cas no 57-10-3 n-Hexadecoic acid; Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; n-Hexadecanoic acid; 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; Cetylic acid; Hexadecylic acid;

PCBTF; 1-(Trifluoromethyl)-4-chlorobenzene; p-Chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-Toluene; (p-Chlorophenyl) Trifluoromethane; p-(Trifluoromethyl) Chlorobenzene; p-Chloro-alpha,alpha-Trifluorotoluene; ; p-Chlorotrifluoromethylbenzene; p-Trifluoromethylphenyl chloride; 4-Chlorobenzotrifluoride; 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene; 4-Chloro-alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene CAS NO:98-56-6

ci37107; NSC 15350; c.i.37107; tolyamine; р-Touidin; р-Touidine; NSC 114040; p-Toluidin; Tolylamine; p-toluidyna; P-TOLYLAMINE; P-AMINOTOLUENE; PARA-TOLUIDINE; P-METHYLANILINE; 1-Amino-4-methylbenzene; 4-Aminotoluen; 4-aminotoluen(czech); 4-methyl-benzenamin CAS NO:106-49-0

Parabens are chemicals that are commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
Parabens are usually easy to identify by their name, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, or ethylparaben.


INCI Name: Methylparaben Propylparaben Butylparaben
Ingredient origins: Hydrocarbons
Role: Preservative



SYNONYMS:
methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, propyl 4-hydroxylbenzoate



Parabens are chemicals that are commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
Chemically, Parabens are a series of parahydroxybenzoates or esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid (also known as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid).
Research is being conducted to evaluate the potential health implications of Parabens usage.


People can also be exposed to parabens by eating foods and beverages that do not just contain parabens but are also preserved with them.
In the 1970s, propylparaben was designated as “generally recognized as safe” for addition to food up to 0.1 percent.
Parabens are a group of chemicals most commonly used as: preservatives, antimicrobials, flavour enhancers, and fragrance ingredients.


Parabens are a family of ingredients used as preservatives in personal care products.
‘Paraben’ refers to many slightly different paraben forms, some of which can be found in nature.
Parabens are a type of synthetic preservative used to prolong the shelf life of certain ingredients.


By preventing bacteria and mold growth, Parabens allow products to survive for months—even years—in our bathrooms.
(Microorganisms love moisture, so without some sort of preservative, the shampoo sitting for weeks in your humid shower would turn all sorts of funky.)
Parabens are usually easy to identify by their name, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, or ethylparaben.


Other names for these are methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and propyl 4-hydroxylbenzoate.
Parabens are actually several distinct chemicals with a similar molecular structure.
Several are common in a wide array cosmetic and personal care products: ethylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben, methylparaben and propylparaben.


Methylparaben and propylparaben are the most common of these.
Parabens are most common in personal care products that contain significant amounts of water such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions and facial and shower cleansers and scrubs because they discourage the growth of microbes.


While the Cosmetic Ingredient Review recommends concentration limits for single (up to 0.4%) and total paraben concentrations (up to 0.8%) in a single product, these recommendations do not account for exposure to parabens from several products by a single individual.
Parabens are found in nearly all urine samples from U.S. adults regardless of ethnic, socioeconomic or geographic backgrounds.


In one biomonitoring study, adolescents and adult females had higher levels of methylparaben and propylparaben in their urine than did males of similar ages.
Parabens are not water soluble and can penetrate the skin.


As a result, repeated application of a product or multiple products containing parabens could mean almost continuous exposure.
The ubiquity of parabens in personal care products makes this a reasonable scenario.
Parabens enter the body through dermal absorption, ingestion and inhalation, and can enhance the actions of the natural estrogen known as estradiol.


Parabens are a group of compounds widely used as preservatives for their antimicrobial properties.
Parabens are a group of controversial preservatives that include butylparaben, isobutylparaben, propylparaben, methylparaben, and ethylparaben.
All of these were at one time the most widely used group of preservatives used in cosmetics.


Parabens were so popular because of their gentle, non-sensitizing, and highly effective profile in comparison to other preservatives but also because they were derived naturally from plants, a rare phenomenon for a preservative.
Parabens are found in plants in the form of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a chemical that breaks down to become parabens for a plant’s own protection.


Parabens that are manufactured for consumables and personal care products are identical to those found in nature.
The most common types of Parabens are methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, isopropylparaben and isobutylparaben.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PARABENS:
Parabens are effective preservatives in many types of formulas.
These compounds, and their salts, Parabens are used primarily for their bactericidal and fungicidal properties.
Parabens are found in shampoos, commercial moisturizers, shaving gels, personal lubricants, topical/parenteral pharmaceuticals, sun-tan products, makeup, and toothpaste.


Parabens are also used as food preservatives.
Parabens are additionally found in pharmaceutical products such as topical treatments for wounds.
These treatments help heal wounds by keeping the skin moist and preventing infection.


The antimicrobial properties of parabens play a role in the effectiveness of the treatment.
This application is helpful for those who have chronic wounds and need to prevent infections as much as possible.
Parabens are a group of chemicals that are widely used as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants, shower gels and body creams.


Parabens are preservatives commonly used in personal care products.
Preservatives are used in to inhibit the growth of microbes or bacteria, making the product safe to use and also extending its shelf lifei.
The three most common parabens in use are methylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben.


These parabens are known to be eye and skin irritantsii, and have also been linked to breast cancer.
Parabens are not carcinogenic themselves, but they are endocrine disruptors, meaning they have an effect on the normal functioning of hormones within the bodyiii.


Parabens mimic oestrogen within the body, and increased oestrogen is involved with the increase in breast cells, which can also mean the increase in cancerous breast cellsiv.
Parabens are easily absorbed into the skin, being introduced into the system even after just one application.


This is a cause for concern considering Parabens are very often used in products that come into direct contact with the skin such body lotions and deodorants.
We don't use parabens at ecostore but we do still require the use of preservatives to keep our products free of microbes and able to be on the shelf for longer.


Parabens are the most widely used preservative in cosmetics.
Parabens are also used as fragrance ingredients, but consumers won’t find that listed on the label.
Fragrance recipes are considered trade secrets, so manufacturers are not required to disclose fragrance chemicals in the list of ingredients (see also Fragrance/Parfum).


An estimated 75 to 90 per cent of cosmetics contain parabens (typically at very low levels).
Parabens are synthetic chemicals that are used as preservatives in a variety of products, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food.
As preservatives, parabens give products a longer shelf-life and prevent harmful bacteria and mold from growing in the products, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).


Parabens are a family of related chemicals that are commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic products.
Preservatives may be used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and mold, in order to protect both the products and consumers.
Parabens used most commonly in cosmetics are methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben.


Product ingredient labels typically list more than one paraben in a product, and parabens are often used in combination with other types of preservatives to better protect against a broad range of microorganisms.
Parabens are chemicals that are used as preservatives to ward off substances — fungi, yeast, and bacteria, among others — that shorten the products' shelf life.


You can find Parabens in many of the products that you use every day.
Parabens are preservatives used in a wide variety of personal care products and foods to prevent the growth of microbes.
These endocrine-disrupting chemicals can be absorbed through skin, blood and the digestive system


Parabens are commonly added to cosmetics and other personal care products to prevent the growth of mold, bacteria and yeasts.
Methylparaben and propylparaben are the most commonly used parabens.
Parabens have been widespread in personal care products, foods and beverages since the 1920s.


Manufacturers use parabens to stabilize many personal care and food products and prolong their shelf life.
Without an effective preservative, many products, if used frequently, can get contaminated and become a breeding ground for bacteria, yeast and mold.
Parabens are odorless, tasteless and chemically stable, which makes them ideal for use in food and personal care products.


But safer alternatives are available.
Parabens are a group of preservative ingredients used in cosmetics, personal hygiene products, food products and pharmaceuticals.
Parabens are highly effective in preventing the growth of fungi, bacteria, and yeast that can cause products to spoil, helping to extend shelf life.


Preservatives like parabens may be used in cosmetics to protect against microbial (e.g., bacteria, fungus) growth, both to protect consumers and to maintain product integrity.
In the food industry, parabens have been used for more than 50 years as preservatives and anti-microbial agents.


Some fruits, such as blueberries, contain parabens as a naturally occurring preservative.
Parabens are widely used in confectioneries, cereal-based snacks, dried meats, and much more.
Parabens are chemical preservatives widely used in food and personal care products.


Parabens are a type of endocrine disruptor that may cause serious health harm, especially in the developing body.
If you’re concerned about the impact of parabens on your health, there are ways to avoid them.
Parabens are a group of chemicals that preserve our personal care products.


-blueberries uses of Parabens:
Parabens are derived from para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) that occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables, such as cucumbers, cherries, carrots, blueberries and onions.

Parabens also is naturally formed in the human body by the breakdown of some amino acids.
Parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature, and the human body quickly changes them into natural PHBA and eliminates them.


-cosmetics uses of Parabens:
Parabens (including methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, isopropylparaben, and isobutylparaben) may be used in products such as makeup, moisturizers, and hair care and shaving products.
Contrary to some reports, most major brands of deodorants and antiperspirants no longer contain parabens.


-Parabens can be ingredients in a number of everyday products, such as:
*drugs
*cosmetics
*pesticides
*natural health products
Some parabens are permitted food additives and can also occur naturally in some foods.



PRODUCTS THAT CONTAIN PARABENS:
-Personal care.
Some products with parabens that you might find in your home are: Shampoo, conditioner, and other hair care products
*Moisturizers and lotions


-Makeup
*Shaving products
In the past, parabens were also used in deodorants and antiperspirants.
Today, many brands have removed parabens as ingredients in their products, but some may still use these chemicals.

Cosmetics and personal care products that are sold in the U.S. are required to list all of their ingredients on the packaging.
This way, you can see if there are parabens or other ingredients or chemicals in them that you want to stay away from.


-Food and drinks.
For the past 50 years, parabens have also been added to foods to stop the growth of microorganisms.
You might find parabens in:
*Cereals
*Candy
*Dried meats
*Beer
*Sauces
*Processed veggies
*Frozen dairy products
*Jams
*Pickles
*Flavored syrups


-Pharmaceuticals
If parabens weren’t added to these foods, they would spoil quicker, and you'd have a higher risk of ingesting food that isn’t safe to eat.
Some foods, like blueberries and barley, have naturally occurring parabens in them.



WHAT KINDS OF PRODUCTS CONTAIN PARABENS?
Parabens are used in a wide variety of cosmetics, as well as in foods and drugs.
Cosmetics that may contain parabens include makeup, moisturizers, hair care products, and shaving products, among others.
Many major brands of deodorants do not currently contain parabens, although some may.



TYPES OF PARABENS:
Parabens have been added to cosmetics and other products since the 1920s.
If you read the ingredients on a bottle of shampoo or foundation, you may see the names of six of the most common ones:
*Methylparaben
*Ethylparaben
*Propylparaben
*Isopropylparaben
*Butylparaben
*Isobutylparaben



PARABENS AT A GLANCE:
*Parabens are a group of chemicals that prevent the growth of mold, bacteria and yeasts.
*Parabens are often added to cosmetics and personal care products to increase shelf-life and stability.



WHERE ARE PARABENS FOUND?
Parabens are most commonly found in cosmetics and personal care items such as lotions, sunscreen, antiperspirants, makeup and hair products.
Parabens may also be found in chewing gum and mouthwash



KEY POINTS/OVERVIEW OF PARABENS:
Parabens are derived from para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) that occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables, such as cucumbers, cherries, carrots, blueberries and onions.

Parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature, and the human body quickly changes them into natural PHBA and eliminates them.
Parabens have been safely used for almost 100 years as preservatives in the food, drug and personal care and cosmetic industries.
Several commonly used parabens have been designated as “Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)” for such uses by the FDA since the early 1970s.



TYPES OF PARABENS:
Cosmetics typically contain mixtures of different types of parabens.
The most commonly used six types of Parabens are methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl- and isobutylparaben.

The so-called shorter-chain parabens, methyl- and ethyl-, are commonly used in combination, whereas butylparaben is often used alone.
The longer-chain parabens, propyl- and butyl-, are linked to stronger estrogenic activity.
The branched structure has been shown to increase estrogenic activity as well as sensitization potency.



WHAT PRODUCTS CONTAIN PARABENS:
Parabens are used in a wide variety of leave-on and rinse-off products, especially those with a high water content, such as shampoos and conditioners, which people use every day.
Parabens's antimicrobial properties are most effective against fungi and gram positive bacteria.

Moisturizers, face and skin cleaners, sunscreens, deodorants, shaving gels, toothpastes, makeup and many other products contain parabens.
Parabens are absorbed into the body through the skin, metabolized and excreted in urine and bile.

However, daily use of a product or multiple products containing parabens results in direct and continuous exposure, as indicated by nearly ubiquitous detection in biomonitoring surveys.

Personal care products are the greatest contributors to Parabens exposure, as seen in studies comparing paraben levels in the bodies of women, men, adolescents and children who regularly use cosmetics and those who do not.

Adolescent girls who wear makeup every day had 20 times the levels of propylparaben in their urine compared to those who never or rarely wear makeup.
The use of body and face lotions, hair products, sunscreens and makeup have all been predictors of and correlated with remarkably increased levels of urinary parabens.



CHEMISTRY OF PARABENS:
Structure;
Parabens are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, from which the name is derived.
Common parabens include methylparaben (E number E218), ethylparaben (E214), propylparaben (E216), butylparaben and heptylparaben (E209).

Less common parabens include isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben, benzylparaben and their sodium salts.
The general chemical structure of a paraben is shown at the top right of this page, where R symbolizes an alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.



SYNTHESIS OF PARABENS:
All commercially used parabens are synthetically produced, although some are identical to those found in nature.
Parabens are produced by the esterification of para-hydroxybenzoic acid with the appropriate alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, or n-propanol.
para-Hydroxybenzoic acid is in turn produced industrially from a modification of the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, using potassium phenoxide and carbon dioxide.



BIOLOGICAL MODE OF ACTION OF PARABENS:
Parabens are active against a broad spectrum of microorganisms.
However, Parabens's antibacterial mode of action is not well understood.

Parabens are thought to act by disrupting membrane transport processes or by inhibiting synthesis of DNA and RNA or of some key enzymes, such as ATPases and phosphotransferases, in some bacterial species.
Propylparaben is considered more active against more bacteria than methylparaben.

The stronger antibacterial action of propylparaben may be due to its greater solubility in the bacterial membrane, which may allow it to reach cytoplasmic targets in greater concentrations.

However, since a majority of the studies on the mechanism of action of parabens suggest that their antibacterial action is linked to the membrane, it is possible that its greater lipid solubility disrupts the lipid bilayer, thereby interfering with bacterial membrane transport processes and perhaps causing the leakage of intracellular constituents.



WHAT PRODUCTS HAVE PARABENS?
Sooo many.
You’ll typically find Parabens in products with a high water content—think shampoos, conditioners, lotions, shaving gels, toothpastes, the list goes on.
Parabens are a hot topic in the beauty world, but they’re also widely used as food preservatives—so much so that scientists have detected them in most grocery store food products.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PARABENS:
INCI Name: Methylparaben Propylparaben Butylparaben
Ingredient origins: Hydrocarbons
Role: Preservative
Common name: Parabens



FIRST AID MEASURES of PARABENS:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PARABENS:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PARABENS:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PARABENS:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PARABENS:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PARABENS:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

1,4-Dichlorobenzene; p-Dichlorobenzol; Chloroden; 1,4-Dichloorbenzeen; 1,4-Dichlor-benzol; 1,4-Diclorobenzene; Persia-perazol; Santochlor; Paramoth; Di-Chloricide; Paradi; Paradow; Persia-Perazol; Evola; Parazene; PDCB CAS NO:106-46-7

PARAFFIN, N° CAS : 8002-74-2; 64742-51-4 - Paraffine, Autres langues : Paraffina, Parafina. Nom INCI : PARAFFIN. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-315-6; 265-154-5. Additif alimentaire : E905 Classification : Huile Minérale. La paraffine est une cire solide blanche et tendre constituée de pétrole. Elle est utilisée dans de nombreux domaines comme l'alimentaire et dans la fabrication des bougies. Elle est employée en cosmétique dans les produits de maquillage comme les mascaras ou les rouges à lèvres mais aussi dans de nombreux soins pour le corps. Elle est interdite en bio et est peu biodégradable.Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

petroleum wax; Paraffin; EINECS 232-315-6 CAS NO:8002-74-2

Paraffin wax is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms.
Paraffin wax is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F), and its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F).
Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation,and candles;dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons.

CAS: 8002-74-2
MF: C21H27NO3
MW: 341.44398
EINECS: 232-315-6

Synonyms
PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 51-53 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 52-54 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 42-44 25 KG;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 46-48 1 KG;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 56-58 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 57-60 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 46-48 25 KG;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 42-44 1 KG

Paraffin wax is not to be confused with kerosene and other petroleum products that are sometimes called paraffin.
Un-dyed, unscented paraffin candles are odorless and bluish-white.
Paraffin wax was first created by Carl Reichenbach in Germany in 1830 and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles and was cheaper to produce.
In chemistry, paraffin is used synonymously with alkane, indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
The name is derived from Latin parum ("very little") + affinis, meaning "lacking affinity" or "lacking reactivity", referring to paraffin's unreactive nature.
Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68°C (115 and 154°F) and a density of approximately 900, is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.

Paraffin wax is often classed as a stable chemical since it is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.
Paraffin wax is the common name for the mixture of solid higher alkanes, the molecular formula is CnH2n+2, where n=20-40.
The excess oil residue in the wax is removed through the process of petroleum refining.
Paraffin wax is then deoiled and separated by vacuum distillation.
The main component of refined paraffin is saturated normal alkanes with carbon number of about 20-40, containing a small amount of isomers and alkanes.
Paraffin wax, also commonly called ‘paraffin’, is a colourless or white, tasteless, odourless, translucent waxy solid.

Paraffin wax has a typical melting point between about 46°C and 68°C.
Pure paraffin wax is a combustible substance and insoluble in water but soluble in petroleum solvents and stable under normal conditions of use.
Paraffin wax has been identified as an excellent electrical insulator.
Paraffin wax is also used in the manufacturing of paraffin papers, candles, food packaging materials, varnishes, floor polishes, to extract perfumes from flowers, in lubricants, and cosmetics.
Paraffin wax is also used in water-proofing wood, and cork.
White translucent tasteless odorless solids.
Density 0.88- 0.92 g / cm3.
Insoluble in water.
Melting range 47-65°C.
Used in candles, lubricants, crayons, floor polishes, cosmetics, chewing gum.

Paraffin wax Chemical Properties
Melting point: 58-62 °C ((ASTM D 87))
Boiling point: 322 °C
Density: 0.82 g/mL at 20 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.45
FEMA: 3216 | PARAFFIN WAX
Fp: 113 °C
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Soluble in chloroform, ether, volatile oils, and most warm fixed oils; slightly Soluble in ethanol; practically insoluble in acetone, ethanol (95%), and water.
Paraffin can be mixed with most waxes if melted and cooled.
Form: extra-low viscosity oil
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Odor Type: odorless
explosive limit: 0.6-6.5%(V)
Dielectric constant: 2.1-2.5（0.0℃）
CAS DataBase Reference: 8002-74-2
EPA Substance Registry System: Paraffin waxes and Hydrocarbon waxes (8002-74-2)

Paraffin wax, also known as crystalline wax, is usually a white, odorless waxy solid.
Paraffin wax melts at 47°C-64°C and has a density of about 0.9g/cm3.
Paraffin wax is soluble in gasoline, carbon disulfide, xylene, ether, benzene, chloroform, and tetrachloride.
Non-polar solvents such as carbon, naphtha, etc., are insoluble in polar solvents such as water and methanol.
Paraffin wax is a good insulator, its resistivity is 1013-1017 ohm·m, which is higher than most materials except some plastics (especially Teflon).
Fully refined paraffin waxes are a hard, white crystalline material derived from petroleum.
Paraffin waxes are predominately composed of normal, straight-chain hydrocarbons.

The water-repellent and thermoplastic properties of paraffin waxes make them ideal for many applications.
Typical end uses include cereal, delicatessen, and household wrap, corrugated containers, candles, cheese and vegetable coatings, and hot melt adhesives.
Paraffin wax is colorless or white with an odorless mass.
Paraffin wax consists of a mixture of solid aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Paraffin wax is used in the manufacture of paraffin papers, candles, food packaging materials, varnishes, floor polishes, to extract perfumes from flowers, in lubricants, and cosmetics.
Paraffin wax is also used in waterproofing wood and cork.

Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68 °C (115 and 154 °F), and a density of around 900 kg/m3.
Paraffin wax is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.
Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.
Paraffin wax's heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg.
Paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with a resistivity of between 1013 and 1017 ohm-metre.
This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably PTFE).
Paraffin wax is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron.

Paraffin wax is an excellent material for storing heat, with a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J⋅g−1⋅K−1 (joules per gram per kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J⋅g−1.
Paraffin wax phase-change cooling coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the Lunar Roving Vehicle during the crewed missions to the Moon in the early 1970s.
Wax expands considerably when Paraffin wax melts and so is used in wax element thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes.
If pure paraffin wax melted to the approximate flash point in a half open glass vessel which is then suddenly cooled down, then its vapors may autoignite as result of reaching boiling liquid pressure.

Composition
Paraffin wax is a mixture of solid higher alkanes, the molecular formula of the main component is CnH2n+2, where n=17～35.
The main components are straight-chain alkanes, a small amount of alkane with individual branches and monocyclic cycloalkanes with long side chains; straight-chain alkanes are mainly n-docosane (C22H46) and n-octadecane (C28H58).

History
Paraffin wax was first created in 1830 by German chemist Karl von Reichenbach when he attempted to develop a method to efficiently separate and refine waxy substances naturally occurring in petroleum.
Paraffin represented a major advance in the candle-making industry because it burned cleanly and was cheaper to manufacture than other candle fuels such as beeswax and tallow.
Paraffin wax initially suffered from a low melting point.
Paraffin wax was remedied by adding stearic acid.
The production of paraffin wax enjoyed a boom in the early 20th century due to the growth of the oil and meatpacking industries, which created paraffin and stearic acid as byproducts.

Wax
Paraffin wax is of two general types: (i) paraffin wax in petroleum distillates and (ii) microcrystalline wax in petroleum residua.
Paraffin wax is a solid crystalline mixture of straightchain (normal) hydrocarbons ranging from 20 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule, and even higher.
Paraffin wax is a solid crystalline mixture of straightchain (normal) hydrocarbons ranging from C20 to C30 and possibly higher, that is, CH3(CH2)nCH3 , where n≥18.
Paraffin wax is distinguished by its solid state at ordinary temperatures (25°C, 77°F) and low viscosity (35–45 SUS at 99°C, 210°F) when melted.
However, in contrast to petroleum wax, petrolatum (petroleum jelly), although solid at ordinary temperatures, does in fact contain both solid and liquid hydrocarbons.
Paraffin wax is essentially a low-melting, ductile, microcrystalline wax.
Microcrystalline waxes form approximately 1–2% w/w of crude oil and are valuable products having numerous applications.
These waxes are usually obtained from heavy lube distillates by solvent dewaxing and from tank bottom sludge by acid clay treatment.
However, these crude wax products usually contain appreciable quantity (10–20% w/w) of residual oil and, as such, are not suitable for many applications such as paper coating, electrical insulation, textile printing, and polishes.

Microcrystalline waxes
Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process.
In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax, which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of iso-paraffin (branched) and naphthene hydrocarbons.
Paraffin wax is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax.
Paraffin wax consists of high-molecular-weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Paraffin wax is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier, and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher molecular weight and melting point.

The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straightchain components that they contain.
Typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax.
Microcrystalline waxes when produced by wax refiners are typically produced to meet a number of ASTM specifications, which include congealing point (ASTM D938), needle penetration (D1321), color (ASTM D6045), and viscosity (ASTM D445).
Microcrystalline wax is also a key component in the manufacture of petrolatum.
The branched structure of the carbon chain backbone allows oil molecules to be incorporated into the crystal lattice structure.
The desired properties of the petrolatum can be modified by using microcrystalline wax bases of different congeal points (ASTM D938) and needle penetration (ASTM D1321).

Uses
Paraffin wax, or hard wax, is a mixture of solid hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes.
Paraffinwax can be added to medicinal agents.
Petroleumwax and petrolatum are the only hydrocarbons permitted for use in food products.
Paraffin wax is used as a household wax and extensively as a coating for food containers and wrappers.
Paraffin Wax is used to embed tissues to be used in research.
Paraffin wax can be used as a phase changing material in a wide range of applications which include solar based water heaters, microcapsules and thermal energy devices (TEDs).
Used in the production of candles, crayons, wax paper, rubber, wires, cables, plates, waterproof materials, electrical insulation, food packaging, precision casting, general telecommunications equipment, textiles, printing, metal rust prevention, and other chemicals required by various industrial sectors raw material.

Paraffin wax can also be used for oxidation to generate synthetic fatty acids.
Paraffin wax can also be made into detergents, emulsifiers, dispersants, plasticizers, greases, etc.
As a kind of latent heat storage material, paraffin wax has the advantages of large latent heat of phase change, small volume change during solid-liquid phase change, good thermal stability, no supercooling phenomenon, and low price.
Paraffin wax is used in aviation, aerospace, microelectronics, etc. Various fields such as scientific and technological systems and house energy saving have been widely used.

1. Paraffin wax can be made into flake or needle crystals obtained by solvent dewaxing or freezing crystallization of wax, pressing dewaxing to obtain wax paste, and then solvent deoiling and refining.
Used to make higher fatty acids, higher alcohols, matches, candles, waterproofing agents, ointments, electrical insulating materials, etc.
2. Paraffin wax is divided into food grade (food grade and packaging grade, the former is excellent) and industrial grade.
Food grade is non-toxic and industrial grade is not edible.
3. Because of its high oil content, crude paraffin is mainly used to make matches, fiberboards, tarpaulins, etc.
After adding polyolefin additives to paraffin wax, its melting point increases, adhesion and flexibility increase, and Paraffin wax is widely used in moisture-proof and waterproof packaging paper, cardboard, surface coating of certain textiles and candle production.

4. After immersing the paper in paraffin wax, various wax papers with good waterproof performance can be prepared, which can be used in food, medicine and other packaging, metal rust prevention and printing industries; after paraffin wax is added to cotton yarn, the textiles can be soft, smooth and smooth.
Paraffin wax is elastic; paraffin wax can also be used to make detergents, emulsifiers, dispersants, plasticizers, greases, etc.
5. Fully refined paraffin and semi-refined paraffin have a wide range of uses.
They are mainly used as components and packaging materials for food, oral medicines and certain commodities (such as wax paper, crayons, candles, carbon paper), coating materials for baking containers, and Fruit preservation, insulation of electrical components, improvement of rubber aging resistance and flexibility, etc.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Paraffin wax is mainly used in topical pharmaceutical formulations as a component of creams and ointments.
In ointments, Paraffin wax may be used to increase the melting point of a formulation or to add stiffness.
Paraffin wax is additionally used as a coating agent for capsules and tablets, and is used in some food applications.
Paraffin wax coatings can also be used to affect the release of drug from ion-exchange resin beads.

Reactivity Profile
Paraffin wax, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Charring may occur followed by ignition of unreacted portion and other nearby combustibles.
In other settings, mostly unreactive.
Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents.
When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, they burn exothermically.

Health Hazard
Exposures to paraffi n for a prolonged period cause several types of skin disorders, The adverse health effects to skin include chronic dermatitis, wax boils, folliculitis, comedones, papules, melanoderma, and hyperkeratoses.
Studies of Hendricks et al. indicated the development of carcinoma of the scrotum in workers exposed to crude petroleum wax.
Carcinoma of the scrotum in occupational workers began with a normal hyperkeratotic nevus-like lesion, which subsequently resulted in a squamous cell carcinoma.

Manufacturing
The feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, a byproduct from the refining of lubricating oil.
The first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil (de-oiling or de-waxing) from the slack wax.
The oil is separated by crystallization.
Most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a ketone and then cooled.
As Paraffin wax cools, wax crystallizes out of the solution, leaving only oil.
This mixture is filtered into two streams: solid (wax plus some solvent) and liquid (oil and solvent).

After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the resulting products are called "product wax" (or "press wax") and "foots oil".
The lower the percentage of oil in the wax, the more refined Paraffin wax is considered (semi-refined versus fully refined).
The product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors.
The wax may finally be blended together to give certain desired properties such as melt point and penetration.
Paraffin wax is sold in either liquid or solid form.

DESCRIPTION:
Paraffin wax (or petroleum wax) is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms.
Paraffin wax is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F), and its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F).
Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles; dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons.

CAS Number: 8002-74-2



Paraffin wax is distinct from kerosene and other petroleum products that are sometimes called paraffin.

Un-dyed, unscented paraffin candles are odorless and bluish-white.
Paraffin wax was first created by Carl Reichenbach in Germany in 1830 and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles and was cheaper to produce.

In chemistry, paraffin is used synonymously with alkane, indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
The name is derived from Latin parum ("very little") + affinis, meaning "lacking affinity" or "lacking reactivity", referring to paraffin's unreactive nature.

Paraffin wax is a white or colorless soft, solid wax.
Paraffin wax is made from saturated hydrocarbons.

Paraffin wax is often used in skin-softening salon and spa treatments on the hands, cuticles, and feet because it’s colorless, tasteless, and odorless.
Paraffin wax can also be used to provide pain relief to sore joints and muscles.

Paraffin wax has many other uses, too.
Paraffin wax is often used as lubrication, electrical insulation, and to make candles and crayons


Paraffin wax is a by-product of heating or distilling petroleum, also known as crude oil.
Paraffin wax is a solid waxy substance that companies often use to make candles.
Paraffin wax also has other uses, such as a stiffening agent in ointments or an anti-inflammatory cream for the skin.

People often use it to relieve the symptoms of arthritis, and some spas use Paraffin wax as a therapeutic treatment.
Paraffin wax is also a mineral oil and an ingredient in many skin creams, lotions, and gels.

Paraffin waxes are produced as by-products of base oil production process in petroleum refineries.
This by-product is refined in paraffin production facilities to get semi or fully refined grades.
Rafination generally consist s of deoiling, bleaching and deodorization.

Paraffinic products can be divided into two genaral categories: Paraffin waxes and microcrystalline waxes.
Paraffin waxes also called macrocrystalline waxes consist of macrocrystals which are arranged in a more regular pattern and contains high percentage of unbranched molecules.
Paraffin waxes are higher grade alkanes which are very hydrophobic and chemically inert.

Application areas include hot melt adhesives, PVC production, textile industry, explosives,candlemaking, paper and packaging, inks, paints, match production, rodent bait carrier, fishnet protection, tire and rubber industry.

Paraffin Wax is a by-product of the petro-chemical industry.
Paraffin Wax has a low melting point of 50-60°c and a brittle texture, making Paraffin Wax unsuitable for encaustic painting or as an additive to oil paints, but it can be used to impart softness to lithographic crayons.
As a petroleum product, Paraffin Wax is more inert than animal or vegetable waxes, and is therefore not saponified (turned into soap) by alkali substances.


PRODUCTION OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Paraffin wax from a solvent dewaxing operation is commonly known as slack was, and the processes employed for the production of waxes arc aimed at de-oiling the slack wax (petroleum wax concentrate).

Was "waling was originally used to separate wax fractions with various melting points from the wax obtained from shale oils.
Wax sweating is Still used to some extent but is being replaced by the more convenient crystallization process.
In wax sweating, a cake of slack wax is slowly warmed to a temperature at which the oil in the wax and the lower-melting waxes become fluid and drip (or sweat) from the bottom of the cake. leaving a residue of higher-melting wax.

Sweated waxes generally contain small amounts of unsaturated aromatic and sulfur compounds, which are the source of unwanted color, odor, and the aisle that reduce the ability of the wax to resist oxidation; the commonly used method of removing these impurities is clay treatment of the molten wax.

Wax crystallization, like wax sweating, separates slack wax into Inactions. but instead of using the differences in melting points, it makes use of the different solubility of the wax fractions in a solvent. such as the ketone used in the dewaxing process.
When a mixture of ketone and slack wax is heated, the slack wax usually dissolves completely. and it' the solution is cooled slowly, a temperature is reached at which a crop of wax crystals is formed.
These crystals will all be of the same melting point. and if they arc removed by filtration, a wax fraction with a specific melting point is obtained.
If the clear filtrate is further cooled, the second crop of wax crystals with a lower melting point is obtained.
Thus, by alternate cooling and filtration, the slack wax can be subdivided into a large number of wax fractions, each with different melting points.

Chemically. paraffin wax is a mixture of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (with the general formula.
Wax is the residue extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils and they have a crystalline structure with canton number greater than 12.
The main characteristics of wax are (i) colorless. (ii) Odorless. (iii) translucent, and (iv) a melting point above 45°C (113°F).


PROPERTIES OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68 °C (115 and 154 °F), and a density of around 900 kg/m3.
Paraffin wax is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.
Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.
Its heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg.


The hydrocarbon C31H64 is a typical component of paraffin wax.
Paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with a resistivity of between 1013 and 1017 ohm metre.
This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably Teflon).
It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron.

Paraffin wax is an excellent material for storing heat, with a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J g−1 K−1 (joules per gram kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g−1.
Paraffin wax phase-change cooling coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the Lunar Roving Vehicle during the crewed missions to the Moon in the early 1970s.
Wax expands considerably when it melts and this allows its use in wax element thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes.

If pure parraffine wax melted to the approximate flash point in a half open glass vessel which is then suddenly cooled down its vapors may autoignite as result of reaching boiling liquid pressure.


Petroleum wax is of two general types: the paraffin waxes in petroleum distillates and the microcrystalline waxes in petroleum residua.
The melting point of the wax is not directly related to its boiling point because waxes contain hydrocarbons of different chemical nature.
Nevertheless, waxes are graded according to their melting point (ASTM 1)87, IP 55) and oil content (ASTM D721. IP In).


The melting point of paraffin was (ASTM D87. IP 55) has both direct and indirect significance in most wax utilization.
All wax grades are commercially indicated in a range of melting temperatures rather than at a single value, and a range of I °C (2°F) usually indicates a good degree of refinement.
Other common physical properties that help to illustrate the degree of refinement of the wax are color (ASTM D156), oil content (ASTM D721, IP 158), and viscosity (ASTM D88, ASTM D445, IP 71).

Fully refined paraffin waxes are a hard, white crystalline material derived from petroleum.
Paraffin waxes are predominately composed of normal, straight-chain hydrocarbons.

The water-repellent and thermoplastic properties of paraffin waxes make them ideal for many applications.
Typical end uses include cereal, delicatessen, and household wrap, corrugated containers, candles, cheese and vegetable coatings, and hot melt adhesives.

Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68°C (115 and 154°F) and a density of approximately 900, is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.
Paraffin wax is often classed as a stable chemical since it is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.

Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process.
In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax, which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of iso-paraffin (branched) and naphthene hydrocarbons.
It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax.

It consists of high-molecular-weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier, and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher molecular weight and melting point.

The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight-chain components that they contain.
The typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax.





Color:
Paraffin wax is generally white in color, whereas microcrystalline wax and petrolatum range from white to almost black.
A fully refined wax should be virtually colorless (water-white) when examined in the molten state.
The absence of color is of particular importance in wax used for pharmaceutical purposes or for the manufacture of food wrappings.

The significance of the color of microcrystalline wax and petrolatum depends on the use for which they are intended.
In some applications (e.g., the manufacture of corrosion preventives), color may be of little importance.

The Saybolt color test method (ASTM D156) is used for nearly colorless waxes, and in this method, a melted sample is placed in a heated vertical tube mounted alongside a second tube containing standard color disks.
An optical viewer allows simultaneous viewing of both tubes.
The level of the sample is decreased until its color is lighter than that of the standard, and the color number above this level is the Saybolt color.

The test method for the color of petroleum products (ASTM DI500, IP 196) is for wax and petrolatum that are too dark for the Saybolt colorimeter.
A liquid sample is placed in the test container, a glass cylinder of 30-35 min ID, and compared with colored glass disks ranging in value from 0-5 to 8-0, using a standard light source.
If an exact match is not found, and the sample color falls between two standard colors, the higher of the two colors is reported.

The Lovibond Tintometer (IP 17) is used to measure the tint and depth of color by comparison with a series of red, yellow, and blue standard glasses.
Waxes and petrolatum are tested in the molten state, and a wide range of cell sizes is available for different types.














HISTORY OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Paraffin wax was first created in 1830 by German chemist Karl von Reichenbach when he attempted to develop a method to efficiently separate and refine waxy substances naturally occurring in petroleum.
Paraffin represented a major advance in the candlemaking industry, because it burned cleanly and was cheaper to manufacture than other candle fuels.
Paraffin wax initially suffered from a low melting point.

This was remedied by adding stearic acid.
The production of paraffin wax enjoyed a boom in the early 20th century due to the growth of the oil and meatpacking industries, which created paraffin and stearic acid as byproducts.


Paraffin wax is acquired from petroleum by dewaxing light lubricating oil stocks.
It was first produced in 1830 by Carl Reichenbach in Germany and commemorated a key advancement in candle making technology, as its burn was cleaner, more consistent than tallow candles and was cheaper to produce.

Initially, paraffin wax had a low melting point, however, the addition of stearic acid later solved this.
Paraffin wax production was thriving in the early 20th century from a rise in meatpacking and oil industries which generated paraffin and stearic acid as by-products.




HOW IS PARAFFIN WAX MADE?:
Paraffin feedstock is slack wax, a combination of oil and wax and a by-product from the refining of lubricating oil.
Firstly, the oil is removed (de-oiled or de-waxed) from the slack wax and separated by crystallisation.
Generally, the slack wax is heated, mixed with a solvent such as ketone and then cooled.

The wax then crystalises out of the solution and the oil remains before the mixture is then filtered into two streams:
• Solid – wax plus some solvent
• Liquid – oil and solvent
Once the solvent is retrieved by distillation, the subsequent products are “product wax” (or “press wax”) and “foots oil”.
The lower percentage of oil in the wax, the more refined it is (semi-refined vs fully-refined).

The product wax may be processed more to remove any colours and odours.
The wax may then be blended to achieve specific required products such as penetration and melt point.
The paraffin wax is then supplied in either liquid or solid form.


MANUFACTURING OF PARAFFIN WAX:
The feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, a byproduct from the refining of lubricating oil.
The first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil (de-oiling or de-waxing) from the slack wax.
The oil is separated by crystallization.

Most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a ketone and then cooled.
As it cools, wax crystallizes out of the solution, leaving only oil.
This mixture is filtered into two streams: solid (wax plus some solvent) and liquid (oil and solvent).

After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the resulting products are called "product wax" (or "press wax") and "foots oil".
The lower the percentage of oil in the wax, the more refined it is considered (semi-refined versus fully refined).
The product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors.

The wax may finally be blended together to give certain desired properties such as melt point and penetration.
Paraffin wax is sold in either liquid or solid form.

APPLICATIONS OF PARAFFIN WAX:
In industrial applications, it is often useful to modify the crystal properties of the paraffin wax, typically by adding branching to the existing carbon backbone chain.
The modification is usually done with additives, such as EVA copolymers, microcrystalline wax, or forms of polyethylene.
The branched properties result in a modified paraffin with a higher viscosity, smaller crystalline structure, and modified functional properties.

Pure paraffin wax is rarely used for carving original models for casting metal and other materials in the lost wax process, as it is relatively brittle at room temperature and presents the risks of chipping and breakage when worked.
Soft and pliable waxes, like beeswax, may be preferred for such sculpture, but "investment casting waxes," often paraffin-based, are expressly formulated for the purpose.

In a histology or pathology laboratory, paraffin wax is used to impregnate tissue prior to sectioning thin samples.
Water is removed from the tissue through ascending strengths of alcohol (75% to absolute), and the tissue is cleared in an organic solvent such as xylene.
The tissue is then placed in paraffin wax for several hours, then set in a mold with wax to cool and solidify.
Sections are then cut on a microtome.



Paraffin has a variety of practical uses in industries that range from medicine and agriculture to cosmetics.
While the very first usage of paraffin dates back to the 19th century as paraffin wax in candles, the oil has since found use in many other forms.
Paraffin is commonly used as a fuel for jet engines and rockets, as well as a fuel or fuel component for diesel and tractor engines.

Common paraffin uses include:
Paraffin wax: a white or colourless soft solid used as a lubricant, candles, crayons, electrical insulation and petroleum jelly
Liquid paraffin (drug): a very highly refined mineral oil used in cosmetics and medicines

Alkane: a saturated hydrocarbon used as a chemical solvent and in plastics
Kerosene: a fuel also known as paraffin
Mineral oil: any of various colourless, odourless, light mixtures of alkanes in the C15 – C40 range from non-vegetable (mineral) source, particularly a distillate of petroleum

Petroleum jelly (soft paraffin)
Tractor vaporising oil: a fuel for petrol-paraffin engines
Paraffin fuel: for prama-stoves or paraffin stoves, used in households in rural parts of South Africa
Liquid paraffin is a mineral oil that comes in two forms: either heavy liquid paraffin oil or light liquid paraffin oil.

The terms kerosene and paraffin overlap where the latter is used as a liquid fuel.
Whereas paraffin wax is a waxy solid, liquid paraffin is more viscous and highly refined and can be used as a laxative.

Other uses of paraffin include:
• A coolant for electrical systems
• A hydraulic fluid











OTHER USES OF PARAFFIN WAX:
• Candle-making
• Wax carving
• Bicycle chain lubrication
• Coatings for waxed paper or waxed cotton
• Food-grade paraffin wax:
• Shiny coating used in candy-making; although edible, it is nondigestible, passing through the body without being broken down
• Coating for many kinds of hard cheese, like Edam cheese
• Sealant for jars, cans, and bottles
• Chewing gum additive
• Investment casting
• Anti-caking agent, moisture repellent, and dustbinding coatings for fertilizers
• Agent for preparation of specimens for histology
• Bullet lubricant – with other ingredients, such as olive oil and beeswax
• Phlegmatizing agent, commonly used to stabilise/desensitize high explosives such as RDX
• Crayons
• Solid propellant for hybrid rocket motors
• Component of surfboard wax, ski wax, and skateboard wax
• Ink. Used as the basis for solid ink different color blocks of wax for thermal printers. The wax is melted and then sprayed on the paper producing images with a shiny surface
• Microwax: food additive, a glazing agent with E number E905
• Forensic investigations: the nitrate test uses paraffin wax to detect nitrates and nitrites on the hand of a shooting suspect
• Antiozonant agents: blends of paraffin and micro waxes are used in rubber compounds to prevent cracking of the rubber; the admixture of wax migrates to the surface of the product and forms a protective layer. The layer can also act as a release agent, helping the product separate from its mould.[26]
• Mechanical thermostats and actuators, as an expansion medium for activating such devices
• As a potting material to encapsulate electronic components such as guitar pickups, transformers, and inductors, to prevent moisture ingress and to reduce electromagnetically-induced acoustic noise and microphonic effects
• Textile manufacturing processes, such as that used for Eisengarn thread.
• Thickening agent in many paintballs
• Moisturiser in toiletries and cosmetics such as Vaseline.
• Prevents oxidation on the surface of polished steel and iron
• Phase change material for thermal energy storage
• Used by MESSENGER (Mercury spacecraft), when the spacecraft was unable to radiate excessive heat.
• Manufacture of boiled leather armor and books
• Neutron radiation shielding
• Wax baths for occupational and physical therapies and cosmetic treatments
• Paraffin is effective in the treatment of Osteoporosis of the hand joints. Treatment consists of dip-wrapped paraffin bath therapy for 15 minutes until paraffin cooled for five days a weeks. The use of paraffin wax bath has been shown to decrease pain at rest and during ADLs compared to groups who did not receive wax therapy.
• Improvements in grip strength and pinch strength have been found in patients with Carpel Tunnel Syndrome, Osteoarthritis, spasticity, and post-traumatic stiffness for those who have used paraffin bath therapy along with traditional physical therapy in their recovery. It has been found that patients who have used paraffin bath therapy have yielded lower VAS and AUSCAN scores (pain scores) compared to those who did not.
• Used for wood finishing
• Used as a fuel for fire breathing
• Used in Lava Lamps

BENEFITS OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Cosmetic benefits:
Cosmetically, paraffin wax is often applied to the hands and feet.
The wax is a natural emollient, helping make skin supple and soft.
When applied to the skin, it adds moisture and continues to boost the moisture levels of the skin after the treatment is complete.

