Acetic acid is an organic acid available in various standard strengths.
Pure acetic acid is known as Acetic Acid Glacial because it will freeze at moderate temperatures (16.6C).
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
E number: E260 (preservatives)
Molecular Formula: C2H4O2 / CH3COOH
SYNONYMS:
Acetic acid, Ethanoic acid, Vinegar (when dilute), Hydrogen acetate, Methanecarboxylic acid, Ethylic acid, Ethanoic acid, Ethylic acid, Glacial acetic acid, Methanecarboxylic acid, Vinegar acid, CH3COOH, Acetasol, Acide acetique, Acido acetico, Azijnzuur, Essigsaeure, Octowy kwas, Acetic acid, glacial, Kyselina octova, UN 2789, Aci-jel, Shotgun, Ethanoic acid monomer, NSC 132953, Ethanoic acid, vinegar, ethylic acid, vinegar acid, methanecarboxylic acid, TCLP extraction fluid 2, shotgun, glacial acetic acid, glacial ethanoic acid, Ethanoic acid, Ethylic acid, Glacial acetic acid, Methanecarboxylic acid, Vinegar acid, CH3COOH, Acetasol, Acide acetique, Acido acetico, Azijnzuur, Essigsaeure, Octowy kwas, Acetic acid, glacial, Kyselina octova, UN 2789, Aci-jel, Shotgun, Ethanoic acid monomer, NSC 132953, BDBM50074329, FA 2:0, LMFA01010002, NSC132953, NSC406306, Acetic acid for HPLC >=99.8%, AKOS000268789, ACIDUM ACETICUM [WHO-IP LATIN], DB03166, UN 2789, Acetic acid >=99.5% FCC FG, Acetic acid natural >=99.5% FG, Acetic acid ReagentPlus(R) >=99%, CAS-64-19-7, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 044001, Acetic acid USP 99.5-100.5%, NCGC00255303-01, Acetic acid 1000 microg/mL in Methanol, Acetic acid SAJ first grade >=99.0%, Acetic acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, Acetic acid >=99.99% trace metals basis, Acetic acid JIS special grade >=99.7%, Acetic acid purified by double-distillation, NS00002089, Acetic acid UV HPLC spectroscopic 99.9%, EN300-18074, Acetic acid Vetec(TM) reagent grade >=99%, Bifido Selective Supplement B for microbiology, C00033, D00010, ORLEX HC COMPONENT ACETIC ACID GLACIAL, Q47512, VOSOL HC COMPONENT ACETIC ACID GLACIAL, Acetic acid glacial electronic grade 99.7%, TRIDESILON COMPONENT ACETIC ACID GLACIAL, A834671, ACETASOL HC COMPONENT ACETIC ACID GLACIAL, Acetic acid >=99.7% SAJ super special grade, ACETIC ACID GLACIAL COMPONENT OF BOROFAIR, ACETIC ACID GLACIAL COMPONENT OF ORLEX HC, ACETIC ACID GLACIAL COMPONENT OF VOSOL HC, SR-01000944354, ACETIC ACID GLACIAL COMPONENT OF TRIDESILON, SR-01000944354-1, ACETIC ACID GLACIAL COMPONENT OF ACETASOL HC, Glacial acetic acid meets USP testing specifications, InChI=1/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3(H,3,4), Acetic acid >=99.7% suitable for amino acid analysis, Acetic acid >=99.7% for titration in non-aqueous medium, Acetic acid for luminescence BioUltra >=99.5% GC, Acetic acid p.a. ACS reagent reag. ISO reag. Ph. Eur. 99.8%, Acetic acid semiconductor grade MOS PURANAL(TM) Honeywell 17926, Glacial acetic acid United States Pharmacopeia USP Reference Standard, Acetic acid puriss. p.a. ACS reagent reag. ISO reag. Ph. Eur. >=99.8%, Glacial Acetic Acid Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard Certified Reference Material, Acetic acid puriss. meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur. BP USP FCC 99.8-100.5%, acetic-acid, Glacial acetate, acetic cid, actic acid, UNII-Q40Q9N063P, acetic -acid, Distilled vinegar, Methanecarboxylate, Acetic acid glacial [USP:JAN], Acetasol (TN), Acetic acid glacial for LC-MS, Vinegar (Salt/Mix), HOOCCH3, 546-67-8, Acetic acid LC/MS Grade, ACETIC ACID [II], ACETIC ACID [MI], Acetic acid ACS reagent, bmse000191, bmse000817, bmse000857, Otic Domeboro (Salt/Mix), EC 200-580-7, Acetic acid (JP17/NF), ACETIC ACID [FHFI], ACETIC ACID [INCI], Acetic Acid [for LC-MS], ACETIC ACID [VANDF], NCIOpen2_000659, NCIOpen2_000682, Acetic acid glacial (USP), 4-02-00-00094 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 77671-22-8, Glacial acetic acid (JP17), UN 2790 (Salt/Mix), ACETIC ACID [WHO-DD], ACETIC ACID [WHO-IP], ACETICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], GTPL1058, Acetic Acid Glacial HPLC Grade, Acetic acid analytical standard, Acetic acid Glacial USP grade, Acetic acid puriss. >=80%, Acetic acid 99.8% anhydrous, Acetic acid AR >=99.8%, Acetic acid LR >=99.5%, Acetic acid extra pure 99.8%, Acetic acid 99.5-100.0%, Acetic acid Glacial ACS Reagent, STR00276, Acetic acid puriss. 99-100%, Tox21_301453, Acetic acid glacial >=99.85%, acetic acid, ethanoic acid, 64-19-7, Ethylic acid, Vinegar acid, Acetic acid glacial, Glacial acetic acid, Acetic acid glacial, Methanecarboxylic acid, Acetasol, Essigsaeure, Acide acetique, Pyroligneous acid, Vinegar, Azijnzuur, Aceticum acidum, Acido acetico, Octowy kwas, Aci-jel, HOAc, ethoic acid, Kyselina octova, Orthoacetic acid, AcOH, Ethanoic acid monomer, Acetic, Caswell No. 003, Otic Tridesilon, MeCOOH, Acetic acid-17O2, Otic Domeboro, Acidum aceticum glaciale, Acidum aceticum, CH3-COOH, acetic acid-, CH3CO2H, UN2789, UN2790, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 044001, NSC 132953, NSC-132953, NSC-406306, BRN 0506007, Acetic acid diluted, INS NO.260, Acetic acid [JAN], DTXSID5024394, MeCO2H, CHEBI:15366, AI3-02394, CH3COOH, INS-260, Q40Q9N063P, E-260, 10.Methanecarboxylic acid, CHEMBL539, NSC-111201, NSC-112209, NSC-115870, NSC-127175, Acetic acid-2-13C,d4, INS No. 260, DTXCID304394, E 260, Acetic-13C2 acid (8CI,9CI), Ethanoat, Shotgun, MFCD00036152, Acetic acid of a concentration of more than 10 per cent by weight of acetic acid, 285977-76-6, 68475-71-8, C2:0, acetyl alcohol, Orlex, Vosol, ACETIC-1-13C-2-D3 ACID-1 H (D), WLN: QV1, ACETIC ACID (MART.), ACETIC ACID [MART.], Acetic acid >=99.7%, 57745-60-5, 63459-47-2, FEMA Number 2006, ACETIC-13C2-2-D3 ACID, 97 ATOM % 13C, 97 ATOM % D, Acetic acid ACS reagent >=99.7%, ACY, HSDB 40, CCRIS 5952, 79562-15-5, methane carboxylic acid, EINECS 200-580-7, Acetic acid 0.25% in plastic container, Essigsaure, Ethylate, acetic acid
Acetic Acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).
Acetic Acid is a colourless liquid which when undiluted is also called ‘glacial acetic acid’.
Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar (apart from water; vinegar is roughly 8% acetic acid by volume), and has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell.
Acetic Acid Food Grade is one of the simplest carboxylic acids.
Acetic Acid is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, mainly used in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as synthetic fibres and fabrics.
Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid and organic compound.
With the chemical formula CH₃COOH, Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemicals.
Acetic Acid has a CAS number of 64-19-7.
Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid which has a pungent smell.
Acetic Acid is a weak acid, in that it is only partially dissociated in an aqueous solution.
Acetic Acid is hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air) and freezes at 16.5C to a colourless crystalline solid.
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids, and is a very important industrial chemical.
Acetic Acid is produced by biological and synthetic ways in the industry.
The salt and Acetic Acid's ester are called acetate.
Acetic Acid is completely soluble in water.
Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemicals.
The most common one-time use of acetic acid is for the production of vinyl acetate monomer as well as the production of acetic anhydride and esters.
The amount of acetic acid in vinegar is relatively small.
Acetic acid, otherwise known as ethanoic acid, is a simple carboxylic acid that usually forms a liquid at room temperature.
Acetic Acid is most widely used in table vinegar due to the preservative properties it holds and is the chemical responsible for the characteristic vinegar odour.
Acetic acid also has a wide range of applications in the chemical industry and is used in the synthesis of esters and vinyl acetate. Within a laboratory setting, acetic acid is a commonly used solvent.
Acetic Acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Acetic acid is a product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood.
Acetic Acid is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent.
Acetic acid otic (for the ear) is an antibiotic that treats infections caused by bacteria or fungus.
While this is usually the least expensive way of purchasing acetic acid we find that more dilute grades such as 90% are more in demand to eliminate most of the solidification problems.
Acetic acid may sound like it should be in a chemistry lab or science fair rather than in your kitchen pantry.
However, Acetic Acid is actually the main compound found in vinegar and is responsible for both its unique flavor and acidity.
Not only that, but Acetic Acid’s also believed to contribute to many of the health benefits of apple cider vinegar due to its potent medicinal properties.
Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is a chemical compound found in many different products.
Acetic Acid’s perhaps most well-known as the main component of vinegar, apart from water, and is thought to supply ingredients like apple cider vinegar with many of their health-promoting properties.
Chemically speaking, the acetic acid formula is C2H4O2, which can also be written as CH3COOH or CH3CO2H.
Because of the presence of a carbon atom in the acetic acid structure, it’s considered an organic compound.
The acetic acid density is about 1.05 grams/cm³; compared to other compounds like nitric acid, sulfuric acid or formic acid, the density of acetic acid is quite a bit lower.
Conversely, the acetic acid melting point is significantly higher than many other acids, and the acetic acid molar mass and acetic acid boiling point tend to fall right about in the middle.
Acetic acid which is also known as methane carboxylic acid and ethanoic acid is basically a clear, colorless liquid, which has a strong and pungent smell.
Since Acetic Acid has a carbon atom in its chemical formula, it is an organic compound and it comes with a chemical formula CH3COOH.
Interestingly, the word ‘acetic’ is derived from a Latin word called ‘acetum’ meaning ‘vinegar’.
Vinegar is the dilute form of acetic acid and is the most common chemical substance among people.
Acetic acid is a main component of vinegar and also gives vinegar its characteristic smell.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH), also called ethanoic acid, is the most important of the carboxylic acids.
A dilute (approximately 5 percent by volume) solution of acetic acid produced by fermentation and oxidation of natural carbohydrates is called vinegar; a salt, ester, or acylal of acetic acid is called acetate.
