a common and effective cell transfection reagent.
In principle, Polyethylenimine (PEI) condenses DNA plasmid into positively charged complexes.


The complexes can adhere to negatively charged cell surface residues, and then enters the cell through endocytosis.
As a transient transfection reagent, Polyethylenimine (PEI) has the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and relative stability, etc., which has been validated for a wide range of common cell lines including HEK-293, HEK293T, CHO-K1, HepG2 and Hela cell transfection.


In HEK293 and CHO cell expression systems, Polyethylenimine (PEI) provides excellent transfection results at different sizes (from 96-well plates to 100 L bioreactors).
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is widely utilized in Industrial settings, numerous Research fields, and a plethora of other distinctive applications.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the polyethyleneimines which may be used according to the patent in suit as the "primary and/or secondary amine compound having an Odor Intensity index of less than that of a 1% solution of methylanthranilate in dipropylene glycol".
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a powder, or liquid


Polyethylenimine (PEI) belongs to the categories of Polymers; Amine-Functional Polymers; Hydrophilic Polymers; Polymer Science.
Polyethylenimine (PEI)'s cas registry number is 9002-98-6.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is also called Aziridine, homopolymer ; Ethylenimine, polymers (8CI) ; Polyethylenimine (10,000) ; Polyethylenimine (20,000) ; Polyethylenimine (35,000) .


Polyethylenimine (PEI), also known as CAS Number: 9002-98-6, is a multi-functional linear polymer with an average molecular weight of 5,000 and a minimum Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 1.3.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a high-performing polymer identified primarily by CAS Number 9002-98-6.


Polyethylenimine (PEI)'s a linear compound noted for its remarkable attributes and versatile applications across myriad industrial, research, and other sectors.
With a linear average molecular weight of 5,000 and a Polydispersity Index (PDI) exceeding 1.3, Polyethylenimine (PEI) stands out as an essential component in many processes.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) or polyaziridine is a polymer with repeating unit composed of the amine group and two carbon aliphatic CH2CH2 spacer.
Linear Polyethylenimines (PEI) contain all secondary amines, in contrast to branched Polyethylenimine (PEI)s which contain primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups.


Totally branched, dendrimeric forms were also reported.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) magnetic particles are superparamagnetic beads covalently functionalized with PEI.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a kind of branched polymer with a high-density amine group.


The ratio of primary amine to secondary amine to tertiary amine is 1:2:1.
In each Polyethylenimine (PEI) molecule, one nitrogen atom in every two carbon atoms is protonated.
Due to the different pKa values of primary, secondary, and tertiary amino groups, Polyethylenimine (PEI) could capture protons under different pH conditions, which is called the "proton sponge" mechanism.


As a cationic polymer, Polyethylenimine (PEI) is also a widely used transfection reagent in molecular biology and a dispersant in nanotechnology.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) can form a positively charged complex with DNA, which binds to anionic cell surface residues and enters the cell via endocytosis. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is available with an organic matrix of a polystyrene polymer.