It can also help open pores and remove dead skin cells.
That may help make the skin look fresher and feel smoother.

Therapeutic benefits:
Paraffin wax may be used to help relieve pain in the hands of people with:
• Osteoarthritis
• rheumatoid arthritis
• fibromyalgia
• other joint mobility issues

Paraffin wax acts like a form of heat therapy and can help increase blood flow, relax muscles, and decrease joint stiffness.
Paraffin wax can also minimize muscle spasms and inflammation as well as treat sprains.


Paraffin wax has some potential therapeutic uses.
Some salons and spas use it as a skin-softening treatment or pain relief for sore joints and muscles.
The two main benefits of paraffin wax are its moisturizing or skin-softening properties and its use in heat therapy.

Moisturizing:
Spas and salons often use paraffin wax in skin-softening treatments to moisturize the hands, feet, and cuticles.
Paraffin is an occlusive moisturizerTrusted Source, which means it forms a physical barrier on the skin to prevent water loss.
This can make a person’s skin feel supple and soft.

Occlusive agents such as paraffin wax can also help relieve symptoms of dry skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis.
However, occlusive moisturizers may cause the skin to feel greasy.
The thick barrier on the skin could also lead to clogged pores and acne.

Heat therapy:
A person can use paraffin wax as a form of heat therapy for their hands or feet.
To use it for heat therapy, a person can melt the wax, test the temperature, and dip their hands or feet in it.
This may help relieve stiff muscles and joints by improving circulation and increasing blood flow to the area.
People with different forms of arthritis may find that this form of heat therapy helps alleviate pain, stiffness, and swelling, as well as helping to improve mobility and flexibility.



HOW TO USE PARAFFIN WAX:
Salons and spas may offer paraffin wax treatments, but people can also use the treatment at home.
The treatments at home and in a spa are likely very similar.
When using wax at home, a person should use caution when heating the wax and follow all instructions on the kit.

To perform a paraffin wax treatment at home, a person should follow these steps:

Wash hands with soap and water.
Apply a lotion or moisturizer to the hands.

Test the temperature of the wax by dipping a fingertip in gently.
Spread the fingers and dip the hand into the wax.
Remove when coated.

Repeat this, dipping and drying the hand about 6–8 times.
Cover the hand with a towel or plastic bag immediately.
Keep paraffin wax covered for 15–20 minutes.

Remove the towel.
Carefully peel the cooled wax from the hand.
Repeat steps with the other hand.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PARAFFIN WAX:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PARAFFIN WAX:
Chemical formula CnH2n+2
Appearance White solid
Odor Odorless
Boiling point > 370 °C (698 °F)
Solubility in water ~1 mg/L

TRADE NAMES OF PARAFFIN WAX:
IGI 1230 Paraffin Wax-Slab
IGI 1231 Paraffin Wax-Granulated
IGI 1236 Paraffin Wax -Gran
IGI 1236 Paraffin Wax-Slab
IGI 1240 Paraffin Wax-Slab
IGI 1245 Paraffin Wax-Slab
IGI 1246 Paraffin Wax-Gran
IGI 1255 Paraffin Wax-Gran
1611343 Paraffin Wax

Synonyms: Paraffin wax meets analytical specification of Ph.Eur., white, pastilles;Fully refined parafin wax Deg.56;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 51-53 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 52-54 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 42-44 25 KG;PARAFFIN IN BLOCK FORM 46-48 1 KG;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 56-58 PH EUR,B;PARAFFIN IN PASTILLE FORM 57-60 PH EUR,B CAS: 8002-74-2

Paraform, Polyoxymethane, Formagene; Polyformaldehyde; Polyoxymethylene; Formaldehyde Polymer; Polyoxymethylene Glycol; Trioxymethylene; Paraformaldehydum; Paraformic aldehyde; Metaformaldehyde CAS:30525-89-4; 53026-80-5

Paraform, Polyoxymethane, Formagene; Polyformaldehyde; Polyoxymethylene; Formaldehyde Polymer; Polyoxymethylene Glycol; Trioxymethylene; Paraformaldehydum; Paraformic aldehyde; Metaformaldehyde CAS:30525-89-4; 53026-80-5

Para-formaldehyde is a linear polymer, cross-linking fixative that changes to formaldehyde upon heating and by adding small amount of sodium hydroxide.
Para-formaldehyde appears as a white solid with a light pungent odor.
A linear polymer of formaldehyde of formula HO(CH2-O)xH where x averages about 30.


CAS Number: 30525-89-4
EC Number: 608-494-5
MDL number: MFCD00133991
Chemical formula: OH(CH2O)nH (n = 8 - 100)


Para-formaldehyde is soluble in water when x is less than 12; higher polymers are not immediately soluble.
Slow dissolution in water of Para-formaldehyde proceeds by means of hydrolysis to give fragments of lower x.
Para-formaldehyde is the smallest polyoxymethylene, the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units.


Para-formaldehyde commonly has a slight odor of formaldehyde due to decomposition.
Para-formaldehyde is a poly-acetal.
Formaldehyde is CH2O, the simplest aldehyde.
Formalin is the name for saturated (37%) formaldehyde solution.


Thus, a protocol calling for 10% formalin is roughly equivalent to 4% formaldehyde.
Beware though, that some solutions have methanol in them to stop polymerization but this could have a negative effect on your sample.
Para-formaldehyde has actually polymerized formaldehyde. "Pure", methanol-free formaldehyde can be made by heating the solid Para-formaldehyde.
This might be called Para-formaldehyde, but Para-formaldehyde actually isn't because it’s not the polymer form.


Para-formaldehyde is the polymerization product of formaldehyde; degree of polymerization of 8–100 units.
Para-formaldehyde must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution prior to use since it is not the fixative itself.
The formaldehyde fixing procedure for cell samples usually involves using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for a few minutes.


This vital step maintains the cell morphology and therefore ensures that sample cell structures stay intact, and antigens are immobilized, while still permitting antibody-target antigen access.
Para-formaldehyde depolymerizes in water to formaldehyde solution yielding consistent quality fixative solutions.
To achieve a strong solution, raise the temperature of the water to 60ºC then add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise.


Para-formaldehyde is the smallest polyoxymethylene, the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units.
Para-formaldehyde commonly has a slight odor of formaldehyde due to decomposition.
Para-formaldehyde is a poly-acetal.


Para-formaldehyde forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold.
Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde.
A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization.
Para-formaldehyde is as a trimer of formaldehyde and has the formula O-CH2-O-CH2-O-CH2.


Para-formaldehyde is a white, water soluble powder.
When added to a mud in advance of a bacterial inoculation and maintained, Para-formaldehyde can effectively control many strains of bacteria.
The amount or Para-formaldehyde in a mud can be estimated by oxidizing it with sulfite into formic acid and performing an alkalinity titration, according to a procedure published by API.


Para-formaldehyde is a ready-to-use fixation solution for cells or tissues.
It is electron microscopy-grade Para-formaldehyde dissolved in pH 7.4 PBS with no methanol added.
UV light and oxygen are known to cause formaldehyde degradation over long-term storage.
Biotium’s unique packaging method ensures the high quality of the formaldehyde by using amber glass vials packaged under argon gas and tightly sealed with pharmaceutical grade enclosures.


Para-formaldehyde is a general histological tissue fixative.
Contains Para-formaldehyde buffered to a neutral pH.
Para-formaldehyde is a white crystalline solid polymer with pungent odor and generates toxic formaldehyde gas when heated.
Para-formaldehyde may react violently with strong oxidizing agents and less with bases.


Para-formaldehyde is slightly soluble in alcohols and insoluble in ethers, hydrocarbons, and carbon tetrachloride.
Para-formaldehyde is a white, solid polymer of formaldehyde with the pungent, characteristic formaldehyde odor.
Para-formaldehyde is made up of connected formaldehyde molecules.
Para-formaldehyde is slightly soluble in alcohols and insoluble in ethers, hydrocarbons, and carbon tetrachloride.


Para-formaldehyde is relative insoluble in cold water, but soluble in hot water with depolymerization.
The solubility and rate of solution of Para-formaldehyde in water are greatly influenced by pH and temperature.
Both acidic and alkaline pHs and higher temperatures accelerate the rate of solution.
Once dissolved, the Para-formaldehyde solution behaves like the methanol-free formaldehyde solution of the same concentration.


Para-formaldehyde is composed of varying molecular weight polymers of polyoxymethylene glycols.
Para-formaldehyde is generally prepared as 91 or 95% formaldehyde by weight with the remainder being free and combined water.
The combined water is the terminating agent for the Para-formaldehyde chains.
Para-formaldehyde reacts chemically as formaldehyde at a rate determined by its rate of depolymerization under the conditions of use.


The rate of depolymerization and thus perceived reactivity decreases with increasing molecular weight of the polymer chains.
In microbiology laboratories, fixation process (immunofluorescence) uses formalin 4% concentration.
A blog by researchers mentioned that preparing this solution “fresh” from Para-formaldehyde is better than using formalin that has been kept for some time.


Para-formaldehyde is because more methylene glycol is present compared to its dimer and trimer oligomers and such solution of formalin 4% is absent of methanol.
Para-formaldehyde is the solid form of liquid formaldehyde, formed by the polymerization of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8-100 units.


Para-formaldehyde is a polymer of formaldehyde with a wide range of monomeric units typically 8-100.
Para-formaldehyde does not have the capacity to fix samples, hence it must be depolymerised in the solution.
Heating the Para-formaldehyde powder in the solution leads to its depolymerization.
Although Para-formaldehyde is widely used, there are circumstances where it is used as low as 0.5% to as high as 16%.


When dissolved, Para-formaldehyde breaks into formaldehyde in solution.
Formaldehyde fixes (halts) metabolism by cross-linking protein molecules especially with lysine.
Para-formaldehyde is important to note, that formaldehyde-based fixation is too slow and may take from a few hours to days to fix samples.
Para-formaldehyde is the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units.


Para-formaldehyde is not a fixative itself; it must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution.
Fixing ensures that sample cell structures stay intact and that antigens are immobilized, while ideally still permitting unfettered access of antibodies to target antigens.
Para-formaldehyde is the most preferred fixative agent as it builds covalent cross-links between molecules.


This glues them together hence effectively preserving cells and tissue components.
Use of Para-formaldehyde can guarantee consistency in the physical and chemical properties of the cell, hence no change in chemical and morphology characteristics of the cells and tissues.
Since the Para-formaldehyde is not fixative itself, it is required that formaldehyde is freshly prepared from the PFA stock.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Para-formaldehyde is used in fungicides, bactericides, and in the manufacture of adhesives.
Once Para-formaldehyde is depolymerized, the resulting formaldehyde may be used as a fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, and fixative.
Longer chain-length (high molecular weight) polyoxymethylenes are used as a thermoplastic and are known as polyoxymethylene plastic (POM, Delrin).


Para-formaldehyde was used in the past in the discredited Sargenti method of root canal treatment.
Para-formaldehyde is not a fixative; it must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution.
In cell culture, a typical formaldehyde fixing procedure would involve using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 10 minutes.


In histology and pathology specimens preparation, usually, the fixation step is performed using 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (4% formaldehyde) for, at least, 24 hours.
Para-formaldehyde is also used to crosslink proteins to DNA, as used in ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) which is a technique to determine which part of DNA certain proteins are binding to.


Para-formaldehyde can be used as a substitute of aqueous formaldehyde to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with melamine, phenol or other reactive agents in the manufacturing of particle board, medium density fiberboard and plywood.
Para-formaldehyde is used as a methanol-free, ready-to-use fixative that functions by forming covalent cross-links between molecules.
This strong network stabilizes the cellular framework, thus effectively preserving cell and tissue components.


The fixative delivers consistency in maintaining the physical and chemical properties of the cell; no evident changes occur in the chemical and morphological characteristics of the cell/tissue specimens on exposure to the product.
Para-formaldehyde is compatible with several antibody-based detection methods, such as immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and immunofluorescence.


Para-formaldehyde is a commonly used preservative for starch, xanthan gum, guar gum and other natural polymers that are prone to attack by bacteria.
Para-formaldehyde has documented uses as a disinfectant, fungicide, fixation reagent and in the preparation of formaldehyde.
In fluorescence studies, Para-formaldehyde has been used as as a formalin fixative to fix cells and tissues.


To use the chemical as a fixative, it must be converted to the monomer formaldehyde by heating as formaldehyde is the active chemical in fixation.
Tissue specimens should be place immediately in Para-formaldehyde to prevent autolysis, putrefaction and other undesirable cellular changes.
Para-formaldehyde is required for tissue/specimen fixation.


Para-formaldehyde is used for laboratory use only.
Para-formaldehyde is a cross-linking fixative used in histology, light and electron microscopy and flow cytometry.
Para-formaldehyde is changed to formaldehyde by heating and by adding small amount of sodium hydroxide.
When the samples are to be used in fluorescence studies, Para-formaldehyde is recommended as fixative.


In histology Para-formaldehyde is generally preferred over other fixatives as the others result in more silver grains on the tissues.
Main Applications of Para-formaldehyde: Coating compounds, adhesive agent, textile-processing resins, phenol resins
Para-formaldehyde is widely used by resin manufacturers seeking low water content, or more favorable control of reaction rates when compared to aqueous formaldehyde solutions.


With less dehydration required, Para-formaldehyde resins are made in less time.
Better yields result from the complete or partial elimination of dehydration because fewer reactants are lost in the distillate.
Utility costs are reduced because Para-formaldehyde requires less steam, cooling water and power for water removal.


The capability of charging more reactants to the process equipment (in the volume otherwise occupied by water and extra azeotroping agent) increases reactor capacity, and reduces capital required for equipment versus the equipment costs and capacity when using aqueous formaldehyde.
Finally, and of increasing importance, less wastewater is produced.


Para-formaldehyde provides a source of formaldehyde for the synthesis of phenol-, urea-, furfural alcohol-, resorcinol- and melamine- formaldehyde resins.
These products find extensive usage in industrial coatings, wood products, textiles, and foundry resins.
Oil well drilling chemicals, lubricating oil additives, adhesive resins, and electrical component molding materials also use Para-formaldehyde.


Miscellaneous end uses include photographic and graphic arts chemicals, pigments, rubber antioxidants, fluorescent tube and ink chemicals, pharmaceuticals, slow release fertilizers and others.
Since Para-formaldehyde is basically a condensed form of formaldehyde, it possesses the same characteristics but with a wider range of applications.


Use of Para-formaldehyde is convenient and safe.
Para-formaldehyde avoids pollution arising from the disposal of the distillate obtained in the thermosetting resin production which is contaminated with organic matter.
Para-formaldehyde does not need to be dissolved in water in order to take part in a chemical reaction.


Para-formaldehyde eliminates the risk of transporting liquid formalin, which is notoriously dangerous.
Perfect for small uses straight from the bag.
Unlike granular or flake forms of Para-formaldehyde, our prilled form of Para-formaldehyde has higher quality consistency and higher solubility to meet with your quality requirement and save you processing time.


In coating applications, low acid content in Para-formaldehyde is important for a greater gloss control and stability.
Para-formaldehyde made with very low acid content in a chemical resistant environment can prevent formation of acidic by-products.
Para-formaldehyde can be used as a substitute of formalin to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with urea, melamine, phenol, resorcinol, tannin or other reactants in the manufacturing of particle board, fibreboard and plywood.


Para-formaldehyde is recommended to be made in 1X PBS buffer (neutral buffered formalin; NBA).
Neutral pH prevents the formation of formic acid, which is known to form "formalin pigments" in tissue and slower fixation rates.
Para-formaldehyde tissue fixation solution is widely used in the detection of tissue, tissue slice, cell and other biological sample fixation solutions such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), immunocytochemistry (IC), flow cytometry (FACS).


If a lower concentration of Para-formaldehyde is needed, PBS can be used as dilution buffer.
Para-formaldehyde tissue fixation solution has strong penetrability and fixation, which can make the tissue harden and it is good for slicing.
Para-formaldehyde will cause less tissue shrinkage, less damage and mild, which can well preserve the inherent substance and maintain the antigenicity and fine structure of the tissue.


In addition, Para-formaldehyde can be used to fix and preserve fat and lipid substances.
Para-formaldehyde has good fixation effect and wide applications.
Para-formaldehyde is suitable for the fixation of various common cells or tissues.
Para-formaldehyde has good fixation effect on skin, muscle, viscera, etc.


Para-formaldehyde mainly acts on protein, but can’t fix uric acid and sugar, etc.
Para-formaldehyde does not contain DEPC and it is not recommended for in situ hybridization or other experiments requiring detection of nucleic acids.
Para-formaldehyde is prepared in PBS solution and can be directly used for tissue or cell fixation without dilution.


Para-formaldehyde is recommended that 1 ml of fixed solution is needed for each sample fixation.
In cell culture, typical formaldehyde fixing procedure would involve using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 10 minutes.


-Use of Para-formaldehyde in resin production offers many advantages as compared to aqueous formaldehyde:
*Higher productivity from existing equipment and less water to be removed from the resin product.
*Para-formaldehyde takes the form of prilled, is stable and very easy to store.
*Para-formaldehyde storage is less expensive than the storage of formaldehyde solution, which requires expensive tanks and which may need stabilization or be kept warm.


-Applications of Para-formaldehyde:
*Fixation solution for Immuno-histochemistry and fluorescent protein labelled samples.
*pH
*Adjust pH 6.9 to 7.4 depending on application with 1N HCl and 1N NaOH.


-Applications of Para-formaldehyde:
• for use in the preparation of formalin fixatives for tissues or cells when the samples are to be used in florescence imaging
• for fixing of cell/tissue sections during histology/staining procedures
• for cross-linking cells during chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay


-Applications of Para-formaldehyde:
*For manufacturing of Phenolic Urea and Melamine Resins (condensation reactions).
*For production of lon Exchange Resins (chloromethylation reaction).
*Disinfection of the air in rooms.
*Hardening of Glues.
*Manufacture of fluorescent pigments and soluble condensation product for textile auxiliaries, alcoholic solutions commonly known as ‘FORMOCEL’.
*Para-formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of Phenolic Resins, of Urea, Thiourea and Melamine Formaldehyde Resins (whenever high concentration of formaldehyde is required).
*Para-formaldehyde is used in place of formaldehyde aqueous solution for high reactivity and concentrations of aldehyde contents reacted with low water contents.



FEATURES OF PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
- Ready to use fixative buffer
- Methanol free
- Prepared from EM grade Para-formaldehyde
- Safer and more convenient than handling the Para-formaldehyde solid



WHY PARA-FORMALDEHYDE?
Para-formaldehydeafter depolymerization results in the formation of formaldehyde in solution which can be used as a fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, fixative.
Para-formaldehyde reacts with either phenol, urea, melamine or resorcinol to produce resin.
Para-formaldehyde is also used in the production of inks of a wide array of ink applications like dollar bills, books, and other printing materials.



SYNTHESIS OF PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Para-formaldehyde forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold.
Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde.
A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization.



REACTIONS OF PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Para-formaldehyde can be depolymerized to formaldehyde gas by dry heating and to formaldehyde solution by water in the presence of a base, an acid or heat.
The high purity formaldehyde solutions obtained in this way are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology.
The resulting formaldehyde gas from dry heating paraformaldehyde is flammable.



DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORMALIN, FORMALDEHYDE AND PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Formaldehyde is a simple aldehyde (equivalent of a monomer to Para-formaldehyde) with formula CH2O.
Formalin, on the other hand, is a saturated solution of formaldehyde (37%).
10% formalin is equivalent to 4% formaldehyde.
However, many vendors use a small amount of methanol or other chemicals to prevent polymerization of formaldehyde in the solution.
These additional reagents must be considered as they may yield unwanted effects.

Para-formaldehyde is a polymer of formaldehyde with 8-100 units.
Para-formaldehyde, when dissolved in water, breaks down into formaldehyde.
This solution differs from commercially available form (formalin) being relatively pure (devoid of methanol).
In immunohistochemistry (IHC) and cell biology experiments, researchers prefer working with Para-formaldehyde solution rather formalin due to the same reason.

Although formalin and Para-formaldehyde solutions said to be having formaldehyde, formaldehyde in these solutions is hydrated and converts (most of the formaldehyde) into methylene glycol.
In these solutions (formalin or Para-formaldehyde), a major portion of methylene glycol is in equilibrium with formaldehyde.
However, only formaldehyde (not methylene glycol) have cross-linking ability.



MAKING PARA-FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION:
Para-formaldehyde is usually made in PBS or TBS at 70 °C with several drops of 5N NaOH to help clarify the solution.
Prepare Para-formaldehyde solution in a chemical hood if you don’t want to be slightly fixed yourself.
Often Para-formaldehyde stocks have insoluble impurities and it's best that these be removed via a quick spin in a table-top centrifuge or by passing the prepared solution through a filter syringe.
Para-formaldehyde is also important to realize that the efficacy and impurity content of powdered Para-formaldehyde can vary greatly from lot number to lot number of reagent.
Don’t be surprised if your fixation concentrations & conditions may need to be tweaked when you open a new bottle of Para-formaldehyde.



FORMALDEHYDE, FORMALIN, AND PARA-FORMALDEHYDE: WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?
Aldehyde fixatives act by chemically cross-linking free amine groups on proteins.
Formaldehyde is a commonly used fixative, but it is not stable in solution, because under exposure to light and oxygen it polymerizes and precipitates.
Formaldehyde solution is commonly stabilized by the addition of methanol.
The classic fixative used for pathology is 10% neutral buffered formalin, which is a solution of 10% formaldehyde in sodium phosphate buffer containing up to 1.5% methanol.

Many researchers prefer to use methanol-free formaldehyde for fixation, because methanol can permeabilize cell membranes and affect the morphology of cellular structures like the actin cytoskeleton.
To make formaldehyde solution, the polymerized Para-formaldehyde solid must be heated in basic water to form reactive formaldehyde.
Methanol-free fixative solutions prepared from Para-formaldehyde solid are commonly referred to as Para-formaldehyde solution or PFA.
While technically inaccurate, it serves to distinguish stabilizer-free formaldehyde solution from methanol-stabilized formaldehyde.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
Molecular Weight: 30.03 (as monomer)
Chemical formula: OH(CH2O)nH (n = 8 - 100)
Appearance: white crystalline solid
Density: 1.42 g·cm−3 (25 °C)
Melting point: 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K)
Solubility in water: low
Density: 1.49 g/cm3 (-5 °C)
Explosion limit: 7 - 73 %(V)
Ignition temperature: 300 °C
Melting Point: 164 °C
pH value: 5.5 (H₂O, 20 °C) (saturated solution)
Vapor pressure: 1.93 hPa (25 °C)
Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: pungent
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 120 - 170 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 73 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 7 %(V)
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 4,0 - 5,5

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: insoluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 0,88 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Formula: (CH2O)n.H2O
Decomposes at: 120-180°C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.5
Solubility in water: poor
Vapour pressure, kPa at 25°C: <0.2
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 1.03
Flash point: 71°C c.c.
Auto-ignition temperature: 300°C
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 7.0-73.0



FIRST AID MEASURES of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C
Handle and store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PARA-FORMALDEHYDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).



SYNONYMS:
Paraformaldehyde
30525-89-4
Formagene
Aldacide
Flo-Mor
Polyoxymethylene glycol
Paraformic aldehyde
Polymerised formaldehyde
Y19UC83H8E
(CH2O)n
Oilstop, Halowax
Paraformaldehydum
608-494-5
Caswell No. 633
DTXSID8034798
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 043002
HSDB 4070
Hyperband
PARAFORMALDEHYDE (MART.)
Paraforsn
UNII-Y19UC83H8E
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 043002

4-hydroxybenzoate de propyle,Synonymes ,propylparabène parahydroxybenzoate de propyle,önipazol,paseptol,propagin,nipasol,Le 4-hydroxybenzoate de propyle ou propylparabène est un composé organique de la famille des parabènes. Il existe à l’état naturel dans de nombreuses plantes et chez quelques insectes, mais on le synthétise pour l’industrie des cosmétiques, la pharmacie et l’industrie agro-alimentaire. C’est un conservateur (E2167) que l'on trouve fréquemment dans les cosmétiques à base d’eau, comme les crèmes, lotions, shampooings et produits de bains, car il est hydrosoluble.

Paraformaldehyde 97% Synthesis of Paraformaldehyde 97% Paraformaldehyde 97% forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold. Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde. A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization. Reactions of Paraformaldehyde 97% Paraformaldehyde 97% can be depolymerized to formaldehyde gas by dry heating and to formaldehyde solution by water in the presence of a base, an acid or heat. The high purity formaldehyde solutions obtained in this way are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology. The resulting formaldehyde gas from dry heating Paraformaldehyde 97% is flammable. Uses of Paraformaldehyde 97% Once Paraformaldehyde 97% is depolymerized, the resulting formaldehyde may be used as a fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, and fixative. Longer chain-length (high molecular weight) polyoxymethylenes are used as a thermoplastic and are known as polyoxymethylene plastic (POM, Delrin). It was used in the past in the discredited Sargenti method of root canal treatment. Paraformaldehyde 97% is not a fixative; Paraformaldehyde 97% must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution. In cell culture, a typical formaldehyde fixing procedure would involve using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 10 minutes. In histology and pathology specimens preparation, usually, the fixation step is performed using 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (4% formaldehyde) for, at least, 24 hours. Paraformaldehyde 97% is also used to crosslink proteins to DNA, as used in ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) which is a technique to determine which part of DNA certain proteins are binding to. Paraformaldehyde 97% can be used as a substitute of aqueous formaldehyde to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with melamine, phenol or other reactive agents in the manufacturing of particle board, medium density fiberboard and plywood. Toxicity of Paraformaldehyde 97% As a formaldehyde releasing agent, Paraformaldehyde 97% is a potential carcinogen. Its acute oral median lethal dose in rats is 592 mg/kg. Properties of Paraformaldehyde 97% Chemical formula OH(CH2O)nH (n = 8 - 100) Appearance white crystalline solid Density 1.42 g·cm−3 (25 °C) Melting point 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K) Solubility in water low General description of Paraformaldehyde 97% Paraformaldehyde 97% is also referred as polyoxymethylene. Paraformaldehyde 97% participates as an external CO source in the synthesis of aromatic aldehydes and esters. Paraformaldehyde is an ideal fixative used in histology. Paraformaldehyde 97% is generally preferred over other fixative as the others result in more silver grains on the tissues. Paraformaldehyde 97%, appropriately combined with DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) ensures its uniform distribution over the tissue section. Paraformaldehyde is also used in recognizing and stabilizing the expression of intracellular antigen. Application of Paraformaldehyde 97% Paraformaldehyde 97% has been used as a fixative in histological analysis. Paraformaldehyde 97% has also been used in mitotic catastrophe assay. Paraformaldehyde 97% is the informal name of polyoxymethylene, a polymer of formaldehyde (also known by many other and confusing names, such as ‘paraform’, ‘formagene’, ‘para’, ‘polyoxymethane’). Paraformaldehyde 97% is the informal name of polyoxymethylene, a polymer of formaldehyde (also known by many other and confusing names, such as ‘paraform’, ‘formagene’, ‘para’, ‘polyoxymethane’). It is slowly formed as a white precipitate by condensation from the predominant species methanediol (formaldehyde hydrate) in solutions of formaldehyde (which may also be called ‘formalin’, ‘formal’, or ‘formalose’) on standing, in an equilibrium (Fig. 3.1). The solution is predominantly of oligomers, but when n becomes large enough the material becomes sufficiently insoluble as to precipitate, when the condensation may still continue. The resulting solid may have n range from ~ 8 to 100, or more. The reaction is driven to the left, to release formaldehyde, by a low concentration of formaldehyde, and accelerated by acidic or alkaline conditions. Solid Paraformaldehyde 97% smells plainly of the monomer (b.p. − 21 °C), so it is essentially a convenient means of delivering formaldehyde slowly. Paraformaldehyde 97% has documented uses as a disinfectant, fungicide, fixation reagent and in the preparation of formaldehyde. In fluorescence studies, paraformaldehyde 97% has been used as as a formalin fixative to fix cells and tissues. To use the chemical as a fixative, it must be converted to the monomer formaldehyde by heating as formaldehyde is the active chemical in fixation. Paraformaldehyde 97% is a polymer of formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde 97% itself is not a fixing agent, and needs to be broken down into its basic building block formaldehyde. This can be done by heating or basic conditions until it becomes solubilized. Once that occurs, essentially they are exactly the same. Beware though, some commerical formaldehyde solutions contain methanol to prevent polymerization (into Paraformaldehyde 97%), and this methanol can potentially inhibit your experiment. We allow Paraformaldehyde 97% to heat over-night, filter, and use fresh for our fixation protocols for immunofluorescence, and we have great success. We store the Paraformaldehyde 97% in the fridge, but do not use it after a few days because it will eventually polymerize again and become less efficacious. A polymer consists of 10 to 100 formaldehyde units. Not only the hazardous effects to human health and environment but also the difficulties in processing and storing of formaldehyde gas leads to paraformaldehyde use in formaldehyde resins. Paraformaldehyde decomposes into the formaldehyde at nearly 150°C. Paraformaldehyde 97% applications Applications The most important use of Paraformaldehyde 97% is as a source of formaldehyde groups in the production of many thermosetting resins, together with phenol, urea, melamine, resorcinol and other similar reagents. These resins are used as moulding powders; in the wood industry as glues for chipboard, plywood and furniture; as bonding resins for brakes, abrasives and foundry dyes; as finishing resins for paper and textiles; as driers and glossing agents for paints; as insulating varnishes for electrical parts. Some typical formulations for the production of such resins starting from Paraformaldehyde 97% include dichloroethyl formal, methyl phenol, disinfectants, insecticides, pharmaceuticals such as vitamin A, embalming preparations, dyestuff and special plasticizers. In addition, Paraformaldehyde 97% is used as a fungicide and bactericide in industries as varied as crude oil production, beet sugar refining, and warehousing. Paraformaldehyde 97% has widespread acceptance as an additive to stop fermentation of the starch on oil-well-drilling muds. The sugar beet industry used it to minimize the growth of algae in its continuous diffusers. Hotels and motels in humid areas often use it, with or without added mothproofing agents, in small bags hung in closets to prevent the formation of mildew. Paraformaldehyde 97% possesses the common characteristics with a wide range of applications Paraformaldehyde 97% is the smallest solid form of liquid formaldehyde, formed by the polymerization of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8-100 units. As Paraformaldehyde 97% is basically a condensed form of formaldehyde, it possesses the common characteristics with a wide range of applications. Advantages of Paraformaldehyde 97% in resin production as compared to aqueous formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde 97% does not need to be dissolved in water in order to take part in a chemical reaction. Higher productivity from existing equipment and less water to be removed from the resin product. Paraformaldehyde 97% made with very low acid content in a chemical resistant environment can prevent the formation of acidic by-products. We offer a prilled form, which is stable and very easy to store. Paraformaldehyde 97% storage is less expensive than the storage of formaldehyde solution, which requires expensive tanks and which may need stabilization or be kept warm. It eliminates the risk of transporting liquid formalin, which is notoriously dangerous. Perfect for small uses straight from the bag. Use of Paraformaldehyde 97% is convenient and safe. It avoids pollution arising from the disposal of the distillate obtained in the thermosetting resin production which is contaminated with organic matter. Typical Properties of Paraformaldehyde 97% Color White CAS Number 30525-89-4 Appearance Free Flowing Prilled Molecular Formula OH-(CH2O)n-H where n=8 to 100 units Paraformaldehyde 97% Content 92% ± 1% / 96% ± 1% Water Content 8% ± 1% / 4% ± 1% Reactivity 2 – 8 min Mean Particle Size 250 – 350 µm Ash 0.01 – 0.05% Bulk Density 650 – 850 kg/m3 Melting Point 120 – 175 C Ph 4 – 7 Flammability combustible, with flash point (tag open cup) of about 93 C Vapour Pressure varies with air humidity, being between 23 and 26 mmHg at 25 C Applications of Paraformaldehyde 97% Resins Industry The most important use of Paraformaldehyde 97% is as a source of formaldehyde groups in the production of many thermosetting resins, together with phenol, urea, melamine, resorcinol and other similar reagents. These resins are used as moulding powders; in the wood industry as glues for chipboard, plywood and furniture; as bonding resins for brakes, abrasives and foundry dyes; as finishing resins for paper and textiles; as driers and glossing agents for paints; as insulating varnishes for electrical parts. Disinfectant Paraformaldehyde 97% generates formaldehyde gas when it is depolymerized by heating. The depolymerized material reacts with the moisture in the air to form formaldehyde gas. This process is used for the decontamination of large spaced and laminar-flow biological safety cabinets when maintenance work or filter changes require access to the sealed portion of the cabinet. It is used in the poultry industry as a disinfectant in the hatcheries, and cattle and sheep industry for sanitizing the bedding in the sheds. It releases formaldehyde gas when the temperatures increase. It reduces contamination levels caused by moulds, viruses and bacteria. Agriculture and Pesticides Most Paraformaldehyde 97% consumed by the agrochemicals industry is for the herbicides such as bismerthiazol, butachlor, acetochlor, glyphosate, and machete. Embalming Process Formalin is used during embalming processes as a disinfectant and preservative. It is used as an injection fluid in arterial and cavity embalming, and in surface embalming as a fluid for soaking surface packs or a gel applied to the skin or internal surfaces. Paraformaldehyde 97%, a powdered polymer form of formaldehyde, is also sometimes used in embalming processes. Reagent for Organic Reactions In microbiology laboratories, fixation process (immunofluorescence) uses formalin 4% concentration. A blog by researchers mentioned that preparing this solution “fresh” from Paraformaldehyde 97% is better than using formalin that has been kept for some time. It is because more methylene glycol is present compared to its dimer and trimer oligomers and such solution of formalin 4% is absent of methanol. Oil Well Drilling Chemicals Paraformaldehyde 97% is used in the manufacturing of 1,3,5-triazine used as H2S scavenger in Oil drilling process. Paraformaldehyde 97% tablets are very effective against a wide spectrum of organisms. They may be recommended for targeted degerming measures in medical practice. Their utilization requires the observance of the conditions necessary for their efficient use. The tablets should be employed only in containers which are as tight-fitting as possible (preferentially instrument cabinets, Heynemann cabinets, catheter boxes and plastic bags). Paraformaldehyde 97% tablets are well suited for the reduction of the bacterial population and the storage of nonwrapped sterilized instruments. For this purpose, 1 tablet/dm3 is needed. The exposure time required for bacterial count reduction is no less than 3 h. Despite certain limitations, Paraformaldehyde 97% tablets may be used for disinfecting. The objects to be disinfected should be neither too contaminated nor too soiled. The minimum period of exposure is 5 h, and 10 tablets/dm3 are necessary. Cold sterilization requires 10 tablets/dm3, too; but the exposure time ranges from 15 to 24 h. This method (which must be considered an expedient) should be employed only if the respective device or instrument cannot be sterilized by other sterilizing techniques. In any case, 80% relative air humidity is a must in the devices in which Paraformaldehyde 97% tablets are used. Paraformaldehyde 97% is the solid form of liquid formaldehyde, formed by the polymerization of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8-100 units. Since Paraformaldehyde 97% is basically a condensed form of formaldehyde, it possesses the same characteristics but with a wider range of applications. Manufactured based on the latest technology to give good solubility, homogeneous prilled and low acid content, it is suitable for all ranges of application of Paraformaldehyde 97%. Unlike granular or flake forms of Paraformaldehyde 97%, our prilled form of Paraformaldehyde 97% has higher quality consistency and higher solubility to meet with your quality requirement and save you processing time. In coating applications, low acid content in Paraformaldehyde 97% is important for a greater gloss control and stability. Paraformaldehyde 97% made with very low acid content in a chemical resistant environment can prevent formation of acidic by-products. In microbiology laboratories, fixation process (immunofluorescence) uses formalin 4% concentration. A blog by researchers mentioned that preparing this solution “fresh” from Paraformaldehyde 97% is better than using formalin that has been kept for some time. It is because more methylene glycol is present compared to its dimer and trimer oligomers and such solution of formalin 4% is absent of methanol. Paraformaldehyde 97% can be used as a substitute of formalin to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with urea, melamine, phenol, resorcinol, tannin or other reactants in the manufacturing of particle board, fibreboard and plywood. Use of Paraformaldehyde 97% in resin production offers many advantages as compared to aqueous formaldehyde: Higher productivity from existing equipment and less water to be removed from the resin product. It takes the form of prilled, is stable and very easy to store. Paraformaldehyde 97% storage is less expensive than the storage of formaldehyde solution, which requires expensive tanks and which may need stabilization or be kept warm. Use of Paraformaldehyde 97% is convenient and safe. It avoids pollution arising from the disposal of the distillate obtained in the thermosetting resin production which is contaminated with organic matter. Paraformaldehyde 97% does not need to be dissolved in water in order to take part in a chemical reaction. It eliminates the risk of transporting liquid formalin, which is notoriously dangerous. Perfect for small uses straight from the bag. Packaging & Handling of Paraformaldehyde 97% - Polyethylene bag : 25 KG nett. Other Packaging sizes by request. - Keep in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Provide sufficient air exchange and/or exhaust in work rooms. Paraformaldehyde 97% decomposes to formaldehyde which can build up in a shipping container depending on time and temperature during transit. The level of formaldehyde exposure may be instantaneously high when the shipping container is opened. Storage of Paraformaldehyde 97% Store in locked up. Location of storage should only be accesible to authorised personnel. Separate storage area from work place. By Application of Paraformaldehyde 97% Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Phenolic Resin Melamine Resin Fumigation Reagent for organic reactions Coating Pesticide Disinfectant Pharmaceuticals Paraformaldehyde 97% (PFA) is a polymer of formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde 97% itself is not a fixing agent, and needs to be broken down into its basic building block, formaldehyde. This can be done by heating or basic conditions until it becomes solubilized. Formalin is the name for saturated (37%) formaldehyde solution. Beware though, some commercial formaldehyde solutions contain methanol to prevent polymerization (into Paraformaldehyde 97%). Since 100% formalin contains up to 15% of methanol as a stabilizer, it has a significant impact on cell fixation. Methanol is a permeabilizing agent. It can interfere with the staining of membrane bound proteins, and can greatly influence staining of cytoskeletal proteins. For example, when staining cellular F-actin it is imperative to use a methanol-free formaldehyde fixative. This is because methanol can disrupt F-actin during the fixation process and prevent the binding of phalloidin conjugates. "Pure" methanol-free formaldehyde can be made by heating the solid PFA. 4% Paraformaldehyde 97% is usually made in PBS or TBS at 70 °C with several drops of 5N NaOH to help clarify the solution. Prepare 4% Paraformaldehyde 97% solution in a chemical hood and then store in a refrigerator. Because the solution will re-polymerize during storage it is best to use immediately or within a few days. In the presence of air and moisture, polymerization readily takes place in concentrated solutions at room temperatures to form paraformaldehyde, a solid mixture of linear polyoxymethylene glycols containing 90-99% formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde 97% is used in place of aqueous formaldehyde solutions, especially in applications where the presence of water interferes, e.g., in the plastics industry for the preparation of phenol, urea, and melamine resins, varnish resins, thermosets, and foundry resins. Other uses include the synthesis of organic products in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries (e.g., Prins reaction, chloromethylation, Mannich reaction), the production of textile auxiliaries (e.g., for crease-resistant finishes), and the preparation of disinfectants and deodorants. Paraformaldehyde 97% is prepared industrially in continuously operated plants by concentrating aqueous formaldehyde solutions under vacuum conditions. ... /It/ is currently produced in several steps which are carried out at low pressure and various temperatures. Highly reactive formaldehyde is produced under vacuum conditions starting with solutions that contain 50 - 100 ppm of formic acid and also 1 - 15 ppm of metal formates where the metals have an atomic number of 23 - 30 (e.g., Mn, Co, and Cu). The solutions are processed in thin-layer evaporators and spray dryers. Other techniques such as fractional condensation of the reaction gases in combination with the formaldehyde synthesis process and very rapid cooling of the gases are also applied. Alternatively, formaldehyde-containing gas is brought into contact with Paraformaldehyde 97% at a temperature that is above the dew point of the gas and below the decomposition temperature of Paraformaldehyde 97%. The product is obtained in the form of flakes when a highly concentrated formaldehyde solution is poured onto a heated metal surface. The hardened product is subsequently scraped off and thoroughly dried. Paraformaldehyde 97% beads are produced by introducing a highly concentrated melt into a cooling liquid (e.g., benzene, toluene, cyclohexane). Acids and alkalis are also added; they apparently accelerate polymerization and lead to the formation of higher molecular mass but less reactive Paraformaldehyde 97%. Highly soluble, highly reactive Paraformaldehyde 97% with a low degree of polymerization is very much in demand. It is produced from concentrated, aqueous - alcoholic formaldehyde solutions. Dental Paraformaldehyde 97% Paste (Jap P). Past. Paraform. Dent. Paraformaldehyde 97% 35 g, procaine hydrochloride 35 g, hydrous wool fat 30 g. The widmark test for the UV photometric determination of ethanol in blood and urine is described. Paraformaldehyde 97% can also be detected. Paraformaldehyde 97% is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance. The Agency has completed its assessment of the residential, occupational and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%. The Agency has determined that virtually all formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: 1) all risk mitigation measures are implemented; 2) current data gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed; and 3) label amendments are made as described in Section V. Use in confined spaces such as closets is not eligible for registration because of the difficulty associated with ventilation of these spaces. ... Based on its evaluation of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%, the Agency has determined that formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement the risk mitigation measures, submit confirmatory data as well as make the label changes identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%. If all changes outlined in this document are fully complied with, then no risks of concern exist for the registered uses of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% and the purposes of this determination. The Agency has completed its assessment of the residential, occupational and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%. The Agency has determined that virtually all formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: 1) all risk mitigation measures are implemented; 2) currentdata gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed; and 3) label amendments are made as described in Section V. Use in confined spaces such as closets is not eligible for registration because of the difficulty associated with ventilation of these spaces. ... Based on its evaluation of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%, the Agency has determined that formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement the risk mitigation measures, submit confirmatory data as well as make the label changes identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97%. If all changes outlined in this document are fully complied with, then no risks of concern exist for the registered uses of formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde 97% and the purposes of this determination. As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Paraformaldehyde 97% is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0556; Pesticide type: fungicide, antimicrobial; Registration Standard Date: 05/31/88 PB88-231543; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Paraformaldehyde 97%; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. Paraformaldehyde 97% is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. More decay was associated with tapholes in mature sugar maples (Acer saccharum) treated with a 250-mg Paraformaldehyde 97% pill than with control tapholes. This was apparent 20 months after treatment and at each successive examination to the final measurement at 56 months. Repeated use of Paraformaldehyde 97% leads to rapid development of decay in sugar maple. Paraformaldehyde 97% is listed as a synthetic organic chemical which should be degradable by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved. Paraformaldehyde 97% is ubiquitous in the environment; it is an chemical that occurs in most life forms, including humans. It is formed naturally in the troposphere during the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Paraformaldehyde 97%'s production and use in the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, such as resins, finding a variety of end uses such as wood products, plastics, and coatings may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a fumigant in agricultural premises and as a surface disinfectant in commercial premises and its use as a corrosion inhibitor in oil wells and release from slow-release fertilizers result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Paraformaldehyde 97% will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase Paraformaldehyde 97% will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is 45 hrs. Paraformaldehyde 97% absorbs ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths of >360 nm and is susceptible to direct photolysis. Paraformaldehyde 97% has a direct photolysis half-life of 4.1 hours measured at sea-level and 40 degrees latitude. Paraformaldehyde 97% has been detected in rainwater and adsorbed to atmospheric particulates indicating it may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, Paraformaldehyde 97% is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 8. In soil, Paraformaldehyde 97% gas can adsorb to clay minerals and interact with humic substances resulting in decreased mobility. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Paraformaldehyde 97% will volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Paraformaldehyde 97% has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, Paraformaldehyde 97% is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. In a die-away test using water from a stagnant lake, degradation was complete in 30 and 40 hrs under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The half-life of Paraformaldehyde 97% has been reported between 1-7 days in surface water and 2-14 days in groundwater, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half lives. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Paraformaldehyde 97% is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment because of the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to Paraformaldehyde 97% may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Paraformaldehyde 97% is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Paraformaldehyde 97% via inhalation of ambient air (indoor and outdoor), inhalation of cigarette smoke, ingestion of food and possibly drinking water, and dermal contact with cosmetics, aerosol products and other consumer products containing Paraformaldehyde 97%. Concentrations of Paraformaldehyde 97% in outdoor and indoor air range from about 1 to 20 ug/cu m and 25 to 100 ug/cu m, respectively. Paraformaldehyde 97% is ubiquitous in the environment; it is an endogenous chemical that occurs in most life forms, including humans. It is formed naturally in the troposphere during the oxidation of hydrocarbons, which react with hydroxyl radicals and ozone to form Paraformaldehyde 97% and other aldehydes, as intermediates in a series of reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water. Of the hydrocarbons found in the troposphere, methane is the single most important source of Paraformaldehyde 97%. Terpenes and isoprene, emitted by foliage, react with hydroxyl radicals, forming Paraformaldehyde 97% as an intermediate product. Because of their short half-life, these potentially important sources of Paraformaldehyde 97% are important only in the vicinity of vegetation. Paraformaldehyde 97% is one of the volatile compounds formed in the early stages of decomposition of plant residues in the soil. Paraformaldehyde 97% occurs naturally in fruits and other foods. Other sources are forest fires, animal wastes, microbial products of biological systems, and plant volatiles(2,3). Paraformaldehyde 97% can also be formed in seawater by photochemical processes. However, calculations of sea-air exchange indicates that this process is probably a minor source for Paraformaldehyde 97% in the sea. Paraformaldehyde 97%'s production and use in the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, such as resins, finding a variety of end uses such as wood products, plastics, and coatings may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a fumigant in agricultural premises and as a surface disinfectant in commercial premises and its use as a corrosion inhibitor in oil wells and release from slow-release fertilizers result in its direct release to the environment. Paraformaldehyde 97% is formed by the incomplete combustion of many organic substances and is present in coal and wood smoke and in cigarette smoke. Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 8, determined from a log Kow of 0.35 and a regression-derived equation, indicates that Paraformaldehyde 97% is expected to have very high mobility in soil. In soil, Paraformaldehyde 97% gas can adsorb to clay minerals and interact with humic substances resulting in decreased mobility. Volatilization of Paraformaldehyde 97% from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process given a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Paraformaldehyde 97% is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C. Paraformaldehyde 97% has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil.