Moving on, when acetic acid or ethanoic acid is undiluted it is termed glacial acetic acid.
Acetic Acid is a weak acid but when it is in concentrated form, this acid is corrosive and can cause some damage to the skin.
Acetic Acid appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong odor of vinegar.
Flash point of Acetic Acid is 104 °F.
Density of Acetic Acid is 8.8 lb / gal.
Acetic Acid is corrosive to metals and tissue.
Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid appears as a colorless aqueous solution.
Acetic Acid smells like vinegar.
Acetic Acid is corrosive to metals and tissue.
Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid is a clear colorless aqueous solution with a pungent odor.
Acetic Acid is faintly pink wet crystals with an odor of vinegar.
Acetic acid is a simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
Acetic Acid has a role as a protic solvent, a food acidity regulator, an antimicrobial food preservative and a Daphnia magna metabolite.
Acetic Acid is a conjugate acid of an acetate.
Acetic acid is a product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood.
Acetic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Acetic Acid is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Microchloropsis, and other organisms with data available.
Acetic Acid is a synthetic carboxylic acid with antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Although its mechanism of action is not fully known, undissociated acetic acid may enhance lipid solubility allowing increased fatty acid accumulation on the cell membrane or in other cell wall structures.
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids.
Acetic Acid is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of plastic soft drink bottles, photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics.
Acetic acid can be very corrosive, depending on the concentration.
Acetic Acid is one ingredient of cigarette.
The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life.
When bound to coenzyme A it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
However, the concentration of free acetic acid in cells is kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the pH of the cell contents.
Acetic acid is produced and excreted by certain bacteria, notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum.
These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil, and acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and some other foods spoil.
Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent.
Acetic acid /əˈsiːtɪk/, systematically named ethanoic acid /ˌɛθəˈnoʊɪk/, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, C2H4O2, or HC2H3O2).
Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water.
Acetic Acid has been used, as a component of vinegar, throughout history from at least the third century BC.
Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid).
Acetic Acid is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical across various fields, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics.
Acetic Acid is a very important organic compound in the day-to-day lives of humans.
The desirable solvent properties of acetic acid, along with its ability to form miscible mixtures with both polar and non-polar compounds, make it a very important industrial solvent.
Acetic acid is also known as ethanoic acid, ethylic acid, vinegar acid, and methane carboxylic acid.
Acetic acid is a byproduct of fermentation, and gives vinegar its characteristic odor.
Vinegar is about 4-6% acetic acid in water.
More concentrated solutions can be found in laboratory use, and pure acetic acid containing only traces of water is known as glacial acetic acid.
Dilute solutions like vinegar can contact skin with no harm, but more concentrated solutions will burn the skin.
Glacial acetic acid can cause skin burns and permanent eye damage, and will corrode metal.
Acetic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3COOH.
Acetic Acid is a carboxylic acid consisting of a methyl group that is attached to a carboxyl functional group.
The systematic IUPAC name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid and its chemical formula can also be written as C2H4O2.
Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid in water and contains between 5% to 20% ethanoic acid by volume.
The pungent smell and the sour taste are characteristic of the acetic acid present in it.
An undiluted solution of acetic acid is commonly referred to as glacial acetic acid.
Acetic Acid forms crystals which appear like ice at temperatures below 16.6oC.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH), the most important of the carboxylic acids.
A dilute (approximately 5 percent by volume) solution of acetic acid produced by fermentation and oxidation of natural carbohydrates is called vinegar; a salt, ester, or acylal of acetic acid is called acetate.
Industrially, acetic acid is used in the preparation of metal acetates, used in some printing processes; vinyl acetate, employed in the production of plastics; cellulose acetate, used in making photographic films and textiles; and volatile organic esters (such as ethyl and butyl acetates), widely used as solvents for resins, paints, and lacquers.
Biologically, acetic acid is an important metabolic intermediate, and it occurs naturally in body fluids and in plant juices.
Acetic acid has been prepared on an industrial scale by air oxidation of acetaldehyde, by oxidation of ethanol (ethyl alcohol), and by oxidation of butane and butene.
Today acetic acid is manufactured by a process developed by the chemical company Monsanto in the 1960s; it involves a rhodium-iodine catalyzed carbonylation of methanol (methyl alcohol).
Pure acetic acid, often called glacial acetic acid, is a corrosive, colourless liquid (boiling point 117.9 °C [244.2 °F]; melting point 16.6 °C [61.9 °F]) that is completely miscible with water.
Acetic acid is a clear, colorless, organic liquid with a pungent odor similar to household vinegar.
Acetic acid or glacial acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH.
Pure glacial acetic acid (anhydrous acetic acid) is a colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a strong pungent odor.
The freezing point is 16.6°C, and Acetic Acid turns into colorless crystals after solidification.
Acetic Acid is an organic monobasic acid and can be miscible with water in any proportion.
Acetic Acid is particularly corrosive to metals.
Acetic acid is widely found in nature, such as in the fermentation metabolism and putrefaction products of various glacial acetic acid bacteria.
Acetic Acid is also the main component of vinegar.
Moreover, glacial acetic acid always plays an important role in many chemical reactions.
For example, Acetic Acid can undergo displacement reactions with metals such as iron, zinc, and copper to generate metal acetates and hydrogen.
In addition, Acetic Acid can react with alkalis, alkaline oxides, salts and certain metal oxides.
Acetic acid is an organic chemical substance, it is a colourless liquid with a very distinctive odour.
One of its most common uses is in the composition of vinegar, although Acetic Acid is also used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, in the food, textile and chemical industries.
On an industrial level, acetic acid is produced through the carbonylation of methanol and is used as a raw material for the production of different compounds.
Acetic Acid can also be obtained through the food industry by the acetic fermentation process of ethanol, or more commonly explained, through alcoholic fermentation and with the distillation of wood.
Pure acetic acid or glacial acetic acid, also known as CH3COOH, is a liquid that can be harmful to our health due to its irritating and corrosive properties and can cause severe skin, eye and digestive tract irritation.
However, thanks to its combination with different substances, Acetic Acid is possible to obtain everyday products that may be familiar to everyone, such as vinegar.
Vinegar is a hygroscopic substance, i.e. it can absorb moisture from its surroundings.
Therefore, when it is mixed with water, there is a very significant reduction in its volume.
On the other hand, when acetic acid 100 % is exposed to low temperatures, the surface, also known as acetic essence, crystallises and forms ice-like crystals at the top.
Due to the chemical structure of Acetic Acid, it has a very high boiling point.
Furthermore, it is worth noting that acetic acid, being a carboxylic acid, has the ability to dissociate, but only slightly, as it is a weak acid [FC1] .
Moreover, thanks to this ability to dissociate, Acetic Acid conducts electricity effectively.
Acetic Acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH.
Acetic Acid is an organic monobasic acid and is the main component of vinegar.
Pure anhydrous acetic acid (glacial acetic acid) is a colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a freezing point of 16.6 ℃ (62 ℉).
After solidification, Acetic Acid becomes a colorless crystal.
Acetic acid or ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid organic compound with the molecular formula CH3COOH.
When acetic acid is dissolved in water, it is termed glacial acetic acid.
Vinegar is no less than 4 per cent acetic acid by volume, aside from water, allowing acetic acid to be the main ingredient of vinegar.
Acetic Acid is produced primarily as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate, in addition to household vinegar.
Acetic Acid is a weak acid since the solution dissociates only slightly.
But concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can damage the flesh.
The second simplest carboxylic acid is acetic acid (after formic acid).
Acetic Acid consists of a methyl group to which a carboxyl group is bound.
Acetic acid is a colourless liquid organic compound with pungent characteristic odour.
Acetic acid is an acid that occurs naturally.
Acetic acid can also be produced synthetically either by acetylene or by using methanol.
Acetic acid is considered as a natural preservative for food products.
Acetic acid has been used for hundreds of years as a preservative (vinegar, French for "sour wine").
If during the fermentation of grapes or other fruits, oxygen is allowed into the container, then bacteria convert the ethanol present into Acetic acid causing the wine to turn sour.
Acetic acid may be synthetically produced using methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, or butane/naphtha oxidation. Acetic acid is termed "glacial", and is completely miscible with water.
Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar.
Acetic acid appears as a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell.
Acetic acid is used as a preservative, acidulant, and flavoring agent in mayonnaise and pickles.
Though Acetic acid’s considered safe, some are convinced it has potentially dangerous health effects.
Acetic acid systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).
When undiluted, Acetic acid is sometimes called glacial acetic acid.
Acetic acid is an organic compound belonging to the weak carboxylic acids.
The set of properties of Acetic acid classifies it as a broad-spectrum reagent and allows it to be used in a wide variety of industrial fields: from pharmacology and cosmetology to the chemical and food industries.
Acetic acid is one of the most common acids used in the food industry and household.
Acetic acid is a colorless, pungent, odorless liquid that miscible mixes with water to form solutions of varying concentrations.
Due to its ability to crystallize at an already positive temperature, Acetic acid is also known as “glacial”.
Acetic acid is a synthetic carboxylic acid with antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Although Acetic acid's mechanism of action is not fully known, undissociated acetic acid may enhance lipid solubility allowing increased fatty acid accumulation on the cell membrane or in other cell wall structures.
Acetic acid, as a weak acid, can inhibit carbohydrate metabolism resulting in subsequent death of the organism.
Acetic acid is present in most fruits.
Acetic acid is produced by bacterial fermentation and thus present in all fermented products.
In mayonnaise, Acetic acid is added to increase the inactivation of Salmonella.
Acetic acid, known also as ethanoic acid, is a weak acid that is commonly used as a food preservative and flavoring agent.
Acetic acid's chemical formula is CH3COOH, and its molecular weight is 60.05 g/mol.
Acetic acid is a clear, colorless liquid that has a pungent odor and a sour taste.
Acetic acid is miscible with water and most common organic solvents.
Acetic acid is produced naturally in most organisms as a byproduct of metabolism.
Acetic acid is also a major component of vinegar, which is a solution of acetic acid and water that occurs naturally when ethanol in fermented fruit juices undergoes oxidation by acetic acid bacteria.
The production of vinegar has been an ancient practice of food preservation and flavoring that dates back to ancient times.
Acetic acid has several applications outside of the food industry.
Acetic acid is used as a solvent in the production of various chemicals and is an important intermediate in the manufacture of polymers, fibers, and pharmaceuticals.
Acetic acid is classified as a weak acid because it only partially ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and acetate ions (CH3COO-).
The pH of a 1% solution of Acetic acid is approximately 2.4, which means it is acidic but relatively less acidic than some stronger acids like hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.
Acetic acid is both naturally occurring and synthetic.
Natural sources include fermentation and bacteria.
In fermentation, Acetic acid is produced when yeast breaks down sugar in the absence of oxygen.
Bacteria produce Acetic acid when they oxidize ethanol.
Synthetic Acetic acid is made by reacting methanol with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst.
Acetic acid has a strong odor and taste.
The odor of Acetic acid is similar to that of vinegar and the taste is sour.
Acetic acid is not considered toxic in small quantities and is generally recognized as safe by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.
The safety of Acetic acid depends on its concentration, with higher concentrations being more corrosive to skin and eyes.
In summary, Acetic acid is a weak acid that is commonly used as a food preservative and flavoring agent.