The Polyethylenimine (PEI) magnetic particles can capture negatively charged molecules, such as DNA and RNA, through charge-charge interaction.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer containing a large number of nitrogen atoms,which usually has a highly branched structure.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) has good solubility,adsorption,and reducibility,and has important functions in many applications.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) in detail along with its key properties like mechanical, thermal, electrical, etc. and understand what makes it an ideal choice in high-end engineering applications.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a powerful, trusted, and cost-effective transient transfection reagent.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) improves in vitro and in vivo delivery of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids (DNA, siRNA, mRNA), and improve transfection efficiency.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent, a member of aziridines and an azacycloalkane.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) has a role as an alkylating agent.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a conjugate base of an aziridinium.
All polyethylene imine polymers are hydrophilic and may contain approx. 30% hydrated water.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a highly charged cationic polymer that easily binds negatively charged nucleic acid molecules, forms a complex, and allows the complex to enter the cell.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Polyethylenimine (PEI) acts as a protein precipitant used to purify proteins.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used as a chelating agent and as a scavenger for aldehydes and oxides.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is also used in detergents, paper industry, dyes, printing inks and in water treatment.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is widely used in many applications due to its polycationic character.
Unlike its linear equivalent, branched Polyethylenimine (PEI) contains primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.
Primarily utilized in industrial applications, high molecular weight Polyethylenimine (PEI) has been used as a flocculating agent, textile coating, adhesion promoter, enzyme carrier, and as a material for CO2 capture.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used as a polyelectrolyte multilayer on charged surfaces to provide a biocompatible coating on surfaces.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used detergents, adhesives, water treatment, printing inks, dyes, cosmetics, and paper industry, adhesion promoter, lamination primer, fixative agent, flocculant, cationic dispersant, stability enhancer, surface activator, chelating agent, scavenger for aldehydes and oxides.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used Pharmaceuticals, intermediates, APIs, custom synthesis, chemicals.
Applications of Polyethylenimine (PEI): Paints & Coatings — Building & Construction, Architectural Coatings, Building & Construction — Building Envelope & Roofing, Architectural Coatings, Industrial — Leather & Textiles, and Textile Manufacturing.


Due to their high charge density Polyethylenimine (PEI) adsorbs tightly on negatively charged surfaces.
This mode of action can be applied to a huge variety of materials, such as cellulose, polyesters, polyolefines, polyamides, and metals, and provides visible advantages to the user.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is the ideal adhesion promoter between different types of plastics or between plastics and polar substrates, such as polyolefine films and paper.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) improves dye acceptance, paintability, and barrier properties
In lamination inks, Polyethylenimine (PEI) acts as a tie-bond for the plastic film placed over the substrate.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) can be used as a non-viral synthetic polymer carrier for in vivo delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids.
The interaction between the negatively charged nucleic acid and the positively charged polymer backbone leads to the formation of nanoscale complexes.
This neutralising complex protects the enclosed nucleic acid from enzymes and maintains Polyethylenimine (PEI)'s stability until cellular uptake occurs.


For example, human serum albumin-coupled PEI shows good pDNA transfection and low toxicity.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) can be used to functionalize single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) to improve their solubility and biocompatibility while maintaining the structural integrity of the original SWNT.


Covalently functionalized SWNTs can be used for CO2 uptake and gene delivery.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) can also be used to modify the surface properties of adsorbents.
Polyethylenimine (PEI)-modified aqueous zirconia/PAN nanofibres have a high fluoride adsorption capacity and a wide working pH range, and can therefore be used for groundwater defluoridation.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is produced on industrial scale and finds many applications usually derived from its polycationic character.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used as a polyelectrolyte multilayer on charged surfaces to provide a biocompatible coating on surfaces.
Totally branched, dendrimeric forms were also reported.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used Adhesion Promoter; Compatibilizer; Plastic Adhesion; Impart Paintability; Barrier Coating; Tie-Bond; Lamination Adhesives
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is multifunctional, cationic, branched polyethyleneimines (PEI).
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used as adhesion promoters, primers, compatibilizers, and flocculants for multiple applications and substrates.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) may be used as an adhesion promoter for printing inks used on plastic films.
For inkjet inks, Polyethylenimine (PEI) increases resolution and water fastness on paper.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) may also be used as a primer to increase the surface energy of a variety of plastic films and metal foils, making them more receptive to applying adhesives to form multilayer flexible packaging.


For applications where Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used as an adhesion promoter, an appropriate grade to select is one having a similar molecular weight to the other polymers in the system.
In coating applications, Polyethylenimine (PEI) can impart tie-layer and paint adhesion.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is produced on an industrial scale and finds many applications usually derived from its polycationic character.
Polyethyleneimine finds many applications in products like: detergents, adhesives, water treatment agents and cosmetics.
Owing to its ability to modify the surface of cellulose fibres, Polyethylenimine (PEI) is employed as a wet-strength agent in the paper-making process.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is also used as flocculating agent with silica sols and as a chelating agent with the ability to complex metal ions such as zinc and zirconium.
Biology uses of Polyethylenimine (PEI): Polyethylenimine (PEI) has a number of uses in laboratory biology, especially tissue culture.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is widely used as transfection reagent.
Coatings and Adhesives: Polyethylenimine (PEI) contributes significantly to the formulation of coatings and adhesives, lending them exceptional bonding properties.


