Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate made from our oleic acid and designed for use in a wide variety of applications where the properties of a high quality ester are required.
Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate is intended for uses where excellent color, stability and odor characteristics and natural origin are desired.
Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate finds application in personal care formulations as an emollient or in lubricants as a friction modifier in engine oils or as a feed for further modification.

CAS: 26399-02-0
MF: C26H50O2
MW: 394.67
EINECS: 247-655-0

Synonyms
2-ethylhexyl oleate;9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester;2-Ethylhexyloleat;2-Ethylhexyl 9-octadecenoate;(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester;Oleic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester;2-Ethyl hexyl Oleate(2EHS);2-ethylhexyloctadec-9-enoate;2-Ethylhexyl oleate;26399-02-0;ethylhexyl oleate;9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester;2-ETHYLHEXYL (9Z)-OCTADEC-9-ENOATE;2-ethylhexyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate;2-Ethylhexanol oleic acid ester;9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester;R34927QY59;UNII-R34927QY59;2-ethylhexyloleate;EINECS 247-655-0;SABODERM EO;SYMPATENS-EO;DUB OO;EC 247-655-0;AEC ETHYLHEXYL OLEATE;SCHEMBL333602;Oleic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester;ETHYLHEXYL OLEATE [INCI;DTXSID90893468;(+/-)-ETHYLHEXYL OLEATE;BBA39902;2-ETHYLHEXYL 2-OCTADECENOATE;ETHYLHEXYL OLEATE, (+/-)-;AKOS027322108;AS-66491;NS00004020;2-OCTADECENOIC ACID, 2-ETHYLHEXYL ESTER;Q27287724

Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate has been used as a viscocity control agent in personal care for products with high fat or wax contents, and for some other uses in lubricants and cosmetics such as bath oils, hair preparations and creams.
Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate is a branched mono-saturated fatty acid ester obtained from 2-ethylhexanol and oleic fatty acid, mainly from palm oil.
Clear liquid at room temperatures with a melting point around -20 ºC.
Cosmetic formulations: Skin conditioning, emollient
Industrial uses: washing & cleaning products manufacturer, lubricants and greases, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, textile treatment products and dyes and polymers.

Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate is a chemical compound that belongs to the group of fatty esters.
Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate is a liquid that is chemically stable and has a low surface tension.
Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate has been shown to be an effective magnetic particle for water permeability, with a spacing of 0.2 nm and a viscosity of 20 cP.
Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate can also act as a homogeneous catalyst in chemical reactions, such as the inhibition constant for fatty acid hydrolysis and the surface methodology for polymers.

2-ethylhexyl oleate Chemical Properties
Boiling point: 465.8±24.0 °C(Predicted)
density: 0.867±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)
LogP: 11.429 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 26399-02-0
EPA Substance Registry System: Palmester 1417 Ethylhexyl Oleate (26399-02-0)

Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is a fatty acid ester that is the butyl ester of stearic acid.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate has a role as an algal metabolite.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate derives from an octadecanoic acid.

CAS: 123-95-5
MF: C22H44O2
MW: 340.58
EINECS: 204-666-5

Synonyms
OCTADECANOIC ACID BUTYL ESTER;ButylStearateForSynthesis;N-BUTYL PALMITATE/-STEARATE;butyl stearate, tech.;FEMA 2214;BUTYL STEARATE;Butyl stearate Stearic acid butyl ester;BUTYL OCTADECANOATE;BUTYL STEARATE;123-95-5;N-Butyl stearate;Butyl octadecanoate;Octadecanoic acid, butyl ester;Kesscoflex BS;n-Butyl octadecanoate;Stearic acid, butyl ester;Butyl octadecylate;Kessco BSC;Wickenol 122;Witcizer 200;Witcizer 201;Starfol BS-100;Emerest 2325;Tegester butyl stearate;RC plasticizer B-17;Uniflex BYS;Groco 5810;APEX 4;FEMA No. 2214;Batyl stearate;Stearic acid butyl ester;NSC 4820;6Y0AI5605C;NSC-4820;Stearic Acid n-Butyl Ester;68154-28-9;BS;Wilmar butyl stearate;FEMA Number 2214;HSDB 942;Estrex 1B 54, 1B 55;EINECS 204-666-5;BRN 1792866;n-butylstearate;UNII-6Y0AI5605C;AI3-00398;Kessco BS;Unimate BYS;Uniflex BYS-tech;Oleo-Coll LP;C22H44O2;EINECS 268-908-1;Kemester 5510;Priolube 1451;Witconol 2326;Butyl stearate (NF);Radia 7051;Butyl stearate, ~99%;ADK STAB LS-8;Stearic acid-n-butyl ester;BUTYL STEARATE [II];BUTYL STEARATE [MI];SCHEMBL28437;BUTYL STEARATE [FCC];BUTYL STEARATE [FHFI];BUTYL STEARATE [INCI];BUTYL STEARATE [USP-RS];DTXSID5027013;N-BUTYL STEARATE [HSDB];CHEBI:85983;FEMA 2214;NSC4820;Butyl stearate, analytical standard;LMFA07010795;MFCD00026669;AKOS015901590;BS-14737;Butyl stearate, technical, 40-60% (GC);FT-0631720;NS00006400;S0077;D10681;D70203;J-005011;W-204214;Q10442124;Butyl stearate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is a fatty acid ester, which has application in cosmetics, personal care products, and as an emollient in food industries.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is composed of n-butyl stearate.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate can be used as a lubricant base fluid.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is a fatty ester derived from renewable vegetable oils.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate acts as a lubricant, viscosity modifier, plasticizer for polymer.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is a biodegradable grade.
Used in internal & external automotive, transportation, appliances, electrical market, household products and consumer goods.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is also suitable for packaging, pipe, hoses & fittings, wiring & cables, building and construction.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is KOSHER and HALAL certified.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is a fatty acid ester that is the butyl ester of stearic acid.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate has a role as an algal metabolite.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is functionally related to an octadecanoic acid.

Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 17-22 °C
Boiling point: 220°C (25 mmHg)
Density: 0.861 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.443
FEMA: 2214 | BUTYL STEARATE
Fp: 25 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Form: Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.856
Color: White or Colorless to Light yellow
Odor: at 100.00 %. mild fatty oily
Odor Type: fatty
Water Solubility: Immiscible with water. Miscible with ethanol and acetone
FreezingPoint: 25.0 to 27.0 ℃
JECFA Number: 184
Merck: 14,1589
BRN: 1792866
Exposure limits: ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
Dielectric constant: 3.1（30℃）
LogP: 9.70
CAS DataBase Reference: 123-95-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate 123-95-5)
EPA Substance Registry System: Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate (123-95-5)

Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is a colorless or pale yellow oily liquid or low melting waxy solid.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate has no odor or a faintly fatty odor.
soluble in acetone, chloroform, soluble in ethanol, insoluble in water.

Uses
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is used as finishing agents, lubricants and lubricant additives.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is also used as a plasticizer, food packaging material and as a dye solvent.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate acts as a reactant and involved in the preparation of octadecanoic acid methyl ester by reacting with methanol.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate finds application as a binder in cosmetics like soaps, shampoos and shaving creams, skin conditioners and surfactants for cosmetic formulations.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is a stearic acid used in very small quantities in cosmetic preparations as an emulsifier for creams and lotions.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate has been shown to cause allergic reactions.

Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is an internal lubricant for a variety of resin processing, non-toxic, waterproof and good thermal stability.
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate can also be used as a lubricant for fabrics, waterproofing agents, additives for lubricants, and base materials for cosmetics.
Suitable for PVC transparent products and pipes, used as internal lubricant for resin processing.

Preparation
Palmester 1451 n-Butyl Stearate is obtained by esterification of stearic acid and butanol, dealcoholization, washing with water and pressure filtration.
By reacting silver state with n-butyl iodide at 100°C by transesterification of glyceryl tristearate (tristearin) with n-butyl alcohol.

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is odorless when pure.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate may be synthesized by conventional esterification of isopropanol with myristic acid.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a fatty acid ester.

CAS: 110-27-0
MF: C17H34O2
MW: 270.45
EINECS: 203-751-4

Synonyms
Isopropyl Myristate, 96% 25GR;IPM 100;IPM-EX;IPM-R;Radia 7730 (IPM);Isopropyl myristate Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%;MYRISTIC ACID ISOPROPYL ESTER MINIMU;ISO-PROPYL N-TETRADECANOATE;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE;110-27-0;Isopropyl tetradecanoate;Estergel;Isomyst;Tetradecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester;Bisomel;Promyr;Deltyl Extra;Kesscomir;Tegester;Sinnoester MIP;Crodamol IPM;Plymoutm IPM;Starfol IPM;Unimate IPM;Kessco IPM;Stepan D-50;Emcol-IM;Wickenol 101;Emerest 2314;propan-2-yl tetradecanoate;1-Methylethyl tetradecanoate;Deltylextra;Myristic acid isopropyl ester;JA-FA IPM;Crodamol I.P.M.;Kessco isopropyl myristate;FEMA No. 3556;Tetradecanoic acid, isopropyl;Myristic acid, isopropyl ester;Tetradecanoic acid, isopropyl ester;Caswell No. 511E;HSDB 626;NSC 406280;Isopropyl myristate [USAN];1-Tridecanecarboxylic acid, isopropyl ester;UNII-0RE8K4LNJS;0RE8K4LNJS;EINECS 203-751-4;Estergel (TN);EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000207;NSC-406280;BRN 1781127;methylethyl tetradecanoate;MFCD00008982;iso-Propyl N-tetradecanoate;DTXSID0026838;CHEBI:90027;EC 203-751-4;Tetradecanoic acid methyethyl ester;1405-98-7;NCGC00164071-01;WE(2:0(1Me)/14:0);MYRISTIC ACID, ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL ESTER;Isopropyl myristate, 98%;TETRADECONOIC ACID, 1-METHYLETHYL ESTER;DTXCID306838;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (II);ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [II];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (MART.);ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [MART.];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (USP-RS);ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [USP-RS];CAS-110-27-0;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (EP MONOGRAPH);ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [EP MONOGRAPH];IPM-EX;IPM-R;tetradecanoic acid 1-methylethyl ester;Deltyextra;Tegosoft M;Isopropyl myristate [USAN:NF];Liponate IPM;Crodamol 1PM;IPM 100;isopropyl-myristate;Lexol IPM;Isopropyltetradecanoate;Radia 7190;Isopropyl myristate (NF);Isopropyl tetradecanoic acid;SCHEMBL2442;Myristic acid-isopropyl ester;Isopropyl myristate, >=98%;CHEMBL207602;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [MI];WLN: 13VOY1&1;FEMA 3556;tetradecanoic acid isopropyl ester;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [FHFI];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [HSDB];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [INCI];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [VANDF];Isopropyl myristate, >=90% (GC);Tox21_112080;Tox21_202065;Tox21_303171;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [WHO-DD];LMFA07010677;NSC406280;s2428;AKOS015902296;Tox21_112080_1;DB13966;USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000207;NCGC00164071-02;NCGC00164071-03;NCGC00256937-01;NCGC00259614-01;LS-14615;HY-124190;CS-0085813;FT-0629053;M0481;NS00006471;D02296;F71211;Isopropyl myristate; 1-Methylethyl tetradecanoate;EN300-25299830;Q416222;SR-01000944751;Isopropyl myristate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%;Q-201418;SR-01000944751-1;Isopropyl myristate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard;TETRADECANOIC ACID,ISOPROPYL ESTER (MYRISTATE,ISOPROPYL ESTER);Isopropyl myristate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material;InChI=1/C17H34O2/c1-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-17(18)19-16(2)3/h16H,4-15H2,1-3H

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is an ester of isopropyl alcohol myristic acid.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is mainly used as a solubilizer, emulsifier and emollient in cosmetic and topical medicines.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate also finds applications as a flavoring agent in the food industry.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate medical preparations to ameliorate the skin absorption.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate has been largely studied and impulsed as a skin penetration enhancer.
At the moment the primary usage for which Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is formally indicated is as the active ingredient in a non-prescription pediculicide rinse.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is the ester of isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid.

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used to treat inflammatory conditions.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate can be found in cosmetics, toiletries, and skin care products.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate has been shown to inhibit the production of water vapor from skin cells and the development of allergic symptoms in vitro.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate also has a role in preventing water loss from the skin by acting as a barrier to water vapor.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is also able to inhibit autoimmune diseases by inhibiting hiv infection in a model system.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate has been shown to have antifungal properties and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.
Isopropyl myrist
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is colorless or light yellow oily liquid,can be dissolved with organic solvents,insoluble in water.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is the ester of isopropanol and myristic acid.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is one of the important additives of top grade cosmetics, and it owns excellent performance of infiltration, moistening and softening to skin, so it can be used as emulsifier and wetting agent of cosmetics.

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate Chemical Properties
Melting point: ~3 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 193 °C/20 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 0.85 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor pressure: Vefractive index: n20/D 1.434(lit.)
FEMA: 3556 | ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: <0.05mg/l
Form: Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.855 (20/4℃)
Color: Clear
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: Miscible with alcohol. Immiscible with water and glycerol.
Merck: 14,5215
JECFA Number: 311
BRN: 1781127
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: AXISYYRBXTVTFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 7.71
CAS DataBase Reference: 110-27-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate (110-27-0)
EPA Substance Registry System: Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate (110-27-0)

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a colorless and odorless liquid with a faint odor, and miscible with vegetable oil.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is not easy to be either hydrolyzed or become rancid.
The refractive index nD20 is 1.435~1.438, and the relative density (20°C) is 0.85~0.86.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used in many applications, including pharma, food and personal care product manufacturing.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is virtually odorless, very slightly fatty, but not rancid
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a clear, colorless, practically odorless liquid of low viscosity that congeals at about 5°C.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate consists of esters of propan-2-ol and saturated high molecular weight fatty acids, principally myristic acid.

Content Analysis
Weight 1.5 g sample. Then Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is determined by the method ester assay (OT-18).
The equivalent factor (e) in the calculation is 135.2.
Or Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is determined by a non-polar column method of gas chromatography (GT-10-4).

Uses
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a fatty acid ester which is used as solvent in water-in-oil emulsion, oils and fatty based ointments.
The use of Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is recommended in the Sterility Test chapter of the European, Japanese and United States Pharmacopoeia (EP, 2.6.13, JP, 4.06 and USP, 71) as diluent for oils and oily solutions, as well as for ointments and creams.
Indeed, its solvent properties improve the filterability of these samples.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is known as a penetration enhancer for topical preparations.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a waterclear, low viscous oily liquid with a very good spreading capacity on the skin.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is mainly used in cosmetics as an oilcomponent for emulsions, bath oils and as a solvent for active substances.

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is an emollient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical bases.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is an emollient, moisturizer, binder, and skin softener that also assists in product penetration.
An ester of myristic acid, Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is naturally occurring in coconut oil and nutmeg.
Although Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is generally considered comedogenic, some ingredient manufacturers clearly specify non-comedogenicity on their data sheets.
In cosmetic and topical medicinal Preparations where good absorption through the skin is desired. A jellied Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate was marketed as Estergel.

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a polar emollient and is used in cosmetic and topical pharmaceutical preparations where skin absorption is desired.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is also used as a treatment for head lice.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is also in flea and tick killing products for pets.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used to remove bacteria from the oral cavity as the non-aqueous component of the two-phase mouthwash product "Dentyl pH".
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is also used as a solvent in perfume materials, and in the removal process of prosthetic make-up.
Hydrolysis of the ester from Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate can liberate the acid and the alcohol.
The acid is theorized to be responsible for decreasing of the pH value of formulations.

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used in cosmetic and topical medicinal preparations where good absorption through the skin is desired.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is also used as a pesticide-free treatment against head lice which works by dissolving the wax that covers the exoskeleton of head lice, killing them by dehydration.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used as a solvent in perfume materials.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is the non-aqueous component of the two-phase mouthwash, Dentyl pH, where it removes bacteria from the oral cavity.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is also used in the removal process of prosthetic make-up.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is also used in flea and tick products for pets.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a nongreasy emollient that is absorbed readily by the skin.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used as a component of semisolid bases and as a solvent for many substances applied topically.
Applications in topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations include bath oils; make-up; hair and nail care products; creams; lotions; lip products; shaving products; skin lubricants; deodorants; otic suspensions; and vaginal creams.
For example, isopropyl myristate is a self-emulsifying component of a proposed cold cream formula, which is suitable for use as a vehicle for drugs or dermatological actives; Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is also used cosmetically in stable mixtures of water and glycerol.

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used as a penetration enhancer for transdermal formulations, and has been used in conjunction with therapeutic ultrasound and iontophoresis.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate has been used in a water-oil gel prolonged-release emulsion and in various microemulsions.
Such microemulsions may increase bioavailability in topical and transdermal applications.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate has also been used in microspheres, and significantly increased the release of drug from etoposide-loaded microspheres.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used in soft adhesives for pressuresensitive adhesive tapes.

Pharmacology
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used in pharmaceutical preparations because it improves solubility and increases absorption through the skin.
External uses include a non-irritating iodine preparation for disinfecting the skin and aerosol bactericidal preparations for feminine hygiene use without irritation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Preparations for internal use include oral steroid formulations and anaesthetic injection solutions.
Veterinary medications containing Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate include oral or parenteral compositions for lungworm infections and a spray formulation for bovine udders to treat mastitis, combat infection and improve the general skin condition.

Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate has been found to be an effective repository vehicle for im injection of penicillin in rabbits and for sc administration of oestrogens in ovariectomized rats.
In assays on human forearms, vasoconstrictor activity of ointment preparations containing 0025% betamethasone 17-benzoate in white soft paraffin was increased by the presence of isopropyl myristate.
Donovan, Ohmart & Stoklosa noted that the good solvent properties of isopropyl myristate might increase the therapeutic activity of formulations by the apparent alteration in particle size of the active ingredients, so that further evaluation and clinical study would be necessary before its use in extemporaneous compounding could be recommended.
Studies in which the antifungal activity of paraben esters solubilized by surfactants was decreased by Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate indicate that the effectiveness of medicinal substances may be influenced by the presence of surfactants and oily ingredients such as Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate.

Production Method
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is a product of esterification of myristic acid derived from re-steamed coconut coil with isopropyl alcohol.
(1) 200 kg myristic acid and 450 kg isopropyl alcohol were added into the reaction vessel in turn. After mixing, 360 kg sulfuric acid (98%) was added.
The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 10 hours.
Isopropyl alcohol was then recovered, washed with ice water, and neutralized with Na2CO3 aqueous solution (10%).
Under normal pressure, isopropyl alcohol and water were distilled.
While under reduced pressure, Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate was distilled (185°C/1.0kPa~195°C/2.7kPa).

(2) 90 kg isopropyl alcohol was added into the reaction vessel and then sulfuric acid as catalyst, with 5% of the total amount, was added.
During mixing, 228 kg myristic acid was added slowly.
The mixture was heated to reflux and water was continuously separated.
Until no water was separated, the reaction temperature was reduced and probe was obtained to measure the acid value.
When the acid value reached 1.5 mg KOH/g, the reaction was completed.
Alkali was then added for neutralization.
After the removal of water under reduced pressure, the pressure was further reduced for dealcoholization until the acid value was 0.05~1.0 mg KOH/g.
The final product is then Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate.

Production Methods
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate may be prepared either by the esterification of myristic acid with propan-2-ol or by the reaction of myristoyl chloride and propan-2-ol with the aid of a suitable dehydrochlorinating agent.
A high-purity material is also commercially available, produced by enzymatic esterification at low temperature.

Biochem/physiol Actions
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used to change the physicochemical characteristics of microsheres such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres.
Palmester 1512 Isopropyl Myristate is used as a oil phase component in the formulaton of microemulsion systems.

Side effects
Thrapecylate myristate is a medicine used to treat head lice infestations in adults and children 4 years of age and older.
Common side effects include skin irritation, rash, and contact dermatitis.

Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is a fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol.
Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate has a role as a human metabolite.

CAS: 142-91-6
MF: C19H38O2
MW: 298.5
EINECS: 205-571-1

Synonyms
kesscoipp;kesscoisopropylpalmitate;Lexol IPP;Liponate IPP;nikkolipp;Palmitic acid esters;Plymouth ipp;plymouthipp;ISOPROPYL PALMITATE;142-91-6;Isopropyl hexadecanoate;Hexadecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester;Isopalm;Wickenol 111;Deltyl;Isopal;Propal;Deltyl prime;Emerest 2316;Tegester isopalm;Ja-fa ippkessco;Sinnoester PIT;Crodamol IPP;Plymouth IPP;Starfol IPP;Unimate IPP;Kessco IPP;Emcol-IP;Isopropyl n-hexadecanoate;Nikkol IPP;Stepan D-70;Palmitic acid, isopropyl ester;Estol 103;Usaf ke-5;JA-FA Ipp;1-Methylethyl hexadecanoate;Kessco isopropyl palmitate;Hexadecanoic acid,isopropyl ester;Hariol ipp;propan-2-yl hexadecanoate;Palmitic Acid Isopropyl Ester;NSC 69169;Estol 1517;HSDB 2647;Tegosoft P;Liponate IPP;UNII-8CRQ2TH63M;EINECS 205-571-1;Lexol IPP;8CRQ2TH63M;NSC-69169;BRN 1786567;CHEBI:84262;2-propyl hexadecanoate;AI3-05733;Isopropyl palmitate (NF);Isopropyl palmitate [NF];MFCD00008993;DTXSID9027104;EC 205-571-1;4-02-00-01167 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);Isopropyl ester of hexadecanoic acid;NCGC00164128-01;WE(2:0(1Me)/16:0);DTXCID507104;ISOPROPYL PALMITATE (II);ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [II];ISOPROPYL PALMITATE (MART.);ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [MART.];ISOPROPYL PALMITATE (USP-RS);ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [USP-RS];ISOPROPYL PALMITATE (EP IMPURITY);ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [EP IMPURITY];CAS-142-91-6;ISOPROPYL PALMITATE (EP MONOGRAPH);ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [EP MONOGRAPH];iso-propylpalmitate;isopropyl-palmitate;Hexadecanoic acid 1-methylethyl ester;Radia 7200;1-methylethyl hexandecanoate;SCHEMBL7743;Palmitic acid-isopropyl ester;Isopropyl palmitate, >=90%;CHEMBL139055;Hexadecanoic acid isopropyl ester;Hexadecanoic acid, 1-methyl ester;ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [HSDB];ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [INCI];WLN: 15VOY1 & 1;ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [VANDF];NSC69169;Tox21_112085;Tox21_202558;ISOPROPYL PALMITATE [WHO-DD];LMFA07010675;AKOS015902011;Tox21_112085_1;CS-W012142;HY-W011426;NCGC00164128-02;NCGC00260107-01;BS-15396;Hexadecanoic acidisopropyl n-hexadecanoate;Isopropyl palmitate, technical grade, 90%;FT-0631830;NS00009869;P0005;1-Methylethyl ester1-methylethyl hexandecanoate;D04632;A885074;SR-01000944752;J-007718;Q2631777;SR-01000944752-1;Isopropyl hexadecanoate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard;Isopropyl palmitate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard;Isopropyl palmitate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is a fatty acid ester and an isopropyl ester.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is functionally related to a hexadecanoic acid.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is an analog of isopropyl myristate and an aliphatic ester used as a flavoring ingredient in food industry.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is one of the volatile compounds found in Psidium salutare fruits and boiled buckwheat flour.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.

Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is a fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol.
Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate has a role as a human metabolite.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is a fatty acid ester and an isopropyl ester.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is functionally related to a hexadecanoic acid.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is a reactive lipid that is used as a co-solvent in wastewater treatment.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is also used to make dimethyl fumarate, an active ingredient for the treatment of alopecia areata.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate has been shown to be a good reactant in the kinetic study of particle formation.

The reaction mechanism of this lipid is not well understood, but Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate has been shown to have clinical relevance and clinical properties in vivo.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is the ester of isopropyl alcohol and palmitic acid.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is an emollient, moisturizer, thickening agent, and anti-static agent.
The chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOCH(CH3)2.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is a texture enhancer and emollient as used in cosmetics.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate can potentially be problematic for those with oily skin, depending on the amount in the product and your skin’s response.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate may be synthetic or derived from plant and animal sources.

Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 11-13 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 160°C 2mm
Density: 0.852 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor pressure: 0.007Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: n20/D 1.438(lit.)
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: <0.001g/l
Color: Colourless
Odor: very sl. odor
Water Solubility: Not miscible or difficult to mix with water.
BRN: 1786567
InChIKey: XUGNVMKQXJXZCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 8.16
CAS DataBase Reference: 142-91-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate(142-91-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate (142-91-6)

Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is a clear, colorless to pale yellow-colored, practically odorless viscous liquid that solidifies at less than 16°C.

Uses
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is an emollient and moisturizer, it also acts as a binder and solvent.
Similar to isopropyl myristate, Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is produced from the combination of palmitic acid (coconut or palm oil) and isopropyl alcohol.
Enzymes are able to metabolize this ingredient and studies do not show allergic reactions or toxicity.
Some sources indicate comedogenicity potential.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is used to formulate and evaluate the suitability of pluronic lecithin organogels containing flurbiprofen for topical application and to characterize microemulsion systems of isopropyl palmitate, water and 2:1 Brij 97, and 1-butanol by different experimental techniques.

Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is an analogue of isopropyl myristate and a volatile aliphatic ester used in the food industry as a flavoring agent.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is also used as a lubricant in the textile industry.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is also used in cosmetics as an antistatic agent, binding agent, emollient, solvent and skin care agent.
At higher concentrations a comedogenic effect is possible.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is a nongreasy emollient with good spreading characteristics, used in topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics such as: bath oils; creams; lotions; make-up; hair care products; deodorants; lip products; suntan preparations; and pressed powders.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is an established penetration enhancer for transdermal systems.
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate has also been used in controlled-release percutaneous films.
Table I: Uses of isopropyl palmitate

Production Methods
Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is prepared by the reaction of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol in the presence of an acid catalyst.
A high-purity material is also commercially available, which is produced by enzymatic esterification at low temperatures.

Side effects
Side effects for the skin: If overused, Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate may cause acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and clogged pores.
Depending on the content of the ingredients in the product, the skin may experience some irritation.
If Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate is used without dilution, it may cause comedoles.
People with oily skin should also avoid isopropyl palmitate.
Side effects for hair: Excessive use of products containing Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate on hair can make hair look untidy, oily, and untidy due to excessive moisture in the hair.
When there is an open wound on the scalp, Palmester 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate should also be avoided.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate, also known as EHP, is a synthetic ester derived from renewable vegetable oils.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate serves as an emollient and fragrance enhancer in cosmetic formulations.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a colorless and odorless compound, meeting stringent standards for fragrance use.

CAS Number: 29806-73-3
EC Number: 249-862-1

Octyl Palmitate, EHP, Octyl Hexyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Octyl Palmitate Ester, Palmester 1543, Hexyl Ester of Palmitic Acid, Ethylhexyl Ester of Palmitic Acid, Octyl Hexyl Palmitate, Ethylhexyl Palmitate Ester, Octyl Hexyl Palmitate Ester, Palmester 1543 EHP, Octyl Ester of Hexyl Palmitate, Ethylhexyl Ester Hexyl Palmitate, Palmitic Acid Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Palmitate Compound, Hexyl Ester of Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Octyl Palmitate Derivative, Ester of Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Ethylhexyl Palmitate Octyl Ester, Hexyl Palmitate Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester, Ethylhexyl Palmitate Palmester 1543, Palmitate 1543 Ester, Hexyl Ester of Octyl Palmitate, Ethylhexyl Ester of Octyl Palmitate, Octyl Ester of Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Palmitic Acid Hexyl Ester, EHP Palmester 1543, Octyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester Compound, Ethylhexyl Ester Octyl Palmitate, Palmester 1543 Octyl Palmitate, Octyl Ester of Palmitic Acid, Octyl Palmitate Ethylhexyl Ester, Hexyl Ester of Octyl Palmitate, Ethylhexyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester, Palmitate 1543 Octyl Hexyl Ester, Octyl Hexyl Ester of Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Octyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester Derivative, Ethylhexyl Ester of Hexyl Palmitate, Palmester 1543 Octyl Ester, Hexyl Palmitate Octyl Ester Compound, Octyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester Derivative, Ethylhexyl Palmitate Octyl Hexyl Ester, Octyl Ester of Hexyl Palmitate, Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate Ester, Hexyl Palmitate Octyl Ester Compound, Octyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester Palmester 1543, Ethylhexyl Palmitate Octyl Ester Compound, Hexyl Ester of Octyl Palmitate Ethylhexyl, Octyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester Ethylhexyl, Palmester 1543 Octyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester, Octyl Ester of Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Hexyl Palmitate Ethylhexyl Ester Compound, Octyl Palmitate Ethylhexyl Ester Palmester 1543, Hexyl Ester of Octyl Palmitate Ethylhexyl, Octyl Palmitate Hexyl Ester Ethylhexyl, Palmester 1543 Octyl Ester Hexyl Palmitate.



APPLICATIONS


Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is commonly used as an emollient in various skincare products.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a key ingredient in night creams, providing moisturization and improving skin texture.

Hand creams often incorporate Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate for its skin-conditioning properties.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is found in cleansing lotions, contributing to a smooth and gentle cleansing experience.

Baby creams utilize Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate for its emollient nature, suitable for delicate skin.
Massage lotions benefit from its glide-enhancing characteristics, making the application smoother.
Skincare formulations such as lotions and creams often feature Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate for a luxurious feel.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is included in cosmetic products to enhance fragrance and olfactory experiences.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate serves as a replacement for mineral oil in skincare formulations.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in formulations where the stability and keeping qualities of the product are crucial.
Cosmetic products designed for sensitive skin may include Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate for its gentle nature.
Sunscreen formulations may use this compound to improve the spreadability and skin-feel.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is incorporated into makeup products like foundations for a smoother application.

Anti-aging creams often contain Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate to help moisturize and condition mature skin.
Lip balms may include Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate to provide a soft and moisturizing texture.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in body lotions and creams to impart a silky and non-greasy feel on the skin.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a versatile ingredient in formulations for dry and chapped skin.
Hair care products, such as leave-in conditioners, may utilize this compound for its conditioning properties.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is suitable for use in various cosmetic care products due to its broad applications.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is found in skincare products targeting specific skin concerns, like hydration.
Cosmetics designed for a relaxing experience, such as massage creams, may contain this ester.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is employed in formulations where a lightweight and easily spreadable texture is desired.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate can be part of the ingredients in moisturizing body washes and shower gels.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in formulations where the focus is on providing a pleasant sensory experience.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate's versatility makes it a valuable ingredient in a wide range of cosmetic and personal care applications.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is commonly included in formulations for facial moisturizers to provide a lightweight and non-greasy feel.
Its compatibility with various active ingredients makes it a versatile component in anti-acne creams and treatments.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is often present in sunscreen lotions, contributing to an even application and improved skin feel.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is utilized in foundation formulations to create a smooth and blendable texture.
Eye creams may incorporate Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate for its emollient properties to hydrate the delicate skin around the eyes.

BB creams and tinted moisturizers may contain this ester for its ability to enhance product spreadability.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is added to makeup primers to create a smooth canvas for subsequent makeup application.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate finds application in lip glosses and lipsticks to provide a creamy and moisturizing consistency.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in hand sanitizers and antibacterial gels to improve the texture of the product on the skin.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is included in cuticle creams and nail care products for its skin-conditioning effects.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a common ingredient in after-shave lotions, offering soothing and moisturizing properties.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is found in foot creams to help soften and hydrate dry and rough skin.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in formulations for body scrubs and exfoliating products to enhance the overall skin-feel.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate contributes to the luxurious texture of body oils and massage oils.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is often present in sunless tanning products for its skin-conditioning benefits.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is utilized in deodorant formulations to improve the glide and spreadability.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate can be found in depilatory creams to enhance the smoothness of the product during application.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in shaving creams and foams to provide a lubricating and moisturizing effect.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is present in cosmetic wipes and towelettes for its emollient and skin-conditioning properties.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate may be incorporated into dry shampoo formulations for its hair-conditioning benefits.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a common ingredient in body powders, contributing to a silky and soft texture.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in skincare serums and treatments to enhance the overall product experience.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate finds application in cosmetic formulations designed for sensitive or reactive skin.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is included in cosmetic products for men, such as beard oils and grooming products.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate can be part of the formulation for bath oils and bath bombs, providing a luxurious bathing experience.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is often included in body lotions and creams to impart a soft and velvety feel to the skin.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in facial cleansers and makeup removers to enhance the effectiveness of the product while maintaining a pleasant texture.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is employed in hand serums and treatments to nourish and hydrate the skin, especially targeting dry cuticles.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is found in pre-makeup primers, helping create a smooth base for foundation application.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is utilized in cosmetic formulations for individuals with oily or acne-prone skin due to its lightweight nature.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is included in exfoliating scrubs, aiding in the removal of dead skin cells while providing a silky feel.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is commonly added to tinted moisturizers to improve the spreadability of pigments on the skin.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in intimate care products, such as personal lubricants, for its skin-friendly and emollient properties.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is found in cuticle oils to soften and moisturize the cuticle area, promoting healthy nails.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate may be present in bath foams and shower gels, contributing to a luxurious bathing experience.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is included in under-eye creams and serums to provide a smooth application and enhance hydration.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is employed in cosmetic stick formulations, like solid perfumes, for its solidifying and skin-conditioning qualities.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is utilized in body mists and sprays to enhance the even distribution of fragrance on the skin.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is commonly found in cosmetic formulations targeting specific skin concerns, such as dry patches or rough areas.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is present in foot sprays and powders to improve the application and comfort of the product.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in cuticle balms and treatments to soften and moisturize the skin around the nails.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate can be found in cosmetic products designed for use during and after pregnancy to address skin changes.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is included in facial masks, contributing to the product's texture and skin-conditioning properties.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is employed in cosmetic formulations for men's grooming products, such as beard balms and beard oils.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate may be added to deodorant creams for its skin-friendly and emollient effects.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is utilized in lip care products, including lip balms and treatments, for its moisturizing and smoothing properties.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is found in cosmetic formulations for mature skin, providing anti-aging benefits and hydration.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is commonly included in cosmetic formulations for individuals with sensitive or reactive skin.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in sun care products beyond sunscreen formulations, contributing to the overall skin feel.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is present in facial serums and treatments, enhancing the spreadability and absorption of active ingredients.



DESCRIPTION


Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate, also known as EHP, is a synthetic ester derived from renewable vegetable oils.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate serves as an emollient and fragrance enhancer in cosmetic formulations.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a colorless and odorless compound, meeting stringent standards for fragrance use.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate exhibits excellent keeping qualities, making it a desirable ingredient in skincare products.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is readily biodegradable, contributing to environmentally friendly formulations.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a GMO-free alternative, emphasizing its commitment to natural and sustainable sourcing.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is produced to high standards, ensuring consistency in both color and odor for cosmetic applications.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a safe and effective replacement for mineral oil in various skincare formulations.

BSE/TSE-free certification assures consumers that it is free from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
Its versatility allows for use in a variety of cosmetic care products, including night creams and hand creams.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a popular choice in cleansing lotions, offering a smooth and luxurious feel on the skin.

Baby creams often incorporate Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate for its gentle and emollient properties.
Massage lotions benefit from its skin-conditioning characteristics, enhancing the overall sensory experience.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is HALAL certified, meeting dietary requirements for specific consumers.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate holds KOSHER certification, appealing to those who adhere to kosher dietary practices.
As an emollient, it helps improve the texture of cosmetic products, leaving the skin soft and smooth.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate's use of renewable vegetable oils aligns with the growing demand for sustainable ingredients.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is known for its lightweight and non-greasy texture, making it suitable for various formulations.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a compound carefully crafted for fragrance use, enhancing the olfactory experience of cosmetic products.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate's compatibility with the skin makes it a favored ingredient in night creams for its moisturizing effects.

Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a crucial component in formulations where keeping qualities and stability are paramount.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate's biodegradability underscores its commitment to environmentally conscious cosmetic production.
Cosmetic products containing Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate are formulated to meet high standards for quality and safety.

The absence of genetically modified organisms ensures a cleaner and more natural cosmetic ingredient.
Palmester 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a versatile and reliable choice for formulators seeking an effective and sustainable emollient.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Structure: Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a fatty acid ester with the chemical formula C26H52O2.
Type: Synthetic ester.
Source: Derived from renewable vegetable oils.
Appearance: Typically a colorless liquid.
Odor: Odorless or has a mild, characteristic odor.
Texture: Emollient with a smooth and silky texture.
Function: Acts as an emollient, providing a soft and smooth feel to the skin.
Fragrance Enhancer: Used to enhance the fragrance in cosmetic formulations.
Biodegradability: Readily biodegradable, indicating environmentally friendly characteristics.
Boiling Point: 398.93°C
Melting Point: 2°C
Solubility: Soluble in chloroform and hexanes



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area with plenty of water and mild soap.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.


Eye Contact:

Rinse eyes thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse mouth with water if the person is conscious.
Seek medical attention.


General Advice:

In all cases, if symptoms persist or if there is uncertainty about the severity of exposure, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide the medical personnel with information about the specific chemical involved.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


General Handling Guidelines:

Personal Protection:
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing.
Follow workplace safety guidelines and practices.

Ventilation:
Use the product in well-ventilated areas or under local exhaust ventilation.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact and inhalation of vapors or mists.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Preventive Measures:
Implement good industrial hygiene practices.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.

Spill and Leak Response:
Implement spill control measures to contain and clean up spills promptly.
Use appropriate absorbent materials.
Dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations.


General Storage Guidelines:

Storage Conditions:
Store Ethylhexyl Palmitate in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep away from incompatible materials (as specified in the SDS).
Store away from direct sunlight.

Temperature Control:
Store at temperatures specified by the manufacturer.
Avoid extreme temperatures.

Container Integrity:
Ensure containers are tightly closed and properly labeled.
Check containers regularly for leaks or damage.

Segregation:
Store away from incompatible materials, as indicated in the SDS.

Specific Storage Requirements:
Follow any specific storage requirements outlined in the SDS.

Handling Cautions:
Follow proper lifting and handling procedures to prevent injuries.

Fire Prevention:
Keep away from ignition sources.
Store away from flammable materials.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is a versatile cosmetic ingredient known for its emollient properties.
Derived from renewable vegetable oils, it aligns with a sustainable and eco-friendly approach.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate has a smooth, silky texture that contributes to the luxurious feel of cosmetic products.

CAS Number: 22047-49-0
EC Number: 244-754-0

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APPLICATIONS


Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is commonly utilized as an emollient in a wide range of cosmetic products.
Night creams often incorporate Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate to provide effective moisturization and enhance skin texture.

Hand creams benefit from the skin-conditioning properties of Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate, promoting soft and nourished hands.
Cleansing lotions enriched with this compound offer a gentle and smooth cleansing experience.
Baby creams utilize Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate for its emollient nature, suitable for delicate and sensitive baby skin.

Massage lotions containing this ester enhance the glide during massages, providing a luxurious feel.
Its use extends to various cosmetic care products, contributing to the overall formulation's efficacy.
Facial serums and treatments leverage the spreadability and absorption-enhancing properties of Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate.

Makeup formulations, including foundations, may feature this compound for a smoother and more even application.
The ester serves as a fragrance enhancer, contributing to a pleasant olfactory experience in cosmetic products.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is a suitable replacement for mineral oil in cosmetic formulations.

Sunscreen formulations benefit from this ester's properties, improving spreadability and skin-feel.
Lip balms may include Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate to provide a soft and moisturizing texture to the lips.

Body lotions and creams often feature this compound to impart a silky and non-greasy finish on the skin.
Anti-aging creams may incorporate Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate for its skin-conditioning and moisturizing benefits.

The ester is used in formulations targeting specific skin concerns, such as dry or chapped skin.
Hair care products, including leave-in conditioners, may contain this compound for its conditioning properties.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is found in cosmetic wipes and towelettes for its skin-conditioning effects.
Deodorant formulations may utilize this ester to enhance the glide and spreadability of the product.

Inclusion in facial masks contributes to the product's texture and overall skin-conditioning properties.
Cosmetic products designed for men, such as beard oils and grooming products, may contain this compound.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is employed in formulations targeting specific skin types, including sensitive or reactive skin.
Moisturizing body washes and shower gels may include this ester for its skin-friendly and emollient nature.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate can be part of the ingredients in bath oils and bath bombs, providing a luxurious bathing experience.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is a versatile ingredient, making it suitable for a diverse range of cosmetic and personal care applications.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is a common inclusion in cosmetic serums, contributing to their smooth texture and ease of application.
Its emollient properties make it a valuable ingredient in body butter formulations, ensuring deep moisturization.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is utilized in skin balms to provide a protective barrier and prevent moisture loss.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate can be found in sunless tanning lotions and sprays, enhancing the application and skin-feel.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is used in powder formulations, such as blushes and bronzers, for its blending capabilities.
In makeup primers, Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate contributes to a smooth canvas for subsequent makeup application.

Its skin-conditioning effects make it a beneficial ingredient in cuticle oils for nail care.
Eyebrow pomades may include this compound for its contribution to a creamy and easily applicable texture.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate enhances the overall feel of exfoliating scrubs and contributes to a silky finish.

Personal lubricants and intimate care products utilize this ester for its skin-friendly properties.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate may be present in dry shampoo formulations to impart conditioning benefits to the hair.

Included in shaving creams, it provides lubrication and a smooth glide during shaving.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate contributes to the silky texture of body powders, ensuring a comfortable application.
Deodorants and antiperspirants may contain this ester for its skin-friendly and emollient effects.
In matte lipsticks, it aids in achieving a non-drying formula while providing a desirable texture.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is utilized in cosmetic pencils, ensuring a creamy and easily blendable consistency.
Included in foot creams, it helps soften and moisturize dry and rough skin on the feet.
Some nail polishes may contain Palmester 1545 for its contribution to a smooth and glossy finish.