Recombinant Betaine Homocysteine Methyltransferase;Sodium Salt of Bis Hexamethylene Triamine Penta (Methylene Phosphonic Acid) BHMTPh.PN;BHMT;bis(hexamethylene)triaminopenta(methylene-phosphonic acid);[[(Phosphonomethyl)imino]bis(6,1-hexanediylnitrilobismethylene)]tetrakisphosphonic acid/sodium,(1:x) salt;BIS(HEXAMETHYLENE)TRIAMINE-PENTAKIS(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID) sodiuM salt;Partially Neutralised SodiuM Salt Of Bis HexaMethylene TriaMine Penta(Methylene Phosphonic Acid);Monoclonal Anti-BHMT antibody produced in mouse CAS No. 35657-77-3

Patcat 3020 is a clear yellow viscous liquid.
Patcat 3020 is an organotin compound.


CAS Number: 77-58-7
EC Number: 201-039-8
MDL number: MFCD00008963
Chemical Name: Dibutyltin dilaurate
Molecular Formula: C32H64O4Sn / (C4H9)2Sn(OOC(CH2)10CH3)2



SYNONYMS:
Dibutyl(dodecanoyloxy)stannyl dodecanoate, Butynorate, Davainex, DBTDL, DBTL, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, Dibutylstannylene dilaurate, Dibutyltin didodecanoate, Dibutyltindilaurate, Lauric acid, 1,1'-(dibutylstannylene) ester, Stabilizer D-22, T 12 (catalyst), Tinostat, Dibutyltin dilaurate, 77-58-7, Stanclere DBTL, Dibutyltin laurate, Di-n-butyltin dilaurate, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, Stavinor 1200 SN, Dibutyltin n-dodecanoate, Ongrostab BLTM, Fomrez sul-4, Dibutylstannylene dilaurate, Thermolite T 12, Mark 1038, Bis(lauroyloxy)di(n-butyl)stannane, Kosmos 19, Therm chek 820, Stannane, dibutylbis[(1-oxododecyl)oxy]-, TIN DIBUTYL DILAURATE, Dibutyl-zinn-dilaurat, Neostann U 100, Tin, dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)-, Lankromark LT 173, TVS-TL 700, Dibutylstannium dilaurate, Stannane, bis(lauroyloxy)dibutyl-, Stannane, dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)-, Laudran di-n-butylcinicity, [dibutyl(dodecanoyloxy)stannyl] dodecanoate, Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene salt, Lauric acid, dibutyltin deriv., dibutylstannanediyl didodecanoate, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy) di-n-butyl-, T 12, KS 20, TN 12, Tin, di-n-butyl-, di(dodecanoate), Dibutylbis(1-oxododecyl)oxy)stannane, Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene deriv., Dodecanoic acid, 1,1'-(dibutylstannylene) ester, Laustan-B, CAS-77-58-7, Dibutyl-tin-dilaurate, TN 12 (catalyst), Stavincor 1200 SN, Mark BT 11, Mark BT 18, Dibutylbis(lauroxy)stannane, Butyl norate, CCRIS 4786, DXR 81, HSDB 5214, T 12 (VAN), Stabilizer D 22, NSC 2607, SM 2014C, EINECS 201-039-8, Dibutyltin dillaurate, Metacure T-12, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy)di-n-butyl, Tin, di(dodecanoate), di-n-Butylin dilaurate, AI3-26331, ADK STAB BT-11, Dibutyltin dilaurate, 95%, UNII-L4061GMT90, DTXSID6024961, NSC2607, Lauric acid, dibutyltin derivative, Dibutylbis(1-oxododecyloxy)stannane, Bis(dodecanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane, Tox21_112324, Dibutyl[bis(dodecanoyloxy)]stannane #, Dibutyltin dilaurate, SAJ first grade, Tox21_112324_1, ZINC169743348, Dibutyltin dilaurate, Selectophore(TM), WLN: 11VO-SN-4&4&OV11, Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene derivative, NCGC00166115-02, Di-n-butyltin dilaurate (18 - 19% Sn), FT-0624688, E78905, EC 201-039-8, A839138, Q-200959, dodecanoic acid [dibutyl(1-oxododecoxy)stannyl] ester, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)stannane, Dibutyl bis(lauroyloxy)tin, Dibutylzinnbislaurat, Butylzinn Dilaurat, Dibutylbis (lauroyloxy) stannan, Dibutylbis ((1-oxododecyl)oxy)stannan, DBTDL, DBTL, DI-N-BUTYLDILAURYLTIN, DI-N-BUTYLTIN DILAURATE, DIBUTYLBIS(LAUROYLOXY)STANNANE, DIBUTYLBIS(LAUROYLOXY)TIN, DIBUTYLTIN DIDODECANOATE, DIBUTYLTIN DILAURATE, DIBUTYLTIN(IV) DILAURATE, DIBUTYLTIN LAURATE, DBTDL, Dabco T-12, DBTL, Bis(lauroyloxy)di(n-butyl)stannane, Butynorate, Cata-Chek 820, DBTL, DXR 81, Davainex, Di-n-butyltin dilaurate, Dibutyl-tin-dilaurate, Dibutyl-zinn-dilaurat, Dibutylbis(laurato)tin, Dibutylbis(lauroxy)stannane, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, Dibutylstannium dilaurate, Dibutylstannylene dilaurate, Dibutyltin didodecanoate, Dibutyltin laurate, Dibutyltin n-dodecanoate, Fomrez sul-4, KS 20, Kosmos 19, Lankromark LT 173, Laudran di-n-butylcinicity, Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene deriv., Lauric acid, dibutylstannylene salt, Lauric acid, dibutyltin deriv., Laustan-B, Mark 1038, Mark BT 11, Mark BT 18, Neostann U 100, Ongrostab BLTM, SM 2014C, Stabilizer D-22, Stanclere DBTL, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy) di-n-butyl-, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy)di-n-butyl, Stannane, bis(lauroyloxy)dibutyl-, Stannane, dibutylbis((1-oxododecyl)oxy)-, Stannane, dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)-, Stavincor 1200 SN, Stavinor 1200 SN, T 12, T 12 (VAN), T 12 (catalyst), TN 12, TN 12 (catalyst), TVS Tin Lau, TVS-TL 700, Therm chek 820, Thermolite T 12, Tin dibutyl dilaurate, Tin, di-n-butyl-, di(dodecanoate), Tin, dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)-, Tinostat, UN2788 (liquid), UN3146 (solid), Aids010213, Aids-010213, DBTDL, Aids010213, Aids-010213, Ditin butyl dilaurate(dibutyl bis((1-oxododecyl)oxy)-Stannane), dibutyltin(IV) dodecanoate, Two dibutyltin dilaurate, The two butyltintwo lauricacid, Dibutyltin dilaurate 95%, DBTDL, dbtl, t12, tn12, davainex, tinostat, butynorate, DI-N-BUTYLTIN DILAURATE, Dibutyltin dilaurate 95%, bis(lauroyloxy)dibutyl-stannan, Di-N-butyldilauryltin, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, DBTDL, Ditin butyl dilaurate(dibutyl bis((1-oxododecyl)oxy)-Stannane), dibutyltin(IV) dodecanoate, Two dibutyltin dilaurate, The two butyltintwo lauricacid;Dibutyltin dilaurate 95%, Bis(lauroyloxy)di(n-butyl)stannane, Di-n-butylin dilaurate, Di-n-butyltin dilaurate, Dibutylbis(1-oxododecyl)oxy)stannane, Dibutylbis(laurato)tin, Dibutylbis(lauroxy)stannane, Dibutylbis(lauroyloxy)tin, Dibutylstannium dilaurate, Dibutylstannylene dilaurate, Dibutyltin didodecanoate, DBTL, BT-25, dibutyltin dodecanoate, Dibutyltin Laurate, Dibutyltindilaurate, Dibutyltin Dilaurate, Di-n-butyldilauryltin, Di-N-Butyltin Dilaurate, Dibutyltin(Iv) Dilaurate, Dibutyltin Didodecanoate, Dibutylbis(Lauroyloxy)Tin, dibutyl(didodecyl)stannane, Dibutylbis(Lauroyloxy)Stannane



Patcat 3020 is an organotin compound that is used as a catalyst.
Patcat 3020 is a colourless oily liquid.
In terms of its structure, the molecule of Patcat 3020 consists of two laurate groups attached to a dibutyltin(IV) center.


Patcat 3020 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Patcat 3020 is a clear yellow viscous liquid.


Patcat 3020 is an organotin compound.
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
It is a natural component of the earth's crust and is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as tin dioxide.


Patcat 3020, knon as Dibutyltin dilaurate, is a clear, and yellowish liquid.
If solidification occurs, Patcat 3020 should be warmed to melt, if done so, no loss of activity will occur.
Patcat 3020 is an organotin compound with the formula (CH3(CH2)10CO2)2Sn(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2.


Patcat 3020 is a colorless viscous and oily liquid.
In terms of its structure, the molecule of Patcat 3020 consists of two laurate groups and two butyl groups attached to a tin(IV) atom.
The molecular geometry of Patcat 3020 at tin is tetrahedral.


Based on the crystal structure of the related bis(bromobenzoate), the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl groups are weakly bonded to tin atom.
According to some authors, Patcat 3020 is a dibutyltin(IV) ester of lauric acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PATCAT 3020:
Patcat 3020 can be used as PVC heat stabilizers, and it is the earliest used varieties in organotin stabilizers, heat resistance is less than tributyltin maleate, but it has excellent lubricity, weather resistance and transparency can be ok, and it has good compatibility with plasticizers, non-blooming, non-sulfide pollution, no adverse effects on heat sealing and printability.


Patcat 3020 is mainly used in soft transparent products or semi-soft products, generally in an amount of 1-2%.
In hard products, Patcat 3020 can be used as lubricant, and when used with maleic acid organic tin or thiol-containing organic tin can improve the fluidity of the resin material.


For Patcat 3020 is liquid at room temperature, so the dispersion in plastic is better than solid stabilizer.
Compared with other organic tin, the goods early color large will cause yellow discoloration.
Patcat 3020 can also be used as catalysts of synthesizing polyurethane, the curing agents of silicone rubber.


In order to enhance the thermal stability, transparency, compatibility with resins, as well as improve the impact strength for hard products and its other properties, now Patcat 3020 has developed a number of modified varieties.
Lauric acid and other fatty acids is generally added in the category of pure, the epoxy ester or other metal soap stabilizer is also added in.


Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of polyurethane foams.
Patcat 3020 has excellent transparency and lubricating property.
Patcat 3020 is resistant to weathering.


Patcat 3020 can also uesd the stabilizer of the soft transparent products and efficient lubricants in hard transparent products, and can also be used acrylate rubber and rubber carboxyl crosslinking reaction, the catalyst of synthesis of polyurethane foam and polyester synthetic, and RTV silicone rubber.
Ideal applications for Patcat 3020 include solvent-based, chemical cross-linking, two-component polyurethane systems.


Patcat 3020 is used solvent-based, chemical cross-linking, two-component coating.
Patcat 3020 is suitable for polyurethane coatings, inks, adhesives and sealants.
Patcat 3020 is suitable for room temperature vulcanized silica gel, adhesives, and caulking agents.


Patcat 3020 is mainly used in polyurethane rigid foam, spraying, pouring, plate, etc.
Patcat 3020 can be used as heat stabilizer in PVC soft products
Patcat 3020 is suitable for silane cross-linked products.


Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst for polyurethane production from isocyanates and diols.
Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst for transesterification and for the room temperature vulcanization of silicones.
Patcat 3020 is used catalyst in the production of polyurethane and curing of room temperature vulcanising silicon rubber.


Patcat 3020 is also used in heat stabilisers in PVC.
Patcat 3020 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Other release to the environment of Patcat 3020 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Release to the environment of Patcat 3020 can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and as processing aid.
Patcat 3020 is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants and coating products.


Other release to the environment of Patcat 3020 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Patcat 3020 can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
Patcat 3020 also finds application as catalyst in the manufacture of silane-crosslinking polyolefins.


Patcat 3020 can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys).
Patcat 3020 is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.


Patcat 3020 is used in the following areas: building & construction work.
Other release to the environment of Patcat 3020 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Patcat 3020 is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.
Patcat 3020 has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Release to the environment of Patcat 3020 can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid and as processing aid.
Patcat 3020 is used in the following areas: building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.


Patcat 3020 is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, polishes and waxes, textile treatment products and dyes and washing & cleaning products.
Patcat 3020 has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Patcat 3020 is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment, machinery and vehicles, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products, pulp, paper and paper products, rubber products, fabricated metal products and furniture.


Release to the environment of Patcat 3020 can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as processing aid, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, formulation in materials and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Release to the environment of Patcat 3020 can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Patcat 3020 is used as a paint additive.
Together with dibutyltin dioctanoate, Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst for polyurethane production from isocyanates and diols.


Patcat 3020 is also useful as a catalyst for transesterification and for the room temperature vulcanization of silicones.
Patcat 3020 is also added to animal feed to remove cecal worms, roundworms, and tapeworms in chickens and turkeys and to prevent or provide treatment against hexamitosis and coccidiosis.


Patcat 3020 is used as a catalyst .
Patcat 3020 is used in the range of 0.1 – 0.5% referring to polyol as primary catalyst for most PUR – formulations and as a secondary catalyst 0.03 – 0.3% recommended.


Patcat 3020 is also used as a stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride, vinyl ester resins, lacquers, and elastomers.
For silicone systems 0.1 – 1% required for hardening.
It is recommended that the appropriate addition level of Patcat 3020 is determined experimentally.


-Patcat 3020 Catalyst for Polyurethane Coating Systems
Patcat 3020 is a catalyst for solvent-based two-component polyurethane systems.
This solution of Patcat 3020 is suitable for accelerating cross-linking processes.



BENEFITS OF PATCAT 3020:
Benefits of Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalysts for Polyurethane Coatings
*Patcat 3020 improves the drying of chemically curing systems favoring the isocyanate/polyol reaction over other side reactions such as isocyanate/water.
*Patcat 3020 enhances scratch resistance, hardness, and mechanical properties.
*Patcat 3020 can be used to aid the curing process of polyurethanes, silicone resins, RTV silicone resins, and silane modified polymers.



FEATURES OF PATCAT 3020:
*Patcat 3020 is suitable to accelerate the cross-linking process of solvent-based two-component PU coatings
*Patcat 3020 improves the drying of chemically curing systems favoring the isocyanate/polyol reaction over other side reactions such as isocyanate/water
*Patcat 3020 enhances scratch resistance, hardness, and mechanical properties
*Patcat 3020 can be used to aid the curing process of polyurethanes, silicone resins, RTV silicone resins, and silane modified polymers



COMPOUND TYPE OF PATCAT 3020:
*Household Toxin
*Industrial/Workplace Toxin
*Organic Compound
*Organometallic
*Synthetic Compound
*Tin Compound



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF PATCAT 3020:
*Straight chain fatty acids
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Organotin compounds
*Organic salts
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF PATCAT 3020:
*Medium-chain fatty acid
*Straight chain fatty acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organic salt
*Organotin compound
*Organooxygen compound
*Organometallic compound
*Organic post-transition metal moeity
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PATCAT 3020:
Patcat 3020 is pale yellow flammable liquid, and soluble in acetone and benzene, can not dissolve in water.
Patcat 3020 has excellent transparency, lubricity and weather resistance.
Patcat 3020 is used in soft and transparent PVC products.
After processing, the surface gloss and transparency of the finished products are good, and there is no vulcanization pollution.


*Organic tin additive
Patcat 3020 is an organic tin additives, and can be soluble in benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, petroleum ether and other organic solvents and all industrial plasticizers, but insoluble in water.
Multipurpose high-boiling organic tin catalyst circulation of Patcat 3020 are usually specially treated liquefaction, and at room temperature as a pale yellow or colorless oily liquid, when low temperature as white crystals, and it can be used for PVC additives, it also has excellent lubricity, transparency, weather resistance, and better resistance for sulfide pollution.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF PATCAT 3020:
Patcat 3020 is condensed by DBTO and lauric acid at 60℃.
After condensation, vacuum dehydration, cooling, pressure filtration derived products.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF PATCAT 3020:
Dibutyltin dioctanoate (CH3(CH2)6CO2)2Sn(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2: CAS#4731-77-5
Dibutyltin diacetate (CH3CO2)2Sn(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2: CAS #1067-33-0



DECOMPOSITION OF PATCAT 3020:
Upon heating to decomposition temperature (which is above 250 °C), Patcat 3020 emits acrid smoke and fumes.



PERFORMANCE OF PATCAT 3020:
Patcat 3020 is a primary catalyst to accelerate the isocyanate-hydroxyl-reaction as well as the reaction of isocyanates with alcohols.
Patcat 3020 can be combined with tertiary amines and calcium-2-ethyl-hexanoate.
Patcat 3020 can also be used for silanol condensation reaction



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PATCAT 3020:
Tin Content: 18.50 + 0.5%
Appearance: Clear, yellowish liquid
Refractive Index: 1.4610 + 0.005 (25°C)
Specific Gravity (approx.): 1.040 (g/cm³ @ 25°C)
Colour: 4 max (Gardner)
Viscosity: < 75 cP (@ 25°C)
Flash Point: >150°C (PMCC)
Solidification Point: ≤ -3°C
Chemical Formula: (CH3(CH2)10CO2)2Sn((CH2)3CH3)2
Molar Mass: 631.570 g·mol−1

Appearance: Colourless oily liquid or soft waxy crystals
Odor: Fatty
Density: 1.066 g/cm3
Melting Point: 22 to 24 °C (72 to 75 °F; 295 to 297 K)
Boiling Point: 205 °C at 1.3 kPa
Solubility in Water: Practically insoluble (0.00143 g/l at 68 °F (20 °C))
Solubility: Practically insoluble in methanol, soluble in petroleum ether,
benzene, acetone, ether, carbon tetrachloride, organic esters
Vapor Pressure: Refractive Index (nD): 1.4683 at 20 °C (for light at wavelength of 589.29 nm)
Viscosity: 42 cP

Chemical formula: (CH3(CH2)10CO2)Sn((CH2)3CH3)2
Molar mass: 631.570 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colourless oily liquid or soft waxy crystals
Odor: Fatty
Density: 1.066 g/cm3
Melting point: 22 to 24 °C (72 to 75 °F; 295 to 297 K)
Boiling point: 205 °C at 1.3 kPa
Solubility in water: Practically insoluble (less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (20 °C))
Solubility: Practically insoluble in methanol
Soluble in: petroleum ether, benzene, acetone, ether,
carbon tetrachloride, organic esters
Vapor pressure:
Refractive index (nD): 1.4683 at 20 °C (for light at wavelength of 589.29 nm)
Viscosity: 42 cP
Appearance: colorless to yellow liquid
Tin content: 17.0~19.0%
Density at 25℃: 1.06g/ml
Boiling point at 12mmHg: ＞205℃
Flash point, Tag closed cup: 113℃
Refractive index (25℃): 1.471
Compound Formula: C32H64O4Sn
Molecular Weight: 631.56
Appearance: Yellow liquid

Melting Point: 22-24 °C
Boiling Point: 205 °C
Density: 1.066 g/mL
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 632.382655
Monoisotopic Mass: 632.382655
Molecular Weight: 631.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 30
Exact Mass: 632.382663
Monoisotopic Mass: 632.382663
Topological Polar Surface Area: 52.6 Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 37
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 477
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Appearance: yellow liquid to paste (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 1.06600 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.47100 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: 23.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 560.00 to 561.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 3.120
Soluble in: water, 3 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Physical state: solid
Color: colorless, to, light yellow
Odor: fatty odor
Melting point: 28,5 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 205 °C at 130 hPa - (ECHA)
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 189 - 193 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: > 250 °C -
pH: No data available
Viscosity Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility 0,00143 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water Pow: 27.700; log Pow: 4,44 at 21 °C
Vapor pressure: < 0,01 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,066 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Appearance: Yellowish oily liquid
Tin Content: 18.2
Density: 1.05±0.02
Refractive Index: 1.468±0.001
Boiling Point: ＞204℃/12mm
Melting Point: 22-24℃
Freezing Point: ≤8℃
Flash Point: ＞230℃
Volatile: ≤0.4%

Boiling point: >250 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.05 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 191 °C
Ignition temperature: >200 °C
Melting Point: 25 - 27 °C
Vapor pressure: Solubility: Formula: (C4H9)2Sn(OOC(CH2)10CH3)2 / C32H64O4Sn
Molecular mass: 631.6
Boiling point at 1.3kPa: 205°C
Melting point: 22-24°C
Vapour pressure: negligible

Solubility in water: none
Flash point: 191°C
Density (at 20°C): 1.05 g/cm³
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 4.44
Density: 1.066 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 560.5±19.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 22-24°C
Molecular Formula: C32H64O4Sn
Molecular Weight: 631.558
Flash Point: 292.8±21.5 °C
Exact Mass: 632.382690
PSA: 52.60000
LogP: 17.44

Vapour Pressure: 0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction: n20/D 1.471(lit.)
Stability: Stability Combustible.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Water Solubility: Freezing Point: 8℃
Compound Formula: C32H64O4Sn
Molecular Weight: 631.56 g/mol
Appearance: Yellow liquid
Melting Point: 22-24 °C
Boiling Point: 205 °C
Density: 1.066 g/mL
Solubility in H2O: Not Applicable
Exact Mass: 632.382655 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 632.382655 g/mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of PATCAT 3020:
-After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
-In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
-After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
-After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PATCAT 3020:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PATCAT 3020:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PATCAT 3020:
-Control parameters:
*Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 30 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PATCAT 3020:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PATCAT 3020:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

2-PHOSPHONOBUTANE-1,2,4-TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; PBTC; Bayhibit AM; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; CAS NO: 37971-36-1

P-BENZOQUINONE


CAS Number: 106-51-4
EC Number: 203-405-2
MDL number: MFCD00001591
Chemical formula: C6H4O2


p-benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
In a pure state, p-benzoquinone forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde.
This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of p-benzoquinone.


The molecule is multifunctional: p-benzoquinone exhibits properties of a ketone, being able to form oximes; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions, especially those typical for α,β-unsaturated ketones.
p-benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.
p-benzoquinone is a yellow, crystalline material or large yellow, monoclinic prisms.


p-benzoquinone is the chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
This nonaromatic six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of p-benzoquinone.
p-benzoquinone is multifunctional: p-benzoquinone exhibits properties of a ketone, forming an oxime; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions.


p-Benzoquinone is a yellow, crystalline (sand-like) solid with a Chlorine-like odor.
p-benzoquinone was first produced commercially in 1919, and has since been manufactured in several European countries, Japan and the United States.
p-Benzoquinone is the simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone.


p-Benzoquinone is a metabolite of benzene.
p-Benzoquinone is a natural product found in Blaps lethifera, Euglena gracilis, and other organisms with data available.
p-Benzoquinone appears as a yellowish-colored crystalline solid with a pungent, irritating odor.
p-benzoquinone is yellow crystal.


p-benzoquinone's melting point is 116 ° C and the relative density is 1.318 (20 / 4 ° C).
p-benzoquinone is soluble in ethanol, ether and alkali, slightly soluble in water.
p-benzoquinone sublimates and the vapor is volatile and partially decomposes.
p-benzoquinone has a pungent odor similar to chlorine.


p-benzoquinone is dissolved in ethanol, and slightly dissolved in acetone, but insoluble in water, benzene and gasoline.
p-Benzoquinone is soluble in water and denser than water.
If moist p-Benzoquinone may decompose spontaneously above 140°F.
This has occurred in drums, causing over-pressurization.


p-Benzoquinone acts as an oxidizing agent.
p-benzoquinone, also known as benzoquinone or 1,4-benzochinon, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-benzoquinones.
These are benzoquinones where the two C=O groups are attached at the 1- and 4-positions, respectively.
p-benzoquinoneis an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).


p-benzoquinoneexists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
p-benzoquinonehas been detected, but not quantified in, a few different foods, such as anises, barley, and olives.
This could make p-benzoquinone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
p-benzoquinone exists as a large yellow, monoclinic prism with an irritating odour resembling that of chlorine.


p-benzoquinonewas first produced commercially in 1919 and has since been manufactured in several European countries.
p-benzoquinone appears as a yellowish-colored crystalline solid with a pungent, irritating odor.
p-benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
p-benzoquinone is the basic structure of quinonoid compounds.


They are widely distributed in the natural world, being found in bacteria, plants and arthropods and hence quinones are ubiquitous to living systems.
Quinones play pivotal role in biological functions including oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer.
p-benzoquinone is the simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone.


p-benzoquinone is a metabolite of benzene.
p-benzoquinone is Light yellow crystals with an acrid odor resembling chlorine.
p-benzoquinone's odor threshold concentration is 84 ppb.
p-benzoquinone exists as a large yellow, monoclinic prism with an irritating odour resembling that of chlorine.


p-benzoquinone was first produced commercially in 1919 and has since been manufactured in several European countries.
When heated to near its melting point, p-benzoquinone sublimes, even at atmospheric pressure, allowing for an effective purification.
Impure samples are often dark-colored due to the presence of quinhydrone, a dark green 1:1 charge-transfer complex of quinone with hydroquinone.



USES and APPLICATIONS of P-BENZOQUINONE:
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the synthesis of Bromadol and related analogs.
p-benzoquinone's major use is in hydroquinone production, but it is also used as a polymerisation inhibitor and as an intermediate in the production of a variety of substances, including rubber accelerators and oxidising agents.
p-benzoquinone is used in the dye, textile, chemical, tanning, and cosmetic industries.


In chemical synthesis for p-benzoquinone and other chemicals, quinone is used as an intermediate.
p-benzoquinone is also used in the manufacturing industries and chemical laboratory associated with protein fibre, photographic film, hydrogen peroxide, and gelatin making.
p-benzoquinone is extensively used as a chemical intermediate, a polymerisation inhibitor, an oxidising agent, a photographic chemical, a tanning agent, and a chemical reagent.


p-benzoquinone is used as a chemical intermediate, a polymerization inhibitor, an oxidizing agent, a photographic chemical, a tanning agent, and a chemical reagent.
p-benzoquinone's major use is in hydroquinone production, but it is also used as a polymerization inhibitor and as an intermediate in the production of a variety of substances, including rubber accelerators and oxidizing agents


p-Benzoquinone is widely used in medicine, pesticides, chemicals, dyes, etc.
p-benzoquinone is used as a fungicide, as a reagent in
photography, and to make dyes and other chemicals.
p-Benzoquinone is used as a catalyst in the preperation of allyl silyl ethers.


p-Benzoquinone is a superoxide scavenger that has been used in the characterization of carnation-like SnS2 nanostructure photocatalysts for photodegredation.
Oxidation of p-benzoquinone is facile.
One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine salt as a catalyst for the oxidation occurring in a polar solvent; e.g. isopropyl alcohol.


p-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
p-benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and an oxidizer in synthetic organic chemistry.
In the Thiele-Winter reaction, p-benzoquinone is involved in the preparation of triacetate of hydroxyquinol by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.
p-benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.


p-benzoquinone is used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.
p-benzoquinone is used intermediates for dyes and pharmaceuticals.
p-benzoquinone is used as a qualitative test for celery, pyridine, azole, tyrosine and hydroquinone.


p-benzoquinone is used for the determination of amino acids in the analysis.
p-Benzoquinone is used to make dyes and as a photographic chemical.
p-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
p-benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and an oxidizer in synthetic organic chemistry.


In the Thiele-Winter reaction, p-benzoquinone is involved in the preparation of triacetate of hydroxyquinol by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.
p-benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
p-benzoquinone is used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.


p-Benzoquinone, also known as para-quinone or 1,4-Benzoquinone, is used as a precursor to hydroquinone.
p-benzoquinone, 99% Cas 106-51-4 - used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
p-benzoquinone, 99% Cas 106-51-4 - used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.


p-benzoquinone is extensively used as a chemical intermediate, a polymerisation inhibitor, an oxidising agent, a photographic chemical, a tanning agent, and a chemical reagent.
p-benzoquinone's major use is in hydroquinone production, but it is also used as a polymerisation inhibitor and as an intermediate in the production of a variety of substances, including rubber accelerators and oxidising agents.


p-benzoquinone is used in the dye, textile, chemical, tanning, and cosmetic industries.
In chemical synthesis for hydroquinone and other chemicals, p-benzoquinone is used as an intermediate.
p-benzoquinone is also used in the manufacturing industries and chemical laboratory associated with protein fibre, photographic film, hydrogen peroxide, and gelatin making.


p-benzoquinone is used in the manufacture of dyes, fungicide, and hydroquinone; for tanning hides; as an oxidizing agent; in photography; making gelatin insoluble; strengthening animal fibers and as reagent.
p-benzoquinone is a dehydrogenation reagent.
The derivatives tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone are stronger oxidants.
Whereas the resulting phenolate as reaction product of 1,4-benzoquinone (hydroquinone) is nucleophilic, a similar oxidant - 3,3',5'5-tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinone - can be used in the presence of sensitive electrophilic groups.


-Applications of p-benzoquinone in organic synthesis:
p-benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.
p-benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
p-benzoquinone is also uses as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.



PREPARATION OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone is prepared industrially by oxidation of hydroquinone, which can be obtained by several routes.
One route involves oxidation of diisopropylbenzene and the Hock rearrangement.
The net reaction can be represented as follows:

C6H4(CHMe2)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4O2 + 2 OCMe2 + H2O
The reaction proceeds via the bis(hydroperoxide) and the hydroquinone.
Acetone is a coproduct.

Another major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide: C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O
Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced.
Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone.
p-benzoquinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese dioxide.
This method is mainly practiced in PRC where environmental regulations are more relaxed.



STRUCTURE AND REDOX OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone is a planar molecule with localized, alternating C=C, C=O, and C–C bonds.
Reduction gives the semiquinone anion C6H4O2−}, which adopts a more delocalized structure.
Further reduction coupled to protonation gives the hydroquinone, wherein the C6 ring is fully delocalized.





REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone is mainly used as a precursor to hydroquinone, which is used in photography and rubber manufacture as a reducing agent and antioxidant.
Benzoquinonium is a skeletal muscle relaxant, ganglion blocking agent that is made from p-benzoquinone.
p-Benzoquinone and its derivatives are extensively used in Diels-Alder reactions.
A facile tautomerization of alkyl substituted p-Benzoquinone to o-quinone methide is the highlight of this cycloaddition.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.
p-benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
p-benzoquinone is also used as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.
Benzoquinone reacts with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to give the triacetate of hydroxyquinol.
This reaction is called the Thiele reaction or Thiele–Winter reaction after Johannes Thiele, who first described it in 1898, and after Ernst Winter, who further described p-benzoquinone's reaction mechanism in 1900.

p-benzoquinone is also used to suppress double-bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
An acidic potassium iodide solution reduces a solution of benzoquinone to hydroquinone, which can be reoxidized back to the quinone with a solution of silver nitrate.
Due to its ability to function as an oxidizer, 1,4-benzoquinone can be found in methods using the Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, wherein a palladium salt catalyzes the conversion of an alkene to a ketone.
This reaction is typically carried out using pressurized oxygen as the oxidizer, but benzoquinone can sometimes preferred.
p-benzoquinone is also used as a reagent in some variants on Wacker oxidations.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-benzoquinone was produced as early as 1838 by oxidation of quinic acid with manganese dioxide.
p-benzoquinone can be prepared by oxidation starting with aniline or by the oxidation of hydroquinone with bromic acid.
More recently, p-benzoquinone has been made biosynthetically from D-glucose.



METABOLISM OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
1,4-Benzoquinone is a toxic metabolite found in human blood and can be used to track exposure to benzene or mixtures containing benzene and benzene compounds, such as petrol.
p-benzoquinone is excreted in its original form and also as variations of its own metabolite, hydroquinone.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
*P-benzoquinone
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of P-BENZOQUINONE:
Molar mass: 108.096 g·mol−1
Appearance: Yellow solid
Odor: Acrid, chlorine-like[2]
Density: 1.318 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Melting point: 115 °C (239 °F; 388 K)
Boiling point: Sublimes
Solubility in water: 11 g/L (18 °C)
Solubility: Slightly soluble in petroleum ether; soluble in acetone; 10% in ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether
Vapor pressure: 0.1 mmHg (25 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -38.4·10−6 cm3/mol
Molecular Weight: 108.09
XLogP3: 0.2

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 108.021129366
Monoisotopic Mass: 108.021129366
Topological Polar Surface Area: 34.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 149
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Appearance: yellow crystalline solid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in: ater, 1.11E+04 mg/L @ 18C (exp)
Physical state: Solid.
Form: Crystalline powder.
Color: Yellow. Green.
Odor: Pungent odor.
Odor threshold: 0.08 ppm
pH: Not available.
Melting point/freezing point: 240.26 °F (115.7 °C)
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not available.

Flash point: Not available.
Evaporation rate: Not available.
Flammability (solid, gas): Not available.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Flammability limit - lower (%): Not available.
Flammability limit - upper (%): Not available.
Explosive limit - lower (%): Not available.
Explosive limit - upper (%): Not available.
Vapor pressure: 0.01 kPa at 25 °C
Vapor density: 3.7
Relative density: Not available.
Solubility(ies):
Solubility (water): Slightly soluble.

Partition coefficient: (n-octanol/water): 0.2
Auto-ignition temperature: 1040 °F (560 °C)
Decomposition temperature: Not available.
Viscosity: Not available.
Other information:
Molecular formula: C6-H4-O2
Molecular weight: 108.09 g/mol
Specific gravity: 1.32 at 20 °C
Surface tension: 32.58 mN/m
Appearance and properties: yellow to green crystalline solid
Density: 1.31
Boiling point: 293°C
Melting point: 113-115 °C(lit.)
Flash point: 38°C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.453
Water solubility: 10 g/L (25 ºC)

Melting point: 113-115 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 293°C
Density: 1.31
vapor density: 3.73 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.1 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.453
Flash point: 38°C
storage temp.: room temp
solubility: 10g/l
form: Powder
pka: 7.7
color: Yellow to green
PH: 4 (1g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility: 10 g/L (25 ºC)

Water Solubility: 45.4 g/L
logP: 0.21
logP: 1.02
logS: -0.38
pKa (Strongest Basic): -7.7
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0
Polar Surface Area: 34.14 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 31.03 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 9.75 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: No



FIRST AID MEASURES of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Description of first aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Take victim immediately to hospital.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Environmental precautions
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Exposure controls:
*Appropriate engineering controls:
Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use face shield and safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of P-BENZOQUINONE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available
-Other decomposition products :
No data available



SYNONYMS:
p-Benzoquinone
p-Quinone
1,4-Benzoquinone
1,4-Cyclohexadiene-3,6-dione
p-benzoquinone
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
Benzoquinone
Quinone
106-51-4
p-Quinone
para-Benzoquinone
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Chinone
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
para-Quinone
Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Benzoquine
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Dioxybenzene
Steara pbq
p-Chinon
Benzo-chinon
Benzo-1,4-quinone
1,4-Diossibenzene
Chinon
1,4-Dioxy-benzol
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide
Semiquinone anion
semiquinone radicals
RCRA waste number U197
NCI-C55845
USAF P-220
Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
1,4-Benzochinon
NSC 36324
[1,4]benzoquinone
CHEBI:16509
Quinone1,4-Benzoquinone
MFCD00001591
NSC-36324
CHEMBL8320
3T006GV98U
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, homopolymer
DSSTox_CID_145
1,4-Benzoquinone, 99%
DSSTox_RID_75398
DSSTox_GSID_20145
Caswell No. 719C
1,4 benzoquinone
26745-90-4
CAS-106-51-4
CCRIS 933
HSDB 1111
EINECS 203-405-2
UN2587
parabenzochinon
UNII-3T006GV98U
p-benzo-quinone
AI3-09068
Quinone
p-BQ
NSC36324
2,4-dione
p-BQ
Benzo-1,4-quinone
QUINONE
(p-Phenylenedioxy)radical
Lopac-B-1266
QUINONE
Benzoquinone
Epitope ID:116219
WLN: L6V DVJ
EC 203-405-2
cid_4650
PARA-QUINONE
Lopac0_000120
SCHEMBL18103
Benzil-related compound, 53
MLS002454445
GTPL6307
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-4-dione
DTXSID6020145
BDBM22774
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
HMS2230N13
HMS3260G22
ZINC895247
AMY21949
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
Tox21_202020
Tox21_302970
Tox21_500120
BBL010327
Benzoquinone
c0261
STK398389
AKOS000119965
3,6-Dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1-ide
CCG-204215
LP00120
SDCCGSBI-0050108.P002
UN 2587
p-Benzoquinone, reagent grade, >=98%
NCGC00015139-01
NCGC00015139-02
NCGC00015139-03
NCGC00015139-04
NCGC00015139-05
NCGC00015139-06
NCGC00015139-07
NCGC00015139-10
NCGC00091053-01
NCGC00091053-02
NCGC00091053-03
NCGC00256505-01
NCGC00259569-01
NCGC00260805-01
SMR000326659
VS-02448
DS-000613
B0089
B0887
EU-0100120
B 1266
C00472
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, radical ion(1-)
A801452
Q402719
SR-01000075705
J-503966
SR-01000075705-1
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
1,4-Benzoquinone
p-benzoquinone
benzoquinone
quinone
1,4-benzoquinone
p-quinone
chinone
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
cyclohexadienedione
para-quinone, 1,4-benzoquine
Benzoquinone
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
p-benozquinone
Thiophene,5-dibromo
2,5-dibromo thiophene
cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
para-benzoquinone
p-Benzoquinone
2,5-dibromothiphene
2,5-bromothiophene
1,3-dibromothiophene
p-Benzoquinone,Quinone
2,5-dibromothiophen
1,4-benzo-quinone
1,4-Benzoquinone
Thiophene,2,5-dibromo
1,4-Benzoquinone
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Dione-2,5-cyclohexadiene
Chinone
NSC 36324
PBQ 2
Quinone
Stearer PBQ
p-Quinone
BENZOQUINONE
P-BENZOQUINONE
QUINONE
PARA BENZOQUINONE
CHINONE
para-quinone
p-Benzochinon
1,4-Benzochinon
2,5-CYCLOHEXADIENE-1,4-DIONE
Cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
1,4-BENZOCHINONE
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
2,5-CYCLOHEXADIENE-1,4-DIONE
BENZOQUINONE
BENZOQUINONE
1,4-, CHINONE
CYCLOHEXADIENEDIONE
PARA BENZOQUINONE
P-BENZOQUINONE
p-benzoquinone 98+ % (dried)
P-QUINONE, QUINONE
1,4-Benzochinon
1,4-Benzoquine
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-cyclohexadienedioxide
1,4-Diossibenzene
1,4-dioxybenzene
1,4-Dioxy-benzol
1,4-Benzochinon
1,4-Benzoquine
1,4-Benzoquinone
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione
1,4-Diossibenzene
1,4-Dioxy-benzol
1,4-Dioxybenzene
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-4-dione

DESCRIPTION:

P-Benzoquinone, para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
In a pure state, P-Benzoquinone forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde.
This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of 1,4-hydroquinone.


CAS Number :106-51-4
EC Number :203-405-2
Linear Formula: C6H4(=O)2

SYNONYM(S) OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
Quinone, 1,4-Benzoquinone[1];Benzoquinone;p-Benzoquinone;p-Quinone


The molecule is multifunctional: P-Benzoquinone exhibits properties of a ketone, being able to form oximes; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions, especially those typical for α,β-unsaturated ketones.
P-Benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.


P-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
P-Benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and an oxidizer in synthetic organic chemistry.
In the Thiele-Winter reaction, it is involved in the preparation of triacetate of hydroxyquinol by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.

P-Benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
P-Benzoquinone is used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.


p-Benzoquinone (PBQ) is a cyclic conjugated diketone.
Its high-resolution photoelectron spectrum has been reported.
The visible and near ultraviolet spectra of PBQ have been recorded and analyzed.

Its addition as coagent has been reported to enhance the crosslinking rate of polypropylene initiated by the pyrolysis of peroxides.
Its impact on hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated based on immunoblots and mass spectral analysis of a smoker′s blood.


PREPARATION OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
1,4-Benzoquinone is prepared industrially by oxidation of hydroquinone, which can be obtained by several routes.
One route involves oxidation of diisopropylbenzene and the Hock rearrangement.
The net reaction can be represented as follows:
C6H4(CHMe2)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4O2 + 2 OCMe2 + H2O

The reaction proceeds via the bis(hydroperoxide) and the hydroquinone.
Acetone is a coproduct.
Another major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide: C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced.

Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone.[8]
Quinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese dioxide.
This method is mainly practiced in PRC where environmental regulations are more relaxed.