Wet adhesion of paints may be improved by blending a small concentration of Polyethylenimine (PEI)into the formula.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is particularly useful as a primer in UV curing systems to improve adhesion where volume shrinkage occurs.
Lower molecular weight Polyethylenimine (PEI) grades are useful as cross-linkers for coating and adhesive formulations, where they increase cohesive strength while maintaining the same level of adhesion.


The high positive charge density mentioned also allows high molecular weight grades of Polyethylenimine (PEI) to flocculate highly charged, anionic particles such as proteins, zeolites, and silicates.
This property makes Polyethylenimine (PEI) useful in water treatment and protein immobilization applications.


Textiles: The textile industry utilizes Polyethylenimine (PEI) in their finishing processes to enhance fabric properties such as water resistance and color fastness.
Paper Manufacturing: Polyethylenimine (PEI)’s function as a wet-strength agent enhances the durability and strength of paper products.


Oil and Gas: Polyethylenimine (PEI) is integral to the oil and gas industry as it improves the flow properties of petroleum products.
Gene Delivery: Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a preferred transfection agent for gene delivery, facilitating efficient genetic material transfer into cells.
Nanoparticle Synthesis: Polyethylenimine (PEI) aids in the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles, acting as a stabilizing agent.


Surface Modification: Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used for surface modifications, enhancing adhesion and improving surface properties.
Biomedical Engineering: In biomedical engineering, Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used in tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic assays.


Water Treatment: Polyethylenimine (PEI) proves beneficial in removing heavy metals and organic contaminants in water treatment processes.
Photography: In the field of photography, Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used as a wetting agent and as a constituent in developer solutions.
Personal Care: Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a popular addition in personal care products for its moisturizing and detangling properties.


Characterized by a combination of outstanding thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, Polyethylenimine (PEI) has made its place in high performance applications like automotive, aerospace, industrial and many more.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used Capturing negatively charged molecules, Transfection reagent and dispersant, and DNA and protein concentration.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a powerful, trusted, and cost-effective reagent widely considered as a current gold standard for both in vitro and in vivo transfection.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) has a high density of protonatable amino groups, with amino nitrogen as every third atom.


This imparts a high buffering ability at nearly any pH.
Hence, once inside the endosome, Polyethylenimine (PEI) disrupts the vacuole and releases the genetic material into the cytoplasm.


Stable complexation with DNA, efficient entry into the cell, and ability to escape the endosome makes Polyethylenimine (PEI) a highly efficient transfection reagent which is compatible for a wide range of cell lines/types including the most commonly used HEK293 and CHO cells grown in adherent and suspension cultures.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) has multiple industrial, medical, biological and research applications.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a difficult compound to analyze by HPLC.
The problem has many degrees of difficulty.


Polyethylenimine (PEI) is not a single compound, but a mixture of different molecules with different lengths and branching structures.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) has multiple charges in acidic and neutral pH, which is most common in HPLC PEI molecules have no UV chromophores and can not be measured by UV-Vis detector, the most common detector in analytical laboratories.


Instead, this analysis requires MS, CAD, ELSD with their own limitations of the mobile phase composition.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) irreversibly binds to silica-based columns, limiting the type of adsorbents that can be used for analysis.
If composition of Polyethylenimine (PEI) with proteins or peptides needs to be analyzed then the peptide/protein signal can interfere with PEI peak SIELC developed a new methodology and a corresponding HPLC column to address these difficulties and offer a simple and reliable method for PEI quantitation in any liquid samples.


The method is based on forming a complex of Polyethylenimine (PEI) with Cu (II) which has strong UV and visible light adsorption maximums.
This complex can be measured by UV-Vis detector and can be separated from Cu (II) signal and other Cu complexes using specially designed Polyethylenimine (PEI) specific HPLC column.