Its texture-enhancing properties make it suitable for inclusion in eye shadow formulations.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is used in eyeliner gels for its ability to contribute to a long-lasting and smudge-resistant formula.
Cosmetic products for makeup removal benefit from the ester's gentle and skin-conditioning nature.

Included in facial mists, it contributes to a lightweight and refreshing application on the skin.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate may be found in liquid foundation formulations to improve spreadability and blendability.
Men's grooming products like beard creams and grooming lotions may feature this compound for its skin-friendly properties.
The ester enhances the even distribution of fragrance in body mists, providing a longer-lasting scent.

Its conditioning properties make Palmester 1545 a valuable ingredient in leave-in hair conditioners.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate contributes to the luxurious texture of hair masks, providing deep nourishment to the hair.

Included in liquid highlighters, this ester aids in achieving a smooth and blendable consistency on the skin.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate enhances the moisturizing effect of shower oils, leaving the skin soft and hydrated.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is used in body scrubs to improve the overall sensory experience during exfoliation.
In tattoo creams and aftercare lotions, it helps soothe and moisturize the skin.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate contributes to the glossy and non-sticky texture of lip gloss formulations.
Included in insect repellent creams, it aids in creating a smooth and easy-to-apply formula.
Its emollient nature is beneficial in hand sanitizers, preventing skin dryness often associated with frequent use.

In tinted moisturizers, it improves the spreadability of pigments for a more even skin tone.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is used in body shimmers to provide a radiant and shimmering effect on the skin.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate contributes to the creamy texture of eyeshadows, ensuring easy application and blending.
Included in foot sprays, it improves the application and overall comfort of the product.

In hydrating face mists, it enhances the skin's moisture levels with a lightweight application.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is featured in overnight masks, providing prolonged skin-conditioning benefits.
In body balms, it offers a rich and indulgent texture, ideal for intensive skin moisturization.

Its emollient properties make it suitable for cuticle creams, promoting healthy nails.
Used in liquid blush formulations, it aids in achieving a natural and dewy finish on the cheeks.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate may be present in oil-based perfumes, contributing to a long-lasting fragrance on the skin.
In hydroalcoholic gels, it can help counteract the drying effects of alcohol on the skin.
Included in cleansing oils, it assists in the gentle removal of makeup and impurities.

Its use in body creams for expectant mothers addresses skin changes during and after pregnancy.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is utilized in solid perfumes for its solidifying and skin-conditioning qualities.
In bronzing lotions, it enhances the application and ensures an even distribution of color.
Included in skin-perfecting primers, it creates a smooth base for flawless makeup application.



DESCRIPTION


Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate is a versatile cosmetic ingredient known for its emollient properties.
Derived from renewable vegetable oils, it aligns with a sustainable and eco-friendly approach.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate has a smooth, silky texture that contributes to the luxurious feel of cosmetic products.

With its excellent emollient nature, it imparts a soft and velvety touch to the skin upon application.
As a GMO-free compound, Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate assures consumers of its commitment to avoiding genetically modified organisms.

The safety profile is enhanced by being Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy/Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy-free.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate can effectively replace mineral oil in various cosmetic formulations.
Night creams benefit from its inclusion, providing moisturization and promoting skin comfort.

Its application extends to hand creams, offering skin-conditioning benefits for the hands.
Cleansing lotions containing this ester ensure a gentle and nourishing cleansing experience.
Baby creams incorporate Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate for its emollient and skin-friendly characteristics.
Massage lotions are enriched with the ester, enhancing the overall sensory experience during massages.

Its HALAL and KOSHER certifications make it suitable for consumers adhering to specific dietary requirements.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate stands out for its broad use in cosmetic care products, showcasing its versatility.

Facial serums and treatments benefit from its spreadability and absorption-enhancing properties.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate, as a fragrance enhancer, contributes to a pleasing olfactory experience in cosmetic formulations.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate's non-greasy feel makes it an ideal choice for formulations where light texture is desired.
Body lotions containing this compound provide a silky and non-greasy finish on the skin.
Its compatibility with different skin types, including sensitive skin, adds to its appeal.

Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate contributes to the stability and shelf life of cosmetic products, ensuring product quality.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate's biodegradability aligns with the growing demand for environmentally conscious cosmetic ingredients.
Inclusion in makeup products, such as foundations, enhances the smooth application and blendability.

Sunscreen formulations may feature this ester for improved spreadability and skin-feel.
Its use in anti-aging creams showcases its moisturizing and skin-conditioning benefits for mature skin.
Palmester 1545 Ethylhexyl Stearate stands as a testament to the combination of efficacy, safety, and sustainability in cosmetic formulations.



PROPERTIES


Boiling Point: 426.2°C
Melting Point: -45°C
pH: Neutral
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Viscosity: Low



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area with plenty of soap and water.
If irritation or redness occurs, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

In case of contact with eyes, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes, removing contact lenses if present.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse mouth with water and seek immediate medical attention.


Notes to Physicians:

Treat symptomatically based on individual reactions.
Provide supportive care as necessary.


Firefighting Measures:

Extinguishing Media:

Use fire-extinguishing media suitable for surrounding materials (e.g., water spray, foam, dry chemical).


Special Firefighting Procedures:

Wear appropriate protective equipment.
Evacuate the area if the fire is uncontrollable.


Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards:

No unusual fire or explosion hazards reported.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Handling Procedures:
Follow good industrial hygiene practices during handling.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling and before eating, drinking, or smoking.

Protection Against Fire and Explosion:
Take measures to prevent the buildup of electrostatic charges.
Use explosion-proof equipment if applicable.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where the product is handled or processed.
Use local exhaust ventilation if necessary to control airborne concentrations.

Protective Measures:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection if exposure limits are exceeded.

Storage Compatibility:
Store away from incompatible materials and substances.
Check the SDS for specific information on substances to avoid.

Handling Precautions:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the product.
Avoid inhalation of vapors or dust.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and open flames.

Storage Temperature:
Store within a specified temperature range, as indicated in the SDS.

Storage Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.

Incompatible Materials:
Store away from incompatible materials, as listed in the SDS.

Specific End Uses:
Store the product in a manner consistent with its intended applications.

Control Measures:
Implement engineering controls to minimize exposure during storage.
Use secondary containment to prevent spills from reaching the environment.

Handling of Leaked or Spilled Material:
Clean up spills immediately, following appropriate safety measures.
Dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations.

Storage Stability:
Check the product's stability over time and adhere to expiration dates if applicable.

Special Precautions:
Follow any specific precautions or recommendations provided in the SDS.

Security Measures:
Implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access or theft.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a chemical compound commonly known as Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCT).
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a type of fatty acid ester derived from coconut oil or palm kernel oil.
MCTs are composed of medium-chain fatty acids, specifically caprylic acid (8 carbons) and capric acid (10 carbons).
The triglyceride structure refers to the glycerol molecule combined with three fatty acid chains.

CAS Number: 65381-09-1
EC Number: 265-724-3

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, MCT, Medium-Chain Triglycerides, Palmester 3595, Fractionated Coconut Oil, Coconut Triglycerides, Capryl Capric Triglycerides, Caprylic Capric Acid Triglyceride, Mixed Triglycerides, C8/C10 Triglycerides, Caprylic Capric Glycerides, Caprylic Glycerides, Capric Glycerides, Caprylic Fatty Acid Triglyceride, Capric Fatty Acid Triglyceride, Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Ester, Caprylic/Capric Acid Ester, MCT Oil, Caprylic Capric Ester, Medium-Chain Ester, Caprylic Capric Ester of Glycerin, Triglycerol Ester, Capryl Caprylate, Capric Caprylate, Glycerin Ester of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids, Glycerol Triester of Caprylic/Capric Acids, MCT Triglyceride, Coconut Oil Ester, Medium-Chain Glyceride, Caprylic Capric Glycerol Ester, Glyceride of Coconut Oil, Coconut Fatty Acid Triglyceride, Capric Fatty Acids Glyceride, Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Triglyceride, Triglyceride of Caprylic/Capric Acids, MCT Glyceride, Medium-Chain Coconut Oil Ester, Coconut Oil Triglycerol Ester, Capric Glycerol Triglyceride, Caprylic Glycerol Triglyceride, Caprylic Capric Triester of Glycerol, Glycerol Triglyceride of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids, MCT Esters, Caprylic Capric Oil, Glyceride of Fractionated Coconut Oil, Caprylic Ester of Glycerol, Capric Ester of Glycerol, Medium-Chain Triglycerol Ester, Glycerol Triester of Caprylic/Capric Fatty Acids, Coconut Oil Fatty Acids Glyceride, MCT Fraction, Caprylic Glycerol Ester of Fatty Acids, Capric Glycerol Ester of Fatty Acids, Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Glyceride, Caprylic/Capric Acid Ester of Glycerol.



APPLICATIONS


Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a commonly used ingredient in skincare products such as moisturizers and lotions.
Its emollient properties make it a valuable component in formulations designed to soften and hydrate the skin.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is often found in facial cleansers, contributing to a gentle and effective cleansing experience.

In the cosmetics industry, it is a popular choice for foundations and concealers, providing a smooth and even application.
Sunscreen formulations often include Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) to enhance spreadability and skin-feel.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) serves as a carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy and fragrance applications.
Massage oils frequently contain this compound for its lightweight texture and ease of glide.
Due to its stability and compatibility, it is used in a variety of haircare products, including conditioners and styling products.
Lip balms utilize Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) to impart a soft and moisturizing feel to the lips.

In anti-aging creams, Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) contributes to the overall texture and helps deliver active ingredients to the skin.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is present in bath oils and bath bombs, enhancing the bathing experience with its emollient properties.

Makeup removers often contain Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) for its ability to dissolve makeup while leaving the skin feeling nourished.
Baby care products, including diaper creams and lotions, may feature Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) for its gentle and skin-friendly nature.

Hand creams use Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) to provide effective moisturization and combat dryness.
In deodorants and antiperspirants, Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) assists in creating a smooth and comfortable application.
Fragrance formulations benefit from its solvent properties, helping to disperse and enhance the longevity of scents.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is utilized in the production of bath and shower gels for its emollient and cleansing characteristics.
Body scrubs often incorporate this compound to enhance the exfoliation process and leave the skin feeling soft.
In hair serums and leave-in treatments, Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) helps in detangling and adding a silky shine to the hair.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a common ingredient in personal lubricants for its skin-friendly and lubricating properties.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is featured in facial masks to improve the spreadability and overall texture of the product.
Foot creams use Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride to moisturize and soften the skin on the feet.
Tattoo aftercare products may contain Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) for its soothing and skin-conditioning effects.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in cosmetic wipes and towelettes for its emollient properties.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is found in shaving creams to provide lubrication and a smooth shaving experience.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a key ingredient in body lotions and creams, contributing to their luxurious texture and moisturizing properties.
Nail care products, such as cuticle creams and oils, often include MCT to nourish and condition the nails and surrounding skin.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in sunless tanning products to provide an even application and enhance the absorption of tanning agents.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a common component in natural and organic skincare formulations due to its renewable sourcing and eco-friendly profile.
Eyebrow pencils and pomades may contain Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) for its role in creating a smooth and blendable consistency.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is present in dry shampoos, contributing to their lightweight and non-greasy formulation.
Shampoo formulations may include Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) to enhance the overall feel and manageability of the hair.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is utilized in bath salts and bath oils to disperse essential oils and provide skin-conditioning benefits.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is found in intimate care products, such as personal lubricants, for its gentle and non-irritating properties.
Some natural and organic deodorants use Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) for its skin-friendly nature and compatibility with other natural ingredients.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is employed in lip care products, including lip glosses and balms, for its moisturizing and glossy effects.
Tattoo inks may contain Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) to improve pigment dispersion and application.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in shaving foams and gels to provide a smooth glide and reduce friction during shaving.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is featured in facial serums to enhance the delivery of active ingredients and promote skin health.
Natural and organic mascaras may incorporate Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) for its lightweight and conditioning properties.
In body mists and sprays, the compound aids in even fragrance distribution and provides a non-greasy finish.
Hair masks and deep conditioning treatments often include Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) for its ability to nourish and revitalize hair strands.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in acne treatment products to deliver active ingredients without causing excessive dryness.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is found in solid perfumes, contributing to their smooth and easily applicable consistency.
Makeup setting sprays may contain Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) for its ability to set makeup without compromising its appearance.
Some natural and organic insect repellents use Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride as a base for essential oil blends.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in natural and mineral-based foundations to improve the spreadability and blendability of pigments.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is present in baby wipes for its gentle and moisturizing qualities.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is utilized in hand sanitizers to counteract the drying effects of alcohol and provide a skin-conditioning element.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a versatile ingredient in the formulation of various cosmetic and personal care products, showcasing its adaptability to different applications.

Hair styling products, including hair sprays and gels, may incorporate Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride for its lightweight and non-sticky feel.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a common ingredient in cuticle oils, providing nourishment and promoting healthy nails.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in foot creams to soften and moisturize dry and rough skin on the feet.

Some natural and organic foundations use Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) as a base to create a smooth and buildable coverage.
Nail polish removers may contain this compound to help dissolve nail polish while conditioning the nails.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is employed in beard oils to soften facial hair and moisturize the underlying skin.
Scalp treatments, including serums and oils, may include Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride for its conditioning effects on the scalp.
Natural and organic baby lotions use this compound for its gentle and non-irritating properties on delicate baby skin.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is found in anti-chafing products to provide a smooth and friction-reducing barrier on the skin.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is utilized in after-sun care products to soothe and moisturize sun-exposed skin.
Some natural and organic blushes incorporate MCT for its ability to blend seamlessly and provide a natural-looking flush.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a common ingredient in cuticle balms, aiding in the maintenance of healthy and hydrated cuticles.
Beard balms may include Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) to soften facial hair and impart a subtle sheen.
Natural and organic mascara formulations may use MCT for its conditioning and non-clumping properties.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is featured in hand masks to provide intensive moisturization and rejuvenation.

Lip scrubs often contain this compound to aid in exfoliating and smoothing the lips.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in natural and organic sunscreens for its ability to enhance the even distribution of UV filters.
In natural and organic eyeliners, Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) contributes to a smooth and easily applicable texture.

Some natural and organic dry body oils use Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride for a lightweight and non-greasy finish.
Foot scrubs may incorporate this compound for its emollient properties, leaving the feet soft and refreshed.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in cuticle serums to nourish and condition the nail beds.
Natural and organic night creams may contain MCT for its skin-conditioning and rejuvenating effects.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is found in natural and organic makeup removers to dissolve makeup while leaving the skin nourished.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is used in natural and organic lip balms to provide hydration and prevent dryness.
In natural and organic setting powders, MCT may contribute to a lightweight and finely milled texture for a seamless finish.



DESCRIPTION


Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a chemical compound commonly known as Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCT).
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a type of fatty acid ester derived from coconut oil or palm kernel oil.
MCTs are composed of medium-chain fatty acids, specifically caprylic acid (8 carbons) and capric acid (10 carbons).
The triglyceride structure refers to the glycerol molecule combined with three fatty acid chains.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT), commonly known as MCT, is a versatile and widely used chemical compound.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) stands out as a colorless and odorless liquid with a smooth, silky texture.

Derived from renewable sources such as coconut or palm kernel oil, it aligns with sustainable and eco-friendly practices.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is composed of medium-chain fatty acids, specifically caprylic acid and capric acid.

With its excellent emollient properties, Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a popular choice in skincare products for its ability to soften and smooth the skin.
Its lightweight and non-greasy feel make it an ideal ingredient in cosmetic formulations, ranging from lotions to serums.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) serves as a solvent for fragrances, enhancing their dispersion and overall effectiveness in various products.

The triglyceride structure of Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT), combined with glycerol, contributes to its stability under different conditions.
Recognized for its compatibility with different skin types, it is often included in formulations for sensitive skin.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a common ingredient in massage oils, contributing to a luxurious and gliding sensation during massages.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) has a neutral scent, making it an excellent carrier for both fragranced and fragrance-free cosmetic products.
Due to its stability, MCT helps extend the shelf life of formulations, ensuring product quality over time.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) plays a crucial role in skincare products designed for hydration and moisturization, promoting skin health.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is an ester of glycerol and medium-chain fatty acids, offering enhanced solubility in both water and oil.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is recognized for its ability to enhance the spreadability and absorption of active ingredients in formulations.

As a GMO-free ingredient, MCT assures consumers of its commitment to avoiding genetically modified organisms.
Its presence in cosmetic formulations contributes to a pleasant sensory experience, leaving a silky and non-greasy finish on the skin.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is often used in formulations targeting specific skin concerns, such as dryness or roughness.
The clear and transparent nature of MCT allows it to be seamlessly incorporated into various cosmetic products without altering their appearance.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT)'s emollient nature makes it suitable for use in haircare products, providing conditioning benefits to the hair.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is known for its versatility in formulations, ranging from skincare creams to makeup products like foundations and lip balms.
Its inclusion in sunscreens contributes to improved spreadability and a comfortable skin-feel during application.
Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is HALAL and KOSHER certified, meeting specific dietary requirements and preferences.

Palmester 3595 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT) is a key ingredient in environmentally conscious formulations due to its renewable sourcing and biodegradability.
Its widespread use across the cosmetic and personal care industry attests to MCT's efficacy, safety, and multifunctional qualities.



PROPERTIES


Boiling Point: 270°C
Solubility: Soluble in water
Viscosity: 25-33 cP



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area with plenty of soap and water.
If irritation or redness occurs, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

In case of contact with eyes, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes, removing contact lenses if present.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse mouth with water and seek immediate medical attention.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Handling Procedures:
Follow good industrial hygiene practices during handling.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling and before eating, drinking, or smoking.

Protection Against Fire and Explosion:
Take measures to prevent the buildup of electrostatic charges.
Use explosion-proof equipment if applicable.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where the product is handled or processed.
Use local exhaust ventilation if necessary to control airborne concentrations.

Protective Measures:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection if exposure limits are exceeded.

Storage Compatibility:
Store away from incompatible materials and substances.
Check the SDS for specific information on substances to avoid.

Handling Precautions:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the product.
Avoid inhalation of vapors or dust.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and open flames.

Storage Temperature:
Store within a specified temperature range, as indicated in the SDS.

Storage Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.

Incompatible Materials:
Store away from incompatible materials, as listed in the SDS.

Specific End Uses:
Store the product in a manner consistent with its intended applications.

Control Measures:
Implement engineering controls to minimize exposure during storage.
Use secondary containment to prevent spills from reaching the environment.

Handling of Leaked or Spilled Material:
Clean up spills immediately, following appropriate safety measures.
Dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations.

Storage Stability:
Check the product's stability over time and adhere to expiration dates if applicable.

cas no 57-10-3 n-Hexadecoic acid; Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; n-Hexadecanoic acid; 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; Cetylic acid; Hexadecylic acid;

SYNONYMS n-Hexadecoic acid; Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; n-Hexadecanoic acid; 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; Cetylic acid; Hexadecylic acid; (EDENOR C1698) CAS NO. 57-10-3

Palmitic Acid is a kind of common saturated fatty acid of a 16-carbon backbone, which is contained in fats and waxes.
Palmitic Acid naturally exists in palm oil and palm kernel oil, and can also be found in butter, cheese, milk, meat, cocoa butter, soybean oil and sunflower oil.
Palmitic Acid can be produced by many kinds of plants and organisms.

CAS: 57-10-3
MF: C16H32O2
MW: 256.42
EINECS: 200-312-9

Synonms
Palmitic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, 57-10-3, Cetylic acid, palmitate, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecylic acid, Hydrofol, n-Hexadecoic acid, 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid, Palmitinic acid, hexaectylic acid, Pentadecanecarboxylic acid, hexadecoic acid, 1-Hexyldecanoic Acid, Industrene 4516, Emersol 140, Emersol 143, Hystrene 8016, Hystrene 9016, Palmitinsaeure, Palmitic acid, pure, Palmitic acid 95%, Kortacid 1698, FEMA No. 2832, Loxiol EP 278, Palmitic acid (natural), Hydrofol Acid 1690, Cetyl acid, Prifac 2960, C16:0, HSDB 5001, Pristerene 4934, Pristerene-4934, Edenor C16, NSC 5030, AI3-01594, Lunac P 95KC, Lunac P 95, Lunac P 98, CCRIS 5443, Prifac-2960, CHEBI:15756, NSC5030, NSC-5030, EINECS 200-312-9, UNII-2V16EO95H1, FA 16:0, BRN 0607489, Palmitic acid (NF), DTXSID2021602, Glycon P-45, IMEX C 1498, 2V16EO95H1, Hexadecanoic acid (9CI), MFCD00002747, Palmitic acid (7CI,8CI), CHEMBL82293, DTXCID101602, 67701-02-4, CH3-[CH2]14-COOH, EC 200-312-9, 4-02-00-01157 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), n-hexadecoate, LMFA01010001, PA 900, EDENOR C 16-98-100, FA 1695, SURFAXIN COMPONENT PALMITIC ACID, 1-hexyldecanoate, NCGC00164358-01, LUCINACTANT COMPONENT PALMITIC ACID, pentadecanecarboxylate, Hexadecanoic acid 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, HEXADECANOIC-11,11,12,12-D4 ACID, PALMITIC ACID (II), PALMITIC ACID [II], PALMITIC ACID (MART.), PALMITIC ACID [MART.], CH3-(CH2)14-COOH, Palmitic acid; Hexadecanoic acid, PLM, palmic acid, Hexadecanoate (n-C16:0), PALMITIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH), PALMITIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH], Acid, Palmitic, CAS-57-10-3, Acid, Hexadecanoic, SR-01000944716, Palmitic acid [USAN:NF], palmitoate, Hexadecoate, Palmitinate, Palmitinsaure, palmitic-acid, palmitoic acid, Hexadecanoicacid, Aethalic acid, Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid, 2hmb, 2hnx, Palmitic acid_jeyam, n-Hexadecyclic Acid, fatty acid 16:0, Palmitic Acid, FCC, Kortacid 1695, Palmitic acid_RaGuSa, Univol U332, 1219802-61-5, Prifrac 2960, Hexadecanoic acid anion, Hexadecanoic--d5 Acid, 3v2q, Palmitic acid, >=99%, bmse000590, Epitope ID:141181, CETYL ACID [VANDF], PALMITIC ACID [MI], SCHEMBL6177, PALMITIC ACID [DSC], PALMITIC ACID [FCC], PALMITIC ACID [FHFI], PALMITIC ACID [HSDB], PALMITIC ACID [INCI], PALMITIC ACID [USAN], FAT, WLN: QV15, P5585_SIGMA, PALMITIC ACID [VANDF], GTPL1055, QSPL 166, PALMITIC ACID [USP-RS], PALMITIC ACID [WHO-DD], (1(1)(3)C)hexadecanoic acid, 1b56, HMS3649N08, Palmitic acid, analytical standard, Palmitic acid, BioXtra, >=99%, Palmitic acid, Grade II, ~95%, HY-N0830, Palmitic acid, natural, 98%, FG, Tox21_112105, Tox21_201671, Tox21_302966, AC9381, BDBM50152850, s3794, Palmitic acid, >=95%, FCC, FG, AKOS005720983, Tox21_112105_1, CCG-267027, CR-0047, DB03796, Palmitic acid, for synthesis, 98.0%, NCGC00164358-02, NCGC00164358-03, NCGC00256424-01, NCGC00259220-01, BP-27917, Palmitic acid, purum, >=98.0% (GC), SY006518, CS-0009861, FT-0626965, FT-0772579, P0002, P1145, Palmitic acid, SAJ first grade, >=95.0%, EN300-19603, C00249, D05341, Palmitic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SPIRULINA), Palmitic acid, >=98% palmitic acid basis (GC), A831313, Q209727, PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF FLAX SEED OIL), PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SAW PALMETTO), SR-01000944716-1, SR-01000944716-2, BA71C79B-C9B1-451A-A5BE-B480B5CC7D0C, PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BORAGE SEED OIL), PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SPIRULINA) [DSC], F0001-1488, Z104474418, PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF EVENING PRIMROSE OIL), PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SAW PALMETTO) [DSC]

Palmitic Acid can be used for the production of soap, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents.
Palmitic Acid is also a food processing aid. It can also be used to produce cetyl alocohol which is useful in the production of detergents and cosmetics.
Recently, Palmitic Acid has been also used for the manufacture of a long-acting antipsychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate.

Palmitic acid occurs as white crystalline scales with a slight characteristic odor and taste.
Palmitic Acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants.
Palmitic Acid is a mixture of solid organic acids obtained from fats consisting chiefly of palmitic acid (C16H35O2) with varying amounts of stearic acid (C16H36O2).
As Palmitic Acid name tells us, it is found in palm oil but also in butter, cheese, milk and meat.

Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain.
Palmitic Acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.
Palmitic Acid chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D (the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon–carbon double bonds) is 16:0.
Palmitic Acid is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil), making up to 44% of total fats.
Meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products also contain palmitic acid, amounting to 50–60% of total fats.
Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid.
The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4).
Major sources of C16:0 are palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and milk fat

Palmitic Acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 61-62.5 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 351.5 °C
density: 0.852 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg ( 210 °C)
refractive index 1.4273
FEMA: 2832 | PALMITIC ACID
Fp: >230 °F
storage temp.: room temp
solubility: chloroform: 0.5 M, clear, colorless
form: Flakes
pka: 4.78±0.10(Predicted)
color: White or almost white
Odor: at 100.00 %. slightly waxy fatty
Odor Type: waxy
Water Solubility: insoluble
Merck: 14,6996
JECFA Number: 115
BRN: 607489
Dielectric constant: 2.3（71℃）
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents.
InChIKey: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 7.170
CAS DataBase Reference: 57-10-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Palmitic Acid(57-10-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Palmitic acid (57-10-3)

Uses
Palmitic Acid is one of the skin’s major fatty acids produced by the sebaceous glands.
In cosmetic preparations, Palmitic Acid is used as a formula texturizer.
Palmitic Acid is naturally occurring in allspice, anise, calamus oil, cascarilla bark, celery seed, coffee, tea, and many animal fats and plant oils.
Palmitic Acid is obtained from palm oil, Japan wax, or Chinese vegetable tallow.

Palmitic Acid is a common fatty acid found in plants and animals.
The body converts excess carbohydrates into Palmitic Acid, thus Palmitic Acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synt hesis as well as a precursor for longer fatty acids.
Palmitic Acid is a fatty acid which is a mixture of solid organic acids from fats consisting principally of palmitic acid with varying amounts of stearic acid.
Palmitic Acid functions as a lubricant, binder, and defoaming agent.
Palmitic acid is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
Palmitic acid has been used in implants for sustained release of insulin in rats.

Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to Palmitic Acid.
Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and the precursor to longer fatty acids.
Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.
In biology, some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation.
Palmitoylation is important for membrane localisation of many proteins.

Application
Palmitic acid is mainly used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and release agents.
These applications utilize sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil.
To this end, palm oil, rendered from the coconut palm nut, is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups. This procedure affords glycerol and sodium palmitate.
Because it is inexpensive and adds texture to processed foods (convenience food), palmitic acid and its sodium salt find wide use including foodstuffs.
Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.
Hydrogenation of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics.
Recently, a long-acting antipsychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate (marketed as INVEGA Sustenna), used in the treatment of schizophrenia, has been synthesized using the oily palmitate ester as a long-acting release carrier medium when injected intramuscularly.
The underlying method of drug delivery is similar to that used with decanoic acid to deliver long-acting depot medication, in particular, neuroleptics such as haloperidol decanoate.

Production Methods
Palmitic acid occurs naturally in all animal fats as the glyceride, palmitin, and in palm oil partly as the glyceride and partly uncombined.
Palmitic acid is most conveniently obtained from olive oil after removal of oleic acid, or from Japanese beeswax.
Synthetically, palmitic acid may be prepared by heating cetyl alcohol with soda lime to 270°C or by fusing oleic acid with potassium hydrate.

Purification Methods
Purify palmitic acid by slow (overnight) recrystallisation from hexane.
Some samples are also crystallised from acetone, EtOH or EtOAc.
The crystals are kept in air to lose solvent, or are pumped dry of solvent on a vacuum line.

Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain.
Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.
Palmitic acid chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and Palmitic acid C:D (the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon–carbon double bonds) is 16:0.

CAS Number: 57-10-3
EC Number: 200-312-9
Chemical Formula: CH3(CH2)14COOH
Molar Mass: 256.43 g/mol

Meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products also contain palmitic acid, amounting to 50–60% of total fats.
Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid.
The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4).

Palmitic acid (PA), a saturated fatty acid present in the human body, accounts for 20-30% of total fatty acids (FA) in membrane phospholipids (PL) and adipose triacylglycerols (TAG).
Palmitic acid is one of the main components of palm oil however, significant amounts of Palmitic acid are also found in meat and dairy products, cocoa butter, and olive oil.

Palmitic acid is also present in breast milk.
Palmitic acid performs various fundamental biological functions at cellular and tissue levels.

Palmitic acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), a term for fatty acids containing 13 to 21 carbons.
Palmitic acid contains 16 carbons.

This acid is found in most fats and oils, such as soybean oil.
Palmitic acid can also be found naturally in plants and animals and created in laboratories.
Additionally, palmitic acid can be found in foods such as palm oil, butter, meat, milk, and cheese.

Soybean oil is commonly found throughout human food and has many other applications as well.
One part of soybean oil is palmitic acid.
Many think that lowering the palmitic acid in soybean oil would reduce the fatty acid in the oil and increase the oil’s quality, making Palmitic acid better for humans to eat.

The palmitic acid structure contains a 16-carbon backbone.
The palmitic acid molecular formula contains C16H32O2, which is 16 carbon, 32 hydrogens, and 2 oxygen.

Palmitic acid has a molecular weight of 256.42.
Palmitic acid is commonly used in personal care products and cosmetics.

Palmitic acid has a bad reputation, primarily because Palmitic acid has been shown to have negative health effects.
Palmitic acid has been linked to several conditions, including brain diseases and cancer.

However, studies don't necessarily agree on this.
Associations between palmitic oil and an increased risk of breast cancer were found in one study but not in another, for example.

Palmitic acid can also be observed in Escherichia coli, or E. coli, and an aged mouse’s brain as a metabolite, which is a substance that deals with the metabolism.
The appearance of palmitic acid can be in a dry powder form, liquid, or other solid material.

Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain.
Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.

Palmitic acid chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and Palmitic acid C:D (the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon–carbon double bonds) is 16:0.
Palmitic acid is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil), making up to 44% of total fats.

Palmitic acid is often colorless with white crystalline scales.
Palmitic acid has a slight distinctive odor and taste but otherwise is odorless.

When heated and decayed, Palmitic acid gives off an acrid smoke.
The fumes from the smoke can be irritating.

As the first fatty acid to be produced during initial fatty acid synthesis, palmitic acid is a primary part of an animal’s body.
Additionally, in humans, palmitic acid has been seen to make up 21% to 30% of human depository fat.

Palmitic acid can be found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap fluid), feces, saliva, sweat, and urine, and also in tissues, including adipose tissue a.k.a. body fat, the bladder, skin, certain cells called fibroblasts, kidney, placenta, platelet, prostate, and skeletal muscle.
Palmitic acid is also known as hexadecanoic acid.

Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone.
Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat.

Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
Palmitic acid occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants.
Palmitic acid is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of Levovist, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium.

Palmitic acid (PA) has been for long time negatively depicted for Palmitic acid putative detrimental health effects, shadowing Palmitic acid multiple crucial physiological activities.
Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid accounting for 20–30% of total fatty acids in the human body and can be provided in the diet or synthesized endogenously via de novo lipogenesis (DNL).
Palmitic acid tissue content seems to be controlled around a well-defined concentration, and changes in Palmitic acid intake do not influence significantly Palmitic acid tissue concentration because the exogenous source is counterbalanced by Palmitic acid endogenous biosynthesis.

Particular physiopathological conditions and nutritional factors may strongly induce DNL, resulting in increased tissue content of Palmitic acid and disrupted homeostatic control of Palmitic acid tissue concentration.
The tight homeostatic control of Palmitic acid tissue concentration is likely related to Palmitic acid fundamental physiological role to guarantee membrane physical properties but also to consent protein palmitoylation, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) biosynthesis, and in the lung an efficient surfactant activity.

In order to maintain membrane phospholipids (PL) balance may be crucial an optimal intake of Palmitic acid in a certain ratio with unsaturated fatty acids, especially PUFAs of both n-6 and n-3 families.
However, in presence of other factors such as positive energy balance, excessive intake of carbohydrates (in particular mono and disaccharides), and a sedentary lifestyle, the mechanisms to maintain a steady state of Palmitic acid concentration may be disrupted leading to an over accumulation of tissue.

Palmitic acid resulting in dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, increased ectopic fat accumulation and increased inflammatory tone via toll-like receptor 4.
Palmitic acid is therefore likely that the controversial data on the association of dietary Palmitic acid with detrimental health effects, may be related to an excessive imbalance of dietary PA/PUFA ratio which, in certain physiopathological conditions, and in presence of an enhanced DNL, may further accelerate these deleterious effects.

Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents.
These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil.

To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide, which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.
Hydrogenation of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics

Topical palmitic acid is not known to cause side effects.
A diet containing large amounts of palmitic acid can increase risk of heart disease but topical application doesn’t contribute to this.

Palmitic acid strongly boosts metastasis in mouse models of human oral cancer cells.
Among all fatty acids, Palmitic Acid has the strongest effect in boosting the metastatic potential of CD36+ metastasis-initiating cells.

Palmitic AcidPalmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants.
Palmitic Acid is a major component in the oils from palm trees, such as palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil.
Palmitic acid, a kind of fatty acid, derived from palm oil.

Palmitic Acid is a major component in the oils from palm trees.
Applications of palmitic acid include soap & detergent, cosmetics, grease & lubricant, etc.
Among those applications, soap & detergent accounts for the largest market share, which was about 49.99% in 2016.

The palmitic acid industry production is mainly concentrated in Asian region, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, China and so on.
The largest producing region is Southeast Asia, which produced 135373 MT in 2016.

The follower is China, holding 18.50% production share.
Global production of palmitic acid increased from 166874 MT in 2012 to 202753 MT in 2016.

As for consumption, Europe is the largest consumer with about 33.51% share in 2016.
The second consumer is China, consuming 57456 MT in the same year.

The palmitic acid industry has close relationship with the palm oil industry.
Due to Palmitic Acid low profit, some companies engaged in the palm oil industry have given up the business.
In China, there are just a few suppliers.

The Palmitic Acid Industry Report indicates that the global market size of Palmitic Acid was XX USD in 2020, and will grow at a XX% CAGR between 2021 and 2027.

A collective analysis on ’Palmitic Acid Industry’ offers an exhaustive study supported current trends influencing this vertical throughout assorted geographies.
Key information regarding market size, market share, statistics, application, and revenue is within the research to develop an ensemble prediction.
Additionally, this research offers an in-depth competitive analysis that specializes in business outlook emphasizing expansion strategies accepted by Palmitic Acid market majors.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid, the principal constituent of refined palm oil, present in the diet and synthesized endogenously.
Palmitic acid is able to activate the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40.

Palmitic acid was also a weak ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.
Palmitic acid is a ligand of lipid chaperones - the fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs).
Dietary palm oil and palmitic acid may play a role in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid that occurs in natural fats and oils, tall oil, and most commercial grade stearic acid.
Palmitic acid is prepared by treating fats and oils with water at a high pressure and temperature, leading to the hydrolysis of triglycerides.

Palmitic acid is mainly usedin the manufacture of metallic palmitates, soaps, cosmetics, lubricating oils, waterproofing release agents, and in food-grade additives.

Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants.
Palmitic acid is a white, crystalline, water-insoluble solid, C16H32O2, obtained by hydrolysis from palm oil and natural fats, in which Palmitic Acid occurs as the glyceride, and from spermaceti: used in the manufacture of soap.
Palmitic acid can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.

Applications of Palmitic acid:

Palmitic acid has been used:
To study Palmitic acid effects on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages
To stimulate lipotoxicity in primary rat hepatocytes
In Et-bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution along with retinoic acid (RA) and retinol to study Palmitic acid effects on spermatogenesis or meiotic progression

Surfactant:
Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents.
These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil.
To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.

Foods:
Because Palmitic acid is inexpensive and adds texture and "mouthfeel" to processed foods (convenience food), palmitic acid and Palmitic acid sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs.
Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.

Military:
Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were the gelling agents used with volatile petrochemicals during World War II to produce napalm.
The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid.

Schizophrenia:
Recently, a long-acting antipsychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate (marketed as INVEGA Sustenna), used in the treatment of schizophrenia, has been synthesized using the oily palmitate ester as a long-acting release carrier medium when injected intramuscularly.
The underlying method of drug delivery is similar to that used with decanoic acid to deliver long-acting depot medication, in particular, neuroleptics such as haloperidol decanoate.

Health effects:
According to the World Health Organization, evidence is "convincing" that consumption of palmitic acid increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, based on studies indicating that Palmitic Acid may increase LDL levels in the blood.
Retinyl palmitate is a source of vitamin A added to low-fat milk to replace the vitamin content lost through the removal of milk fat.
Palmitate is attached to the alcohol form of vitamin A, retinol, to make vitamin A stable in milk.

Uses of Palmitic acid:
Palmitic acid has several uses.
For example, Palmitic acid can be used to test the hardness in water and is a part of the intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent Levovist, which is used during ultrasounds to detect certain diseases.

Palmitic acid can promote smooth skin, so Palmitic acid’s found in many soaps.
Additionally, the popular ingredient beeswax, often found in personal care items, also houses palmitic acid.
Cosmetic-wise, palmitic acid can be found in makeup used to hide imperfections such as pimples and blackheads.

Another common use for palmitic acid is in cleaning products, typically surface-active agents, such as detergent.
Palmitic acid is also used when making metallic palmitates, food-grade additives, and lube oils.

Palmitic acid is found as glycerol ester in oils and fats.
Palmitic acid is produced from palm oil, Japan wax, or Chinese vegetable tallow.

Palmitic acid is very common naturally occurring fatty acid.
Palmitic acid is used to make metallic palmitates and esters.
Palmitic acid is used in soaps and cosmetics; in lube oils; for waterproofing; in food-grade additives; as a non-drying oil (surface coating).

Palmitic acid is used in manufacture of metallic palmitates, soaps, lubricating oils, waterproofing, food-grade additives.

This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body.
Palmitic acid is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.

Industry Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Anti-freeze agent
Emulsifier
Finishing agents
Fuel
Intermediate
Intermediates
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Lubricating agent
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Opacifer
Polymerization promoter
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Stabilizing agent
Surface active agents
Surface modifier
Surfactant (surface active agent)
Viscosity modifiers

Consumer Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Emulsifier
Hardener
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Lubricating agent
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Opacifer
Surface modifier
Surfactant (surface active agent)
Viscosity adjustors

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)

Dietary Sources of Palmitic acid:
Palmitic acid is produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels.
Palmitic acid is present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil.

Karukas contain 44.90% palmitic acid.
The cetyl ester of palmitic acid (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.

Structure and Properties of Palmitic Acid:
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid (no double bond so in shorthand 16:0) member of the sub-group called long chain fatty acids (LCFA), from 14 to 18 carbon atoms.

Palmitic Acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis in humans and the fatty acid from which longer fatty acids can be produced.

Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.
This remains the primary industrial route for Palmitic Acid production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.

As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals.
In humans, one analysis found Palmitic Acid to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and Palmitic Acid is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.
Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation

One of the main functions of palmitic acid alkali salts is that they acts as emulsifiers and surfactants, allowing oil based, hydrophobic molecules to interact with water where normally they would repel each other.
This works by the fatty acid end of the salt interacting with the oil while the salt end interacts with the water creating an adapter between oil and water.

In some products this increases the stability of the product as oil and water would naturally separate without Palmitic Acid.
In soaps and cleansing oils, the fatty end grabs oil and water-resistant make up on your skin while the salt end then lets water wash everything off.

Occurrence and Production of Palmitic acid:
Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.
This remains the primary industrial route for Palmitic acid production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high-temperature water, and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled.

Biochemistry of Palmitic acid:
Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids.
As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals.

In humans, one analysis found Palmitic acid to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and Palmitic acid is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.
Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.

Some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation.
Palmitoylation is important for localisation of many membrane proteins.

Research of Palmitic acid:
Palmitic acid is well accepted in the medical community that palmitic acid from dietary sources raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol.
The World Health Organization have stated there is convincing evidence that palmitic acid increases cardiovascular disease risk.

A 2021 review indicated that replacing dietary palmitic acid and other saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, could reduce several biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Palmitic acid:

Pharmacodynamics:
Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced.
Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation

MeSH Pharmacological Classification of Palmitic acid:

Enzyme Inhibitors:
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Bionecessity:
Palmitic acid is required for biosynthesis of lung lecithin, which is related to fetal maturation.
Radiochromatogram showed high incorporation of palmitate into lecithin by fetal lung.
Content in palm oil in Nigerian meals can partly be related to low incidence of respiratory distress.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid present in the diet and synthesized endogenously.
Although often considered to have adverse effects on chronic disease in adults, Palmitic acid is an essential component of membrane, secretory, and transport lipids, with crucial roles in protein palmitoylation and signal molecules.

At birth, the term infant is 13-15% body fat, with 45-50% Palmitic acid, much of which is derived from endogenous synthesis in the fetus.
After birth, the infant accumulates adipose tissue at high rates, reaching 25% body weight as fat by 4-5 months age.

Over this time, human milk provides 10% dietary energy as Palmitic acid, but in unusual triglycerides with Palmitic acid on the glycerol center carbon.
This paper reviews the synthesis and oxidation of Palmitic acid and possible reasons why the infant is endowed with large amounts of fat and Palmitic acid.

The marked deviations in tissues with displacement of Palmitic acid that can occur in infants fed vegetable oil formulas is introduced.
Assuming fetal fatty acid synthesis and the unusual delivery of Palmitic acid in human milk evolved to afford survival advantage to the neonate, Palmitic acid is timely to question if Palmitic acid is an essential component of tissue lipids whereby both deficiency and excess are detrimental.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Palmitic acid:
Added (14)C-labeled palmitate was more significantly incorporated into lipid fractions of muscle fibers from fetal and neonatal monkeys than those from adults.