Oxidation of hydroquinone is facile.
One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine salt as a catalyst for the oxidation occurring in a polar solvent; e.g. isopropyl alcohol.
When heated to near its melting point, 1,4-benzoquinone sublimes, even at atmospheric pressure, allowing for an effective purification.
Impure samples are often dark-colored due to the presence of quinhydrone, a dark green 1:1 charge-transfer complex of quinone with hydroquinone.

STRUCTURE AND REDOX OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
C–C and C–O bond distances in benzoquinone (Q), its 1e reduced derivative (Q−), and hydroquinone (H2Q).
Benzoquinone is a planar molecule with localized, alternating C=C, C=O, and C–C bonds.
Reduction gives the semiquinone anion C6H4O2−}, which adopts a more delocalized structure.
Further reduction coupled to protonation gives the hydroquinone, wherein the C6 ring is fully delocalized.


REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
Quinone is mainly used as a precursor to hydroquinone, which is used in photography and rubber manufacture as a reducing agent and antioxidant.
Benzoquinonium is a skeletal muscle relaxant, ganglion blocking agent that is made from benzoquinone.


ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
P-Benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.
1,4-Benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
P-Benzoquinone is also used as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.


Benzoquinone reacts with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to give the triacetate of hydroxyquinol.
This reaction is called the Thiele reaction or Thiele–Winter reaction[19][20] after Johannes Thiele, who first described it in 1898, and after Ernst Winter, who further described its reaction mechanism in 1900.

An application is found in this step of the total synthesis of Metachromin A:
Benzoquinone is also used to suppress double-bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
An acidic potassium iodide solution reduces a solution of benzoquinone to hydroquinone, which can be reoxidized back to the quinone with a solution of silver nitrate.
Due to its ability to function as an oxidizer, 1,4-benzoquinone can be found in methods using the Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, wherein a palladium salt catalyzes the conversion of an alkene to a ketone.

This reaction is typically carried out using pressurized oxygen as the oxidizer, but benzoquinone can sometimes preferred.
P-Benzoquinone is also used as a reagent in some variants on Wacker oxidations.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the synthesis of Bromadol and related analogs.


2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is a stronger oxidant and dehydrogenation agent than 1,4-benzoquinone.
Chloranil 1,4-C6Cl4O2 is another potent oxidant and dehydrogenation agent.
Monochloro-p-benzoquinone is yet another but milder oxidant.


METABOLISM OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
1,4-Benzoquinone is a toxic metabolite found in human blood and can be used to track exposure to benzene or mixtures containing benzene and benzene compounds, such as petrol.
The compound can interfere with cellular respiration, and kidney damage has been found in animals receiving severe exposure.
It is excreted in its original form and also as variations of its own metabolite, hydroquinone.


APPLICATIONS OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
p-Benzoquinone may be used to form benzofuranone derivatives on reacting with anilides of β-aminocrotonic acids via Nenitzescu reaction.
Dienophile employed in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to form naphthoquinones,[6] and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.

Oxidant used in first step of greener amine synthesis from terminal olefins by Wacker oxidation followed by transfer hydrogenation of the resultant imine.




p-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4phenanthrenediones.
P-Benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and as an oxidant in synthetic organic chemistry.

In the Thiéle-Winter reaction, it is involved in the preparation of hydroxyquinol triacetate by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.
P-Benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress the migration of double bonds during olefin metathesis reactions.
P-Benzoquinone is used as a precursor of hydroquinone which finds its application in photography and as a reducing agent and antioxidant in the production of rubber.




CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF P-BENZOQUINONE:
Chemical formula C6H4O2
Molar mass 108.096 g•mol−1
Appearance Yellow solid
Odor Acrid, chlorine-like[2]
Density 1.318 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Melting point 115 °C (239 °F; 388 K)
Boiling point Sublimes
Solubility in water 11 g/L (18 °C)
Solubility Slightly soluble in petroleum ether; soluble in acetone; 10% in ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether
Vapor pressure 0.1 mmHg (25 °C)[2]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -38.4•10−6 cm3/mol
CAS Number:
106-51-4
Molecular Weight:
108.09
Beilstein:
773967
EC Number:
203-405-2
biological source
synthetic
Quality Level
200
grade
reagent grade
vapor density
3.73 (vs air)
vapor pressure
0.1 mmHg ( 25 °C)
Assay
≥98%
form
powder or crystals
autoignition temp.
815 °F
greener alternative product characteristics
Catalysis
Learn more about the Principles of Green Chemistry.
mp
113-115 °C (lit.)
solubility
water: soluble 14.7 g/L at 20 °C
greener alternative category
storage temp.
room temp
SMILES string
O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1
InChI
1S/C6H4O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4H
InChI key
AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Gene Information
human ... ACHE(43) , BCHE(590) , CES1(1066)

CAS
106-51-4
Formule moléculaire
C6H4O2
Poids moléculaire (g/mol)
108.096
Numéro MDL
MFCD00001591
Clé InChI
AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-NAfficher plus
Synonyme
p-benzoquinone, benzoquinone, quinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, p-quinone, chinone, 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, cyclohexadienedione, para-quinone, 1,4-benzoquineAfficher plus
CID PubChem
4650
ChEBI
CHEBI:16509
Nom IUPAC
cyclohexa-2,5-diène-1,4-dione
SMILES
C1=CC(=O)C=CC1=O
Chemical name or material p-Benzoquinone
Fusion point 112°C to 115°C
Density 1.318
Boiling point ∼180°C (sublimation)
Flash point 77°C (171°F)
Dosage percentage range ≥98%
Smell Pungent
Quantity 100 g
Number one UN2587
Beilstein 773967
Sensitivity Light sensitive
Merck Index 14,8074
Solubility Information Soluble in water,ethanol,ether,methanol,benzene,acetone and ethyl acetate.
Formula weight 108.1
Purity percentage ≥98%
Solubility 10 g/l (25°C)
Melting Point 110 - 113°C
Molar Mass 108.09 g/mol
Bulk Density 700 kg/m3
Boiling Point 180°C (sublimated)
Vapor Pressure 0.12 hPa (20°C)
Density 1.32 g/cm3 (20°C)
pH 4 (1 g/l, H2O, 20°C)
Ignition Point 560°C




SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT P-BENZOQUINONE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

2-PHOSPHONOBUTANE-1,2,4-TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; PBTC; Bayhibit AM; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; CAS NO: 37971-36-1

SYNONYMS PBTC; Bayhibit AM; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; CAS NO. 37971-36-1

Synonyms: PBTCA; PBTC; Phosphonobutane tricarboxylic Acid; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; Phosphonono Butanetricarboxylic Acid; 2-phosphono-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid. cas :40372-66-5

2-Phosphonobutane -1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid; PBTC;PBTCA;PHOSPHONOBUTANE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID;2-Phosphonobutane -1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid;2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid PBTC; PBTC; Bayhibit AM; PBS-AM; Phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanecarboxylic acid; CAS NO:37971-36-1

P-CHLORO-M-CRESOL, N° CAS : 59-50-7. Nom INCI : P-CHLORO-M-CRESOL. Nom chimique : 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol. chlorocresol . Synonymes : 4-chloro-m-cresol;p-Chloro-m-crésol;Chlorocrésol;4-Chloro-3-méthylphenol;2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene;2-CHLORO-HYDROXYTOLUENE;4-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene;4-chloro-3-cresol;4-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene;4-chloro-3-methyl phenol;4-CHLORO-META-CRESOL;6-CHLORO-3-HYDROXYTOLUENE;6-Chloro-m-cresol;AI3-00075;APTAL;BAKTOL;BAKTOLAN;CANDASEPTIC;Caswell No 185A;Chlorocresolo;Chlorocrésol;Chlorocresolo; Chlorocresolum (Latin); Chlorokresolum; Clorocresol (Spanish); EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064206;m-Cresol, 4-chloro-; OTTAFACT; P-CHLOR-M-CRESOL; p-Chloro-m-crésol;P-CHLOROCRESOL;Parachlorometacresol;PARMETOL;PAROL;PCMC;PERITONAN;Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl-;PREVENTOL CMK;RASCHIT;RASCHIT K;RASEN-ANICON;RCRA waste number U039 ;N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-431-6. Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur, Ses fonctions (INCI), Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.Noms français : 2-CHLORO-5-HYDROXYTOLUENE; 2-CHLORO-HYDROXYTOLUENE; 3-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL; 4-CHLORO-3-METHYLPHENOL; 4-CHLORO-5-METHYLPHENOL ; 4-CHLORO-M-CRESOL; 4-CHLOROCRESOL; 4-CHLOROCRESOL (META-); 6-CHLORO-3-HYDROXYTOLUENE; 6-CHLORO-M-CRESOL; CHLORO-4 HYDROXY-3 TOLUENE; CHLORO-4 METHYL-3 PHENOL;Chloro-4 méthyl-3 phénol; M-CRESOL, 4-CHLORO; P-CHLOR-M-CRESOL; P-CHLORO-M-CRESOL; p-Chlorocresol; p-Chlorocrésol; PHENOL, 4-CHLORO-3-METHYL; PHENOL, 4-CHLORO-3-METHYL-. Noms anglais : p-Chlorocresol. Utilisation et sources d'émission : Agent désinfectant, agent antiseptique. 1237629 [Beilstein]; 200-431-6 [EINECS]; 441; 4-Chlor-3-methylphenol [German] ; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 4-Chloro-3-méthylphénol [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 4-Chloro-m-cresol; 59-50-7 [RN]; chlorocresol; chlorocrésol [French] ; clorocresol [Spanish] ; GO7100000; p-Chlorocresol [Wiki]; p-Chloro-m-cresol; PCMC; Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl- [ACD/Index Name]; QR BG E1 [WLN]; хлорокрезол [Russian]; كلوروكريسول [Arabic]; 122307-41-9 [RN]; 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-hydroxybenzene; 2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene; 2-Chloro-hydroxytoluene; 3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-17-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one; 4-06-00-02064 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein]; 43M; 4-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene; 4-Chloro-3-methoxy-2-methylpyridine-n-oxide; 4-chloro-3-methyl-phenol; 4-Chloro-3-Methylphenol (en); 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 100 ?g/mL in Methanol; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 100 µg/mL in Methanol; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, BP, EP grade; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol-2,6-d2; 4-Chloro-5-methylphenol; 4-Chloro-m-cresol;PCMC;Chlorocresol; 6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene; 6-Chloro-m-cresol; 93951-72-5 [RN]; Aptal; Baktol; Baktolan; C006984; Candaseptic; Chlorcresolum; Chlorkresolum; Chloro-3-cresol; Chlorocresol (4-Chloro-3-methylphenol); Chlorocresol (NF); Chlorocresol [USAN:INN]; Chlorocresolo; Chlorocresolum [INN-Latin]; Chlorocresolum [Latin]; Chlorokresolum; Clorocresol [INN-Spanish]; Clorocresol [Spanish]; Clorocresolo [DCIT]; CMK; EINECS 200-431-6; HSCI1_000352; DI1_000768; InChI=1/C7H7ClO/c1-5-4-6(9)2-3-7(5)8/h2-4,9H,1H Lysochlor; m-Cresol, 4-chloro-; NCGC00091338-02; Ottafact; para-Chloro-meta-cresol; Parachlorometacresol; parmatol; Parmetol; Parol [Wiki]; p-Chlor-m-cresol; Peritonan; Pharmakon1600-01500178; PHEN-2,6-D2-OL,4-CHLORO-3-METHYL- (9CI); Phenol, 4-chloro-5-methyl-; Preventol CMK; Raschit; Raschit K; 4-chloro-3-methylphenol; 4-chloro-m-cresol; chlorocresol; 4-chloro-m-cresol; 4-chloro-3-methylphenol; chlorocresol;4-chloro-m-cresol;4-chloro-3-methylphenol; Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl-. Translated names : 4-chlor-3-methylfenol (cs) ; 4-Chlor-3-methylphenol (de); 4-chlor-3-metilfenolis (lt); 4-Chlor-m-kresol (de); 4-chlor-m-krezolis, (lt); 4-chloro-3-metylofenol (pl); 4-chloro-3-méthylphénol (fr); 4-chloro-m-crésol (fr); 4-chloro-m-krezol (pl); 4-chlór-3-metylfenol (sk); 4-chlór-meta-krezol (sk); 4-clor-3-metilfenol (ro); 4-clor-m-cresol (ro); 4-cloro-3-metilfenol (es); 4-cloro-m-cresol (es); 4-hlor-3-metilfenols (lv); 4-hlor-m-krezols (lv); 4-kloori-3-metyylifenoli (fi); 4-klor-3-metylfenol (no); 4-klor-m-kresol (no); 4-kloro-3-metil-fenol (hr); 4-kloro-3-metilfenol (sl); 4-kloro-3-metüülfenool (et); 4-kloro-m-kresool (et); 4-kloro-m-krezol (hr); 4-klór-3-metilfenol (hu); 4-klór-m-krezol (hu); 4-хлоро-3-метилфенол (bg); 4-хлоро-m-крезол (bg); Chloorkresol (nl); chlorcresol (da); chlorkresol (cs); Chlorkrezolis (lt); chlorocresol (da); Chlorocrésol (fr); Chlorokresol (de); chlórkrezol (sk); clor crezol (ro); Clorocresol (es); Clorocresolo (it); Clorocrezol (ro); Hlorkrezols (lv); kloorikresoli (fi); klorkresol (no); Klorokresol (mt); Klorokresoli (fi); Klorokresool (et); Klorokrezol (hr); klórkrezol (hu); χλωροκρεζόλη (el); Χλωροκρεσόλη (el); Хлорокрезол (bg). : 4-Chlor- 3-methylphenol; 4-chloro-3-methyl phenol; 4-Chloro-m-cresol, PCMC, 2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene; p-chloro-m-cresol

Propylene carbonate (PC) is a cyclic carbonate that is commonly used as a solvent and as a reactive intermediate in organic synthesis.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is being considered as a potential electrochemical solvent due to its low vapor pressure, high dielectric constant and high chemical stability.

CAS Number: 108-32-7
Molecular Weight: 102.09
EC Number: 203-572-1
Molecular formula: CH3C2H3O2CO


Propylene carbonate (PC) can be synthesized from propylene oxide and CO2.
Optically active form of Propylene carbonate (PC) can be prepared from the reaction between CO2 and racemic epoxides.
Decomposition of Propylene carbonate (PC) on the graphite electrode in lithium batteries results in the formation of a lithium intercalated compound.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is a colorless, odorless liquid with a high boiling point and low volatility.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is widely used as a solvent in various industries.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is widely produced for commercial and industrial use.
It is synthesized via the carbonation of Propylene Oxide.
One of Propylene carbonate (PC) primary industrial uses are as a solvent—in particular, as an aprotic solvent and racemate.

Propylene carbonate (PC) has a very high molecular dipole moment.
This means that numerous elements and compounds can be dissolved in PC, such as potassium, sodium, and other alkali metals by electrolysis of their chlorides.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is often used as a solvent in petroleum products and oil field services, specifically to remove carbon dioxide from natural gas and refined gas.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is a VOC-exempt clear polar solvent having high boiling andflash points, a low order of toxicity and a mild ether-like odor.
It is stable under most conditions and is not hydroscopic or corrosive.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is particularly well suited for applications requiring a water white product or high purity.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is a clear, organic polar solvent made from the reaction of propylene with carbon dioxide.
​Propylene Carbonate (PC) is a PU-plasticizer and it is VOC-free clear polar solvent having high boiling and flashpoints.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is a clear, odorless solvent with a high boiling point.

In cosmetics and personal care products, Propylene Carbonate is used in the formulation of makeup, primarily lipstick, eye shadow, and mascara, as well as in skin cleansing
products
Propylene carbonate (PC) is an excellent solvent for a variety of substances, particularly those that are polar or have high polarity.
Propylene carbonate (PC)'s often used in formulations for paints, coatings, adhesives, and inks.

Propylene carbonate (often abbreviated PC) is an organic compound with the formula C4H6O3.
It is a cyclic carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol.
This colorless and odorless liquid is useful as a polar, aprotic solvent.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is chiral, but is used as the racemic mixture in most contexts.
Propylene carbonate has a cyclic carbonate structure with three carbon atoms and three oxygen atoms in the ring.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is nearly odorless.
The boiling point of propylene carbonate is relatively high, around 240°C (464°F).
Propylene carbonate (PC) has a relatively high density compared to many common solvents.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is miscible with water and many organic solvents.
Its ability to dissolve both polar and nonpolar substances is one of its key features.
Propylene carbonate (PC) has a low flammability and high flash point, making it relatively safe to handle.

Propylene carbonate (often abbreviated PC) is an organic compound with the formula CH3C2H3O2CO.
It is a carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol.
This colorless and odorless liquid is useful as a polar, aprotic solvent.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is chiral but is used exclusively as the racemic mixture.
Propylene Carbonate (PC) is a carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol with the peculiarity to have a low order of toxicity and a mild ether-like odor.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is stable under most conditions and it is not hydroscopic or corrosive.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is usually produced through the reaction of propylene oxide with carbon dioxide.
This reaction is catalyzed by various catalysts to yield Propylene carbonate (PC) and other byproducts.
The process can be performed under pressure and elevated temperature.

Although many organic carbonates are produced using phosgene, Propylene carbonate (PC)s are exceptions.
They are mainly prepared by the carbonation of the epoxides (epoxypropane, or propylene oxide here):
CH3CHCH2O + CO2 → CH3C2H3O2CO

The process is particularly attractive since the production of these epoxides consumes carbon dioxide.
Thus this reaction is a good example of a green process.
The corresponding reaction of 1,2-propanediol with phosgene is complex, yielding not only Propylene carbonate (PC) but also oligomeric products.

Propylene carbonate (PC) can also be synthesized from urea and propylene glycol over zinc acetate.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is a colorless liquid freezing at -48.8°C and boiling at 242°C.
Propylene carbonate has a vapor pressure of 0.13 mmHg at 20°C, and 0.98 mmHg at 50°C.

grade: anhydrous
Quality Level: 100
vapor pressure: 0.13 mmHg ( 20 °C), 0.98 mmHg ( 50 °C)
Assay: 99.7%
form: liquid
autoignition temp.: 851 °F
expl. lim.: 14.3 %
impurities: <0.002% water, <0.005% water (100 mL pkg)
refractive index: n20/D 1.421 (lit.)
pH: 7 (20 °C, 200 g/L)
bp: 240 °C (lit.)
mp: −55 °C (lit.)
density: 1.204 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Melting point: -49°C,
Boiling point:240-243°C,
Refractive index:1.4189 (20 °C)
Viscosity:2.5mPas

Propylene carbonate (PC) is prevalent in chemical intermediates, paints/coatings, dyes, fibers, as a reactive diluent in urethane systems, wood binder resins, safer alternative in cosmetic/personal care formulations, and as electrolyte solvents for lithium batteries (among many more).
Propylene carbonate (PC) is a polar aprotic solvent used as a “green” sustainable alternative solvent for chemical transformations.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is a low toxicity, biodegradable, non-corrosive colorless liquid with a high boiling point, low vapor pressure, and EPA VOC exemption.
Due to its low vapor pressure and findings of negligible photochemical reactivity, Propylene carbonate (PC) is an effective substitute for more hazardous solvents such a MEK, methylene chloride, toluene, acetone, NMP, and perchloroethylene.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is also compatible with other solvents providing an efficient ingredient in co-solvent formulations.
It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, adhesives, coatings, surface cleaners, degreasers, strippers, and inks formulations as well as in lithium-ion batteries, as electrolytic solvent, and in the removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is another important cyclic carbonate solvent in Lithium-ion Batteries (LIB) Electrolyte.
This carbonate improves the high-temperature performance of LIB but more Propylene carbonate (PC) deteriorates the cycling and rate capability of LIB due to its incompatibility to the graphite.

Propylene carbonate (PC) has a high boiling point, high viscosity, and high dielectric constant.
The viscosity of Propylene carbonate (PC) is the highest among commonly used organic carbonates, which lowers the ionic mobility and conductivity of the electrolyte.
Therefore, Propylene Carbonate takes less than 5% in most of the commercial LIB electrolytes.

Propylene carbonate (PC) or PC is an organic compound derivative of propylene glycol.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is alternatively manufactured from propylene mixed with carbon dioxide.
It is available as a clear, odorless liquid.

Propylene carbonate (PC) works as a solvent in cleaning and degreasing.
It is preferred over similar chemicals like acetone and ethyl acetate due to its molecular structure, versatility, soil-stripping properties, and broad compatibility
with other solvents.
It is used to clean and degrease circuit boards, carburetors, ink cleaners, polymers, resins, and industrial cleanup.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is relatively safe to use. Studies indicate that it does not irritate naked skin when handled in cosmetic applications.
Propylene carbonate (PC) has a high boiling point, its vapor is inconsequential, and it is not associated with any toxicities.
It is readily biodegradable and has no photochemical reactivity.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is a colorless liquid.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used in paints as a highboiling solvent and film-forming auxiliary, especially in poly(vinyl fluoride) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) systems.
It is also employed as an auxiliary in the pigment and dye industry.

Propylene carbonate (PC) can be found in adhesive formulations, contributing to their performance and workability.
Propylene carbonate (PC)'s used as a solvent for natural gas purification and as a component in drilling fluids.
In addition to cosmetics, propylene carbonate is used in some personal care items such as nail polish removers and cuticle treatments.

Propylene carbonate (PC)'s employed as a solvent in pharmaceutical formulations, especially for poorly soluble drugs.
Propylene carbonate (PC)'s solvency power makes it effective in various cleaning products, including graffiti removers and industrial degreasers.

Propylene carbonate (PC)'s ability to dissolve a wide range of substances, both polar and nonpolar, makes it versatile in various applications.
Its low volatility reduces the risk of hazardous vapors being released into the environment during use.
It is chemically stable under many conditions, which contributes to its long shelf life and usability.

Compared to some other organic solvents, Propylene carbonate (PC) is relatively environmentally friendly.
This property is beneficial in applications requiring a high dielectric constant, such as in capacitors and electronic devices.

Uses
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a polar, aprotic solvent.
Propylene carbonate (PC) has a high molecular dipole moment (4.9 D), considerably higher than those of acetone (2.91 D) and ethyl acetate (1.78 D).
Propylene carbonate (PC) is possible, for example, to obtain potassium, sodium, and other alkali metals by electrolysis of their chlorides and other salts dissolved in propylene carbonate.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is used mainly as a solvent in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
In topical applications, Propylene carbonate (PC) has been used in combination with propylene glycol as a solvent for corticosteroids.
The corticosteroid is dissolved in the solvent mixture to yield microdroplets that can then be dispersed in petrolatum.

Propylene carbonate (PC) has been used as a dispensing solvent in topical preparations.
Propylene carbonate (PC) has also been used in hard gelatin capsules as a nonvolatile, stabilizing, liquid carrier.
For formulations with a low dosage of active drug, a uniform drug content may be obtained by dissolving the drug in propylene carbonate and then spraying this solution on to a solid carrier such as compressible sugar; the sugar may then be filled into hard gelatin capsules.

Propylene carbonate (PC) may additionally be used as a solvent, at room and elevated temperatures, for many cellulose-based polymers and plasticizers.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is also used in cosmetics.

Other usages of Propylene carbonate (PC) include its function as a component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.
Propylene carbonate (PC) also has uses as a component for adhesives, and for coatings products like paints.
Its other uses include in electronic materials, in inks and digital ink products, and as a textile auxiliary.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is often used as a solvent for electrolysis.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used on its own and in a variety of end-use cleaning and degreasing formulations due to its versatility, effectiveness in reducing surface tension, and ability to improve wetting and soil removal functionality.
Formulators also incorporate propylene carbonate into water rinsable solvent systems.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of various chemicals, including plasticizers, lubricants, and pharmaceuticals.
Due to its low toxicity and ability to solubilize a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, Propylene carbonate (PC) is used in products such as skin creams, lotions, and hair care products.

Propylene carbonate (PC)'s utilized in industrial cleaning products and degreasers due to its effectiveness in dissolving oils, greases, and other contaminants.
Propylene carbonate (PC) can be found in certain paint and coating formulations as a solvent and viscosity modifier.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a solvent in various chemical reactions, particularly those that involve high temperatures or polar and nonpolar substances.
It's often chosen as a reaction medium due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds.
One of the most significant applications of propylene carbonate is as a solvent in the electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries.

Propylene carbonate (PC) helps improve the mobility of lithium ions between the battery's electrodes, contributing to the battery's overall performance, capacity, and cycle life.
Similar to its use in batteries, propylene carbonate is employed in electrochemical capacitors, also known as supercapacitors.
Propylene carbonate (PC) aids in enhancing the energy storage capabilities of these devices.

In the paint and coating industry, propylene carbonate is used as a coalescing agent in water-based formulations.
Propylene carbonate (PC) promotes the fusion of polymer particles, allowing the formation of a continuous film that enhances the coating's durability and appearance.

Propylene carbonate (PC) can be found in adhesive and sealant formulations, contributing to their performance by improving viscosity and workability.
Due to its low toxicity and ability to dissolve a variety of cosmetic ingredients, propylene carbonate is used in personal care products such as skin creams, lotions, hair care products, and cosmetics.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is used as a solvent in pharmaceutical applications, assisting in the formulation of certain drugs, especially those with low solubility in water.
Its excellent solvency properties make it effective in cleaning products, such as graffiti removers, industrial degreasers, and household cleaning solutions.
Propylene carbonate (PC) is used in the oil and gas industry as a solvent for natural gas purification and as a component in drilling fluids.

Propylene carbonate (PC) serves as a chemical intermediate in the production of various chemicals, including plasticizers, lubricants, and specialty chemicals.
Due to its high dielectric constant, it can be used in electronics applications requiring materials with specific dielectric properties.
It can also be used in various chemical reactions as a solvent, particularly those involving high temperatures.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is particularly well suited for applications requiring a water-white product or high purity.
It can be used in cosmetics and personal care products; mainly in the formulation of make-up, primarily lipstick, eye shadow, and mascara, as well as in skin cleansing products.

Being a cyclic carbonate reacts with amines to form carbamates, undergoes hydroxy alkylation and transesterification Propylene carbonate (PC) can be used as an isocyanate and unsaturated polyester resin cleanup solvent, viscosity reducer in coatings, CO2 extraction solvent, electrolyte in lithium batteries, polar additive for clay gellants, foundry binder catalyst, and textile dye carrier and cleaner.

Safety
Propylene carbonate (PC) does not cause skin irritation or sensitization when used in cosmetic preparations, whereas moderate skin irritation is observed when used undiluted. No significant toxic effects were observed in rats fed propylene carbonate, exposed to the vapor, or exposed to the undiluted liquid.
In the US, Propylene carbonate (PC) is not regulated as a volatile organic compound (VOC) because it does not contribute significantly to the formation of smog and because its vapor is not known or suspected to cause cancer or other toxic effects.

Propylene carbonate (PC) is stable under normal storage conditions.
However, in the presence of an acid, base, metal oxide or salt, propylene carbonate may decompose liberating CO2.
These materials will also decrease thermal stability. In an aqueous solution, the decomposition products would be propylene glycol and CO2.

While Propylene carbonate (PC) is generally considered safe for many applications, it's important to be aware of its potential hazards:
Propylene carbonate (PC) is low in toxicity, it should not be ingested or allowed to come into contact with the skin or eyes.
Proper protective equipment and handling procedures should be followed.

Environmental Impact
Like many chemicals, improper disposal of Propylene carbonate (PC) can have environmental impacts.
It should be handled and disposed of in accordance with local regulations.

Synonyms
PROPYLENE CARBONATE
108-32-7
4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
1,2-Propylene carbonate
1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate
Texacar PC
Arconate 5000
Cyclic propylene carbonate
1,2-Propanediol carbonate
1,3-Dioxolan-2-one, 4-methyl-
Dipropylene carbonate
1-Methylethylene carbonate
4-Methyldioxalone-2
1,2-Propanediyl carbonate
Cyclic 1,2-propylene carbonate
Propylene glycol cyclic carbonate
Cyclic methylethylene carbonate
4-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane
Carbonic acid, propylene ester
NSC 11784
Carbonic acid, cyclic propylene ester
Propylenester kyseliny uhlicite
HSDB 6806
Carbonic acid cyclic methylethylene ester
EINECS 203-572-1
Carbonic acid, cyclic propylene ether
NSC-11784
UNII-8D08K3S51E
BRN 0107913
DTXSID2026789
AI3-19724
8D08K3S51E
PC-HP
Propylenecarbonate, 99%
Propylene carbonate [NF]
Propylene carbonate [USAN]
Propylenester kyseliny uhlicite [Czech]
DTXCID006789
EC 203-572-1
5-19-04-00021 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Propylene carbonate (NF)
WLN: T5OVOTJ D
PROPYLENE CARBONATE (II)
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [II]
PROPYLENE CARBONATE (MART.)
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [MART.]
PROPYLENE CARBONATE (USP-RS)
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [USP-RS]
CAS-108-32-7
4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one
butylhexanoate
MFCD00798264
MFCD00798265
Arconate HP
Solvenon PC
Jeffsol PC
propylen carbonate
?Propylene carbonate
MFCD00005385
Carbonate de propylne
Arconate 1000
Carbonic acid propylene
Jeffsol AG 1555
1 2-Propylene carbonate
Arconate propylenecarbonate
1,2-propanodiol carbonato
1 2-Propanediol carbonate
1 2-Propanediyl carbonate
Arconate propylene carbonate
1-carbonato de metiletileno
1,2-carbonato de propileno
Propylene carbonate, 1,2-
SCHEMBL15309
1-propanediol cyclic carbonate
2-oxo-4-metil-1,3-dioxolano
4-metil-1,3-dioxolano-2-ona
Cyclic 1 2-propylene carbonate
(S)-1,2-Propanediol carbonate
4-Methyl-1 3-dioxolan-2-one
CHEMBL1733973
2-Oxo-4-methyl-1 3-dioxolane
2-Oxo-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane
4-Methyl-1 3-dioxolane-2-one
4-Methyl-2-oxo-1 3-dioxolane
1 2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate
1,2-PDC
4-methyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one
NSC1913
1,2-carbonato de propanodiilimino
2-Methyl-1 2-ethylene carbonate
1,3-dioxolan-2-ona, 4-metil-
1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4-methyl
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [HSDB]
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [INCI]
2-metil-1,2-carbonato de etileno
PROPYLENE CARBONATE [VANDF]
NSC 1913
NSC-1913
NSC11784
Propylene carbonate (Battery grade)
Tox21_202047
Tox21_303214
BBL027518
Carbonic acid propylene ester (6CI)
STL373011
AKOS009158417
Propylene Carbonate (Industrial Grade)
SB66353
Propylene carbonate, anhydrous, 99.7%
NCGC00165974-01
NCGC00165974-02
NCGC00256995-01
NCGC00259596-01
Propylene carbonate, for HPLC, 99.7%
BP-30108
BP-31155
Carbonic acid cyclic 1 2-propylene ester
LS-51953
SY008770
SY066861
Carbonic acid cyclic propylene ester (8CI)
Propylene carbonate, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-0076373
FT-0602265
FT-0639979
FT-0660009
FT-0674103
P0525
D05633
EN300-296359
Propylene carbonate, anhydrous, Water 50ppm Max.
Propylene carbonate, Selectophore(TM), >=99.0%
Q415979
J-002116
Propylene carbonate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
F0001-0165
Propylene carbonate, >=99%, acid 1,2-Propanediol cyclic carbonate, 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
Propylene carbonate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
110320-40-6

p-Chlorocresol, also called 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, is a white to almost white flake.
p-Chlorocresol is an efficient anti-mould antiseptic, frequently used in personal care products.
p-Chlorocresol, is the organic compound with the formula C7H7ClO.

CAS Number: 59-50-7
Molecular Formula: C7H7ClO
Molecular Weight: 142.58
EINECS Number: 200-431-6

p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorinated m-cresol.
p-Chlorocresol is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water.
As a solution in alcohol and in combination with other phenols, it is used as an antiseptic and preservative.

p-Chlorocresol is a moderate allergen for sensitive skin.
p-Chlorocresol, also known as parachlorocresol or PCMC, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C7H7ClO.
p-Chlorocresol is a chlorinated derivative of cresol, which is a type of aromatic hydrocarbon.

p-Chlorocresol, or 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (ClC6H3CH3OH), also known as p-chloro-m-cresol, is a potent disinfectant and antiseptic.
p-Chlorocresol appears as a pinkish white crystalline solid and has a melting point of 64-66°C.
p-Chlorocresol is also used as a preservative in cosmetics and medicinal products for both humans and animals.

p-Chlorocresol is used as an active ingredient in some preparations of veterinary medicines for tropical, oral and parenteral use.
Normally, the concentration of p-Chlorocresol in oral and parenteral veterinary products are 0.1-0.2%.
Concentrations are higher (~0.5%) in tropical veterinary products.

p-Chlorocresol contains microbial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi.
The use of p-Chlorocresol is regulated by government agencies such as the US Food and Drug administration, and limits are set on the amount of p-Chlorocresol that can be present in various products.
p-Chlorocresol colorless, white, or pinkish crystals with a slight phenolic odor.

p-Chlorocresol is white (pure) or pink crystalline solid.
Crystals turn pink on exposure to air and light.
P-Chlorocresol (p-chloro-m-cresol; PCMC; brand name: Preventol CMK) is a chlorinated phenol which is used as an antiseptic and preservative.

p-Chlorocresol forms colourless, dimorphous crystals at room temperature and is only slightly soluble in water.
For use as a disinfectant such as a hand wash, it is commonly dissolved in alcohol in combination with other phenols.
p-Chlorocresol is a moderate allergen for sensitive skin.

p-Chlorocresol is used as a preservative in a wide number of topical preparations and is a rare cause of allergic contact dermatitis and CoU, the mechanism of which remains uncertain.
A pinkish to white crystalline solid with a phenolic odor.
Shipped as a solid or in a liquid carrier.

p-Chlorocresol (p-chloro-m-cresol; PCMC; brand name: Preventol CMK) possesses disinfectant and antiseptic properties.
p-Chlorocresol is used in various preparations for skin disinfection and wounds.
p-Chlorocresol also used as a preservative in creams and other preparations for external use which contain water.

For use as a disinfectant such as a hand wash, p-Chlorocresol is commonly dissolved in alcohol in combination with other phenols.
p-Chlorocresol is a moderate allergen for sensitive skin.
p-Chlorocresol produces potentially life-threatening effects which include dermatitis, which are responsible for the discontinuation of chlorocresol therapy.

The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by chlorocresol are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include hypersensitivity reactions, irritation of eyes.
p-Chlorocresol is synthesized from the monochlorination of 3-methylphenol at position 4.
This is a p-Chlorocresol used as an antiseptic, disinfectant and fungicide.

p-Chlorocresol is found in reams, topical antiseptics, shampoos, cosmetics and cooling fluids.
p-Chlorocresol is also used as an ingredient in various pharmaceutical preparations.
Further research may identify additional p-Chlorocresol or industrial usages of this chemical.

p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorinated m-cresol.
p-Chlorocresol is prepared by the chlorination of m-cresol.
Freely soluble in organic solvent, ether, ketones and strong base aqueous solution, and completely soluble in oil.

Friendly to environment, formaldehyde-free, easily degradable.
Well compatibility with anionic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant and emulgator.
Good synergistic effect with other antiseptic and bactericide.

p-Chlorocresol white to slightly pink crystals.
The chemical structure of p-Chlorocresol consists of a phenolic ring (cresol) with a chlorine atom (Cl) attached to the para position, meaning it is located opposite to the hydroxyl (OH) group.
p-Chlorocresol has antimicrobial properties and has been used as an antiseptic and preservative in various pharmaceutical and personal care products.

p-Chlorocresol helps prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi.
p-Chlorocresol has been employed in wood preservation to protect wood from decay and fungal growth.
p-Chlorocresol has been used in topical medications, including creams and ointments.

p-Chlorocresol exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, making it effective against a range of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi.
While p-Chlorocresol has been used in certain applications, its use has been subject to regulations and guidelines due to potential concerns about skin irritation and sensitization.
The concentration of p-Chlorocresol in products is often regulated, and its inclusion in formulations is carefully considered.

p-Chlorocresol can be synthesized through the chlorination of cresol, typically using chlorine gas.
p-Chlorocresol is odorless or slightly phenolic odor.
p-Chlorocresol, soluble in alkalies, organic solvents, fats, and oils.

p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorinated m-cresol.
p-Chlorocresol is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water.
p-Chlorocresol is prepared by chlorination of m-cresol.

p-Chlorocresol forms colourless, dimorphous crystals at room temperature and is only slightly soluble in water.
p-Chlorocresol is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4OH.
p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorinated m-cresol.

p-Chlorocresol is done in the liver, and then excreted primarily via the kidneys or in smaller amounts through the lungs.
In facultative Thauera sp. strain DO, p-Chlorocresol was degraded aerobically either by dehalogenation followed by catechol degradation pathway, or methyl oxidation to 4-chlorobenzoate.
The exact reaction mechanism in humans is unknown.

Oxidation The oxidation reaction of p-Chlorocresol by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can occur through a two-step process.
In the first step, H2O2 is activated by a catalyst, such as a metal ion or an enzyme, to form a reactive oxygen species, such as a hydroxyl radical (HO•).
This reactive species can then attack the aromatic ring of the 4-chloro-3-methylphenol molecule, leading to the formation of a quinone intermediate.

p-Chlorocresol is dissolved in organic solvents or nonionic surfactants such as L-64 and then matched with other ingredients.
White or of- white powder or crystlline power,odorless.
Very soluble in N,N-Dimethylformamide, soluble in methanol, sparingly soluble inglacial acetic acid, very slightly soluble inchloroform, practically insoluble in water.

p-Chlorocresol has a broad and very balanced spectrum of activity covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mould and yeast.
The quinone intermediate is an important intermediate in many biological and chemical processes.
p-Chlorocresol can undergo further oxidation to form a variety of compounds, including hydroquinones, catechols, and benzoquinones.

In the case of p-Chlorocresol, the quinone intermediate can be further oxidized to form 4-chlorocatechol, which is a catechol compound.
p-Chlorocresol is a potent disinfectant and antiseptic agent due to its antimicrobial and antifungal properties and is therefore used for wound and skin disinfection.
p-Chlorocresol also has preservative properties and is commonly found in topical creams and cosmetics.

These properties also allow it to be used in paints and inks.
A phenolic preservative agent, the bacteriostatic mechanism of p-Chlorocresol arises from its ability to induce cytoplasmic leakage in bacteria, disrupting membrane permeability to potassium and phosphate ions.
Cytoplasmic leakage also results in dissipation of the proton motive force, causing uncoupling of respiration from ATP synthesis.

p-Chlorocresol is a hydroxytoluene and a member of monochlorobenzenes.
p-Chlorocresol is soluble in water, fatty oil, alkali hydroxide solution and organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers & ketones.
p-Chlorocresol appears as a pinkish to white crystalline solid with a phenolic odor.

p-Chlorocresol is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water.
A pinkish to white crystalline solid with a phenolic odor.
p-Chlorocresol forms colourless, dimorphous crystals at room temperature and is only slightly soluble in water.

p-Chlorocresol has a broad and very balanced spectrum of activity covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mould and
yeast.
p-Chlorocresol CAS 59-50-7 or 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol is colorless crystals with phenol odor.
p-Chlorocresol is insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents.

p-Chlorocresol with a chemical formula C7H7ClO appears as a white crystalline powdered with a phenolic odor.
p-Chlorocresol is not natural, rather made by human being.
p-Chlorocresol has a broad and very balanced spectrum of activity covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mould and yeast.

Particularly effective against putrefactive bacteria and therefore suitable for use in products which are difficult to preserve (e.g. protein-based formulations).
p-Chlorocresol is a hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4.
p-Chlorocresol has a role as a ryanodine receptor agonist, an antimicrobial agent and a disinfectant.

p-Chlorocresol is a hydroxytoluene and a member of monochlorobenzenes.
p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorinated m-cresol.
p-Chlorocresol is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water.

As a solution in alcohol and in combination with other phenols, p-Chlorocresol is used as an antiseptic and preservative .
p-Chlorocresol is also an active ingredient in one registered pest control product which is used as a component in concrete admixtures, while the sodium salt form of chlorocresol is present in two registered pest control products.
p-Chlorocresol is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4OH.

p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorinated m-cresol.
p-Chlorocresol is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water.
As a solution in alcohol and in combination with other phenols, p-Chlorocresol is used as an antiseptic and preservative.

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as meta cresols.
These are aromatic compounds containing a meta-cresol moiety, which consists of a benzene ring bearing a methyl group and a hydroxyl group at ring positions 1 and 3, respectively.
p-Chlorocresol, or 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (ClC6H3CH3OH), also known as p-chloro-m-cresol, is a potent disinfectant and antiseptic. It appears as a pinkish white crystalline solid and has a melting point of 64-66°C.

p-Chlorocresol is also used as a preservative in cosmetics and medicinal products for both humans and animals.
p-Chlorocresol is used as an active ingredient in some preparations of veterinary medicines for tropical, oral and parenteral use.
Normally, the concentration of p-Chlorocresol in oral and parenteral veterinary products are 0.1-0.2%.

Concentrations are higher (~0.5%) in tropical veterinary products.
p-Chlorocresol contains microbial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi.
p-Chlorocresol is classified as preservative.

p-Chlorocresol is a biocide, which is colorless crystalline compound.
p-Chlorocresol has role antimicrobial agent.
p-Chlorocresol exhibits stability under certain conditions, making it suitable for use in formulations where a preservative with a longer shelf life is desired.

Over time, there has been a trend toward exploring alternative preservatives and antimicrobial agents due to safety concerns and changing regulatory standards.
The cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries often seek safer and more sustainable options.
The safety of p-Chlorocresol is evaluated through various tests, including skin irritation tests and sensitization tests.

Regulatory agencies review these data to establish guidelines for safe usage in consumer products.
Ongoing research in the field of antimicrobial agents and preservatives may lead to the discovery of new compounds or improved formulations.
Researchers are continuously exploring alternatives that are effective, safe, and environmentally friendly.

The use of p-Chlorocresol in different products is subject to compliance with international standards and regulations.
The safety standards and acceptable usage levels may vary by country or region.
The potential environmental impact of p-Chlorocresol is a consideration, especially when products containing this compound are disposed of.

Assessments of its biodegradability and environmental fate contribute to understanding its ecological footprint.
p-Chlorocresol has role disinfectant.
Oxidation The oxidation reaction of p-Chlorocresol by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can occur through a two-step process.

In the first step, H2O2 is activated by a catalyst, such as a metal ion or an enzyme, to form a reactive oxygen species, such as a hydroxyl radical (HO•).
This reactive species can then attack the aromatic ring of the 4-chloro-3-methylphenol molecule, leading to the formation of a quinone intermediate.
The quinone intermediate is an important intermediate in many biological and chemical processes.

p-Chlorocresol can undergo further oxidation to form a variety of compounds, including hydroquinones, catechols, and benzoquinones.
In the case of p-Chlorocresol, the quinone intermediate can be further oxidized to form 4-chlorocatechol, which is a catechol compound.
p-Chlorocresol has role ryanodine receptor agonist.

p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorinated m-cresol.
p-Chlorocresol is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in wat.
p-Chlorocresol is slightly soluble in water(4g/L), easy soluble in organic solvent such as alcohols (96 percent in ethanol), ethers, ketones, etc.