Another important use of Acetic acid is as a chemical intermediate.
Lastly, Acetic acid is an important ingredient in the winemaking process.
In this case, Acetic acid is produced naturally as a byproduct of the wine fermentation process.
However, if Acetic acid levels are too high, it can cause a wine to taste or smell like vinegar, which is undesirable.
To avoid this, winemakers use sulfites to inhibit the growth of Acetic acid bacteria in the wine.
Acetic acid is also an effective cleaning agent, especially when it comes to eliminating stubborn stains or mineral build-up due to hard water.
Acetic acid's acidic nature helps to loosen dirt, grime, and other impurities from surfaces.
Acetic acid is found naturally in many foods, including vinegar and fermented products.
However, when used as an additive, Acetic acid is typically produced synthetically.
Acetic acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.
Overall, Acetic acid is considered a safe food additive when used within recommended limits.
As with any food additive, Acetic acid is essential to follow regulations and guidelines set by relevant authorities.
USES and APPLICATIONS of ACETIC ACID:
In the home, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents.
In the food industry, acetic acid is used under the food additive (EU number E260) as an acidity regulator and as a condiment.
Acetic Acid is widely approved for usage as a food additive.
Acetic Acid 80% is an essential chemical with a wide range of applications.
Acetic Acid is a strong organic acid, also known as ethanoic or vinegar acid, and is used in a variety of industries, from the production of paints and adhesives to the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Acetic Acid is an efficient solvent and a condensing agent in chemical synthesis processes.
Acetic Acid is also used in the production of vinyl acetate, a key ingredient in polymer manufacturing.
Acetic Acid is a highly concentrated solution, ideal for professionals and experienced users.
With Acetic Acid you can remove stubborn limescale, green deposits and other types of pollution.
In general, for most applications Acetic Acid should first be diluted with water.
For a ready-made solution of acetic acid that you can use immediately for your cleaning work, you can also purchase cleaning vinegar .
Acetic Acid is most commonly used in the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), in ester production and for the breeding of bees.
As a natural acid, acetic acid offers a wide range of possible applications: e.g. in cleaning formulations and for decalcification.
In addition, acetic acid is commonly used as a biogenic herbicide, although commercial use as a herbicide is not permitted on enclosed areas.
Applications of Acetic Acid: Adhesives/sealants-B&C, Agriculture intermediates, Apparel, Architectural coatings, Automotive protective coatings, Building materials, Commercial printing inks, Construction chemicals, Decorative interiors, Fertilizer, Food ingredients, Food preservatives, Formulators, Hard surface care, Industrial cleaners, Institutional cleaners, Intermediates, Oil or gas processing, Other-food chemicals, Other-transportation, Packaging components non-food contact, Paints & coatings, Pharmaceutical chemicals, Process additives, Refining, Specialty chemicals, Starting material, and Water treatment industrial.
Acetic Acid is a raw material used for the production of many downstream products.
For applications in drugs, foods, or feeds, Eastman provides acetic acid in grades appropriate for these regulated uses.
Acetic acid is most commonly found in vinegar, which is used in recipes ranging from salad dressings to condiments, soups and sauces.
Vinegar is also used as a food preservative and pickling agent.
Plus, it can even be used to make natural cleaning products, skin toners, bug sprays and more.
Some medications contain acetic acid, including those used to treat ear infections.
Some also use Acetic Acid in the treatment of other conditions, including warts, lice and fungal infections, although more research is needed to evaluate its safety and effectiveness.
Acetic acid is also used by manufacturers to create a variety of different products.
In particular, acetic acid is used to make chemical compounds like vinyl acetate monomer as well as perfumes, oral hygiene products, skin care products, inks and dyes.
Release to the environment of Acetic Acid can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of Acetic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
Acetic Acid can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys) and wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys).
Acetic Acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, water treatment chemicals, plant protection products and washing & cleaning products.
Acetic Acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Acetic Acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Acetic Acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Acetic Acid is used in the following products: coating products, perfumes and fragrances, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products and polymers.
Acetic Acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Release to the environment of Acetic Acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and in the production of articles.
Acetic Acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, oil and gas exploration or production products, water treatment chemicals, washing & cleaning products, polymers and coating products.
Acetic Acid is used in the following areas: mining and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Acetic Acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products and pulp, paper and paper products.
Release to the environment of Acetic Acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and manufacturing of the substance.
Release to the environment of Acetic Acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in the production of articles, as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Acetic Acid is used in the following products: coating products, washing & cleaning products, air care products, lubricants and greases, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, anti-freeze products, fertilisers, plant protection products, finger paints, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), welding & soldering products and textile treatment products and dyes.
Other release to the environment of Acetic Acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Industrially, acetic acid is used in the preparation of metal acetates, used in some printing processes; vinyl acetate, employed in the production of plastics; cellulose acetate, used in making photographic films and textiles; and volatile organic esters (such as ethyl and butyl acetates), widely used as solvents for resins, paints, and lacquers.
Biologically, acetic acid is an important metabolic intermediate, and it occurs naturally in body fluids and in plant juices.
Aside from its uses as a natural preservative and common ingredient in a variety of products, acetic acid has also been associated with several impressive health benefits.
In addition to its potent anti-bacterial properties, Acetic Acid is also thought to reduce blood sugar levels, promote weight loss, alleviate inflammation and control blood pressure.
As chemical distributors, the purposes for which this type of Acetic Acid is processed are varied.
As mentioned above, Acetic Acid can be found in many grocery shops as white vinegar.
In such products, acetic acid cannot be found in its pure form, but only in small quantities.
Acetic Acid is also present in foods such as canned and pickled foods, cheese and dairy products, sauces or prepared salads.
Acetic Acid is also commonly used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and industrial industries both to produce other substances and to regulate their properties, especially with regards to their pH.
Due to its strong odour, one of its other main uses is in cosmetics as a regulator in the aroma of fragrances, i.e. Acetic Acid achieves a balance between sweet smells in particular.
In the textile industry, Acetic Acid is used to dye fabrics and produce fabrics such as viscose or latex.
In the chemical industry, acetic acid is used in the production of cleaning products and, in the pharmaceutical industry, in supplements and some medicines, as it is capable of stabilising blood pressure and reducing blood sugar levels.
Acetic Acid is also a common ingredient in ointments.
In households diluted acetic acid is often used as a cleaning agent. In the food industry acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator.
Acetic Acid is used to make other chemicals, as a food additive, and in petroleum production.
Acetic Acid is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent.
Acetic acid otic (for the ear) is an antibiotic that treats infections caused by bacteria or fungus.
In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents.
In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment.
In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life.
When bound to coenzyme A, Acetic Acid is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
The global demand for acetic acid is about 6.5 million metric tonnes per year (t/a), manufactured from methanol.
Acetic Acid's production and subsequent industrial use poses health hazards to workers, including incidental skin damage and chronic respiratory injuries from inhalation.
Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds.
The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production.
The volume of acetic acid used in vinegar is comparatively small.
In the field of analytical chemistry, glacial acetic acid is widely used in order to estimate substances that are weakly alkaline.
Acetic Acid has a wide range of applications as a polar, protic solvent.
Acetic acid is used as an antiseptic due to its antibacterial qualities
The manufacture of rayon fiber involves the use of Acetic Acid.
Medically, acetic acid has been employed to treat cancer by its direct injection into the tumour.
Being the major constituent of vinegar, Acetic Acid finds use in the pickling of many vegetables.
The manufacture of rubber involves the use of Acetic Acid.
Acetic Acid is also used in the manufacture of various perfumes.
Acetic Acid is widely used in the production of VAM (vinyl acetate monomer).
When two molecules of acetic acid undergo a condensation reaction together, the product formed is acetic anhydride.
Acetic Acid is widely used in the industrial preparation of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT).
Acetic acid is used in the manufacture of acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate, vinyl acetate monomer, acetic esters, chloracetic acid, plastics, dyes, insecticides, photographic chemicals, and rubber.
Other commercial uses of Acetic Acid include the manufacture of vitamins, antibiotics, hormones, and organic chemicals, and as a food additive (acidulant).
Acetic Acid is also used in various textile printing processes.
Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar, which contains 4 to 18% acetic acid.
Acetic Acid is used as a food preservative and food additive (known as E260).
Acetic acid is used as a raw material and solvent in the production of other chemical products, in oil and gas production, and in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Large quantities of acetic acid are used to make products such as ink for textile printing, dyes, photographic chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, rubber and plastics.
Acetic Acid is also used in some household cleaning products to remove lime scale.
In foods, Acetic acid is used for its antibacterial properties, as an acidity stabiliser, diluting colours, as a flavouring agent and for inhibiting mould growth in bread.
In brewing, Acetic acid is used to reduce excess losses of carbohydrate from the germinated barley and to compensate for production variations, so producing a consistent quality beer.
Acetic acid can be found in beer, bread, cheese, chutney, horseradish cream, pickles, salad cream, brown sauce, fruit sauce, mint sauce and jelly and tinned baby food, sardines and tomatoes.
Acetic acid is often used as table vinegar.
Acetic acid is also used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods.
Acetic acid is used as the main component in the subsequent synthesis in the process of food and pharmaceutical production.
Food additive Acetic acid is widely used in marinating, canning, making mayonnaise and sauces and other foods.
In one of Acetic acid's most common form, vinegar is also used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods to preserve food against bacteria and fungi.
In brewing, Acetic acid is used to reduce excess losses of carbohydrate from the germinated barley and to compensate for production variations, so producing a consistent quality beer.
When used as food additive, Acetic acid has a E number 260.
Acetic acid can be found in beer, bread, cheese, chutney, horseradish cream, pickles, salad cream, brown sauce, fruit sauce, mint sauce and jelly and tinned baby food, sardines and tomatoes.
Acetic acid is approved to use as food addictive in EU and generally recognized as safe food substance in the US.
In addition to vinegar, Acetic acid is used as a food additive and preservative in a variety of other foods, including baked goods, processed meats, cheeses, and condiments.
Many pickled foods, like pickles and sauerkraut, also contain Acetic acid as a natural byproduct of the fermentation process.
Acetic acid is also used in the production of various food ingredients, including salts, esters, and anhydrides.
These derivatives of Acetic acid are used as preservatives, flavorings, and emulsifiers in processed foods.
Some examples of these derivatives include sodium acetate, ethyl acetate, and acetic anhydride.
Acetic acid is also used in the production of various adhesives, coatings, and inks, and is used to produce cellulose acetate, which is used in photographic films and other applications.
Acetic acid is found naturally in many foods and is also produced synthetically for a variety of industrial applications.
Derivatives of Acetic acid are used as food additives and preservatives, as well as in the production of various chemicals and materials.
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acid.
It has a variety of uses, ranging from food and medical to industrial.
As mentioned earlier, Acetic acid is primarily found in vinegar.
Acetic acid's also used as food additive (E number E260) for regulating acidity and as a preservative.
Acetic acid is also essential in the pickling process, which involves preserving vegetables or fruits (such as cucumbers, beets, or watermelon rind) in vinegar.
Acetic acid helps to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and preserves the vegetables or fruits' natural color, flavor, and texture.
Pickling is a common technique used to preserve foods, especially in countries with long winter seasons where fresh produce is not available.