More (14)C-labeled palmitate was incorporated into lipid by adipose tissue of genetically obese rats than by controls.
Radioactivity has been traced to the heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, muscle, intestine, adrenal, blood, and lymph, and adipose, mucosal, and dental tissues after administration of radioactive oleic, palmitic, or stearic acids.

Fatty acids originating from adipose tissue stores are either bound to serum albumin or remain unesterified in the blood.

Human Metabolite Information of Palmitic acid:

Tissue Locations:
Adipose Tissue
Bladder
Epidermis
Fibroblasts
Kidney
Placenta
Platelet
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle

Cellular Locations:
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Extracellular
Membrane
Peroxisome

General Manufacturing Information of Palmitic acid:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Construction
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Machinery Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (requires additional information)
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Handling and Storage of Palmitic acid:

Safe Storage:
Separated from bases, oxidants and reducing agents.

Storage Conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Storage class (TRGS 510): Non Combustible Solids

Accidental Release Measures of Palmitic acid:

Spillage Disposal:
Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.
If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Cleanup Methods of Palmitic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Avoid dust formation.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Disposal Methods of Palmitic acid:
Recycle any unused portion of the material for Palmitic acid approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier.

Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider:
Palmitic acid's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
If Palmitic acid is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.

Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Preventive Measures of Palmitic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Avoid dust formation.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.

Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts.
The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs.

Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area.

Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to Palmitic acid point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.
Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent.
The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon Palmitic acid, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.
However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.

In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Identifiers of Palmitic acid:
CAS Number: 57-10-3
ChEMBL: ChEMBL82293
ChemSpider: 960
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.284
IUPHAR/BPS: 1055
PubChem CID: 985
UNII: 2V16EO95H1
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2021602
InChI:MInChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
Key: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
Key: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYAJ
SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O

Synonym(s): 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid, C16:0, Cetylic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, NSC 5030, PamOH
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)14COOH
CAS Number: 57-10-3
Molecular Weight: 256.42
Beilstein: 607489
EC Number: 200-312-9
MDL number: MFCD00002747
PubChem Substance ID: 24898107
NACRES: NA.25

CAS number: 57-10-3
EC number: 200-312-9
Hill Formula: C₁₆H₃₂O₂
Chemical formula: CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COOH
Molar Mass: 256.43 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 70 40

Properties of Palmitic acid:
Chemical formula: C16H32O2
Molar mass: 256.430 g/mol
Appearance: White crystals
Density: 0.852 g/cm3 (25 °C)
0.8527 g/cm3 (62 °C)[3]
Melting point: 62.9 °C (145.2 °F; 336.0 K)
Boiling point: 351–352 °C (664–666 °F; 624–625 K)
271.5 °C (520.7 °F; 544.6 K), 100 mmHg
215 °C (419 °F; 488 K), 15 mmHg
Solubility in water: 4.6 mg/L (0 °C)
7.2 mg/L (20 °C)
8.3 mg/L (30 °C)
10 mg/L (45 °C)
12 mg/L (60 °C)
Solubility: Soluble in amyl acetate, alcohol, CCl4, C6H6
Very soluble in CHCl3
Solubility in ethanol: 2 g/100 mL (0 °C)
2.8 g/100 mL (10 °C)
9.2 g/100 mL (20 °C)
31.9 g/100 mL (40 °C)
Solubility in methyl acetate: 7.81 g/100 g
Solubility in ethyl acetate: 10.7 g/100 g
Vapor pressure: 0.051 mPa (25 °C)
1.08 kPa (200 °C)
28.06 kPa (300 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 4.75
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −198.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.43 (70 °C)
Viscosity: 7.8 cP (70 °C)

Boiling point: 271.4 °C (133 hPa)
Density: 0.852 g/cm3
Flash point: 113 °C
Melting Point: 60 - 65 °C
Vapor pressure: 13 hPa (210 °C)
Bulk density: 415 kg/m3

Vapor pressure: 10 mmHg ( 210 °C)
Quality Level: 200
Assay: ≥99%
Form: powder
bp: 271.5 °C/100 mmHg (lit.)
mp: 61-62.5 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.852 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Functional group: carboxylic acid
Shipped in: ambient
Storage temp.: room temp
SMILES string: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O
InChI: 1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
InChI key: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 256.42
XLogP3: 6.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 14
Exact Mass: 256.240230259
Monoisotopic Mass: 256.240230259
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 18
Complexity: 178
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Palmitic acid:
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 98.0 % (a/a)
Melting range (lower value): ≥ 62 °C
Melting range (upper value): ≤ 64 °C
Identity (IR): passes test

Thermochemistry of Palmitic acid:
Heat capacity (C): 463.36 J/(mol·K)[6]
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 452.37 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −892 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): 10030.6 kJ/mol

Names of Palmitic Acid:

CAS names:
Hexadecanoic acid

IUPAC names:
Hexadecanoic acid
hexadecanoic acid
PALMITIC ACID
Palmitic Acid

Trade names:
CREMERAC
KORTACID 1698/1695/1690
MASCID 1680
MASCID 1698
PALMAC 80-16, Palmitic Acid 80% Min.
PALMAC 95-16, Palmitic Acid 95% Min.
PALMAC 98-16, Palmitic Acid 98% Min.
Palmata 1698
PALMERA A8016
PALMERA A9216
PALMERA A9516
PALMERA A9816
Palmitic Acid
RADIACID 0656
RADIACID 0657
RADIACID 0658
Tefacid Palmitic 92
Tefacid Palmitic 98

Preferred IUPAC names:
Hexadecanoic acid
C16:0 (Lipid numbers)

Other names:
Hexadecanoic acid
n-Hexadecoic acid
Palmitic acid
Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
Cetylic acid
Emersol 140
Emersol 143
Hexadecylic acid
Hydrofol
Hystrene 8016
Hystrene 9016
Industrene 4516
Glycon P-45
Prifac 2960
NSC 5030
Palmitinic acid
Kortacid 1695
60605-23-4
116860-99-2
212625-86-0
Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid)
Hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)

Synonyms of Palmitic acid:
palmitic acid
Hexadecanoic acid
57-10-3
Cetylic acid
palmitate
n-Hexadecanoic acid
Hexadecylic acid
Hydrofol
n-Hexadecoic acid
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
Palmitinic acid
Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
hexadecanoate
hexaectylic acid
1-Hexyldecanoic Acid
hexadecoic acid
Industrene 4516
Emersol 140
Emersol 143
Hystrene 8016
Hystrene 9016
Palmitinsaeure
Palmitic acid, pure
FEMA No. 2832
Palmitic acid 95%
Kortacid 1698
Loxiol EP 278
Palmitic acid (natural)
Hydrofol Acid 1690
Prifac 2960
Pristerene 4934
Edenor C16
Lunac P 95KC
C16:0
Lunac P 95
Lunac P 98
Cetyl acid
HSDB 5001
AI3-01594
NSC 5030
Pristerene-4934
Palmitic acid (NF)
Glycon P-45
CHEBI:15756
NSC5030
Prifac-2960
NSC-5030
Hexadecanoic acid (9CI)
MFCD00002747
Palmitic acid (7CI,8CI)
CHEMBL82293
CH3-[CH2]14-COOH
IMEX C 1498
2V16EO95H1
n-hexadecoate
LMFA01010001
PA 900
67701-02-4
FA 16:0
FA 1695
1-hexyldecanoate
NCGC00164358-01
pentadecanecarboxylate
Hexadecanoic acid 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
C16H32O2
PLM
palmic acid
Hexadecanoate (n-C16:0)
CAS-57-10-3
CCRIS 5443
SR-01000944716
EINECS 200-312-9
Palmitic acid [USAN:NF]
BRN 0607489
palmitoate
Hexadecoate
Palmitinate
palmitic-acid
palmitoic acid
Hexadecanoicacid
Aethalic acid
UNII-2V16EO95H1
Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid
2hmb
2hnx
Palmitic acid_jeyam
Palmitic Acid, FCC
Kortacid 1695
Palmitic acid_RaGuSa
Univol U332
Prifrac 2960
Hexadecanoic acid anion
3v2q
Palmitic acid, >=99%
bmse000590
Epitope ID:141181
EC 200-312-9
CETYL ACID [VANDF]
PALMITIC ACID [II]
PALMITIC ACID [MI]
SCHEMBL6177
PALMITIC ACID [DSC]
PALMITIC ACID [FCC]
PALMITIC ACID [FHFI]
PALMITIC ACID [HSDB]
PALMITIC ACID [INCI]
PALMITIC ACID [USAN]
4-02-00-01157 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
FAT
WLN: QV15
P5585_SIGMA
PALMITIC ACID [VANDF]
PALMITIC ACID [MART.]
GTPL1055
QSPL 166
PALMITIC ACID [USP-RS]
PALMITIC ACID [WHO-DD]
(1(1)(3)C)hexadecanoic acid
DTXSID2021602
1b56
HMS3649N08
Palmitic acid, analytical standard
Palmitic acid, BioXtra, >=99%
Palmitic acid, Grade II, ~95%
HY-N0830
Palmitic acid, natural, 98%, FG
ZINC6072466
Tox21_112105
Tox21_201671
Tox21_302966
AC9381
BBL011563
BDBM50152850
PALMITIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
s3794
STL146733
EDENOR C 16-98-100
Palmitic acid, >=95%, FCC, FG
AKOS005720983
Tox21_112105_1
CCG-267027
CR-0047
DB03796
Palmitic acid, for synthesis, 98.0%
SURFAXIN COMPONENT PALMITIC ACID
NCGC00164358-02
NCGC00164358-03
NCGC00256424-01
NCGC00259220-01
BP-27917
LUCINACTANT COMPONENT PALMITIC ACID
Palmitic acid, purum, >=98.0% (GC)
SY006518
CS-0009861
FT-0626965
FT-0772579
P0002
P1145
Palmitic acid, SAJ first grade, >=95.0%
EN300-19603
A14813
C00249
D05341
Palmitic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
Palmitic acid, >=98% palmitic acid basis (GC)
A831313
HEXADECANOIC ACID-13C16 (ALGAL SOURCE) (
Q209727
SR-01000944716-1
SR-01000944716-2
BA71C79B-C9B1-451A-A5BE-B480B5CC7D0C
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SPIRULINA) [DSC]
F0001-1488
Z104474418
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SAW PALMETTO) [DSC]
Palmitic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Palmitic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Palmitic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Palmitic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sodium Palmitate, Palmitic acid sodium salt, Sodium hexadecanoate, Sodium pentadecanecarboxylate, HSDB 759

palmitic acid; n-Hexadecoic acid; Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; n-Hexadecanoic acid; 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; Cetylic acid; Hexadecylic acid; cas no: 57-10-3

Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone.


CAS Number: 57-10-3
EC Number: 200-312-9
Chemical formula: C16H32O2


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate.
A common saturated fatty acid, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), is found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of *Levovist*TM, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)'s chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D (the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon–carbon double bonds) is 16:0.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil), making up to 44% of total fats.
Meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products also contain Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), amounting to 50–60% of total fats.
Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid.


The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4).
Major sources of C16:0 are palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and milk fat.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms.


As its name indicates, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil).
Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids.


As a consequence, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major body component of animals.
In humans, one analysis found Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.


To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.
Aluminium salts of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm.


The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), a term for fatty acids containing 13 to 21 carbons.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) contains 16 carbons.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is found in most fats and oils, such as soybean oil.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can also be found naturally in plants and animals and created in laboratories.
Additionally, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be found in foods such as palm oil, butter, meat, milk, and cheese.
Soybean oil is commonly found throughout human food and has many other applications as well.


One part of soybean oil is Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Many think that lowering the palmitic acid in soybean oil would reduce the fatty acid in the oil and increase the oil’s quality, making it better for humans to eat.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) structure contains a 16-carbon backbone.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) molecular formula contains C16H32O2, which is 16 carbon, 32 hydrogens, and 2 oxygen.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a molecular weight of 256.42.


The appearance of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be in a dry powder form, liquid, or other solid material.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is often colorless with white crystalline scales.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a slight distinctive odor and taste but otherwise is odorless.


When heated and decayed, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) gives off an acrid smoke.
As the first fatty acid to be produced during initial fatty acid synthesis, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a primary part of an animal’s body.
Additionally, in humans, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been seen to make up 21% to 30% of human depository fat.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap fluid), feces, saliva, sweat, and urine, and also in tissues, including adipose tissue a.k.a. body fat, the bladder, skin, certain cells called fibroblasts, kidney, placenta, platelet, prostate, and skeletal muscle.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), also known as palmitate or C16, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids.


These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water and relatively neutral.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms.


As its name indicates, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil).
In humans and other mammals, excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids.


As a consequence, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major lipid component of animals.
In humans, one analysis found Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132).


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sea-buckthornberries, avocado, star fruits, babassu palms, and acerola.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids.


These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is available in liquid or solid (bead or flake) forms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a light odor and a white or pale appearance, and it can last for up two years when stored according to instructions in the product MSDS (one year in its liquid form).


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), also known as C16 or hexadecanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids.
These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in animal and plant lipids.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a white glossy solid and a major component of the oil derived from palm kernels.
This saturated fatty acid, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), occurs naturally in the fats of many animals, plants and microorganisms; and can also be found in butter, cheese, milk, meat, sunflower oil and soybean oil.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids.
These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced.


Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid that targets proteins to cell membranes


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), a 16 carbon saturated fatty acid, has been reported to target proteins to cell membranes.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been found to promote triglyceride accumulation and also affect cell viability.
Triglyceride accumulation in goose hepatocytes shows the ability to induce apoptosis.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid used in hair care, cosmetics, soaps, paint, rubber, food, pharmaceuticals, animal feed and textiles.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of the most common 16 carbon saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) occurs as the glyceryl ester in many oils and fats.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been reported to target proteins to cell membranes.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), also known as palmitate or C16, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids.
These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water and relatively neutral.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms.
As its name indicates, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil).
In humans and other mammals, excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids.
As a consequence, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major lipid component of animals.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sea-buckthornberries, avocado, star fruits, babassu palms, and acerola.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
Cosmetic Uses of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid):skin conditioning - emollient and surfactant - emulsifying.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), as the name implies, is a fatty acid present in palm oil.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can also be derived from many other plant and vegetable sources — in fact, it is the most commonly occurring natural fatty acid in the world.


As a result of this ubiquity, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a wide range of uses in manufacturing and other applications.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is inexpensive and easy to produce, making it an excellent choice for many industrial applications.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in the production of soaps, detergents and cosmetics as an emulsifier.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also a texturing agent for foods, a waxy cover for fruits and vegetables, and a source of anionic and nonionic surfactants and esters.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be further refined or combined with other chemical agents to produce isopropyl palmitate, cetyl alcohol and other additives.


Personal Care uses of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid): Emulsifier for Facial Creams and Lotions, often used in Shaving Cream Formulations.
Waxes uses of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid): Fruit Wax Formulations.
Surfactants and Esters uses of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid): Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants.


Food and Beverage uses of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid): Raw Material for Emulsifiers.
Soaps and Detergents uses of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid): Intermediate.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is commonly used in personal care products and cosmetics.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can promote smooth skin, so it’s found in many soaps.
Additionally, the popular ingredient beeswax, often found in personal care items, also houses Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).


Cosmetic-wise, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be found in makeup used to hide imperfections such as pimples and blackheads.
Another common use for Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is in cleaning products, typically surface-active agents, such as detergent.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also used when making metallic palmitates, food-grade additives, and lube oils.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has several uses.
For example, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be used to test the hardness in water and is a part of the intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent Levovist, which is used during ultrasounds to detect certain diseases.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents.
These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil.
To this end, palm oil triglycerides, rendered from palm trees (species Elaeis guineensis), are treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.


Aluminium salts of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm.
The word "napalm" is derived from the word’s naphthenic acid and Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be used in the production of soaps and other personal care products.
Its surfactant properties make it an effective cleanser, while Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) also has emollient applications in skincare, helping soften skin and retain moisture.


This high purity fatty acid, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), is ideal as a standard and for biological studies.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is considered the most abundant saturated fatty acid in nature comprising 20-30% of the lipids in many animal tissues.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been found to cause reduced insulin activity due to its mediation of PKC-
activation in the central nervous system.


During the metabolism of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) it is converted to the omegahydroxy hexadecanoic acid and then to the dicarboxylic hexadecanedioc acid.
Long chain fatty acids have been found to inhibit the double-stranded DNA binding activity of p53 DNA binding domain suggesting that fatty acids in the cell membrane might regulate the activity of p53 for cell division, cell-cycle checkpoint, and tumor suppression.


Saturated fatty acids, such as Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), induce apoptosis in beta-cells which can lead to the development of diabetes.
Long chain fatty acids acylated to sphingolipids are critical in many biological functions and substantial amounts are found to be amide-linked to the long-chain sphingoid base sphinganine, forming a ceramide, which constitutes the lipid backbone of sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids.


Long chain fatty acids can often be found in esterified linkages with cholesterol, gangliosides, galactocerebrosides, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylcholine.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a fatty used as a food additive and emollient or surfactant in cosmetics.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), also known as palmic acid, is a fatty acid found in plants, animals, and microorganisms and is primarily used to produce cosmetics, soaps, and release agents.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been used to synthesize Musk R1, 10-hydroxy-2-decylenic acid (queen acid), as the intermediates of new drug for resistance to senile dementia -idebenone, and other medicine ,etc.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been used as the sebaceous secrete inhibitor in cosmetics.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be also used in electric industry.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used as a thickening agent of napalm used in military actions.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents.
These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil.


To this end, palm oil triglycerides, rendered from palm trees (species Elaeis guineensis), are treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.
Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm.


The word "napalm" is derived from the word’s naphthenic acid and palmitic acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid used in hair care, cosmetics, soaps, paint, rubber, food, pharmaceuticals, animal feed and textiles.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used to prepare sodium palmitate which is a natural additive in organic products.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is involved in the preparation of cetyl alcohol utilized in the preparation of detergents and cosmetics.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used to prepare sodium palmitate which is a natural additive in organic products.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is involved in the preparation of cetyl alcohol utilized in the preparation of detergents and cosmetics.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid that is found in many animal and vegetable fats.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been used as a model system for studying the effects of salt on enzyme activity, specifically in the murine sarcoma virus.


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has also been shown to have significant cytotoxicity at low concentrations due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis, which may be due to receptor activity or phase transition temperature.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been shown to have bioactive properties that include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as well as the ability to protect against reactive oxygen species and apoptosis.



BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) usually obtained from palm oil.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is widely distributed in plants.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in determination of water hardness.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
*Straight chain fatty acids
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
*Long-chain fatty acid
*Straight chain fatty acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



SOLUBILITY OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is soluble in hot alcohol, acetone, benzene, ethyl ether, amyl acetate, propyl alcohol and chloroform. Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is slightly soluble in cold alcohol and petroleum ether. Insoluble in water.



BIOCHEMISTRY OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids.
As a consequence, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major body component of animals.
In humans, one analysis found Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.

Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.
Some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation.
Palmitoylation is important for localisation of many membrane proteins.



OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.
This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high-temperature water, and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled.



DIETARY SOURCES OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil.
Karukas contain 44.90% Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
The cetyl ester of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), cetyl palmitate, occurs in spermaceti.



MILITARY OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
Aluminium salts of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and naphthenic acid were the gelling agents used with volatile petrochemicals during World War II to produce napalm.
The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).



RESEARCH OF PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
It is well accepted in the medical community that Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) from dietary sources raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol.
The World Health Organization have stated there is convincing evidence that Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) increases cardiovascular disease risk.
A 2021 review indicated that replacing dietary Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and other saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, could reduce several biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
Chemical formula: C16H32O2
Molar mass: 256.430 g/mol
Appearance: White crystals
Density: 0.852 g/cm3 (25 °C)
0.8527 g/cm3 (62 °C)
Melting point: 62.9 °C (145.2 °F; 336.0 K)
Boiling point: 351–352 °C (664–666 °F; 624–625 K)
271.5 °C (520.7 °F; 544.6 K), 100 mmHg
215 °C (419 °F; 488 K), 15 mmHg
Solubility in water: 4.6 mg/L (0 °C)
7.2 mg/L (20 °C)
8.3 mg/L (30 °C)
10 mg/L (45 °C)
12 mg/L (60 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in amyl acetate, alcohol, CCl4,C6H6
Very soluble in CHCl3
Solubility in ethanol 2 g/100 mL (0 °C)
2.8 g/100 mL (10 °C)
9.2 g/100 mL (20 °C)
31.9 g/100 mL (40 °C)
Solubility in methyl acetate: 7.81 g/100 g
Solubility in ethyl acetate: 10.7 g/100 g
Vapor pressure: 0.051 mPa (25 °C)
1.08 kPa (200 °C)
28.06 kPa (300 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 4.75
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −198.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.43 (70 °C)

Viscosity: 7.8 cP (70 °C)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 463.36 J/(mol·K)
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 452.37 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −892 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): 10030.6 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 256.42 g/mol
XLogP3: 6.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 14
Exact Mass: 256.240230259 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 256.240230259 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 18
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity:178
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: solid
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 60 - 65 °C

Initial boiling point and boiling range: 271,5 °C at 133 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 113 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 7,8 mPa.s at 70 °C
Water solubility: 0,00005 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 7,17

Vapor pressure: 13 hPa at 210 °C
Density: 0,852 g/cm3 at 62 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Bulk density: 415 kg/m3
Surface tension: 28,2 mN/m at 70 °C
Chemical Formula: C16H32O2
Average Molecular Weight: 256.4241
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 256.240230268
IUPAC Name: hexadecanoic acid

Traditional Name: palmitic acid
CAS Registry Number: 57-10-3
SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
InChI Key: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting Point: 61.8 °C Not Available
Boiling Point: Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility: 4.0e-05 mg/mL Not Available
LogP: 7.17
Melting Point: 61-62.5 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 340.6±5.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 154.1±12.5 °C
Molecular Formula: C16H32O2
Molecular Weight: 256.424

Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Appearance: white to pale yellow crystalline solid (est)
Assay: 96.00 to 100.00
Water Content: <0.20%
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Melting Point: 61.00 to 64.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 204.00 to 220.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Congealing Point: 53.30 to 62.00 °C.
Saponification Value: 205.00 to 221.00
Unsaponifiable Matter: <1.50%
Vapor Pressure: 10.000000 mmHg @ 210.00 °C.
Flash Point: 238.00 °F. TCC ( 114.44 °C. )
logP (o/w): 7.170

Soluble in:alcohol, chloroform, ether
water, 0.04 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Insoluble in: water
CAS number: 57-10-3
EC number: 200-312-9
Hill Formula: C₁₆H₃₂O₂
Chemical formula: CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COOH
Molar Mass: 256.43 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 70 11
Boiling point: 271.4 °C (133 hPa)
Density: 0.852 g/cm3
Flash point: 113 °C
Melting Point: 60 - 65 °C
Vapor pressure: 13 hPa (210 °C)

Bulk density: 415 kg/m3
Water Solubility: 0.00041 g/L
logP: 7.23
logP: 6.26
logS: -5.8
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 4.95
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 1
Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 14
Refractivity: 77.08 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 34.36 ų
Number of Rings: 0

Bioavailability: No
Rule of Five: No
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
Chemical Formula: C16H32O2
IUPAC name: hexadecanoic acid
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
InChI Key: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O
Average Molecular Weight: 256.4241
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 256.240230268
CAS number: 57-10-3
Weight Average: 256.4241

Monoisotopic: 256.240230268
InChI Key: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
IUPAC Name: hexadecanoic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: palmitic acid
Chemical Formula: C16H32O2
SMILES: [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H]
ΔcH°liquid: [-10028.60; -9977.20] kJ/mol
ΔcH°solid: -9977.60 ± 8.80 kJ/mol
ΔfG°: -181.90 kJ/mol
ΔfH°gas: -730.00 ± 5.50 kJ/mol
ΔfH°liquid: -848.40 ± 2.20 kJ/mol
ΔfusH°: [52.55; 53.50] kJ/mol
ΔsubH°: 194.00 ± 11.00 kJ/mol
ΔvapH°: 74.64 kJ/mol
log10WS: -6.81
logPoct/wat: 5.552
McVol: 243.740 ml/mol

Pc: 1468.41 ± 85.00 kPa
Ptriple: 8.27e-06 ± 4.00e-06 kPa
Inp: [321.57; 2010.00]
I: [2871.00; 2954.00]
S°solid,1 bar: [438.65; 543.50] J/mol×K
Tboil: 612.15 ± 6.00 K
Tc: 785.22 ± 3.00 K
Tfus: [334.85; 337.22] K
Ttriple: [335.05; 336.25] K
Cp,gas: [719.80; 805.28] J/mol×K [711.53; 880.17]
Cp,solid: [448.00; 678.00] J/mol×K [292.50; 373.00]
η: [0.0000353; 0.0035737] Pa×s [380.83; 711.53]
ΔfusH: [47.00; 54.94] kJ/mol [332.70; 336.50]
ΔsubH: [134.00; 154.40] kJ/mol [288.00; 326.50]
ΔvapH: [90.10; 121.60] kJ/mol [298.00; 532.50]
Pvap: [1.33; 9.33] kPa [483.30; 533.40]
ΔfusS: [163.50; 163.50] J/mol×K [335.73; 336.00]



FIRST AID MEASURES of PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
none



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary



HANDLING and STORAGE of PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PALMITIC ACID (HEXADECANOIC ACID):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
Strong heating.
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Palmitic Acid, Hexadecanoic Acid
Hexadecanoic acid
Palmitic acid
C16:0 (Lipid numbers)
palmitic acid
Hexadecanoic acid
57-10-3
Cetylic acid
palmitate
n-Hexadecanoic acid
Hexadecylic acid
Hydrofol
n-Hexadecoic acid
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
Palmitinic acid
hexaectylic acid
Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
hexadecoic acid
1-Hexyldecanoic Acid
Industrene 4516
Emersol 140
Emersol 143
Hystrene 8016
Hystrene 9016
Palmitinsaeure
Palmitic acid, pure
Palmitic acid 95%
Kortacid 1698
FEMA No. 2832
Loxiol EP 278
Palmitic acid (natural)
Hydrofol Acid 1690
Cetyl acid
Prifac 2960
C16:0
HSDB 5001
Pristerene 4934
Pristerene-4934
Edenor C16
NSC 5030
AI3-01594
Lunac P 95KC
Lunac P 95
Lunac P 98
CCRIS 5443
Prifac-2960
CHEBI:15756
NSC5030
NSC-5030
EINECS 200-312-9
UNII-2V16EO95H1
FA 16:0
BRN 0607489
Palmitic acid (NF)
DTXSID2021602
Glycon P-45
IMEX C 1498
2V16EO95H1
Hexadecanoic acid (9CI)
MFCD00002747
Palmitic acid (7CI,8CI)
CHEMBL82293
DTXCID101602
CH3-[CH2]14-COOH
EC 200-312-9
4-02-00-01157 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
n-hexadecoate
LMFA01010001
PA 900
EDENOR C 16-98-100
67701-02-4
FA 1695
SURFAXIN COMPONENT PALMITIC ACID
1-hexyldecanoate
NCGC00164358-01
LUCINACTANT COMPONENT PALMITIC ACID
pentadecanecarboxylate
Hexadecanoic acid 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
HEXADECANOIC-11,11,12,12-D4 ACID
PALMITIC ACID (II)
PALMITIC ACID [II]
PALMITIC ACID (MART.)
PALMITIC ACID [MART.]
CH3-(CH2)14-COOH
Palmitic acid
Hexadecanoic acid
PLM
palmic acid
Hexadecanoate (n-C16:0)
PALMITIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH)
PALMITIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
Acid, Palmitic
CAS-57-10-3
Acid, Hexadecanoic
SR-01000944716
Palmitic acid [USAN:NF]
palmitoate
Hexadecoate
Palmitinate
Palmitinsaure
palmitic-acid
palmitoic acid
Hexadecanoicacid
Aethalic acid
Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid
2hmb
2hnx
Palmitic acid_jeyam
n-Hexadecyclic Acid
fatty acid 16:0
Palmitic Acid, FCC
Kortacid 1695
Palmitic acid_RaGuSa
Univol U332
1219802-61-5
Prifrac 2960
Hexadecanoic acid anion
Hexadecanoic--d5 Acid
3v2q
Palmitic acid, >=99%
bmse000590
Epitope ID:141181
CETYL ACID [VANDF]
PALMITIC ACID [MI]
SCHEMBL6177
PALMITIC ACID [DSC]
PALMITIC ACID [FCC]
PALMITIC ACID [FHFI]
PALMITIC ACID [HSDB]
PALMITIC ACID [INCI]
PALMITIC ACID [USAN]
FAT
WLN: QV15
P5585_SIGMA
PALMITIC ACID [VANDF]
GTPL1055
QSPL 166
PALMITIC ACID [USP-RS]
PALMITIC ACID [WHO-DD]
(1(1)(3)C)hexadecanoic acid
1b56
HMS3649N08
Palmitic acid, analytical standard
Palmitic acid, BioXtra, >=99%
Palmitic acid, Grade II, ~95%
HY-N0830
Palmitic acid, natural, 98%, FG
Tox21_112105
Tox21_201671
Tox21_302966
AC9381
BDBM50152850
s3794
Palmitic acid, >=95%, FCC, FG
AKOS005720983
Tox21_112105_1
CCG-267027
CR-0047
DB03796
Palmitic acid, for synthesis, 98.0%
NCGC00164358-02
NCGC00164358-03
NCGC00256424-01
NCGC00259220-01
BP-27917
Palmitic acid, purum, >=98.0% (GC)
SY006518
CS-0009861
FT-0626965
FT-0772579
P0002
P1145
Palmitic acid, SAJ first grade, >=95.0%
EN300-19603
C00249
D05341
Palmitic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SPIRULINA)
Palmitic acid, >=98% palmitic acid basis (GC)
A831313
Q209727
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF FLAX SEED OIL)
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SAW PALMETTO)
SR-01000944716-1
SR-01000944716-2
BA71C79B-C9B1-451A-A5BE-B480B5CC7D0C
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BORAGE SEED OIL)
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SPIRULINA) [DSC]
F0001-1488
Z104474418
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF EVENING PRIMROSE OIL)
PALMITIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF SAW PALMETTO) [DSC]
Palmitic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Palmitic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Palmitic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Palmitic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sodium Palmitate
Palmitic acid sodium salt
Sodium hexadecanoate
Sodium pentadecanecarboxylate
HSDB 759
n-Hexadecanoic acid
Palmitic acid
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
Cetostearic acid
Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
Palmitinic acid
(E)-[p-((1,2-Dihydroxypropyloxy)-p′-(propargyloxy)] azobenzene
Palmitates, Cetylic acid
NSC 5030
n-Hexadecoic acid
Hexadecanoic acid
n-Hexadecoic acid
Palmitic acid
Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
Cetylic acid
Emersol 140
Emersol 143
Hexadecylic acid
Hydrofol
Hystrene 8016
Hystrene 9016
Industrene 4516
Glycon P-45
Prifac 2960
NSC 5030
Palmitinic acid
Kortacid 1695
60605-23-4
116860-99-2
212625-86-0
Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid)
Hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)
1-Hexyldecanoic acid
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
16:00
C16
C16 Fatty acid
C16:0
Cetylic acid
CH3-[CH2]14-COOH
FA 16:0
Hexadecanoate
Hexadecoic acid
Hexadecylic acid
Hexaectylic acid
N-Hexadecanoic acid
N-Hexadecoic acid
Palmitate
Palmitinic acid
Palmitinsaeure
Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
1-Hexyldecanoate
1-Pentadecanecarboxylate
Cetylate
Hexadecanoic acid
Hexadecoate
Hexadecylate
Hexaectylate
N-Hexadecanoate
N-Hexadecoate
Palmitinate
Pentadecanecarboxylate
Edenor C16
Emersol 140
Emersol 143
Glycon p-45
Hexadecanoate (N-C16:0)
Hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid
Hydrofol
Hydrofol acid 1690
Hystrene 8016
Hystrene 9016
Industrene 4516
Kortacid 1698
Loxiol ep 278
Lunac p 95
Lunac p 95KC
Lunac p 98
Palmitoate
Palmitoic acid
PAM
PLM
Prifac 2960
Prifrac 2960
Pristerene 4934
Univol u332
Acid, hexadecanoic
Acid, palmitic
FA(16:0)
n-hexadecanoic acid
1-hexadecanoic acid
hexdecanoic acid
Hexadecanoic acid
MFCD00002747
EINECS 200-312-9
Neo-Fat 16
Palmitic acid
1-Hexyldecanoate
1-Hexyldecanoic acid
1-Pentadecanecarboxylate
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
16:00
Acid, hexadecanoic
Acid, palmitic
Aethalic acid
C16
C16 Fatty acid
C16 fatty acid
C16:0
Cetylate
Cetylic acid
CH3-[CH2]14-COOH
Edenor C16
Emersol 140
Emersol 143
FA 16:0
FA(16:0)
FEMA 2832
Glycon p-45
Glycon P-45
Hexadecanoate
Hexadecanoate (N-C16:0)
Hexadecanoic acid
Hexadecanoic acid (9CI)
Hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid
Hexadecoate
Hexadecoic acid
Hexadecylate
Hexadecylic acid
Hexaectylate
Hexaectylic acid
Hydrofol
Hydrofol acid 1690
Hystrene 8016
Hystrene 9016
Industrene 4516
Kortacid 1698
Loxiol ep 278
Lunac p 95
Lunac P 95
Lunac p 95KC
Lunac P 95kc
Lunac p 98
Lunac P 98
N-Hexadecanoate
N-Hexadecanoic acid
N-Hexadecoate
N-Hexadecoic acid
Palmitate
Palmitic acid
Palmitic acid, USAN
Palmitinate
Palmitinic acid
Palmitinsaeure
Palmitoate
Palmitoic acid
PAM
1-hexyldecanoate
1-hexyldecanoic acid
1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
C16 fatty acid
Cetylic acid
Coconut oil fatty acids
Edenor C16
Hexadecanoate
Hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid
Hexadecanoic acid
Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid)
Hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid
Hexadecoate
Hexadecoic acid
Hexadecylic acid
Hexaectylic acid
Hydrofol
n-Hexadecanoate
n-Hexadecanoic acid
n-Hexadecoate
n-Hexadecoic acid
Palmitate
palmitic acid
Palmitinate
Palmitinic acid
Palmitinsaeure
palmitoate
palmitoic acid
PAM
Pentadecanecarboxylate
Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
PLM
16:00
C16
C16:0
CH3-[CH2]14-COOH
FA 16:0
1-Pentadecanecarboxylate
Cetylate
Hexadecylate
Hexaectylate
Emersol 140
Emersol 143
Glycon p-45
Hexadecanoate (N-C16:0)
Hydrofol acid 1690
Hystrene 8016
Hystrene 9016
Industrene 4516
Kortacid 1698
Loxiol ep 278
Lunac p 95
Lunac p 95KC
Lunac p 98
Prifac 2960
Prifrac 2960
Pristerene 4934
Univol u332
Acid, hexadecanoic
Acid, palmitic
FA(16:0)
C16H32O2
Hexadecanoic Acid
Cetylic Acid
Palmitate
n-Hexadecanoic Acid
Hexadecanoic Acid Palmitic Acid
1 Pentadecanecarboxylic Acid
Pentadecanecarboxylic Acid
1 Pentadecanecarboxylate
Hexadecanoate (N C16:0)
Pentadecanecarboxylate
1 Hexyldecanoic Acid
N Hexadecanoic Acid
Hydrofol Acid 1690
Acid, Hexadecanoic
16:00
N Hexadecoic Acid
Hexadecanoic Acid
Ch3 [Ch2]14 Cooh
Hexadecylic Acid
Hexaectylic Acid
1 Hexyldecanoate
Hexadecoic Acid
Palmitinic Acid
N Hexadecanoate
Industrene 4516
Pristerene 4934
C16 Fatty Acid
Palmitinsaeure
Palmitoic Acid
Acid, Palmitic
Hexadecanoate
N Hexadecoate
Hystrene 8016
Hystrene 9016
Kortacid 1698
Loxiol Ep 278
Cetylic Acid
Hexadecylate
Hexaectylate
Lunac P 95 Kc
Prifrac 2960
Hexadecoate
Palmitinate
Emersol 140
Emersol 143
Glycon P 45
Prifac 2960
Univol U332
Edenor C16
Lunac P 95
Lunac P 98
Palmitoate
Palmitate
Cetylate
Hydrofol
Fa(16:0)
C16:0
C16
Pam
Plm

PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1, N° CAS : 147732-56-7. Nom INCI : PALMITOYL TRIPEPTIDE-1. Nom chimique : L-Lysine, N-(1-oxohexadecyl)glycyl-L-histidyl-. N° EINECS/ELINCS : Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

N° CAS : 142-91-6 - Palmitate d’isopropyle, Hexadecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester; Hexadecanoic acid; 1-methylethyl ester Isopropyl Palmitate; CAS 142-91-6; Hexadecansäure-1-methylethylester, propan-2-yl hexadecanoateNom INCI : ISOPROPYL PALMITATE, Nom chimique : Isopropyl palmitate, Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau; Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit; Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques. Isopropyl palmitate. Le palmitate d'isopropyle est l' ester de l' alcool isopropylique et l' acide palmitique . Il est un émollient , hydratant , un agent épaississant et un agent anti-statique . La formule chimique est un groupe CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 COOCH (CH 3 ). Propan-2-yl hexadécanoate. Autres noms: Isopropyl hexadecanoatel;l'ester isopropylique de l'acide hexadécanoïque;l'acide hexadécanoïque;ester 1-méthyléthyl;izopropilpalmitat, izopropil palmitat

Palmitate d’octyle,synonyme : Octyl palmitate, ethylhexyl palmitate,Cas : 29806-73-3, EC : 249-862-1, Le palmitate d'éthylhexyle, palmitate de 2-éthylhexyle,Huile estérifiée,Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques, Palmitate de 2-ethylhexyl désodorisé / 2-ethylhexyl palmitate deodorized, Préparations cosmétiques, Autres appellations: Octyl palmitate | Ethyl hexyl palmitate | Ethylhexylpalmitate | Ethylhexyl palmitate

ASCORBYL PALMITATE, N° CAS : 137-66-6 - Palmitate d'ascorbyle,utres langues : Ascorbylpalmitat, Palmitato de ascorbilo, Palmitato di ascorbile, Nom INCI : ASCORBYL PALMITATE Nom chimique : 6-O-Palmitoylascorbic acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-305-4, Ses fonctions (INCI): Antioxydant : Inhibe les réactions favorisées par l'oxygène, évitant ainsi l'oxydation et la rancidité. Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit

CETYL PALMITATE, N° CAS : 540-10-3, Nom INCI : CETYL PALMITATE, Nom chimique : Hexadecyl hexadecanoate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 208-736-6, Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit, Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Noms français : ESTER HEXADECYLIQUE DE L'ACIDE HEXADECANOIQUE; Palmitate d'hexadécyle; Palmitate de cétyle; PALMITIC ACID, HEXADECYL ESTER. Noms anglais : Cetyl palmitate; HEXADECYL PALMITATE; PALMITYL PALMITATE Utilisation: Agent dispersant. Hexadecyl palmitate; Palmitic acid, hexadecyl ester; hexadecyl hexadecanoate; Crodamol CP; Waglinol 24216; 1-Hexadecyl hexadecanoate 309-375-8 [EINECS] 540-10-3 [RN] CETYL PALMITATE Cetyl palmitate 15 Cetyl palmitate 95 Hexadecanoic acid hexadecyl ester Hexadecanoic acid, hexadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name] hexadecanyl hexadecanoate hexadecyl hexadecanoate Hexadecyl palmitate Hexadecylpalmitat [German] MFCD00053739 [MDL number] n-hexadecanyl palmitate n-Hexadecyl hexadecanoate Palmitate d'hexadécyle [French] PALMITIC ACID CETYL ESTER palmitic acid hexadecyl ester Palmitic acid palmityl ester palmitic acid, cetyl ester palmityl palmitate Ceryl palmitate CETEARYL OLIVATE CETEARYL PALMITATE Cetin CETYLPALMITATE Crodamol CP Cutina CP Hexadecanoic acid,hexadecyl ester Hexadecyl ester of hexadecanoic acid hexadecyl palmitate, ??? 97.0% Kessco 653 Myristyl stearate n-hexadecyl palmitate, 95% n-hexadecyl palmitate, 98% Palmitic acid, hexadecyl ester palmityl palmitate, 96% Precifac ATO Radia 7500 Rewowax CG Schercemol CP Standamul 1616 Starfol CP Waxenol 815 WE(16:0/16:0)

acide hexadécanoïque, Acide n-hexadécanoïque, Acide cétylique, Acide palmitique, No CAS: 57-10-3, EC / List no.: 200-312-9, Mol. formula: C16H32O2.1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid, C16 fatty acid, Cetylic acid, Emersol, Hexadecylic acid, Hydrofol, Hystrene, Industrene, n-Hexadecanoic acid, n-Hexadecoic acid, Palmitate, Palmitic acid, Palmitic acid (natural), Palmitic acid 95%, Palmitic acid, pure, Pentadecanecarboxylic acid

PANTHENYL ETHYL ETHER N° CAS : 667-83-4 Nom INCI : PANTHENYL ETHYL ETHER Nom chimique : (+)-N-(3-Ethoxypropyl)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyramide N° EINECS/ELINCS : 211-569-1 Ses fonctions (INCI) Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance

P-ANISIC ACID p-Anisic acid p-Anisic acid[1] Skeletal formula of p-anisic acid Ball-and-stick model of the p-anisic acid molecule Names IUPAC name 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Other names Draconic acid Identifiers CAS Number 100-09-4 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:40813 ChEMBL ChEMBL21932 ChEMBL1762657 ChemSpider 10181338 ECHA InfoCard 100.002.562 PubChem CID 7478 Properties Chemical formula C8H8O3 Molar mass 152.149 g·mol−1 Density 1.385 g/cm3 Melting point 184 °C (363 °F; 457 K) (sublimation) Boiling point 275 to 280 °C (527 to 536 °F; 548 to 553 K) Solubility in water 1 part per 2500 Structure[2] Crystal structure monoclinic Space group P21/a Lattice constant a = 16.98 Å, b = 10.95 Å, c = 3.98 Å α = 90°, β = 98.7°, γ = 90° Formula units (Z) 4 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references p-Anisic acid, also known as 4-methoxybenzoic acid or draconic acid, is one of the isomers of anisic acid. The term "anisic acid" often refers to this form specifically. It is a white crystalline solid which is insoluble in water, highly soluble in alcohols and soluble in ether, and ethyl acetate. Synthesis and occurrence p-Anisic acid is found naturally in anise. It is generally obtained by the oxidation of anethole or p-methoxyacetophenone. Uses p-Anisic acid has antiseptic properties. It is also used as an intermediate in the preparation of more complex organic compounds. Properties mp 182-185 °C (lit.) SMILES string COc1ccc(cc1)C(O)=O InChI 1S/C8H8O3/c1-11-7-4-2-6(3-5-7)8(9)10/h2-5H,1H3,(H,9,10) InChI key ZEYHEAKUIGZSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Description Biochem/physiol Actions Metabolite of aniracetam that mimics its anxiolytic actions. It is also an inhibitor of tyrosinase. p-Anisic Acid What: p-Anisic acid is found naturally in anise. p-Anisic Acid is a white crystalline solid which is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohols, ether, and ethyl acetate. p-Anisic acid has antiseptic properties and is used as a preservative in cosmetic products. Origin: p-Anisic acid is generally obtained by the oxidation of anethole, an aromatic compound that occurs in essential oils . Products Found In: Skincare, body care, hair care, sun protection products, anti-aging skincare. Alternative Names: P-Anisic Acid, 4-Anisic Acid, Benzoic Acid, 4-Methoxy-, Draconic Acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic Acid, P-Methoxybenzoic Acid, 4-Methoxy- Benzoic Acid, Benzoic Acid, 4methoxy, Benzoic Acid, 4-Methoxy- (9ci). Toxicity: p-Anisic Acid is generally classified as having a low toxicity rating (EWG). Molecular Weight of p-Anisic Acid: 152.15 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) XLogP3 of p-Anisic Acid: 2 Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of p-Anisic Acid: 1 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of p-Anisic Acid: 3 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Rotatable Bond Count of p-Anisic Acid: 2 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Exact Mass of p-Anisic Acid: 152.047344 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Monoisotopic Mass of p-Anisic Acid: 152.047344 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Topological Polar Surface Area of p-Anisic Acid: 46.5 Ų Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Heavy Atom Count of p-Anisic Acid: 11 Computed by PubChem Formal Charge of p-Anisic Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Complexity of p-Anisic Acid: 136 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Isotope Atom Count of p-Anisic Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of p-Anisic Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of p-Anisic Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of p-Anisic Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of p-Anisic Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of p-Anisic Acid: 1 Computed by PubChem Compound of p-Anisic Acid Is Canonicalized Yes Substance identity Help EC / List no.: 202-818-5 CAS no.: 100-09-4 Mol. formula: C8H8O3 formula Hazard classification & labelling Help According to the notifications provided by companies to ECHA in REACH registrations no hazards have been classified. About p-Anisic Acid Helpful information p-Anisic Acid has not been registered under the REACH Regulation, therefore as yet ECHA has not received any data about p-Anisic Acid from registration dossiers. p-Anisic Acid is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites. Consumer Uses p-Anisic Acid is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals and washing & cleaning products. Other release to the environment of p-Anisic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid. Article service life ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which p-Anisic Acid is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed. Widespread uses by professional workers p-Anisic Acid is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals and washing & cleaning products. p-Anisic Acid is used in the following areas: health services. Other release to the environment of p-Anisic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid. Formulation or re-packing p-Anisic Acid is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals and laboratory chemicals. Release to the environment of p-Anisic Acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures. Uses at industrial sites p-Anisic Acid is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, washing & cleaning products and laboratory chemicals. p-Anisic Acid is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development. p-Anisic Acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals. Release to the environment of p-Anisic Acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid. Manufacture ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which p-Anisic Acid is most likely to be released to the environment. Details Though the official function of P-Anisic Acid is masking (meaning that it helps to mask not so nice smells in the product), according to manufacturer info it is rather used as a preservative. It is a skin friendly organic acid that works against fungi. SODIUM ANISATE is derived from fennel, this is the sodium salt of p-anisic acid. p-Anisic Acid is classified as antimicrobial and flavouring. p-Anisic Acid acts as an anti-fungal agent, and when paired with sodium levulinate the two ingredients make for a comprehensive preservative for cosmetics. P-Anisic Acid is approved for use in organic cosmetics. Sodium anisate (dermosoft® anisate) is an easy to use water soluble salt of an organic acid with an excellent fungicidal activity. p-Anisic Acid can be added to the cold or hot water phase at any step of the process. The combination with antimicrobial surface active substances or organic acids is recommended to improve the performance of the product even at higher pH. p-Anisic Acid p-Anisic Acid is classified as : Masking CAS Number of p-Anisic Acid 100-09-4 EINECS/ELINCS No of p-Anisic Acid: 202-818-5 COSING REF No of p-Anisic Acid: 35837 Chem/IUPAC Name of p-Anisic Acid: Benzoic acid, 4-methoxy- Description p-Anisic Acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives. These are benzoic acids in which the hydrogen atom at position 4 of the benzene ring is replaced by a methoxy group.