Melting point: 63-65 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 235 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.370
vapor pressure: refractive index: 1.5449 (estimate)
Flash point: 118 °C
storage temp. .Store below +30°C.
solubility: methanol: soluble1g/10 mL, clear, colorless
pka: pKa 9.55(t = 25) (Uncertain)
form: Tablets
color: White
PH: 6.5 (1g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility: 4 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,2133
BRN: 1237629
Henry's Law Constant: 2.5(x 10-6 atm?m3/mol)at 20 °C (calculated, Mabey et al., 1982)
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with brass, oxidizing agents, copper, copper alloys.
InChIKey: CFKMVGJGLGKFKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 3.100

p-Chlorocresol is a hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4.
p-Chlorocresol is a hydroxytoluene.
p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorobenzenes.

p-Chlorocresol a hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4.
p-Chlorocresol a ryanodine receptor agonist.
p-Chlorocresol has a broad and very balanced spectrum of activity covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mould and yeast.

Besides p-Chlorocresol, this compound is known by other names such as parachlorocresol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, and PCMC.
p-Chlorocresol is sparingly soluble in water but is more soluble in organic solvents.
This solubility property influences its use in different formulations.

In the past, p-Chlorocresol has been used as a preservative in certain vaccines to prevent microbial contamination.
However, due to safety concerns and the desire to reduce the use of certain preservatives in vaccines, alternative preservatives are now often used.
Some individuals may exhibit skin sensitivity or allergic reactions to products containing p-Chlorocresol.

Skin irritation or contact dermatitis has been reported in some cases.
As a result, its use in cosmetics and personal care products is regulated, and formulations are designed to minimize the risk of adverse skin reactions.
In addition to its antibacterial properties, p-Chlorocresol also demonstrates antifungal activity.

This property is valuable in preventing the growth of fungi in products where it is used as a preservative.
The use of p-Chlorocresol is subject to regulatory considerations in different countries.
Regulatory agencies assess its safety and efficacy for specific applications, and restrictions or recommended usage levels may be imposed.

The environmental fate and impact of p-Chlorocresol are considerations in its use.
While it may biodegrade to some extent, its persistence and potential environmental impact depend on factors such as concentration, formulation, and the specific environment.
p-Chlorocresol is prepared by chlorination of m-cresol.

p-Chlorocresol is a chlorinated phenol which is used as an antiseptic and preservative.
For use as a disinfectant such as a hand wash, p-Chlorocresol is commonly dissolved in alcohol in combination with other phenols.
Due to its antimicrobial properties, p-Chlorocresol has been used as an antiseptic in various healthcare products.

p-Chlorocresol can be found in topical antiseptic solutions, creams, and ointments.
p-Chlorocresol has a history of use in healthcare and personal care products.
p-Chlorocresol is effectiveness as an antimicrobial agent contributed to its inclusion in formulations designed to prevent and treat infections.

p-Chlorocresol is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4OH.
p-Chlorocresol is a monochlorinated m-cresol.
p-Chlorocresol is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water.

p-Chlorocresol can decompose on contact with strong alkalis, evolving heat and fumes that ignite explosively.
p-Chlorocresol is also incompatible with oxidizing agents, copper, and with solutions of calcium chloride, codeine phosphate, diamorphine hydrochloride, papaveretum, and quinine hydrochloride.
p-Chlorocresol is corrosive to metals and forms complex compounds with transition metal ions; discoloration occurs with iron salts.

p-Chlorocresol also exhibits strong sorption or binding tendencies to organic materials such as rubber, certain plastics, and nonionic surfactants.
p-Chlorocresol may be lost from solutions to rubber closures, and in contact with polyethylene may initially be rapidly removed by sorption and then by permeation, the uptake being temperature dependent.
Presoaking of components may reduce losses due to sorption, but not those by permeation.

p-Chlorocresol may also be taken up by polymethylmethacrylate and by cellulose acetate.
Losses to polypropylene or rigid polyvinyl chloride are usually small.
At a concentration of 0.1%, chlorocresol may be completely inactivated in the presence of nonionic surfactants, such as polysorbate 80.

However, other studies have suggested an enhancement of antimicrobial properties in the presence of surfactants.
Bactericidal activity is also reduced, due to binding, by cetomacrogol, methylcellulose, pectin, or cellulose derivatives.
In emulsified or solubilized systems, p-Chlorocresol readily partitions into the oil phase, particularly into vegetable oils, and higher concentrations will be required for efficient preservation.

p-Chlorocresol has been shown to be effective as a bactericide in handwash at 0.2% 2/2 a.s in 60 seconds with 6 ml applied.
p-Chlorocresol is also effective against prions such as scrapie in hamsters.
As an ingredient in cosmetic creams and lotions, p-chlorocresol has a 75% dermal absorption value. Up to 100% dermal absorption may be possible when it is dermally applied to broken skin (eg. for eczema).

p-Chlorocresol, also called 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, is a white to almost white flake.
The biodegradation of p-Chlorocresol is done in the liver, and then excreted primarily via the kidneys or in smaller amounts through the lungs.
In facultative Thauera sp. strain DO, p-Chlorocresol was degraded aerobically either by dehalogenation followed by catechol degradation pathway, or methyl oxidation to 4-chlorobenzoate.

The exact reaction mechanism in humans is unknown.
p-Chlorocresol is slightly soluble in water(4g/L), easy soluble in organic solvent such as alcohols (96 percent in ethanol), ethers, ketones, etc.

p-Chlorocresol is freely soluble in fatty oils, and dissolves in solutions of alkali hydroxides.
p-Chlorocresol appears as a pinkish to white crystalline solid with a phenolic odor.

Uses:
p-Chlorocresol may be used as an analytical standard for the determination of the analyte in water and soil samples by chromatography techniques.
p-Chlorocresol is used as a preservative in a wide number of topical preparations and is a rare cause of allergic contact dermatitis and CoU, the mechanism of which remains uncertain.
p-Chlorocresol is also used as a preservative in creams and other preparations for external use which contain water.

For use as a disinfectant such as a hand wash, p-Chlorocresol is commonly dissolved in alcohol in combination with other phenols.
p-Chlorocresol is a substituted phenol that functions as a cosmetic biocide preservative in skin care and suntan cosmetic formulations.
For use as a disinfectant such as a hand wash, p-Chlorocresol is commonly dissolved in alcohol in combination with other phenols.

p-Chlorocresol is used as a disinfectant, germicide, preservative, and fungicide.
p-Chlorocresol is a compound used as an antiseptic, disinfectant and fungicide.
p-Chlorocresol is found in creams, topical antiseptics, shampoos, cosmetics and cooling fluids.

p-Chlorocresol is also used as an ingredient in various pharmaceutical preparations.
p-Chlorocresol is used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations.
p-Chlorocresol is used as a preservative in a variety of topical preparations, such as corticosteroid creams and moisturizers and in disinfectants and detergents.

p-Chlorocresol is a chlorinated phenol which is used as an antiseptic and preservative.
p-Chlorocresol is mainly used as a disinfectant in the field of poultry, and also can be used as an industrial antimildew agent in the fields of leather, adhesives, coatings, papermaking etc.
p-Chlorocresol may be incorporated into certain industrial cleaning and disinfectant products due to its antimicrobial properties.

These products are designed for use in industrial settings where effective microbial control is essential.
Historically, p-Chlorocresol has been considered for use in oral care products, such as mouthwashes and dental formulations.
p-Chlorocresol is antimicrobial properties could contribute to controlling oral bacteria.

However, alternative antimicrobial agents are often preferred in modern formulations.
p-Chlorocresol has been used in certain veterinary products, including antiseptic solutions and treatments for animals.
p-Chlorocresol is antimicrobial properties can be valuable in veterinary applications.

p-Chlorocresol may have been included in certain cleaning solutions and detergents for its ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, contributing to the overall effectiveness of these products.
In some industrial processes involving plastics and polymers, p-Chlorocresol has been considered for its antimicrobial properties to prevent microbial contamination during production and storage.
p-Chlorocresol has been explored for potential use in seed treatment applications, where it could act as a preservative to protect seeds from fungal and bacterial contamination during storage.

p-Chlorocresol has been used in laboratory settings for efficacy testing of antimicrobial agents.
p-Chlorocresol serves as a reference compound to assess the effectiveness of other antimicrobial substances.
Due to regulatory considerations and evolving consumer preferences for milder and more environmentally friendly formulations, the use of p-Chlorocresol has decreased in favor of alternative preservatives and antimicrobial agents in various industries.

Ongoing research in the fields of chemistry and microbiology may lead to new insights into the properties of p-Chlorocresol and its potential applications, or it may contribute to the development of safer and more effective alternatives.
Personal care products, such as antibacterial soap, antibacterial shampoo and health care products is generally used in concentrations up to 0.2% in a variety of preparations except those intended for oral administration or that contact mucous membrane.
p-Chlorocresol is effective against bacteria, spores, molds, and yeasts; it is most active in acidic media.

Preservative efficacy may be reduced in the presence of some other excipients, particularly nonionic surfactants.
p-Chlorocresol is used as a preservative in a variety of topical preparations, such as corticosteroid creams and moisturizers and in disinfectants and detergents.
p-Chlorocresol is used as a disinfectant and preservative found in creams, shampoos, antiseptics, disinfectants, and fungicides.

p-Chlorocresol is a security and efficient anti-mould antiseptic, which can be used in antibacterial hand soap, shampoo and other healthy products.
p-Chlorocresol is mainly used as a disinfectant in the field of poultry, and also can be used as an industrial antimildew agent in the fields of leather, adhesives, coatings, papermaking etc.
p-Chlorocresol is used as an active ingredient in antiseptic solutions, creams, and ointments.

p-Chlorocresol helps prevent and treat infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi on the skin.
p-Chlorocresol has been employed as a preservative in some pharmaceutical formulations to prevent the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of the products.
p-Chlorocresol has been used in wood preservation to protect wood from decay and fungal growth. It helps prevent deterioration and extends the lifespan of treated wood.

p-Chlorocresol is frequently used in personal care products, leather, metal machining liquid, concrete, film, gluewater, textile, oiled, paper, etc.
p-Chlorocresol is a security, efficient, anti-mould antiseptic, anti-mildew agent.
p-Chlorocresol is a security, efficient, anti-mould antiseptic, anti-mildew agent.

Particularly effective against putrefactive bacteria and therefore suitable for use in products which are difficult to preserve (e.g. protein-based formulations).
p-Chlorocresol is an activator of ryanodine receptor.
p-Chlorocresol possesses disinfectant and antiseptic properties.

p-Chlorocresol is used in various preparations for skin disinfection and wounds.
In certain dermatological and topical medications, p-Chlorocresol is used for its antimicrobial properties.
p-Chlorocresol can be found in creams, lotions, and other formulations designed for skin application.

While its use in cosmetics has declined in some regions due to regulatory considerations and the desire for alternative preservatives, p-Chlorocresol has been historically used in some cosmetics and personal care products, such as creams, lotions, and soaps.
In the past, p-Chlorocresol has been used as a preservative in certain vaccines to prevent microbial contamination and ensure the integrity of the vaccine during storage.
p-Chlorocresol may be used in certain laboratory applications and industrial processes where antimicrobial properties are required, such as in the production of certain chemical products.

p-Chlorocresol is a compound used as an antiseptic, disinfectant and fungicide.
p-Chlorocresol has been utilized in the textile industry as an antimicrobial agent in the treatment of textiles.
p-Chlorocresol helps prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi on fabrics, contributing to the development of antimicrobial textiles.

p-Chlorocresol has been explored for its potential use as a preservative or antimicrobial agent in certain agricultural formulations.
p-Chlorocresol may be considered in products designed to protect plants or seeds.
In certain water treatment applications, p-Chlorocresol has been investigated for its antimicrobial properties.

p-Chlorocresol may be used to inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms in water treatment processes.
p-Chlorocresol has found use in the leather industry as a preservative.
p-Chlorocresol helps prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi on leather goods, contributing to the preservation of leather products.

In some formulations in the rubber industry, p-Chlorocresol has been considered for its antimicrobial properties.
p-Chlorocresol may be used to protect rubber products from microbial degradation.
p-Chlorocresol has been used in certain photographic chemicals and processes, where its antimicrobial properties help maintain the stability of solutions used in photography.

p-Chlorocresol may be included in certain cleaning and hygiene products for its antimicrobial properties.
This can contribute to the effectiveness of these products in maintaining cleanliness and preventing microbial contamination.
In some regions and applications, p-Chlorocresol may be considered for use in food contact materials, where its antimicrobial properties could help inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

p-Chlorocresol is found in creams, topical antiseptics, shampoos, cosmetics and cooling fluids.
p-Chlorocresol is also used as an ingredient in various pharmaceutical preparations.

Safety Profile:
p-Chlorocresol is used primarily as a preservative in topical pharmaceutical formulations but has also been used in nebulized solutions and ophthalmic and parenteral preparations.
p-Chlorocresol should not, however, be used in formulations for intrathecal, intracisternal, or peridural injection.
p-Chlorocresol is metabolized by conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate and is excreted in the urine, mainly as the conjugate, with little chlorocresol being excreted unchanged.

Although less toxic than phenol, p-Chlorocresol may be irritant to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, and has been reported to cause some adverse reactions when used as an excipient.
Poison by intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Incompatible with sodium hydroxide.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl and phosgene.
Human exposure to p-Chlorocresol is mostly through body lotions as it is not found naturally in the environment.

Above the critical effect level (21 mg/ kg/ bw/ day), p-chlorocresol exposure may result in a decrease in absolute adrenal gland weights.
In 2021, it was classified as a compound that may constitute a danger to human life or health by the Government of Canada as the margins of exposure of the critical effect level and the estimated levels of exposure were considered inadequate.
Similar to phenol, neurolytic effects have also been reported for p-Chlorocresol.

However, this reaction is rare and may be due to interindividual hypersensitivity.
p-Chlorocresol does not significantly bioaccumulate in organisms due to low Kow and bioconcentration factors.
p-Chlorocresol is not found to be genotoxic or carcinogenic and has been safely used in human medicine for many years.

Health Hazard:
Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.

Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

Fire Hazard:
Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
Containers may explode when heated.
p-Chlorocresol may be transported in a molten form.

Storage:
p-Chlorocresol is stable at room temperature but is volatile in steam.
Aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving.
On exposure to air and light, aqueous solutions may become yellow colored.

Solutions in oil or glycerin may be sterilized by heating at 1608℃ for 1 hour.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place.

Synonyms:
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
Chlorocresol
59-50-7
4-Chloro-m-cresol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Parol
Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl-
4-Chloro-3-cresol
Ottafact
Baktol
p-Chlorocresol
Candaseptic
2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene
Baktolan
Parmetol
Peritonan
Raschit
Aptal
Rasen-Anicon
4-Chloro-5-methylphenol
PCMC
Preventol CMK
Raschit K
p-Chlor-m-cresol
6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene
3-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL
2-Chloro-hydroxytoluene
Parachlorometacresol
Chlorocresolum
4-Chloro-3-methyl phenol
m-Cresol, 4-chloro-
NSC 4166
Rcra waste number U039
para-Chloro-meta-cresol
CHEBI:34395
NSC-4166
MFCD00002323
DTXSID4021717
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol-2,6-d2
1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-hydroxybenzene
NCGC00091338-01
Chlorcresolum
Chlorkresolum
Chlorocresolo
Chlorokresolum
Perol
36W53O7109
Chloro-3-cresol
DTXCID601717
Clorocresolo [DCIT]
Clorocresol [Spanish]
Caswell No. 185A
Chlorocresolum [Latin]
Clorocresol
Clorocresolo
Clorocresol [INN-Spanish]
CAS-59-50-7
Chlorocresolum [INN-Latin]
CCRIS 1938
4-chloro-meta-cresol
HSDB 5198
4-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene
EINECS 200-431-6
4-chloro-3-methyl-phenol
RCRA waste no. U039
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064206
BRN 1237629
Lysochlor
Chlorocresol [USAN:INN:NF]
AI3-00075
UNII-36W53O7109
Spectrum_000130
2p7a
4-chlor-3-methylphenol
Chlorocresol (NF/INN)
Spectrum2_000002
Spectrum4_000278
Spectrum5_000705
CHLOROCRESOL [II]
CHLOROCRESOL [MI]
4-chloro-5-methyl-phenol
CHLOROCRESOL [INN]
WLN: QR DG C
CHLOROCRESOL [HSDB]
CHLOROCRESOL [USAN]
EC 200-431-6
SCHEMBL12344
CHLOROCRESOL [MART.]
KBioGR_000776
KBioSS_000590
MLS002152924
BIDD:ER0169
CHLOROCRESOL [WHO-DD]
CHLOROCRESOL [WHO-IP]
DivK1c_000768
Phenol, 4-chloro-5-methyl-
SPECTRUM1500178
SPBio_000003
CHEMBL1230222
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, 99%
HMS502G10
KBio1_000768
KBio2_000590
KBio2_003158
KBio2_005726
NSC4166
NINDS_000768
P-CHLORO-M-CRESOL [INCI]
HMS1920O03
HMS2091C14
HMS3652F13
HMS3885P09
Pharmakon1600-01500178
CHLOROCRESOL [EP MONOGRAPH]
HY-B1284
Tox21_111116
Tox21_201293
Tox21_300054
BDBM50527069
CCG-39979
HSCI1_000352
NSC756680
s4209
CHLOROCRESOLUM [WHO-IP LATIN]
AKOS000120242
Tox21_111116_1
CS-4678
NSC-756680
Chlorocresol (4-Chloro-3-methylphenol)
IDI1_000768
NCGC00091338-02
NCGC00091338-03
NCGC00091338-04
NCGC00091338-06
NCGC00254021-01
NCGC00258845-01
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, technical grade
AC-14332
LS-13269
SMR001224524
SBI-0051308.P003
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, analytical standard
FT-0618220
SW219289-1
EN300-20372
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, >=98.0% (HPLC)
D03468
AB00051939_02
AB00051939_03
Q302865
SR-05000002033
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Q-200453
SR-05000002033-1
BRD-K89056082-001-03-6
F0001-1543
Z104477910
InChI=1/C7H7ClO/c1-5-4-6(9)2-3-7(5)8/h2-4,9H,1H
43M

cas no 59-50-7 Chlorocresol; 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol; 4-Chloro-3-methyl phenol; Parachlorometacresol; p-Chloro-m-cresol; 2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene; 2-Chloro-hydroxytoluene; 4-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene; 4-Chloro-3-cresol; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol; 4-Chloro-5-methylphenol; 4-Chloro-m-cresol; 6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene; 6-Chloro-m-cresol; Chlorkresolum; Chloro-3-cresol; Chlorocresol; Chlorocresolo; Chlorocresolum; Clorocresolo; PCMC; Parachlorometacresol; Parmetol; Parol; Peritonan; Perol; p-Chlor-m-cresol; p-Chloro-m-cresol; p-Chlorocresol;

PCL-Liquid is a mixture of branched alkyl fatty acid esters used as a unique emollient providing outstanding skin suppleness.
PCL-Liquid shows high spreading capacity and good skin wetting properties, makes the skin soft, smooth and supple, shows water repellent properties, produces a thin hydrophobic film on the skin which protects from drying out maintains natural water vapor permeability of the skin and counteracts occlusion.
PCL-Liquid is odorless when pure.

CAS: 110-27-0
MF: C17H34O2
MW: 270.45
EINECS: 203-751-4

Synonyms
Isopropyl Myristate, 96% 25GR;IPM 100;IPM-EX;IPM-R;Radia 7730 (IPM);Isopropyl myristate Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%;MYRISTIC ACID ISOPROPYL ESTER MINIMU;ISO-PROPYL N-TETRADECANOATE;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE;110-27-0;Isopropyl tetradecanoate;Estergel;Tetradecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester;Bisomel;Isomyst;Promyr;Deltyl Extra;Kesscomir;Tegester;Sinnoester MIP;Crodamol IPM;Plymoutm IPM;Starfol IPM;Unimate IPM;Kessco IPM;Emcol-IM;propan-2-yl tetradecanoate;Wickenol 101;Myristic acid isopropyl ester;Stepan D-50;Emerest 2314;1-Methylethyl tetradecanoate;Deltylextra;JA-FA IPM;Crodamol I.P.M.;Kessco isopropyl myristate;Tetradecanoic acid, isopropyl;FEMA No. 3556;Myristic acid, isopropyl ester;Tetradecanoic acid, isopropyl ester;Caswell No. 511E;Isopropyl myristate [USAN];1-Tridecanecarboxylic acid, isopropyl ester;HSDB 626;NSC 406280;UNII-0RE8K4LNJS;0RE8K4LNJS;EINECS 203-751-4;Estergel (TN);EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000207;NSC-406280;BRN 1781127;methylethyl tetradecanoate;MFCD00008982;iso-Propyl N-tetradecanoate;DTXSID0026838;CHEBI:90027;EC 203-751-4;Tetradecanoic acid methyethyl ester;1405-98-7;NCGC00164071-01;WE(2:0(1Me)/14:0);isopropylmyristate;MYRISTIC ACID, ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL ESTER;Isopropyl myristate, 98%;TETRADECONOIC ACID, 1-METHYLETHYL ESTER;DTXCID306838;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (II);ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [II];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (MART.);ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [MART.];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (USP-RS);ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [USP-RS];CAS-110-27-0;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (EP MONOGRAPH);ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [EP MONOGRAPH];IPM-EX;Isopropyl myristate; 1-Methylethyl tetradecanoate;IPM-R;tetradecanoic acid 1-methylethyl ester;Deltyextra;Myristic acid-isopropyl ester;Tegosoft M;Isopropyl myristate [USAN:NF];Liponate IPM;Crodamol 1PM;IPM 100;isopropyl-myristate;Lexol IPM;Isopropyltetradecanoate;Radia 7190;Isopropyl myristate (NF);Isopropyl tetradecanoic acid;SCHEMBL2442;Isopropyl myristate, >=98%;CHEMBL207602;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [MI];WLN: 13VOY1&1;FEMA 3556;tetradecanoic acid isopropyl ester;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [FHFI];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [HSDB];ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [VANDF];Isopropyl myristate, >=90% (GC);Tox21_112080;Tox21_202065;Tox21_303171;ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE [WHO-DD];LMFA0701067;NSC406280;s2428;AKOS015902296;Tox21_112080_1;DB13966;USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000207;NCGC00164071-02;NCGC00164071-03;NCGC00256937-01;NCGC00259614-01;LS-14615;DB-040910;HY124190;CS-0085813;M0481;NS00006471;Isopropyl Myristate Solution. 500mL, Sterile;D02296;F71211

May be synthesized by conventional esterification of PCL-Liquid with myristic acid.
PCL-Liquid is an emollient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical bases.
PCL-Liquid is a fatty acid ester.
PCL-Liquid is an ester of isopropyl alcohol myristic acid.
PCL-Liquid is mainly used as a solubilizer, emulsifier and emollient in cosmetic and topical medicines.
PCL-Liquid also finds applications as a flavoring agent in the food industry.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.

PCL Liquid is an emollient.
PCL-Liquid helps to protect skin.
PCL-Liquid makes the skin soft, smooth and supple.
PCL-Liquid helps the skin to maintain its natural equilibrium.
PCL-Liquid spreads quickly on skin and has a strong film-forming effect without being occlusive.

Thus, PCL-Liquid does not inhibit the natural skin respiration.
PCL-Liquid does not leave a sticky or greasy skin feeling.
PCL-Liquid maintains the natural moisture content of the skin.
PCL-Liquid mimics the composition of natural preen-gland oil but is of course not animal-derived.
PCL-Liquid offers low variation of viscosity with temperature.
PCL Liquid is particularly suitable for W/O emulsions.

PCL-Liquid Chemical Properties
Melting point: ~3 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 193 °C/20 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 0.85 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.434(lit.)
FEMA: 3556 | ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: <0.05mg/l
Form: Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.855 (20/4℃)
Color: Clear
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: Miscible with alcohol. Immiscible with water and glycerol.
Merck: 14,5215
JECFA Number: 311
BRN: 1781127
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: AXISYYRBXTVTFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 7.71
CAS DataBase Reference: 110-27-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: PCL-Liquid (110-27-0)
EPA Substance Registry System: PCL-Liquid (110-27-0)

PCL-Liquid is a colorless and odorless liquid with a faint odor, and miscible with vegetable oil.
PCL-Liquid is not easy to be either hydrolyzed or become rancid.
The refractive index nD20 is 1.435~1.438, and the relative density (20°C) is 0.85~0.86.
PCL-Liquid is used in many applications, including pharma, food and personal care product manufacturing.
PCL-Liquid is a clear, colorless, practically odorless liquid of low viscosity that congeals at about 5°C.
PCL-Liquid consists of esters of propan-2-ol and saturated high molecular weight fatty acids, principally myristic acid.
PCL-Liquid is virtually odorless, very slightly fatty, but not rancid

Content Analysis
Weight 1.5 g sample.
Then PCL-Liquid is determined by the method ester assay (OT-18).
The equivalent factor (e) in the calculation is 135.2.
Or PCL-Liquid is determined by a non-polar column method of gas chromatography (GT-10-4).

Uses
PCL-Liquid is a fatty acid ester which is used as solvent in water-in-oil emulsion, oils and fatty based ointments.
The use of PCL-Liquid is recommended in the Sterility Test chapter of the European, Japanese and United States Pharmacopoeia (EP, 2.6.13, JP, 4.06 and USP, 71) as diluent for oils and oily solutions, as well as for ointments and creams.
Indeed, PCL-Liquid's solvent properties improve the filterability of these samples.
PCL-Liquid is known as a penetration enhancer for topical preparations.
PCL-Liquid is a waterclear, low viscous oily liquid with a very good spreading capacity on the skin.
PCL-Liquid is mainly used in cosmetics as an oilcomponent for emulsions, bath oils and as a solvent for active substances.

PCL-Liquid is an emollient, moisturizer, binder, and skin softener that also assists in product penetration.
An ester of myristic acid, PCL-Liquid is naturally occurring in coconut oil and nutmeg.
Although PCL-Liquid is generally considered comedogenic, some ingredient manufacturers clearly specify non-comedogenicity on their data sheets.
In cosmetic and topical medicinal Preparations where good absorption through the skin is desired.
A jellied PCL-Liquid was marketed as Estergel.

Pharmaceutical Applications
PCL-Liquid is a nongreasy emollient that is absorbed readily by the skin.
PCL-Liquid is used as a component of semisolid bases and as a solvent for many substances applied topically.
Applications in topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations include bath oils; make-up; hair and nail care products; creams; lotions; lip products; shaving products; skin lubricants; deodorants; otic suspensions; and vaginal creams.
For example, PCL-Liquid is a self-emulsifying component of a proposed cold cream formula, which is suitable for use as a vehicle for drugs or dermatological actives; PCL-Liquid is also used cosmetically in stable mixtures of water and glycerol.

PCL-Liquid is used as a penetration enhancer for transdermal formulations, and has been used in conjunction with therapeutic ultrasound and iontophoresis.
PCL-Liquid has been used in a water-oil gel prolonged-release emulsion and in various microemulsions.
Such microemulsions may increase bioavailability in topical and transdermal applications.
PCL-Liquid has also been used in microspheres, and significantly increased the release of drug from etoposide-loaded microspheres.
PCL-Liquid is used in soft adhesives for pressuresensitive adhesive tapes.

Pharmacology
PCL-Liquid is used in pharmaceutical preparations because it improves solubility and increases absorption through the skin.
External uses include a non-irritating iodine preparation for disinfecting the skin and aerosol bactericidal preparations for feminine hygiene use without irritation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Preparations for internal use include oral steroid formulations and anaesthetic injection solutions.
Veterinary medications containing PCL-Liquidinclude oral or parenteral compositions for lungworm infections and a spray formulation for bovine udders to treat mastitis, combat infection and improve the general skin condition.

PCL-Liquid has been found to be an effective repository vehicle for im injection of penicillin in rabbits and for sc administration of oestrogens in ovariectomized rats.
In assays on human forearms, vasoconstrictor activity of ointment preparations containing 0025% betamethasone 17-benzoate in white soft paraffin was increased by the presence of isopropyl myristate.
Donovan, Ohmart & Stoklosa noted that the good solvent properties of PCL-Liquid might increase the therapeutic activity of formulations by the apparent alteration in particle size of the active ingredients, so that further evaluation and clinical study would be necessary before its use in extemporaneous compounding could be recommended.
Studies in which the antifungal activity of paraben esters solubilized by surfactants was decreased by PCL-Liquid indicate that the effectiveness of medicinal substances may be influenced by the presence of surfactants and oily ingredients such as isopropyl myristate.

Production Method
PCL-Liquid is a product of esterification of myristic acid derived from re-steamed coconut coil with isopropyl alcohol.
(1) 200 kg myristic acid and 450 kg isopropyl alcohol were added into the reaction vessel in turn.
After mixing, 360 kg sulfuric acid (98%) was added.
The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 10 hours.
PCL-Liquid was then recovered, washed with ice water, and neutralized with Na2CO3 aqueous solution (10%).
Under normal pressure, isopropyl alcohol and water were distilled. While under reduced pressure, PCL-Liquid was distilled (185°C/1.0kPa~195°C/2.7kPa).

(2) 90 kg isopropyl alcohol was added into the reaction vessel and then sulfuric acid as catalyst, with 5% of the total amount, was added.
During mixing, 228 kg myristic acid was added slowly.
The mixture was heated to reflux and water was continuously separated.
Until no water was separated, the reaction temperature was reduced and probe was obtained to measure the acid value.
When the acid value reached 1.5 mg KOH/g, the reaction was completed.
Alkali was then added for neutralization.
After the removal of water under reduced pressure, the pressure was further reduced for dealcoholization until the acid value was 0.05~1.0 mg KOH/g.
The final product is then PCL-Liquid.

Production Methods
PCL-Liquid may be prepared either by the esterification of myristic acid with propan-2-ol or by the reaction of myristoyl chloride and propan-2-ol with the aid of a suitable dehydrochlorinating agent.
A high-purity material is also commercially available, produced by enzymatic esterification at low temperature.

PCL-Liquid 100 is a mixture of branched alkyl fatty acid esters used as a unique emollient providing outstanding skin suppleness.
PCL-Liquid 100 shows high spreading capacity and good skin wetting properties which makes the skin soft, smooth and supple and shows water repellent properties.
PCL-Liquid 100 also produces a thin hydrophobic film on the skin which protects from drying out while it maintains natural water vapor permeability of the skin and counteracts occlusion.

CAS: 90411-68-0
MF: C24H48O2
MW: 0
EINECS: 291-445-1

Synonyms
Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, C16-18-alkyl esters;Hexansure, 2-Ethyl-, C16-18-Alkylester;PCL;LIQUID;134647WMX4;Hexadecyl 2-ethylhexanoate;59130-69-7;Cetyl 2-ethylhexanoate;cetyl ethylhexanoate;HEXANOIC ACID, 2-ETHYL-, HEXADECYL ESTER;134647WMX4;EINECS 261-619-1;Schercemol CO;Exceparl HO;Tegosoft C;UNII-134647WMX4;Pelemol 168;90411-68-0;Hest CSO (Salt/Mix);Crodamol CAP (Salt/Mix);EC 261-619-1;Tegosoft liquid (Salt/Mix);SCHEMBL15239;Lanol 1688 (Salt/Mix);HEXADECYL2-ETHYLHEXANOATE;DTXSID20866741;2-Ethylhexanoic acid, cetyl ester;AKOS028108429;DB11349;NS00007021;Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, C16-18-alkyl esters;Q27251471

PCL-Liquid 100 has high resistance to oxidation.
PCL Liquid 100 is an emollient.
This bioinspired ester oils helps to protect your skin.
PCL-Liquid 100 makes the skin soft, smooth and supple.
PCL-Liquid 100 helps the skin to maintain its natural equilibrium.
PCL-Liquid 100 spreads quickly on skin and has a strong film-forming effect without being occlusive.
Thus PCL-Liquid 100 does not inhibit the natural skin respiration.
PCL-Liquid 100 does not leave a sticky or greasy skin feeling.
PCL-Liquid 100 maintains the natural moisture content of the skin.
PCL-Liquid 100 mimics the composition of natural preen-gland oil but is of course not animal-derived.
PCL-Liquid 100 offers a low variation of viscosity with temperature.
PCL Liquid 100 is particularly suitable for W/O emulsions.

PCL-Liquid 100 is the ester of cetearyl alcohol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid and was formerly called cetearyl octanoate.
PCL-Liquid 100 is a transparent, oil-like, water-resistant liquid that protects skin from moisture loss by acting as an emollient.
PCL-Liquid 100, which has a comparable chemical makeup but slightly different properties and safety, should not be confused with this ingredient.
PCL-Liquid 100, commonly known as “seabird feather oil”, can substitute for natural squalane.
PCL-Liquid 100 has good film forming ability, light texture, water-proof and skin-softening, good moisturizers without viscosity.
PCL-Liquid 100 can be used in lipsticks as pigment dispersant, base oil agent, lipstick glossy agent and emollient of cream and lotion, etc.

PCL-Liquid 100 is an ester of cetyl alcohol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
PCL-Liquid 100 is present in cosmetic products as a skin conditioning agent and emollient.
PCL-Liquid 100 is a synthetic mixture of fatty acid esters that resembles the preen gland secretion of aquatic birds.
Thus, PCL-Liquid 100 imparts water repelling characteristics to cosmetic formulations.
PCL-Liquid 100 is also used as an agent that improves "spreadability" and "refatting" material for dry skin condition.

PCL-Liquid 100 is a mix of cetyl and stearyl alcohols esters with 2-ethylhexanoic acid, a colorless oil with a faint inherent odor.
PCL-Liquid 100's former designation was Cetearyl Octanoate.

PCL-Liquid 100 is a multifunctional cosmetic oil used in many kinds of skin and hair care preparations.
PCL-Liquid 100 is insoluble in water, freely miscible with vegetable, mineral, and synthetic oils and fats, and dedicated to the oil phase in o/w and w/o emulsions.

PCL-Liquid 100 is a readily emulsifiable oil used as an emollient, spreadability enhancer, and moisturizer.
Closely related to the biological fats of the skin, PCL-Liquid 100 leaves a pleasant after-feel (non-sticky or greasy) and imparts a smooth, glossy appearance to preparations, rendering the skin soft and supple.

By virtue of its branched chain structure, PCL-Liquid 100 is very spreadable.
PCL-Liquid 100 is used as a base oil in the production of a wide variety of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations that are easily spread and quickly absorbed by the skin.
Thanks to its good stability against oxidation, PCL-Liquid 100 can be used in sun care applications.
In addition, PCL-Liquid 100 forms a non-occlusive, "breathable" film on the skin that acts as a water-repellant and protects against dehydration.
Thanks to its many beneficial properties, PCL-Liquid 100 is used in many hair, skin, and sun care products and decorative cosmetics.
Toxicological studies have examined the use of PCL-Liquid 100 in cosmetic preparations.
The results obtained did not indicate toxicological hazards when the product was applied in the recommended concentrations for the recommended applications.

Uses
PCL-Liquid 100 works as an emoliient, texture enhancer and a conditioning agent in cosmetics and personal care products.
Skin care: PCL-Liquid 100 smooths and softens the skin.
PCL-Liquid 100 adds a sophisticated spreadability to creams and lotions and is oxygen-stable in addition to its moisturizing qualities.
In leave-on products, PCL-Liquid 100 can be used up to 35% of the time.
Additionally, PCL-Liquid 100 serves as a replacement for whale-derived spermaceti wax.
Numerous cosmetic products, including foundation, facial moisturizers, lipsticks, lip glosses, lip/eye liners, conditioners, and anti-aging products, contain PCL-Liquid 100.

PCL-Solid is a mixture of long-chain fatty acid esters used as an emollient with well-developed consistency giving properties.
PCL-Solid is a colorless wax that melts at skin temperature, has neutral odor, gives emulsions a pleasant consistency and increases their stability.
PCL-Solid creates a soft, pleasant, smooth skin feel, has high levels of refatting potential, also demonstrates strong water repellent properties and forms a hydrophobic film that protects the skin from drying out.

CAS: 24980-41-4
MF: C6H10O2
MW: 114.1424
EINECS: 244-492-7

Synonyms
Ploycarprolactone;Polycaprolactone Standard (Mw 2,000);Polycaprolactone Standard (Mw 4,000);Polycaprolactone Standard (Mw 13,000);Polycaprolactone Standard (Mw 20,000);Polycaprolactone Standard (Mw 40,000);Polycaprolactone Standard (Mw 60,000);Polycaprolactone Standard (Mw 100,000)

PCL Solid is a reliable emollient with valuable caring properties.
PCL-Solid melts slightly above skin temperature.
PCL-Solid gives emulsions a pleasant consistency and helps to increase their stability.
PCL-Solid creates a soft, pleasant and smooth skin feel.
PCL Solid enhances the caring characteristic of formulations.
PCL-Solid is a semi-crystalline polymer, a chemically synthesized biodegradable polymer material, its structural repeating unit has 5 non-polar methylene-CH2 starch, etc.
Substance blending can make completely biodegradable materials.
PCL-Solid is a epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.

PCL-Solid is a synthetic, semi-crystalline, biodegradable polyester with a melting point of about 60 °C and a glass transition temperature of about −60 °C.
The most common use of PCL-Solid is in the production of speciality polyurethanes. PCL-Solid impart good resistance to water, oil, solvent and chlorine to the polyurethane produced.

PCL-Solid is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (e.g., impact resistance).
Being compatible with a range of other materials, PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or PCL-Solid can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
PCL-Solid is also used for splinting, modeling, and as a feedstock for prototyping systems such as fused filament fabrication 3D printers.

PCL-Solid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 60 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.146 g/mL at 25 °C
Tg: -60
Storage temp.: -20°C
Form: pellets
Odor: odorless
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H10O2/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-8-6/h1-5H2
InChIKey: PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
EPA Substance Registry System: PCL-Solid (24980-41-4)

Uses
Biodegradable, biocompatible, and bioresorbable polymer composed of ε-caprolactone.
PCL-Solid has been used in the fabrication of research medical devices and research tissue engineering solutions, such as orthopedic or soft tissue fixation devices. Degradation of this material has been thoroughly studied and has been shown to be safely resorbed by the body after implantation.
Modification of molecular weight and polymer composition allows for control of the degradation rate and mechanical stability of the polymer.
Extrusion aid, die lubricant, mold release, pigment and filler dispersion aid and polyester segments in urethanes and block polyesters.

Biomedical applications
PCL-Solid is degraded by hydrolysis of its ester linkages in physiological conditions (such as in the human body) and has therefore received a great deal of attention for use as an implantable biomaterial.
In particular PCL-Solid is especially interesting for the preparation of long term implantable devices, owing to its degradation which is even slower than that of polylactide.

PCL-Solid has been widely used in long-term implants and controlled drug release applications.
However, when PCL-Solid comes to tissue engineering, PCL suffers from some shortcomings such as slow degradation rate, poor mechanical properties, and low cell adhesion.
The incorporation of calcium phosphate-based ceramics and bioactive glasses into PCL-Solid has yielded a class of hybrid biomaterials with remarkably improved mechanical properties, controllable degradation rates, and enhanced bioactivity that are suitable for bone tissue engineering.

PCL-Solid has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in specific applications used in the human body as (for example) a drug delivery device, suture, or adhesion barrier.
PCL-Solid is used in the rapidly growing field of human esthetics following the recent introduction of a PCL-based microsphere dermal filler belonging to the collagen stimulator class (Ellansé).

Through the stimulation of collagen production, PCL-based products are able to correct facial ageing signs such as volume loss and contour laxity, providing an immediate and long-lasting natural effect.
PCL-Solid is being investigated as a scaffold for tissue repair by tissue engineering, GBR membrane.
PCL-Solid has been used as the hydrophobic block of amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers used to form the vesicle membrane of polymersomes.
A variety of drugs have been encapsulated within PCL-Solid beads for controlled release and targeted drug delivery.

In dentistry (as the composite named Resilon), PCL-Solid is used as a component of "night guards" (dental splints) and in root canal filling.
PCL-Solid performs like gutta-percha, has similar handling properties, and for re-treatment purposes may be softened with heat, or dissolved with solvents like chloroform.
Similar to gutta-percha, there are master cones in all ISO sizes and accessory cones in different sizes and taper available.
The major difference between the polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material (Resilon and Real Seal) and gutta-percha is that the PCL-Solid is biodegradable, whereas gutta-percha is not.
There is a lack of consensus in the expert dental community as to whether a biodegradable root canal filling material, such as Resilon or Real Seal is desirable.

Properties and Applications
PCL-Solid is a biodegradable, semicrystalline polyester for use in tissue engineering and drug delivery research applications.
Due to the increased length of the aliphatic chain, PCL-Solid degrades significantly slower than other common biodegradable polymers, such as polylactide.
PCL-Solid features a low melting point (55-60 °C), making it ideal for thermal processing and increasing its use in novel applications such as 3D bioprinting.
In addition to its favorable thermal properties, PCL-Solid also features high solubility in organic solvent allowing for a multitude of other processing options.
PCL-Solidfeatures low residual water, monomer, and catalyst (tin) making it an ideal choice for use in tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting research.

Synthesis
PCL-Solid is prepared by ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone using a catalyst such as stannous octoate.
A wide range of catalysts can be used for the ring opening polymerization of caprolactone.