Acetic acid is used in the production of a wide range of chemicals and materials, such as vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), cellulose acetate, and acetic anhydride.
These chemicals are used in various industries, including textiles, plastics, coatings, and adhesives.
Acetic acid can also be used to produce synthetic fabrics that resemble natural ones such as silk, wool or cotton.
Acetic acid can be used to increase the acidity (and lower the pH) of food products as well as improve the organoleptic quality by giving the product an acid flavor, such as salt and vinegar chips.
Acetic acid is also a popular preservative as it stops bacterial growth in dressings, sauces, cheese, and pickles.
Acetic acid/vinegar is used to pickle foods, which is a type of preservation method. When used with baking soda, acetic acid also works as a chemical leavening agent.
Besides food, Acetic acid has been used in medicine, such as in ear drops, and a number of industrial processes.
Acetic acid is used to make cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate and glacial acetic acid in particular is frequently used as a solvent.
As mentioned before, Acetic acid is extensively used as a food preservative.
Acetic acid makes foods less hospitable to harmful bacteria that can cause food poisoning.
When used in small amounts, Acetic acid can effectively extend the shelf life of food items.
Furthermore, Acetic acid can also be added to pickling liquid to help maintain the pickled product's acidity level, thereby making it last longer.
Another popular application of Acetic acid is as a natural food flavour enhancer.
Along with improving the taste of many processed foods including sauces, dressings, and condiments, Acetic acid is also used to provide a sour tang to beverages like soda and energy drinks.
Acetic acid is added in small amounts to these products in order to impart a tart, refreshing taste that many consumers prefer.
Acetic acid is used in a wide variety of household cleaning products, including all-purpose cleaners, glass cleaners, and bathroom cleaning solutions.
In addition to its use in household cleaners, Acetic acid is also used as a natural weed killer.
Acetic acid can be sprayed on weeds in gardens and lawns to kill them without contaminating the soil.
Some environmentally conscious gardeners prefer using vinegar sprays instead of toxic chemical herbicides, as Acetic acid is considered a more eco-friendly solution.
Some research has also shown that Acetic acid may have potential health benefits.
For instance, Acetic acid has been studied for its potential to lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
In addition, Acetic acid may help with weight loss by reducing appetite and promoting feelings of fullness.
However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of Acetic acid.
In terms of safety, Acetic acid should be handled with care.
To summarize, Acetic acid is a versatile ingredient with numerous applications.
Acetic acid is commonly used as a food preservative, flavour enhancer, and cleaning agent.
Acetic acid also has potential health benefits, although further research is needed to confirm these benefits.
As with any chemical, Acetic acid should be handled with care and stored properly to minimize risk of injury or damage to property.
In conclusion, Acetic acid is a widely-used food ingredient with many applications and benefits.
Acetic acid is a natural substance that is safe when used appropriately.
Whether you're using it in the kitchen or for cleaning purposes, Acetic acid is a versatile and effective solution that has been relied upon for centuries.
Acetic acid is a versatile and widely-used food ingredient with a range of possible benefits and applications, as well as a few drawbacks.
Understanding the properties and uses of Acetic acid is essential for anyone working with food or chemicals.
In addition to Acetic acid, there are other types of acids that are used in food production, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), citric acid, and malic acid.
These acids are commonly used as preservatives, stabilizers, flavor enhancers, and acidulants, depending on the specific product formulation.
While each type of acid has its own unique properties, Acetic acid stands out for its sour taste and pungent aroma.
One of the key applications of Acetic acid is in the production of vinegar, which is a widely-used condiment that is made by fermenting ethanol and other sugars.
Apple cider vinegar, balsamic vinegar, and white vinegar are some of the most popular vinegar varieties available.
Each type of vinegar has Acetic acid's own unique flavor and can be used in a range of recipes, from marinades to salad dressings.
Acidity regulator Acetic acid is commonly used in food as a preservative and flavoring agent.
Acetic acid is primarily used to regulate the acidity levels in various food products, including pickles, sauces, dressings, and condiments.
Additionally, acidity regulator Acetic acid is effective in preventing the growth of bacteria and fungi in food, extending its shelf life.
Acetic acid is considered safe for consumption when used within the approved limits set by regulatory authorities.
Acetic acid is commonly used in pickled vegetables, dressings, sauces, and condiments to provide tartness and enhance flavors.
Acetic acid has been used in food preservation and flavoring for centuries.
Acetic acid is a commonly used additive in the food industry.
Acetic acid is a natural acid found in vinegar and is widely used as a food preservative and flavoring agent.
Acetic acid is known for its sour taste and is often added to various food products such as pickles, sauces, condiments, and dressings to enhance their flavor and extend their shelf life.
As a food preservative, Acetic acid works by creating an acidic environment that inhibits the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms.
This helps to prevent food spoilage and increase Acetic acid's stability.
Acetic acid also acts as a pH regulator, helping to maintain the desired acidity level in certain foods.
As with any food additive, it is recommended to consume foods containing Acetic acid in moderation and as part of a balanced diet.
In conclusion, Acetic acid is a widely used food additive that serves both as a preservative and a flavor enhancer.
Acetic acid provides a sour taste and helps to extend the shelf life of various food products.
-Acetic acid with formula CH3COOH or food additive E260 is used:
*food industry – known as additive E260, is involved in the production of dairy products, salads, sauces, dressings, marinades and canned food;
*Pharmaceutical industry – is part of aspirin, phenacetin, other drugs and dietary supplements that stabilize blood pressure and reduce blood sugar;
*textile industry – as a component for the manufacture and dyeing of rayon, latex fabrics;
*cosmetic sphere – used to balance the smell and regulate the characteristics of various compositions;
*chemical industry – production of cleaning and detergents, household chemicals, acetone, synthetic dyes;
*as a solvent for varnishes, latex coagulant;
*as an acetylating agent in organic synthesis;
*salts of acetic acid (Fe, Al, Cr, etc.) – mordants for dyeing, etc.
-Breeding of bees:
Acetic acid fumigation will kill a wide variety of pathogens, such as the causative agents of Cretaceous brood, European foulbrood, Nosema and Amoeba.
Acetic Acid will also eliminate all stages of the wax moth except the pupae.
-Vinyl acetate monomer:
Production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), the application consumes approximately 40% to 45% of the world's acetic acid production.
The reaction is with ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst.
-Ester production:
Acetic acid esters are used as a solvent in inks, paints and coatings.
Esters include ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and propyl acetate
-Use as a solvent:
Acetic Acid is an excellent polar protic solvent.
Acetic Acid is often used as a recrystallization solvent to purify organic compounds.
Acetic Acid is used as a solvent in the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), a raw material for the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
-Medical use of Acetic acid:
Acetic acid injection into a tumor has been used to treat cancer since the 1800s.
Acetic acid is used as part of cervical cancer screening in many areas in the developing world.
The acid is applied to the cervix and if an area of white appears after about a minute the test is positive.
Acetic acid is an effective antiseptic when used as a 1% solution, with broad spectrum of activity against streptococci, staphylococci, pseudomonas, enterococci and others.
Acetic Acid may be used to treat skin infections caused by pseudomonas strains resistant to typical antibiotics.
While diluted acetic acid is used in iontophoresis, no high quality evidence supports this treatment for rotator cuff disease.
As a treatment for otitis externa, it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
-Foods uses of Acetic acid:
Acetic acid has 349 kcal (1,460 kJ) per 100 g.
Vinegar is typically no less than 4% acetic acid by mass.
Legal limits on acetic acid content vary by jurisdiction.
Vinegar is used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods.
Table vinegar tends to be more diluted (4% to 8% acetic acid), while commercial food pickling employs solutions that are more concentrated.
The proportion of acetic acid used worldwide as vinegar is not as large as industrial uses, but it is by far the oldest and best-known application.
-Acetic Acid as a Solvent:
In its liquid state, CH3COOH is a hydrophile (readily dissolves in water) and also a polar, protic solvent.
A mixture of acetic acid and water is, in this manner, similar to a mixture of ethanol and water.
Acetic acid also forms miscible mixtures with hexane, chloroform, and several oils.
However, Acetic Acid does not form miscible mixtures with long-chain alkanes (such as octane).
-Vinyl acetate monomer:
The primary use of acetic acid is the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM).
In 2008, this application was estimated to consume a third of the world's production of acetic acid.
The reaction consists of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst, conducted in the gas phase.
2 H3C−COOH + 2 C2H4 + O2 → 2 H3C−CO−O−CH=CH2 + 2 H2O
Vinyl acetate can be polymerised to polyvinyl acetate or other polymers, which are components in paints and adhesives
-Ester production:
The major esters of acetic acid are commonly used as solvents for inks, paints and coatings.
The esters include ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and propyl acetate.
They are typically produced by catalyzed reaction from acetic acid and the corresponding alcohol:
CH3COO−H + HO−R → CH3COO−R + H2O, R = general alkyl group
For example, acetic acid and ethanol gives ethyl acetate and water.
CH3COO−H + HO−CH2CH3 → CH3COO−CH2CH3 + H2O
Most acetate esters, however, are produced from acetaldehyde using the Tishchenko reaction.
In addition, ether acetates are used as solvents for nitrocellulose, acrylic lacquers, varnish removers, and wood stains.
First, glycol monoethers are produced from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with alcohol, which are then esterified with acetic acid.
The three major products are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EEA), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EBA), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA, more commonly known as PGMEA in semiconductor manufacturing processes, where it is used as a resist solvent).
This application consumes about 15% to 20% of worldwide acetic acid.
Ether acetates, for example EEA, have been shown to be harmful to human reproduction.
-Acetic anhydride:
The product of the condensation of two molecules of acetic acid is acetic anhydride.
The worldwide production of acetic anhydride is a major application, and uses approximately 25% to 30% of the global production of acetic acid.
The main process involves dehydration of acetic acid to give ketene at 700–750 °C.
Ketene is thereafter reacted with acetic acid to obtain the anhydride:
CH3CO2H → CH2=C=O + H2O
CH3CO2H + CH2=C=O → (CH3CO)2O
Acetic anhydride is an acetylation agent.
As such, Acetic Acid's major application is for cellulose acetate, a synthetic textile also used for photographic film.
Acetic anhydride is also a reagent for the production of heroin and other compounds.
-Use as solvent:
As a polar protic solvent, acetic acid is frequently used for recrystallization to purify organic compounds.
Acetic acid is used as a solvent in the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), the raw material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
In 2006, about 20% of acetic acid was used for TPA production.
Acetic acid is often used as a solvent for reactions involving carbocations, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
For example, one stage in the commercial manufacture of synthetic camphor involves a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of camphene to isobornyl acetate; here acetic acid acts both as a solvent and as a nucleophile to trap the rearranged carbocation.
-Vinegar:
The vinegar is usually 4-18 wt.% Acetic Acid.
Acetic Acid is used directly as a seasoning and marinade of vegetables and other food products.
Table vinegar is used more often more diluted (4% to 8% acetic acid), while a more concentrated solution is used for pickling in commercial foods.
-Industrial Use:
Acetic acid is used in many industrial processes for the production of substrates and it is often used as a chemical reagent for the production of a number of chemical compounds like acetic anhydride, ester, vinyl acetate monomer, vinegar, and many other polymeric materials.