PANTHENOL Panthenol Panthenol Stereo, skeletal formula of panthenol (R) Names IUPAC name 2,4-Dihydroxy-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,3-dimethylbutanamide[1] Other names Pantothenol Pantothenyl alcohol N-Pantoylpropanolamine Bepanthen (trade name) Dexpanthenol (D form) Identifiers CAS Number 16485-10-2 ☒ 81-13-0 R ☒ 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image 3DMet B00882 Beilstein Reference 1724945, 1724947 R ChEBI CHEBI:27373 ☒ ChEMBL ChEMBL1200979 ☒ ChemSpider 4516 check 115991 R ☒ 4677984 S ☒ ECHA InfoCard 100.036.839 EC Number 240-540-6 KEGG D03726 check MeSH dexpanthenol PubChem CID 4678 131204 R 5748487 S RTECS number ES4316500 UNII 1O6C93RI7Z check CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID3044598 InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C9H19NO4 Molar mass 205.254 g·mol−1 Appearance Highly viscous, colourless liquid Density 1.2 g mL−1 (at 20 °C) Melting point 66 to 69 °C (151 to 156 °F; 339 to 342 K) [contradictory] Boiling point 118 to 120 °C (244 to 248 °F; 391 to 393 K) at 2.7 Pa log P −0.989 Acidity (pKa) 13.033 Basicity (pKb) 0.964 Chiral rotation ([α]D) +29° to +30° Refractive index (nD) 1.499 Pharmacology ATC code A11HA30 (WHO) D03AX03 (WHO), S01XA12 (WHO) Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 110 Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 10,100 mg kg−1 (intraperitoneal, mouse); 15,000 mg kg−1 (oral, mouse) Related compounds Related compounds Arginine Theanine Pantothenic acid Hopantenic acid Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☒ verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Panthenol (also called pantothenol) is the alcohol analog of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), and is thus a provitamin of B5. In organisms it is quickly oxidized to pantothenic acid. It is a viscous transparent liquid at room temperature. Panthenol is used as a moisturizer and to improve wound healing in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Uses Bepanthen eye and nose ointment (Germany) In pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal-care products, panthenol is a moisturizer and humectant, used in ointments, lotions, shampoos, nasal sprays, eye drops, lozenges, and cleaning solutions for contact lenses. In ointments it is used for the treatment of sunburns, mild burns, minor skin injuries and disorders (in concentrations of up to 2–5%).[2] It improves hydration, reduces itching and inflammation of the skin, improves skin elasticity, and accelerates epidermal wounds' rate of healing.[3] For this purpose, it is sometimes combined with allantoin. It binds to the hair shaft readily; so, it is a common component of commercial shampoos and hair conditioners (in concentrations of 0.1–1%). It coats the hair and seals its surface,[citation needed] lubricating the hair shaft and giving it a shiny appearance. It is also recommended by tattoo artists as a post-tattooing moisturising cream. Adverse effects Panthenol is generally well tolerated. In rare cases, skin irritation and contact allergies have been reported.[2][3] Pharmacology Panthenol readily penetrates into the skin and mucous membranes (including the intestinal mucosa), where it is quickly oxidized to pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid is extremely hygroscopic,[4] that is, it binds water effectively. It is also used in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, which plays a role in a wide range of enzymatic reactions and thus in cell growth.[2][3] Physical and chemical properties Dexpanthenol Panthenol is an odourless, slightly bitter, highly viscous, transparent and colourless liquid at room temperature,[5] but salts of pantothenic acid (for example sodium pantothenate) are powders (typically white). It is easily soluble in water and alcohol, moderately soluble in diethyl ether, soluble in chloroform (1:100),[5] in propylene glycol, and slightly soluble in glycerin. Panthenol's expanded chemical formula is HO–CH2–C(CH3)2–CH(OH)–CONH–CH2CH2CH2–OH. Stereochemistry Panthenol comes in two enantiomers, D and L. Only D-panthenol (dexpanthenol) is biologically active, however both forms have moisturizing properties. For cosmetic use, panthenol comes either in D form, or as a racemic mixture of D and L (DL-panthenol). D-Panthenol D-Panthenol (also called pantothenol) is the alcohol analog of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), and is thus a provitamin of B5. In organisms it is quickly oxidized to pantothenic acid. D-Pantenol is a viscous transparent liquid at room temperature. D-Panthenol is used as a moisturizer and to improve wound healing in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Bepanthen eye and nose ointment (Germany) In pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal-care products, D-Panthenol is a moisturizer and humectant, used in ointments, lotions, shampoos, nasal sprays, eye drops, lozenges, and cleaning solutions for contact lenses. In ointments it is used for the treatment of sunburns, mild burns, minor skin injuries and disorders (in concentrations of up to 2–5%).[2] It improves hydration, reduces itching and inflammation of the skin, improves skin elasticity, and accelerates epidermal wounds' rate of healing.[3] For this purpose, it is sometimes combined with allantoin. D-Pantenol binds to the hair shaft readily; so, it is a common component of commercial shampoos and hair conditioners (in concentrations of 0.1–1%). D-Pantenol coats the hair and seals its surface,[citation needed] lubricating the hair shaft and giving it a shiny appearance. D-Pantenol is also recommended by tattoo artists as a post-tattooing moisturising cream. Adverse effects D-Panthenol is generally well tolerated. In rare cases, skin irritation and contact allergies have been reported.[2][3] Pharmacology D-Panthenol readily penetrates into the skin and mucous membranes (including the intestinal mucosa), where it is quickly oxidized to pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid is extremely hygroscopic,[4] that is, it binds water effectively. It is also used in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, which plays a role in a wide range of enzymatic reactions and thus in cell growth.[2][3] Physical and chemical properties Dexpanthenol D-Panthenol is an odourless, slightly bitter, highly viscous, transparent and colourless liquid at room temperature,[5] but salts of pantothenic acid (for example sodium pantothenate) are powders (typically white). D-Pantenol is easily soluble in water and alcohol, moderately soluble in diethyl ether, soluble in chloroform (1:100),[5] in propylene glycol, and slightly soluble in glycerin. D-Panthenol's expanded chemical formula is HO–CH2–C(CH3)2–CH(OH)–CONH–CH2CH2CH2–OH. Stereochemistry D-Panthenol comes in two enantiomers, D and L. Only D-panthenol (dexpanthenol) is biologically active, however both forms have moisturizing properties. For cosmetic use, panthenol comes either in D form, or as a racemic mixture of D and L (DL-panthenol). In cosmetics, panthenol is a humectant, emollient and moisturizer. D-Panthenol binds to hair follicles readily and is a frequent component of shampoos and hair conditioners (in concentrations of 0. 1-1%). D-Panthenol coats the hair and seals its surface, lubricating follicles and making strands appear shiny. Panthenol is the alcohol analog of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), and is thus the provitamin of B5. In organisms it is quickly oxidized to pantothenate. Panthenol is a viscous transparent liquid at room temperature, but salts of pantothenic acid (for example sodium pantothenate) are powders (typically white). D-Panthenol is well soluble in water, alcohol and propylene glycol, soluble in ether and chloroform, and slightly soluble in glycerin. Overview If you looked around your home, you’d likely run across panthenol in several ingredients lists of products you own. Panthenol appears in food, supplements, and hygienic products of a wide variety. D-Panthenol has a similar chemical structure to alcohol. D-Panthenol’s used to help hydrate and smooth your skin and hair from the inside in its ingestible form and from the outside in its topical form. But is D-Panthenol safe for you and your family when it appears in personal care products? Read on to find out why panthenol is in so many cosmetics and read the facts to understand how it affects your body. What is d-panthenol? d-Panthenol is a chemical substance made from pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B-5. D-Panthenol occurs organically and can also be produced from both plant and animal sources. D-Panthenol’s used as an additive in various cosmetic products around the globe. You very likely have pantothenic acid in your system right now, since it occurs in so many common food sources. And you’ve likely used a cosmetic or personal care product with D-Panthenol within the last 24 hours. D-Panthenol takes the form of either a white powder or a transparent oil at room temperature. You will sometimes see panthenol listed under one of its other names on ingredients list, including: dexpanthenol D-pantothenyl alcohol butanamide alcohol analog of pantothenic acid provitamin B-5 When absorbed into the body, panthenol becomes vitamin B-5. What’s D-Panthenol used for? In topical cosmetics, product manufacturers often use panthenol as a moisturizer. But D-Panthenol’s also included in many cosmetics as a softening, soothing, and anti-irritant agent.D-Panthenol also helps your skin build up a barrier against irritation and water loss. Skin products Vitamin B-5 is essential for a healthy diet, skin, and hair. D-Panthenol makes sense that panthenol, its derivative, is a staple of many skin care products, such as lotions and cleansers. D-Panthenol’s also found in cosmetics as various as lipstick, foundation, or even mascara.D-Panthenol also appears in creams made to treat insect bites, poison ivy, and even diaper rash. The National Center for Biotechnology Information lists panthenol as a skin protectant with anti-inflammatory properties. D-Panthenol can help improve skin’s hydration, elasticity, and smooth appearance. D-Panthenol also soothes: red skin inflammation little cuts or sores like bug bites or shaving irritation D-Panthenol helps with wound healing, as well as other skin irritations like eczema. Hair products Hair care products include D-Panthenol because of its ability to improve your hair’s: shine softness strength D-Panthenol can also help protect your hair from styling or environmental damage by locking in moisture. One study found that panthenol may help slow down and hide the look of thinning hair. The study tested it with other active ingredients as a leave-in treatment. Nail products Your nails are made from keratin proteins, just like your hair. So, D-Panthenol follows that panthenol can strengthen your finger- and toenails. You might find it in your shine and strengthening nail treatments, or in hand creams and cuticle oils. One study found that applying panthenol to the nail can help hydrate the nail and prevent breakage. Molecular Weight of Panthenol: 205.25 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) XLogP3-AA of Panthenol: -0.9 Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Panthenol: 4 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Panthenol: 4 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Rotatable Bond Count of Panthenol: 6 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Exact Mass of Panthenol: 205.131408 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Monoisotopic Mass of Panthenol: 205.131408 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Topological Polar Surface Area of Panthenol: 89.8 Ų Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Heavy Atom Count of Panthenol: 14 Computed by PubChem Formal Charge of Panthenol: 0 Computed by PubChem Complexity of Panthenol: 182 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Isotope Atom Count of Panthenol: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Panthenol: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Panthenol: 1 Computed by PubChem Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Panthenol: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Panthenol: 0 Computed by PubChem Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Panthenol: 1 Computed by PubChem Compound of Panthenol Is Canonicalized Yes

Panthenol is a chemical substance made from pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B-5.
Panthenol is made from vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid which is found in all living things.
Panthenol is an odorless, transparent, highly viscous, and colorless liquid at room temperature.


CAS Number: 81-13-0 / 16485-10-2
EINECS/ELINCS Number: 201-327-3 / 240-540-6
MDL number: MFCD00065006
Chemical formula: C9H19NO4


Panthenol is a compound that's structurally similar to vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid.
Panthenol's also known as provitamin B5 because it converts into vitamin B5 in the skin.
Chemically, pantothenol is an alcohol, which means it has a hydroxyl group (an oxygen and a hydrogen bonded together).


This hydroxyl group is what makes panthenol different from pantothenic acid.
Panthenol, also known as pro-vitamin B5, is the precursor of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid, which is a natural constituent of the hair).
Panthenol's name comes from the Greek “pantothen” which means “everywhere”.


Vitamin B5 is found throughout living organisms.
In particular, it plays a role in the development and proper functioning of the central nervous system.
Panthenol is found in certain foods such as meat, fish, egg yolk, almonds and nuts.


Panthenol is a stable form of vitamin B5.
Panthenol is known for its moisturising, soothing and repairing properties.
Panthenol is water soluble and “plays well” with many different types of ingredients, making it easy to formulate with for moisturizers, serums, toners, etc.


As a raw material, two forms of panthenol can be incorporated in personal care product formulas: D-panthenol is a viscous oil and DL-panthenol comes in the form of a white, crystalline powder.
According to the Cosmetic Ingredient Review assessment from 2018, the highest reported concentration of panthenol in a personal care product was 5.3%, which was deemed safe in its use.


Panthenol is a compound found naturally in humans and can also be obtained from plants and animals, with positive effects on the skin.
Panthenol can be obtained from vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid. Panthenol is an important compound for its benefits to the skin.
Panthenol can be found in many cosmetic products such as conditioner, shampoo, shower gel, hair and body moisturizer, face cream, foundation, lipstick, under eye concealer.


In the ingredient list of these products, you can see that D-Panthenol, DL-Panthenol, dexpanthenol, D-Pantothenyl alcohol, butanamide or provitamin B5 are written.
After Panthenol is applied to the body with various products, it is absorbed by the skin and then turns into the form of vitamin B5.
Panthenol comes in two enantiomers: D, and L. Only D-panthenol (dexpanthenol) is biologically active. For cosmetic use, panthenol comes either in D form or as a racemic mixture of D and L (DL-panthenol).


Panthenol speeds up cell turnover and stimulates fibroblasts in the skin.
This is crucial for wound healing, as fibroblasts are necessary for creating structural skin proteins like collagen and elastin.
These proteins are key for facilitating proper tissue repair and wound closure—and ultimately, happy skin.


Panthenol is an alcohol analog of pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5), and thus a provitamin of B5.
Panthenol (also called pantothenol) is the alcohol analog of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), and is thus a provitamin of B5.
In organisms, Panthenol is quickly oxidized to pantothenic acid.


Panthenol is a viscous transparent liquid at room temperature.
Panthenol occurs organically and can also be produced from both plant and animal sources.
Panthenol takes the form of either a white powder or a transparent oil at room temperature.


You will sometimes see panthenol listed under one of its other names on ingredients list, including:
*dexpanthenol
*D-pantothenyl alcohol
*butanamide
*alcohol analog of pantothenic acid
*provitamin B-5
When absorbed into the body, panthenol becomes vitamin B-5.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PANTHENOL:
Panthenolis used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products for its benefits for dry, damaged and sensitive skin.
Panthenol is recommended for people with skin problems such as eczema and is very well tolerated, even by the most sensitive skin.
Panthenol is a well-known active ingredient for treating diaper rash in babies and mild burns.


Panthenol is also used for hair and scalp care.
Panthenol is capable of binding to the hair surface.
In a shampoo and conditioner routine, Panthenol is deposited on the hair and thus protects the fiber.


Panthenol has also been shown to repair damaged hair and reduce the damage caused by excessive brushing.
Panthenol also has a humectant (wetting) property.
We use panthenol in our face and body care products, for its moisturising, soothing and repairing properties, and for all skin types, even the most sensitive.


We use Panthenol in makeup, specifically mascara, to strengthen the lashes and give them shine.
Panthenol is also used in the composition of our complexion products for the same benefits as in skin care.
We use Panthenol in haircare products for its moisturising efficiency as it helps to protect the hair and skin on the scalp.


Hair that is dehydrated or low in moisture can benefit from moisturizing properties of panthenol.
Panthenol is used as an emollient, panthenol is also good for rough textured hair because it can smooth out the imperfections in the hair shaft.
Panthenol (sometimes referred to as pro-vitamin B5) is a popular humectant in personal care products due to its ability to attract and hold moisture.


When topically applied, Panthenol converts to pantothenic acid, which is a naturally occurring substance within the body.
Research also shows promise for panthenol’s ability to reduce sensitivity-induced redness in skin.
Topically applied panthenol in amounts between 1-5% has been reported to aid in healing and barrier repair.


It’s important to clarify that even though panthenol is the alcohol derivative of pantothenic acid, but it is a completely gentle and non-drying form of alcohol, unlike SD or denatured alcohol, which are known to be damaging to skin.
Panthenol is also widely used in hair care products and can be found in makeup products, such as powders, mascara, and lipstick.


Panthenol is a precursor of pantothenic acid (or vitamin B5), a key ingredient in many skincare cosmetics in recent years.
Panthenol is a humectant meaning it holds and binds water, and these properties mean that it is ideal when it comes to keeping water in the skin.
Panthenol also works as an emollient which means it can moisturize and soothe the skin, as well as help, protect it from environmental factors and skin stresses.


Panthenol, on the other hand, is frequently added to personal products due to its effects on the skin.
Panthenol's usually used in the form of a transparent viscous liquid, but it can also be used as a white powder.
You can find panthenol listed on labels as pantothenol, D-pantothenol alcohol, dexpanthenol, or provitamin B5.


Panthenol is used as a moisturizer and humectant in cosmetics and personal care products.
Panthenol is found in lotions, ointments, nasal sprays, eye drops, cleaning solutions for contact lenses, etc.
Panthenol is used as a moisturizer, soothing and softening agent.


Panthenol's main job in skincare products is to moisturise the skin.
Panthenol’s a humectant meaning that it can help the skin to attract water and then hold onto it.
There is also research showing that Panthenol can help our skin to produce more lovely lipids that are important for a strong and healthy skin barrier.


Another great thing about Panthenol is that it has anti-inflammatory and skin protecting abilities.
Research also shows that Panthenol might be useful for wound healing as it promotes fibroblast (nice type of cells in our skin that produce skin-firming collagen) proliferation.


If that wasn’t enough Panthenol is also useful in nail and hair care products.
A study shows that a nail treatment liquide with 2% Panthenol could effectively get into the nail and significantly increase the hydration of it.
Panthenol is used for the hair the hydration effect is also true there.


Panthenol might make your hair softer, and more elastic and helps to comb your hair more easily.
Panthenol is used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as a moisturizer and to improve wound healing.
In pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal-care products, panthenol is a moisturizer and humectant, Panthenol is used in ointments, lotions, shampoos, nasal sprays, eye drops, lozenges, and cleaning solutions for contact lenses.


In ointments, Panthenol is used for the treatment of sunburns, mild burns, minor skin injuries, and disorders (in concentrations of up to 2–5%).
Panthenol improves hydration, reduces itching and inflammation of the skin, improves skin elasticity, and accelerates epidermal wounds' rate of healing.
For this purpose, Panthenol is sometimes combined with allantoin.


Panthenol binds to the hair shaft readily, so, it is a common component of commercial shampoos and hair conditioners (in concentrations of 0.1–1%).
Panthenol coats the hair and seals its surface, lubricating the hair shaft and giving it a shiny appearance.
Panthenol is also recommended by tattoo artists as a post-tattooing moisturising cream.


Panthenol is generally well tolerated.
Panthenol’s used as an additive in various cosmetic products around the globe.
You very likely have pantothenic acid in your system right now, since it occurs in so many common food sources.
And you’ve likely used a cosmetic or personal care product with panthenol within the last 24 hours.


-Skin care:
Panthenol improves hydration and elasticity of the skin, reduces itching and inflammation of the skin, improves skin elasticity, and accelerates the rate of healing of wounds. In topical creams, it is found to be in a concentration of 1-5%


-Hair care:
Panthenol binds to the hair shaft readily, so, it is a common component of commercial shampoos and hair conditioners (in concentrations of 0.1-1%).
Panthenol coats the hair and seals its surface, lubricating the hair shaft and giving it a shiny appearance.
Panthenol can also help protect your hair from styling or environmental damage by locking in moisture.


-Nail products
Your nails are made from keratin proteins, just like your hair. So, Panthenol follows that panthenol can strengthen your finger- and toenails.
You might find Panthenol in your shine and strengthening nail treatments, or in hand creams and cuticle oils.


-Pharmacology
Panthenol readily penetrates into the skin and mucous membranes (including the intestinal mucosa), where it is quickly oxidized to pantothenic acid.
Pantothenic acid is extremely hygroscopic.
Panthenol is also used in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, which plays a role in a wide range of enzymatic reactions and in cell growth.



WHAT IS PANTHENOL USED FOR?
In topical cosmetics, product manufacturers often use panthenol as a moisturizer.
But Panthenol’s also included in many cosmetics as a softening, soothing, and anti-irritant agent.
Panthenol also helps your skin build up a barrier against irritation and water loss.

-Skin products:
Vitamin B-5 is essential for a healthy diet, skin, and hair.
Panthenol makes sense that panthenol, its derivative, is a staple of many skin care products, such as lotions and cleansers.
Panthenol’s also found in cosmetics as various as lipstick, foundation, or even mascara.
Panthenol also appears in creams made to treat insect bites, poison ivy, and even diaper rash.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information lists panthenol as a skin protectant with anti-inflammatory properties.
Panthenol can help improve skin’s hydration, elasticity, and smooth appearance.
-Panthenol also soothes:
*red skin
*inflammation
*little cuts or sores like bug bites or shaving irritation
*Panthenol helps with wound healing, as well as other skin irritations like eczema.

-Hair products:
Hair care products include panthenol because of its ability to improve your hair’s:
*shine
*softness
*strength

Panthenol can also help protect your hair from styling or environmental damage by locking in moisture.
Panthenol may help slow down and hide the look of thinning hair.
Panthenol is used with other active ingredients as a leave-in treatment.



HOW TO USE PANTHENOL?
Panthenol has positive effects on body and hair care.
Panthenol is important to get enough from food to maintain the body's energy balance.
If foods containing vitamin B5 are not consumed enough, nutritional supplements and creams containing panthenol can be supported.
Panthenol can be used in cream form by applying it on the skin.
Creams can start to show their effect by being absorbed from the skin in a short time.
Panthenol can also be taken into the body through nutritional and vitamin supplements.



IS PANTHENOL A SAFE SUBSTANCE?
Panthenol can be safely taken into the body topically (application on the skin) and through nutritional supplements.
Panthenol is a compound that can be beneficial for the body if the person does not have any known allergic conditions to vitamin B5 and is used at normal levels.

Both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission on Cosmetic Ingredients have approved Panthenol for use in cosmetics.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classifies panthenol as “possibly safe” for general topical applications and nasal sprays.
And Panthenol’s listed as “likely safe” for topical use by children.

The FDA currently lists panthenol in its widely known “Generally Regarded as Safe” database for when Panthenol’s ingested as a food ingredient, or as a supplement.
But remember that ingesting Panthenol or panothenic acid in food or as a supplement is very different than using it on your skin or hair.
Although Panthenol’s widely considered beneficial as a supplement, it’s only classified as “likely safe” for topical use on the skin, hair, and nails.



WHAT DOES PANTHENOL DO?
Panthenol can help skin and hair feel better.
Panthenol moisturizes the skin and gives vitality to the hair.
Thanks to its healing power, Panthenol can reduce hair breakage.

Panthenol can provide softness and resistance to the hair.
Panthenol can make hair styling easier by trapping moisture in the hair.
Thus, Panthenol helps to protect the hair from the negative effects of the environment.
In addition to these, Panthenol can help strengthen the fingernails and toenails.

Thus, you can have healthier and break-resistant nails.
Thanks to its positive effects on skin, hair and nails, panthenol can be included in many cosmetic products.
With aging, the skin loses its elasticity by losing moisture.
Panthenol can protect the moisture balance in the skin and cause the negative effects of aging to appear later.



WHAT DOES PANTHENOL DO FOR THE SKIN?
Here's why skin care brands use panthenol in their formulas:

1.
Panthenol acts as a moisturizer.
Panthenol primarily functions as a moisturizer.
Panthenol is a liquid at room temperature, so it's used as a humectant and emollient in skin care products.
(Humectants attract moisture, while emollients fill in cracks with lipids.)

This reduces water loss, keeping the skin soft and smooth.
Panthenol also restores and protects the skin barrier, which is essential for managing general dryness and skin sensitivity.
Scientists are still learning how Panthenol exactly works, but they think its role in enzymatic processes—which is vital for skin barrier function—plays a part.


2.
Panthenol reduces inflammation.
As Panthenol converts into pantothenic acid (which then makes coenzyme A), it also helps decrease inflammation.
That's because coenzyme A is necessary for the production of steroids and fatty acids, which soothe inflammation.
This anti-inflammatory effect makes Panthenol useful for alleviating symptoms of skin irritation, including itching, scaling, dryness, and roughness.
In fact, many sunscreens and after-sun products contain panthenol for this reason.


3.
Panthenol supports wound healing.
By mediating inflammation, panthenol can also help the wound healing process.
Panthenol's been shown to decrease erythem, or skin reddening, when applied to wounds in the top layer of the skin.
Panthenol's ability to attract moisture (and control water loss) also encourages skin regeneration, further supporting wound recovery.



BENEFITS OF PANTHENOL FOR HAIR:
Panthenol is a natural humectant and emollient, experts agree that panthenol has multiple benefits for use in hair.
*Retains moisture:
Panthenol is a desirable skincare and haircare ingredient because it acts as a humectant, drawing in moisture.
Panthenol draws moisture from the environment and skin to where it is needed most.

*Smooths strands:
Panthenol acts as an emollient, smoothing cracks in rough skin and hair.
Panthenol is also good for rough textured hair because it can smooth out the imperfections in the hair shaft.

*Panthenol acts as an anti-inflammatory:
Panthenol in the body is converted to vitamin B5, which has anti-inflammatory properties that aid in the reparative process of damaged hair.

*Panthenol can help with thinning hair:
a study looking to treat thinning hair, panthenol showed as a promising ingredient to help contribute to help to mitigate the effects of thinning hair, and D-panthenol showed an increase in cell viability, supporting hair growth stimulation.

*Balances:
Panthenol can also help balance hair's moisture content to improve condition and suppleness and is a brilliant emollient, which also helps to improve hair's suppleness.

*Strengthens:
Panthenol is a strengthening agent that penetrates deep into the cortex.

*Hair Type Considerations:
The experts agree that Panthenol generally works for most hair types, making it a great universal ingredient in hair care.
Safe to use daily, Panthenol's often found in hair products across the board, including shampoo, conditioner, and leave-in product.



WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS CONTAINING PANTHENOL?
Panthenol can be found in many commonly used skin and hair care products.
Panthenol can be found in the content of cosmetic products such as make-up.
In addition to these products, Panthenol can also be used in the manufacture of prescription and over-the-counter drugs.
Some of the products containing panthenol are:

*Hair Care Products:
Hair care products can be important for maintaining the health of the hair.
Panthenol can be found in products such as shampoo, conditioner, hair moisturizer, hair mousse, hair spray. Panthenol can nourish and moisturize the hair.
Panthenol may have benefits such as removing the lifelessness of the hair and giving fullness to the hair.

*Skin care products:
Panthenol can be found in personal care products such as face cream, skin moisturizer, tonic, eye cream, sunscreen, make-up removers, shaving foam.
Panthenol provides moisture to the skin and may support wound healing.

*Cosmetics:
Panthenol can be found in make-up materials such as mascara, foundation, eyeliner, lipstick, powder and fixer that can be used every day.

*Mother and Baby Products:
Since mother and baby products are applied to sensitive skin, the ingredients must be reliable.
Panthenol can be found in many products such as baby shampoo, soap, and lotion.



BENEFITS OF PANTHENOL:
*Panthenol moisturizes the skin
Panthenol makes for a great moisturizing ingredient.
Research has shown that it decreases transepidermal water loss (water that evaporates through the skin).
Products containing just 1% of panthenol can rapidly hydrate skin, resulting in a more supple feel and appearance.

This means that panthenol is ideal for skin types that are experiencing particularly stressful environmental factors, such as harsh climates, air conditioning, or central heating.
Panthenol’s ability to combat transepidermal loss makes it perfect for dealing with the stresses that these types of factors cause.

*Panthenol helps maintain the skin’s barrier:
Panthenol’s emollient properties help to maintain a healthy skin barrier.
Your skin barrier consists of natural oils and lipids that Panthenol protects your skin from water loss, allergens, and bacteria.



WHAT ARE THE PANTHENOL BENEFITS TO THE SKIN?
Panthenol is a substance that stands out with its benefits.
Panthenol can contribute to the healing of tissues such as skin, hair, eyes, nose and nails.
Panthenol can be added to the content of personal care products due to its moisturizing and skin soothing effects.
The benefits of Panthenol to the skin can be listed as follows:

*Can Remove Wrinkles Caused by Aging:
As age progresses, the moisture of the skin decreases and the tissues begin to sag.
In addition, the lines on the skin increase and may deepen.
As the skin loses Panthenol's elasticity, the effects of aging begin to be seen.
Panthenol restores the skin's natural moisture.
Thus, the elasticity of the skin increases and a smooth appearance can be achieved.

*May Contribute to Tissue Repair by Accelerating Wound Healing:
One of the contributions of Panthenol for the skin is that it supports tissue repair.
Panthenol may also contribute to the healing of skin diseases such as eczema.

*May Prevent Water Loss by Moisturizing the Skin:
The skin may lose moisture due to aging, environmental factors, and the harmful effects of sun rays.
As a result, delay in wound healing and various skin diseases may occur.
In order to maintain the moisture balance of the body, Panthenol is necessary to get enough vitamin B5 to the body by eating a healthy diet.
Panthenol may have a healing effect in skin diseases such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis.

*May Protect Tissues Thanks to Its Anti-Inflammatory Properties:
Inflammatory conditions may occur due to skin injuries, sunburn, irritation.
Panthenol, which has anti-inflammatory properties, can act as a barrier by protecting the skin.
Panthenol can increase fat synthesis and new cell formation in the skin.
Thus, Panthenol can help reduce problems such as itching, redness, and dryness.



WHAT DOES PANTHENOL DO FOR THE SKIN?
Panthenol’s molecular structure and chemical properties mean that it is rejuvenating and benefits a number of different skin issues.



WHAT ARE THE PANTHENOL BENEFITS?
Panthenol is a substance produced from vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) that contributes to the moisture balance of the body.
Panthenol occurs naturally in humans as well as in plants and animals.
Panthenol can also be included in the content of skin and hair care products and make-up materials.
Panthenol is a prominent compound due to its tissue repair, wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties.
In addition to these advantages, Panthenol is also beneficial for nail health.



HOW TO USE PANTHENOL FOR HAIR:
Panthenol is a low-risk ingredient that can be found in many products and may have many uses.
Panthenol is found in many products, which themselves may have specific recommendations on when to use them.



PANTHENOL AT A GLANCE:
*Hydrating ingredient famous for its ability to attract/retain moisture
*Panthenol may also help reduce sensitivity-induced redness in skin
*Often referred to as pro-vitamin B5
*Converts into pantothenic acid when applied topically
*White, crystalline powder in its raw material state



WHERE DOES PANTHENOL COME FROM?
Panthenol is an alcohol of fossil origin.
It is obtained by a process using minimum energy and water.
90% of the waste generated is recycled and recovered, such as calcium sulphate, which is used in land restoration.
Panthenol has an excellent environmental profile and is biodegradable.



WHAT DOES PANTHENOL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Hair conditioning
*Humectant
*Skin conditioning
*Soothing



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PANTHENOL:
Panthenol is an odourless, slightly bitter, highly viscous, transparent, and colourless liquid at room temperature, but salts of pantothenic acid (for example sodium pantothenate) are powders that are typically white.
Panthenol is easily soluble in water and alcohol, moderately soluble in diethyl ether, soluble in chloroform (1:100), in propylene glycol, and slightly soluble in glycerin.
Panthenol's expanded chemical formula is HO–CH2–C(CH3)2–CH(OH)–CONH–CH2CH2CH2–OH.