Chlorocresol; 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol; 4-Chloro-3-methyl phenol; Parachlorometacresol; p-Chloro-m-cresol; 2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene; 2-Chloro-hydroxytoluene; 4-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene; 4-Chloro-3-cresol; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol; 4-Chloro-5-methylphenol; 4-Chloro-m-cresol; 6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene; 6-Chloro-m-cresol; Chlorkresolum; Chloro-3-cresol; Chlorocresol; Chlorocresolo; Chlorocresolum; Clorocresolo; Parachlorometacresol; Parmetol; Parol; Peritonan; Perol; p-Chlor-m-cresol; p-Chloro-m-cresol; p-Chlorocresol CAS NO:59-50-7

PCMX Chloroxylenol, also known as para-chloro-meta-xylenol (PCMX), is an antiseptic and disinfectant which is used for skin disinfection, and together with alcohol for cleaning surgical instruments.[2] PCMX is also used within a number of household disinfectants and wound cleaners.[3] PCMX is thought to act by disrupting microbial cell walls and inactivating cellular enzymes, and is less effective than some other available agents. PCMX is available as a liquid. History of PCMX PCMX was first made in 1927. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] It is sold in a number of formulations and under a number of brand names, including Dettol. Soon after it was created parachlorometaxylenol was then called PCMX, but this was thought to be a poor name and it was renamed Dettol. Then in 1932 it was marketed in Britain and in India. It had a white on green bottle with a white sword depicted. PCMX is sold, in the same style bottle, in Argentina and Uruguay to this day. Properties of PCMX Side effects are generally few but can include skin irritation.[2][5] It may be used mixed with water or alcohol. PCMX is most effective against gram-positive bacteria.[2] It works by disruption of the cell wall and stopping the function of enzymes. Uses of PCMX PCMX is used in hospitals and households for disinfection and sanitation. It is also commonly used in antibacterial soaps, wound-cleansing applications and household antiseptics such as Dettol liquid (to which it contributes its distinctive odor), cream and ointments.[13]Following independent laboratory testing specific Dettol products have demonstrated effectiveness against the Covid-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) when used in accordance with the directions for use. Side effects of PCMX PCMX is not significantly toxic to humans, is practically non-toxic to birds, and is moderately toxic to freshwater invertebrates. It is highly toxic to fish, cats, and some amphibians and should not be used around them. PCMX is a mild skin irritant and may trigger allergic reactions in some individuals. Humans Excessive exposure to PCMX has the potential for causing death. It can be poisonous when swallowed and even when it is unintentionally inhaled. A medical study in Hong Kong which analyzed 177 cases of Dettol ingestion that resulted in emergency department treatment (95% of which were intentional), concluded that "Dettol poisoning resulted in serious complications in 7% of patients, including death." Animals PCMX is toxic to many animals, especially cats. Phenolic compounds are of particular concern because cats are unable to fully metabolize them. A cat may swallow the product by licking its paws after they have come into contact with it. In Australia, PCMX spray has been shown to be lethal to cane toads, an invasive species that was introduced from Hawaii as a result of bad judgment in 1935. It had been hoped that the amphibian would control the cane beetle but it became highly destructive within the ecosystem. Spraying the disinfectant at close range has been shown to cause rapid death to toads. PCMX is not known whether the toxins are persistent or whether they harm other Australian flora and fauna. Owing to concerns over potential harm to other Australian wildlife species, the use of PCMX as an agent for pest control was banned in Western Australia by the Department of Environment and Conservation in 2011. Society and culture A number of brand names are available. PCMX is the active ingredient in Dettol. PCMX comprises 4.8% of Dettol's total admixture,[19] with the rest made up by pine oil, isopropanol, castor oil, soap and water. Chloroxylenol (PCMX) also called 4-Chloro-3, 5-dimethylphenol, is a white crystal. PCMX is a secure, high-efficient, broad spectrum and low-toxic antiseptic. PCMX has large potency to Gram-positive, Gram-negative, epiphyte and mildew approved by FDA . PCMX has good chemical stability and doesn’t lose the activity in normal storage conditions. Solubility in water is 0.03 wt%, freely soluble in organic solvent such as alcohols, ethers, polyglycols, etc. and solutions of alkali hydroxides frequently used in personal clean care products. This product (PCMX) is low-poison antibacterial, frequently used in personal care products such as hand - cleaning detergent, soap, dandruff control shampoo and healthy products, etc. Common dosage in lotion as follows: 0.5~1wt% in liquid detergent, 1wt% in antibacterial handing detergent, 4.5~5 wt% in disinfectant. What’s more, PCMX has been used in other fields such as glue, painting, textile, pulp, etc. This study examines the bactericidal and fungicidal efficiency of parachlorometaxylenol (PCMX) and its active ingredient, chlorxylenol at 10% and 20% concentrations, on four microbial isolates from abattoirs' (slaughter houses) floors in an open environment in Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State Nigeria. The study was carried out between the months of January 2005 and June 2006. Mixed culture of Vibrio species, Salmonella sp, Campylobacter sp and Candida albicans isolated from five different abattoirs: Agip, Trans -Amadi, Woji, Rumuodara and Rumuokoro: were used as test bacteria and fungi respectively, using agar diffusion and tranditional plate count methods. The four microbial isolates were exposed to parachlorometaxylenol (PCMX) and chlorxylenol after the addition of quenching agent (QAC), at time interval starting from Omin, lOmin, 20min, 30min, 40,min, 50min,and 60min. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was calculated on the resistance and the susceptibility of these four isolates to the test disinfectants, the results showed that there was no significant difference in the test disinfectants effectiveness on these test organisms. The findings showed that Vibrio, Salmonella and Campylobacter were more sensitive to parachlorometaxylenol (PCMX) also called Dettol, while Candida albicans was more sensitive to Chlorxylenol. Also observed from this work is candidiasis infection through cross-contamination can be taken care of in the body of its victim by washing in 10% chloroxylenol. At ambient temperature, a 25% solution of PCMX in isopropanol is not corrosive to stainless steel or aluminum. Brass is slightly affected as is mild steel. Mild steel is slightly affected by isopropanol alone. PCMX is stable when exposed to sunlight and humidity from ambient storage over 24 hours. It is also stable at elevated temperatures (54 °C). Choroxylenol is hydrolytically stable. Drug Indication of PCMX The predominant medical applications for which PCMX is formally indicated for therapeutic use is as an application to the skin for use in cuts, bites, stings, abrasions, and for use as antiseptic hand cleaner. PCMX is a substituted phenol which has been widely used for many years as an ingredient of antiseptic and disinfectant products intended for external use [L1999]. PCMX is known to be bactericidal in low concentration to a wide range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Absorption No PCMX was detected in the blood following the dermal administration of 2 g of p-PCMX in an ethanol/olive oil vehicle in human subjects. After a dose of 5 g, only traces were found, after 8 g, 1 mg % (1 mg/dL) was found in the blood after 3 hours, and 4 mg % (4 mg/dL) after 24 hours [A32349]. After a dose of 20 g, 4 mg % (4 mg/dL) was measured after half an hour, and 1 mg % (1 mg/dL) was present at 72 hours [A32349]. For antiseptic purposes, PCMX is considered to be well-absorbed when applied to the skin. Volume of Distribution The only data available regarding the volume of distribution of PCMX is the mean Vss of 22.45 L determined after 200 mg intravenous single dose of PCMX was administered to healthy mongrel dog subjects. Clearance The only data available regarding the clearance of PCMX is the mean clearance rate of 13.76 L/hr following a 200 mg intravenous single dose of the substance into healthy mongrel dog subjects [L1989, L1993]. Moreover, in another study, when 8 g of PCMX was administered dermal on a human subject in an alcohol/glycerin vehicle, 11% was excreted in 48 hours. The pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile of p-chloro-m-xylenol (PCMX) was studied in healthy mongrel dogs after intravenous and oral administration of single doses of 200 and 2000 mg of PCMX, respectively. ... The mean half-life and mean residence time were 1.84 and 1.69 hr. respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state was estimated to be 22.4 liters, and the plasma clearance was 14.6 liters/hr. The bioavailability of PCMX was 21%. ... PCMX's metabolite data show that a presystemic elimination process (first-pass effect) is also occurring. PCMX plasma concentrations after intravenous administration of 500-, 200-, and 100-mg doses were found to be proportional to the dose given. Metabolism/Metabolites Certain animal studies have shown that following dermal application of PCMX, that the absorption was rapid with a Cmax = 1-2 hours, and that the administered substance was excreted via the kidney with almost complete elimination within 24 hours. The primary metabolites discovered in the excreted urine were glucuronides and sulfates [L1992]. Some PCMX monographs liken its pharmacokinetic profile to that of another antiseptic - triclosan - which is rapidly excreted in the urine also as a glucuronide metabolite, as observed in the human model. Moreover, In one human subject administered 5 mg intragluteally, 14% was excreted with glucuronic acid and 17% with sulfuric acid at 3 days. Any PCMX absorbed into the body is likely extensively metabolized by the liver and rapidly excreted, mainly in the urine, as sulphate and glucuronide conjugates. One study estimated the mean terminal half-life and mean residence time after a 200 mg intravenous single dose of PCMX in healthy mongrel dog subjects to be 1.7 and 1.69 hours, respectively. Alternatively, some product monographs liken PCMX to a similar liquid antiseptic, triclosan, whose calculated urinary excretion half-life in man is approximately 10 hours. As a phenol antiseptic, it is believed that the hydroxyl -OH groups of the PCMX molecule binds to certain proteins on the cell membrane of bacteria, and disrupts the membrane so as to allow the contents of the bacterial cell to leak out [A1351]. This allows PCMX to enter the bacterial cell to bind further with more proteins and enzymes to disable the cell's functioning [A1351]. At particularly high concentrations of PCMX, the protein and nucleic acid content of targeted bacterial cells become coagulated and cease to function, leading to rapid cell death. Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. PCMX is included on this list. Section 4(g)(2)(A) of FIFRA calls for the Agency to determine, after submission of relevant data concerning an active ingredient, whether products containing the active ingredients are eligible for reregistration. The Agency has previously identified and required the submission of the generic (i.e. active ingredient specific) data required to support reregistration of products containing PCMX active ingredients. The Agency has completed its review of these generic data, and has determined that the data are sufficient to support reregistration of all products containing PCMX. Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: PCMX is included in topical acne drug products. Toxicity Summary of PCMX As PCMX is predominantly employed as an active ingredient in various liquids or creams as cleaners, disinfectants, or antiseptics that are generally designed to be used topically, it is widely accepted that the use of such liquids - when used appropriately - is unlikely to present a sufficient volume that could be ingested to cause any medical problems [L1992]. In the event of accidental eye contact, was with Luke warm water [L1992]. PCMX is known to have a low systemic toxicity, even at dosage levels many times higher that those likely to be absorbed during normal usage of the agent. Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary of PCMX PCMX's production and use as an antibacterial, germicide, antiseptic and in mildew prevention may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.1 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates PCMX will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase PCMX will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5.8 hours. PCMX does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and has been reported to be stable to sunlight for up to 24 hours. If released to soil, PCMX is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1,400. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. PCMX is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 10 hours and 9 days, respectively. Degradation of PCMX appears to be slower than other phenol derivatives. Studies in sewage showed 80-95% of the original compound remaining after 2 days and 60-70% remaining after 7 days. This is consistent with other studies that showed less than 40% degradation in activated sludge over 7 days. If released into water, PCMX is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. An estimated BCF of 66 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to PCMX may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where PCMX is produced or used. The most likely route of exposure to the general population is through dermal contact when using soaps or cleaning products that contain PCMX as an antibacterial. A smaller population may be exposed to PCMX when taking medications that contain PCMX as an active ingredient. PCMX's production and use as an antibacterial, germicide, antiseptic and in mildew prevention(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,400(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.27(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that PCMX is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of PCMX from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mol(SRC), derived using a fragment constant estimation method(4). PCMX is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Degradation of PCMX appears to be slower than other phenol derivatives(5,6). Studies in sewage showed 95-80% of the original compound remaining after 2 days and 60-70% remaining after 7 days(5). This is consistent with other studies that showed less than 40% degradation in activated sludge over 7 days(6). ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), PCMX, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.8X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase PCMX is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). PCMX does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and has been reported to be stable to sunlight for up 24 hours(5). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of PCMX with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5.8 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). PCMX is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). PCMX does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and has been reported to be stable to sunlight for up to 24 hours(4). An estimated BCF of 66 was calculated for PCMX(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.27(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). The Koc of PCMX is estimated as 1,400(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.27(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that PCMX is expected to have low mobility in soil. The Henry's Law constant for PCMX is estimated as 5.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that PCMX is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(2). PCMX is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.8X10-3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). Occupational exposure to PCMX may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where PCMX is produced or used(SRC). The most likely route of exposure to the general population is through dermal contact when using soaps or cleaning products that contain PCMX as an antibacterial(SRC). A smaller population may be exposed to PCMX when taking medications that contain PCMX as an active ingredient(1). Because of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of para-chlorometa- xylenol (PCMX) and the need for additional topical agents for bacterial control of the burn wound, PCMX was tested in an in vitro topical antimicrobial susceptibility well assay system. For testing, data from 50 strains of Staphvlococcus aureus and 100 strains of various gram-negative micro-organisms were isolated from wounds of acute burn patients. Results showed that burns colonized by organisms other than P. aeruginosa could be treated with PCMX as a single agent, whereas burn wounds not so colonized could be treated with mixtures of PCMX and an antimicrobial that has anli-Pseudomonas activity. Alternatively, PCMX could be mixed with antimicrobials against which organisms show random resistance and thus expand their spectrum of activity. Therefore, further testing and development of PCMX as a topical antimicrobial preparation seems warranted. Para-Chloro-Meta-Xylenol (PCMX) is an antiseptic and disinfectant. Used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments. It is also used within a number of household disinfectants and wound cleaners. PCMX is an antimicrobial chemical compound used as a preservative to control bacteria, algae, and fungi in adhesives, emulsions, paints, cooling fluids, glue, cosmetics, hygiene products such as hair conditioners and deodorants, topical medications, urinary antiseptics and metal working fluids. Liquid PCMX solutions are used for cleaning and disinfecting wounds, abrasions and abscesses while creams are used for cuts, scratches, insect bites, and burns. Powders are used to treat problems of the feet and skin inflammations. Uses of PCMX: Preservative in cooling fluids, creams, topical and urinary antiseptics. Chloroxylenol (PCMX) acts against a wide range of bacteria. Liquids are used for the cleaning and disinfecting of wounds and abrasions as well as abscesses. The creams are used for cuts, scratches, insect bites, burns and similar problems. Powders can be used to treat tinea problems of the feet and skin inflammations. Also in pharmaceutical products, hair conditioners, toilet and deodorants, soaps, electrocardiogram paste, etc. Chloroxylenol, or para-chloro-meta-xylenol (PCMX), is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent used for skin disinfection and surgical instruments. PCMX is found in antibacterial soaps, wound-cleansing applications, and household antiseptics. The halophenol is shown to be most effective against Gram positive bacteria where it disrupts the cell wall due to its phenolic nature 1. PCMX is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. PCMX is a substituted phenol which has been widely used for many years as an ingredient of antiseptic and disinfectant products intended for external use. It is known to be bactericidal in low concentration to a wide range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. As a phenol antiseptic, it is believed that the hydroxyl -OH groups of the PCMX molecule binds to certain proteins on the cell membrane of bacteria, and disrupts the membrane so as to allow the contents of the bacterial cell to leak out. This allows PCMX to enter the bacterial cell to bind further with more proteins and enzymes to disable the cell's functioning. At particularly high concentrations of PCMX, the protein and nucleic acid content of targeted bacterial cells become coagulated and cease to function, leading to rapid cell death. Volume of distribution The only data available regarding the volume of distribution of PCMX is the mean Vss of 22.45 L determined after 200 mg intravenous single dose of PCMX was administered to healthy mongrel dog subjects 6,8. Protein binding One study determined the protein binding of PCMX to be approximately 85.2% +/- 2.32% for serum albumin and 89.8% +/- 2.99% for whole human serum. Metabolism Certain animal studies have shown that following dermal application of PCMX, that the absorption was rapid with a Cmax = 1-2 hours, and that the administered substance was excreted via the kidney with almost complete elimination within 24 hours. The primary metabolites discovered in the excreted urine were glucuronides and sulfates. Some PCMX monographs liken its pharmacokinetic profile to that of another antiseptic - triclosan - which is rapidly excreted in the urine also as a glucuronide metabolite, as observed in the human model. Moreover, In one human subject administered 5 mg intragluteally, 14% was excreted with glucuronic acid and 17% with sulfuric acid at 3 days 4. Any PCMX absorbed into the body is likely extensively metabolized by the liver and rapidly excreted, mainly in the urine, as sulphate and glucuronide conjugates. Route of elimination of PCMX The major route of excretion is likely in urine 8,7, although some amounts may be found in bile and traces in exhaled air. Half-life One study estimated the mean terminal half-life and mean residence time after a 200 mg intravenous single dose of PCMX in healthy mongrel dog subjects to be 1.7 and 1.69 hours, respectively 6,8. Alternatively, some product monographs liken PCMX to a similar liquid antiseptic, triclosan, whose calculated urinary excretion half-life in man is approximately 10 hours. Clearance of PCMX The only data available regarding the clearance of PCMX is the mean clearance rate of 13.76 L/hr following a 200 mg intravenous single dose of the substance into healthy mongrel dog subjects. Moreover, in another study, when 8 g of PCMX was administered dermal on a human subject in an alcohol/glycerin vehicle, 11% was excreted in 48 hours. Toxicity of PCMX As PCMX is predominantly employed as an active ingredient in various liquids or creams as cleaners, disinfectants, or antiseptics that are generally designed to be used topically, it is widely accepted that the use of such liquids - when used appropriately - is unlikely to present a sufficient volume that could be ingested to cause any medical problems 7. In the event of accidental eye contact, was with Luke warm water 7. PCMX is known to have a low systemic toxicity, even at dosage levels many times higher that those likely to be absorbed during normal usage of the agent. Drug overdose There have been many cases of intoxication with oral PCMX liquid, a widespread household disinfectant that contains PCMX 4.8%, pine oil, and isopropyl alcohol [4–8]. PCMX was involved in 10% of hospital admissions related to self-poisoning in Hong Kong. In a retrospective study of 67 cases, serious complications were relatively common (8%) and these included aspiration of PCMX with gastric contents, resulting in pneumonia, cardiopulmonary arrest, bronchospasm, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and severe laryngeal edema with upper airway obstruction. Of 89 patients, five developed minor hematemesis, in the form of coffee-colored or blood-stained vomitus [6]. One patient had a gastroscopy performed on the day after admission, which showed signs of chemical burns in the esophagus and stomach. Gastroscopy in another patient on day 11, done to rule out an esophageal stricture, showed no abnormality. All patients with hematemesis recovered completely. The authors suggest that upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage after PCMX ingestion tends to be mild and self-limiting. Gastroscopy, which may increase the risk of aspiration in patients with impaired consciousness, is not required unless other causes of gastrointestinal bleeding are suspected. Furthermore, PCMX poisoning can be associated with an increased risk of aspiration, possibly caused by the use of gastrointestinal lavage in 88% of the patients and vomiting in 62%. Of 121 patients who ingested PCMX 200–500 ml, three developed renal impairment, as evidenced by raised plasma urea and creatinine [7]. Two of these patients also had serious complications, including aspiration leading to pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome; one died. Renal impairment only appears to be observed when relatively large amounts of PCMX are ingested [7]. PCMX is used in cosmetic products as an antimicrobial at concentrations up to 5.0 percent. It is absorbed through the human skin and gastrointestinal tract. Following oral ingestion by a human of a product formulated with PCMX, both free and conjugated PCMX were detected in the urine. PCMX at 100 percent concentration was a moderate irritant to the rabbit eye, whereas a 0.1 percent aqueous PCMX solution was a nonirritant to rabbit skin. PCMX was nonmutagenic in the Salmonella mutagenesis assay, both with and without metabolic activation. No carcinogenicity or adequate teratogenicity studies have been reported. In clinical studies, formulations containing up to 1 .O percent Chloroxyleno1 were nonsensitizing and essentially nonirritating to the skin. The incidence of skin sensitization among 1752 dermatitis patients exposed to 1 .O percent PCMX was less than 1 .O percent. On the basis of the available information included in this report, it is concluded that PCMX is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use.

2,4,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole cas no: 22694-96-8

PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is a kind of oily linear polysiloxane produced from the hydrolysis and poly-condensation of chlorotrimethylsilane, ethyl chlorosilane, and phenyl chlorosilane containing mono-functional group and bifunctional group.
The commonly called PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt means the polydimethylsiloxane and polymethyl phenyl siloxane.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is a kind of colorless, odorless, non-toxic, transparent, non-volatile liquid with non-corrosive effect on metal, low freezing point and good anti-water property and moisture resistance, low surface tension and being capable of being resistant to dilute acids and bases and has wide application in various national economy departments.

CAS: 63148-62-9
MF: C6H18OSi2
MW: 162.38
EINECS: 613-156-5

Synonyms
DIETHYL ETHER RECTIFIED;ETHYL ACETATE PESTINORM SUPRA TRACE;SILICONE FLUID;2,2,4,4-TETRAMETHYL-3-OXA-2,4-DISILAPENTANE;BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ETHER;Hexamethyloxy disilane;HMDO;dimethylsilicone fluid;OCTAMETHYLTRISILOXANE;107-51-7;Trisiloxane, octamethyl-;63148-62-9;1,1,1,3,3,5,5,5-Octamethyltrisiloxane;dimethyl-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)silane;Dimeticone;Dimethicone 350;Pentamethyl(trimethylsilyloxy)disiloxane
;Dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane;9G1ZW13R0G;CHEBI:9147;DTXSID9040710;Dimethicones
;Trisiloxane, 1,1,1,3,3,5,5,5-octamethyl-;MFCD00084411;MFCD00148360;CCRIS 3198;EINECS 203-497-4;dimeticonum;UNII-9G1ZW13R0G;Dimeticona;FRD 20;Ctamethyltrisiloxane;MFCD00008264;Pentamethyl(trimethylsiloxy)disiloxane;octamethyl-trisiloxane;dimethicone macromolecule;VOLASIL DM-1;TRISILOXANE [INCI];EC 203-497-4;Octamethyltrisiloxane, 98%;OS 20 (SILOXANE);SCHEMBL23459;TRISILOXANE, OCTAMETHYL;Dow Corning High-Vacuum Grease;CHEMBL2142985;DTXCID7020710;CHEBI:31498;CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-;KF 96A1;OCTAMETHYLTRISILOXANE [MI];dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)siliane;Dimethylbis(trimethylsilyloxy)silane;[(CH3)3SiO]2Si(CH3)2;Tox21_301002;CO9816;MFCD00134211;MFCD00165850;Silane, dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)-;AKOS015840180;FS-4459;NCGC00164100-01;NCGC00164100-02
;NCGC00254904-01;CAS-107-51-7;NS00041459;O0257;O9816;C07261;D91850;S12475;viscosity 500 inverted exclamation markA30mPa.s;A801717;J-001906;Q2013799;2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethyl-3,5-dioxa-2,4,6-trisilaheptane;InChI=1/C8H24O2Si3/c1-11(2,3)9-13(7,8)10-12(4,5)6/h1-8H3;28349-86-2

The viscosity of the PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has small changes with temperature.
At-60~250 °C, PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can be used as a lubricant agent for sextant, electromotor, shells aiming system and shipborne radar devices.
When being mixed with thickener such as carbon black and lithium stearate, PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can be used for preparation of viscous grease for being applied to vacuum or high temperature sealing systems and the sealing of vacuum cocks, bushings, and valve.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt will not be cured by high compression with a relative high compressibility and can be used as liquid springs of aircraft and used for eliminating flutter in the buffer, shock absorption system to maintain the stability of the gauge pointer in aircraft cabin and damping of damper device.

Because of its non-corrosiveness on metal and long lifespan, it is widely used as hydraulic pressure fluid in various kinds of delivery systems such as being the hydraulic pressure fluid of aircraft landing gear, flaps, doors, and speed brakes; Because of its small density, low viscosity, PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can decrease the weight of the hydraulic pressure systems of the aircraft system by 45% compared with the mineral oil system.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is heat resistant and can be used as the heat transfer medium of-50~250 ℃; it does not absorb moisture and has excellent electrical insulation and can resist high temperature to be used as a dielectric liquid for being applied to the capacitors and the miniature transformer of encapsulating and impregnating.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is permeable to visible light and can be coated to the lens and optical glass to improve the light transmission properties; its being coated to the motion picture film can reduce the friction and extend the lifespan of the film.

PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has a good water resistance and can be used for processing wool, rayon, nylon, cotton fabric and can be used for making waterproof fabric; PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has a low surface tension and can be used for plastic and rubber mold releasing agents; in the food and textile industry, PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can be used in defoamers.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is non-toxic with physiologically inertia and can be used for the treatment of flatulence and can also play a role of skin care when added to cosmetics.
Any of a large group of siloxane polymers based on a structure consisting of alternate silicon and oxygen atoms with various organic radicals attached to the silicon:
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is low viscosity liquid polymerized siloxanes with organic side chains.

A high quality of silicone oil which is clear liquid.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt's viscosity shows very little change with temperature variation.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt exhibits minimum of change among all types of silicone fluids.
Outstanding resistance to high and low temperature extremes, maintenance of flexibility over a wide temperature range are its unique properties.
With a flash point of 315oC PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is ideal for use as an oil bath up to 230oC
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt shows high resistance to breakdown by mechanical shearing.
The low change in viscosity with temperature and excellent heat and cold resistance makes it an ideal lubricant.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is, therefore, widely used in gear wheels, bearings and brushes.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt exhibits excellent dielectric properties, which are maintained for prolonged periods of time even under varying operating conditions.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is used in personal care products as it is a good foam builder, PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt imparts soft silky feel to the hair, ensures smooth wet shaving foams and is non-irritant to skin.

PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt Chemical Properties
Melting point: −59 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 101 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.963 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.377(lit.)
Fp: >270 °C (518 °F)
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Sparingly), Toluene (Sparingly)
Form: Oily Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.853
Color: Clear colorless
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE
Merck: 14,8495
Dielectric constant: 2.7（Ambient）
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt (63148-62-9)

PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is milk-white viscous liquid and is non-volatile and odorless.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has a relative density of O.98~1.02.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is miscible with benzene, gasoline and other kinds of chlorinated hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; it is not soluble in methanol, ethanol and water, but can be dispersed in water.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is Non-flammable, non-corrosive and is chemically stable.

Product Features
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt having a silica structure and is liquid at room temperature and is called as siloxane, referred as silicone oils.
The simplest polydimethylsiloxane is as formula.
In, if the R, R1, R2 are all methyl groups, it is called α, ω-trimethylsilyloxy polydimethylsiloxane, that’s the commonly called silicone oil.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is a linear polymer of a low molecular weight.
If R1 and R2 are not a methyl group, then PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is not related to this article.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is a colorless or light yellow transparent liquid and is odorless and tasteless.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has a high boiling point and low freezing point.
The silicon-oxygen bond is very stable.

PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has the following features:
① low surface tension which is generally less than 209J/cm2 and is lower compared with the water and general surfactant;
② PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has low solubility in water and oil with high activity.
This feature allows that only a very small amount of silicone oil can already capable of reducing the surface tension of water;
③ PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has high stability upon heating and oxygen; This feature allows the silicone oil can be used at high temperature without being subject to decomposition;
④ PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has low volatility, and is chemically inert, for example, dimethicone with a viscosity of 3 × 10-2m2/s (20 ℃) ​​has a vapor pressure at 100 ℃ as low as only being 6.67 mPa while this value is 40 mPa at 220 ℃.
Moreover, it generally does not react with other substances;
⑤ PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has high flash point and flame retardancy;
⑥ PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt has excellent electrical insulation ability with mold release property and anti-foaming property.

Uses
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can be used as emulsifiers.
China has provided that it can be applied during the fermentation process with the maximum usage amount being 0.2g/kg.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can be used as advanced lubricants, anti-vibration oil, insulating oil, defoamers, release agents, polishes and vacuum diffusion pump oil.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can be used as the paint for prevention of moisture and rust of metal surface.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can also be used as the coating for the surfaces of buildings for prevention of water.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt is used as hardening polyurethane foams additive.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can be used for applications such as: protective coatings for building materials, a cosmetic additive, a dielectric coolant, a lubricant and antiflatulent agent.
PDMS Silicone Oil 350cSt can be used for a wide range of applications such as: heat transferring medium in chemical and petrochemical industries, a dielectric coolant, protective coatings for building materials, a cosmetic additive.

Production Methods
Silicone elastomers are generally prepared from chlorosilanes.
The chlorosilanes are hydrolyzed to give hydroxyl compounds that condense to form elastomers.
Applications include electrical insulation, gaskets, surgical membranes and implants, and automobile engine components.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a low molecular weight polyethylene polymer with the formula (C2H4)n.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a large variety of uses and applications.


CAS NUMBER: 9002-88-4
Chemical Formula: (C2H4)n



High Density Polyethylene Wax, Polyethylene Wax, PE WAX , Polymer Wax



PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a low molecular weight polyethylene polymer.
Because of it’s low molecular weight PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has wax like physical characteristics that include properties such as low viscosity, high hardness (brittleness) and relatively high melt point.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a low molecular weight polyethylene polymer with the formula (C2H4)n.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has the feature of a slippery substance due to its advanced molecular structure.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is obtained from ethylene through a process called polymerization.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) contains limited polyuniformity and molecular weight.
As a result, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has unmatched heat stability and flexibility against other chemicals.
Polyethylene Wax, also known as PE Wax, is derived from ethylene through a process called polymerization.


Manufacturers alter the polymerization process to get a product with desired qualities.
However, certain basic properties of the material are common for all Polyethylene Wax.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is an ultra low molecular weight polyethylene consisting of ethylene monomer chains.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a large variety of uses and applications.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is available from on-purpose production and as a byproduct of polyethylene production.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is available in both HDPE and LDPE forms.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) also features limited poly disparity and molecular weight.
Consequently, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is highly resistant to chemical attacks, has unmatched heat stability and is very flexible in formulating applications.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is an ultra-low molecular-weight polyethylene consisting of ethylene monomer chains.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a large variety of uses and applications.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is available from on-purpose production and as a byproduct of polyethylene production


As a completely saturated ethylene homopolymer, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is linear and crystalline.
That is why PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) finds applications such as blends, plastic additives and rubber manufacture.
Due to its high crystalline nature, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has unique features such as hardness at high temperatures and low solubility in a wide range of solvents.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is thermoplastic, so you can guess how it behaves when exposed to heat.
Thermoplastics melt of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is at 110 °C.
An interesting feature of these materials is the ability to be heated and cooled without extensive degradation.


Nevertheless, you can use various methods to identify PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) from other materials, such as sight, touch, and smell.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is similar to plastic sheets.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a semi-translucent yellow material.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a gloss surface.
If you cut a PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), there are neither impurities nor any separation.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has lubricant properties, which you can feel by touch.


At room temperature, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is brittle and fragile.
If you want to test the material, consider boiling PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) in water for five minutes.
Real PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) does not change in shape.


If PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) contains paraffin or any other impurity, you will know it through shape change.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be used as a disperant, slip agent, resin additive, and mold release agent.
As an oxidised product, OPEW is authorized in the EU as E number reference E914 only for the surface treatment of some fruits.


There are a variety of methods for producing PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be made by direct polymerization of ethylene under special conditions that control molecular weight and chain branching of the final polymer.


Another method involves thermal and/or mechanical decomposition of high molecular weight polyethylene resin to create lower molecular weight fractions.
A third method involves separation of the low molecular weight fraction from a production stream of high molecular weight polymer.
These last two methods produce very low molecular weight fractions that should be removed to avoid a product with low flash point that can result in flammability, migration, equipment build up, fouling and other safety and processing issues.


Volatiles in these un refined waxes can also account for significant yield loss during processing
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a low molecular weight polyethylene polymer.
Compared to natural waxes, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) shows a more slippery substance due to its improved molecular structure.


For this reason, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used extensively in the lubricants group.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is also used in the fields of resin additive,
mold release, hot melt adhesives, and rubber processing.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a product used in many areas due to it’s pigment heating lubricant feature and heat resistance.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)es show low solubility in solvents due to it is dense crystalline component structure.
Another purpose of use of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is as a homogenizing agent in the formulation


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a low molecular weight polyethylene polymer with the formula (C2H4)n.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has the feature of a slippery substance due to its advanced molecular structure.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is obtained from ethylene through a process called polymerization.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) contains limited polyuniformity and molecular weight.
As a result, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has unmatched heat stability and flexibility against other chemicals.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a prominent lubricant widely employed on exterior surfaces.


Recognized for its exceptional lubricating capabilities, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) aids in separating the melt from the metal, ensuring smooth interaction between metal and PVC, and enhancing a product’s shine.
These benefits are primarily due to PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)’s innate lubricating properties.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a low molecular weight polyethylene polymer that is utilized for its beneficial characteristics of lubrication, viscosity modulation, and improved product physical appearance.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a semi-crystalline, hard, and brittle material, typically appearing as small pellets or flakes.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is widely recognized as a key ingredient for the lip and eye care especially sticks and mascaras.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is an excellent structurant and provides consistency to the formulation.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is an ultra low molecular weight polyethylene consisting of ethylene monomer chains.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a large variety of uses and applications.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is available from on-purpose production and as a byproduct of polyethylene production.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is available in both HDPE and LDPE forms.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is polyethylene homopolymer wax, an excellent and consistent ingredient for end formulations to improve product physical appearance and thermal properties for a broad range of industries, including hot melt adhesives, PVC, color masterbatches, rubber and thermoplastics road markings, etc.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be either low density polyethylene (LDPE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE).
There are three major characteristics that differentiate PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).
Firstly, the molecular weight.


Secondly, the length of polymer branching.
And finally, the monomer or polymer composition.
Changing any of these characteristics will alter the physical characteristics of the PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), such as viscosity, hardness, melt point and for example reactivity.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) comprises a polymer chain with ethylene that has a low molecular weight.
Mainly, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) exists as a by-product of the polymerization of crude oil into ethylene.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is classified into HDPE wax and LDPE wax.


Typically, HDPE is more crystalline and denser, so if you have a way of determining these properties, you can distinguish the difference between these variations.
Due to its PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)’s low molecular weight and poly disparity, it has outstanding heat stability, is flexible, and is highly resistant to chemicals.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a type of synthetic wax derived from the polymerization of ethylene gas.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is commonly produced through the high-pressure polymerization of ethylene using specialize catalysts.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is derived from ethylene through a process called polymerization.


Manufacturers alter the polymerization process to get a product with desired qualities.
However, certain basic properties of the material are common for all PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).
As a completely saturated ethylene homopolymer, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is linear and crystalline.


That is why PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) finds applications such as blends, plastic additives and rubber manufacture.
Due to its high crystalline nature, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has unique features such as hardness at high temperatures and low solubility in a wide range of solvents.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be either low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Generally, HDPE tends to be more dense and crystalline, so you could distinguish the two if you have a way of determining these properties.
Nevertheless, you can use various methods to identify PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) from other materials, such as sight, touch, and smell.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is similar to plastic sheets.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a semi-translucent yellow material.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a gloss surface.


If you cut a PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), there are neither impurities nor any separation.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has lubricant properties, which you can feel by touch.
At room temperature, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is brittle and fragile.


This is unlike a fake version, which is rough and greasy.
If you want to test PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)l, consider boiling it in water for five minutes.
Real PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) does not change in shape.
If PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) contains paraffin or any other impurity, you will know it through shape change.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
The resulting PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a wide range of applications due to its unique properties.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in different applications across the world.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) works as a critical raw material in the production of coatings, cosmetics, PVC products, and inks.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a dispersant in the production of color masterbatch.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) increases the wax product’s strength and softening point for a good gloss.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) helps ensure that candles burn brightly and safely without producing a cloud of black smoke.


In the PVC industry, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the molding process as an internal lubricant.
This helps enhance the toughness of pipe and other plastic products.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) ensures that the PVC products have an improved pass rate and are smooth.


In the production of PVC film, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can enhance the film’s transparency and gloss and improve its transverse and longitudinal toughness.
In ink and coatings industries, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a dispersant since it provides a tremendous anti-selling effect.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) helps ensure that the printed matter has a three-dimensional effect and good gloss.
Adding as little as 1% of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) to the ink can affect its fluidity and reduce its viscosity.
Besides, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) improves abrasion and scratch resistance and enhances the smoothness of the ink.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) speeds up color fixing, increases hydrophilicity, and completes printing dots.
At the same time, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can reduce the effects of plucking and caking and enhance the printing capabilities of the ink.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be emulsified in water and dispersed in organic solvents to make wax emulsion or dispersion of appropriate particle size.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used Coatings and inks.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used slip and anti-blocking agent.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is often employ as a slip agent in coatings and inks to reduce the coefficient of friction between surfaces.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) helps in improving the smoothness and slipperiness of the coating or ink film, preventing sticking or blocking when surfaces come into contact.
This property is particularly useful in applications of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) such as paper coatings, flexible packaging, and graphic arts.


Consequently, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is highly resistant to chemical attacks and has a good heat stability.
Extrusion processing is used as lubrication and injection process.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a lubricant for HDPE, PP AND PVC.


PVC composite is used as a stabilizer.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a lubricant and dispersion in compound production.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) also contributes to easy processing by allowing the material to separate from the mold while being processed.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a lubricant in cable installation.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used to improve abrasibility in paint, to increase durability, and as a pigment developer and decomposable carrier.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in floor polishers with high polymer content.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used to provide opacity in candle production.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used at a rate of 5-10% to ensure dispersion of the filling material.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used to increase the strength of car polish.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a dispersant in thermosetting paints (road marking paint) to add shine and three dimensions.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a film-forming auxiliary to increase the resistance of paper against scratching and mechanical movements.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the cosmetics industry to provide shine in make-up products.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a softener and lubricant to increase the durability of fibers and to prevent tearing.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in polyurethane coatings to provide resistance against abrasion.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in water-based printing inks and overprint varnishes to increase wear resistance and reduce sliding friction.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) market to include plastic additives, candles, cosmetics and rubber.
Other uses of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) are packaging, lubricants, wood, and coatings.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the Production of plastic and injection molding industries.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the Production of water and wastewater pipes and gas pressure pipes.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the production of PVC pipes.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the production of Cables wires.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used refined PE waxes are non-toxic and are used in food too, cosmetics, and healthy products.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in rubber industries as a lubricant.
In the Production of all kinds of candles, PE wax will increase the thermal resistance and hardness of candles.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in order to prevent oxidizing the metal surface during the coating process.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the production of Master batch (Masterbatch) for better distribution of pigments and controlling the pressure in the process of production master batch.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in asphalt as an additive.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the ink and color toner industry.
In Hot melt adhesive, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) by increasing the temperature of congelation without increasing viscosity will cause enhance (improve) the function of hot melt adhesive at high temperatures.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in emulsions.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) would be a widely used type of polyethylene in the world.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) according to their applications will have two types:


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a processing aid (PA) and lubricant (Used to achieve the quality and improvement of the production process of PVC & Polymer)
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a basic material or additive will participate in improving and modifying the properties of the final product.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) using decrease the friction so increase the extrusion capacity.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) using doesn’t change the product color because PE wax has got good oxidation resistance.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) doesn’t bad effect product’s heat and light stability because pe wax doesn’t include catalizors remnant.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) increase last product’s light stability.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) hasn’t got toxic materials so PE wax can be use food packaging applications.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used hot melt application.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) have very unique polymer properties that make them useful in many applications.
The major functions of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) in many formulations are to either provide lubrication and/or provide physical modification of a formula by changing viscosity and / or melt point.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used hot melt (increasing the solidification point of adhesives without increasing the viscosity of the mixture, improving the behaviour of hot melts at high temperatures).
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used to disperse loads and pigments (masterbatch).


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used coating paper (improving gloss and flexibility, achieving high-quality finishes).
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) process aids to make mixtures of rubber and PVC, among others, more processable.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used manufacturing inks and toners, Additives in paraffin mixtures, Products for filling cables, Additives for asphalt, Emulsions, Textile, Polishes, and Candles (providing increased hardness and thermal resistance).


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has very unique polymer properties that make them useful in many applications.
The major functions of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) in many formulations are to either provide lubrication and/or provide physical modification of a formula by changing viscosity and / or melt point.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) increases inorganic and organic pigment dispersion in matrix polymer during masterbach processing.
Also, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) helps granule produce by decrease softening point of system.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is very good external lubricant for PVC.


When PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) use in PVC application, final produce face has been shine.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used plastic additives, candles, cosmetics and rubber.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used packaging, lubricants, wood and coatings.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) finds application in a wide range of industries because of its desirable physical and chemical properties.
As PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can have a broad range of melt points, densities and other properties, it is understandable why it is used so extensively.
The emulsifiable variety is particularly crucial in the textile industry.


PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is also used in paper coating, leather auxiliaries, crayons and cosmetics.
The non-emulsifiable type is most common in printing ink, pigment concentrates and paints.
In the textile sector, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) probably finds the most intensive application.


Emulsions made from PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) offer stable softening.
While they resist acids and other chemicals, these emulsions are friendly to the fabric – with no yellowing of fabrics, no colour change and no chlorine retention.


The packaging sector is also using PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) intensively.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has very unique polymer properties that make them useful in many applications.
The major functions of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) in many formulations are to either provide lubrication and/or provide physical modification of a formula by changing viscosity and / or melt point.


-The coating industry has historically used waxes.
The importance of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is that it adds water-repellency, better slip, and mark resistance among other features.
When used correctly, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) introduces the following:
*Anti-sagging
*Anti-settling
*Abrasion resistance
*Marking resistance
*Mar resistance

In the inks industry, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) presents similar advantages.
Most ink types contain PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) as a way to improve the coefficient of friction and increase scuff.



7 USES OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is available in powder form, milky white small glass microbead form and block form.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has low viscosity, high softening point, good strength and other properties, non-toxic, good heat resistance, low high temperature volatiles, dispersion of color paste, not only has excellent external lubricity, but also has strong internal lubrication effect.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can improve the productivity of plastic granulation, good moisture resistance at room temperature, strong chemical resistance, good electrical properties.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can improve the appearance of finished products.

Because of its excellent external lubrication and strong internal lubrication, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is compatible with high-pressure polyethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene and other epoxy resins.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be used as a lubricant in extrusion, injection molding and injection production processing.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can improve production and processing efficiency, avoid and get rid of plastic film, pipe fittings, plastic sheet bonding, improve the smoothness and smoothness of finished products, and improve the appearance of finished products.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be used as a dispersant for a wide variety of thermoplastic masterbatches and a lubricant dispersant for plastic filling masterbatches and dissolving masterbatches, and can improve the production and processing performance, surface gloss, lubricity and heat resistance of HDPE, PP and PVC.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as internal dispersant in masterbatch production and processing, it is commonly used in high-pressure polyethylene hydrocarbon plastic masterbatch.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as color paste dispersant, lubricant and polishing liquid in the production process of PVC profile, pipe, tube, PE and PP molding.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) lubricant improve the melting level, the ductility and surface gloss of plastic products.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be used as dispersant and polishing liquid for printing ink and lacquer, especially for road marking paint and line painting paint, which has excellent anti-settlement effect and makes the products have good gloss and hierarchy.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in the production of various hot solvents, thermosetting plastic electrostatic powder, and PVC compound thickener.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is commonly used in the production of automobile wax, car wax, varnish wax, and wax products of various kinds of wax products, to improve the softening point of wax products, to enhance their compressive strength and surface smoothness.

In the field of vulcanized rubber, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) improves the surface gloss and luster of the product after de-filming, reduces the amount of paraffin used, and reduces the cost of the product.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used in oil-based printing ink and architectural coatings, generally choose air oxidized polyethylene wax, add emulsion breakers to make moisturizing emulsion or dispersion and acrylic emulsion.
Air oxidized PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) improves its water absorption in a sense.



IN WHICH AREAS IS PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX) USED ?
*Cable Industry
*Paint Industry
*Furniture Industry
*Window Profile Industry
*Plastic Industry
*Leather Industry
*Masterbatch production



FEATURES OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
1. High softening point, low viscosity, large molecular weight and small heat loss.
2. PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has strong external lubricating effect.
Compared with ordinary PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), it can delay plasticization and reduce torque.
3. PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is easy to disperse and improve the glossiness of products.
4. Good compatibility and anti-precipitation.
5. Good mold release, good metal peeling, long continuous production time.
6. Good thermal stability in the later stage, free of oligomers, paraffin, etc.



PROPERTIES OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
properties of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is characterized by its low molecular weight and linear structure.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) typically exists as a solid, white or light yellow-color material with a waxy texture. Some key properties of wax include:

*Low melting point:
Low melting PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a relatively low melting point, which allows it to melt easily and provide lubrication at low temperatures.

*High hardness:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) possesses a high degree of hardness, making it useful for applications that require abrasion resistance and durability.

*Low viscosity:
Low viscosity PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a low viscosity, meaning it flows easily and provides excellent internal lubrication.

*Chemical resistance:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) exhibits good resistance to many chemicals, including acids, alkalis, and organic solvents.



FEATURES OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
*High melting point
*High chemical resistance
*Outstanding thermal stability
*Perfect lubricant
*High softening point
*High head resistance
*Compatible with other wax varieties



PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX) IS AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS FORMS, INCLUDING:
*Flakes
*Granules
*Lumps
*Powder



CHARACTERISTICS & FEATURES OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
*High softening point
*High melting point
*Excellent thermal stability
*High chemical resistance
*Highly compatible with wax varieties
*Perfect lubrication
*Perfect head resistance



FUNCTIONS OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
*High binding strength
*Gelling agent
*Viscosity modifier
*Plasticizer
*Improves structure, oil retention, and pay-off for stick applications



COMPATIBILITY OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
Polyethylene Wax is compatible with many vegetable and mineral waxes and a variety of natural and synthetic ingredients.



PRODUCTION PROCESS OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
The production of Polyethylene Wax (PE Wax) is closely tied to the polymerization and subsequent processing of polyethylene.
Several methods are commonly used to produce PE Wax, and the choice of process often depends on the required properties of the end product.
Here’s an overview of some common production processes:

1. Polymerization:
*Ethylene Gas:
The primary raw material, ethylene gas, is polymerized to create polyethylene.

*Catalysts:
Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts are often used to initiate the polymerization.


2. Cracking:
*High Molecular Weight Polyethylene:
To convert high molecular weight polyethylene to PE Wax, a thermal or catalytic cracking process is employed.

*Outcome:
This reduces the molecular weight and produces PE Wax along with other polyethylene by-products.


3. Oxidation:
Air or Oxygen: Introduced to polyethylene at elevated temperatures.
*Purpose:
To create oxidized PE Waxes that have functional groups, improving compatibility with polar resins.