Acetic Acid is also used to purify organic compounds as it can be used as a solvent for recrystallization.
-Industrial applications of Acetic Acid:
As one of the important organic acids, acetic acid is mainly used in the synthesis of vinyl acetate, cellulose acetate, acetic anhydride, acetate, metal acetate and halogenated acetic acid.
Glacial acetic acid is also an important raw material for pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides and other organic synthesis.
In addition, Acetic Acid is also widely used in the manufacture of photographic medicines, cellulose acetate, fabric printing and dyeing, and the rubber industry.
-Food applications of Acetic Acid:
In the food industry, acetic acid is generally used as an acidulant, flavor enhancer and spice manufacturing.
*Synthetic vinegar:
Dilute acetic acid to 4-5% with water, add various flavoring agents, the flavor is similar to alcohol vinegar, the production time is short, and the price is cheap.
As a sour agent, glacial acetic acid can be used in compound seasonings, prepared vinegar, canned food, jelly and cheese, and used in moderation according to production needs.
Acetic Acid can also be used as a flavor enhancer, and the recommended dosage is 0.1-0.3 g/kg.
-Medical Use:
Acetic acid has a lot of uses in the medical field.
The most important uses here are that Acetic Acid can be used as an antiseptic against pseudomonas, enterococci, streptococci, staphylococci, and others.
Acetic Acid is also used in cervical cancer screening and for the treatment of infections.
Further, Acetic Acid is used as an agent to lyse red blood cells before white blood cells are examined.
Vinegar has also been said to reduce high concentrations of blood sugar.
-Important and Popular Uses of Acetic Acid:
There are many uses of acetic acid.
So, in addition to being treated just as a food preservative (vinegar), the acid is used in many areas and instances.
Some top and important uses include:
*Industrial Use
*Medicinal Uses
*Household
*Food Industry
-Food Industry:
In the food industry, acetic acid finds its use most commonly in commercial pickling operations, and in condiments like mayonnaise, mustard, and ketchup.
Acetic Acid is also used for seasoning various food items like salads etc.
Additionally, vinegar can react with alkaline ingredients like baking soda and when that happens it produces a gas that helps to make baked goods become.
-Household Uses:
Acetic acid which is a dilute solution is used extensively as vinegar.
And as we are familiar, vinegar is widely used for cleaning, laundry, cooking, and many other household uses.
Farmers usually spray acetic acid on livestock silage to counter bacterial and fungal growth.
Apart from these, acetic acid is used for the manufacture of inks and dyes and it is also used in making perfumes.
Acetic Acid is also involved in the manufacturing of rubber and plastic industries.
-Acetic acid with formula CH3COOH or food additive E260 is used:
*food industry – known as additive E260, is involved in the production of dairy products, salads, sauces, dressings, marinades and canned food;
*Pharmaceutical industry – is part of aspirin, phenacetin, other drugs and dietary supplements that stabilize blood pressure and reduce blood sugar;
*textile industry – as a component for the manufacture and dyeing of rayon, latex fabrics;
*cosmetic sphere – used to balance the smell and regulate the characteristics of various compositions;
*chemical industry – production of cleaning and detergents, household chemicals, acetone, synthetic dyes;
*as a solvent for varnishes, latex coagulant;
*as an acetylating agent in organic synthesis;
*salts of acetic acid (Fe, Al, Cr, etc.) – mordants for dyeing, etc.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF ACETIC ACID:
Thanks to its versatile properties, Acetic acid plays a vital role in various European industries.
*In the chemical industry, Acetic acid is a fundamental building block for producing numerous chemicals.
One example is vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), which Acetic acid is widely used to manufacture adhesives, paints, and coatings.
Acetic acid is also an essential precursor for producing acetic anhydride, esters, and cellulose acetate.
*The food and beverage industry extensively utilizes Acetic acid as a preservative and flavoring agent.
Vinegar, primarily composed of Acetic acid, finds widespread use in cooking, pickling, and salad dressings.
*In the pharmaceutical industry, Acetic acid is a crucial intermediate in synthesizing pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, vitamins, and analgesics.
Acetic acid's versatile nature allows for the production of a wide range of medications.
*The textile industry relies on Acetic acid to manufacture synthetic acetate fibers.
Acetate fibers are commonly used in clothing, upholstery, and textiles due to their excellent draping properties and durability.
USES AND BENEFITS OF ACETIC ACID:
One of the most common ways consumers may come into contact with acetic acid is in the form of household vinegar, which is naturally made from fermentable sources such as wine, potatoes, apples, grapes, berries and grains.
Vinegar is a clear solution generally containing about 5 percent acetic acid and 95 percent water.
Vinegar is used as a food ingredient and can also be an ingredient in personal care products, household cleaners, pet shampoos and many other products for the home:
-vinegar and baking soda
*Food Preparation:
Vinegar is a common food ingredient, often used as a brine in pickling liquids, vinaigrettes, marinades and other salad dressings.
Vinegar also can be used in food preparation to help control Salmonella contamination in meat and poultry products.
*Cleaning:
Vinegar can be used throughout the home as a window cleaner, to clean automatic coffee makers and dishes, as a rinsing agent for dishwashers, and to clean bathroom tile and grout.
Vinegar can also be used to clean food-related tools and equipment because it generally does not leave behind a harmful residue and requires less rinsing.
*Gardening:
In concentrations of 10 to 20 percent, acetic acid can be used as a weed killer on gardens and lawns.
When used as an herbicide, the acetic acid can kill weeds that have emerged from the soil, but does not affect the roots of the weed, so they can regrow.
When acetic acid is at 99.5 percent concentration, it is referred to as glacial acetic acid.
Glacial acetic acid has a variety of uses, including as a raw material and solvent in the production of other chemical products.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS FOR ACETIC ACID INCLUDE:
*Vinyl Acetate, cellulose fibers and plastics:
Acetic acid is used to make many chemicals, including vinyl acetate, acetic anhydride and acetate esters.
Vinyl acetate is used to make polyvinyl acetate, a polymer used in paints, adhesives, plastics and textile finishes.
Acetic anhydride is used in the manufacture of cellulose acetate fibers and plastics used for photographic film, clothing and coatings.
Acetic acid is also used in the chemical reaction to produce purified terephthalic acid (PTA), which is used to manufacture the PET plastic resin used in synthetic fibers, food containers, beverage bottles and plastic films.
*Solvents:
Acetic acid is a hydrophilic solvent, similar to ethanol.
Acetic Acid dissolves compounds such as oils, sulfur and iodine and mixes with water, chloroform and hexane.
*Acidizing oil and gas:
Acetic acid can help reduce metal corrosion and scale build-up in oil and gas well applications.
Acetic Acid is also used in oil well stimulation to improve flow and increase production of oil and gas.
*Pharmaceuticals and vitamins:
The pharmaceutical industry uses acetic acid in the manufacture of vitamins, antibiotics, hormones and other products.
*Food Processing:
Acetic acid is commonly used as a cleaning and disinfecting product in food processing plants.
*Other uses:
Salts of acetic acid and various rubber and photographic chemicals are made from acetic acid.
Acetic acid and its sodium salt are commonly used as a food preservative.
WHAT CAN YOU USE ACETIC ACID FOR?
*Removing stubborn limescale on sanitary facilities and kitchen appliances.
*Combating green deposits on terraces, garden furniture and stone surfaces.
*Descaling of industrial machines and equipment.
*Cleaning and disinfection in the food industry, if adequately diluted.
*Use as raw material in chemical synthesis for the production of esters, acetic esters and various organic compounds.
*In agriculture for regulating the pH value of the soil.
*As a preservative in food processing, for example when pickling vegetables.
*Cleaning and restoration of facades and monuments.
USES OF ACETIC ACID:
The chemical reagent for the processing of chemical compounds is acetic acid.
In the production of vinyl acetate monomer, acetic anhydride, and ester production, the use of acetic acid is important.
*Vinyl Acetate Monomer:
Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) processing is the main application of acetic acid.
Vinyl acetate undergoes polymerization to produce polyvinyl acetate or other polymers, which are components of paints and adhesives.
The reaction consists of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst.
2CH3COOH+2C2H4+O2→2CH3CO2CH=CH2+2H2O
Wood glue also utilizes vinyl acetate polymers.
*Acetic Anhydride:
Acetic anhydride is the result of the condensation of two acetic acid molecules.
Significant use is the worldwide processing of acetic anhydride, utilizing about 25 per cent to 30 per cent of global acetic acid production.
The key method includes acetic acid dehydration to give ketene at 700-750 °C.
CH3CO2H→CH2=C=O+H2O
CH3CO2H+CH2=C=O→CH3CO2O
It is great for general disinfection and fighting mould and mildew since acetic acid kills fungi and bacteria.
Acetic Acid is useful in a range of traditional and green cleaning materials, such as mould and mildew cleaners, floor cleaners, sprays for cleaning and dusting, and roof cleaners, either as vinegar or as an element.
The acetyl group is in use widely in the biochemistry field.
Products made from acetic acid are an effective metabolizer of carbohydrates and fats when bound to coenzyme A.
As a treatment for otitis externa, Acetic Acid is the best and most effective drug in a health system on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.
ACETIC ACID IN EVERYDAY LIFE:
Acetic Acid is found in many everyday products as described above, such as food, cleaning products and cosmetics, among others.
Of all of them, vinegar is one of the most important ones, as Acetic Acid has different uses, such as for cooking or cleaning.
Acetic Acid is an infallible product when it comes to dealing with stubborn stains such as dog urine, rust or other dirt.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid is a colorless liquid; with a strong vinegar-like odour.
Acetic acid is considered a volatile organic compound by the National Pollutant Inventory.
Specific Gravity: 1.049 @ 25°C
Melting Point: 16.7°C
Boiling Point: 118°C
Vapour pressure: 1.5 kPa @ 20°C
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid is hygroscopic, meaning that it tends to absorb moisture.
Acetic Acid mixes with ethyl alcohol, glycerol, ether, carbon tetrachloride and water and reacts with oxidants and bases.
Concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and attacks many metals forming flammable or explosive gases.
Acetic Acid can also attack some forms of plastic, rubber and coatings.
HEALTH BENEFITS OF ACETIC ACID:
1. Kills Bacteria:
Vinegar has long been used as a natural disinfectant, largely due to its content of acetic acid.
Acetic acid has powerful antibacterial properties and can be effective at killing off several specific strains of bacteria.
In fact, one 2014 in vitro study found that acetic acid was able to block the growth of myobacteria, a genus of bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis and leprosy.
Other research shows that vinegar may also protect against bacterial growth, which may be partially due to the presence of acetic acid.
2. Reduces Blood Pressure:
Not only does high blood pressure place extra strain on the heart muscle and cause it to slowly weaken over time, but high blood pressure is also a major risk factor for heart disease.
In addition to modifying your diet and exercise routine, promising research has found that acetic acid may also help control blood pressure.
3. Decreases Inflammation:
Acute inflammation plays an important role in immune function, helping to defend the body against illness and infection.
Sustaining high levels of inflammation long-term, however, can have a detrimental effect on health, with studies showing that inflammation could contribute to the development of chronic conditions like heart disease and cancer.
Acetic acid is thought to reduce inflammation to help protect against disease.
4. Supports Weight Loss:
Some research suggests that acetic acid could help support weight control by aiding in weight loss.