STEREOCHEMISTRY OF PANTHENOL:
Panthenol comes in two enantiomers: D, and L. Only D-panthenol (dexpanthenol) is biologically active, however both forms have moisturizing properties.
For cosmetic use, panthenol comes either in D form, or as a racemic mixture of D and L (DL-panthenol).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PANTHENOL:
Chemical formula: C9H19NO4
Molar mass: 205.254 g·mol−1
Appearance: Highly viscous, colourless liquid
Density: 1.2 g mL−1 (at 20 °C)
Melting point: 66 to 69 °C (151 to 156 °F; 339 to 342 K)[contradictory]
Boiling point: 118 to 120 °C (244 to 248 °F; 391 to 393 K) at 2.7 Pa
log P: −0.989
Acidity (pKa): 13.033
Basicity (pKb): 0.964
Chiral rotation: ([α]D) +29° to +30°
Refractive index: (nD) 1.499
Physical state: solid
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 66 - 69 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of PANTHENOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PANTHENOL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PANTHENOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PANTHENOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection tested.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PANTHENOL:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Hygroscopic.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PANTHENOL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
2,4-Dihydroxy-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,3-dimethylbutanamide[1]
Pantothenol
Pantothenyl alcohol
N-Pantoylpropanolamine
Bepanthen (trade name)
Dexpanthenol (D form)
DL-Pantothenyl alcohol
(±)-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric 3-hydroxypropylamide
(±)-α,γ-Dihydroxy-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-β,βdimethylbutyramide

PANTHENYL TRIACETATE N° CAS : 94089-18-6 Nom INCI : PANTHENYL TRIACETATE Nom chimique : 4-[(3-Acetoxypropyl)amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutane-1,3-diyl diacetate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 302-118-0 Ses fonctions (INCI) Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance

cas no 130668-24-5 Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonic Acid;

Polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid(PAPEMP Acid) , Polyoxypropylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid,Mayoquest 2200 CAS No. : 130668–24–5

Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonic Acid PAPEMP Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate Molecular weight: about 600 PAPEMP Acid- Polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid PAPEMP (Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate) Properties: PAPEMP performs excellently in the condition of high hardness and pH as a new antiscalant and corrosion inhibitor. With high calcium tolerance, PAPEMP scale inhibition ability is also high, particularly for CaCO3, CaPO4, and CaSO4. It also effectively restrain the Si scale from a formation and stabilize the ions. Such as Mn, and Fe to form chelating compounds. PAPEMP also has a good tolerance to high temperature, high turbidity, high salt concentration, and high chlorine (Cl– and Br–) concentration. PAPEMP can be used as scale and corrosion inhibitor in circulating cool water system and oilfield refill water system in situations of high hardness, high alkali, and high pH value. PAPEMP can be used as a scale inhibitor for a reverse osmosis system and a multistep flash vaporization system. PAPEMP can significantly inhibit calcium carbonate precipitation from the aqueous solution by modifying the crystal morphology Structural Formula: CH2(OCH2CH)nCH3NCH2CH2P(OH)2P(OH)2OOHCCH3NCH2CH2(HO)2P(HO)2POO Properties: PAPEMP is a new kind of water treatment agent. PAPEMP has high chelation and dispersion effects, high value of calcium tolerance, and good scale inhibition effects. PAPEMP can be used as scale and corrosion inhibitor in circulating cool water system and oilfield refill water system in situations of high hardness, high alkali and high pH value. PAPEMP has excellent scale inhibition ability to calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate. PAPEMP can efficiently inhibit the formation of silica scale, stabilize metal ions such as Zn, Mn and Fe. PAPEMP can be used as scale inhibitor for reverse osmosis system and multistep flash vaporization system in which high salt concentration, high turbidity and high temperature are usually encountered (such as high temperature and high turbidity in coal vaporization system), accessory agent for woven & dyeing (for example, yellow turnback inhibition agent), as alternatives of EDTA, DTPA and NTA. CAS No. : 130668–24–5 Polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate (PAPEMP) is very effective in preventing calcium carbonate precipitation at high supersaturation and high pH. The inhibition of calcium carbonate crystallization in the presence of PAPEMP at both low and high supersaturation was studied and then compared to the inhibitory ability of hydroxyethylidene-1 ,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP). Keywords: calcium carbonate inhibition, crystallization kinetics, phosphonates, affinity constants, calcium tolerance. PAPEMP is a new kind of water treatment agent. PAPEMP has high chelation and dispersion effects, high value of calcium tolerance, and good scale inhibition effects. PAPEMP is as scale and corrosion inhibitor in circulating cool water system and oilfield refill water system in situations of high hardness, high alkali and high pH value. PAPEMP inhibits scale formation of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate. Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonic Acid is a new kind of water treatment agent. PAPEMP has high chelation and dispersion effects, high value of calcium tolerance, and good scale inhibition effects. Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonic Acid can be used as scale and corrosion inhibitor in circulating cool water system and oilfield refill water system in situations of high hardness, high alkali and high pH value. Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonic Acid has excellent scale inhibition ability to calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate. Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonic Acid can efficiently inhibit the formation of silica scale, stabilize metal ions such as Zn, Mn and Fe. Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonic Acid can be used as scale inhibitor for reverse osmosis system and multistep flash vaporization system in which high salt concentration, high turbidity and high temperature are usually encountered (such as high temperature and high turbidity in coal vaporization system), accessory agent for woven & dyeing (for example, yellow turnback inhibition agent), as alternatives of EDTA, DTPA and NTA. PAPEMP is a new kind of scale inhibitor for industrial water treatment. PAPEMP has high chelation and dispersion effect with high value of calcium tolerance and scale inhibition effect. PAPEMP can be used as scale and corrosion inhibitor in circulating cooling water system and oilfield of high hardness including calcium magnesium and barium sulfate scale inhibitor. PAPEMP is stable in aqueous solution under a wide range of pH, temperature and pressure. Polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate widens the operational conditions available with today’s standard technology by allowing operations with hard water at higher pH levels and greater salt concentrations. PAPEMP it is possible to operate at up to 300X calcite saturation because of its excellent calcium tolerance. As a result it controls up to three times as much calcium carbonate as ATMP or PBTC (operating at up to 100x calcite saturation). Applications: · PAPEMP has excellent scale inhibition ability to calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate. · PAPEMP can efficiently inhibit the formation of silica scale,stabilize metal ions such as Zn, Mn and Fe. It effectively chelates metal ions including calcium, magnesium, iron and copper. · PAPEMP can be used as scale inhibitor for reverse osmosis system and multi-step flash vaporization system in which high salt concentration, high turbidity and high temperature are usually encountered (such as high temperature and high turbidity in coal vaporization system), accessory agent for woven & dyeing (for example, yellow turn back inhibition agent), as alternatives of EDTA, DTPA and NTA . Synonyms: · PAPEMP · Polyoxypropylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid Product Use : Scale and corrosion inhibitor intermediate Chemical Name : Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonic Acid Appearance: Amber transparent liquid Solid content %: 45.0min Active component (PAPEMP) ％: 40.0min Phosphoric acid (as PO43-)%: 1.0max Density （20℃）g/cm3: 1.20±0.05 pH（1％ solution）: 2.0±0.5 Usage: The dosage of 5-100mg/L is preferred. Different from other water treatment agents, the more quantity is, the better the effect. PAPEMP can be used with polycarboxylic acids. Package and Storage: Normally In 250kg net Plastic Drum, IBC drum can also be used as required. Storage for ten months in room shady and dry place. The new calcium carbonate inhibitor is PolyAmino PolyEther Methylene Phosphonate2 (PAPEMP). One of the particular advantages of the PAPEMP molecule is its exceptional calcium tolerance (Table 2). Calcium tolerance is a measure of a chemical compound’s ability to remain soluble in the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) under both high pH and high temperature, such as in geothermal brines. As pH and temperature increases, calcium tolerance decreases rapidly for traditional CaCO3 threshold inhibitors (as shown in Figure 1), e.g., 1-hydroxy ethylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tri (methylene phosphonic acid) (AMP), and polyacrylic acid. The X-axis in this figure is the amount of HEDP as PPM needed to form precipitation in a water containing 10,000 PPM of Calcium ions. The data for temperature curve was collected at pH 9, while the pH curve represents data at 250°F. At higher temperature and/or higher pH, it requires Poly amino polyether methylene phosphonate (PAPEMP) is a very effective inhibitor in preventing CaCO3 precipitation. The extraordinary affinity of PAPEMP towards CaCO3 surfaces and its excellent tolerance of calcium materials make this polymer excellent in inhibiting the growth of CaCO3 crystal. Amjad et al. have extensively studied phosphonate-based polymer performance in cold water. They have studied the effectiveness of phosphate and phosphonate polymers in stabilized and all-organic cooling water treatment facilities. This study reported that these polymers are capable of performing a dual function. Firstly, they control the thickness of the calcium phosphate and phosphonate membrane on the metal surface. Secondly, they prevent the precipitation of the calcium phosphate and phosphonate salts in the recirculating water. Another study conducted by the same research group demonstrated the performance of sulphonic-acid-containing terpolymer for controlling the growth of calcium phosphonates and carbonate scale. It showed that these polymers improved the control of calcium phosphonate and carbonate in highly stressed cooling water systems [28]. Wang et al. also conducted a similar study in which they have reported the inhibition of CaCO3 by a phosphonate-terminated poly(maleic-co-sulfonate) polymeric inhibitor. This study showed that this inhibitor is capable of controlling CaCO3 scale Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate (PAPEMP) Investigation of CaCO3 scale inhibition by PAA, ATMP and PAPEMP Calcium carbonate scale inhibition by three inhibitors, polyacrylic acid (PAA), aminotrimethylenephosphonic acid (ATMP) and polyamino polyether methylenephosphonate (PAPEMP), has been investigated by the bubbling method, and the calcium carbonate scales formed in the absence and presence of inhibitors have been examined by SEM and XRD. It was found that ATMP shows “threshold effect” in the inhibition of CaCO3 scale, and the inhibition behavior of PAPEMP is similar to that of PAA: the “threshold effect” is not observed. In the presence of inhibitors, the normal growth of calcium carbonate is disturbed, and in the presence of PAPEMP, the scale morphology is similar to that in the presence of ATMP. The vaterite phase is effectively stabilized kinetically in the presence of PAA; ATMP takes second place, and PAPEMP can hardly stabilize kinetically the vaterite phase In recent years, the percentage of oil production from more challenging environments has increased. In addition to the numerous engineering and logistical difficulties of working at increased depth, temperature and pressure these production zones provide a harsh environment deleterious to the performance of some critical oilfield chemicals. Scale inhibitors are one class of oil field chemicals which are deployed through squeeze treatments into the formation and/or continuous downhole injection for protection of production tubulars. As well depths continue to increase, the exposure time of the injected chemicals also increases. With temperatures in the range of 180-200 °C and pressures exceeding 10,000 psi, the effect of elevated temperature and pressure on scale inhibitor performance is a critical parameter to evaluate using chemical analytical techniques and product performance methods. Another trend leading to increased thermal exposure is the use of thermal enhanced recovery techniques. Scale inhibitors are exposed to high temperatures in operations such as steam flooding and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). In this study, a range of chemicals have been evaluated for their short and medium-term thermal stability at 180 and 200 °C. The primary application of this data is for downhole injection and squeeze treatments prior to adsorption. Inhibitor chemical types include sulfonated polycarboxylic acid (SPCA), fluorescent tagged sulfonated polycarboxylic acid (FSPCA), phosphorous tagged sulfonated polycarboxylic acid (PSPCA), sulfonated polyacrylocarboxylic acid (SPAC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl sulfonate (PVS), polyamino polyether methylene phosphonate (PAPEMP), bis(hexamethylene)triamine pentakis(methylene phosphonic acid) (BHTPMP) and diethylenetriamine pentakis(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP). In most cases the sodium or potassium salts of the inhibitors are used. The chemical effect of temperature on scale inhibitors is measured through molecular weight determination, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pH change, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. The performance of these inhibitors is measured under static and dynamic conditions for inhibition of barium sulfate scale. These results help to further the knowledge of inhibitor degradation due to thermal effects and indicate the direction for further product development of thermally stable scale inhibitors. Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale inhibition by PAA, PAPEMP, and PAA/PAPEMP blend Z. Amjad, R. T. Landgraf and J. L. Penn Walsh University, Division of Mathematics and Sciences, North Canton OH 44720, USA Abstract: The effects of poly(acrylic acid), PAA, polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid, PAPEMP, and PAA/PAPEMP blend on calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) are reported in this paper. It has been found that gypsum inhibition by PAA increases with increasing PAA concentration. Among the various phoshonates (i.e., aminotris(methylene phosphonic acid), AMP; hydroxyphosphono acetic acid, HPA; hydroxyethylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid, HEDP; 2-phosphonobutane 1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, PBTC; and polyether polyamino phosphonic acid, PAPEP) evaluated, PAPEMP shows the best inhibition for gypsum precipitation. It has also been observed that presence of PAPEMP exhibits synergistic effect on the performance of PAA. Results on calcium ion compatibility of various phosphonates show that PAPEMP compared to other phosphonates tested show higher tolerance to calcium ions. Keywords: calcium sulfate dihydrate, precipitation, inhibition, polymer, phosphonates Properties : PAPE is a new kind of water treatment chemicals. PAPE has good scale and corrosion inhibition ability. Because more than one ployethylene glycol group is introduced into the molecular, the scale and corrosion inhibition for calcium scale is improved. PAPE has good inhibition effect for barium and strontium scales. PAPE has good scale inhibition effect for calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, it can mix well with polycarboxylic acid, organophoronic acid, phosphate and zinc salt. PAPE can be used as scale inhibitor for oilfield (recommended as alternatives of Nalco Visco 953) and industrial cool water system. Deposition of unwanted materials, including mineral scales, suspended matter, microbiological growth, and corrosion products, continues to plague the operation of industrial water systems. This article presents performance data on polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid (PAPEMP) on various mineral scales commonly encountered in boiler, cooling, desalination, geothermal, gas, and oil systems. Water that is available for domestic and industrial applications typically contains many impurities. These impurities are generally classified in five broad categories: • Dissolved inorganic compounds (i.e., carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and fluorides of calcium, magnesium, barium, and strontium; small amounts of copper [Cu], iron [Fe], and manganese [Mn]); and other substances • Dissolved gases (e.g., oxygen [O2], nitrogen [N2], carbon dioxide [CO2], and hydrogen sulfide [H2S]) • Suspended matter (e.g., clay, silt, fat, and oil) • Soluble organic compounds (e.g., humic acid, fulvic acid, and tannic acid) • Microorganisms (e.g., algae, bacteria, and fungi) The accumulation of unwanted deposits on equipment surfaces is a phenomenon that occurs in virtually all processes in which untreated water is heated. The deposition of these materials, especially on heat exchanger surfaces in boiler, cooling, geothermal, and distillation systems, can cause a number of operational problems such as plugged pipes and pumps, inefficient use of water treatment chemicals, increased operational costs, lost production due to system downtime, and ultimately heat exchanger failure. Greater water conservation has been a driver for operating industrial water systems at higher concentration cycles, which increases the potential for deposit buildup on heat exchanger surfaces. Operating industrial water systems under stressed conditions demands a better understanding of the feed and recirculating systems’ water chemistry as well as the development of innovative additives and technological approaches for controlling scale, deposit, corrosion, and biofouling. The most promising scale control method among various approaches involves adding substoichiometric dosages, typically a few ppm, of water-soluble additives to the feedwater. Additives commonly used in water treatment formulation fall into two categories: • Dissolved inorganic compounds (i.e., carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and fluorides of calcium, magnesium, barium, and strontium; small amounts of copper [Cu], iron [Fe], and manganese [Mn] ions; and other substances) • Polymeric (e.g., homopolymers of acrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, aspartic acid, and copolymers containing monomers of different functional groups) Although there are many phosphonates available, three of the most commonly used phosphonates in water treatment formulations are aminotrismethylene phosphonic acid (AMP); 1-hydroxyethylidine, 1,-1 diphosphonic acid (HEDP); and 2-phosphono-butane 1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC). However, under certain pH, concentration, and temperature conditions, phosphonates have been shown to precipitate in the presence of calcium ions. The precipitation of calcium phosphonate salts not only creates fouling of heat exchanger and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane surfaces, it also decreases the solution concentration of a phosphonate to such an extent that severe calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scaling can occur. The focus of this study is to evaluate the performance of polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid (PAPEMP) as an inhibitor for various scales (e.g., CaCO3, calcium sulfate dihydrate [CaSO4•2H2O], and calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]) and a stabilization agent for Fe(III) or Fe3+ ions. Experimental Protocols All chemicals were obtained from commercial sources. They include AMP, HEDP, PBTC, 2-hydroxyphosphono acetic acid (HPA), PAPEMP, and polyacrylic acid (PAA). Detailed procedures for reagents solution preparation; percent inhibition (%I) calculation for calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4•2H2O), CaCO3, Ca3(PO4)2, and Fe3+ stabilization; and instruments used are reported elsewhere.3-6 Table 1 lists the inhibitors tested. PAPEMP production process consists of 4 steps. Phosphorus acid is input into the reactor and its pH is adjusted by HCl. Polyetheramine is instilled and the reaction starts while the reactor is heated. Formaldehyde is input a few hours later. The reactor will be further heated and steamed for more hours. Usage:The good adaption to different situations enables PAPEMP widely used in boiler, cooling water system and oilfield reinjection water as antiscalant and corrosion inhibitor. For the same reason, PAPEMP is also applied in RO and multistep flash system. Recommend dosage is 5-100 ml/L. Unlike other organophosphonates, there is no optimum dosage for it. Higher the dosage, better the effect. Besides, PAPEMP works as a nutrient absorber in agriculture. It can also replace those more expensive color transfer inhibitors (eg. yellow turnback inhibitor) like EDTA, NTA, and DTPA in textile dyeing. Calcium carbonate scale inhibition by three inhibitors, polyacrylic acid (PAA), aminotrimethylenephosphonic acid (ATMP) and polyamino polyether methylenephosphonate (PAPEMP), has been investigated by the bubbling method, and the calcium carbonate scales formed in the absence and presence of inhibitors have been examined by SEM and XRD. It was found that ATMP shows “threshold effect” in the inhibition of CaCO3 scale, and the inhibition behavior of PAPEMP is similar to that of PAA: the “threshold effect” is not observed. In the presence of inhibitors, the normal growth of calcium carbonate is disturbed, and in the presence of PAPEMP, the scale morphology is similar to that in the presence of ATMP. The vaterite phase is effectively stabilized kinetically in the presence of PAA; ATMP takes second place, and PAPEMP can hardly stabilize kinetically the vaterite phase. Poly-amino poly-ether methylenephosphonic acid (PAPEMP)-containing corrosion and scale inhibitor Abstract The invention provides a poly-amino poly-ether methylenephosphonic acid (PAPEMP)-containing corrosion and scale inhibitor, belongs to the technical field of water treatment and relates to a corrosion and scale inhibitor. The corrosion and scale inhibitor comprises PAPEMP, a zinc salt, a dispersant, a copper corrosion inhibitor and water. The corrosion and scale inhibitor has a reasonable formula, has good use effects and a low production cost, is suitable for an open circulated cooling water system and is especially suitable for a high-hardness, high-basicity and high-pH circulated cooling water system. PAPEMP is excellent to the scale-inhibiting properties of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, effectively can suppresses the formation of silicon dirt simultaneously, and there is the effect of satisfactory stability metal ion as zinc, manganese, iron. PAPEMP is a new kind of water treatment agent. XF-335S (PAPEMP) has high chelation and dispersion effects, high value of calcium tolerance, and good scale inhibition effects. PAPEMP can be used as scale and corrosion inhibitor in circulating cool water system and oilfield refill water system in situations of high hardness, high alkali and high pH value. PAPEMP has excellent scale inhibition ability to calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate. PAPEMP can efficiently inhibit the formation of silica scale, stabilize metal ions such as Zn, Mn and Fe. PAPEMP can be used as scale inhibitor for reverse osmosis system and multistepflash vaporization system in which high salt concentration, high turbidity and high temperature are usually encountered (such as high temperature and high turbidity in coal vaporization system), accessory agent for woven & dyeing, as alternatives of EDTA, DTPA and NTA . Calcium carbonate has been identified as the main problem associated with industrial cooling water scaling or deposition. The formation of calcium carbonate scale in industrial cooling water system has been known to pose significant problems to the industrial processes. The calcium carbonate scales or deposits will serve as a heat insulating layer that reduces heat transfer efficiency and hence require higher energy consumption to attain the desired cooling or heating effect (Prisciandaro et al., 2013). Therefore, it is vital to ensure that heat transfer surfaces on industrial cooling water systems are relatively free from calcium carbonate scaling problems. Most of the research works on crystal growth inhibition of industrial cooling water treatment program were conducted by a few multinational water treatment companies at their own research center. This valuable information is unfortunately not available to others due to trade secret. As such smaller water treatment companies that have limited resources have limited information in developing the right formulation in their cooling water treatment program. This study aims to provide such information so that it can be made available to enhance the technical competency of calcium carbonate scale inhibition. Calcium carbonate crystal growth inhibition by the simplest form of phosphate-containing compounds, orthophosphate, has been well studied by several researchers and orthophosphate concentration in the range of several milligrams per liter have been found to retard the crystal growth in seeded solutions. Adsorption of orthophosphate on calcium carbonate scale has been studied and found to change the structure of calcium carbonate crystal lattice. In another study, CaHPO4 was found to be the responsible species that absorbs on the calcium carbonate surface and inhibits further precipitation. The use of polyphosphates for calcium carbonate crystal growth inhibition was also investigated and sodium tri-polyphosphate was found to be the strongest inhibitor in a mono polyphosphate formulation followed by sodium pyrophosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate. However, orthophosphate and polyphosphates were excluded in this study, driven by market trend towards low or non-phosphorus compounds used for such application in consideration of environmental issues such as eutrophication associated with phosphorus compounds. Calcium carbonate scale inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP), ethylene-diamine tetra(methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP), hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylenephosphonic acid) (HDTMP), diethylenetriamine penta(methylenephosphonic acid) (DTPMP) and PAPEMP were also being investigated. Results shown that the phosphonic group number and the methylene chain length play a vital role in the effectiveness of the inhibitors. Although the application of most organophosphorus compound contributes lesser phosphorus to the environment in relative term to orthophosphate and polyphosphates, some of the commonly used compounds such as ATMP still contains considerable amount of phosphorus (31 % as Phosphorus) and 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) (30 % as Phosphorus). Owing to the environmental consideration, this study has selected non-phosphorous polymeric compound represented by PMA and AA/MA copolymer and low phosphorus contributor PAPEMP (about 20 % as Phosphorus) for the tests. The inhibition of calcium carbonate crystal growth by PMA, PAPEMP and AA/MA copolymer was investigated via static beaker tests at typical water chemistries encountered in cooling water system. his study provides a method that enables the evaluation of scale inhibitors at the practical dosage level and economically viable range at various water chemistries encountered in the market place, thus providing a practical and useful solution and background formulation information to water treatment professionals to mitigate industrial cooling water scaling and deposition problems for a given water chemistries and condition. The desired inhibition efficiency of minimum 90 % was set up to evaluate and compare the performance of the above inhibitors.

PARA BENZOQUINONE

DESCRIPTION:


p-Benzoquinone, also known as para-quinone or 1,4-Benzoquinone, is used as a precursor to hydroquinone.
Ungraded products are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.

CAS Number: 106-51-4
EC Number: 203-405-2
Molecular Formula: C6H4O2



Para-benzoquinone appears as a yellowish-colored crystalline solid with a pungent, irritating odor.
Para-benzoquinone is Poisonous by ingestion or inhalation of vapors.
Para-benzoquinone May severely damage skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Para-benzoquinone is Used to make dyes and as a photographic chemical.

Para-benzoquinone is the simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone.
Para-benzoquinone is a metabolite of benzene.
Para-benzoquinone has a role as a cofactor, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
Quinone is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli





p-Benzoquinone (PBQ) is a cyclic conjugated diketone.
Its high-resolution photoelectron spectrum has been reported.
The visible and near ultraviolet spectra of PBQ have been recorded and analyzed.

Its addition as coagent has been reported to enhance the crosslinking rate of polypropylene initiated by the pyrolysis of peroxides.
Its impact on hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated based on immunoblots and mass spectral analysis of a smoker′s blood

Para-benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
In a pure state, p-Benzoquinone forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde.
This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of p-Benzoquinone.

The molecule is multifunctional: it exhibits properties of a ketone, being able to form oximes; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions, especially those typical for α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Para-benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.

PREPARATION OF PARA -BENZOQUINONE:
p-Benzoquinone is prepared industrially by oxidation of hydroquinone, which can be obtained by several routes.
One route involves oxidation of diisopropylbenzene and the Hock rearrangement.
The net reaction can be represented as follows:

C6H4(CHMe2)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4O2 + 2 OCMe2 + H2O
The reaction proceeds via the bis(hydroperoxide) and the hydroquinone.
Acetone is a coproduct.

Another major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide: C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced.
Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone.

Quinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese dioxide.
This method is mainly practiced in PRC where environmental regulations are more relaxed.

Oxidation of hydroquinone is facile.
One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine salt as a catalyst for the oxidation occurring in a polar solvent; e.g. isopropyl alcohol.

When heated to near its melting point, 1,4-benzoquinone sublimes, even at atmospheric pressure, allowing for an effective purification.
Impure samples are often dark-colored due to the presence of quinhydrone, a dark green 1:1 charge-transfer complex of quinone with hydroquinone


STRUCTURE AND REDOX:
C–C and C–O bond distances in benzoquinone (Q), its 1e reduced derivative (Q−), and hydroquinone (H2Q).
Benzoquinone is a planar molecule with localized, alternating C=C, C=O, and C–C bonds.
Reduction gives the semiquinone anion C6H4O2−}, which adopts a more delocalized structure.
Further reduction coupled to protonation gives the hydroquinone, wherein the C6 ring is fully delocalized.

REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF PARA-BENZOQUINONE:
Quinone is mainly used as a precursor to hydroquinone, which is used in photography and rubber manufacture as a reducing agent and antioxidant.
Benzoquinonium is a skeletal muscle relaxant, ganglion blocking agent that is made from benzoquinone.

Organic synthesis of p-Benzoquinone:
p-Benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.
p-Benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
p-Benzoquinone is also used as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.

Benzoquinone reacts with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to give the triacetate of hydroxyquinol.
This reaction is called the Thiele reaction or Thiele–Winter reaction after Johannes Thiele, who first described it in 1898, and after Ernst Winter, who further described its reaction mechanism in 1900.
An application is found in this step of the total synthesis of Metachromin A:

An application of the Thiele reaction, involving a benzoquinone derivative.
Benzoquinone is also used to suppress double-bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.

An acidic potassium iodide solution reduces a solution of benzoquinone to hydroquinone, which can be reoxidized back to the quinone with a solution of silver nitrate.

Due to its ability to function as an oxidizer, p-Benzoquinone can be found in methods using the Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, wherein a palladium salt catalyzes the conversion of an alkene to a ketone.
This reaction is typically carried out using pressurized oxygen as the oxidizer, but benzoquinone can sometimes preferred.
p-Benzoquinone is also used as a reagent in some variants on Wacker oxidations.

p-Benzoquinone is used in the synthesis of Bromadol and related analogs.

2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is a stronger oxidant and dehydrogenation agent than 1,4-benzoquinone.
Chloranil 1,4-C6Cl4O2 is another potent oxidant and dehydrogenation agent.
Monochloro-p-benzoquinone is yet another but milder oxidant.

METABOLISM OF PARA-BENZOQUINONE:
p-Benzoquinone is a toxic metabolite found in human blood and can be used to track exposure to benzene or mixtures containing benzene and benzene compounds, such as petrol.
The compound can interfere with cellular respiration, and kidney damage has been found in animals receiving severe exposure.
p-Benzoquinone is excreted in its original form and also as variations of its own metabolite, hydroquinone.

Safety:
p-Benzoquinone is able to stain skin dark brown, cause erythema (redness, rashes on skin) and lead on to localized tissue necrosis.
p-Benzoquinone is particularly irritating to the eyes and respiratory system.
Its ability to sublime at commonly encountered temperatures allows for a greater airborne exposure risk than might be expected for a room-temperature solid.

IARC has found insufficient evidence to comment on the compound's carcinogenicity, but has noted that it can easily pass into the bloodstream and that it showed activity in depressing bone marrow production in mice and can inhibit protease enzymes involved in cellular apoptosis.



APPLICATION OF PARA-BENZOQUINONE:
p-Benzoquinone may be used to form benzofuranone derivatives on reacting with anilides of β-aminocrotonic acids via Nenitzescu reaction.
Dienophile employed in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to form naphthoquinones, and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
Oxidant used in first step of greener amine synthesis from terminal olefins by Wacker oxidation followed by transfer hydrogenation of the resultant imine.

Para-Benzoquinone can be used as A free-radical inhibitor.
Para-Benzoquinone can be used as A catalyst to synthesize highly site-selective N1-alkylated benzotriazoles by N1-alkylation of benzotriazoles with diazo compounds.
Para-Benzoquinone can be used as A hydrogen acceptor and two electron oxidant in Pd-catalyzed Wacker oxidation of aryl olefins aldehydes.
Para-Benzoquinone can be used as A redox mediator in Pd-catalyzed anaerobic electrooxidative homocoupling of aryl-boron derivatives.


Para-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
Para-Benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and an oxidizer in synthetic organic chemistry.
In the Thiele-Winter reaction, it is involved in the preparation of triacetate of hydroxyquinol by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.

Para-Benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
Para-Benzoquinone is used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PARA-BENZOQUINONE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product








CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PARA BENZOQUINONE:
Chemical formula C6H4O2
Molar mass 108.096 g•mol−1
Appearance Yellow solid
Odor Acrid, chlorine-like
Density 1.318 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Melting point 115 °C (239 °F; 388 K)
Boiling point Sublimes
Solubility in water 11 g/L (18 °C)
Solubility Slightly soluble in petroleum ether; soluble in acetone; 10% in ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether
Vapor pressure 0.1 mmHg (25 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -38.4•10−6 cm3/mol
Density 1.32 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point 77 °C
Ignition temperature 560 °C
Melting Point 112.5 - 113.5 °C
pH value 4 (1 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure 0.12 hPa (20 °C)
Bulk density 700 kg/m3
Solubility 10 g/l
Molecular Weight 108.09 g/mol
XLogP3 0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 2
Rotatable Bond Count 0
Exact Mass 108.021129366 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass 108.021129366 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area 34.1Ų
Heavy Atom Count 8
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 149
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes







SYNONYMS OF PARA BENZOQUINONE:

1,4-Benzochinon [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
1,4-Benzoquinone [ACD/IUPAC Name]
1,4-Benzoquinone [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
1,4-Diossibenzene [Italian]
106-51-4 [RN]
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione [ACD/Index Name]
203-405-2 [EINECS]
773967 [Beilstein]
Benzo-chinon [German]
benzoquinone [Wiki]
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
MFCD00001591 [MDL number]
para-benzoquinone
para-quinone
p-Benzoquinone
p-dioxobenzene
p-quinone
1, 4-Benzoquinone
1,4-Benzoquine
1,4-Benzoquinone|2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Dioxybenzene
1,4-Dioxy-benzol
1,4-quinone
1,4-苯醌 [Chinese]
19052-63-2 [RN]
2-(2,3-Dihydrobenzob1,4dioxin-6-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-diox aborolane
2,5-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 4-carbonyl- [ACD/Index Name]
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-4-dione
2237-14-1 [RN]
3225-29-4 [RN]
4-Benzochinone [German]
51226-74-5 [RN]
54560-36-0 [RN]
6-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,4-benzodioxane
6-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo-1,4-dioxine
benzo-1,4-quinone
CYCLOHEXADIENEDIONE
Eldoquin
p-BQ
p-Chinon [German]
PLQ
p-Quinone, 1,4-Benzoquinone, 1,4-Cyclohexadiene-3,6-dione
Quinone203-405-2MFCD00001591
Steara PBQ
VS-02448
WLN: L6V DVJ
1,4-benzoquinone
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
benzoquinone
NSC-36324
NSC36324
p-benzoquinone
para-benzoquinone
quinone
p-benzoquinone
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
Benzoquinone
Quinone
106-51-4
p-Quinone
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
para-Benzoquinone
Chinone
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
para-Quinone
Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Benzoquine
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Dioxybenzene
Steara pbq
p-Chinon
Benzo-chinon
Benzo-1,4-quinone
1,4-Diossibenzene
Chinon
1,4-Dioxy-benzol
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide
Semiquinone anion
semiquinone radicals
RCRA waste number U197
NCI-C55845
p-Chinon [German]
Benzo-chinon [German]
Caswell No. 719C
USAF P-220
Chinon [Dutch, German]
Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
1,4-Benzochinon
NSC 36324
1,4-Dioxy-benzol [German]
CCRIS 933
1,4-Diossibenzene [Italian]
[1,4]benzoquinone
CHEBI:16509
HSDB 1111
Quinone1,4-Benzoquinone
EINECS 203-405-2
MFCD00001591
NSC-36324
UN2587
RCRA waste no. U197
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 059805
CHEMBL8320
UNII-3T006GV98U
AI3-09068
C6H4O2
DTXSID6020145
3T006GV98U
EC 203-405-2
1,4-Benzoquinone, 99%
DTXCID40145
1,4 benzoquinone
CAS-106-51-4
parabenzochinon
p-Benzoquinona
p-benzo-quinone
1,4-Benzokinon
Quinone; p-BQ
NSC36324
2,4-dione
p-BQ
BZQ (CHRIS Code)
Benzo-1,4-quinone #
QUINONE [MI]
(p-Phenylenedioxy)radical
Lopac-B-1266
QUINONE [WHO-DD]
Benzoquinone [UN2587]
D0M2EM
Epitope ID:116219
WLN: L6V DVJ
Chinon(DUTCH, GERMAN)
cid_4650
PARA-QUINONE [IARC]
Lopac0_000120
SCHEMBL18103
MLS002454445
Benzoquinone, p-; (Quinone)
GTPL6307
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-4-dione
2,5-Ciclohexadieno-1,4-diona
BDBM22774
1,4-BENZOQUINONE [HSDB]
HMS2230N13
HMS3260G22
AMY21949
Benzoquinone [UN2587] [Poison]
1,4-BENZOQUINONE [USP-RS]
Tox21_202020
Tox21_302970
Tox21_500120
BBL010327
Benzoquinone [UN2587] [Poison]
c0261
LS-403
NA2587
STK398389
AKOS000119965
3,6-Dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1-ide
CCG-204215
LP00120
SDCCGSBI-0050108.P002
UN 2587
p-Benzoquinone, reagent grade, >=98%
NCGC00015139-01
NCGC00015139-02
NCGC00015139-03
NCGC00015139-04
NCGC00015139-05
NCGC00015139-06
NCGC00015139-07
NCGC00015139-10
NCGC00091053-01
NCGC00091053-02
NCGC00091053-03
NCGC00256505-01
NCGC00259569-01
NCGC00260805-01
SMR000326659
VS-02448
B0089
B0887
EU-0100120
EN300-19699
B 1266
C00472
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, radical ion(1-)
A801452
Q402719
SR-01000075705
J-503966
SR-01000075705-1
Z104474802
InChI=1/C6H4O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4
1,4-Benzoquinone, pharmaceutical secondary standard; traceable to USP
1,4-Benzoquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione; QUINONE RING OF THE PLASTOQUINONE 9
1,4-Benzoquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

PCBTF; 1-(Trifluoromethyl)-4-chlorobenzene; p-Chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-Toluene; (p-Chlorophenyl) Trifluoromethane; p-(Trifluoromethyl) Chlorobenzene; p-Chloro-alpha,alpha-Trifluorotoluene; ; p-Chlorotrifluoromethylbenzene; p-Trifluoromethylphenyl chloride; 4-Chlorobenzotrifluoride; 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene; 4-Chloro-alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene CAS NO:98-56-6

Parabens are chemicals that are commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
Parabens are usually easy to identify by their name, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, or ethylparaben.


INCI Name: Methylparaben Propylparaben Butylparaben
Ingredient origins: Hydrocarbons
Role: Preservative



SYNONYMS:
methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, propyl 4-hydroxylbenzoate



Parabens are chemicals that are commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
Chemically, Parabens are a series of parahydroxybenzoates or esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid (also known as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid).
Research is being conducted to evaluate the potential health implications of Parabens usage.


People can also be exposed to parabens by eating foods and beverages that do not just contain parabens but are also preserved with them.
In the 1970s, propylparaben was designated as “generally recognized as safe” for addition to food up to 0.1 percent.
Parabens are a group of chemicals most commonly used as: preservatives, antimicrobials, flavour enhancers, and fragrance ingredients.


Parabens are a family of ingredients used as preservatives in personal care products.
‘Paraben’ refers to many slightly different paraben forms, some of which can be found in nature.
Parabens are a type of synthetic preservative used to prolong the shelf life of certain ingredients.


By preventing bacteria and mold growth, Parabens allow products to survive for months—even years—in our bathrooms.
(Microorganisms love moisture, so without some sort of preservative, the shampoo sitting for weeks in your humid shower would turn all sorts of funky.)
Parabens are usually easy to identify by their name, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, or ethylparaben.


Other names for these are methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and propyl 4-hydroxylbenzoate.
Parabens are actually several distinct chemicals with a similar molecular structure.
Several are common in a wide array cosmetic and personal care products: ethylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben, methylparaben and propylparaben.


Methylparaben and propylparaben are the most common of these.
Parabens are most common in personal care products that contain significant amounts of water such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions and facial and shower cleansers and scrubs because they discourage the growth of microbes.


While the Cosmetic Ingredient Review recommends concentration limits for single (up to 0.4%) and total paraben concentrations (up to 0.8%) in a single product, these recommendations do not account for exposure to parabens from several products by a single individual.
Parabens are found in nearly all urine samples from U.S. adults regardless of ethnic, socioeconomic or geographic backgrounds.


In one biomonitoring study, adolescents and adult females had higher levels of methylparaben and propylparaben in their urine than did males of similar ages.
Parabens are not water soluble and can penetrate the skin.


As a result, repeated application of a product or multiple products containing parabens could mean almost continuous exposure.
The ubiquity of parabens in personal care products makes this a reasonable scenario.
Parabens enter the body through dermal absorption, ingestion and inhalation, and can enhance the actions of the natural estrogen known as estradiol.


Parabens are a group of compounds widely used as preservatives for their antimicrobial properties.
Parabens are a group of controversial preservatives that include butylparaben, isobutylparaben, propylparaben, methylparaben, and ethylparaben.
All of these were at one time the most widely used group of preservatives used in cosmetics.


Parabens were so popular because of their gentle, non-sensitizing, and highly effective profile in comparison to other preservatives but also because they were derived naturally from plants, a rare phenomenon for a preservative.
Parabens are found in plants in the form of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a chemical that breaks down to become parabens for a plant’s own protection.


Parabens that are manufactured for consumables and personal care products are identical to those found in nature.
The most common types of Parabens are methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, isopropylparaben and isobutylparaben.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PARABENS:
Parabens are effective preservatives in many types of formulas.
These compounds, and their salts, Parabens are used primarily for their bactericidal and fungicidal properties.
Parabens are found in shampoos, commercial moisturizers, shaving gels, personal lubricants, topical/parenteral pharmaceuticals, sun-tan products, makeup, and toothpaste.


Parabens are also used as food preservatives.
Parabens are additionally found in pharmaceutical products such as topical treatments for wounds.
These treatments help heal wounds by keeping the skin moist and preventing infection.


The antimicrobial properties of parabens play a role in the effectiveness of the treatment.
This application is helpful for those who have chronic wounds and need to prevent infections as much as possible.
Parabens are a group of chemicals that are widely used as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants, shower gels and body creams.


Parabens are preservatives commonly used in personal care products.
Preservatives are used in to inhibit the growth of microbes or bacteria, making the product safe to use and also extending its shelf lifei.
The three most common parabens in use are methylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben.


These parabens are known to be eye and skin irritantsii, and have also been linked to breast cancer.
Parabens are not carcinogenic themselves, but they are endocrine disruptors, meaning they have an effect on the normal functioning of hormones within the bodyiii.


Parabens mimic oestrogen within the body, and increased oestrogen is involved with the increase in breast cells, which can also mean the increase in cancerous breast cellsiv.
Parabens are easily absorbed into the skin, being introduced into the system even after just one application.


This is a cause for concern considering Parabens are very often used in products that come into direct contact with the skin such body lotions and deodorants.
We don't use parabens at ecostore but we do still require the use of preservatives to keep our products free of microbes and able to be on the shelf for longer.


Parabens are the most widely used preservative in cosmetics.
Parabens are also used as fragrance ingredients, but consumers won’t find that listed on the label.
Fragrance recipes are considered trade secrets, so manufacturers are not required to disclose fragrance chemicals in the list of ingredients (see also Fragrance/Parfum).


An estimated 75 to 90 per cent of cosmetics contain parabens (typically at very low levels).
Parabens are synthetic chemicals that are used as preservatives in a variety of products, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food.
As preservatives, parabens give products a longer shelf-life and prevent harmful bacteria and mold from growing in the products, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).


Parabens are a family of related chemicals that are commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic products.
Preservatives may be used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and mold, in order to protect both the products and consumers.
Parabens used most commonly in cosmetics are methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben.


Product ingredient labels typically list more than one paraben in a product, and parabens are often used in combination with other types of preservatives to better protect against a broad range of microorganisms.
Parabens are chemicals that are used as preservatives to ward off substances — fungi, yeast, and bacteria, among others — that shorten the products' shelf life.


You can find Parabens in many of the products that you use every day.
Parabens are preservatives used in a wide variety of personal care products and foods to prevent the growth of microbes.
These endocrine-disrupting chemicals can be absorbed through skin, blood and the digestive system


Parabens are commonly added to cosmetics and other personal care products to prevent the growth of mold, bacteria and yeasts.
Methylparaben and propylparaben are the most commonly used parabens.
Parabens have been widespread in personal care products, foods and beverages since the 1920s.


Manufacturers use parabens to stabilize many personal care and food products and prolong their shelf life.
Without an effective preservative, many products, if used frequently, can get contaminated and become a breeding ground for bacteria, yeast and mold.
Parabens are odorless, tasteless and chemically stable, which makes them ideal for use in food and personal care products.


But safer alternatives are available.
Parabens are a group of preservative ingredients used in cosmetics, personal hygiene products, food products and pharmaceuticals.
Parabens are highly effective in preventing the growth of fungi, bacteria, and yeast that can cause products to spoil, helping to extend shelf life.


Preservatives like parabens may be used in cosmetics to protect against microbial (e.g., bacteria, fungus) growth, both to protect consumers and to maintain product integrity.
In the food industry, parabens have been used for more than 50 years as preservatives and anti-microbial agents.


Some fruits, such as blueberries, contain parabens as a naturally occurring preservative.
Parabens are widely used in confectioneries, cereal-based snacks, dried meats, and much more.
Parabens are chemical preservatives widely used in food and personal care products.


Parabens are a type of endocrine disruptor that may cause serious health harm, especially in the developing body.
If you’re concerned about the impact of parabens on your health, there are ways to avoid them.
Parabens are a group of chemicals that preserve our personal care products.


-blueberries uses of Parabens:
Parabens are derived from para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) that occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables, such as cucumbers, cherries, carrots, blueberries and onions.

Parabens also is naturally formed in the human body by the breakdown of some amino acids.
Parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature, and the human body quickly changes them into natural PHBA and eliminates them.


-cosmetics uses of Parabens:
Parabens (including methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, isopropylparaben, and isobutylparaben) may be used in products such as makeup, moisturizers, and hair care and shaving products.
Contrary to some reports, most major brands of deodorants and antiperspirants no longer contain parabens.


-Parabens can be ingredients in a number of everyday products, such as:
*drugs
*cosmetics
*pesticides
*natural health products
Some parabens are permitted food additives and can also occur naturally in some foods.



PRODUCTS THAT CONTAIN PARABENS:
-Personal care.
Some products with parabens that you might find in your home are: Shampoo, conditioner, and other hair care products
*Moisturizers and lotions


-Makeup
*Shaving products
In the past, parabens were also used in deodorants and antiperspirants.
Today, many brands have removed parabens as ingredients in their products, but some may still use these chemicals.

Cosmetics and personal care products that are sold in the U.S. are required to list all of their ingredients on the packaging.
This way, you can see if there are parabens or other ingredients or chemicals in them that you want to stay away from.


-Food and drinks.
For the past 50 years, parabens have also been added to foods to stop the growth of microorganisms.
You might find parabens in:
*Cereals
*Candy
*Dried meats
*Beer
*Sauces
*Processed veggies
*Frozen dairy products
*Jams
*Pickles
*Flavored syrups


-Pharmaceuticals
If parabens weren’t added to these foods, they would spoil quicker, and you'd have a higher risk of ingesting food that isn’t safe to eat.
Some foods, like blueberries and barley, have naturally occurring parabens in them.



WHAT KINDS OF PRODUCTS CONTAIN PARABENS?
Parabens are used in a wide variety of cosmetics, as well as in foods and drugs.
Cosmetics that may contain parabens include makeup, moisturizers, hair care products, and shaving products, among others.
Many major brands of deodorants do not currently contain parabens, although some may.



TYPES OF PARABENS:
Parabens have been added to cosmetics and other products since the 1920s.
If you read the ingredients on a bottle of shampoo or foundation, you may see the names of six of the most common ones:
*Methylparaben
*Ethylparaben
*Propylparaben
*Isopropylparaben
*Butylparaben
*Isobutylparaben



PARABENS AT A GLANCE:
*Parabens are a group of chemicals that prevent the growth of mold, bacteria and yeasts.
*Parabens are often added to cosmetics and personal care products to increase shelf-life and stability.



WHERE ARE PARABENS FOUND?
Parabens are most commonly found in cosmetics and personal care items such as lotions, sunscreen, antiperspirants, makeup and hair products.
Parabens may also be found in chewing gum and mouthwash



KEY POINTS/OVERVIEW OF PARABENS:
Parabens are derived from para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) that occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables, such as cucumbers, cherries, carrots, blueberries and onions.

Parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature, and the human body quickly changes them into natural PHBA and eliminates them.
Parabens have been safely used for almost 100 years as preservatives in the food, drug and personal care and cosmetic industries.
Several commonly used parabens have been designated as “Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)” for such uses by the FDA since the early 1970s.



TYPES OF PARABENS:
Cosmetics typically contain mixtures of different types of parabens.
The most commonly used six types of Parabens are methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl- and isobutylparaben.

The so-called shorter-chain parabens, methyl- and ethyl-, are commonly used in combination, whereas butylparaben is often used alone.
The longer-chain parabens, propyl- and butyl-, are linked to stronger estrogenic activity.
The branched structure has been shown to increase estrogenic activity as well as sensitization potency.



WHAT PRODUCTS CONTAIN PARABENS:
Parabens are used in a wide variety of leave-on and rinse-off products, especially those with a high water content, such as shampoos and conditioners, which people use every day.
Parabens's antimicrobial properties are most effective against fungi and gram positive bacteria.