4. Solvent Recovery:
In some methods, solvents are used to purify or modify the PE Wax.

*Distillation:
Solvents are typically recovered by distillation and can be reused in the process.


5. Additives:
*Modifiers:
Functional groups, stabilizers, or lubricants are added to enhance specific properties.

*Mixing:
Thorough mixing ensures even distribution of additives.


6. Extrusion or Pelletizing:
*Form:
The final PE Wax is often formed into pellets or flakes for easier handling and application.

*Cutting:
Specialized equipment is used to cut or form the wax into the desired shape and size.


7. Quality Control:
Testing:
The PE Wax undergoes a series of tests to confirm it meets specified quality standards.



CHARACTERISTICS OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
*High softening point
*High melting point
*Excellent thermal stability
*High chemical resistance
*Highly compatible with wax varieties
*Perfect lubrication
*Perfect head resistance



PROPERTIES AND FEATURES OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is derived from ethylene through a process called polymerization.
Manufacturers alter the polymerization process to get PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) with desired qualities.
However, certain basic properties of the material are common for all PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).

As a completely saturated ethylene homopolymer, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is linear and crystalline.
That is why PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) finds applications such as blends, plastic additives and rubber manufacture.
Due to its high crystalline nature, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has unique features such as hardness at high temperatures and low solubility in a wide range of solvents.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is thermoplastic, so you can guess how it behaves when exposed to heat.
Thermoplastics melt of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) at 110 °C.
An interesting feature of these materials is the ability to be heated and cooled without extensive degradation.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) also features limited poly disparity and molecular weight.
Consequently, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is highly resistant to chemical attacks, has unmatched heat stability and is very flexible in formulating applications.



FEATURES OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
Polyethylene Wax Technical Details
Ultra-low molecular weight polyethylene (average number of molecular weight Min less than 10,000) has the properties and functions like Wax.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) would be produced through polymerization in high pressure with catalysts that contain Oxygen or polymerization in low pressure by using Ziegler, Natta catalyst or breaking chains way.

Most of the manufacturers of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) refined the end materials of different grades of High-Density Polyethylene such as BL3, EX3, EX5, and 0035 by removing Hexane, Alcohol, and volatiles (moisture and oil) to make a high-quality and crispy PE WAX.
All PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) grades have the same structures but the final products would have different features because of different processes of production.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is widely used in the purpose to reduce viscosity in different industries.
Functional PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has both physical and Chemical properties of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) and oxygenated materials.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has uses in different industries as dispersants of pigments, additives for inks, plastics productions, cosmetics productions, colors toner, and Adhesives industries.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a by-product material from BL3, EX5, f7000, 0035, and X3 of petrochemical that is made from first-class polyethylene lump.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has less strength and flexibility in comparison to other polyethylene, but its resistance in front of chemicals and external pressures is very high.

The PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) quality would be under the effects of viscosity, melting point, density, and the ability to migrate to the surface and its color.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) flake color of PETRO-ACC would be completely white (not yellowish) and without black dots on it with below 3% of volatile materials.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) has a good function as a lubricant, via Ball Bearing Mechanism you can check and examine its lubricant property.
In this mechanism PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) particles migrate to the surface and as an interface will cover the surface and will prevent the material surface from contacting with the surface of the machines and molds.



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FULLY REFINED AND RAW PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX)?
Raw PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is derived from extracting low molecular weight fractions from high density polyethylene resin streams.
These streams contain contaminants and non – wax fractions such as catalyst, volatile fractions and water.
Refined PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) derived from high density polyethylene resin manufacturing processes undergo an extensive refining process that removes catalyst, volatile fractions and water.
The final product is usually finished by prilling into 1 to 3 mm free flowing prills.



DURABILITY OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
Durability is a key factor when evaluating the quality and applicability of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) in various industrial sectors.
Here’s what you need to know about the durability of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax):

1. Thermal Stability:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) generally exhibits good thermal stability, which is essential for high-temperature applications like hot-melt adhesives and plastic processing.

2. Chemical Resistance:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is chemically inert in most conditions, making it resistant to various solvents, acids, and bases.
However, oxidized grades may react differently.

3. Long Shelf Life:
When stored under proper conditions, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can have an extended shelf life, often ranging from 2 to 5 years depending on the manufacturer’s guidelines.

4. Mechanical Durability:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can enhance the mechanical properties of composite materials, providing added durability to the finished product.

5. UV Resistance:
Some grades of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can offer UV stability, thereby increasing the lifespan of products exposed to sunlight.

6. Oxidation:
While generally stable, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be oxidized to create oxidized waxes with different characteristics.
Oxidation, if unintended, could affect the product’s durability.

7. Moisture Resistance:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is hydrophobic, making it resistant to water absorption, which in turn contributes to its durability.

8. Compatibility:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)'s compatibility with other polymers and additives can influence the overall durability of the end product in composite materials or blends.

9. Wear and Tear:
In lubrication applications, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can reduce wear and tear, extending the life of mechanical parts.
For specific applications, it’s crucial to consult the technical data sheets and conduct necessary tests to ensure the PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) grade you’re considering meets your durability requirements.
Always align the choice of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) with its intended application for optimal durability.



PERFORMANCE OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
Performance attributes of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) determine its efficacy in a wide range of applications.
These attributes are influenced by its molecular weight, level of refinement, type (e.g., oxidized or non-oxidized), and any additives present.
Below are key performance characteristics:

1. Lubricity:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) serves as an excellent internal and external lubricant for PVC and other plastics, facilitating smooth processing and enhancing surface properties.

2. Viscosity Control:
In liquid formulations, like inks and coatings, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) plays a role in controlling and reducing viscosity.

3. Dispersibility:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) enhances the dispersion of pigments and fillers in color masterbatches and printing inks.

4. Gloss and Surface Finish:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can enhance the gloss and smoothness of surfaces in applications like paints, varnishes, and coatings.

5. Adhesion:
While PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) itself isn’t inherently adhesive, its presence can modify the adhesion properties of certain formulations, like hot melt adhesives.

6. Heat Stability:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) shows stability under elevated temperatures, crucial for plastic processing, extrusion, and molding applications.

7. Scratch Resistance:
When used in coatings or surface treatments, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) provides improved resistance to scratching and marring.

8. Water Repellency:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)'s hydrophobic nature imparts water-repellent properties to treated surfaces or materials.

9. Chemical Inertness:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is chemically stable and doesn’t react with most substances, which is advantageous in ensuring the integrity of formulations.

10. Compatibility:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)’s compatible with various polymers and resins, which makes it a versatile additive in a wide array of applications.

11. Blocking Resistance:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be used to reduce or eliminate the blocking tendency (unwanted adhesion between layers) in films or sheets.

12. Melt Point:
The melting point can vary based on the grade and is an important factor in determining PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)'s suitability for specific applications.
When selecting a PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) for a specific application, understanding these performance attributes is vital.



COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a synthesized wax primarily derived from polyethylene, a polymer made from ethylene monomers.
While the basic constitution of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is polyethylene, its overall composition and properties can vary based on the processing method and any additives or modifiers used.
Here’s a breakdown of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)'s components and related materials:

1. Base Component:
Polyethylene:
As the name suggests, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is primarily composed of polyethylene. It’s a type of thermoplastic polymer made from ethylene monomers.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is essentially a lower molecular weight version of polyethylene.


2. Modifiers (for specific grades or types):
Functional Groups:
For some PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), especially oxidized variants, functional groups like carboxylic acids or alcohols might be introduced to enhance certain properties.

*Stabilizers:
To enhance the thermal stability of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), especially when used in high-temperature applications.

*Plasticizers:
Occasionally added to modify the flexibility or moldability of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).


3. Additives (to cater to specific applications):
*Lubricants:
Sometimes added to enhance the lubricating properties of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) in certain applications.

*Dyes or Pigments:
When color is required, especially in cosmetic or decorative applications.

*Fillers:
Materials like talc or calcium carbonate might be added to alter the physical properties of the wax.


4. Residual Catalysts:
Traces of catalysts, like Ziegler-Natta catalysts, might be present if they were used in the polymerization of ethylene.


5. Impurities:
Depending on the refining and purification process, minute amounts of other petrochemical derivatives or residual solvents might be present.
When sourcing PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) or using it for specific applications, it’s essential to check its specification sheet or material data sheet.



HOW IS PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX) MADE?
There are a variety of methods for producing PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be made by direct polymerization of ethylene under special conditions that control molecular weight.
Another method involves breaking down high molecular weight polyethylene into lower molecular weight fractions.
A third method involves separation of the low molecular weight fraction from high molecular weight polymer.



DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PE WAXES (POLYETHYLENE WAX) TYPE:
There are three major characteristics that differentiate one PE wax from another.
They are
I) Molecular weight,
II) Degree and length of polymer branching,
III) Monomer / polymer composition.
Changing any of these factors will alter the physical characteristics of the PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), such as viscosity, hardness, melt point, reactivity etc.



DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX) AND PARAFFIN WAX:
Paraffin wax is usually produced as a by-product of oil refining.
It has a molecular weight which is usually less than half that of most PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).
Because of this and other differences, paraffin wax usually has a much lower melt point and is softer than most PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).



SPECIFICATION OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is heat-stable, lowly soluble, chemically resistant and hard.
Combining these features with abrasion resistance and broad melting points makes PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) the undisputable choice for a wide range of industrial applications.



THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX) AND POLYETHYLENE:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a chemical material that behaves in the form of small white microbeads or flakes, with a high melting point, high hardness, high gloss, snow-white color, etc.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is often used in coatings, inks, dermis, cosmetics, etc. and plays an important role.

Polyethylene is the raw material of PE, which is a polymer made by polymerization of ethylene monomer.
Polyethylene is divided into high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene depending on the polymerization method, molecular weight and chain structure.

Low density polyethylene, commonly known as high pressure polyethylene, is mainly used in plastic bags, agricultural films, etc. because of its low density and softest material.

High density polyethylene, commonly known as low pressure polyethylene, has higher temperature resistance, oil resistance, steam penetration resistance and environmental stress cracking resistance compared to LDPE and LLDPE, in addition to good electrical insulation and impact resistance and cold resistance, and is mainly used in blow molding and injection molding.

LLDPE is similar to LDPE in appearance, less transparent, but with good surface gloss, low temperature toughness, high modulus, bending resistance and stress cracking resistance, and better impact strength at low temperature.

PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is an additive in the production, has good dispersibility and lubricity.
These are the difference between PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) vs polyethylene.



PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX); HS CODE, CHEMICAL FORMULA, AND CAS NUMBER
To facilitate international trade, standardize product categorization, and ensure proper tracking, various codes and identifiers are used.
Here are the fundamental details for PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax):

HS Code:
The Harmonized System (HS) Code for PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can vary based on the region and specific grade of the product.
A commonly used HS code for PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is 3404.90, but it’s essential to check with local customs and trade regulations for the most accurate and current code for your region.

Chemical Formula:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is a polymer, so it doesn’t have a fixed chemical formula like small molecules.
However, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)'s base unit, which repeats in the polymer chain, is derived from ethylene with the formula -CH2-CH2-.

CAS Number:
The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number for Polyethylene is 9002-88-4.
It’s worth noting that CAS numbers are assigned to every chemical described in open scientific literature, ensuring a unique identifier.

For specific trade or manufacturing operations, it’s recommended to verify these details with relevant industry bodies, regulatory agencies, or trusted suppliers to ensure accuracy and compliance.



ORIGIN OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) can be derived through various processes, including the direct polymerization of ethylene, degradation of high molecular weight polyethylene resin, or direct synthesis from lower molecular weight ethylene homopolymers.



PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
Usually seen in the form of white beads, flakes, or powders.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) might also be available in a prill form.



PROPERTIES OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)’s known for its excellent resistance to chemical agents, thermal stability, and a high melting point.
Due to its nature, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) offers reduced internal and external friction.



COMPATIBILITY OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) exhibits compatibility with a plethora of materials, which makes it versatile in its applications.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)’s often mixed with paraffin waxes to enhance certain characteristics.



UTILITY OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
Predominantly PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is used as a lubricant, flow improver, or processing aid, particularly in the plastics industry.
Moreover, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) serves as a dispersing agent for pigments and fillers.

Remember, while PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is prevalent in numerous industries, it’s crucial to select the appropriate grade and type to suit specific applications, ensuring optimal performance.



PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX) TYPES AND GRADES:
Understanding the types and grades of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is essential for choosing the right variant for your specific application. Here are the primary categories:

Types:
*Low-Density PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax):
Lighter in weight, used in applications that require less rigidity and more flexibility.

*High-Density PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax):
Offers more rigidity and is suited for more demanding applications, including industrial-grade lubricants.

*Oxidized PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax):
Treated to include oxygen-containing functional groups, this type is often used as an emulsifier.

*Non-Oxidized PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax):
Generally used as a lubricant and friction reducer.

*Functionalized PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax):
Modified for special purposes, such as to improve adhesion or compatibility with polar resins.

*Grades:
Industrial Grade:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is ideal for use in heavy-duty applications like road construction, industrial lubricants, and paint manufacturing.

*Food-Grade:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) meets strict safety guidelines and is suitable for food packaging materials.

*Pharmaceutical Grade:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) passes rigorous purity tests and is used in pharmaceutical applications.

*Cosmetic Grade:
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is utilized in the manufacture of cosmetics and personal care products, adhering to stringent safety and quality standards.

*Custom Grades:
Sometimes, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is custom-formulated to meet specific requirements, including varying molecular weights or containing specialized additives for particular applications.

When selecting a PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), it’s crucial to consult with suppliers and experts to understand which type and grade will best meet your needs.
Always consider factors such as thermal stability, hardness, and chemical resistance when making your selection.



SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
*High softening point
*High melting point
*Excellent thermal stability
*High chemical resistance
*Highly compatible with wax varieties
*Perfect lubrication
*Perfect head resistance



HOW DOES PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX) DIFFER FROM PARAFFIN AND OTHER WAXES?
Paraffin wax is usually produced as a by-product of oil refining.
It has a molecular weight which is usually less than half that of most PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).

Because of this and other differences, paraffin wax usually has a much lower melt point and is softer than most PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax).
FT waxes are another class of waxes that are only produced by a limited number of suppliers (i.e. Shell and Sasol) due to the large capital requirements involved in constructing these plants.

FT waxes are produced in the process of making synfuels.
Variations in properties of FT waxes are generally limited to modifying melt point.



HISTORY OF PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
The story of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), much like other petrochemical derivatives, is deeply rooted in the evolution of polymer science and the oil and gas industry.
Here’s a brief chronology of its development:

1930s:
Polyethylene, the base material for PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), was discovered by scientists Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson at the ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) company in England.
They produced polyethylene accidentally while attempting to react ethylene under high pressure with benzaldehyde.

Late 1930s to 1940s:
The potential of Polyethylene as a revolutionary plastic was recognized.
With World War II looming, the material’s insulation properties made it crucial for radar cabling.
During these years, methods to derive other useful products from polyethylene, including PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), were also explored.

1950s:
The post-war era saw a significant boom in the plastics industry.
There was a widespread realization of the multiple benefits and applications of polyethylene-derived products.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) started gaining prominence as an industrial lubricant, plastic processing aid, and in the cosmetics industry.

1970s and 1980s:
With advancements in refining and polymer processing techniques, more types and grades of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) became available.
Oxidized and functionalized PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) emerged, catering to diverse industry needs.

1990s to Present:
The applications of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) diversified further.
Today, PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)not just limited to industrial and cosmetic applications.
PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax)’s used in a myriad of products, from inks to coatings, textiles, and beyond.

Environmental considerations have also led to efforts to produce more sustainable and eco-friendly PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) variants.
The journey of PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) mirrors that of the larger polymer and petrochemical industries.
As technology and scientific understanding have grown, so have the applications and varieties of this versatile product.



PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX) OTHER NAMES:
Polyethylene Wax (PE Wax) is known in the industry and market by various names, often based on its specific applications, properties, or even based on branding by manufacturers.
Here are some of its commonly recognized names and terms associated with it:

*Polyethylene Homopolymer Wax:
This term is more technical and elaborates on its chemical nature, specifying that it is a homopolymer derived from ethylene.

*PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax):
A common abbreviation used in industries and commercial arenas.

*Polywax:
Often used as a generic term for polyethylene-based waxes.

*Fischer-Tropsch Waxes:
Although not strictly PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax), these waxes are sometimes confused with or categorized alongside PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) because of their similar appearance and properties.

*Low Molecular Weight Polyethylene (LMWPE):
This refers to the fact that PE WAX (Polyethylene Wax) is derived from polyethylene with a low molecular weight.

*Ethene Homopolymer Wax:
Another term reflecting its chemical lineage.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
CAS NUMBER: 9002-88-4
CHEMICAL NAME: Pe Wax, Pe Wax, Polyethylene Wax, Polyethylene Wax, Homopolymer
MELTING POINT: 107 °C -121 °C
BOILING POINT:173.89 °C
VISCOSITY: < 300 mPas
FLASH POINT: > 193 °C (CC)
MELT VISCOSITY (140 °C) cps: 40-60
PENETRATION DMM: < 5
DENSITY g/ml: 0.95
Density: 0.92±0.03
Appearance: Flake/Pearl
Melting Point: 100±10
Color: White
Solubility in Water: Insoluble
Volatile (%): Max 2
Drop Melting Point: 90 – 95° C
Melting Point: 100 – 110° C
Flash Point: 135° c
Density@ 20°c: 0.9 ± 0.02 KG/m3
Oil Content: 0.5 -1 %
Viscosity@ 140°c: 28.5 – 33.4 c.st
Moisture: 1.1 %
Penetration @ 25° c: 0.02 – 0.05 mm
Appearance: White Flake (Super Dry)



FIRST AID MEASURES of PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PE WAX (POLYETHYLENE WAX):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Peanut Extract, derived from the seeds of Arachis hypogaea L., is known for its moisturizing, antioxidant, and emollient properties.
Peanut Extract is widely recognized for its ability to nourish the skin, protect against oxidative stress, and provide rich hydration, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare and cosmetic formulations.
This versatile extract offers both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits, helping to maintain skin hydration, promote elasticity, and protect against environmental damage.

CAS Number: 8002-03-7
EC Number: 232-296-4

Synonyms: Peanut Extract, Arachis hypogaea Extract, Peanut Oil Extract, Groundnut Extract, Arachis Extract, Peanut Seed Extract, Groundnut Oil Extract, Peanut Seed Phytocomplex, Arachis Oil Extract, Groundnut Bioactive Extract



APPLICATIONS


Peanut Extract is extensively used in skincare products for its moisturizing properties, providing deep hydration and nourishment for dry skin.
Peanut Extract is favored in the formulation of antioxidant creams, where it helps protect the skin from oxidative stress and environmental damage.
Peanut Extract is utilized in the development of emollient lotions, offering soothing and softening benefits for rough or irritated skin.

Peanut Extract is widely used in the creation of anti-aging creams, providing benefits for improving skin elasticity and reducing the appearance of fine lines.
Peanut Extract is employed in the formulation of hydrating body butters, offering long-lasting moisture and skin protection.
Peanut Extract is essential in the production of lip balms, where it helps to nourish and protect dry, chapped lips.

Peanut Extract is utilized in the production of rich moisturizing creams, offering hydration and protection for sensitive or dry skin.
Peanut Extract is a key ingredient in the creation of nourishing hand creams, providing hydration and protection for dry, rough hands.
Peanut Extract is used in the development of scalp treatments, providing moisture and care for dry or flaky scalps.

Peanut Extract is applied in the formulation of hair conditioners, where it helps to hydrate and nourish hair, improving its softness and manageability.
Peanut Extract is employed in the production of hair oils, offering hydration and shine for dry and damaged hair.
Peanut Extract is used in the development of soothing bath oils, providing moisture and relaxation for dry or irritated skin.

Peanut Extract is widely utilized in the formulation of emollient creams, offering protective and moisturizing care for sensitive skin.
Peanut Extract is a key component in the creation of foot creams, providing deep hydration and nourishment for rough, cracked feet.
Peanut Extract is used in the production of after-sun care products, offering soothing hydration for sun-exposed skin.

Peanut Extract is employed in the formulation of massage oils, where it helps to hydrate the skin and improve elasticity.
Peanut Extract is applied in the development of anti-inflammatory creams, providing soothing and nourishing care for irritated or inflamed skin.
Peanut Extract is utilized in the creation of baby care products, offering gentle hydration and protection for delicate skin.

Peanut Extract is found in the formulation of moisturizing face masks, providing deep hydration and nourishment for dry, dull skin.
Peanut Extract is used in the production of lip care products, offering moisture and protection for dry, chapped lips.
Peanut Extract is a key ingredient in moisturizing shampoos, providing hydration and care for dry or damaged hair.



DESCRIPTION


Peanut Extract, derived from the seeds of Arachis hypogaea L., is known for its moisturizing, antioxidant, and emollient properties.
Peanut Extract is widely recognized for its ability to nourish the skin, protect against oxidative stress, and provide rich hydration, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare and cosmetic formulations.

Peanut Extract offers additional benefits such as improving skin elasticity, soothing irritation, and promoting overall skin health.
Peanut Extract is often incorporated into formulations designed to hydrate and protect the skin from environmental stressors while maintaining its softness and suppleness.
Peanut Extract is recognized for its ability to enhance skin hydration, promoting long-lasting moisture and protection against dryness.

Peanut Extract is commonly used in both traditional and innovative skincare formulations, providing a reliable solution for maintaining skin hydration and protection.
Peanut Extract is valued for its ability to support the skin's natural barrier function, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to improve skin texture and resilience.
Peanut Extract is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including creams, lotions, oils, and hair care treatments.

Peanut Extract is an ideal choice for products targeting skin hydration, nourishment, and protection, providing natural and effective care for dry, sensitive, or aging skin.
Peanut Extract is known for its compatibility with other moisturizing and antioxidant ingredients, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
Peanut Extract is often chosen for formulations requiring a balance between hydration, skin protection, and antioxidant care, ensuring comprehensive skin health benefits.

Peanut Extract enhances the overall effectiveness of skincare products by providing natural support for skin hydration, elasticity, and protection.
Peanut Extract is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer noticeable improvements in skin texture, softness, and moisture retention.
Peanut Extract is an essential component in innovative skincare products known for their performance, safety, and ability to support healthy, hydrated skin.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: N/A (Natural extract)
Common Name: Peanut Extract (Arachis hypogaea Extract)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow to brown oil or powder
Density: Approx. 0.90-0.95 g/cm³ (for oil extract)
Melting Point: N/A (oil form)
Solubility: Soluble in oils; insoluble in water
Flash Point: >250°C (for oil extract)
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low (for oil extract)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Peanut Extract is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If Peanut Extract is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors or dust.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of Peanut Extract to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Peanut Extract.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store Peanut Extract in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors or direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

cas no 9000-69-5 Poly-D-galacturonic acid methyl ester;

cas no 91051-35-3 PEANUT ACID; Fettsuren, Erdnul; Peanut oil fatty acid; Fatty acids, peanut-oil;

DESCRIPTION:

Peceol Isostearique Consists of mono-, di- and triglycerides of oleic (C18:1) acid, the monoester fraction being predominant
Peceol Isostearique is Solubilizer for lipophilic APIs and bioavailability enhancer.
Peceol Isostearique is Oily vehicle containing long-chain fatty acids (C18:1) for LFCS Type I (oily), Type II (SEDDS), and Type III (SMEDDS), associated with lymphatic absorption.



CAS: 61788-61-2


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE:
Product form
Liquid
Viscosity (mPa.s)
220 (20°C)
HLB
1
Composition:
Consists of mono-, di- and triglycerides of oleic (C18:1) acid, the monoester fraction being predominant, Glyceryl monooleate (type 40) NF

Dosage Form:
Oral, Soft and hard gelatin capsule filling., Topical, Topical emulgel and ointment.

Function:
Oily vehicle containing long-chain fatty acids (C18:2) for LFCS Type I (oily), Type II (SEDDS), and Type III (SMEDDS), associated with lymphatic absorption.
Oily vehicle for topical formulations.
Solubilizer for lipophilic APIs and bioavailability enhancer.




Peceol Isostearique is Oily vehicle for topical formulations.
Safety of use is inferred by GRAS status and precedence of use in approved pharmaceutical products.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a hygroscopic, white, odorless and sweet-tasting flaky powder.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is the glycerol ester of stearic acid.


CAS Number: 66085-00-5
EC Number: 266-124-4
MDL Number: MFCD00152509
INCI/Chemical Name: Glyceryl Isostearate
Molecular Formula : C21H42O4



SYNONYMS:
Isooctadecanoicacid,monoesterwith1,2,3-propanetriol, Isostearicacid,1,2,3-propaneriolester(1:1), GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE, isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with glycerol, ALPHA-MONOISOSTEARYLGLYCERYLETHER, Isooctadecansure, Monoester mit Glycerin, Glyceroisoste, Imwitor-780K, Einecs 266-124-4, Glyceroisostearate, GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE, ALPHA-MONOISOSTEARYLGLYCERYLETHER, Isooctadecansure, Monoester mit Glycerin, Isostearicacid,1,2,3-propaneriolester(1:1), isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with glycerol, Isooctadecanoicacid, monoesterwith1,2,3-propanetriol, Isooctadecanoicacid, monoesterwith1,2,3-propanetriol, Isostearicacid,1,2,3-propaneriolester(1:1), GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE, isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with glycerol, ALPHA-MONOISOSTEARYLGLYCERYLETHER, Isooctadecansure, Monoester mit Glycerin, Glyceroisostearate, Imwitor-780K, Emerest 2410, 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl 16-methylheptadecanoate, Glycerol monoisostearate, Glyceryl monoisostearate, GLYCERYL ISOSTEARATE, 66085-00-5, 50486-18-5, HYE7O27HAO, 67938-24-3, Isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, AKD-2A, Isostearic acid, 1,2,3-propaneriol ester (1:1), Isooctadecanoic acid, monoester with glycerol, 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl isooctadecanoate, UNII-HYE7O27HAO, EINECS 256-603-6, EINECS 266-124-4, EINECS 267-822-1, MGIS, NIKKOL MGIS, glycerin monoisostearate, GLYCEROISOSTEARATE, EC 266-124-4, PRISORINE 2040, PRISORINE GMIS 2040, SCHEMBL2516961, DTXSID70867203, GLYCERYL ISOSTEARATE [II], ISOSTEARIC ACID MONOGLYCERIDE, glycerol monoisostearate, AldrichCPR, 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl16-methylheptadecanoate, DS-016296, NS00004917, Q27280163



Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearateis a glycerin monoisostearate ester, a highly substantive, rich, liquid emollient derived from isostearic acid.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate offers low HLB emulsifying properties and provides soft conditioning, good moisturization, and excellent spreading in liquid personal wash applications.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is recommended for use in personal care and cosmetic formulations.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a natural product found in Streptomyces albidoflavus with data available.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is an organic molecule used as an emulsifier.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a hygroscopic, white, odorless and sweet-tasting flaky powder.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is the glycerol ester of stearic acid.
Pancreatic lipase naturally breaks down fat in the body and is found in fatty foods.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate, used as an emulsifier in ice cream, prevents the development of coarse ice crystals and gives a smooth texture.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate, which enables the formation of stable emulsions that do not break down during freezing, improves the shelf life by keeping the ice cream firm and dry without hardening.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate, which facilitates the control of the aeration process for optimum overrun, should be added to the mixture at a rate of 0.3-0.4% before homogenization and pasteurization.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate in bakery products such as bread and cake; It causes the formation of a soft, moist product interior with a good pore structure, gives white shine and volume to the products, retains moisture, delays the spongy structure and staling, and increases the shelf life of the product.


Unlock the versatile potential of Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate, a highly refined and multifunctional chemical compound that offers a wealth of applications across diverse industries.
This CAS-numbered compound, 66085-00-5, is a true gem in the world of specialty chemicals, boasting a unique combination of properties that make Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate an indispensable tool for researchers, formulators, and innovators alike.


At its core, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a complex ester derived from the esterification of glycerol and isostearic acid.
This intricate molecular structure endows the compound with a remarkable array of characteristics, making Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate a valuable asset in a wide range of applications.


With a purity of at least 95%, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate ensures consistent and reliable performance, allowing you to push the boundaries of your research and development efforts.
The versatility of Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is truly astounding.


In the realm of personal care and cosmetic formulations, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate shines as a multifunctional ingredient, serving as an emulsifier, emollient, and skin-conditioning agent.
Its ability to enhance the stability, texture, and sensorial properties of a wide range of products, from lotions and creams to gels and serums, makes Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate an indispensable tool for cosmetic chemists and formulators.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearatealso provides moisturizing properties that make it ideal for AP/DEO and rich hand and body creams.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate has been shown to promote film formation in skin care applications.
Thanks to its pigment-dispersing properties, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is used in decorative cosmetics.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a safe and eco-friendly ingredient.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is cold-processable, vegetable-derived, and biodegradable.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is used in moisturizers, creams, and other facial and body care products.


Cosmetic Uses of Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate: skin conditioning - emollient, and surfactant - emulsifying
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is used as both emulsifier and stabilizer in the food industry.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is available in powder or bead forms in the market.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a food additive that has a unique odor and is white or sometimes beige in color and is known in the food industry with the food code e 471.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a very effective emulsifier in emulsifying the oil - water phase.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is also effective in extending the stratification and shelf life of food products.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is especially used in the bread, bakery and pastry industry and the oil industry.
Apart from the food industry, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is used in the cosmetics, detergent, plastic and pharmaceutical industries.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is added to the formulations of ice cream, starch products, dairy products, chewing gum, chocolate and other food products.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is used as a softener in textile products and as a lubricant in plastic products.


With the use of Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate, the amount of egg yolk used in the products decreases, thus reducing the cost.
In chocolate products, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate provides a good oil dispersion even at high temperatures, reduces stickiness and separation during production and storage, improves texture and consistency, reduces crystallization of sugar, reduces blooming and loss of product-specific shine, prevents products such as caramel and nougat from falling on the teeth, prevents aroma substances from falling on the teeth.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate ensures better dispersion and stabilization and acts as a plasticizer in chewing gums.
In margarine products, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate reduces the tension at the oil and water interfaces, which leads to the formation of stable emulsions.


When used with soy lecithin, the solubility of Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate increases.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate, which causes a better mouthfeel in the product and increases its spreadability properties, emulsifies the water in margarine and stabilizes the water in the oil.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a PEG-free emulsifier.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is used to formulate cocoon dream cream.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is an ester that functions as both an emulsifier and an emollient in creams and lotions.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate helps to simplify processing by allowing for cold process emulsification.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate produces less soaping than its straight-chain analogue.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a natural product found in Streptomyces albidoflavus with data available.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is a food additive used as a thickener, emulsifier, anti-caking and preservative; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic dusts; a solidifying and control releasing agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is also used in cosmetics and hair care products.


Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is largely used in cooking preparations to add “body” to food.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their soft texture.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is sometimes used as an anti-snake agent in breads.


Liquid emulsifier Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is used as emollients, emulsifiers, thickeners, stabilizers, opacifiers and pearlescent agents.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate is used emulsions for skin and hair care products


Boasting a molecular formula of C21H42O4 and a molecular weight of 358.6 g/mol, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate offers a wealth of applications in various industries.
Crafted with meticulous attention to detail, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate's unique properties make it an indispensable tool for your chemical needs.


Explore its potential and unlock new possibilities in your research, formulations, or manufacturing processes.
Beyond the personal care industry, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate finds its way into the world of food and nutrition.
As a food-grade emulsifier, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate plays a crucial role in stabilizing and improving the texture of various food products, from baked goods and confections to dairy items and sauces.


Its versatility allows Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate to seamlessly integrate into a multitude of culinary applications, catering to the ever-evolving demands of the modern food industry.
In the realm of industrial applications, Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate demonstrates its prowess as a lubricant, release agent, and plasticizer.


Its unique chemical structure allows Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate to impart desirable properties to a diverse range of materials, from polymers and coatings to inks and adhesives.
Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate's ability to enhance performance, reduce friction, and improve processability makes it a valuable asset in the manufacturing and engineering sectors.



FEATURES OF PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
*Highly refined and purified compound with a minimum purity of 95%
*Derived from the esterification of glycerol and isostearic acid
*Multifunctional properties as an emulsifier, emollient, and skin-conditioning agent
*Versatile applications of Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate in personal care, food, and industrial formulations
*Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate enhances stability, texture, and sensorial properties of a wide range of products
*Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate serves as a lubricant, release agent, and plasticizer in various industrial applications
*Peceol Isostearique = Glycerol monoisostearate complies with relevant regulatory standards and guidelines



FUNCTIONS OF PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
*Emollient
*Emulsifier



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
CAS RN: 66085-00-5
Molecular Formula: C21H42O4
Molecular Weight: 358.56
Alternate Name(s): Emerest 2410
Classification: Surfactant
Molecular Formula: C21H42O4
Molecular Weight: 358.56
CAS No: [66085-00-5]
Product Code: RCA08500
MOL file: Download
Chemical Formula: C21H42O4
Molecular Weight: 358.6 g/mol
Smiles: CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)O
Molecular Weight: 358.6 g/mol

XLogP3: 7.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 19
Exact Mass: 358.30830982 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 358.30830982 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 66.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 25
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 292
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 481.00 to 482.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg (estimated)
Flash Point: 309.00 °F TCC (153.80 °C) (estimated)
logP (o/w): 7.274 (estimated)
Soluble in water: 0.01421 mg/L @ 25 °C (estimated)
CAS Number: 66085-00-5
Ref #: 3D-RCA08500
Purity: Min. 95%
Chemical Formula: C21H42O4
Molecular Weight: 358.6 g/mol
HS Code: 2915907098

Name: GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE
CAS: 66085-00-5
EINECS(EC#): 266-124-4
Molecular Formula: C21H42O4
MDL Number: MFCD00152509
Molecular Weight: 358.56
Odor: Mild waxy odor at 100.00%
LogP: 7.274 (estimated)
EPA Substance Registry System: Glycerol monoisostearate (66085-00-5)
IUPAC Name: 2,3-dihydroxypropyl 16-methylheptadecanoate
Solubility in water: 0.01421 mg/L @ 25 °C (estimated)
Boiling Point: 481.5°C at 760 mmHg

Density: 0.957 g/cm3
InChI Key: ASKIVFGGGGIGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C21H42O4/c1-19(2)15-13-11-9-7-5-3-4-6-8-10-12-14-16-21(24)25-18-20(23)17-22/h19-20,22-23H,3-18H2,1-2H3
Canonical SMILES: CCC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)O
Refractive Index: 1.468
CBNumber: Not specified
FDA UNII: HYE7O27HAO
EPA Substance Registry System: Glycerol monoisostearate (66085-00-5)
CAS Registry Number: 66085-00-5
Molecular Weight: 358.56
EINECS: 266-124-4



FIRST AID MEASURES of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust.
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = GLYCEROL MONOISOSTEARATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is a self emulsifying wax.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is located in dozens of personal care products, including moisturizers, eye cream, sunscreen, makeup and hand creams.
Direct Chems provide PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate which is self emulsifying in pearl form and can be used as a viscosity enhancer adding emollient properties which makes skin softer and supple.

CAS: 123-94-4
MF: C21H42O4
MW: 358.56
EINECS: 204-664-4

Synonyms
DL-ALPHA-STEARIN;EMALEX GMS-10SE;EMALEX GMS-195;EMALEX GMS-15SE;EMALEX GMS-B;EMALEX GMS-ASE;EMALEX GMS-A;EMALEX GMS-55FD;Glyceryl monostearate;123-94-4;Monostearin;31566-31-1;GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE;Glyceryl stearate;Tegin;1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol;2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate;1-MONOSTEARIN;Glycerin 1-monostearate;Glycerol 1-monostearate;Glycerol 1-stearate;Stearin, 1-mono-;Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride;1-Glyceryl stearate;Glycerin 1-stearate;Sandin EU;1-Monostearoylglycerol;Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester;Aldo MSD;Aldo MSLG;Glyceryl 1-monostearate;Stearoylglycerol;alpha-Monostearin;Tegin 55G;Emerest 2407;Aldo 33;Aldo 75;Glycerin monostearate;Arlacel 165;3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol;Cerasynt SD;11099-07-3;2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate;.alpha.-Monostearin;Monoglyceryl stearate;Glycerol alpha-monostearate;Cefatin;Dermagine;Monelgin;Sedetine;Admul;Orbon;Citomulgan M;DrewmulseV;Cerasynt S;Drewmulse TP;Tegin 515;Cerasynt SE;Cerasynt WM;Cyclochem GMS;Drumulse AA;Protachem GMS;Witconol MS;Witconol MST;FEMA No. 2527;Glyceryl stearates;Monostearate (glyceride);Stearin, mono-;Unimate GMS;Glyceryl monooctadecanoate;Ogeen M;Emcol CA;Emcol MSK;Hodag GMS;Ogeen GRB;Ogeen MAV;Aldo MS;Aldo HMS;Armostat 801;Kessco 40;Stearic monoglyceride;Abracol S.L.G.;Arlacel 161;Arlacel 169;Imwitor 191;Imwitor 900K;NSC 3875;Atmul 67;Atmul 84;Starfol GMS 450;Starfol GMS 600;Starfol GMS 900;Cerasynt 1000-D;Emerest 2401;Aldo-28;Aldo-72;Atmos 150;Atmul 124;Estol 603;Ogeen 515;Tegin 503;Grocor 5500;Grocor 6000;Glycerol stearate, pure;Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride;Cremophor gmsk;Glyceryl 1-octadecanoate;Cerasynt-sd;Lonzest gms;Cutina gms;Lipo GMS 410;Lipo GMS 450;Lipo GMS 600;glycerol stearate;1-MONOSTEAROYL-rac-GLYCEROL;Nikkol mgs-a;Glyceryl monopalmitostearate;USAF KE-7;1-octadecanoyl-rac-glycerol;EMUL P.7;22610-63-5;EINECS 204-664-4;EINECS 245-121-1;Stearic acid, monoester with glycerol;Glycerol .alpha.-monostearate;Glyceroli monostearas;Glycerol monostearate, purified;Imwitor 491;Sorbon mg-100;Cithrol gms 0400;UNII-258491E1RZ;NSC3875;Stearic acid .alpha.-monoglyceride;(1)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate;MONOSTEARIN (L);NSC-3875;1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol;EINECS 250-705-4;1,2,3-Propanetriol monooctadecanoate;Octadecanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol;GLYCERYL 1-STEARATE;AI3-00966;MG(18:0/0:0/0:0)[rac];85666-92-8;DTXSID7029160;CHEBI:75555;1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90%);EC 250-705-4

PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate also acts as a fast penetrating emollient which helps retain hydration, lubricate, condition and soften skin.
They slow loss of moisture so is ideal when adding to natural formulations.
The presence of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate enables other ingredients in the formulation to continue functioning effectively in order to excel their beneficial properties by extending shelf life, preventing products from freezing and developing crusts on the surface.
One important factor is PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate allows oils to be added to products but decreases the greasiness so the final product is a smooth, creamy texture.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is a long chain molecule typically occurring in the body as a by-product of the breakdown of fats.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is one of the panels of serum metabolic biomarkers for detecting and diagnosing cancer, especial ovarian cancer.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is also used in the development of drug delivery vehicles such as nanoparticles and microemulsions.

PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate can also be used as an emulsifying agent, which allows the suspension of pharmaceuticals in a biodegradable form.
A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Chemically PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is the glycerol ester of stearic acid.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is also used as hydration powder in exercise formulas
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is a compound commonly used as a food additive and in various industrial applications.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is a type of monoglyceride, which is a molecule composed of glycerol linked to a single fatty acid, in this case, stearic acid.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is known for its emulsifying properties, which make it useful in food production, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals .

PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 78-81 °C
Boiling point: 476.9±25.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 0.9678 g/cm3
FEMA: 2527 | GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE
Storage temp.: -20°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly)
Form: Solid
pka: 13.16±0.20(Predicted)
Color: White to Off-White
Odor: at 100.00 %. mild fatty waxy
Odor Type: fatty
JECFA Number: 918
Merck: 4489
BRN: 1728685
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB): 5.5
Dielectric constant: 4.9（77.0℃）
InChIKey: VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 7.23
CAS DataBase Reference:123-94-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate (123-94-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate (123-94-4)

The physical and chemical properties of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate have been extensively studied.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate's effects on the physico-chemical, thermal, and rheological properties of corn and potato starches were investigated, showing that GMS can modify the swelling power, solubility, and syneresis of starches.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate also affected the transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization, as well as the textural properties of noodles made from these starches.
In another study, the stability of the α-gel phase of a PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate-water system was examined, revealing that intrinsic factors like co-emulsifiers and extrinsic factors like cooling rate and shear can influence the phase stability.
The effects of PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate on the performance of thermoplastic starch were also explored, demonstrating its impact on melting point, degradation temperature, and moisture sorption .

Uses
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is self-emulsifying glyceryl stearate.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate provides a stable, uniform oil-in-water emulsion.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is used in the development of drug delivery vehicles such as nanoparticles and microemulsions.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate can also be used as an additive in plastic, where GMS works as an antistatic and antifogging agent.

PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is common in food packaging.
Structure, synthesis, and occurrence
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-glycerol monostearate and 2-glycerol monostearate.
Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar.
Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase.
PECEOL ISOSTEARIQUE = Glycerol monoisostearate is present at very low levels in certain seed oils.