-Attachment promoteruses of Polyethylenimine (PEI):
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is used in the cell culture of weakly anchoring cells to increase attachment.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer; the negatively charged outer surfaces of cells are attracted to dishes coated in PEI, facilitating stronger attachments between the cells and the plate.


-Transfection reagent uses of Polyethylenimine (PEI):
Poly(ethylenimine) was the second polymeric transfection agent discovered, after poly-L-lysine.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) condenses DNA into positively charged particles, which bind to anionic cell surface residues and are brought into the cell via endocytosis.

Once inside the cell, protonation of the amines results in an influx of counter-ions and a lowering of the osmotic potential.
Osmotic swelling results and bursts the vesicle releasing the polymer-DNA complex (polyplex) into the cytoplasm.
If the polyplex unpacks then the DNA is free to diffuse to the nucleus.
Permeabilization of gram negative bacteria Polyethylenimine (PEI) is also an effective permeabilizer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.



LOW WORK FUNCTION MODIFIER FOR ELECTRONICS, POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(ethylenimine) ethoxylated (PEIE) have been shown as effective low-work function modifiers for organic electronics by Zhou and Kippelen et al.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) could universally reduce the work function of metals, metal oxides, conducting polymers and graphene, and so on.

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is very important that low-work function solution-processed conducting polymer could be produced by the Polyethylenimine (PEI) or PEIE modification.
Based on this discovery, Polyethylenimine (PEI) has been widely used for organic solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors, perovskite solar cells, perovskite light-emitting diodes, quantum-dot solar cells and light-emitting diodes etc.



USE IN DELIVERY OF HIV-GENE THERAPIES, POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Polyethylenimine (PEI), a cationic polymer, has been widely studied and shown great promise as an efficient gene delivery vehicle.
Likewise, the HIV-1 Tat peptide, a cell-permeable peptide, has been successfully used for intracellular gene delivery.



FEATURES OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
*Superior Performance:
High transfection efficiency with low cytotoxicity.

*Flexible Workflow:
Easy to optimize and introduce into application protocols.
Scalable for well plates, flasks, and larger capacity bioreactors.

*Cost-Effective:
Economical compared to similar transfection products in the market.



PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
The linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a semi-crystalline solid at room temperature while branched Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a fully amorphous polymer existing as a liquid at all molecular weights.
Linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) is soluble in hot water, at low pH, in methanol, ethanol, or chloroform.

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is insoluble in cold water, benzene, ethyl ether, and acetone.
Linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) has a melting point of around 67 °C.
Both linear and branched Polyethylenimine (PEI) can be stored at room temperature.
Linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) is able to form cryogels upon freezing and subsequent thawing of its aqueous solutions.



FEATURES OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
*Improved Color Acceptance



SYNTHESIS OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Branched Polyethylenimine (PEI) can be synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of aziridine.
Depending on the reaction conditions different degree of branching can be achieved.
Linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) is available by post-modification of other polymers like poly(2-oxazolines) or N-substituted polyaziridines.
Linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) was synthesised by the hydrolysis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and sold as jetPEI.
The current generation in-vivo-jet Polyethylenimine (PEI) uses bespoke poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) polymers as precursors.



UNMATCHED QUALITIES OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
The versatility of Polyethylenimine (PEI) lies in its unique properties which include outstanding adhesion and bonding attributes.
It's these traits that have led to Polyethylenimine (PEI) being a choice compound in numerous areas of application.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is produced by the homopolymerization of ethylenimine.
The reaction is catalyzed by acids, Lewis acids, or haloalkanes.
The polymerization is usually carried out at 90 – 110 ℃ in water or in a variety of organic solvents.

The average molecular mass of the Polyethylenimine (PEI) prepared as described above is 10 000 – 20 000.
Higher molecular mass polymers are prepared by addition of a difunctional alkylating agent, such as chloromethyloxirane or 1,2-dichloroethane.
Polyethylenimines (PEI) with a higher average molecular mass can also be provided by ultrafiltration of polymers with a broad mass distribution.
Likewise, polymers of lower molecular mass can be obtained by inclusion of a low molecular mass amine, such as 1,2- ethanediamine, during polymerization.