Moisturizers, face and skin cleaners, sunscreens, deodorants, shaving gels, toothpastes, makeup and many other products contain parabens.
Parabens are absorbed into the body through the skin, metabolized and excreted in urine and bile.

However, daily use of a product or multiple products containing parabens results in direct and continuous exposure, as indicated by nearly ubiquitous detection in biomonitoring surveys.

Personal care products are the greatest contributors to Parabens exposure, as seen in studies comparing paraben levels in the bodies of women, men, adolescents and children who regularly use cosmetics and those who do not.

Adolescent girls who wear makeup every day had 20 times the levels of propylparaben in their urine compared to those who never or rarely wear makeup.
The use of body and face lotions, hair products, sunscreens and makeup have all been predictors of and correlated with remarkably increased levels of urinary parabens.



CHEMISTRY OF PARABENS:
Structure;
Parabens are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, from which the name is derived.
Common parabens include methylparaben (E number E218), ethylparaben (E214), propylparaben (E216), butylparaben and heptylparaben (E209).

Less common parabens include isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben, benzylparaben and their sodium salts.
The general chemical structure of a paraben is shown at the top right of this page, where R symbolizes an alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.



SYNTHESIS OF PARABENS:
All commercially used parabens are synthetically produced, although some are identical to those found in nature.
Parabens are produced by the esterification of para-hydroxybenzoic acid with the appropriate alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, or n-propanol.
para-Hydroxybenzoic acid is in turn produced industrially from a modification of the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, using potassium phenoxide and carbon dioxide.



BIOLOGICAL MODE OF ACTION OF PARABENS:
Parabens are active against a broad spectrum of microorganisms.
However, Parabens's antibacterial mode of action is not well understood.

Parabens are thought to act by disrupting membrane transport processes or by inhibiting synthesis of DNA and RNA or of some key enzymes, such as ATPases and phosphotransferases, in some bacterial species.
Propylparaben is considered more active against more bacteria than methylparaben.

The stronger antibacterial action of propylparaben may be due to its greater solubility in the bacterial membrane, which may allow it to reach cytoplasmic targets in greater concentrations.

However, since a majority of the studies on the mechanism of action of parabens suggest that their antibacterial action is linked to the membrane, it is possible that its greater lipid solubility disrupts the lipid bilayer, thereby interfering with bacterial membrane transport processes and perhaps causing the leakage of intracellular constituents.



WHAT PRODUCTS HAVE PARABENS?
Sooo many.
You’ll typically find Parabens in products with a high water content—think shampoos, conditioners, lotions, shaving gels, toothpastes, the list goes on.
Parabens are a hot topic in the beauty world, but they’re also widely used as food preservatives—so much so that scientists have detected them in most grocery store food products.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PARABENS:
INCI Name: Methylparaben Propylparaben Butylparaben
Ingredient origins: Hydrocarbons
Role: Preservative
Common name: Parabens



FIRST AID MEASURES of PARABENS:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PARABENS:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PARABENS:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PARABENS:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PARABENS:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PARABENS:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

1,4-Dichlorobenzene; p-Dichlorobenzol; Chloroden; 1,4-Dichloorbenzeen; 1,4-Dichlor-benzol; 1,4-Diclorobenzene; Persia-perazol; Santochlor; Paramoth; Di-Chloricide; Paradi; Paradow; Persia-Perazol; Evola; Parazene; PDCB CAS NO:106-46-7

PARAFFIN, N° CAS : 8002-74-2; 64742-51-4 - Paraffine, Autres langues : Paraffina, Parafina. Nom INCI : PARAFFIN. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-315-6; 265-154-5. Additif alimentaire : E905 Classification : Huile Minérale. La paraffine est une cire solide blanche et tendre constituée de pétrole. Elle est utilisée dans de nombreux domaines comme l'alimentaire et dans la fabrication des bougies. Elle est employée en cosmétique dans les produits de maquillage comme les mascaras ou les rouges à lèvres mais aussi dans de nombreux soins pour le corps. Elle est interdite en bio et est peu biodégradable.Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

petroleum wax; Paraffin; EINECS 232-315-6 CAS NO:8002-74-2

Paraffin wax is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms.
Paraffin wax is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F), and its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F).
Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation,and candles;dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons.

CAS: 8002-74-2
MF: C21H27NO3
MW: 341.44398
EINECS: 232-315-6

Synonyms
PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 51-53 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 52-54 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 42-44 25 KG;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 46-48 1 KG;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 56-58 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 57-60 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 46-48 25 KG;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 42-44 1 KG

Paraffin wax is not to be confused with kerosene and other petroleum products that are sometimes called paraffin.
Un-dyed, unscented paraffin candles are odorless and bluish-white.
Paraffin wax was first created by Carl Reichenbach in Germany in 1830 and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles and was cheaper to produce.
In chemistry, paraffin is used synonymously with alkane, indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
The name is derived from Latin parum ("very little") + affinis, meaning "lacking affinity" or "lacking reactivity", referring to paraffin's unreactive nature.
Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68°C (115 and 154°F) and a density of approximately 900, is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.

Paraffin wax is often classed as a stable chemical since it is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.
Paraffin wax is the common name for the mixture of solid higher alkanes, the molecular formula is CnH2n+2, where n=20-40.
The excess oil residue in the wax is removed through the process of petroleum refining.
Paraffin wax is then deoiled and separated by vacuum distillation.
The main component of refined paraffin is saturated normal alkanes with carbon number of about 20-40, containing a small amount of isomers and alkanes.
Paraffin wax, also commonly called ‘paraffin’, is a colourless or white, tasteless, odourless, translucent waxy solid.

Paraffin wax has a typical melting point between about 46°C and 68°C.
Pure paraffin wax is a combustible substance and insoluble in water but soluble in petroleum solvents and stable under normal conditions of use.
Paraffin wax has been identified as an excellent electrical insulator.
Paraffin wax is also used in the manufacturing of paraffin papers, candles, food packaging materials, varnishes, floor polishes, to extract perfumes from flowers, in lubricants, and cosmetics.
Paraffin wax is also used in water-proofing wood, and cork.
White translucent tasteless odorless solids.
Density 0.88- 0.92 g / cm3.
Insoluble in water.
Melting range 47-65°C.
Used in candles, lubricants, crayons, floor polishes, cosmetics, chewing gum.

Paraffin wax Chemical Properties
Melting point: 58-62 °C ((ASTM D 87))
Boiling point: 322 °C
Density: 0.82 g/mL at 20 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.45
FEMA: 3216 | PARAFFIN WAX
Fp: 113 °C
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Soluble in chloroform, ether, volatile oils, and most warm fixed oils; slightly Soluble in ethanol; practically insoluble in acetone, ethanol (95%), and water.
Paraffin can be mixed with most waxes if melted and cooled.
Form: extra-low viscosity oil
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Odor Type: odorless
explosive limit: 0.6-6.5%(V)
Dielectric constant: 2.1-2.5（0.0℃）
CAS DataBase Reference: 8002-74-2
EPA Substance Registry System: Paraffin waxes and Hydrocarbon waxes (8002-74-2)

Paraffin wax, also known as crystalline wax, is usually a white, odorless waxy solid.
Paraffin wax melts at 47°C-64°C and has a density of about 0.9g/cm3.
Paraffin wax is soluble in gasoline, carbon disulfide, xylene, ether, benzene, chloroform, and tetrachloride.
Non-polar solvents such as carbon, naphtha, etc., are insoluble in polar solvents such as water and methanol.
Paraffin wax is a good insulator, its resistivity is 1013-1017 ohm·m, which is higher than most materials except some plastics (especially Teflon).
Fully refined paraffin waxes are a hard, white crystalline material derived from petroleum.
Paraffin waxes are predominately composed of normal, straight-chain hydrocarbons.

The water-repellent and thermoplastic properties of paraffin waxes make them ideal for many applications.
Typical end uses include cereal, delicatessen, and household wrap, corrugated containers, candles, cheese and vegetable coatings, and hot melt adhesives.
Paraffin wax is colorless or white with an odorless mass.
Paraffin wax consists of a mixture of solid aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Paraffin wax is used in the manufacture of paraffin papers, candles, food packaging materials, varnishes, floor polishes, to extract perfumes from flowers, in lubricants, and cosmetics.
Paraffin wax is also used in waterproofing wood and cork.

Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68 °C (115 and 154 °F), and a density of around 900 kg/m3.
Paraffin wax is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.
Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.
Paraffin wax's heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg.
Paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with a resistivity of between 1013 and 1017 ohm-metre.
This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably PTFE).
Paraffin wax is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron.

Paraffin wax is an excellent material for storing heat, with a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J⋅g−1⋅K−1 (joules per gram per kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J⋅g−1.
Paraffin wax phase-change cooling coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the Lunar Roving Vehicle during the crewed missions to the Moon in the early 1970s.
Wax expands considerably when Paraffin wax melts and so is used in wax element thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes.
If pure paraffin wax melted to the approximate flash point in a half open glass vessel which is then suddenly cooled down, then its vapors may autoignite as result of reaching boiling liquid pressure.

Composition
Paraffin wax is a mixture of solid higher alkanes, the molecular formula of the main component is CnH2n+2, where n=17～35.
The main components are straight-chain alkanes, a small amount of alkane with individual branches and monocyclic cycloalkanes with long side chains; straight-chain alkanes are mainly n-docosane (C22H46) and n-octadecane (C28H58).

History
Paraffin wax was first created in 1830 by German chemist Karl von Reichenbach when he attempted to develop a method to efficiently separate and refine waxy substances naturally occurring in petroleum.
Paraffin represented a major advance in the candle-making industry because it burned cleanly and was cheaper to manufacture than other candle fuels such as beeswax and tallow.
Paraffin wax initially suffered from a low melting point.
Paraffin wax was remedied by adding stearic acid.
The production of paraffin wax enjoyed a boom in the early 20th century due to the growth of the oil and meatpacking industries, which created paraffin and stearic acid as byproducts.

Wax
Paraffin wax is of two general types: (i) paraffin wax in petroleum distillates and (ii) microcrystalline wax in petroleum residua.
Paraffin wax is a solid crystalline mixture of straightchain (normal) hydrocarbons ranging from 20 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule, and even higher.
Paraffin wax is a solid crystalline mixture of straightchain (normal) hydrocarbons ranging from C20 to C30 and possibly higher, that is, CH3(CH2)nCH3 , where n≥18.
Paraffin wax is distinguished by its solid state at ordinary temperatures (25°C, 77°F) and low viscosity (35–45 SUS at 99°C, 210°F) when melted.
However, in contrast to petroleum wax, petrolatum (petroleum jelly), although solid at ordinary temperatures, does in fact contain both solid and liquid hydrocarbons.
Paraffin wax is essentially a low-melting, ductile, microcrystalline wax.
Microcrystalline waxes form approximately 1–2% w/w of crude oil and are valuable products having numerous applications.
These waxes are usually obtained from heavy lube distillates by solvent dewaxing and from tank bottom sludge by acid clay treatment.
However, these crude wax products usually contain appreciable quantity (10–20% w/w) of residual oil and, as such, are not suitable for many applications such as paper coating, electrical insulation, textile printing, and polishes.

Microcrystalline waxes
Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process.
In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax, which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of iso-paraffin (branched) and naphthene hydrocarbons.
Paraffin wax is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax.
Paraffin wax consists of high-molecular-weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Paraffin wax is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier, and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher molecular weight and melting point.

The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straightchain components that they contain.
Typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax.
Microcrystalline waxes when produced by wax refiners are typically produced to meet a number of ASTM specifications, which include congealing point (ASTM D938), needle penetration (D1321), color (ASTM D6045), and viscosity (ASTM D445).
Microcrystalline wax is also a key component in the manufacture of petrolatum.
The branched structure of the carbon chain backbone allows oil molecules to be incorporated into the crystal lattice structure.
The desired properties of the petrolatum can be modified by using microcrystalline wax bases of different congeal points (ASTM D938) and needle penetration (ASTM D1321).

Uses
Paraffin wax, or hard wax, is a mixture of solid hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes.
Paraffinwax can be added to medicinal agents.
Petroleumwax and petrolatum are the only hydrocarbons permitted for use in food products.
Paraffin wax is used as a household wax and extensively as a coating for food containers and wrappers.
Paraffin Wax is used to embed tissues to be used in research.
Paraffin wax can be used as a phase changing material in a wide range of applications which include solar based water heaters, microcapsules and thermal energy devices (TEDs).
Used in the production of candles, crayons, wax paper, rubber, wires, cables, plates, waterproof materials, electrical insulation, food packaging, precision casting, general telecommunications equipment, textiles, printing, metal rust prevention, and other chemicals required by various industrial sectors raw material.

Paraffin wax can also be used for oxidation to generate synthetic fatty acids.
Paraffin wax can also be made into detergents, emulsifiers, dispersants, plasticizers, greases, etc.
As a kind of latent heat storage material, paraffin wax has the advantages of large latent heat of phase change, small volume change during solid-liquid phase change, good thermal stability, no supercooling phenomenon, and low price.
Paraffin wax is used in aviation, aerospace, microelectronics, etc. Various fields such as scientific and technological systems and house energy saving have been widely used.

1. Paraffin wax can be made into flake or needle crystals obtained by solvent dewaxing or freezing crystallization of wax, pressing dewaxing to obtain wax paste, and then solvent deoiling and refining.
Used to make higher fatty acids, higher alcohols, matches, candles, waterproofing agents, ointments, electrical insulating materials, etc.
2. Paraffin wax is divided into food grade (food grade and packaging grade, the former is excellent) and industrial grade.
Food grade is non-toxic and industrial grade is not edible.
3. Because of its high oil content, crude paraffin is mainly used to make matches, fiberboards, tarpaulins, etc.
After adding polyolefin additives to paraffin wax, its melting point increases, adhesion and flexibility increase, and Paraffin wax is widely used in moisture-proof and waterproof packaging paper, cardboard, surface coating of certain textiles and candle production.

4. After immersing the paper in paraffin wax, various wax papers with good waterproof performance can be prepared, which can be used in food, medicine and other packaging, metal rust prevention and printing industries; after paraffin wax is added to cotton yarn, the textiles can be soft, smooth and smooth.
Paraffin wax is elastic; paraffin wax can also be used to make detergents, emulsifiers, dispersants, plasticizers, greases, etc.
5. Fully refined paraffin and semi-refined paraffin have a wide range of uses.
They are mainly used as components and packaging materials for food, oral medicines and certain commodities (such as wax paper, crayons, candles, carbon paper), coating materials for baking containers, and Fruit preservation, insulation of electrical components, improvement of rubber aging resistance and flexibility, etc.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Paraffin wax is mainly used in topical pharmaceutical formulations as a component of creams and ointments.
In ointments, Paraffin wax may be used to increase the melting point of a formulation or to add stiffness.
Paraffin wax is additionally used as a coating agent for capsules and tablets, and is used in some food applications.
Paraffin wax coatings can also be used to affect the release of drug from ion-exchange resin beads.

Reactivity Profile
Paraffin wax, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Charring may occur followed by ignition of unreacted portion and other nearby combustibles.
In other settings, mostly unreactive.
Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents.
When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, they burn exothermically.

Health Hazard
Exposures to paraffi n for a prolonged period cause several types of skin disorders, The adverse health effects to skin include chronic dermatitis, wax boils, folliculitis, comedones, papules, melanoderma, and hyperkeratoses.
Studies of Hendricks et al. indicated the development of carcinoma of the scrotum in workers exposed to crude petroleum wax.
Carcinoma of the scrotum in occupational workers began with a normal hyperkeratotic nevus-like lesion, which subsequently resulted in a squamous cell carcinoma.

Manufacturing
The feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, a byproduct from the refining of lubricating oil.
The first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil (de-oiling or de-waxing) from the slack wax.
The oil is separated by crystallization.
Most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a ketone and then cooled.
As Paraffin wax cools, wax crystallizes out of the solution, leaving only oil.
This mixture is filtered into two streams: solid (wax plus some solvent) and liquid (oil and solvent).

After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the resulting products are called "product wax" (or "press wax") and "foots oil".
The lower the percentage of oil in the wax, the more refined Paraffin wax is considered (semi-refined versus fully refined).
The product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors.
The wax may finally be blended together to give certain desired properties such as melt point and penetration.
Paraffin wax is sold in either liquid or solid form.

DESCRIPTION:
Paraffin wax (or petroleum wax) is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms.
Paraffin wax is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F), and its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F).
Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles; dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons.

CAS Number: 8002-74-2



Paraffin wax is distinct from kerosene and other petroleum products that are sometimes called paraffin.

Un-dyed, unscented paraffin candles are odorless and bluish-white.
Paraffin wax was first created by Carl Reichenbach in Germany in 1830 and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles and was cheaper to produce.

In chemistry, paraffin is used synonymously with alkane, indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
The name is derived from Latin parum ("very little") + affinis, meaning "lacking affinity" or "lacking reactivity", referring to paraffin's unreactive nature.

Paraffin wax is a white or colorless soft, solid wax.
Paraffin wax is made from saturated hydrocarbons.

Paraffin wax is often used in skin-softening salon and spa treatments on the hands, cuticles, and feet because it’s colorless, tasteless, and odorless.
Paraffin wax can also be used to provide pain relief to sore joints and muscles.

Paraffin wax has many other uses, too.
Paraffin wax is often used as lubrication, electrical insulation, and to make candles and crayons


Paraffin wax is a by-product of heating or distilling petroleum, also known as crude oil.
Paraffin wax is a solid waxy substance that companies often use to make candles.
Paraffin wax also has other uses, such as a stiffening agent in ointments or an anti-inflammatory cream for the skin.

People often use it to relieve the symptoms of arthritis, and some spas use Paraffin wax as a therapeutic treatment.
Paraffin wax is also a mineral oil and an ingredient in many skin creams, lotions, and gels.

Paraffin waxes are produced as by-products of base oil production process in petroleum refineries.
This by-product is refined in paraffin production facilities to get semi or fully refined grades.
Rafination generally consist s of deoiling, bleaching and deodorization.

Paraffinic products can be divided into two genaral categories: Paraffin waxes and microcrystalline waxes.
Paraffin waxes also called macrocrystalline waxes consist of macrocrystals which are arranged in a more regular pattern and contains high percentage of unbranched molecules.
Paraffin waxes are higher grade alkanes which are very hydrophobic and chemically inert.

Application areas include hot melt adhesives, PVC production, textile industry, explosives,candlemaking, paper and packaging, inks, paints, match production, rodent bait carrier, fishnet protection, tire and rubber industry.

Paraffin Wax is a by-product of the petro-chemical industry.
Paraffin Wax has a low melting point of 50-60°c and a brittle texture, making Paraffin Wax unsuitable for encaustic painting or as an additive to oil paints, but it can be used to impart softness to lithographic crayons.
As a petroleum product, Paraffin Wax is more inert than animal or vegetable waxes, and is therefore not saponified (turned into soap) by alkali substances.


PRODUCTION OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Paraffin wax from a solvent dewaxing operation is commonly known as slack was, and the processes employed for the production of waxes arc aimed at de-oiling the slack wax (petroleum wax concentrate).

Was "waling was originally used to separate wax fractions with various melting points from the wax obtained from shale oils.
Wax sweating is Still used to some extent but is being replaced by the more convenient crystallization process.
In wax sweating, a cake of slack wax is slowly warmed to a temperature at which the oil in the wax and the lower-melting waxes become fluid and drip (or sweat) from the bottom of the cake. leaving a residue of higher-melting wax.

Sweated waxes generally contain small amounts of unsaturated aromatic and sulfur compounds, which are the source of unwanted color, odor, and the aisle that reduce the ability of the wax to resist oxidation; the commonly used method of removing these impurities is clay treatment of the molten wax.

Wax crystallization, like wax sweating, separates slack wax into Inactions. but instead of using the differences in melting points, it makes use of the different solubility of the wax fractions in a solvent. such as the ketone used in the dewaxing process.
When a mixture of ketone and slack wax is heated, the slack wax usually dissolves completely. and it' the solution is cooled slowly, a temperature is reached at which a crop of wax crystals is formed.
These crystals will all be of the same melting point. and if they arc removed by filtration, a wax fraction with a specific melting point is obtained.
If the clear filtrate is further cooled, the second crop of wax crystals with a lower melting point is obtained.
Thus, by alternate cooling and filtration, the slack wax can be subdivided into a large number of wax fractions, each with different melting points.

Chemically. paraffin wax is a mixture of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (with the general formula.
Wax is the residue extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils and they have a crystalline structure with canton number greater than 12.
The main characteristics of wax are (i) colorless. (ii) Odorless. (iii) translucent, and (iv) a melting point above 45°C (113°F).


PROPERTIES OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68 °C (115 and 154 °F), and a density of around 900 kg/m3.
Paraffin wax is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.
Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.
Its heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg.


The hydrocarbon C31H64 is a typical component of paraffin wax.
Paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with a resistivity of between 1013 and 1017 ohm metre.
This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably Teflon).
It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron.

Paraffin wax is an excellent material for storing heat, with a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J g−1 K−1 (joules per gram kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g−1.
Paraffin wax phase-change cooling coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the Lunar Roving Vehicle during the crewed missions to the Moon in the early 1970s.
Wax expands considerably when it melts and this allows its use in wax element thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes.

If pure parraffine wax melted to the approximate flash point in a half open glass vessel which is then suddenly cooled down its vapors may autoignite as result of reaching boiling liquid pressure.


Petroleum wax is of two general types: the paraffin waxes in petroleum distillates and the microcrystalline waxes in petroleum residua.
The melting point of the wax is not directly related to its boiling point because waxes contain hydrocarbons of different chemical nature.
Nevertheless, waxes are graded according to their melting point (ASTM 1)87, IP 55) and oil content (ASTM D721. IP In).


The melting point of paraffin was (ASTM D87. IP 55) has both direct and indirect significance in most wax utilization.
All wax grades are commercially indicated in a range of melting temperatures rather than at a single value, and a range of I °C (2°F) usually indicates a good degree of refinement.
Other common physical properties that help to illustrate the degree of refinement of the wax are color (ASTM D156), oil content (ASTM D721, IP 158), and viscosity (ASTM D88, ASTM D445, IP 71).

Fully refined paraffin waxes are a hard, white crystalline material derived from petroleum.
Paraffin waxes are predominately composed of normal, straight-chain hydrocarbons.

The water-repellent and thermoplastic properties of paraffin waxes make them ideal for many applications.
Typical end uses include cereal, delicatessen, and household wrap, corrugated containers, candles, cheese and vegetable coatings, and hot melt adhesives.

Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68°C (115 and 154°F) and a density of approximately 900, is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.
Paraffin wax is often classed as a stable chemical since it is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.

Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process.
In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax, which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of iso-paraffin (branched) and naphthene hydrocarbons.
It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax.

It consists of high-molecular-weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier, and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher molecular weight and melting point.

The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight-chain components that they contain.
The typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax.





Color:
Paraffin wax is generally white in color, whereas microcrystalline wax and petrolatum range from white to almost black.
A fully refined wax should be virtually colorless (water-white) when examined in the molten state.
The absence of color is of particular importance in wax used for pharmaceutical purposes or for the manufacture of food wrappings.

The significance of the color of microcrystalline wax and petrolatum depends on the use for which they are intended.
In some applications (e.g., the manufacture of corrosion preventives), color may be of little importance.

The Saybolt color test method (ASTM D156) is used for nearly colorless waxes, and in this method, a melted sample is placed in a heated vertical tube mounted alongside a second tube containing standard color disks.
An optical viewer allows simultaneous viewing of both tubes.
The level of the sample is decreased until its color is lighter than that of the standard, and the color number above this level is the Saybolt color.

The test method for the color of petroleum products (ASTM DI500, IP 196) is for wax and petrolatum that are too dark for the Saybolt colorimeter.
A liquid sample is placed in the test container, a glass cylinder of 30-35 min ID, and compared with colored glass disks ranging in value from 0-5 to 8-0, using a standard light source.
If an exact match is not found, and the sample color falls between two standard colors, the higher of the two colors is reported.

The Lovibond Tintometer (IP 17) is used to measure the tint and depth of color by comparison with a series of red, yellow, and blue standard glasses.
Waxes and petrolatum are tested in the molten state, and a wide range of cell sizes is available for different types.














HISTORY OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Paraffin wax was first created in 1830 by German chemist Karl von Reichenbach when he attempted to develop a method to efficiently separate and refine waxy substances naturally occurring in petroleum.
Paraffin represented a major advance in the candlemaking industry, because it burned cleanly and was cheaper to manufacture than other candle fuels.
Paraffin wax initially suffered from a low melting point.

This was remedied by adding stearic acid.
The production of paraffin wax enjoyed a boom in the early 20th century due to the growth of the oil and meatpacking industries, which created paraffin and stearic acid as byproducts.


Paraffin wax is acquired from petroleum by dewaxing light lubricating oil stocks.
It was first produced in 1830 by Carl Reichenbach in Germany and commemorated a key advancement in candle making technology, as its burn was cleaner, more consistent than tallow candles and was cheaper to produce.

Initially, paraffin wax had a low melting point, however, the addition of stearic acid later solved this.
Paraffin wax production was thriving in the early 20th century from a rise in meatpacking and oil industries which generated paraffin and stearic acid as by-products.




HOW IS PARAFFIN WAX MADE?:
Paraffin feedstock is slack wax, a combination of oil and wax and a by-product from the refining of lubricating oil.
Firstly, the oil is removed (de-oiled or de-waxed) from the slack wax and separated by crystallisation.
Generally, the slack wax is heated, mixed with a solvent such as ketone and then cooled.

The wax then crystalises out of the solution and the oil remains before the mixture is then filtered into two streams:
• Solid – wax plus some solvent
• Liquid – oil and solvent
Once the solvent is retrieved by distillation, the subsequent products are “product wax” (or “press wax”) and “foots oil”.
The lower percentage of oil in the wax, the more refined it is (semi-refined vs fully-refined).

The product wax may be processed more to remove any colours and odours.
The wax may then be blended to achieve specific required products such as penetration and melt point.
The paraffin wax is then supplied in either liquid or solid form.


MANUFACTURING OF PARAFFIN WAX:
The feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, a byproduct from the refining of lubricating oil.
The first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil (de-oiling or de-waxing) from the slack wax.
The oil is separated by crystallization.

Most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a ketone and then cooled.
As it cools, wax crystallizes out of the solution, leaving only oil.
This mixture is filtered into two streams: solid (wax plus some solvent) and liquid (oil and solvent).

After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the resulting products are called "product wax" (or "press wax") and "foots oil".
The lower the percentage of oil in the wax, the more refined it is considered (semi-refined versus fully refined).
The product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors.

The wax may finally be blended together to give certain desired properties such as melt point and penetration.
Paraffin wax is sold in either liquid or solid form.

APPLICATIONS OF PARAFFIN WAX:
In industrial applications, it is often useful to modify the crystal properties of the paraffin wax, typically by adding branching to the existing carbon backbone chain.
The modification is usually done with additives, such as EVA copolymers, microcrystalline wax, or forms of polyethylene.
The branched properties result in a modified paraffin with a higher viscosity, smaller crystalline structure, and modified functional properties.

Pure paraffin wax is rarely used for carving original models for casting metal and other materials in the lost wax process, as it is relatively brittle at room temperature and presents the risks of chipping and breakage when worked.
Soft and pliable waxes, like beeswax, may be preferred for such sculpture, but "investment casting waxes," often paraffin-based, are expressly formulated for the purpose.

In a histology or pathology laboratory, paraffin wax is used to impregnate tissue prior to sectioning thin samples.
Water is removed from the tissue through ascending strengths of alcohol (75% to absolute), and the tissue is cleared in an organic solvent such as xylene.
The tissue is then placed in paraffin wax for several hours, then set in a mold with wax to cool and solidify.
Sections are then cut on a microtome.



Paraffin has a variety of practical uses in industries that range from medicine and agriculture to cosmetics.
While the very first usage of paraffin dates back to the 19th century as paraffin wax in candles, the oil has since found use in many other forms.
Paraffin is commonly used as a fuel for jet engines and rockets, as well as a fuel or fuel component for diesel and tractor engines.

Common paraffin uses include:
Paraffin wax: a white or colourless soft solid used as a lubricant, candles, crayons, electrical insulation and petroleum jelly
Liquid paraffin (drug): a very highly refined mineral oil used in cosmetics and medicines

Alkane: a saturated hydrocarbon used as a chemical solvent and in plastics
Kerosene: a fuel also known as paraffin
Mineral oil: any of various colourless, odourless, light mixtures of alkanes in the C15 – C40 range from non-vegetable (mineral) source, particularly a distillate of petroleum

Petroleum jelly (soft paraffin)
Tractor vaporising oil: a fuel for petrol-paraffin engines
Paraffin fuel: for prama-stoves or paraffin stoves, used in households in rural parts of South Africa
Liquid paraffin is a mineral oil that comes in two forms: either heavy liquid paraffin oil or light liquid paraffin oil.

The terms kerosene and paraffin overlap where the latter is used as a liquid fuel.
Whereas paraffin wax is a waxy solid, liquid paraffin is more viscous and highly refined and can be used as a laxative.

Other uses of paraffin include:
• A coolant for electrical systems
• A hydraulic fluid











OTHER USES OF PARAFFIN WAX:
• Candle-making
• Wax carving
• Bicycle chain lubrication
• Coatings for waxed paper or waxed cotton
• Food-grade paraffin wax:
• Shiny coating used in candy-making; although edible, it is nondigestible, passing through the body without being broken down
• Coating for many kinds of hard cheese, like Edam cheese
• Sealant for jars, cans, and bottles
• Chewing gum additive
• Investment casting
• Anti-caking agent, moisture repellent, and dustbinding coatings for fertilizers
• Agent for preparation of specimens for histology
• Bullet lubricant – with other ingredients, such as olive oil and beeswax
• Phlegmatizing agent, commonly used to stabilise/desensitize high explosives such as RDX
• Crayons
• Solid propellant for hybrid rocket motors
• Component of surfboard wax, ski wax, and skateboard wax
• Ink. Used as the basis for solid ink different color blocks of wax for thermal printers. The wax is melted and then sprayed on the paper producing images with a shiny surface
• Microwax: food additive, a glazing agent with E number E905
• Forensic investigations: the nitrate test uses paraffin wax to detect nitrates and nitrites on the hand of a shooting suspect
• Antiozonant agents: blends of paraffin and micro waxes are used in rubber compounds to prevent cracking of the rubber; the admixture of wax migrates to the surface of the product and forms a protective layer. The layer can also act as a release agent, helping the product separate from its mould.[26]
• Mechanical thermostats and actuators, as an expansion medium for activating such devices
• As a potting material to encapsulate electronic components such as guitar pickups, transformers, and inductors, to prevent moisture ingress and to reduce electromagnetically-induced acoustic noise and microphonic effects
• Textile manufacturing processes, such as that used for Eisengarn thread.
• Thickening agent in many paintballs
• Moisturiser in toiletries and cosmetics such as Vaseline.
• Prevents oxidation on the surface of polished steel and iron
• Phase change material for thermal energy storage
• Used by MESSENGER (Mercury spacecraft), when the spacecraft was unable to radiate excessive heat.
• Manufacture of boiled leather armor and books
• Neutron radiation shielding
• Wax baths for occupational and physical therapies and cosmetic treatments
• Paraffin is effective in the treatment of Osteoporosis of the hand joints. Treatment consists of dip-wrapped paraffin bath therapy for 15 minutes until paraffin cooled for five days a weeks. The use of paraffin wax bath has been shown to decrease pain at rest and during ADLs compared to groups who did not receive wax therapy.
• Improvements in grip strength and pinch strength have been found in patients with Carpel Tunnel Syndrome, Osteoarthritis, spasticity, and post-traumatic stiffness for those who have used paraffin bath therapy along with traditional physical therapy in their recovery. It has been found that patients who have used paraffin bath therapy have yielded lower VAS and AUSCAN scores (pain scores) compared to those who did not.
• Used for wood finishing
• Used as a fuel for fire breathing
• Used in Lava Lamps

BENEFITS OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Cosmetic benefits:
Cosmetically, paraffin wax is often applied to the hands and feet.
The wax is a natural emollient, helping make skin supple and soft.
When applied to the skin, it adds moisture and continues to boost the moisture levels of the skin after the treatment is complete.

It can also help open pores and remove dead skin cells.
That may help make the skin look fresher and feel smoother.

Therapeutic benefits:
Paraffin wax may be used to help relieve pain in the hands of people with:
• Osteoarthritis
• rheumatoid arthritis
• fibromyalgia
• other joint mobility issues

Paraffin wax acts like a form of heat therapy and can help increase blood flow, relax muscles, and decrease joint stiffness.
Paraffin wax can also minimize muscle spasms and inflammation as well as treat sprains.


Paraffin wax has some potential therapeutic uses.
Some salons and spas use it as a skin-softening treatment or pain relief for sore joints and muscles.
The two main benefits of paraffin wax are its moisturizing or skin-softening properties and its use in heat therapy.

Moisturizing:
Spas and salons often use paraffin wax in skin-softening treatments to moisturize the hands, feet, and cuticles.
Paraffin is an occlusive moisturizerTrusted Source, which means it forms a physical barrier on the skin to prevent water loss.
This can make a person’s skin feel supple and soft.

Occlusive agents such as paraffin wax can also help relieve symptoms of dry skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis.
However, occlusive moisturizers may cause the skin to feel greasy.
The thick barrier on the skin could also lead to clogged pores and acne.

Heat therapy:
A person can use paraffin wax as a form of heat therapy for their hands or feet.
To use it for heat therapy, a person can melt the wax, test the temperature, and dip their hands or feet in it.
This may help relieve stiff muscles and joints by improving circulation and increasing blood flow to the area.
People with different forms of arthritis may find that this form of heat therapy helps alleviate pain, stiffness, and swelling, as well as helping to improve mobility and flexibility.



HOW TO USE PARAFFIN WAX:
Salons and spas may offer paraffin wax treatments, but people can also use the treatment at home.
The treatments at home and in a spa are likely very similar.
When using wax at home, a person should use caution when heating the wax and follow all instructions on the kit.

To perform a paraffin wax treatment at home, a person should follow these steps:

Wash hands with soap and water.
Apply a lotion or moisturizer to the hands.

Test the temperature of the wax by dipping a fingertip in gently.
Spread the fingers and dip the hand into the wax.
Remove when coated.

Repeat this, dipping and drying the hand about 6–8 times.
Cover the hand with a towel or plastic bag immediately.
Keep paraffin wax covered for 15–20 minutes.

Remove the towel.
Carefully peel the cooled wax from the hand.
Repeat steps with the other hand.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PARAFFIN WAX:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Chemical formula CnH2n+2
Appearance White solid
Odor Odorless
Boiling point > 370 °C (698 °F)
Solubility in water ~1 mg/L

TRADE NAMES OF PARAFFIN WAX:
IGI 1230 Paraffin Wax-Slab
IGI 1231 Paraffin Wax-Granulated
IGI 1236 Paraffin Wax -Gran
IGI 1236 Paraffin Wax-Slab
IGI 1240 Paraffin Wax-Slab
IGI 1245 Paraffin Wax-Slab
IGI 1246 Paraffin Wax-Gran
IGI 1255 Paraffin Wax-Gran
1611343 Paraffin Wax

Synonyms: Paraffin wax meets analytical specification of Ph.Eur., white, pastilles;Fully refined parafin wax Deg.56;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 51-53 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 52-54 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 42-44 25 KG;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 46-48 1 KG;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 56-58 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 57-60 PH EUR,B CAS: 8002-74-2

Paraform, Polyoxymethane, Formagene; Polyformaldehyde; Polyoxymethylene; Formaldehyde Polymer; Polyoxymethylene Glycol; Trioxymethylene; Paraformaldehydum; Paraformic aldehyde; Metaformaldehyde CAS:30525-89-4; 53026-80-5

Paraform, Polyoxymethane, Formagene; Polyformaldehyde; Polyoxymethylene; Formaldehyde Polymer; Polyoxymethylene Glycol; Trioxymethylene; Paraformaldehydum; Paraformic aldehyde; Metaformaldehyde CAS:30525-89-4; 53026-80-5

Para-formaldehyde is a linear polymer, cross-linking fixative that changes to formaldehyde upon heating and by adding small amount of sodium hydroxide.
Para-formaldehyde appears as a white solid with a light pungent odor.
A linear polymer of formaldehyde of formula HO(CH2-O)xH where x averages about 30.


CAS Number: 30525-89-4
EC Number: 608-494-5
MDL number: MFCD00133991
Chemical formula: OH(CH2O)nH (n = 8 - 100)


Para-formaldehyde is soluble in water when x is less than 12; higher polymers are not immediately soluble.
Slow dissolution in water of Para-formaldehyde proceeds by means of hydrolysis to give fragments of lower x.
Para-formaldehyde is the smallest polyoxymethylene, the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units.


Para-formaldehyde commonly has a slight odor of formaldehyde due to decomposition.
Para-formaldehyde is a poly-acetal.
Formaldehyde is CH2O, the simplest aldehyde.
Formalin is the name for saturated (37%) formaldehyde solution.


Thus, a protocol calling for 10% formalin is roughly equivalent to 4% formaldehyde.
Beware though, that some solutions have methanol in them to stop polymerization but this could have a negative effect on your sample.
Para-formaldehyde has actually polymerized formaldehyde. "Pure", methanol-free formaldehyde can be made by heating the solid Para-formaldehyde.
This might be called Para-formaldehyde, but Para-formaldehyde actually isn't because it’s not the polymer form.


Para-formaldehyde is the polymerization product of formaldehyde; degree of polymerization of 8–100 units.
Para-formaldehyde must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution prior to use since it is not the fixative itself.
The formaldehyde fixing procedure for cell samples usually involves using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for a few minutes.


This vital step maintains the cell morphology and therefore ensures that sample cell structures stay intact, and antigens are immobilized, while still permitting antibody-target antigen access.
Para-formaldehyde depolymerizes in water to formaldehyde solution yielding consistent quality fixative solutions.
To achieve a strong solution, raise the temperature of the water to 60ºC then add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise.


Para-formaldehyde is the smallest polyoxymethylene, the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units.
Para-formaldehyde commonly has a slight odor of formaldehyde due to decomposition.
Para-formaldehyde is a poly-acetal.


Para-formaldehyde forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold.
Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde.
A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization.
Para-formaldehyde is as a trimer of formaldehyde and has the formula O-CH2-O-CH2-O-CH2.


Para-formaldehyde is a white, water soluble powder.
When added to a mud in advance of a bacterial inoculation and maintained, Para-formaldehyde can effectively control many strains of bacteria.
The amount or Para-formaldehyde in a mud can be estimated by oxidizing it with sulfite into formic acid and performing an alkalinity titration, according to a procedure published by API.


Para-formaldehyde is a ready-to-use fixation solution for cells or tissues.
It is electron microscopy-grade Para-formaldehyde dissolved in pH 7.4 PBS with no methanol added.
UV light and oxygen are known to cause formaldehyde degradation over long-term storage.
Biotium’s unique packaging method ensures the high quality of the formaldehyde by using amber glass vials packaged under argon gas and tightly sealed with pharmaceutical grade enclosures.


Para-formaldehyde is a general histological tissue fixative.
Contains Para-formaldehyde buffered to a neutral pH.
Para-formaldehyde is a white crystalline solid polymer with pungent odor and generates toxic formaldehyde gas when heated.
Para-formaldehyde may react violently with strong oxidizing agents and less with bases.


Para-formaldehyde is slightly soluble in alcohols and insoluble in ethers, hydrocarbons, and carbon tetrachloride.
Para-formaldehyde is a white, solid polymer of formaldehyde with the pungent, characteristic formaldehyde odor.
Para-formaldehyde is made up of connected formaldehyde molecules.
Para-formaldehyde is slightly soluble in alcohols and insoluble in ethers, hydrocarbons, and carbon tetrachloride.


Para-formaldehyde is relative insoluble in cold water, but soluble in hot water with depolymerization.
The solubility and rate of solution of Para-formaldehyde in water are greatly influenced by pH and temperature.
Both acidic and alkaline pHs and higher temperatures accelerate the rate of solution.
Once dissolved, the Para-formaldehyde solution behaves like the methanol-free formaldehyde solution of the same concentration.


Para-formaldehyde is composed of varying molecular weight polymers of polyoxymethylene glycols.
Para-formaldehyde is generally prepared as 91 or 95% formaldehyde by weight with the remainder being free and combined water.
The combined water is the terminating agent for the Para-formaldehyde chains.
Para-formaldehyde reacts chemically as formaldehyde at a rate determined by its rate of depolymerization under the conditions of use.


The rate of depolymerization and thus perceived reactivity decreases with increasing molecular weight of the polymer chains.
In microbiology laboratories, fixation process (immunofluorescence) uses formalin 4% concentration.
A blog by researchers mentioned that preparing this solution “fresh” from Para-formaldehyde is better than using formalin that has been kept for some time.


Para-formaldehyde is because more methylene glycol is present compared to its dimer and trimer oligomers and such solution of formalin 4% is absent of methanol.
Para-formaldehyde is the solid form of liquid formaldehyde, formed by the polymerization of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8-100 units.


Para-formaldehyde is a polymer of formaldehyde with a wide range of monomeric units typically 8-100.
Para-formaldehyde does not have the capacity to fix samples, hence it must be depolymerised in the solution.
Heating the Para-formaldehyde powder in the solution leads to its depolymerization.
Although Para-formaldehyde is widely used, there are circumstances where it is used as low as 0.5% to as high as 16%.


When dissolved, Para-formaldehyde breaks into formaldehyde in solution.
Formaldehyde fixes (halts) metabolism by cross-linking protein molecules especially with lysine.
Para-formaldehyde is important to note, that formaldehyde-based fixation is too slow and may take from a few hours to days to fix samples.
Para-formaldehyde is the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units.


Para-formaldehyde is not a fixative itself; it must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution.
Fixing ensures that sample cell structures stay intact and that antigens are immobilized, while ideally still permitting unfettered access of antibodies to target antigens.
Para-formaldehyde is the most preferred fixative agent as it builds covalent cross-links between molecules.