5. Promotes Blood Sugar Control:
Apple cider vinegar has been well-studied for its ability to support blood sugar control.
Research shows that acetic acid, one of the primary components found in apple cider vinegar, may play a role in its powerful blood sugar-lowering properties.
In one study, consuming vinegar with acetic acid alongside a high-carb meal was found to reduce blood sugar and insulin levels thanks to its ability to slow down the emptying of the stomach.
Another in vitro study had similar findings, reporting that acetic acid decreased the activity of several enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which could decrease the absorption of carbs and sugar in the small intestine.
NOMENCLATURE OF ACETIC ACID:
The trivial name "acetic acid" is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name.
The systematic name "ethanoic acid", a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature.
The name "acetic acid" derives from the Latin word for vinegar, "acetum", which is related to the word "acid" itself.
"Glacial acetic acid" is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid.
Similar to the German name "Eisessig" ("ice vinegar"), the name comes from the solid ice-like crystals that form with agitation, slightly below room temperature at 16.6 °C (61.9 °F).
Acetic acid can never be truly water-free in an atmosphere that contains water, so the presence of 0.1% water in glacial acetic acid lowers its melting point by 0.2 °C.
A common symbol for acetic acid is AcOH (or HOAc), where Ac is the pseudoelement symbol representing the acetyl group CH3−C(=O)−; the conjugate base, acetate (CH3COO−), is thus represented as AcO−.
(The symbol Ac for the acetyl functional group is not to be confused with the symbol Ac for the element actinium; context prevents confusion among organic chemists).
To better reflect its structure, acetic acid is often written as CH3−C(O)OH, CH3−C(=O)OH, CH3COOH, and CH3CO2H.
In the context of acid–base reactions, the abbreviation HAc is sometimes used, where Ac in this case is a symbol for acetate (rather than acetyl).
Acetate is the ion resulting from loss of H+ from acetic acid.
The name "acetate" can also refer to a salt containing this anion, or an ester of acetic acid.
HISTORY OF ACETIC ACID:
Vinegar was known early in civilization as the natural result of exposure of beer and wine to air because acetic acid-producing bacteria are present globally.
The use of acetic acid in alchemy extends into the third century BC, when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, a green mixture of copper salts including copper(II) acetate.
Ancient Romans boiled soured wine to produce a highly sweet syrup called sapa.
Sapa that was produced in lead pots was rich in lead acetate, a sweet substance also called sugar of lead or sugar of Saturn, which contributed to lead poisoning among the Roman aristocracy.
In the 16th-century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described the production of acetone from the dry distillation of lead acetate, ketonic decarboxylation.
The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound effect on acetic acid's properties that for centuries chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar were two different substances.
French chemist Pierre Adet proved them identical.
*Crystallised acetic acid
In 1845 German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesised acetic acid from inorganic compounds for the first time.
This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination to trichloroacetic acid, and concluded with electrolytic reduction to acetic acid.
By 1910, most glacial acetic acid was obtained from the pyroligneous liquor, a product of the distillation of wood.
The acetic acid was isolated by treatment with milk of lime, and the resulting calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid.
At that time, Germany was producing 10,000 tons of glacial acetic acid, around 30% of which was used for the manufacture of indigo dye.
Because both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity raw materials, methanol carbonylation long appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid.
Henri Dreyfus at British Celanese developed a methanol carbonylation pilot plant as early as 1925.
However, a lack of practical materials that could contain the corrosive reaction mixture at the high pressures needed (200 atm or more) discouraged commercialization of these routes.
The first commercial methanol carbonylation process, which used a cobalt catalyst, was developed by German chemical company BASF in 1963.
In 1968, a rhodium-based catalyst (cis−[Rh(CO)2I2]−) was discovered that could operate efficiently at lower pressure with almost no by-products.
US chemical company Monsanto Company built the first plant using this catalyst in 1970, and rhodium-catalyzed methanol carbonylation became the dominant method of acetic acid production (see Monsanto process).
In the late 1990s, BP Chemicals commercialised the Cativa catalyst ([Ir(CO)2I2]−), which is promoted by iridium for greater efficiency.
Known as the Cativa process, the iridium-catalyzed production of glacial acetic acid is greener, and has largely supplanted the Monsanto process, often in the same production plants.
*Interstellar medium
Interstellar acetic acid was discovered in 1996 by a team led by David Mehringer using the former Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory and the former Millimeter Array located at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory.
It was first detected in the Sagittarius B2 North molecular cloud (also known as the Sgr B2 Large Molecule Heimat source).
Acetic acid has the distinction of being the first molecule discovered in the interstellar medium using solely radio interferometers; in all previous ISM molecular discoveries made in the millimetre and centimetre wavelength regimes, single dish radio telescopes were at least partly responsible for the detections.
WHAT IS ACETIC ACID IN FOOD?
Acetic acid is a food additive that is commonly used as a preservative, flavor enhancer, and pH regulator.
Acetic acid is a natural acid found in vinegar and is also produced synthetically for use in food applications.
Acetic acid is generally regarded as safe for consumption at low levels, and it is commonly used in condiments, pickled foods, sauces, and dressings to provide a tangy taste and extend shelf life.
However, excessive consumption of Acetic acid can cause irritation to the digestive system.
As with any food additive, it is important to consume Acetic acid in moderation and maintain a balanced diet.
PHYSICAL DETAILS AND PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid, or ethanoic acid, is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent vinegar-like odor.
Acetic acid has a molecular formula CH₃COOH and a molecular weight of 60.05 g/mol.
With a boiling point of 118.1, °C and a melting point of 16.6°C, Acetic acid is highly soluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents.
These physical properties make Acetic acid a versatile compound for various industrial applications.
PRODUCTION METHODS OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid is primarily produced through two main methods: methanol carbonylation and oxidation of acetaldehyde.
The first method, methanol carbonylation, is the most common process for large-scale Acetic acid production.
Acetic acid involves the reaction of methanol with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst, typically rhodium or iodine compounds.
This catalytic reaction yields Acetic acid as the primary product.
The second method involves the oxidation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde can be oxidized using various catalysts, including palladium or copper, producing Acetic acid as a byproduct.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ACETIC ACID IN ADDITIVES FOODS?
Acetic acid is commonly used as a food additive.
Acetic acid serves multiple purposes in additives foods.
Firstly, Acetic acid acts as a preservative by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi, thus extending the shelf life of the product.
Secondly, Acetic acid enhances the flavor and aroma of the food by giving it a tangy and sour taste.
Additionally, Acetic acid can also be used as an acidity regulator and pH control agent in certain food products.
FUNCTIONS OF ACETIC ACID:
1. Acidity Regulator / Buffering Agent - Changes or maintains the acidity or basicity of food/cosmetics.
2. Drug / Medicine - Treats, alleviates, cures, or prevents sickness. As officially declared by a governmental drug/medicine regulatory body
3. Exfoliant - Removes dead cells at the surface of the skin
4. Experimental / Patented - Relatively new ingredient with limited data available
5. Insecticide / Pesticide - Kills or inhibits unwanted organisms
6. Preservative - Prevents and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful
7. Solvent (Cosmetics) - Enhances the properties of other ingredients
IS ACETIC ACID SAFE?
Acetic acid is also known as acetic acid, which is a widely used food additive.
Acetic acid is considered safe for consumption by regulatory authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
HEALTH BENEFITS OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid has powerful antibacterial properties.
Acetic acid helps to reduce blood pressure.
Acetic acid also help to reduce inflammation.
Acetic acid promotes blood sugar control.
Acetic acid also supports weight loss.
FUNCTION & CHARACTERISTICS OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid is used as a preservative against bacteria and fungi.
In mayonnaise Acetic acid is added to increase the inactivation of Salmonella .
The highest activity of Acetic acid is at low pH.
Acetic acid can also be used as a buffer in acidic foods.
Acetic acid is also used as an aroma component.
ORIGIN OF ACETIC ACID:
Natural acid, present in most fruits.
Acetic acid is produced by bacterial fermentation and thus present in all fermented products.
Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar, molasses or alcohol or by chemical synthesis from acetealdehyde.
IS ACETIC ACID GLUTEN FREE?
Yes.
Acetic acid is gluten free and widely used in gluten free food to provide sour taste to sour drinks.
WHY IS ACETIC ACID GLUTEN FREE?
Gluten is a type of elastic grain protein that helps wheat, rye and barley hold their shape.
Because of its glue-like properties, gluten is often added to other food products—pasta, sauces, crackers, baked goods—to thicken or bind those products together.
Raw materials used in manufacturing of Acetic acid are Acetyl ketene; So the manufacturing process of it is gluten free.
So, Acetic acid is gluten free.
IS ACETIC ACID SAFE FOR CONSUMPTION IN ADDITIVES FOODS?
Acetic acid is considered safe for consumption in additives foods.
Acetic acid is a naturally occurring substance and is commonly found in vinegar.
Acetic acid is used as a flavoring agent and food preservative in various processed foods.
However, Acetic acid is important to note that excessive consumption of acetic acid may have adverse effects on health.
Acetic acid is always recommended to consume additives foods in moderation and as part of a balanced diet.
HOW DOES ACETIC ACID CONTRIBUTE TO THE PRESERVATION OF ADDITIVES FOODS?
Acetic acid contributes to the preservation of additives foods in several ways.
Firstly, Acetic acid has antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds, reducing the risk of food spoilage and extending the shelf life of products.
Additionally, Acetic acid acts as a pH regulator in additives foods.
Acetic acid helps maintain acidity levels, creating an environment that is unfavorable for the growth of certain microorganisms.
This is particularly important in canned and pickled foods where acidity plays a crucial role in preventing the growth of harmful bacteria like Clostridium botulinum.
Moreover, Acetic acid also contributes to the preservation of additives foods by enhancing flavor.
Acetic acid adds a characteristic tartness or sourness, which can improve the taste profile of various products.
By enhancing the overall sensory experience, Acetic acid can help prolong the consumer acceptability and consumption of additives foods.
In summary, Acetic acid plays a vital role in preserving additives foods by acting as an antimicrobial agent, pH regulator, and flavor enhancer.
Acetic acid's usage ensures the safety and prolonged shelf life of various food products.
In conclusion, Acetic acid plays a crucial role as an additive in the food industry.
With its versatile properties, Acetic acid enhances flavors and acts as a natural preservative, increasing the shelf life of various food products.
Despite some concerns about its safety and potential health effects, research suggests that when consumed in moderation, Acetic acid is generally considered safe for consumption.
As consumers, it is important to stay informed about the presence of Acetic acid in our food products and make informed choices.
So, next time you come across the ingredient label with Acetic acid, rest assured that it can be embraced as a safe and effective addition to additive foods.
PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID:
-Acetic acid crystals:
*Acidity
The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization:
CH3COOH ⇌ CH3CO−2 + H+
Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character.
Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid.
In aqueous solution, Acetic Acid has a pKa value of 4.76.
Acetic Acid's conjugate base is acetate (CH3COO−).
A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of domestic vinegar) has a pH of 2.4, indicating that merely 0.4% of the acetic acid molecules are dissociated.
Only in very dilute (< 10−6 M) solution, acetic acid is >90% dissociated.