By using these techniques a range of molecular masses from 300 to 10 6 can be obtained.
Cross-linking during the polymerization of ethylenimine in organic solvents leads to solid Polyethylenimines (PEI).
Furthermore the polymerization process can be conducted on the surface of organic or inorganic materials, thus fixing the Polyethylenimines (PEI) to a support.



STRUCTURE AND CONFORMATION OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Polyethylenimine (PEI) exists as both a branched and linear structure.
Branched Polyethylenimine (PEI) (bPEI) is synthesized via acid-catalyzed polymerization of aziridine, whereas the linear structure (lPEI) is synthesized via ring opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline followed by hydrolysis.



BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is nondegradable and the molecular weight of PEI affects the cytotoxicity and gene transfer activity.
Polyethylenimine (PEI) acts as a low toxicity and efficient gene vector.



CO2 CAPTURE, POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Both linear and branched Polyethylenimine (PEI) have been used for CO2 capture, frequently impregnated over porous materials.
First use of Polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer in CO2 capture was devoted to improve the CO2 removal in space craft applications, impregnated over a polymeric matrix.

After that, the support was changed to MCM-41, an hexagonal mesostructured silica, and large amounts of Polyethylenimine (PEI) were retained in the so-called "molecular basket".
MCM-41-PEI adsorbent materials led to higher CO2 adsorption capacities than bulk Polyethylenimine (PEI) or MCM-41 material individually considered.

The authors claim that, in this case, a synergic effect takes place due to the high Polyethylenimine (PEI) dispersion inside the pore structure of the material.
As a result of this improvement, further works were developed to study more in depth the behaviour of these materials.

Exhaustive works have been focused on the CO2 adsorption capacity as well as the CO2/O2 and CO2/N2 adsorption selectivity of several MCM-41-PEI materials with Polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers.
Also, Polyethylenimine (PEI) impregnation has been tested over different supports such as a glass fiber matrix and monoliths.

However, for an appropriate performance under real conditions in post-combustion capture (mild temperatures between 45-75 °C and the presence of moisture) it is necessary to use thermally and hydrothermally stable silica materials, such as SBA-15, which also presents an hexagonal mesostructure.
Moisture and real world conditions have also been tested when using Polyethylenimine (PEI)-impregnated materials to adsorb CO2 from the air.

A detailed comparison among Polyethylenimine (PEI) and other amino-containing molecules showed an excellent performance of PEI-containing samples with cycles.
Also, only a slight decrease was registered in their CO2 uptake when increasing the temperature from 25 to 100 °C, demonstrating a high contribution of chemisorption to the adsorption capacity of these solids.

For the same reason, the adsorption capacity under diluted CO2 was up to 90% of the value under pure CO2 and also, a high unwanted selectivity towards SO2 was observed.
Lately, many efforts have been made in order to improve Polyethylenimine (PEI) diffusion within the porous structure of the support used.

A better dispersion of Polyethylenimine (PEI) and a higher CO2 efficiency (CO2/NH molar ratio) were achieved by impregnating a template-occluded PE-MCM-41 material rather than perfect cylindrical pores of a calcined material, following a previously described route.
The combined use of organosilanes such as aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, AP, and Polyethylenimine (PEI) has also been studied.

The first approach used a combination of them to impregnate porous supports, achieving faster CO2-adsorption kinetics and higher stability during reutilization cycles, but no higher efficiencies.
A novel method is the so-called "double-functionalization".

It is based on the impregnation of materials previously functionalized by grafting (covalent bonding of organosilanes).
Amino groups incorporated by both paths have shown synergic effects, achieving high CO2 uptakes up to 235 mg CO2/g (5.34 mmol CO2/g).
CO2 adsorption kinetics were also studied for these materials, showing similar adsorption rates as impregnated solids.