This glues them together hence effectively preserving cells and tissue components.
Use of Para-formaldehyde can guarantee consistency in the physical and chemical properties of the cell, hence no change in chemical and morphology characteristics of the cells and tissues.
Since the Para-formaldehyde is not fixative itself, it is required that formaldehyde is freshly prepared from the PFA stock.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Para-formaldehyde is used in fungicides, bactericides, and in the manufacture of adhesives.
Once Para-formaldehyde is depolymerized, the resulting formaldehyde may be used as a fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, and fixative.
Longer chain-length (high molecular weight) polyoxymethylenes are used as a thermoplastic and are known as polyoxymethylene plastic (POM, Delrin).


Para-formaldehyde was used in the past in the discredited Sargenti method of root canal treatment.
Para-formaldehyde is not a fixative; it must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution.
In cell culture, a typical formaldehyde fixing procedure would involve using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 10 minutes.


In histology and pathology specimens preparation, usually, the fixation step is performed using 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (4% formaldehyde) for, at least, 24 hours.
Para-formaldehyde is also used to crosslink proteins to DNA, as used in ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) which is a technique to determine which part of DNA certain proteins are binding to.


Para-formaldehyde can be used as a substitute of aqueous formaldehyde to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with melamine, phenol or other reactive agents in the manufacturing of particle board, medium density fiberboard and plywood.
Para-formaldehyde is used as a methanol-free, ready-to-use fixative that functions by forming covalent cross-links between molecules.
This strong network stabilizes the cellular framework, thus effectively preserving cell and tissue components.


The fixative delivers consistency in maintaining the physical and chemical properties of the cell; no evident changes occur in the chemical and morphological characteristics of the cell/tissue specimens on exposure to the product.
Para-formaldehyde is compatible with several antibody-based detection methods, such as immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and immunofluorescence.


Para-formaldehyde is a commonly used preservative for starch, xanthan gum, guar gum and other natural polymers that are prone to attack by bacteria.
Para-formaldehyde has documented uses as a disinfectant, fungicide, fixation reagent and in the preparation of formaldehyde.
In fluorescence studies, Para-formaldehyde has been used as as a formalin fixative to fix cells and tissues.


To use the chemical as a fixative, it must be converted to the monomer formaldehyde by heating as formaldehyde is the active chemical in fixation.
Tissue specimens should be place immediately in Para-formaldehyde to prevent autolysis, putrefaction and other undesirable cellular changes.
Para-formaldehyde is required for tissue/specimen fixation.


Para-formaldehyde is used for laboratory use only.
Para-formaldehyde is a cross-linking fixative used in histology, light and electron microscopy and flow cytometry.
Para-formaldehyde is changed to formaldehyde by heating and by adding small amount of sodium hydroxide.
When the samples are to be used in fluorescence studies, Para-formaldehyde is recommended as fixative.


In histology Para-formaldehyde is generally preferred over other fixatives as the others result in more silver grains on the tissues.
Main Applications of Para-formaldehyde: Coating compounds, adhesive agent, textile-processing resins, phenol resins
Para-formaldehyde is widely used by resin manufacturers seeking low water content, or more favorable control of reaction rates when compared to aqueous formaldehyde solutions.


With less dehydration required, Para-formaldehyde resins are made in less time.
Better yields result from the complete or partial elimination of dehydration because fewer reactants are lost in the distillate.
Utility costs are reduced because Para-formaldehyde requires less steam, cooling water and power for water removal.


The capability of charging more reactants to the process equipment (in the volume otherwise occupied by water and extra azeotroping agent) increases reactor capacity, and reduces capital required for equipment versus the equipment costs and capacity when using aqueous formaldehyde.
Finally, and of increasing importance, less wastewater is produced.


Para-formaldehyde provides a source of formaldehyde for the synthesis of phenol-, urea-, furfural alcohol-, resorcinol- and melamine- formaldehyde resins.
These products find extensive usage in industrial coatings, wood products, textiles, and foundry resins.
Oil well drilling chemicals, lubricating oil additives, adhesive resins, and electrical component molding materials also use Para-formaldehyde.


Miscellaneous end uses include photographic and graphic arts chemicals, pigments, rubber antioxidants, fluorescent tube and ink chemicals, pharmaceuticals, slow release fertilizers and others.
Since Para-formaldehyde is basically a condensed form of formaldehyde, it possesses the same characteristics but with a wider range of applications.


Use of Para-formaldehyde is convenient and safe.
Para-formaldehyde avoids pollution arising from the disposal of the distillate obtained in the thermosetting resin production which is contaminated with organic matter.
Para-formaldehyde does not need to be dissolved in water in order to take part in a chemical reaction.


Para-formaldehyde eliminates the risk of transporting liquid formalin, which is notoriously dangerous.
Perfect for small uses straight from the bag.
Unlike granular or flake forms of Para-formaldehyde, our prilled form of Para-formaldehyde has higher quality consistency and higher solubility to meet with your quality requirement and save you processing time.


In coating applications, low acid content in Para-formaldehyde is important for a greater gloss control and stability.
Para-formaldehyde made with very low acid content in a chemical resistant environment can prevent formation of acidic by-products.
Para-formaldehyde can be used as a substitute of formalin to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with urea, melamine, phenol, resorcinol, tannin or other reactants in the manufacturing of particle board, fibreboard and plywood.


Para-formaldehyde is recommended to be made in 1X PBS buffer (neutral buffered formalin; NBA).
Neutral pH prevents the formation of formic acid, which is known to form "formalin pigments" in tissue and slower fixation rates.
Para-formaldehyde tissue fixation solution is widely used in the detection of tissue, tissue slice, cell and other biological sample fixation solutions such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), immunocytochemistry (IC), flow cytometry (FACS).


If a lower concentration of Para-formaldehyde is needed, PBS can be used as dilution buffer.
Para-formaldehyde tissue fixation solution has strong penetrability and fixation, which can make the tissue harden and it is good for slicing.
Para-formaldehyde will cause less tissue shrinkage, less damage and mild, which can well preserve the inherent substance and maintain the antigenicity and fine structure of the tissue.


In addition, Para-formaldehyde can be used to fix and preserve fat and lipid substances.
Para-formaldehyde has good fixation effect and wide applications.
Para-formaldehyde is suitable for the fixation of various common cells or tissues.
Para-formaldehyde has good fixation effect on skin, muscle, viscera, etc.


Para-formaldehyde mainly acts on protein, but can’t fix uric acid and sugar, etc.
Para-formaldehyde does not contain DEPC and it is not recommended for in situ hybridization or other experiments requiring detection of nucleic acids.
Para-formaldehyde is prepared in PBS solution and can be directly used for tissue or cell fixation without dilution.


Para-formaldehyde is recommended that 1 ml of fixed solution is needed for each sample fixation.
In cell culture, typical formaldehyde fixing procedure would involve using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 10 minutes.


-Use of Para-formaldehyde in resin production offers many advantages as compared to aqueous formaldehyde:
*Higher productivity from existing equipment and less water to be removed from the resin product.
*Para-formaldehyde takes the form of prilled, is stable and very easy to store.
*Para-formaldehyde storage is less expensive than the storage of formaldehyde solution, which requires expensive tanks and which may need stabilization or be kept warm.


-Applications of Para-formaldehyde:
*Fixation solution for Immuno-histochemistry and fluorescent protein labelled samples.
*pH
*Adjust pH 6.9 to 7.4 depending on application with 1N HCl and 1N NaOH.


-Applications of Para-formaldehyde:
• for use in the preparation of formalin fixatives for tissues or cells when the samples are to be used in florescence imaging
• for fixing of cell/tissue sections during histology/staining procedures
• for cross-linking cells during chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay


-Applications of Para-formaldehyde:
*For manufacturing of Phenolic Urea and Melamine Resins (condensation reactions).
*For production of lon Exchange Resins (chloromethylation reaction).
*Disinfection of the air in rooms.
*Hardening of Glues.
*Manufacture of fluorescent pigments and soluble condensation product for textile auxiliaries, alcoholic solutions commonly known as ‘FORMOCEL’.
*Para-formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of Phenolic Resins, of Urea, Thiourea and Melamine Formaldehyde Resins (whenever high concentration of formaldehyde is required).
*Para-formaldehyde is used in place of formaldehyde aqueous solution for high reactivity and concentrations of aldehyde contents reacted with low water contents.



FEATURES OF PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
- Ready to use fixative buffer
- Methanol free
- Prepared from EM grade Para-formaldehyde
- Safer and more convenient than handling the Para-formaldehyde solid



WHY PARA-FORMALDEHYDE?
Para-formaldehydeafter depolymerization results in the formation of formaldehyde in solution which can be used as a fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, fixative.
Para-formaldehyde reacts with either phenol, urea, melamine or resorcinol to produce resin.
Para-formaldehyde is also used in the production of inks of a wide array of ink applications like dollar bills, books, and other printing materials.



SYNTHESIS OF PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Para-formaldehyde forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold.
Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde.
A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization.



REACTIONS OF PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Para-formaldehyde can be depolymerized to formaldehyde gas by dry heating and to formaldehyde solution by water in the presence of a base, an acid or heat.
The high purity formaldehyde solutions obtained in this way are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology.
The resulting formaldehyde gas from dry heating paraformaldehyde is flammable.



DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORMALIN, FORMALDEHYDE AND PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Formaldehyde is a simple aldehyde (equivalent of a monomer to Para-formaldehyde) with formula CH2O.
Formalin, on the other hand, is a saturated solution of formaldehyde (37%).
10% formalin is equivalent to 4% formaldehyde.
However, many vendors use a small amount of methanol or other chemicals to prevent polymerization of formaldehyde in the solution.
These additional reagents must be considered as they may yield unwanted effects.

Para-formaldehyde is a polymer of formaldehyde with 8-100 units.
Para-formaldehyde, when dissolved in water, breaks down into formaldehyde.
This solution differs from commercially available form (formalin) being relatively pure (devoid of methanol).
In immunohistochemistry (IHC) and cell biology experiments, researchers prefer working with Para-formaldehyde solution rather formalin due to the same reason.

Although formalin and Para-formaldehyde solutions said to be having formaldehyde, formaldehyde in these solutions is hydrated and converts (most of the formaldehyde) into methylene glycol.
In these solutions (formalin or Para-formaldehyde), a major portion of methylene glycol is in equilibrium with formaldehyde.
However, only formaldehyde (not methylene glycol) have cross-linking ability.



MAKING PARA-FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION:
Para-formaldehyde is usually made in PBS or TBS at 70 °C with several drops of 5N NaOH to help clarify the solution.
Prepare Para-formaldehyde solution in a chemical hood if you don’t want to be slightly fixed yourself.
Often Para-formaldehyde stocks have insoluble impurities and it's best that these be removed via a quick spin in a table-top centrifuge or by passing the prepared solution through a filter syringe.
Para-formaldehyde is also important to realize that the efficacy and impurity content of powdered Para-formaldehyde can vary greatly from lot number to lot number of reagent.
Don’t be surprised if your fixation concentrations & conditions may need to be tweaked when you open a new bottle of Para-formaldehyde.



FORMALDEHYDE, FORMALIN, AND PARA-FORMALDEHYDE: WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?
Aldehyde fixatives act by chemically cross-linking free amine groups on proteins.
Formaldehyde is a commonly used fixative, but it is not stable in solution, because under exposure to light and oxygen it polymerizes and precipitates.
Formaldehyde solution is commonly stabilized by the addition of methanol.
The classic fixative used for pathology is 10% neutral buffered formalin, which is a solution of 10% formaldehyde in sodium phosphate buffer containing up to 1.5% methanol.

Many researchers prefer to use methanol-free formaldehyde for fixation, because methanol can permeabilize cell membranes and affect the morphology of cellular structures like the actin cytoskeleton.
To make formaldehyde solution, the polymerized Para-formaldehyde solid must be heated in basic water to form reactive formaldehyde.
Methanol-free fixative solutions prepared from Para-formaldehyde solid are commonly referred to as Para-formaldehyde solution or PFA.
While technically inaccurate, it serves to distinguish stabilizer-free formaldehyde solution from methanol-stabilized formaldehyde.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Molecular Weight: 30.03 (as monomer)
Chemical formula: OH(CH2O)nH (n = 8 - 100)
Appearance: white crystalline solid
Density: 1.42 g·cm−3 (25 °C)
Melting point: 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K)
Solubility in water: low
Density: 1.49 g/cm3 (-5 °C)
Explosion limit: 7 - 73 %(V)
Ignition temperature: 300 °C
Melting Point: 164 °C
pH value: 5.5 (H₂O, 20 °C) (saturated solution)
Vapor pressure: 1.93 hPa (25 °C)
Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: pungent
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 120 - 170 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 73 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 7 %(V)
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 4,0 - 5,5

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: insoluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 0,88 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Formula: (CH2O)n.H2O
Decomposes at: 120-180°C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.5
Solubility in water: poor
Vapour pressure, kPa at 25°C: <0.2
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 1.03
Flash point: 71°C c.c.
Auto-ignition temperature: 300°C
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 7.0-73.0



FIRST AID MEASURES of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C
Handle and store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).



SYNONYMS:
Paraformaldehyde
30525-89-4
Formagene
Aldacide
Flo-Mor
Polyoxymethylene glycol
Paraformic aldehyde
Polymerised formaldehyde
Y19UC83H8E
(CH2O)n
Oilstop, Halowax
Paraformaldehydum
608-494-5
Caswell No. 633
DTXSID8034798
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 043002
HSDB 4070
Hyperband
PARAFORMALDEHYDE (MART.)
Paraforsn
UNII-Y19UC83H8E
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 043002

4-hydroxybenzoate de propyle,Synonymes ,propylparabène parahydroxybenzoate de propyle,önipazol,paseptol,propagin,nipasol,Le 4-hydroxybenzoate de propyle ou propylparabène est un composé organique de la famille des parabènes. Il existe à l’état naturel dans de nombreuses plantes et chez quelques insectes, mais on le synthétise pour l’industrie des cosmétiques, la pharmacie et l’industrie agro-alimentaire. C’est un conservateur (E2167) que l'on trouve fréquemment dans les cosmétiques à base d’eau, comme les crèmes, lotions, shampooings et produits de bains, car il est hydrosoluble.

Paraformaldehyde 97% Synthesis of Paraformaldehyde 97% Paraformaldehyde 97% forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold. Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde. A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization. Reactions of Paraformaldehyde 97% Paraformaldehyde 97% can be depolymerized to formaldehyde gas by dry heating and to formaldehyde solution by water in the presence of a base, an acid or heat. The high purity formaldehyde solutions obtained in this way are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology. The resulting formaldehyde gas from dry heating Paraformaldehyde 97% is flammable. Uses of Paraformaldehyde 97% Once Paraformaldehyde 97% is depolymerized, the resulting formaldehyde may be used as a fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, and fixative. Longer chain-length (high molecular weight) polyoxymethylenes are used as a thermoplastic and are known as polyoxymethylene plastic (POM, Delrin). It was used in the past in the discredited Sargenti method of root canal treatment. Paraformaldehyde 97% is not a fixative; Paraformaldehyde 97% must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution. In cell culture, a typical formaldehyde fixing procedure would involve using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 10 minutes. In histology and pathology specimens preparation, usually, the fixation step is performed using 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (4% formaldehyde) for, at least, 24 hours. Paraformaldehyde 97% is also used to crosslink proteins to DNA, as used in ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) which is a technique to determine which part of DNA certain proteins are binding to. Paraformaldehyde 97% can be used as a substitute of aqueous formaldehyde to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with melamine, phenol or other reactive agents in the manufacturing of particle board, medium density fiberboard and plywood. Toxicity of Paraformaldehyde 97% As a formaldehyde releasing agent, Paraformaldehyde 97% is a potential carcinogen. Its acute oral median lethal dose in rats is 592 mg/kg. Properties of Paraformaldehyde 97% Chemical formula OH(CH2O)nH (n = 8 - 100) Appearance white crystalline solid Density 1.42 g·cm−3 (25 °C) Melting point 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K) Solubility in water low General description of Paraformaldehyde 97% Paraformaldehyde 97% is also referred as polyoxymethylene. Paraformaldehyde 97% participates as an external CO source in the synthesis of aromatic aldehydes and esters. Paraformaldehyde is an ideal fixative used in histology. Paraformaldehyde 97% is generally preferred over other fixative as the others result in more silver grains on the tissues. Paraformaldehyde 97%, appropriately combined with DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) ensures its uniform distribution over the tissue section. Paraformaldehyde is also used in recognizing and stabilizing the expression of intracellular antigen. Application of Paraformaldehyde 97% Paraformaldehyde 97% has been used as a fixative in histological analysis. Paraformaldehyde 97% has also been used in mitotic catastrophe assay. Paraformaldehyde 97% is the informal name of polyoxymethylene, a polymer of formaldehyde (also known by many other and confusing names, such as ‘paraform’, ‘formagene’, ‘para’, ‘polyoxymethane’). Paraformaldehyde 97% is the informal name of polyoxymethylene, a polymer of formaldehyde (also known by many other and confusing names, such as ‘paraform’, ‘formagene’, ‘para’, ‘polyoxymethane’). It is slowly formed as a white precipitate by condensation from the predominant species methanediol (formaldehyde hydrate) in solutions of formaldehyde (which may also be called ‘formalin’, ‘formal’, or ‘formalose’) on standing, in an equilibrium (Fig. 3.1). The solution is predominantly of oligomers, but when n becomes large enough the material becomes sufficiently insoluble as to precipitate, when the condensation may still continue. The resulting solid may have n range from ~ 8 to 100, or more. The reaction is driven to the left, to release formaldehyde, by a low concentration of formaldehyde, and accelerated by acidic or alkaline conditions. Solid Paraformaldehyde 97% smells plainly of the monomer (b.p. − 21 °C), so it is essentially a convenient means of delivering formaldehyde slowly. Paraformaldehyde 97% has documented uses as a disinfectant, fungicide, fixation reagent and in the preparation of formaldehyde. In fluorescence studies, paraformaldehyde 97% has been used as as a formalin fixative to fix cells and tissues. To use the chemical as a fixative, it must be converted to the monomer formaldehyde by heating as formaldehyde is the active chemical in fixation. Paraformaldehyde 97% is a polymer of formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde 97% itself is not a fixing agent, and needs to be broken down into its basic building block formaldehyde. This can be done by heating or basic conditions until it becomes solubilized. Once that occurs, essentially they are exactly the same. Beware though, some commerical formaldehyde solutions contain methanol to prevent polymerization (into Paraformaldehyde 97%), and this methanol can potentially inhibit your experiment. We allow Paraformaldehyde 97% to heat over-night, filter, and use fresh for our fixation protocols for immunofluorescence, and we have great success. We store the Paraformaldehyde 97% in the fridge, but do not use it after a few days because it will eventually polymerize again and become less efficacious. A polymer consists of 10 to 100 formaldehyde units. Not only the hazardous effects to human health and environment but also the difficulties in processing and storing of formaldehyde gas leads to paraformaldehyde use in formaldehyde resins. Paraformaldehyde decomposes into the formaldehyde at nearly 150°C. Paraformaldehyde 97% applications Applications The most important use of Paraformaldehyde 97% is as a source of formaldehyde groups in the production of many thermosetting resins, together with phenol, urea, melamine, resorcinol and other similar reagents. These resins are used as moulding powders; in the wood industry as glues for chipboard, plywood and furniture; as bonding resins for brakes, abrasives and foundry dyes; as finishing resins for paper and textiles; as driers and glossing agents for paints; as insulating varnishes for electrical parts. Some typical formulations for the production of such resins starting from Paraformaldehyde 97% include dichloroethyl formal, methyl phenol, disinfectants, insecticides, pharmaceuticals such as vitamin A, embalming preparations, dyestuff and special plasticizers. In addition, Paraformaldehyde 97% is used as a fungicide and bactericide in industries as varied as crude oil production, beet sugar refining, and warehousing. Paraformaldehyde 97% has widespread acceptance as an additive to stop fermentation of the starch on oil-well-drilling muds. The sugar beet industry used it to minimize the growth of algae in its continuous diffusers. Hotels and motels in humid areas often use it, with or without added mothproofing agents, in small bags hung in closets to prevent the formation of mildew. Paraformaldehyde 97% possesses the common characteristics with a wide range of applications Paraformaldehyde 97% is the smallest solid form of liquid formaldehyde, formed by the polymerization of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8-100 units. As Paraformaldehyde 97% is basically a condensed form of formaldehyde, it possesses the common characteristics with a wide range of applications. Advantages of Paraformaldehyde 97% in resin production as compared to aqueous formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde 97% does not need to be dissolved in water in order to take part in a chemical reaction. Higher productivity from existing equipment and less water to be removed from the resin product. Paraformaldehyde 97% made with very low acid content in a chemical resistant environment can prevent the formation of acidic by-products. We offer a prilled form, which is stable and very easy to store. Paraformaldehyde 97% storage is less expensive than the storage of formaldehyde solution, which requires expensive tanks and which may need stabilization or be kept warm. It eliminates the risk of transporting liquid formalin, which is notoriously dangerous. Perfect for small uses straight from the bag. Use of Paraformaldehyde 97% is convenient and safe. It avoids pollution arising from the disposal of the distillate obtained in the thermosetting resin production which is contaminated with organic matter. Typical Properties of Paraformaldehyde 97% Color White CAS Number 30525-89-4 Appearance Free Flowing Prilled Molecular Formula OH-(CH2O)n-H where n=8 to 100 units Paraformaldehyde 97% Content 92% ± 1% / 96% ± 1% Water Content 8% ± 1% / 4% ± 1% Reactivity 2 – 8 min Mean Particle Size 250 – 350 µm Ash 0.01 – 0.05% Bulk Density 650 – 850 kg/m3 Melting Point 120 – 175 C Ph 4 – 7 Flammability combustible, with flash point (tag open cup) of about 93 C Vapour Pressure varies with air humidity, being between 23 and 26 mmHg at 25 C Applications of Paraformaldehyde 97% Resins Industry The most important use of Paraformaldehyde 97% is as a source of formaldehyde groups in the production of many thermosetting resins, together with phenol, urea, melamine, resorcinol and other similar reagents. These resins are used as moulding powders; in the wood industry as glues for chipboard, plywood and furniture; as bonding resins for brakes, abrasives and foundry dyes; as finishing resins for paper and textiles; as driers and glossing agents for paints; as insulating varnishes for electrical parts. Disinfectant Paraformaldehyde 97% generates formaldehyde gas when it is depolymerized by heating. The depolymerized material reacts with the moisture in the air to form formaldehyde gas. This process is used for the decontamination of large spaced and laminar-flow biological safety cabinets when maintenance work or filter changes require access to the sealed portion of the cabinet. It is used in the poultry industry as a disinfectant in the hatcheries, and cattle and sheep industry for sanitizing the bedding in the sheds. It releases formaldehyde gas when the temperatures increase. It reduces contamination levels caused by moulds, viruses and bacteria. Agriculture and Pesticides Most Paraformaldehyde 97% consumed by the agrochemicals industry is for the herbicides such as bismerthiazol, butachlor, acetochlor, glyphosate, and machete. Embalming Process Formalin is used during embalming processes as a disinfectant and preservative. It is used as an injection fluid in arterial and cavity embalming, and in surface embalming as a fluid for soaking surface packs or a gel applied to the skin or internal surfaces. Paraformaldehyde 97%, a powdered polymer form of formaldehyde, is also sometimes used in embalming processes. Reagent for Organic Reactions In microbiology laboratories, fixation process (immunofluorescence) uses formalin 4% concentration. A blog by researchers mentioned that preparing this solution “fresh” from Paraformaldehyde 97% is better than using formalin that has been kept for some time. It is because more methylene glycol is present compared to its dimer and trimer oligomers and such solution of formalin 4% is absent of methanol. Oil Well Drilling Chemicals Paraformaldehyde 97% is used in the manufacturing of 1,3,5-triazine used as H2S scavenger in Oil drilling process. Paraformaldehyde 97% tablets are very effective against a wide spectrum of organisms. They may be recommended for targeted degerming measures in medical practice. Their utilization requires the observance of the conditions necessary for their efficient use. The tablets should be employed only in containers which are as tight-fitting as possible (preferentially instrument cabinets, Heynemann cabinets, catheter boxes and plastic bags). Paraformaldehyde 97% tablets are well suited for the reduction of the bacterial population and the storage of nonwrapped sterilized instruments. For this purpose, 1 tablet/dm3 is needed. The exposure time required for bacterial count reduction is no less than 3 h. Despite certain limitations, Paraformaldehyde 97% tablets may be used for disinfecting. The objects to be disinfected should be neither too contaminated nor too soiled. The minimum period of exposure is 5 h, and 10 tablets/dm3 are necessary. Cold sterilization requires 10 tablets/dm3, too; but the exposure time ranges from 15 to 24 h. This method (which must be considered an expedient) should be employed only if the respective device or instrument cannot be sterilized by other sterilizing techniques. In any case, 80% relative air humidity is a must in the devices in which Paraformaldehyde 97% tablets are used. Paraformaldehyde 97% is the solid form of liquid formaldehyde, formed by the polymerization of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8-100 units. Since Paraformaldehyde 97% is basically a condensed form of formaldehyde, it possesses the same characteristics but with a wider range of applications. Manufactured based on the latest technology to give good solubility, homogeneous prilled and low acid content, it is suitable for all ranges of application of Paraformaldehyde 97%. Unlike granular or flake forms of Paraformaldehyde 97%, our prilled form of Paraformaldehyde 97% has higher quality consistency and higher solubility to meet with your quality requirement and save you processing time. In coating applications, low acid content in Paraformaldehyde 97% is important for a greater gloss control and stability. Paraformaldehyde 97% made with very low acid content in a chemical resistant environment can prevent formation of acidic by-products. In microbiology laboratories, fixation process (immunofluorescence) uses formalin 4% concentration. A blog by researchers mentioned that preparing this solution “fresh” from Paraformaldehyde 97% is better than using formalin that has been kept for some time. It is because more methylene glycol is present compared to its dimer and trimer oligomers and such solution of formalin 4% is absent of methanol. Paraformaldehyde 97% can be used as a substitute of formalin to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with urea, melamine, phenol, resorcinol, tannin or other reactants in the manufacturing of particle board, fibreboard and plywood. Use of Paraformaldehyde 97% in resin production offers many advantages as compared to aqueous formaldehyde: Higher productivity from existing equipment and less water to be removed from the resin product. It takes the form of prilled, is stable and very easy to store. Paraformaldehyde 97% storage is less expensive than the storage of formaldehyde solution, which requires expensive tanks and which may need stabilization or be kept warm. Use of Paraformaldehyde 97% is convenient and safe. It avoids pollution arising from the disposal of the distillate obtained in the thermosetting resin production which is contaminated with organic matter. Paraformaldehyde 97% does not need to be dissolved in water in order to take part in a chemical reaction. It eliminates the risk of transporting liquid formalin, which is notoriously dangerous. Perfect for small uses straight from the bag. Packaging & Handling of Paraformaldehyde 97% - Polyethylene bag : 25 KG nett. Other Packaging sizes by request. - Keep in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Provide sufficient air exchange and/or exhaust in work rooms. Paraformaldehyde 97% decomposes to formaldehyde which can build up in a shipping container depending on time and temperature during transit. The level of formaldehyde exposure may be instantaneously high when the shipping container is opened. Storage of Paraformaldehyde 97% Store in locked up. Location of storage should only be accesible to authorised personnel. Separate storage area from work place. By Application of Paraformaldehyde 97% Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Phenolic Resin Melamine Resin Fumigation Reagent for organic reactions Coating Pesticide Disinfectant Pharmaceuticals Paraformaldehyde 97% (PFA) is a polymer of formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde 97% itself is not a fixing agent, and needs to be broken down into its basic building block, formaldehyde. This can be done by heating or basic conditions until it becomes solubilized. Formalin is the name for saturated (37%) formaldehyde solution. Beware though, some commercial formaldehyde solutions contain methanol to prevent polymerization (into Paraformaldehyde 97%). Since 100% formalin contains up to 15% of methanol as a stabilizer, it has a significant impact on cell fixation. Methanol is a permeabilizing agent. It can interfere with the staining of membrane bound proteins, and can greatly influence staining of cytoskeletal proteins. For example, when staining cellular F-actin it is imperative to use a methanol-free formaldehyde fixative. This is because methanol can disrupt F-actin during the fixation process and prevent the binding of phalloidin conjugates. "Pure" methanol-free formaldehyde can be made by heating the solid PFA. 4% Paraformaldehyde 97% is usually made in PBS or TBS at 70 °C with several drops of 5N NaOH to help clarify the solution. Prepare 4% Paraformaldehyde 97% solution in a chemical hood and then store in a refrigerator. Because the solution will re-polymerize during storage it is best to use immediately or within a few days. In the presence of air and moisture, polymerization readily takes place in concentrated solutions at room temperatures to form paraformaldehyde, a solid mixture of linear polyoxymethylene glycols containing 90-99% formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde 97% is used in place of aqueous formaldehyde solutions, especially in applications where the presence of water interferes, e.g., in the plastics industry for the preparation of phenol, urea, and melamine resins, varnish resins, thermosets, and foundry resins. Other uses include the synthesis of organic products in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries (e.g., Prins reaction, chloromethylation, Mannich reaction), the production of textile auxiliaries (e.g., for crease-resistant finishes), and the preparation of disinfectants and deodorants. Paraformaldehyde 97% is prepared industrially in continuously operated plants by concentrating aqueous formaldehyde solutions under vacuum conditions. ... /It/ is currently produced in several steps which are carried out at low pressure and various temperatures. Highly reactive formaldehyde is produced under vacuum conditions starting with solutions that contain 50 - 100 ppm of formic acid and also 1 - 15 ppm of metal formates where the metals have an atomic number of 23 - 30 (e.g., Mn, Co, and Cu). The solutions are processed in thin-layer evaporators and spray dryers. Other techniques such as fractional condensation of the reaction gases in combination with the formaldehyde synthesis process and very rapid cooling of the gases are also applied. Alternatively, formaldehyde-containing gas is brought into contact with Paraformaldehyde 97% at a temperature that is above the dew point of the gas and below the decomposition temperature of Paraformaldehyde 97%. The product is obtained in the form of flakes when a highly concentrated formaldehyde solution is poured onto a heated metal surface. The hardened product is subsequently scraped off and thoroughly dried. Paraformaldehyde 97% beads are produced by introducing a highly concentrated melt into a cooling liquid (e.g., benzene, toluene, cyclohexane). Acids and alkalis are also added; they apparently accelerate polymerization and lead to the formation of higher molecular mass but less reactive Paraformaldehyde 97%. Highly soluble, highly reactive Paraformaldehyde 97% with a low degree of polymerization is very much in demand. It is produced from concentrated, aqueous - alcoholic formaldehyde solutions. Dental Paraformaldehyde 97% Paste (Jap P). Past. Paraform. Dent. Paraformaldehyde 97% 35 g, procaine hydrochloride 35 g, hydrous wool fat 30 g. The widmark test for the UV photometric determination of ethanol in blood and urine is described. Paraformaldehyde 97% can also be detected. Paraformaldehyde 97% is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance. The Agency has completed its assessment of the residential, occupational and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%. The Agency has determined that virtually all formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: 1) all risk mitigation measures are implemented; 2) current data gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed; and 3) label amendments are made as described in Section V. Use in confined spaces such as closets is not eligible for registration because of the difficulty associated with ventilation of these spaces. ... Based on its evaluation of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%, the Agency has determined that formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement the risk mitigation measures, submit confirmatory data as well as make the label changes identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%. If all changes outlined in this document are fully complied with, then no risks of concern exist for the registered uses of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% and the purposes of this determination. The Agency has completed its assessment of the residential, occupational and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%. The Agency has determined that virtually all formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: 1) all risk mitigation measures are implemented; 2) currentdata gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed; and 3) label amendments are made as described in Section V. Use in confined spaces such as closets is not eligible for registration because of the difficulty associated with ventilation of these spaces. ... Based on its evaluation of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%, the Agency has determined that formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement the risk mitigation measures, submit confirmatory data as well as make the label changes identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%. If all changes outlined in this document are fully complied with, then no risks of concern exist for the registered uses of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% and the purposes of this determination. As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Paraformaldehyde 97% is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0556; Pesticide type: fungicide, antimicrobial; Registration Standard Date: 05/31/88 PB88-231543; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Paraformaldehyde 97%; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. Paraformaldehyde 97% is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. More decay was associated with tapholes in mature sugar maples (Acer saccharum) treated with a 250-mg Paraformaldehyde 97% pill than with control tapholes. This was apparent 20 months after treatment and at each successive examination to the final measurement at 56 months. Repeated use of Paraformaldehyde 97% leads to rapid development of decay in sugar maple. Paraformaldehyde 97% is listed as a synthetic organic chemical which should be degradable by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved. Paraformaldehyde 97% is ubiquitous in the environment; it is an chemical that occurs in most life forms, including humans. It is formed naturally in the troposphere during the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Paraformaldehyde 97%'s production and use in the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, such as resins, finding a variety of end uses such as wood products, plastics, and coatings may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a fumigant in agricultural premises and as a surface disinfectant in commercial premises and its use as a corrosion inhibitor in oil wells and release from slow-release fertilizers result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Paraformaldehyde 97% will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase Paraformaldehyde 97% will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is 45 hrs. Paraformaldehyde 97% absorbs ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths of >360 nm and is susceptible to direct photolysis. Paraformaldehyde 97% has a direct photolysis half-life of 4.1 hours measured at sea-level and 40 degrees latitude. Paraformaldehyde 97% has been detected in rainwater and adsorbed to atmospheric particulates indicating it may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, Paraformaldehyde 97% is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 8. In soil, Paraformaldehyde 97% gas can adsorb to clay minerals and interact with humic substances resulting in decreased mobility. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Paraformaldehyde 97% will volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Paraformaldehyde 97% has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, Paraformaldehyde 97% is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. In a die-away test using water from a stagnant lake, degradation was complete in 30 and 40 hrs under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The half-life of Paraformaldehyde 97% has been reported between 1-7 days in surface water and 2-14 days in groundwater, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half lives. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Paraformaldehyde 97% is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment because of the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to Paraformaldehyde 97% may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Paraformaldehyde 97% is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Paraformaldehyde 97% via inhalation of ambient air (indoor and outdoor), inhalation of cigarette smoke, ingestion of food and possibly drinking water, and dermal contact with cosmetics, aerosol products and other consumer products containing Paraformaldehyde 97%. Concentrations of Paraformaldehyde 97% in outdoor and indoor air range from about 1 to 20 ug/cu m and 25 to 100 ug/cu m, respectively. Paraformaldehyde 97% is ubiquitous in the environment; it is an endogenous chemical that occurs in most life forms, including humans. It is formed naturally in the troposphere during the oxidation of hydrocarbons, which react with hydroxyl radicals and ozone to form Paraformaldehyde 97% and other aldehydes, as intermediates in a series of reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water. Of the hydrocarbons found in the troposphere, methane is the single most important source of Paraformaldehyde 97%. Terpenes and isoprene, emitted by foliage, react with hydroxyl radicals, forming Paraformaldehyde 97% as an intermediate product. Because of their short half-life, these potentially important sources of Paraformaldehyde 97% are important only in the vicinity of vegetation. Paraformaldehyde 97% is one of the volatile compounds formed in the early stages of decomposition of plant residues in the soil. Paraformaldehyde 97% occurs naturally in fruits and other foods. Other sources are forest fires, animal wastes, microbial products of biological systems, and plant volatiles(2,3). Paraformaldehyde 97% can also be formed in seawater by photochemical processes. However, calculations of sea-air exchange indicates that this process is probably a minor source for Paraformaldehyde 97% in the sea. Paraformaldehyde 97%'s production and use in the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, such as resins, finding a variety of end uses such as wood products, plastics, and coatings may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a fumigant in agricultural premises and as a surface disinfectant in commercial premises and its use as a corrosion inhibitor in oil wells and release from slow-release fertilizers result in its direct release to the environment. Paraformaldehyde 97% is formed by the incomplete combustion of many organic substances and is present in coal and wood smoke and in cigarette smoke. Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 8, determined from a log Kow of 0.35 and a regression-derived equation, indicates that Paraformaldehyde 97% is expected to have very high mobility in soil. In soil, Paraformaldehyde 97% gas can adsorb to clay minerals and interact with humic substances resulting in decreased mobility. Volatilization of Paraformaldehyde 97% from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process given a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Paraformaldehyde 97% is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C. Paraformaldehyde 97% has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil.

Recombinant Betaine Homocysteine Methyltransferase;Sodium Salt of Bis Hexamethylene Triamine Penta (Methylene Phosphonic Acid) BHMTPh.PN;BHMT;bis(hexamethylene)triaminopenta(methylene-phosphonic acid);[[(Phosphonomethyl)imino]bis(6,1-hexanediylnitrilobismethylene)]tetrakisphosphonic acid/sodium,(1:x) salt;BIS(HEXAMETHYLENE)TRIAMINE-PENTAKIS(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID) sodiuM salt;Partially Neutralised SodiuM Salt Of Bis HexaMethylene TriaMine Penta(Methylene Phosphonic Acid);Monoclonal Anti-BHMT antibody produced in mouse CAS No. 35657-77-3

Patent Blue V; Acid blue 3; Acidal Carmine V; Merantine Blue V CAS NO : 3536-49-0

Patcat 3020 is a clear yellow viscous liquid.
Patcat 3020 is an organotin compound.


CAS Number: 77-58-7
EC Number: 201-039-8
MDL number: MFCD00008963
Chemical Name: Dibutyltin dilaurate
Molecular Formula: C32H64O4Sn / (C4H9)2Sn(OOC(CH2)10CH3)2



SYNONYMS:
Dibutyl(dodecanoyloxy)stannyl dodecanoate, Butynorate, Davainex, DBTDL, DBTL, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, Dibutylstannylene dilaurate, Dibutyltin didodecanoate, Dibutyltindilaurate, Lauric acid, 1,1'-(dibutylstannylene) ester, Stabilizer D-22, T 12 (catalyst), Tinostat, Dibutyltin dilaurate, 77-58-7, Stanclere DBTL, Dibutyltin laurate, Di-n-butyltin dilaurate, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, Stavinor 1200 SN, Dibutyltin n-dodecanoate, Ongrostab BLTM, Fomrez sul-4, Dibutylstannylene dilaurate, Thermolite T 12, Mark 1038, Bis(lauroyloxy)di(n-butyl)stannane, Kosmos 19, Therm chek 820, Stannane, dibutylbis[(1-oxododecyl)oxy]-, TIN DIBUTYL DILAURATE, Dibutyl-zinn-dilaurat, Neostann U 100, Tin, dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)-, Lankromark LT 173, TVS-TL 700, Dibutylstannium dilaurate, Stannane, bis(lauroyloxy)dibutyl-, Stannane, dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)-, Laudran di-n-butylcinicity, [dibutyl(dodecanoyloxy)stannyl] dodecanoate, Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene salt, Lauric acid, dibutyltin deriv., dibutylstannanediyl didodecanoate, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy) di-n-butyl-, T 12, KS 20, TN 12, Tin, di-n-butyl-, di(dodecanoate), Dibutylbis(1-oxododecyl)oxy)stannane, Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene deriv., Dodecanoic acid, 1,1'-(dibutylstannylene) ester, Laustan-B, CAS-77-58-7, Dibutyl-tin-dilaurate, TN 12 (catalyst), Stavincor 1200 SN, Mark BT 11, Mark BT 18, Dibutylbis(lauroxy)stannane, Butyl norate, CCRIS 4786, DXR 81, HSDB 5214, T 12 (VAN), Stabilizer D 22, NSC 2607, SM 2014C, EINECS 201-039-8, Dibutyltin dillaurate, Metacure T-12, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy)di-n-butyl, Tin, di(dodecanoate), di-n-Butylin dilaurate, AI3-26331, ADK STAB BT-11, Dibutyltin dilaurate, 95%, UNII-L4061GMT90, DTXSID6024961, NSC2607, Lauric acid, dibutyltin derivative, Dibutylbis(1-oxododecyloxy)stannane, Bis(dodecanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane, Tox21_112324, Dibutyl[bis(dodecanoyloxy)]stannane #, Dibutyltin dilaurate, SAJ first grade, Tox21_112324_1, ZINC169743348, Dibutyltin dilaurate, Selectophore(TM), WLN: 11VO-SN-4&4&OV11, Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene derivative, NCGC00166115-02, Di-n-butyltin dilaurate (18 - 19% Sn), FT-0624688, E78905, EC 201-039-8, A839138, Q-200959, dodecanoic acid [dibutyl(1-oxododecoxy)stannyl] ester, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)stannane, Dibutyl bis(lauroyloxy)tin, Dibutylzinnbislaurat, Butylzinn Dilaurat, Dibutylbis (lauroyloxy) stannan, Dibutylbis ((1-oxododecyl)oxy)stannan, DBTDL, DBTL, DI-N-BUTYLDILAURYLTIN, DI-N-BUTYLTIN DILAURATE, DIBUTYLBIS(LAUROYLOXY)STANNANE, DIBUTYLBIS(LAUROYLOXY)TIN, DIBUTYLTIN DIDODECANOATE, DIBUTYLTIN DILAURATE, DIBUTYLTIN(IV) DILAURATE, DIBUTYLTIN LAURATE, DBTDL, Dabco T-12, DBTL, Bis(lauroyloxy)di(n-butyl)stannane, Butynorate, Cata-Chek 820, DBTL, DXR 81, Davainex, Di-n-butyltin dilaurate, Dibutyl-tin-dilaurate, Dibutyl-zinn-dilaurat, Dibutylbis(laurato)tin, Dibutylbis(lauroxy)stannane, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, Dibutylstannium dilaurate, Dibutylstannylene dilaurate, Dibutyltin didodecanoate, Dibutyltin laurate, Dibutyltin n-dodecanoate, Fomrez sul-4, KS 20, Kosmos 19, Lankromark LT 173, Laudran di-n-butylcinicity, Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene deriv., Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene salt, Lauric acid, dibutyltin deriv., Laustan-B, Mark 1038, Mark BT 11, Mark BT 18, Neostann U 100, Ongrostab BLTM, SM 2014C, Stabilizer D-22, Stanclere DBTL, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy) di-n-butyl-, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy)di-n-butyl, Stannane, bis(lauroyloxy)dibutyl-, Stannane, dibutylbis((1-oxododecyl)oxy)-, Stannane, dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)-, Stavincor 1200 SN, Stavinor 1200 SN, T 12, T 12 (VAN), T 12 (catalyst), TN 12, TN 12 (catalyst), TVS Tin Lau, TVS-TL 700, Therm chek 820, Thermolite T 12, Tin dibutyl dilaurate, Tin, di-n-butyl-, di(dodecanoate), Tin, dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)-, Tinostat, UN2788 (liquid), UN3146 (solid), Aids010213, Aids-010213, DBTDL, Aids010213, Aids-010213, Ditin butyl dilaurate(dibutyl bis((1-oxododecyl)oxy)-Stannane), dibutyltin(IV) dodecanoate, Two dibutyltin dilaurate, The two butyltintwo lauricacid, Dibutyltin dilaurate 95%, DBTDL, dbtl, t12, tn12, davainex, tinostat, butynorate, DI-N-BUTYLTIN DILAURATE, Dibutyltin dilaurate 95%, bis(lauroyloxy)dibutyl-stannan, Di-N-butyldilauryltin, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, DBTDL, Ditin butyl dilaurate(dibutyl bis((1-oxododecyl)oxy)-Stannane), dibutyltin(IV) dodecanoate, Two dibutyltin dilaurate, The two butyltintwo lauricacid;Dibutyltin dilaurate 95%, Bis(lauroyloxy)di(n-butyl)stannane, Di-n-butylin dilaurate, Di-n-butyltin dilaurate, Dibutylbis(1-oxododecyl)oxy)stannane, Dibutylbis(laurato)tin, Dibutylbis(lauroxy)stannane, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, Dibutylstannium dilaurate, Dibutylstannylene dilaurate, Dibutyltin didodecanoate, DBTL, BT-25, dibutyltin dodecanoate, Dibutyltin Laurate, Dibutyltindilaurate, Dibutyltin Dilaurate, Di-n-butyldilauryltin, Di-N-Butyltin Dilaurate, Dibutyltin(Iv) Dilaurate, Dibutyltin Didodecanoate, Dibutylbis(Lauroyloxy)Tin, dibutyl(didodecyl)stannane, Dibutylbis(Lauroyloxy)Stannane



Patcat 3020 is an organotin compound that is used as a catalyst.
Patcat 3020 is a colourless oily liquid.
In terms of its structure, the molecule of Patcat 3020 consists of two laurate groups attached to a dibutyltin(IV) center.