*Deprotonation equilibrium of acetic acid in water
Cyclic dimer of acetic acid; dashed green lines represent hydrogen bonds
STRUCTURE OF ACETIC ACID:
In solid acetic acid, the molecules form chains of individual molecules interconnected by hydrogen bonds.
In the vapour phase at 120 °C (248 °F), dimers can be detected.
Dimers also occur in the liquid phase in dilute solutions with non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, and to a certain extent in pure acetic acid, but are disrupted by hydrogen-bonding solvents.
The dissociation enthalpy of the dimer is estimated at 65.0–66.0 kJ/mol, and the dissociation entropy at 154–157 J mol−1 K−1.
Other carboxylic acids engage in similar intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions.
SOLVENT PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID:
Liquid acetic acid is a hydrophilic (polar) protic solvent, similar to ethanol and water.
With a relative static permittivity (dielectric constant) of 6.2, Acetic Acid dissolves not only polar compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars, but also non-polar compounds such as oils as well as polar solutes.
Acetic Acid is miscible with polar and non-polar solvents such as water, chloroform, and hexane.
With higher alkanes (starting with octane), acetic acid is not miscible at all compositions, and solubility of acetic acid in alkanes declines with longer n-alkanes.
The solvent and miscibility properties of acetic acid make it a useful industrial chemical, for example, as a solvent in the production of dimethyl terephthalate.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF ACETIC ACID:
At physiological pHs, acetic acid is usually fully ionised to acetate.
The acetyl group, formally derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life.
Typically, Acetic Acid is bound to coenzyme A by acetyl-CoA synthetase enzymes, where it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
Unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (the fatty acids), acetic acid does not occur in natural triglycerides.
Most of the aceate generated in cells for use in acetyl-CoA is synthesized directly from ethanol or pyruvate.
However, the artificial triglyceride triacetin (glycerine triacetate) is a common food additive and is found in cosmetics and topical medicines; this additive is metabolized to glycerol and acetic acid in the body.
Acetic acid is produced and excreted by acetic acid bacteria, notably the genus Acetobacter and Clostridium acetobutylicum.
These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil, and acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and other foods spoil.
Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent.
PRODUCTION OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid is produced industrially both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation.
About 75% of acetic acid made for use in the chemical industry is made by the carbonylation of methanol, explained below.
The biological route accounts for only about 10% of world production, but Acetic Acid remains important for the production of vinegar because many food purity laws require vinegar used in foods to be of biological origin.
Other processes are methyl formate isomerization, conversion of syngas to acetic acid, and gas phase oxidation of ethylene and ethanol.
Acetic acid can be purified via fractional freezing using an ice bath.
The water and other impurities will remain liquid while the acetic acid will precipitate out.
As of 2003–2005, total worldwide production of virgin acetic acid was estimated at 5 Mt/a (million tonnes per year), approximately half of which was produced in the United States.
European production was approximately 1 Mt/a and declining, while Japanese production was 0.7 Mt/a.
Another 1.5 Mt were recycled each year, bringing the total world market to 6.5 Mt/a.
Since then, the global production has increased from 10.7 Mt/a in 2010 to 17.88 Mt/a in 2023.
*Methanol carbonylation:
Most acetic acid is produced by methanol carbonylation.
In this process, methanol and carbon monoxide react to produce acetic acid according to the equation:
The process involves iodomethane as an intermediate, and occurs in three steps.
A metal carbonyl catalyst is needed for the carbonylation (step 2).
CH3OH + HI → CH3I + H2O
CH3I + CO → CH3COI
CH3COI + H2O → CH3COOH + HI
Two related processes exist for the carbonylation of methanol: the rhodium-catalyzed Monsanto process, and the iridium-catalyzed Cativa process.
The latter process is greener and more efficient and has largely supplanted the former process.
Catalytic amounts of water are used in both processes, but the Cativa process requires less, so the water-gas shift reaction is suppressed, and fewer by-products are formed.
By altering the process conditions, acetic anhydride may also be produced in plants using rhodium catalysis.
*Acetaldehyde oxidation:
Prior to the commercialization of the Monsanto process, most acetic acid was produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde.
This remains the second-most-important manufacturing method, although Acetic Acid is usually not competitive with the carbonylation of methanol.
The acetaldehyde can be produced by hydration of acetylene.
This was the dominant technology in the early 1900s.
Light naphtha components are readily oxidized by oxygen or even air to give peroxides, which decompose to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation, illustrated with butane:
2 C4H10 + 5 O2 → 4 CH3CO2H + 2 H2O
Such oxidations require metal catalyst, such as the naphthenate salts of manganese, cobalt, and chromium.
The typical reaction is conducted at temperatures and pressures designed to be as hot as possible while still keeping the butane a liquid.
Typical reaction conditions are 150 °C (302 °F) and 55 atm.
Side-products may also form, including butanone, ethyl acetate, formic acid, and propionic acid.
These side-products are also commercially valuable, and the reaction conditions may be altered to produce more of them where needed.
However, the separation of acetic acid from these by-products adds to the cost of the process.
Similar conditions and catalysts are used for butane oxidation, the oxygen in air to produce acetic acid can oxidize acetaldehyde.
2 CH3CHO + O2 → 2 CH3CO2H
Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have an acetic acid yield greater than 95%.
The major side-products are ethyl acetate, formic acid, and formaldehyde, all of which have lower boiling points than acetic acid and are readily separated by distillation.
*Ethylene oxidation
Acetaldehyde may be prepared from ethylene via the Wacker process, and then oxidised as above.
In more recent times, chemical company Showa Denko, which opened an ethylene oxidation plant in Ōita, Japan, in 1997, commercialised a cheaper single-stage conversion of ethylene to acetic acid.
The process is catalyzed by a palladium metal catalyst supported on a heteropoly acid such as silicotungstic acid.
A similar process uses the same metal catalyst on silicotungstic acid and silica:
C2H4 + O2 → CH3CO2H
It is thought to be competitive with methanol carbonylation for smaller plants (100–250 kt/a), depending on the local price of ethylene.
*Oxidative fermentation:
For most of human history, acetic acid bacteria of the genus Acetobacter have made acetic acid, in the form of vinegar.
Given sufficient oxygen, these bacteria can produce vinegar from a variety of alcoholic foodstuffs.
Commonly used feeds include apple cider, wine, and fermented grain, malt, rice, or potato mashes.
The overall chemical reaction facilitated by these bacteria is:
C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O
A dilute alcohol solution inoculated with Acetobacter and kept in a warm, airy place will become vinegar over the course of a few months.
Industrial vinegar-making methods accelerate this process by improving the supply of oxygen to the bacteria.
The first batches of vinegar produced by fermentation probably followed errors in the winemaking process.
If must is fermented at too high a temperature, acetobacter will overwhelm the yeast naturally occurring on the grapes.
As the demand for vinegar for culinary, medical, and sanitary purposes increased, vintners quickly learned to use other organic materials to produce vinegar in the hot summer months before the grapes were ripe and ready for processing into wine.
This method was slow, however, and not always successful, as the vintners did not understand the process.
One of the first modern commercial processes was the "fast method" or "German method", first practised in Germany in 1823.
In this process, fermentation takes place in a tower packed with wood shavings or charcoal.
The alcohol-containing feed is trickled into the top of the tower, and fresh air supplied from the bottom by either natural or forced convection.
The improved air supply in this process cut the time to prepare vinegar from months to weeks.
Nowadays, most vinegar is made in submerged tank culture, first described in 1949 by Otto Hromatka and Heinrich Ebner.
In this method, alcohol is fermented to vinegar in a continuously stirred tank, and oxygen is supplied by bubbling air through the solution.
Using modern applications of this method, vinegar of 15% acetic acid can be prepared in only 24 hours in batch process, even 20% in 60-hour fed-batch process.
*Anaerobic fermentation:
Species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium or Acetobacterium, can convert sugars to acetic acid directly without creating ethanol as an intermediate.
The overall chemical reaction conducted by these bacteria may be represented as:
C6H12O6 → 3 CH3COOH
These acetogenic bacteria produce acetic acid from one-carbon compounds, including methanol, carbon monoxide, or a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen:
2 CO2 + 4 H2 → CH3COOH + 2 H2O
This ability of Clostridium to metabolize sugars directly, or to produce acetic acid from less costly inputs, suggests that these bacteria could produce acetic acid more efficiently than ethanol-oxidizers like Acetobacter.
However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter.
Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce vinegar in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce vinegar in concentrations up to 20%.
At present, it remains more cost-effective to produce vinegar using Acetobacter, rather than using Clostridium and concentrating it.
As a result, although acetogenic bacteria have been known since 1940, their industrial use is confined to a few niche applications.
REACTIONS OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a carboxylic acid.
Upon treatment with a standard base, Acetic Acid converts to metal acetate and water.
With strong bases (e.g., organolithium reagents), Acetic Acid can be doubly deprotonated to give LiCH2COOLi.
Reduction of acetic acid gives ethanol.
The OH group is the main site of reaction, as illustrated by the conversion of acetic acid to acetyl chloride.
Other substitution derivatives include acetic anhydride; this anhydride is produced by loss of water from two molecules of acetic acid.
Esters of acetic acid can likewise be formed via Fischer esterification, and amides can be formed.
When heated above 440 °C (824 °F), acetic acid decomposes to produce carbon dioxide and methane, or to produce ketene and water:
CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2
CH3COOH → CH2=C=O + H2O
REACTIONS WITH INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid is mildly corrosive to metals including iron, magnesium, and zinc, forming hydrogen gas and salts called acetates:
Mg + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
Because aluminium forms a passivating acid-resistant film of aluminium oxide, aluminium tanks are used to transport acetic acid.
Containers lined with glass, stainless steel or polyethylene are also used for this purpose.
Metal acetates can also be prepared from acetic acid and an appropriate base, as in the popular "baking soda + vinegar" reaction giving off sodium acetate:
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
A colour reaction for salts of acetic acid is iron(III) chloride solution, which results in a deeply red colour that disappears after acidification.
A more sensitive test uses lanthanum nitrate with iodine and ammonia to give a blue solution.
Acetates when heated with arsenic trioxide form cacodyl oxide, which can be detected by its malodorous vapours.
OTHER DERIVATIVES OF ACETIC ACID:
Organic or inorganic salts are produced from acetic acid.
Some commercially significant derivatives:
Sodium acetate, used in the textile industry and as a food preservative (E262).
Copper(II) acetate, used as a pigment and a fungicide.
Aluminium acetate and iron(II) acetate—used as mordants for dyes.
Palladium(II) acetate, used as a catalyst for organic coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction.
Halogenated acetic acids are produced from acetic acid.
Some commercially significant derivatives:
Chloroacetic acid (monochloroacetic acid, MCA), dichloroacetic acid (considered a by-product), and trichloroacetic acid.
MCA is used in the manufacture of indigo dye.
Bromoacetic acid, which is esterified to produce the reagent ethyl bromoacetate.
Trifluoroacetic acid, which is a common reagent in organic synthesis.
Amounts of acetic acid used in these other applications together account for another 5–10% of acetic acid use worldwide
STRUCTURE OF ACETIC ACID:
It can be observed in the solid-state of acetic acid that there is a chain of molecules wherein individual molecules are connected to each other via hydrogen bonds.