This is an interesting finding, taking into account the smaller pore volume available in double-functionalized materials.
Thus, it can be also concluded that their higher CO2 uptake and efficiency compared to impregnated solids can be ascribed to a synergic effect of the amino groups incorporated by two methods (grafting and impregnation) rather than to a faster adsorption kinetics.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
Chemical formula: (C2H5N)n, linear form
Molar mass: 43.04 (repeat unit), mass of polymer variable
Melting Point: 59-60°C
Boiling Point: 250 °C(lit.)
Flash Point: >230 °F
Molecular Formula: C2H5N
Molecular Weight: 43.06780
Density: 1.030 g/mL at 25 °C
Physical state: viscous
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point
Melting point/range: 54 - 59 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 250 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Flash point: > 110 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: > 200 °C
Decomposition temperature: > 250 °C
pH: 11 - DIN 19268
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 15.000 mPa.s at 50 °C
Water solubility soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,030 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Fòrmula: (C2H5N)x
No. CAS: 9002-98-6
Appearance: Liquid
Color: Colorless to light yellow
SMILES: NCCN(CCN)CCN(CCCNCN)CCN(CCNCCN)CCNCCN(CCN)CCN.[n]
Appearance (Form): Viscous Liquid
Refractive index: n20/D 1.5290
Boiling point: 250 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.030 g/mL at 25 °C
Impurities: ≤1% water
CBNumber: CB9162514
Molecular Formula:C2H5N
Molecular Weight:43.07
MDL Number:MFCD00803910
MOL File:9002-98-6.mol
Melting point: 59-60°C
Boiling point: 250 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.030 g/mL at 25 °C

vapor pressure: 9 mmHg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.5290
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: DMSO (Sparingly)
form: Liquid
color: Pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.045 (20/4℃)
PH: pH(50g/l, 25℃) : 10～12
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H5N/c1-2-3-1/h3H,1-2H2
InChIKey: NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C1NC1
LogP: -0.969 (est)

Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: POLYETHYLENIMINE
EWG's Food Scores: 1
EPA Substance Registry System: Aziridine, homopolymer (9002-98-6)
IUPAC Name: aziridine
Molecular Weight: 10,000
Molecular Formula: C2H5N
Canonical SMILES: C1CN1
InChI Key: NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Density: 1.029-1.038
EC Number: 205-793-9
Exact Mass: 43.04220
H-Bond Acceptor: 1
H-Bond Donor: 1
UN Number: 1185
Viscosity: 40,000 - 150,000 cps

Chemical formula: (C2H5N)n, linear form
Molar mass: 43.04 (repeat unit), mass of polymer variable
Density: 1.030 g/mL at 25 °C
Boiling Point: 250 °C(lit.)
Flash Point: >230 ºF
Melting Point: 59-60 °C
Refractive index: n20D 1.5290
CAS No.: 9002-98-6
Molecular Formula: (C2H5N)x
InChIKeys: InChIKey=NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 43.069
Exact Mass: 43.04220

EC Number: 205-793-9
HScode: 39019090
Categories: Polymer
PSA: 21.94000
XLogP3: -0.4
Appearance: Pale yellow Liquid
Density: 1.05 g/cm3
Melting Point: 59-60°C
Boiling Point: 250 °C(lit.)
Flash Point: >230 °F
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.5290
Water Solubility: soluble in water.
Storage Conditions: 2-8°C
Vapor Pressure: 9 mmHg ( 20 °C)
Vapor Density: 1.48

Flammability characteristics: Class IB
Explosive limit: Explosive limits , vol% in air: 3.3-55
Odor: Pungent, ammonia-like odor
PH: Strongly alkaline
Name: Polyethyleneimine
EINECS: 205-793-9
CAS No.: 9002-98-6
Density: 1.030 g/mL at 25 °C
PSA: 21.94000
LogP: -0.08160
Solubility: Soluble in water.
Melting Point: 59-60°C
Formula: (C2H5N)x
Boiling Point: 250 °C(lit.)
Molecular Weight: 43.06780
Flash Point: >230 °F
Appearance: N/A



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Handle under argon.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection. Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Store under argon.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYETHYLENIMINE (PEI):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available