Patcat 3020 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Patcat 3020 is a clear yellow viscous liquid.


Patcat 3020 is an organotin compound.
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
It is a natural component of the earth's crust and is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as tin dioxide.


Patcat 3020, knon as Dibutyltin dilaurate, is a clear, and yellowish liquid.
If solidification occurs, Patcat 3020 should be warmed to melt, if done so, no loss of activity will occur.
Patcat 3020 is an organotin compound with the formula (CH3(CH2)10CO2)2Sn(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2.


Patcat 3020 is a colorless viscous and oily liquid.
In terms of its structure, the molecule of Patcat 3020 consists of two laurate groups and two butyl groups attached to a tin(IV) atom.
The molecular geometry of Patcat 3020 at tin is tetrahedral.


Based on the crystal structure of the related bis(bromobenzoate), the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl groups are weakly bonded to tin atom.
According to some authors, Patcat 3020 is a dibutyltin(IV) ester of lauric acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PATCAT 3020:
Patcat 3020 can be used as PVC heat stabilizers, and it is the earliest used varieties in organotin stabilizers, heat resistance is less than tributyltin maleate, but it has excellent lubricity, weather resistance and transparency can be ok, and it has good compatibility with plasticizers, non-blooming, non-sulfide pollution, no adverse effects on heat sealing and printability.


Patcat 3020 is mainly used in soft transparent products or semi-soft products, generally in an amount of 1-2%.
In hard products, Patcat 3020 can be used as lubricant, and when used with maleic acid organic tin or thiol-containing organic tin can improve the fluidity of the resin material.


For Patcat 3020 is liquid at room temperature, so the dispersion in plastic is better than solid stabilizer.
Compared with other organic tin, the goods early color large will cause yellow discoloration.
Patcat 3020 can also be used as catalysts of synthesizing polyurethane, the curing agents of silicone rubber.


In order to enhance the thermal stability, transparency, compatibility with resins, as well as improve the impact strength for hard products and its other properties, now Patcat 3020 has developed a number of modified varieties.
Lauric acid and other fatty acids is generally added in the category of pure, the epoxy ester or other metal soap stabilizer is also added in.


Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of polyurethane foams.
Patcat 3020 has excellent transparency and lubricating property.
Patcat 3020 is resistant to weathering.


Patcat 3020 can also uesd the stabilizer of the soft transparent products and efficient lubricants in hard transparent products, and can also be used acrylate rubber and rubber carboxyl crosslinking reaction, the catalyst of synthesis of polyurethane foam and polyester synthetic, and RTV silicone rubber.
Ideal applications for Patcat 3020 include solvent-based, chemical cross-linking, two-component polyurethane systems.


Patcat 3020 is used solvent-based, chemical cross-linking, two-component coating.
Patcat 3020 is suitable for polyurethane coatings, inks, adhesives and sealants.
Patcat 3020 is suitable for room temperature vulcanized silica gel, adhesives, and caulking agents.


Patcat 3020 is mainly used in polyurethane rigid foam, spraying, pouring, plate, etc.
Patcat 3020 can be used as heat stabilizer in PVC soft products
Patcat 3020 is suitable for silane cross-linked products.


Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst for polyurethane production from isocyanates and diols.
Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst for transesterification and for the room temperature vulcanization of silicones.
Patcat 3020 is used catalyst in the production of polyurethane and curing of room temperature vulcanising silicon rubber.


Patcat 3020 is also used in heat stabilisers in PVC.
Patcat 3020 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Other release to the environment of Patcat 3020 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Release to the environment of Patcat 3020 can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and as processing aid.
Patcat 3020 is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants and coating products.


Other release to the environment of Patcat 3020 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Patcat 3020 can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
Patcat 3020 also finds application as catalyst in the manufacture of silane-crosslinking polyolefins.


Patcat 3020 can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys).
Patcat 3020 is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.


Patcat 3020 is used in the following areas: building & construction work.
Other release to the environment of Patcat 3020 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Patcat 3020 is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.
Patcat 3020 has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Release to the environment of Patcat 3020 can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid and as processing aid.
Patcat 3020 is used in the following areas: building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.


Patcat 3020 is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, polishes and waxes, textile treatment products and dyes and washing & cleaning products.
Patcat 3020 has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Patcat 3020 is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment, machinery and vehicles, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products, pulp, paper and paper products, rubber products, fabricated metal products and furniture.


Release to the environment of Patcat 3020 can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as processing aid, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, formulation in materials and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Release to the environment of Patcat 3020 can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Patcat 3020 is used as a paint additive.
Together with dibutyltin dioctanoate, Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst for polyurethane production from isocyanates and diols.


Patcat 3020 is also useful as a catalyst for transesterification and for the room temperature vulcanization of silicones.
Patcat 3020 is also added to animal feed to remove cecal worms, roundworms, and tapeworms in chickens and turkeys and to prevent or provide treatment against hexamitosis and coccidiosis.


Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst .
Patcat 3020 is used in the range of 0.1 – 0.5% referring to polyol as primary catalyst for most PUR – formulations and as a secondary catalyst 0.03 – 0.3% recommended.


Patcat 3020 is also used as a stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride, vinyl ester resins, lacquers, and elastomers.
For silicone systems 0.1 – 1% required for hardening.
It is recommended that the appropriate addition level of Patcat 3020 is determined experimentally.


-Patcat 3020 Catalyst for Polyurethane Coating Systems
Patcat 3020 is a catalyst for solvent-based two-component polyurethane systems.
This solution of Patcat 3020 is suitable for accelerating cross-linking processes.



BENEFITS OF PATCAT 3020:
Benefits of Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalysts for Polyurethane Coatings
*Patcat 3020 improves the drying of chemically curing systems favoring the isocyanate/polyol reaction over other side reactions such as isocyanate/water.
*Patcat 3020 enhances scratch resistance, hardness, and mechanical properties.
*Patcat 3020 can be used to aid the curing process of polyurethanes, silicone resins, RTV silicone resins, and silane modified polymers.



FEATURES OF PATCAT 3020:
*Patcat 3020 is suitable to accelerate the cross-linking process of solvent-based two-component PU coatings
*Patcat 3020 improves the drying of chemically curing systems favoring the isocyanate/polyol reaction over other side reactions such as isocyanate/water
*Patcat 3020 enhances scratch resistance, hardness, and mechanical properties
*Patcat 3020 can be used to aid the curing process of polyurethanes, silicone resins, RTV silicone resins, and silane modified polymers



COMPOUND TYPE OF PATCAT 3020:
*Household Toxin
*Industrial/Workplace Toxin
*Organic Compound
*Organometallic
*Synthetic Compound
*Tin Compound



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF PATCAT 3020:
*Straight chain fatty acids
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Organotin compounds
*Organic salts
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF PATCAT 3020:
*Medium-chain fatty acid
*Straight chain fatty acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organic salt
*Organotin compound
*Organooxygen compound
*Organometallic compound
*Organic post-transition metal moeity
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PATCAT 3020:
Patcat 3020 is pale yellow flammable liquid, and soluble in acetone and benzene, can not dissolve in water.
Patcat 3020 has excellent transparency, lubricity and weather resistance.
Patcat 3020 is used in soft and transparent PVC products.
After processing, the surface gloss and transparency of the finished products are good, and there is no vulcanization pollution.


*Organic tin additive
Patcat 3020 is an organic tin additives, and can be soluble in benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, petroleum ether and other organic solvents and all industrial plasticizers, but insoluble in water.
Multipurpose high-boiling organic tin catalyst circulation of Patcat 3020 are usually specially treated liquefaction, and at room temperature as a pale yellow or colorless oily liquid, when low temperature as white crystals, and it can be used for PVC additives, it also has excellent lubricity, transparency, weather resistance, and better resistance for sulfide pollution.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF PATCAT 3020:
Patcat 3020 is condensed by DBTO and lauric acid at 60℃.
After condensation, vacuum dehydration, cooling, pressure filtration derived products.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF PATCAT 3020:
Dibutyltin dioctanoate (CH3(CH2)6CO2)2Sn(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2: CAS#4731-77-5
Dibutyltin diacetate (CH3CO2)2Sn(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2: CAS #1067-33-0



DECOMPOSITION OF PATCAT 3020:
Upon heating to decomposition temperature (which is above 250 °C), Patcat 3020 emits acrid smoke and fumes.



PERFORMANCE OF PATCAT 3020:
Patcat 3020 is a primary catalyst to accelerate the isocyanate-hydroxyl-reaction as well as the reaction of isocyanates with alcohols.
Patcat 3020 can be combined with tertiary amines and calcium-2-ethyl-hexanoate.
Patcat 3020 can also be used for silanol condensation reaction



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PATCAT 3020:
Tin Content: 18.50 + 0.5%
Appearance: Clear, yellowish liquid
Refractive Index: 1.4610 + 0.005 (25°C)
Specific Gravity (approx.): 1.040 (g/cm³ @ 25°C)
Colour: 4 max (Gardner)
Viscosity: < 75 cP (@ 25°C)
Flash Point: >150°C (PMCC)
Solidification Point: ≤ -3°C
Chemical Formula: (CH3(CH2)10CO2)2Sn((CH2)3CH3)2
Molar Mass: 631.570 g·mol−1

Appearance: Colourless oily liquid or soft waxy crystals
Odor: Fatty
Density: 1.066 g/cm3
Melting Point: 22 to 24 °C (72 to 75 °F; 295 to 297 K)
Boiling Point: 205 °C at 1.3 kPa
Solubility in Water: Practically insoluble (0.00143 g/l at 68 °F (20 °C))
Solubility: Practically insoluble in methanol, soluble in petroleum ether,
benzene, acetone, ether, carbon tetrachloride, organic esters
Vapor Pressure: Refractive Index (nD): 1.4683 at 20 °C (for light at wavelength of 589.29 nm)
Viscosity: 42 cP

Chemical formula: (CH3(CH2)10CO2)Sn((CH2)3CH3)2
Molar mass: 631.570 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colourless oily liquid or soft waxy crystals
Odor: Fatty
Density: 1.066 g/cm3
Melting point: 22 to 24 °C (72 to 75 °F; 295 to 297 K)
Boiling point: 205 °C at 1.3 kPa
Solubility in water: Practically insoluble (less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (20 °C))
Solubility: Practically insoluble in methanol
Soluble in: petroleum ether, benzene, acetone, ether,
carbon tetrachloride, organic esters
Vapor pressure:
Refractive index (nD): 1.4683 at 20 °C (for light at wavelength of 589.29 nm)
Viscosity: 42 cP
Appearance: colorless to yellow liquid
Tin content: 17.0~19.0%
Density at 25℃: 1.06g/ml
Boiling point at 12mmHg: ＞205℃
Flash point, Tag closed cup: 113℃
Refractive index (25℃): 1.471
Compound Formula: C32H64O4Sn
Molecular Weight: 631.56
Appearance: Yellow liquid

Melting Point: 22-24 °C
Boiling Point: 205 °C
Density: 1.066 g/mL
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 632.382655
Monoisotopic Mass: 632.382655
Molecular Weight: 631.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 30
Exact Mass: 632.382663
Monoisotopic Mass: 632.382663
Topological Polar Surface Area: 52.6 Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 37
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 477
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Appearance: yellow liquid to paste (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 1.06600 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.47100 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: 23.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 560.00 to 561.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 3.120
Soluble in: water, 3 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Physical state: solid
Color: colorless, to, light yellow
Odor: fatty odor
Melting point: 28,5 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 205 °C at 130 hPa - (ECHA)
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 189 - 193 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: > 250 °C -
pH: No data available
Viscosity Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility 0,00143 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water Pow: 27.700; log Pow: 4,44 at 21 °C
Vapor pressure: < 0,01 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,066 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Appearance: Yellowish oily liquid
Tin Content: 18.2
Density: 1.05±0.02
Refractive Index: 1.468±0.001
Boiling Point: ＞204℃/12mm
Melting Point: 22-24℃
Freezing Point: ≤8℃
Flash Point: ＞230℃
Volatile: ≤0.4%

Boiling point: >250 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.05 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 191 °C
Ignition temperature: >200 °C
Melting Point: 25 - 27 °C
Vapor pressure: Solubility: Formula: (C4H9)2Sn(OOC(CH2)10CH3)2 / C32H64O4Sn
Molecular mass: 631.6
Boiling point at 1.3kPa: 205°C
Melting point: 22-24°C
Vapour pressure: negligible

Solubility in water: none
Flash point: 191°C
Density (at 20°C): 1.05 g/cm³
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 4.44
Density: 1.066 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 560.5±19.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 22-24°C
Molecular Formula: C32H64O4Sn
Molecular Weight: 631.558
Flash Point: 292.8±21.5 °C
Exact Mass: 632.382690
PSA: 52.60000
LogP: 17.44

Vapour Pressure: 0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction: n20/D 1.471(lit.)
Stability: Stability Combustible.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Water Solubility: Freezing Point: 8℃
Compound Formula: C32H64O4Sn
Molecular Weight: 631.56 g/mol
Appearance: Yellow liquid
Melting Point: 22-24 °C
Boiling Point: 205 °C
Density: 1.066 g/mL
Solubility in H2O: Not Applicable
Exact Mass: 632.382655 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 632.382655 g/mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of PATCAT 3020:
-After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
-In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
-After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
-After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PATCAT 3020:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PATCAT 3020:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PATCAT 3020:
-Control parameters:
*Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 30 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PATCAT 3020:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PATCAT 3020:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

2-PHOSPHONOBUTANE-1,2,4-TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; PBTC; Bayhibit AM; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; CAS NO: 37971-36-1

P-BENZOQUINONE


CAS Number: 106-51-4
EC Number: 203-405-2
MDL number: MFCD00001591
Chemical formula: C6H4O2


p-benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
In a pure state, p-benzoquinone forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde.
This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of p-benzoquinone.


The molecule is multifunctional: p-benzoquinone exhibits properties of a ketone, being able to form oximes; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions, especially those typical for α,β-unsaturated ketones.
p-benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.
p-benzoquinone is a yellow, crystalline material or large yellow, monoclinic prisms.


p-benzoquinone is the chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
This nonaromatic six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of p-benzoquinone.
p-benzoquinone is multifunctional: p-benzoquinone exhibits properties of a ketone, forming an oxime; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions.


p-Benzoquinone is a yellow, crystalline (sand-like) solid with a Chlorine-like odor.
p-benzoquinone was first produced commercially in 1919, and has since been manufactured in several European countries, Japan and the United States.
p-Benzoquinone is the simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone.


p-Benzoquinone is a metabolite of benzene.
p-Benzoquinone is a natural product found in Blaps lethifera, Euglena gracilis, and other organisms with data available.
p-Benzoquinone appears as a yellowish-colored crystalline solid with a pungent, irritating odor.
p-benzoquinone is yellow crystal.


p-benzoquinone's melting point is 116 ° C and the relative density is 1.318 (20 / 4 ° C).
p-benzoquinone is soluble in ethanol, ether and alkali, slightly soluble in water.
p-benzoquinone sublimates and the vapor is volatile and partially decomposes.
p-benzoquinone has a pungent odor similar to chlorine.


p-benzoquinone is dissolved in ethanol, and slightly dissolved in acetone, but insoluble in water, benzene and gasoline.
p-Benzoquinone is soluble in water and denser than water.
If moist p-Benzoquinone may decompose spontaneously above 140°F.
This has occurred in drums, causing over-pressurization.


p-Benzoquinone acts as an oxidizing agent.
p-benzoquinone, also known as benzoquinone or 1,4-benzochinon, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-benzoquinones.
These are benzoquinones where the two C=O groups are attached at the 1- and 4-positions, respectively.
p-benzoquinoneis an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).


p-benzoquinoneexists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
p-benzoquinonehas been detected, but not quantified in, a few different foods, such as anises, barley, and olives.
This could make p-benzoquinone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
p-benzoquinone exists as a large yellow, monoclinic prism with an irritating odour resembling that of chlorine.


p-benzoquinonewas first produced commercially in 1919 and has since been manufactured in several European countries.
p-benzoquinone appears as a yellowish-colored crystalline solid with a pungent, irritating odor.
p-benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
p-benzoquinone is the basic structure of quinonoid compounds.


They are widely distributed in the natural world, being found in bacteria, plants and arthropods and hence quinones are ubiquitous to living systems.
Quinones play pivotal role in biological functions including oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer.
p-benzoquinone is the simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone.


p-benzoquinone is a metabolite of benzene.
p-benzoquinone is Light yellow crystals with an acrid odor resembling chlorine.
p-benzoquinone's odor threshold concentration is 84 ppb.
p-benzoquinone exists as a large yellow, monoclinic prism with an irritating odour resembling that of chlorine.


p-benzoquinone was first produced commercially in 1919 and has since been manufactured in several European countries.
When heated to near its melting point, p-benzoquinone sublimes, even at atmospheric pressure, allowing for an effective purification.
Impure samples are often dark-colored due to the presence of quinhydrone, a dark green 1:1 charge-transfer complex of quinone with hydroquinone.



USES and APPLICATIONS of P-BENZOQUINONE:
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the synthesis of Bromadol and related analogs.
p-benzoquinone's major use is in hydroquinone production, but it is also used as a polymerisation inhibitor and as an intermediate in the production of a variety of substances, including rubber accelerators and oxidising agents.
p-benzoquinone is used in the dye, textile, chemical, tanning, and cosmetic industries.


In chemical synthesis for p-benzoquinone and other chemicals, quinone is used as an intermediate.
p-benzoquinone is also used in the manufacturing industries and chemical laboratory associated with protein fibre, photographic film, hydrogen peroxide, and gelatin making.
p-benzoquinone is extensively used as a chemical intermediate, a polymerisation inhibitor, an oxidising agent, a photographic chemical, a tanning agent, and a chemical reagent.


p-benzoquinone is used as a chemical intermediate, a polymerization inhibitor, an oxidizing agent, a photographic chemical, a tanning agent, and a chemical reagent.
p-benzoquinone's major use is in hydroquinone production, but it is also used as a polymerization inhibitor and as an intermediate in the production of a variety of substances, including rubber accelerators and oxidizing agents


p-Benzoquinone is widely used in medicine, pesticides, chemicals, dyes, etc.
p-benzoquinone is used as a fungicide, as a reagent in
photography, and to make dyes and other chemicals.
p-Benzoquinone is used as a catalyst in the preperation of allyl silyl ethers.


p-Benzoquinone is a superoxide scavenger that has been used in the characterization of carnation-like SnS2 nanostructure photocatalysts for photodegredation.
Oxidation of p-benzoquinone is facile.
One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine salt as a catalyst for the oxidation occurring in a polar solvent; e.g. isopropyl alcohol.


p-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
p-benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and an oxidizer in synthetic organic chemistry.
In the Thiele-Winter reaction, p-benzoquinone is involved in the preparation of triacetate of hydroxyquinol by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.
p-benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.


p-benzoquinone is used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.
p-benzoquinone is used intermediates for dyes and pharmaceuticals.
p-benzoquinone is used as a qualitative test for celery, pyridine, azole, tyrosine and hydroquinone.


p-benzoquinone is used for the determination of amino acids in the analysis.
p-Benzoquinone is used to make dyes and as a photographic chemical.
p-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
p-benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and an oxidizer in synthetic organic chemistry.


In the Thiele-Winter reaction, p-benzoquinone is involved in the preparation of triacetate of hydroxyquinol by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.
p-benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
p-benzoquinone is used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.


p-Benzoquinone, also known as para-quinone or 1,4-Benzoquinone, is used as a precursor to hydroquinone.
p-benzoquinone, 99% Cas 106-51-4 - used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
p-benzoquinone, 99% Cas 106-51-4 - used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.


p-benzoquinone is extensively used as a chemical intermediate, a polymerisation inhibitor, an oxidising agent, a photographic chemical, a tanning agent, and a chemical reagent.
p-benzoquinone's major use is in hydroquinone production, but it is also used as a polymerisation inhibitor and as an intermediate in the production of a variety of substances, including rubber accelerators and oxidising agents.


p-benzoquinone is used in the dye, textile, chemical, tanning, and cosmetic industries.
In chemical synthesis for hydroquinone and other chemicals, p-benzoquinone is used as an intermediate.
p-benzoquinone is also used in the manufacturing industries and chemical laboratory associated with protein fibre, photographic film, hydrogen peroxide, and gelatin making.


p-benzoquinone is used in the manufacture of dyes, fungicide, and hydroquinone; for tanning hides; as an oxidizing agent; in photography; making gelatin insoluble; strengthening animal fibers and as reagent.
p-benzoquinone is a dehydrogenation reagent.
The derivatives tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone are stronger oxidants.
Whereas the resulting phenolate as reaction product of 1,4-benzoquinone (hydroquinone) is nucleophilic, a similar oxidant - 3,3',5'5-tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinone - can be used in the presence of sensitive electrophilic groups.


-Applications of p-benzoquinone in organic synthesis:
p-benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.
p-benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
p-benzoquinone is also uses as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.



PREPARATION OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone is prepared industrially by oxidation of hydroquinone, which can be obtained by several routes.
One route involves oxidation of diisopropylbenzene and the Hock rearrangement.
The net reaction can be represented as follows:

C6H4(CHMe2)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4O2 + 2 OCMe2 + H2O
The reaction proceeds via the bis(hydroperoxide) and the hydroquinone.
Acetone is a coproduct.

Another major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide: C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O
Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced.
Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone.
p-benzoquinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese dioxide.
This method is mainly practiced in PRC where environmental regulations are more relaxed.



STRUCTURE AND REDOX OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone is a planar molecule with localized, alternating C=C, C=O, and C–C bonds.
Reduction gives the semiquinone anion C6H4O2−}, which adopts a more delocalized structure.
Further reduction coupled to protonation gives the hydroquinone, wherein the C6 ring is fully delocalized.





REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone is mainly used as a precursor to hydroquinone, which is used in photography and rubber manufacture as a reducing agent and antioxidant.
Benzoquinonium is a skeletal muscle relaxant, ganglion blocking agent that is made from p-benzoquinone.
p-Benzoquinone and its derivatives are extensively used in Diels-Alder reactions.
A facile tautomerization of alkyl substituted p-Benzoquinone to o-quinone methide is the highlight of this cycloaddition.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.
p-benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
p-benzoquinone is also used as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.
Benzoquinone reacts with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to give the triacetate of hydroxyquinol.
This reaction is called the Thiele reaction or Thiele–Winter reaction after Johannes Thiele, who first described it in 1898, and after Ernst Winter, who further described p-benzoquinone's reaction mechanism in 1900.

p-benzoquinone is also used to suppress double-bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
An acidic potassium iodide solution reduces a solution of benzoquinone to hydroquinone, which can be reoxidized back to the quinone with a solution of silver nitrate.
Due to its ability to function as an oxidizer, 1,4-benzoquinone can be found in methods using the Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, wherein a palladium salt catalyzes the conversion of an alkene to a ketone.
This reaction is typically carried out using pressurized oxygen as the oxidizer, but benzoquinone can sometimes preferred.
p-benzoquinone is also used as a reagent in some variants on Wacker oxidations.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone was produced as early as 1838 by oxidation of quinic acid with manganese dioxide.
p-benzoquinone can be prepared by oxidation starting with aniline or by the oxidation of hydroquinone with bromic acid.
More recently, p-benzoquinone has been made biosynthetically from D-glucose.



METABOLISM OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
1,4-Benzoquinone is a toxic metabolite found in human blood and can be used to track exposure to benzene or mixtures containing benzene and benzene compounds, such as petrol.
p-benzoquinone is excreted in its original form and also as variations of its own metabolite, hydroquinone.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
*P-benzoquinone
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of P-BENZOQUINONE:
Molar mass: 108.096 g·mol−1
Appearance: Yellow solid
Odor: Acrid, chlorine-like[2]
Density: 1.318 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Melting point: 115 °C (239 °F; 388 K)
Boiling point: Sublimes
Solubility in water: 11 g/L (18 °C)
Solubility: Slightly soluble in petroleum ether; soluble in acetone; 10% in ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether
Vapor pressure: 0.1 mmHg (25 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -38.4·10−6 cm3/mol
Molecular Weight: 108.09
XLogP3: 0.2

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 108.021129366
Monoisotopic Mass: 108.021129366
Topological Polar Surface Area: 34.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 149
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Appearance: yellow crystalline solid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in: ater, 1.11E+04 mg/L @ 18C (exp)
Physical state: Solid.
Form: Crystalline powder.
Color: Yellow. Green.
Odor: Pungent odor.
Odor threshold: 0.08 ppm
pH: Not available.
Melting point/freezing point: 240.26 °F (115.7 °C)
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not available.

Flash point: Not available.
Evaporation rate: Not available.
Flammability (solid, gas): Not available.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Flammability limit - lower (%): Not available.
Flammability limit - upper (%): Not available.
Explosive limit - lower (%): Not available.
Explosive limit - upper (%): Not available.
Vapor pressure: 0.01 kPa at 25 °C
Vapor density: 3.7
Relative density: Not available.
Solubility(ies):
Solubility (water): Slightly soluble.

Partition coefficient: (n-octanol/water): 0.2
Auto-ignition temperature: 1040 °F (560 °C)
Decomposition temperature: Not available.
Viscosity: Not available.
Other information:
Molecular formula: C6-H4-O2
Molecular weight: 108.09 g/mol
Specific gravity: 1.32 at 20 °C
Surface tension: 32.58 mN/m
Appearance and properties: yellow to green crystalline solid
Density: 1.31
Boiling point: 293°C
Melting point: 113-115 °C(lit.)
Flash point: 38°C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.453
Water solubility: 10 g/L (25 ºC)

Melting point: 113-115 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 293°C
Density: 1.31
vapor density: 3.73 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.1 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.453
Flash point: 38°C
storage temp.: room temp
solubility: 10g/l
form: Powder
pka: 7.7
color: Yellow to green
PH: 4 (1g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility: 10 g/L (25 ºC)

Water Solubility: 45.4 g/L
logP: 0.21
logP: 1.02
logS: -0.38
pKa (Strongest Basic): -7.7
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0
Polar Surface Area: 34.14 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 31.03 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 9.75 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: No



FIRST AID MEASURES of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Description of first aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Take victim immediately to hospital.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Environmental precautions
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Exposure controls:
*Appropriate engineering controls:
Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use face shield and safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available
-Other decomposition products :
No data available



SYNONYMS:
p-Benzoquinone
p-Quinone
1,4-Benzoquinone
1,4-Cyclohexadiene-3,6-dione
p-benzoquinone
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
Benzoquinone
Quinone
106-51-4
p-Quinone
para-Benzoquinone
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Chinone
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
para-Quinone
Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Benzoquine
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Dioxybenzene
Steara pbq
p-Chinon
Benzo-chinon
Benzo-1,4-quinone
1,4-Diossibenzene
Chinon
1,4-Dioxy-benzol
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide
Semiquinone anion
semiquinone radicals
RCRA waste number U197
NCI-C55845
USAF P-220
Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
1,4-Benzochinon
NSC 36324
[1,4]benzoquinone
CHEBI:16509
Quinone1,4-Benzoquinone
MFCD00001591
NSC-36324
CHEMBL8320
3T006GV98U
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, homopolymer
DSSTox_CID_145
1,4-Benzoquinone, 99%
DSSTox_RID_75398
DSSTox_GSID_20145
Caswell No. 719C
1,4 benzoquinone
26745-90-4
CAS-106-51-4
CCRIS 933
HSDB 1111
EINECS 203-405-2
UN2587
parabenzochinon
UNII-3T006GV98U
p-benzo-quinone
AI3-09068
Quinone
p-BQ
NSC36324
2,4-dione
p-BQ
Benzo-1,4-quinone
QUINONE
(p-Phenylenedioxy)radical
Lopac-B-1266
QUINONE
Benzoquinone
Epitope ID:116219
WLN: L6V DVJ
EC 203-405-2
cid_4650
PARA-QUINONE
Lopac0_000120
SCHEMBL18103
Benzil-related compound, 53
MLS002454445
GTPL6307
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-4-dione
DTXSID6020145
BDBM22774
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
HMS2230N13
HMS3260G22
ZINC895247
AMY21949
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
Tox21_202020
Tox21_302970
Tox21_500120
BBL010327
Benzoquinone
c0261
STK398389
AKOS000119965
3,6-Dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1-ide
CCG-204215
LP00120
SDCCGSBI-0050108.P002
UN 2587
p-Benzoquinone, reagent grade, >=98%
NCGC00015139-01
NCGC00015139-02
NCGC00015139-03
NCGC00015139-04
NCGC00015139-05
NCGC00015139-06
NCGC00015139-07
NCGC00015139-10
NCGC00091053-01
NCGC00091053-02
NCGC00091053-03
NCGC00256505-01
NCGC00259569-01
NCGC00260805-01
SMR000326659
VS-02448
DS-000613
B0089
B0887
EU-0100120
B 1266
C00472
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, radical ion(1-)
A801452
Q402719
SR-01000075705
J-503966
SR-01000075705-1
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
1,4-Benzoquinone
p-benzoquinone
benzoquinone
quinone
1,4-benzoquinone
p-quinone
chinone
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
cyclohexadienedione
para-quinone, 1,4-benzoquine
Benzoquinone
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
p-benozquinone
Thiophene,5-dibromo
2,5-dibromo thiophene
cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
para-benzoquinone
p-Benzoquinone
2,5-dibromothiphene
2,5-bromothiophene
1,3-dibromothiophene
p-Benzoquinone,Quinone
2,5-dibromothiophen
1,4-benzo-quinone
1,4-Benzoquinone
Thiophene,2,5-dibromo
1,4-Benzoquinone
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Dione-2,5-cyclohexadiene
Chinone
NSC 36324
PBQ 2
Quinone
Stearer PBQ
p-Quinone
BENZOQUINONE
P-BENZOQUINONE
QUINONE
PARA BENZOQUINONE
CHINONE
para-quinone
p-Benzochinon
1,4-Benzochinon
2,5-CYCLOHEXADIENE-1,4-DIONE
Cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
1,4-BENZOCHINONE
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
2,5-CYCLOHEXADIENE-1,4-DIONE
BENZOQUINONE
BENZOQUINONE
1,4-, CHINONE
CYCLOHEXADIENEDIONE
PARA BENZOQUINONE
P-BENZOQUINONE
p-benzoquinone 98+ % (dried)
P-QUINONE, QUINONE
1,4-Benzochinon
1,4-Benzoquine
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-cyclohexadienedioxide
1,4-Diossibenzene
1,4-dioxybenzene
1,4-Dioxy-benzol
1,4-Benzochinon
1,4-Benzoquine
1,4-Benzoquinone
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Diossibenzene
1,4-Dioxy-benzol
1,4-Dioxybenzene
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-4-dione

DESCRIPTION:

P-Benzoquinone, para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
In a pure state, P-Benzoquinone forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde.
This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of 1,4-hydroquinone.


CAS Number :106-51-4
EC Number :203-405-2
Linear Formula: C6H4(=O)2

SYNONYM(S) OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
Quinone, 1,4-Benzoquinone[1];Benzoquinone;p-Benzoquinone;p-Quinone


The molecule is multifunctional: P-Benzoquinone exhibits properties of a ketone, being able to form oximes; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions, especially those typical for α,β-unsaturated ketones.
P-Benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.


P-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
P-Benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and an oxidizer in synthetic organic chemistry.
In the Thiele-Winter reaction, it is involved in the preparation of triacetate of hydroxyquinol by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.

P-Benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
P-Benzoquinone is used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.


p-Benzoquinone (PBQ) is a cyclic conjugated diketone.
Its high-resolution photoelectron spectrum has been reported.
The visible and near ultraviolet spectra of PBQ have been recorded and analyzed.

Its addition as coagent has been reported to enhance the crosslinking rate of polypropylene initiated by the pyrolysis of peroxides.
Its impact on hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated based on immunoblots and mass spectral analysis of a smoker′s blood.


PREPARATION OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
1,4-Benzoquinone is prepared industrially by oxidation of hydroquinone, which can be obtained by several routes.
One route involves oxidation of diisopropylbenzene and the Hock rearrangement.
The net reaction can be represented as follows:
C6H4(CHMe2)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4O2 + 2 OCMe2 + H2O

The reaction proceeds via the bis(hydroperoxide) and the hydroquinone.
Acetone is a coproduct.
Another major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide: C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced.

Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone.[8]
Quinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese dioxide.
This method is mainly practiced in PRC where environmental regulations are more relaxed.

Oxidation of hydroquinone is facile.
One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine salt as a catalyst for the oxidation occurring in a polar solvent; e.g. isopropyl alcohol.
When heated to near its melting point, 1,4-benzoquinone sublimes, even at atmospheric pressure, allowing for an effective purification.
Impure samples are often dark-colored due to the presence of quinhydrone, a dark green 1:1 charge-transfer complex of quinone with hydroquinone.

STRUCTURE AND REDOX OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
C–C and C–O bond distances in benzoquinone (Q), its 1e reduced derivative (Q−), and hydroquinone (H2Q).
Benzoquinone is a planar molecule with localized, alternating C=C, C=O, and C–C bonds.
Reduction gives the semiquinone anion C6H4O2−}, which adopts a more delocalized structure.
Further reduction coupled to protonation gives the hydroquinone, wherein the C6 ring is fully delocalized.


REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
Quinone is mainly used as a precursor to hydroquinone, which is used in photography and rubber manufacture as a reducing agent and antioxidant.
Benzoquinonium is a skeletal muscle relaxant, ganglion blocking agent that is made from benzoquinone.


ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
P-Benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.
1,4-Benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
P-Benzoquinone is also used as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.


Benzoquinone reacts with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to give the triacetate of hydroxyquinol.
This reaction is called the Thiele reaction or Thiele–Winter reaction[19][20] after Johannes Thiele, who first described it in 1898, and after Ernst Winter, who further described its reaction mechanism in 1900.

An application is found in this step of the total synthesis of Metachromin A:
Benzoquinone is also used to suppress double-bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
An acidic potassium iodide solution reduces a solution of benzoquinone to hydroquinone, which can be reoxidized back to the quinone with a solution of silver nitrate.
Due to its ability to function as an oxidizer, 1,4-benzoquinone can be found in methods using the Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, wherein a palladium salt catalyzes the conversion of an alkene to a ketone.

This reaction is typically carried out using pressurized oxygen as the oxidizer, but benzoquinone can sometimes preferred.
P-Benzoquinone is also used as a reagent in some variants on Wacker oxidations.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the synthesis of Bromadol and related analogs.


2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is a stronger oxidant and dehydrogenation agent than 1,4-benzoquinone.
Chloranil 1,4-C6Cl4O2 is another potent oxidant and dehydrogenation agent.
Monochloro-p-benzoquinone is yet another but milder oxidant.


METABOLISM OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
1,4-Benzoquinone is a toxic metabolite found in human blood and can be used to track exposure to benzene or mixtures containing benzene and benzene compounds, such as petrol.
The compound can interfere with cellular respiration, and kidney damage has been found in animals receiving severe exposure.
It is excreted in its original form and also as variations of its own metabolite, hydroquinone.


APPLICATIONS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-Benzoquinone may be used to form benzofuranone derivatives on reacting with anilides of β-aminocrotonic acids via Nenitzescu reaction.
Dienophile employed in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to form naphthoquinones,[6] and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.

Oxidant used in first step of greener amine synthesis from terminal olefins by Wacker oxidation followed by transfer hydrogenation of the resultant imine.




p-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4phenanthrenediones.
P-Benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and as an oxidant in synthetic organic chemistry.

In the Thiéle-Winter reaction, it is involved in the preparation of hydroxyquinol triacetate by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.
P-Benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress the migration of double bonds during olefin metathesis reactions.
P-Benzoquinone is used as a precursor of hydroquinone which finds its application in photography and as a reducing agent and antioxidant in the production of rubber.




CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
Chemical formula C6H4O2
Molar mass 108.096 g•mol−1
Appearance Yellow solid
Odor Acrid, chlorine-like[2]
Density 1.318 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Melting point 115 °C (239 °F; 388 K)
Boiling point Sublimes
Solubility in water 11 g/L (18 °C)
Solubility Slightly soluble in petroleum ether; soluble in acetone; 10% in ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether
Vapor pressure 0.1 mmHg (25 °C)[2]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -38.4•10−6 cm3/mol
CAS Number:
106-51-4
Molecular Weight:
108.09
Beilstein:
773967
EC Number:
203-405-2
biological source
synthetic
Quality Level
200
grade
reagent grade
vapor density
3.73 (vs air)
vapor pressure
0.1 mmHg ( 25 °C)
Assay
≥98%
form
powder or crystals
autoignition temp.
815 °F
greener alternative product characteristics
Catalysis
Learn more about the Principles of Green Chemistry.
mp
113-115 °C (lit.)
solubility
water: soluble 14.7 g/L at 20 °C
greener alternative category
storage temp.
room temp
SMILES string
O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1
InChI
1S/C6H4O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4H
InChI key
AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Gene Information
human ... ACHE(43) , BCHE(590) , CES1(1066)

CAS
106-51-4
Formule moléculaire
C6H4O2
Poids moléculaire (g/mol)
108.096
Numéro MDL
MFCD00001591
Clé InChI
AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-NAfficher plus
Synonyme
p-benzoquinone, benzoquinone, quinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, p-quinone, chinone, 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, cyclohexadienedione, para-quinone, 1,4-benzoquineAfficher plus
CID PubChem
4650
ChEBI
CHEBI:16509
Nom IUPAC
cyclohexa-2,5-diène-1,4-dione
SMILES
C1=CC(=O)C=CC1=O
Chemical name or material p-Benzoquinone
Fusion point 112°C to 115°C
Density 1.318
Boiling point ∼180°C (sublimation)
Flash point 77°C (171°F)
Dosage percentage range ≥98%
Smell Pungent
Quantity 100 g
Number one UN2587
Beilstein 773967
Sensitivity Light sensitive
Merck Index 14,8074
Solubility Information Soluble in water,ethanol,ether,methanol,benzene,acetone and ethyl acetate.
Formula weight 108.1
Purity percentage ≥98%
Solubility 10 g/l (25°C)
Melting Point 110 - 113°C
Molar Mass 108.09 g/mol
Bulk Density 700 kg/m3
Boiling Point 180°C (sublimated)
Vapor Pressure 0.12 hPa (20°C)
Density 1.32 g/cm3 (20°C)
pH 4 (1 g/l, H2O, 20°C)
Ignition Point 560°C




SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT P-BENZOQUINONE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

2-PHOSPHONOBUTANE-1,2,4-TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; PBTC; Bayhibit AM; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; CAS NO: 37971-36-1

SYNONYMS PBTC; Bayhibit AM; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; CAS NO. 37971-36-1

Synonyms: PBTCA; PBTC; Phosphonobutane tricarboxylic Acid; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; Phosphonono Butanetricarboxylic Acid; 2-phosphono-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid. cas :40372-66-5

CAS NO 37971-36-1 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid; 2-phosphonobutane-1,1,1-tricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid ;

2-Phosphonobutane -1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid; PBTC;PBTCA;PHOSPHONOBUTANE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID;2-Phosphonobutane -1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid;2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid PBTC; PBTC; Bayhibit AM; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; CAS NO:37971-36-1