Dimers of ethanoic acid in Acetic Acid's vapour phase can be found at temperatures approximating to 120o
Even in the liquid phase of ethanoic acid, Acetic Acid's dimers can be found when it is present in a dilute solution.
These dimers are adversely affected by solvents that promote hydrogen bonding.
The structure of acetic acid is given by CH3(C=O)OH, or CH3CO2H
Structurally, Acetic Acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (the simplest being formic acid, HCOOH), and is essentially a methyl group with a carboxyl functional group attached to it.
PREPARATION OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid is produced industrially via the carbonylation of methanol.
The chemical equations for the three steps involved in this process are provided below.
CH3OH (methanol) + HI (hydrogen iodide) → CH3I (methyl iodide intermediate) + H2O
CH3I + CO (carbon monoxide) → CH3COI (acetyl iodide)
CH3COI + H2O → CH3COOH (acetic acid) + HI
Here, a methyl iodide intermediate is generated from the reaction between methanol and hydrogen iodide.
This intermediate is then reacted with carbon monoxide and the resulting compound is treated with water to afford the acetic acid product.
It is important to note that a metal carbonyl complex must be used as a catalyst for step 2 of this process.
OTHER METHODS OF PREPARING ACETIC ACID:
Some naphthalene salts of cobalt, chromium, and manganese can be employed as metal catalysts in the oxidation of acetaldehyde.
The chemical equation for this reaction can be written as:
O2 + 2CH3CHO → 2CH3COOH
Ethylene (C2H4) can be oxidized into acetic acid with the help of a palladium catalyst and a heteropoly acid, as described by the following chemical reaction.
O2 + C2H4 → CH3COOH
Some anaerobic bacteria have the ability to directly convert sugar into acetic acid.
C6H12O6 → 3CH3COOH
It can be noted that no ethanol intermediates are formed in the anaerobic fermentation of sugar by these bacteria.
PHYSICAL PROEPRTIES OF ACETIC ACID:
Even though ethanoic acid is considered to be a weak acid, in its concentrated form, it possesses strong corrosive powers and can even attack the human skin if exposed to it.
Some general properties of acetic acid are listed below.
Ethanoic acid appears to be a colourless liquid and has a pungent smell.
At STP, the melting and boiling points of ethanoic acid are 289K and 391K respectively.
The molar mass of acetic acid is 60.052 g/mol and its density in the liquid form is 1.049 g.cm-3.
The carboxyl functional group in ethanoic acid can cause ionization of the compound, given by the reaction: CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO– + H+
The release of the proton, described by the equilibrium reaction above, is the root cause of the acidic quality of acetic acid.
The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of ethanoic acid in a solution of water is 4.76.
The conjugate base of acetic acid is acetate, given by CH3COO–.
The pH of an ethanoic acid solution of 1.0M concentration is 2.4, which implies that it does not dissociate completely.
In its liquid form, acetic acid is a polar, protic solvent, with a dielectric constant of 6.2.
The metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in many animals is centered around the binding of acetic acid to coenzyme A.
Generally, this compound is produced via the reaction between methanol and carbon monoxide (carbonylation of methanol).
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID:
The chemical reactions undergone by acetic acid are similar to those of other carboxylic acids.
When heated to temperatures above 440oC, this compound undergoes decomposition to yield either methane and carbon dioxide or water and ethenone, as described by the following chemical equations.
CH3COOH + Heat → CO2 + CH4
CH3COOH + Heat → H2C=C=O + H2O
Some metals such as magnesium, zinc, and iron undergo corrosion when exposed to acetic acid.
These reactions result in the formation of acetate salts.
2CH3COOH + Mg → Mg(CH3COO)2 (magnesium acetate) + H2
The reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium results in the formation of magnesium acetate and hydrogen gas, as described by the chemical equation provided above.
OTHER REACTIONS OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid reacts with alkalis and forms acetate salts, as described below.
CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COOK + H2O
This compound also forms acetate salts by reacting with carbonates (along with carbon dioxide and water).
Examples of such reactions include:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate) → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
The reaction between PCl5 and ethanoic acid results in the formation of ethanoyl chloride.
WHAT ARE NATURAL SOURCES OF ACETIC ACID?
Acetates (salts of acetic acid) are common constituents of animal and plant tissues and are formed during the metabolism of food substances.
Acetate is readily metabolized by most tissues and may give rise to the production of ketones as intermediates.
Acetate is used by the body as a building block to make phospholipids, neutral lipids, steroids, sterols, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in a variety of human and animal tissue preparations.
KEY POINTS/OVERVIEW OF ACETIC ACID:
One of the most common ways consumers may come into contact with acetic acid is in the form of household vinegar, which generally contains about 5 percent acetic acid and 95 percent water.
When acetic acid is at 99.5 percent concentration, it is referred to a glacial acetic acid, which can be used as raw material and solvent in the production of other chemical products.
Industrial applications of glacial acetic acid include producing vinyl acetate, as solvent to dissolve oils, sulfur and iodine; acidizing oil and gas; manufacturing pharmaceuticals and vitamins, and food processing.
HOW ACETIC ACID GETS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT:
Acetic acid can enter the environment from discharge and emissions from industries.
The burning of plastics or rubber, and exhaust fumes from vehicles may also release acetic acid into the environment.
When released into soil Acetic Acid evaporates into the air where it is broken down naturally by sunlight.
Levels of acetic acid in the environment would be expected to be low.
PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID:
Acetic acid is a smooth, colourless liquid with a 1 ppm visible, poisonous and destructive, unpleasant vinegar odour.
The melting point of Acetic Acid is 16.73 ° C and the usual 117.9 ° C boiling point.
At 20°C, the density of pure acetic acid is 1.0491.
It is highly hygroscopic acetic acid.
It is possible to link the purity of the water solutions to their freezing point.
In carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, the hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group −COOH can differentiate from the molecule by ionization:
Due to this proton H+1 release, acetic acid has an acidic character.
Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid.
Acetic Acid has a pK value of 4.76 in an aqueous solution.
Acetate CH3COO−1 is the conjugate base.
For polar and non-polar solvents such as acid, chloroform, and hexane, Acetic Acid is miscible.
The molecules form chains in solid acetic acid, with hydrogen bonds interconnecting individual molecules.
Dimers can be found in the vapour at 120 °C.
In the liquid form, dimers often exist in dilute solutions in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents and, to a certain degree, in pure acetic acid; but are interacted with by solvents that bind to hydrogen.
Acetic acid is normally completely ionized to acetate at physiological phis.
Acetic Acid is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats when bound to coenzyme A.
Acetic acid does not exist in natural triglycerides, unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids).
DEHYDRATION OF ACETIC ACID:
Dehydration of acetic acid is one of the most important industrial uses of AD in the manufacture of aromatic acids such as terephthalic acid (TA), which involves a high purity of acetic acid.
Two major parts are used in the manufacturing process: oxidation (where p-xylene is catalytically oxidized to produce crude TA) and PTA purification.
Acetic acid, present as a solvent in the oxidation reactor but also helpful to the reaction itself, must be isolated from the oxidation-produced water.
For the effective and economical operation of a TA facility, the recovery and storage of the acetic acid solvent are important.
At high water temperatures, water, and acetic acid show a pinch point, make recovering the pure acid very difficult.
Two absorbers (low and high pressure) and an acid dehydration column consist of a traditional acetic acid recovery unit in a PTA phase.
Tall columns of 70–80 trays require the separation of acetic acid and water by traditional distillation.
N-butyl acetate, which exhibits minimal miscibility with water and forms a heterogeneous azeotrope (b.p. 90.23°C), which is a typical azeotropic agent.
With all the water being fed to the dehydration column, n-Butyl acetate is added in appropriate amounts to form an azeotrope.
On condensation, the heterogeneous azeotrope forms two phases; an organic layer containing almost pure n-butyl acetate and an aqueous layer phase containing almost pure water.
The organic phase is recycled back to the column of dehydration, while the aqueous phase is fed to a column of stripping.
The amount of acetic acid lost in the aqueous discharge is cut by approximately 40 per cent as AD results in a cleaner separation.
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ACETIC ACID:
Molecular Weight: 60.05 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 60.021129366 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 60.021129366 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 31
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: CH3COOH
Molar mass: 60.052 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Odor: Heavily vinegar-like
Density: 1.049 g/cm3 (liquid); 1.27 g/cm3 (solid)
Melting point: 16 to 17 °C; 61 to 62 °F; 289 to 290 K
Boiling point: 118 to 119 °C; 244 to 246 °F; 391 to 392 K
Solubility in water: Miscible
log P: -0.28
Vapor pressure: 1.54653947 kPa (20 °C); 11.6 mmHg (20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 4.756
Conjugate base: Acetate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -31.54·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.371 (VD = 18.19)
Viscosity: 1.22 mPa s; 1.22 cP
Dipole moment: 1.74 D
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 123.1 J K−1 mol−1
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 158.0 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -483.88–483.16 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): -875.50–874.82 kJ/mol
Physical state: Liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Stinging
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/range: 16.2 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 117 - 118 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: Upper explosion limit: 19.9% (V), Lower explosion limit: 4% (V)
Flash point: 39 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: 463 °C
Decomposition temperature: Distillable in an undecomposed state at normal pressure.
pH: 2.5 at 50 g/L at 20 °C
Viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity: 1.17 mm2/s at 20 °C
Dynamic viscosity: 1.05 mPa·s at 25 °C
Water solubility: 602.9 g/L at 25 °C at 1.013 hPa - completely soluble
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): log Pow: -0.17 at 25 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 20.79 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1.049 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative vapor density: 2.07
Surface tension: 28.8 mN/m at 10.0 °C
CAS number: 64-19-7
Molecular formula: C2H4O2
Molecular weight: 60.052 g/mol
Density: 1.1 ± 0.1 g/cm3
Boiling point: 117.1 ± 3.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting point: 16.2 °C (lit.)
Flash point: 40.0 ± 0.0 °C
EC index number: 607-002-00-6
EC number: 200-580-7
Hill Formula: C₂H₄O₂
Chemical formula: CH₃COOH
Molar Mass: 60.05 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 21 00
Boiling point: 116 - 118 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.04 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Explosion limit: 4 - 19.9% (V)
Flash point: 39 °C
Ignition temperature: 485 °C
Melting Point: 16.64 °C
pH value: 2.5 (50 g/L, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 20.79 hPa (25 °C)
Viscosity kinematic: 1.17 mm2/s (20 °C)
Solubility: 602.9 g/L soluble
Boiling point: 244°F
Molecular weight: 60.1
Freezing point/melting point: 62°F
Vapor pressure: 11 mmHg
Flash point: 103°F
Specific gravity: 1.05
Ionization potential: 10.66 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL): 4.0%
Upper explosive limit (UEL): 19.9% at 200°F
NFPA health rating: 3
NFPA fire rating: 2
NFPA reactivity rating: 0
Alternative CAS RN: -
MDL Number: MFCD00036152
Storage Temperature: +20°C
FIRST AID MEASURES of ACETIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ACETIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ACETIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ACETIC ACID:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Latex gloves
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: 30 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: filter E-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
HANDLING and STORAGE of ACETIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Moisture sensitive.
STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ACETIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Incompatible materials:
No data available