Poly-D-galacturonic acid methyl ester; APPLE PECTIN;POLY-D-GALACTURONIC ACID METHYL ESTER;POLYGALACTURONIC ACID METHYL ESTER;PARTIALLY METHOXYLATED POLYGALACTURONIC ACID;PECTIN, FROM LEMON;PECTIN;PECTIN, APPLE;PECTIN, CITRUS CAS NO:9000-69-5

PEG 100 Stearate PEG 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid. PEG 100 Stearate functions as an effective emollient, emulsifier and surfactant. PEG 100 Stearate is used in facial cleansers, creams and lotions, shampoos. PEG 100 STEARATE is classified as : Surfactant CAS Number: 9004-99-3 COSING REF No: 77453 Chem/IUPAC Name: Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-(1-oxooctadecyl)-.omega.-hydroxy- (100 mol EO average molar ratio) What Is It? Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Stearates (PEG-2 Stearate, PEG-6 Stearate, PEG-8 Stearate, PEG-12 Stearate, PEG-20 Stearate, PEG-32 Stearate, PEG-40 Stearate, PEG-50 Stearate, PEG 100 Stearate, PEG-150 Stearate) are esters of polyethylene glycol and stearic acid. The PEG Stearates are soft to waxy solids that are white to tan in color. In cosmetics and personal care products, PEG Stearates are used in skin creams, conditioners, shampoos, body cleansers and soapless detergents. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? The PEG 100 Stearates clean the skin and hair by helping water to mix with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away. Scientific Facts: The PEG 100 Stearates are produced from stearic acid, a naturally occurring fatty acid. The numerical value of each PEG Stearate corresponds to the average number of ethylene oxide monomers in the polyethylene chain. Polyethylene glycol ingredients may also be named with a number that indicates molecular weight, for example polyethylene glycol (400) stearate is another name for PEG-8 Stearate. Why is PEG 100 Stearate in My Skincare Product? PEG or polyethylene glycol stearate is an ingredient that is used in skincare and body care products. PEG 100 stearate is a soft waxy substance used in moisturizers, conditioners, shampoos, cleansers, and soap-free detergents. The 100 in PEG 100 stearate refers to the number of ethylene oxide monomers present on the molecule. PEG 100 stearate is mainly utilized in your skincare products due to its emulsifying abilities. Emulsifiers help to mix oil and water-based ingredients so that they produce a smooth, stable texture. This emulsifying characteristic of PEG 100 stearate also helps to lift oil and dirt from the skin so that it can be rinsed away, making it a staple addition to cleansers and body washes. PEG 100 stearate is a PEG; PEGs are a class of ingredients that have been involved in controversy over their use, particularly from the clean or green beauty industry. This controversy is in part due to claims that it is linked to toxicity within the body due to the presence of impurities during the manufacturing process. This toxicity claim has been evaluated by both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, both of these groups are responsible for evaluation and regulation of skincare ingredients in the US. Through their research, they determined PEG compounds safe for their indicated uses in skincare and personal care products. In 2002 the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel reviewed newly available data and reaffirmed the approval. However, if you are concerned, discuss PEG 100 Stearate with a doctor or dermatologist, who can advise you whether your medical history may place you at risk with this ingredient. THE GOOD:PEG 100 stearate is used as an emollient and a moisturizer THE NOT SO GOOD: WHO IS IT FOR?All skin types except those that have an identified allergy to it. SYNERGETIC INGREDIENTS:Works well with most ingredients KEEP AN EYE ON:Due to kidney issues associated with the use of PEG 100 stearate products on burn patients, it is recommended to not use PEG 100 stearate containing products on broken skin. Is PEG 100 Stearate Safe? Toxicity The safety of PEG compounds has been called into question in recent years. The questioning of the safety of this ingredient is due to toxicity concerns that result from impurities found in PEG compounds. The impurities of concern are ethylene oxide and 1,4 dioxane, both are by-products of the manufacturing process. Both 1,4 dioxane and ethylene oxide have been suggested to be linked with breast and uterine cancers. While these impurities may have been a concern previously, ingredient manufacturers and improved processes have eliminated the risk of impurities in the final product. The level of impurities that were found initially in PEG manufacturing was low in comparison to the levels proposed to be linked to cancers. Longitudinal studies or studies over a long period of use of PEG compounds have not found any significant toxicity or any significant impact on reproductive health. When applied topically, PEG 100 Stearate is not believed to pose significant dangers to human health. It doesn’t penetrate deeply into the skin and isn’t thought to have bioaccumulation concerns when used topically. Irritation Through research, PEG compounds have exhibited evidence that they are non-irritating ingredients to the eyes or the skin. This research used highly concentrated forms of the ingredient, concentrations that would not be found in your skincare products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel found PEG compounds to be non-photosensitizing and non-irritating at concentrations up to 100%. However, despite the evidence suggesting that PEG compounds are non-irritating, some research has indicated that irritation can occur when the skin is broken or already irritated. In a study that was trialing the use of PEG containing antimicrobial cream on burn patients, some patients experienced kidney toxicity. The concentration of PEG compounds was identified to be the culprit. Given that there was no evidence of toxicity in any study of PEGs and intact skin, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel amended their safety guidelines to exclude the use of PEG containing products on broken or damaged skin. Is PEG 100 Stearate Vegan? Depending on the source of the stearic acid used to make PEG 100 stearate, it may be vegan. Most of the time, stearic acid is derived from plants. However, it can also be derived from animal origin. If it is of animal origin, the product has to comply with animal by-product regulation. Check with the brand you are thinking of using to determine whether their PEG 100 stearate is derived from a plant or animal source. Why Is PEG 100 Stearate Used? Emulsifier PEG 100 Stearate is included in skincare and beauty products for a variety of reasons, ranging from making the skin softer to helping product formulations better keep their original consistency. As an emollient, PEG 100 stearate is included within skincare product formulations to give the skin a softer feel. It achieves this through strengthening the skin’s moisture barrier by forming a thin fatty layer on the skin’s surface, which prevents moisture loss and increases overall hydration. This moisturizing effect increases the hydration of skin cells, which in turn makes the skin softer and boosts skin health. Texture Another use for PEG 100 stearate has to do with its emulsification properties. Emulsifiers are valued in the skincare and personal care industries because of their ability to mix water and oils. Without this ability, the oils in many formulations would begin to separate from the water molecules, thus undermining product texture and consistency. PEG 100 stearate is also used to help to cleanse through mixing oil and dirt so that it can be rinsed away. Surfactant Lastly, PEG 100 stearate can also act as a surfactant, when used in body and facial cleansers. Surfactants disrupt surface tension, helping to mix water and oil. This characteristic helps the ingredient cleanse the skin by mixing oil with water, lifting dirt trapped inside the skin’s oils, and rinsing it away from the skin. What Types of Products Contain PEG 100 Stearate? There are many products in the skin and personal care industry that are formulated with PEG 100 stearate because of its benefits to formulations and its relative safety. Facial cleansers, shampoos, lotions, and face creams have all been known to contain this ingredient. If you’ve had problems with this ingredient before, or if your doctor has advised you to stay away from PEG 100 stearate, it’s vital to read ingredient labels for any personal care product as it has many applications. What are PEGs? You have probably noticed that many of cosmetics and personal care products you use have different types of PEGs among ingredients. PEG, which is the abbreviation of polyethylene glycol, is not a definitive chemical entity in itself, but rather a mixture of compounds, of polymers that have been bonded together. Polyethylene is the most common form of plastic, and when combined with glycol, it becomes a thick and sticky liquid. PEGs are almost often followed by a number, for example PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG 100 and so on. This number represents the approximate molecular weight of that compound. Typically, cosmetics use PEGs with smaller molecular weights. The lower the molecular weight, the easier it is for the compound to penetrate the skin. Often, PEGs are connected to another molecule. You might see, for example, PEG 100 stearate as an ingredient. This means that the polyethylene glycol polymer with an approximate molecular weight of 100 is attached chemically to stearic acid. In cosmetics, PEGs function in three ways: as emollients (which help soften and lubricate the skin), as emulsifiers (which help water-based and oil-based ingredients mix properly), and as vehicles that help deliver other ingredients deeper into the skin. What effect do PEG 100 Stearate have on your skin? Polyethylene glycol compounds have not received a lot of attention from consumer groups but they should. The most important thing to know about PEGs is that they have a penetration enhancing effect, the magnitude of which is dependent upon a variety of variables. These include: both the structure and molecular weight of the PEG, other chemical constituents in the formula, and, most importantly, the overall health of the skin. PEGs of all sizes may penetrate through injured skin with compromised barrier function. So it is very important to avoid products with PEGs if your skin is not in best condition. Skin penetration enhancing effects have been shown with PEG-2 and PEG-9 stearate. This penetration enhancing effect is important for three reasons: 1) If your skin care product contains a bunch of other undesirable ingredients, PEGs will make it easier for them to get down deep into your skin. 2) By altering the surface tension of the skin, PEGs may upset the natural moisture balance. 3) PEG 100 Stearate are not always pure, but often come contaminated with a host of toxic impurities. Impurities and other PEG 100 Stearate risks According to a report in the International Journal of Toxicology by the cosmetic industry’s own Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) committee, impurities found in various PEG compounds include ethylene oxide; 1,4-dioxane; polycyclic aromatic compounds; and heavy metals such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and arsenic. Many of these impurities are linked to cancer. PEG compounds often contain small amounts of ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide (found in PEG-4, PEG-7, PEG4-dilaurate, and PEG 100) is highly toxic — even in small doses — and was used in World War I nerve gas. Exposure to ethylene glycol during its production, processing and clinical use has been linked to increased incidents of leukemia as well as several types of cancer. Finally, there is 1,4-dioxane (found in PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG-32, PEG-75, PEG-150, PEG-14M, and PEG-20M), which, on top of being a known carcinogen, may also combine with atmospheric oxygen to form explosive peroxides — not exactly something you want going on your skin. Even though responsible manufacturers do make efforts to remove these impurities (1,4-dioxane that can be removed from cosmetics through vacuum stripping during processing without an unreasonable increase in raw material cost), the cosmetic and personal care product industry has shown little interest in doing so. Surprisingly, PEG compounds are also used by natural cosmetics companies. If you find PEG 100 Stearate in your cosmetics… Although you might find conflicting information online regarding Polyethylene Glycol, PEGs family and their chemical relatives, it is something to pay attention to when choosing cosmetic and personal care products. If you have sensitive or damaged skin it might be a good idea to avoid products containing PEGs. Using CosmEthics app you can easy add PEGs to personal alerts. In our last blog post we wrote about vegan ingredients. Natural glycols are a good alternative to PEGs, for example natural vegetable glycerin can be used as both moisturiser and emulsifier. CosmEthics vegan list can help you find products that use vegetable glycerin as wetting agent. At present, there is not enough information shown on product labels to enable you to determine whether PEG compounds are contaminated. But if you must buy a product containing PEGs just make sure that your PEGs are coming from a respected brand. Glyceryl stearate and PEG 100 stearate is a combination of two emulsifying ingredients. The stabilising effect of both means that the product remains blended and will not separate. Description Glyceryl stearate is a solid and waxy compound. It is made by reacting glycerine (a soap by-product) with stearic acid (a naturally occurring, vegetable fatty acid). PEG 100 stearate is an off-white, solid ester of polyethylene glycol (a binder and a softener) and stearic acid. The surfactant qualities of glyceryl stearate and PEG 100 stearate allow oil and water to mix. Creams and lotions are water and oil droplets held together by materials called emulsifiers, without them oil droplets would float on top of the water. When used in a moisturiser, this forms a protective barrier on the surface of skin, greatly assisting moisture retention. Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate is a very versatile non-ionic oil-in-water emulsifier that creates silky smooth, ultra-light emulsions. Most datasheets I’ve seen state the content of each Glyceryl Stearate and PEG 100 Stearate as 48–52%, which averages out to a 50/50 blend, though check the datasheet from your supplier for the particular one you have. Appearance I’ve only seen it as brittle white flakes, but some manufacturers sell it as a powder or in pellets. Usage rate 1–25%, depending on the use. SEPPIC lists 5% for a fluid lotion, 10% for lotion, 15% for a thick lotion, 20% for a fluid cream, and 25% for a thick cream. Texture Brittle, hard; weightless in emulsions. Scent Nothing noticeable Absorbency Speed Very light Approximate Melting Point 50–60°C (122–140°F) pH 5.5–7 (3 % solution); tolerates a final pH range of approximately 4–9. Charge Non-ionic Solubility Oil Why do we use it in formulations? Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate is a very effective and crazy versatile emulsifier. It can be used to create everything from sprayable milks to ultra-thick emulsified body butters, and everything in between! Unlike emulsifying waxes like Polawax, Emulsifying Wax NF, Olivem 1000, and Ritamulse SCG, Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate does not substantially thicken emulsions, even in emulsions with very large oil phases. It is also substantially more stable in very thin emulsions. For example, let’s imagine we have four different emulsions; 2 emulsified with Polawax, and 2 emulsified with Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate. One of each emulsifier has a 15% oil phase, and the other two have a 30% oil phase—the only ingredients in the oil phase are a liquid oil and the emulsifier. There are no added thickeners, like gums or fatty alcohols (cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, etc.) The Polawax emulsions will have drastically different viscosities. The 15% one will be fairly thin, but still lotion-y. It would work well in a pump-top bottle, or possibly even a bottle with a treatment pump cap. The 30% one will be more like a cream; thick and rich, and much better suited to a jar or tub. The Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate emulsions will have very similar viscosities. The 15% one will be about the consistency of partly skimmed milk, while the 30% one will be more like cream. The 30% one is more viscous because the inner phase (the oil phase) is larger, but that viscosity difference is pretty small—especially when compared to differing phase sizes in an emulsion made with Polawax. Both Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate emulsions could be packaged in a spray bottle, and are far too thin for any sort of pump bottle or jar. Because Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate does not thicken emulsions, it gives us the ability to control the viscosity and oil phase size independently. For instance, you can create an emulsion with a 50% oil phase and decide if you want it to be a thinner, pumpable lotion or a thick, solid cream. You can also choose what you want to thicken it with, allowing you significantly more control over the skin feel of the finished product. With an emulsifying wax like Polawax, that product could only be solid, and the skin feel will be harder to adjust given the unavoidable presence of the thickeners in Polawax. Additionally, because Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate doesn’t add viscosity to our emulsions, it has the ability to create far lighter feeling emulsions—in that way, it’s almost ‘invisible’ in your formulations. If you want to add the fluffy creaminess and weight of cetearyl alcohol, you’ll have to add it yourself—if you used Emulsifying Wax NF instead, that already contains 65–80% cetearyl alcohol, so you can’t avoid it. Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate also works at lower rates than more common emulsifying waxes. Compared to Emulsifying Wax NF, Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate contains a higher percentage of the emulsifying ingredient. Emulsifying Wax NF contains 20–35% Polysorbate 60, while Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate contains approximately 50% PEG 100 Stearate. I’ve seen (and successfully used) Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate at 9–17% of the oil phase, compared to 20–25% for emulsifying waxes like Polawax, Emulsifying Wax NF, Olivem 1000, and Ritamulse SCG. Do you need it? I highly recommend it if you love making lotions—it gives you far more control over your emulsions than emulsifying waxes like Polawax and Ritamulse SCG. Refined or unrefined? Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate only exists as a refined product. Strengths It’s extremely versatile, allowing you to independently adjust the viscosity and oil phase size of your formulations. It easily creates stable emulsions at low usage rates and works brilliantly over a wide variety of oil phase sizes. It’s lightweight, inexpensive, and very effective. Weaknesses It isn’t considered natural; that doesn’t bother me as it is a perfectly safe ingredient, but I can’t offer a suitable naturally-accepted alternative at this time. Alternatives & Substitutions Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate is a tricky ingredient to substitute out. Generally speaking, you’ll need another complete emulsifying wax (something like Emulsifying Wax NF or Olivem 1000), but those complete emulsifying waxes contribute significantly more thickening to finished products, meaning formulations designed to work with Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate will likely be significantly more viscous if you use a thickening emulsifying wax in its place. Depending on the formulation you may be able to adequately compensate by removing any additional fatty thickeners, but this will take some experimenting to get right. If the formulation is for an ultra-light body milk or a very thick emulsified body butter type project, it will be difficult to substitute the emulsifier. You will likely be in re-formulation territory, or you will need to accept a more viscous and/or waxier/heavier end product. How to Work with It Include Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate in your heated oil phase. Storage & Shelf Life Stored somewhere cool, dark, and dry, Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate should last at least two years. Tips, Tricks, and Quirks Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate is different from Glyceryl Stearate SE, though both are emulsifiers. The Body Shop uses Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate to emulsify their signature body butters! Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Stearates (PEG-2 Stearate, PEG-6 Stearate, PEG-8 Stearate, PEG-12 Stearate, PEG-20 Stearate, PEG-32 Stearate, PEG-40 Stearate, PEG-50 Stearate, PEG-100 Stearate, PEG-150 Stearate) are esters of polyethylene glycol and stearic acid. The PEG Stearates are soft to waxy solids that are white to tan in color. In cosmetics and personal care products, PEG Stearates are used in skin creams, conditioners, shampoos, body cleansers and soapless detergents. PEG 100 Stearate is used in cosmetics and beauty products primarily as a surfactant and cleansing agent, because PEG Stearates' ability to clean the skin and hair by helping water to mix with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away, according to. However, it is also seen as an emollient, because of secondary properties. * A surfactant and cleansing agent * Please read TIA’s article on What Is PEG 100 Stearate : PEGs Functions of PEG 100 Stearate : PEG 100 Stearate is used in cosmetics and beauty products primarily as a surfactant and cleansing agent, because PEG Stearates' ability to clean the skin and hair by helping water to mix with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away, according to CosmeticsInfo.org. However, it is also seen as an emollient, because of secondary properties. Unlike typical PEGs, (whose identifying number corresponds to their molecular weight) the numerical value of each PEG Stearate corresponds to the average number of ethylene oxide monomers in the polyethylene chain (from 2 - 150). Despite the many fears regarding PEGs, they are seen as an ingredient in a large number of products because of their diverse properties. In a study published in the Toxicology journal in 2005, entitled "Safety assessment on polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and their derivatives as used in cosmetic products," it was concluded that: "Taking into consideration all available information from related compounds, as well as the mode and mechanism of action, no safety concern with regard to these endpoints could be identified. Based on the available data it is therefore concluded that PEGs of a wide molecular weight range (200 to over 10,000), their ethers (laureths. ceteths, ceteareths, steareths, and oleths), and fatty acid esters (laurates, dilaurates, stearates, distearates) are safe for use in cosmetics." PEG 100 Stearate is not considered to be an irritant or sensitizer (it gave only minimal irritation in studies up to 100%), and are CIR and FDA approved for use, but not on broken skin (Source). Safety Measures/Side Effects of PEG 100 Stearate: However. The Cosmetics Database found PEG 40 Stearate to be a moderate to high hazard ingredient depending on usage. The EWG issues warnings regarding: cancer, developmental and reproductive toxicity, contamination concerns, irritation, and organ system toxicity. According to a study published in the International Journal of Toxicology, PEGs (including PEG 40 Stearate) can contain harmful impurities, including: Ethylene Oxide, known to increase the incidences of uterine and breast cancers and of leukemia and brain cancer, according to experimental results reported by the National Toxicology Program; 1,4-dioxane, a known carcinogen; PAHs, known to increase the risk of breast cancer; lead; iron; and arsenic (Source). Products and formulas containing PEG 40 Stearate should not be used on broken or irritated skin. Although PEGs are considered safe for use topically on healthy skin, studies showed that patients suffering from severe burns were treated with PEG-based antimicrobial cream; this treatment resulted in kidney toxicity. "The PEG content of the antimicrobial cream was determined to be the causative agent. However, no evidence of systemic toxicity occurred in studies with intact skin. Because of the observation of kidney effects in burn patients, the CIR Expert Panel qualified their conclusion on the safety of the PEG ingredients to state that cosmetic formulations containing these ingredients should not be used on damaged skin" SYNONYMS of PEG 100 Stearate Polyoxyl (40) stearate, polyoxyethylene (40) monostearate; INS No. 431 DEFINITION Consists of a mixture of the mono- and diesters of edible commercial stearic acid and mixed polyoxyethylene diols (having an average polymer length of about 40 oxyethylene units) together with free polyol. Structural formula Nominal formula and approximate composition: free polyol monoester diester where RCO- is a fatty acid moiety, and "n" has an average value of approximately 40. The distribution of polymers is approximately in accordance with the Poisson expression. Assay Not less than 84.0 and not more than 88.0% of oxyethylene groups equivalent to not less than 97.5 and not more than 102.5% of polyoxyethylene (40) stearate calculated on the anhydrous basis. DESCRIPTION of PEG 100 Stearate Cream-coloured and exists as flakes or as a waxy solid at 25o with a faint odour FUNCTIONAL USESEmulsifier of PEG 100 Stearate CHARACTERISTICS of PEG 100 Stearate IDENTIFICATION of PEG 100 Stearate Solubility (Vol. 4) Soluble in water, ethanol, methanol and ethylacetate; insoluble in mineral oil Congealing range (Vol. 4)39 - 44o Infrared absorption The infrared spectrum of the sample is characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyoxyethylated polyol Colour reaction To 5 ml of a 5% (w/v) aqueous solution of the sample add 10 ml of ammonium cobaltothiocyanate solution and 5 ml of chloroform, shake well and allow to separate; a blue colour is produced in the chloroform layer. (Ammonium cobaltothiocyanate solution: 37.5 g of cobalt nitrate and 150 g of ammonium thiocyanate made up to 100 ml with water - freshly prepared). Saponification (Vol. 4) 100 g of the sample yields approximately 13-14 g of fatty acids and 85-87 g of polyols PURITY of PEG 100 Stearate Water (Vol. 4) Not more than 3% (Karl Fischer Method) Acid value (Vol. 4) Not more than 1 Saponification value (Vol. 4) Not less than 25 and not more than 35 Hydroxyl value (Vol. 4) Not less than 27 and not more than 40 Lead (Vol. 4) Not more than 2 mg/kg Determine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specified level. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may be based on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, “Instrumental Methods.” METHOD OF ASSAY of PEG 100 Stearate Determine the content of Oxyethylene groups. Polyoxyethylene (100) stearate has been used in a study to assess the phase behaviors of special hot microemulsion to produce drug-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. [3] It has also been used in a study to investigate its effects on multidrug resistance (MDR). Polyoxyethylene 100 monostearate, also known as ethylene glycol monostearate or myrj 52, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty acid esters. These are carboxylic ester derivatives of a fatty acid. Polyoxyethylene 40 monostearate is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Polyoxyethylene 40 monostearate has been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, polyoxyethylene 40 monostearate is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and cytoplasm. A sample work-up method for gas chromatographic profiling of polyethylene glycol related cmpd in pharmaceutical matrixes is described. After a short sample clean-up, carbon-oxygen linkages were partially cleaved with 0.07/M BBr3 in CH2Cl2 at room temp. The reaction was stopped after 1 min by addn of 0.01M hydrochloric acid. The products were trimethylsilylated and injected onto a WCOT 50 m X 0.25 mm CP-SIL 5 CB fused silica column. Eleven model cmpd, representing 4 common types of polyethylene glycol deriv, were evaluated by this method. Characteristic profiles can be obtained from polyethylene glycol deriv carrying different functional groups. Minimum detectable amt are in the range of 200 ug. Polyoxyl 100 Stearate is used in cosmetics and beauty products primarily as a surfactant and emulsifier. It occurs naturally as a white, waxy or flaky substance, according to The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. CosmeticsInfo.org notes that Polyoxyl 40 Stearate, as part of the PEG Stearate group, are formed from a naturally fatty acid known as Stearic Acid. The PEG Sterates are used in cosmetics and skin care formulas because they can "clean the skin and hair by helping water to mix with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away. Polyethylene glycol (PEG 100 Stearate ; /ˌpɒliˈɛθəlˌiːn ˈɡlaɪˌkɒl, -ˌkɔːl/) is a polyether compound with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG 100 Stearate is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG 100 Stearate is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.[3] Uses of PEG 100 Stearate Medical uses of PEG 100 Stearate PEG 100 Stearate is the basis of a number of laxatives.[4] Whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy. PEG 100 Stearate is also used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products. When attached to various protein medications, polyethylene glycol allows a slowed clearance of the carried protein from the blood.[5] The possibility that PEG 100 Stearate could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury.[4] Chemical uses of PEG 100 Stearate The remains of the 16th century carrack Mary Rose undergoing conservation treatment with PEG 100 Stearate in the 1980s Terra cotta warrior, showing traces of original color Because PEG 100 Stearate is a hydrophilic molecule, it has been used to passivate microscope glass slides for avoiding non-specific sticking of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence studies.[6] Polyethylene glycol has a low toxicity and is used in a variety of products.[7] The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.[8] Since PEG 100 Stearate is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures (on the order of tens of atmospheres). It also is unlikely to have specific interactions with biological chemicals. These properties make PEG 100 Stearate one of the most useful molecules for applying osmotic pressure in biochemistry and biomembranes experiments, in particular when using the osmotic stress technique. Polyethylene glycol is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers. PEG 100 Stearate has also been used to preserve objects that have been salvaged from underwater, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm,[9] and similar cases. It replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.[4] In addition, PEG 100 Stearate is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.[10] PEG 100 Stearate has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.[11] These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era. Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air. The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes. The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a PEG 100 Stearate preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.[12] PEG 100 Stearate is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning. PEG 100 Stearate derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants. PEG 100 Stearate has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers

PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE (Peg 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate) A surfactant and emulsifier PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of natural Methylglucose and Oleic Acid. It is used in beauty products and cosmetics as a surfactant and emulsifier. It is used as a thickener in hair and skin care products. It is considered a non-irritant, and also has a specific property that allows it to reduce the irritation value of whole formulas (Source). The high molecular weight of this specific PEG makes it impenetratable to healthy skin; it is FDA and CIR approved for use, but not on broken skin Functions: PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of natural Methylglucose and Oleic Acid. It is used in beauty products and cosmetics as a surfactant and emulsifier. It is used as a thickener in hair and skin care products. It is considered a non-irritant, and also has a specific property that allows it to reduce the irritation value of whole formulas (Source). The high molecular weight of this specific PEG makes it impenetratable to healthy skin; it is FDA and CIR approved for use, but not on broken skin. Despite the many fears regarding PEGs (including PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate), they are seen as an ingredient in a large number of products because of their diverse properties. In a study published in the Toxicology journal in 2005, entitled "Safety assessment on polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and their derivatives as used in cosmetic products," it was concluded that: "Taking into consideration all available information from related compounds, as well as the mode and mechanism of action, no safety concern with regard to these endpoints could be identified. Based on the available data it is therefore concluded that PEGs of a wide molecular weight range (200 to over 10,000), their ethers (laureths, ceteths, ceteareths, steareths, and oleths), and fatty acid esters (laurates, dilaurates, stearates, distearates) are safe for use in cosmetics." Safety Measures/Side Effects PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate: Benefits: •Very effective non-ionic, liquid thickener for various surfactant and emulsion systems •Due to its liquid form it is easily incorporated into a wide range of products •Excellent in cold processed formulations •Can be used for clear surfactant systems •Does not need to be neutralized with an alkali •Recommended for mild cleansing systems to reduce irritancy of surfactants Use: Use levels 0.5-3% depending on application and amount of thickening required. Note: at colder temperatures Glucose-D can solidify and become thick like a gel. For easier handling we recommend to put the bottle first into a water bath (about 50-60oC) for 10min. For external use only. Applications: Body washes, shampoos, face cleansers. Country of Origin: USA Raw material source: Rapeseed oil, ethylene oxide Manufacture: Peg 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate and methyl gluceth-10 are produced from fatty acids and then reacted with ethylene oxide. Peg 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is derived from corn, it is a thickening agent for mild cleansing systems, it also reduces the irritancy of surfactant packages. It is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of natural Methyl glucose and Oleic Acid. It is used in beauty products and cosmetics as a surfactant and emulsifier. It is used as a thickener in hair and skin care products. GlucamateTM DOE-120 thickener is an ethoxylated methyl glucose ether which has been esterified with oleic acid. It is an extremely effective nonionic thickener for hair care and skin care products. This product is recommended for use in shower gels, facial cleansers and shampoos. TYPICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS NOTES : Peg 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a PEG ether of the diester of methyl glucose and oleic acid with avg. 120 moles of ethylene oxide Peg 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate uses and applications include: Thickener, emulsifier, solubilizer for shampoos, cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals; anti-irritant for surfactants CLASS : Surfactants FUNCTIONS : Surfactant, Emulsifier, Acid INDUSTRY : Cosmetic, Pharmaceutical APPEARANCE Pale yellow flake Yellow-brown viscous liquid FUNCTION : Peg 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is an extremely effective nonionic thickener for hair care and skin care products. STORAGE : Store in a cool dry place. Store only with compatible chemicals. Keep tightly closed. USE: It is a kind of high-efficient thickener in shampoo, body wash, facial cleanser and baby cleanser Physical and Chemical Properties Polypropylene glycol-20 methyl glucose ether acetate is soluble in oils and organic solvents, but is essentially insoluble in water.2 A log Kow of 13.98 has been reported for d-glucopyranoside, methyl, 2,6-di-9-octadecenoate, (Z,Z)-(Chemical Abstracts Service Number 82933-91-3), another name for methyl glucose dioleate.3 A log Kow ≈ 7.09 has been reported for methyl glucose sesquistearate.4 Specifications for methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester (methyl glucose sesquicocoate) as a direct food additive are as follows5: acid number (10-20), hydroxyl number (200-300), pH (4.8-5.0, for 5% aqueous), and saponification number (178-190). Physical and chemical properties associated with methyl glucose polyether and ester trade name materials are included in Tables 3, 4, and 5.6 Studies on most of these trade name materials are included in the toxicology section of this article. Additionally, the chemical and physical properties of isostearic acid (esters with methyl α-d-glucoside [registered with the European Chemicals Industry, ECHA], defined as 80% methyl glucoside isostearate esters [mainly di-], 16% isostearic acid, and 4% methyl glucoside)7 are included in Table 6. Data on this mixture are also included in the toxicology section. Method of Manufacture Methyl glucoside (methyl α-d-glucopyranoside) forms the backbone of the methyl glucose polyethers and esters reviewed in this safety assessment. It is cyclic or "internal" full acetal that is formed from 1 mole of methanol and 1 mole of glucose. It has been characterized as an unusually stable glucoside that exists in discrete α or β forms.16 The pathways for methyl glucoside ester and polyether methyl glucoside synthesis starting from methyl glucoside are diagrammed in Figure 1.Manufacture of methyl glucoside esters, such as methyl glucose caprylate/caprate, methyl glucose dioleate, methyl glucose isostearate, methyl glucose laurate, methyl glucose sesquicaprylate/sesquicaprate, methyl glucose sesquicocoate, methyl glucose sesquiisostearate, methyl glucose sesquilaurate, methyl glucose sesquioleate, and methyl glucose sesquistearate, is typically achieved via transesterification of an appropriate fatty acid methyl ester (eg, methyl laurate to get methyl glucose laurate) with methyl glucoside (releasing methanol as a by-product).8-13 However, esterifications via a variety of other classical techniques, such as reacting the free fatty acids with methyl glucoside and a catalyst, are also known methods of manufacture for these ingredients.14,15 Under most conditions, the primary alcohol group at C6 of the methyl glucoside core is the most reactive to esterification and is the first site to be substituted. The polyether methyl glucosides, such as PPG-10 methyl glucose ether, PPG-20 methyl glucose ether, PPG-25 methyl glucose ether, methyl gluceth-10, and methyl gluceth-20, are typically manufactured by reaction of methyl glucoside with the required amount of the appropriate epoxide (eg, propylene oxide is used to produce PPG-10 methyl glucose; ethylene oxide is utilized to produce methyl gluceth-10).10 For those ingredients with both ester and polyether groups, such as Peg 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG-20 methyl glucose distearate, PEG-80 methyl glucose laurate, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquicaprylate/sesquicaprate, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquilaurate, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate, PEG-120 methyl glucose triisostearate, PEG-120 methyl glucose trioleate, PPG-20 methyl glucose ether acetate, and PPG-20 methyl glucose ether distearate, these same methods are utilized, sequentially. An example would be PEG-80 methyl glucose laurate, which is produced in 2 steps: (1) esterification of methyl glucoside with methyl laurate, followed by (2) polyetherification with ethylene oxide. Use Cosmetic The methyl glucose polyethers reportedly function as skin and hair-conditioning agents, whereas, the methyl glucose esters reportedly function only as skin-conditioning agents in cosmetic products.1 Ingredients classified as both methyl glucose polyethers and esters based on their chemical structures function as skin-conditioning agents, surfactants, and viscosity-increasing agents in cosmetic products. According to the information supplied to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by industry as part of the Voluntary Cosmetic Registration Program (VCRP) in 2013 (summarized in Table 7), methyl glucose dioleate, methyl glucose sesquioleate, methyl glucose sesquistearate, PPG-10 methyl glucose ether, PPG-20 methyl glucose ether, PPG-20 methyl glucose ether distearate, methyl gluceth-10, methyl gluceth-20, Peg 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG-20 methyl glucose distearate, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate, and PEG-120 methyl glucose trioleate are being used in cosmetic products.17 A survey of ingredient use concentrations that was conducted by the Personal Care Products Council (Council) in 2013 (Table 7) indicates that the polyethers and esters are being used at concentrations up to 15% and 4%, respectively.18,19 The maximum use concentration was 15% for methyl gluceth-10 and methyl gluceth-20 used in rinse-off skin-cleansing products. For leave-on products, the 15% maximum use concentration was for methyl gluceth-10 used in face and neck creams, lotions, and powders (not sprays). The Council survey results also provided a use concentration for the newly reported VCRP use(s) of methyl glucose sesquistearate (1% maximum use concentration), but not PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate, in lipsticks. Additionally, a maximum use concentration of 0.05% for PEG-20 methyl glucose distearate in lipsticks was reported in this survey. Uses of methyl glucose sesquistearate and PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate, but not PEG-20 methyl glucose distearate, in lipsticks were also reported in FDA's VCRP. Cosmetic products containing methyl glucose polyethers and esters may be applied to the skin and hair, or, incidentally, may come in contact with the eyes and mucous membranes. Products containing these ingredients may be applied as frequently as several times per day and may come in contact with the skin or hair for variable periods following application. Daily or occasional use may extend over many years. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of natural Methylglucose and Oleic Acid. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used in beauty products and cosmetics as a surfactant and emulsifier. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used as a thickener in hair and skin care products. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is considered a non-irritant, and also has a specific property that allows PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) to reduce the irritation value of whole formulas (Source). The high molecular weight of this specific PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) impenetratable to healthy skin; PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is FDA and CIR approved for use, but not on broken skin PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) thickener is an ethoxylated methyl glucose ether which has been esterified with oleic acid. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is an extremely effective nonionic thickener for hair care and skin care products. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is recommended for use in shower gels, facial cleansers and shampoos. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is a very popular skin care ingredient and are used to dissolve oil and grease. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used in skin care products as thickeners and stabalizers, and to PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) help dissolve oil on skin. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is an extremely effective non-ionic thickener for hair care and skin care products, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) recommended in shower gels, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) recommended in facial cleansers and PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) recommended in shampoos. Actives: 70-80%. Remaining part: water. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is viscous liquid, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) light yellow color. An LD50 of > 5 g/kg was also reported for PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) in a study involving rats (number and strain not stated). PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) Details relating to the test protocol were not stated. The ocular irritation potential of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was evaluated in the Draize test using 5 male or female New Zealand albino rabbits.37 The test substance (100 µl) was instilled into one eye of each animal. Instillation was followed by massaging for 30 seconds. Untreated eyes served as controls. Reactions were scored at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days post-instillation PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) , and maximum average Draize scores (MAS; range: 0 to 110) were determined. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was classified as a slight irritant (maximum average Draize score = 8.8). An in vitro assay was conducted to determine if there was a correlation with the in vivo Draize test conducted on rabbits. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) Using sheep red blood cells, this in vitro assay assessed hemolysis and protein denaturation. The extent of hemolysis was determined spectrophotometrically. Assay results for PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) were as follows: effective concentration that caused 50% hemolysis (H50) = 1,125.56 µg/ml; denaturation index (DI) = 12.82%; H50/DI = 87.80. The Pearson and Spearman PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) correlation coefficients between the log H50/DI and the MAS were 0.752 and 0.705, respectively. Thus, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was also classified as a slight irritant in the in vitro assay. The ocular irritation potential of 100% PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was evaluated in the Draize test using rabbits (number and strain not stated).32 The test substance did not induce ocular irritation. In comparative irritation tests, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) (concentrations not stated) significantly reduced the ocular irritation induced by SLS and AOS in rabbits (number and strain not stated). The PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) abbreviated chemical names were not defined. The skin irritation potential of 100% The PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) (GlucamTM DOE-120 Thickener) was evaluated using rabbits (number and strain not stated).32 Details relating to the test protocol were not included. A primary irritation The PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) index of 0.45 (range: 0 to 8) was reported. % PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was evaluated in an HRIPT (occlusive patches) involving 53 atopic volunteers. n the Ames plate incorporation test, the genotoxicity of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) (in ethanol) was evaluated at doses up to 5000 µg/plate. It was concluded that PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was not genotoxic in any of the bacterial strains tested, with or without metabolic activation. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is derived from corn, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is a thickening agent for mild cleansing systems, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) also reduces the irritancy of surfactant packages. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of natural Methyl glucose and Oleic Acid. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used in beauty products and cosmetics as a surfactant and emulsifier. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used as a thickener in hair and skin care products. Ingredients: PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) : PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is a naturally derived cleansing and thickening agent for shampoos and other cleansing products. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) also has good moisture retention properties which can help PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) improve the skin-feel of surfactant-based products. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is derived from corn and palm and then ethoxylated to make PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) wate soluble. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is usually a petrochemical process. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) Soluble in hot water. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) comes as flakes that will soften and dissolve into a water base but PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) can be quite slow at room temperature. The best procedure is to heat a little of your water to 50-60C and add the PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) , forming a fluid paste which can then be added into the rest of your formula for thickening. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) uses as a thickening and cleansing agent for shampoos and cleansing products. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is Polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of methyl glucose and oleic acid with an average of 120 moles of ethylene oxide. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) Surfactant/thickener/solubilizer/emulsifier mainly used in cosmetics and personal care products. For those ingredients with both ester and polyether groups, such as PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) , PEG-20 methyl glucose distearate, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) , PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquicaprylate/sesquicaprate, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate, PEG-120 methyl glucose triisostearate, PEG-120 methyl glucose trioleate, PPG-20 methyl glucose ether acetate, and PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) these same methods are utilized, sequentially. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is a PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) ether of the diester of methyl glucose and oleic acid with avg. 120 moles of ethylene oxide PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) uses and applications include: PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used as Thickener, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used as emulsifier, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used as solubilizer for shampoos, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals; anti-irritant for surfactants. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is commonly included in medications in the following forms. Cas no of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is 86893-19-8. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) ; DOE 120 is an extremely effective nonionic thickener for hair care and skin care products, derives from natural methyl glucoside. And it has non-irritation for eyes, which ideally is applied for baby shampoos and face wash products. It is a good ingredient for low irritation formulation, based on its specific property梔istinctly reduce the irritation of whole formulation. Appearance of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) Pale yellow flake liquid Odor of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) Mild characteristic Acid value, mg/g of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) 1MAX Hydroxyl value, mg/g of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) 14-26 Saponification value, mg/g of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) 14-26 Iodine value of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) 5-15 pH,(5% aqueous solution) of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) 4.5-8.0 PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) : PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is a polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of methylglucose and oleic acid with an average of 120 moles of ethylene oxide. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used in skin care and hair care products as a surfactant and emulsifier. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is considered a non-irritant, and also has a specific property that allows PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) to reduce the irritation value of whole formulas. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is known to be a moderate hazard depending on use and warns of contamination and toxicity concerns. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) including products should not be used on broken or irritated skin as studies showed that patients suffering from severe burns treated with PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) based antimicrobial cream has resulted in kidney toxicity. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is also known to increase the incidences of uterine and breast cancers and of leukemia and brain cancer according to a study published in the PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) International Journal of Toxicology. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is FDA and CIR approved for use, but not on broken skin. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is a naturally derived cleansing and thickening agent for shampoos and other cleansing products. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) also has good moisture retention properties which can help PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) improve the skin-feel of surfactant-based products. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is a very popular skin care ingredient and are used to dissolve oil and grease. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used in skin care products as thickeners and stabalizers, and to PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) help dissolve oil on skin. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is an extremely effective non-ionic thickener for hair care and skin care products, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) recommended in shower gels, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) recommended in facial cleansers and PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) recommended in shampoos. Actives: 70-80%. Remaining part: water. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is viscous liquid, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) light yellow color. An LD50 of > 5 g/kg was also reported for PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) in a study involving rats (number and strain not stated). PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) Details relating to the test protocol were not stated. The ocular irritation potential of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was evaluated in the Draize test using 5 male or female New Zealand albino rabbits.37 The test substance (100 µl) was instilled into one eye of each animal. Instillation was followed by massaging for 30 seconds. Untreated eyes served as controls. Reactions were scored at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days post-instillation PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) , and maximum average Draize scores (MAS; range: 0 to 110) were determined. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was classified as a slight irritant (maximum average Draize score = 8.8). An in vitro assay was conducted to determine if there was a correlation with the in vivo Draize test conducted on rabbits. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) Using sheep red blood cells, this in vitro assay assessed hemolysis and protein denaturation. The extent of hemolysis was determined spectrophotometrically. Assay results for PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) were as follows: effective concentration that caused 50% hemolysis (H50) = 1,125.56 µg/ml; denaturation index (DI) = 12.82%; H50/DI = 87.80. The Pearson and Spearman PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) correlation coefficients between the log H50/DI and the MAS were 0.752 and 0.705, respectively. Thus, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was also classified as a slight irritant in the in vitro assay. The ocular irritation potential of 100% PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was evaluated in the Draize test using rabbits (number and strain not stated).32 The test substance did not induce ocular irritation. In comparative irritation tests, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) (concentrations not stated) significantly reduced the ocular irritation induced by SLS and AOS in rabbits (number and strain not stated). The PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) abbreviated chemical names were not defined. The skin irritation potential of 100% The PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) (GlucamTM DOE-120 Thickener) was evaluated using rabbits (number and strain not stated).32 Details relating to the test protocol were not included. A primary irritation The PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) index of 0.45 (range: 0 to 8) was reported. % PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was evaluated in an HRIPT (occlusive patches) involving 53 atopic volunteers. n the Ames plate incorporation test, the genotoxicity of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) (in ethanol) was evaluated at doses up to 5000 µg/plate. It was concluded that PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) was not genotoxic in any of the bacterial strains tested, with or without metabolic activation. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of natural Methyl glucose and Oleic Acid. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used in beauty products and cosmetics as a surfactant and emulsifier. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE) is used as a thickener in hair and skin care products. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate (P

PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is feeling quite soft and gentle after applying.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has a slight emulsifying ability.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is pale yellow flake,with mild characteristic odor.


CAS Number: 86893-19-8
EC Number: 617-932-4
Chem/IUPAC Name: Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-, ether with methyl d-glucopyranoside 2,6-bis[(z)-9-octadecenoate]
Molecular Formula: C45H81O10
Molecular Formula: (C2H4O)mult(C2H4O)multC43H78O



SYNONYMS:
Antil 120 Plus, Unitol 120 Plus, PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),a-hydro-w-hydroxy-, ether with methylD-glucopyranoside 2,6-di-9-octadecenoate (2:1), (Z,Z)-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-hydro-ω-hydroxy-, ether with methyl D-glucopyranoside 2,6-di-(9Z)-9-octadecenoate (2:1), Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-hydro-ω-hydroxy-, ether with methyl D-glucopyranoside 2,6-di-9-octadecenoate (2:1), (Z,Z)-, PEG-120 methyl glucose dioleate, AEC PEG-120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE, ANTIL 120 PLUS, GLUCAMATE DOE-120 THICKENER, MACROGOL 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE, PEG 120 methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE (II), POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (120) METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE, YM0K64F20V, AEC PEG-120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE, ANTIL 120 PLUS, GLUCAMATE DOE-120 THICKENER, MACROGOL 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE, PEG-120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE, PEG-120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE [II], PEG-120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE [VANDF], POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (120) METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE, Glucamate DOE 120, Antil 120, PEG 120 methyl glucose dioleate, Antil 120 Plus, Antil 127, Novethix HC 220, Novethix HC 220S, D-Glucopyranoside, methyl, 2,6-di-(9Z)-9-octadecenoate；D-Glucopyranoside, methyl, 2,6-di-9-octadecenoate, (Z,Z)-；D-Glucopyranoside methyl 2,6-dioleate, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy-, ether with methyl D-glucopyranoside 2,6-di-9-octadecenoate (2:1), (Z,Z)-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy-, ether with methyl D-glucopyranoside 2,6-di-(9Z)-9-octadecenoate (2:1), Diethoxylated methyl glucopyranoside 2,6-dioleate, PEG-120 methyl glucose dioleate, Macrogol 120 methyl glucose dioleate, POE (120) methyl glucose dioleate



PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a natural glucose derivative from corn with the following properties.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has the ability to thicken when combined with many anionic and amphoteric surfactants, creating transparent gels.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is non-irritating to eyes, can be used in baby cleansers and shampoos.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate does not affect the foaming ability of the system
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is feeling quite soft and gentle after applying.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has a slight emulsifying ability


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is very effective water retention properties that help prevent water loss from the skin
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is easy to introduce into products including cold process, no need to heat and no need to adjust the pH again.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a naturally-derived, methyl glucose ether which has been esterified with oleic acid.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a flaked solid, highly efficient viscosity builder designed for use with numerous anionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactant systems popular in many shampoos, body washes, and liquid soaps.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a PEG ether of the diester of methyl glucose and oleic acid with average 120 moles of ethylene oxide.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is pale yellow flake,with mild characteristic odor.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of natural Methylglucose and Oleic Acid.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is considered a non-irritant, and also has a specific property that allows it to reduce the irritation value of whole formulas.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a polyethylene glycol ether of natural methyl glucose and oleic acid diester.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a naturally derived cleansing and thickening agent.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate also has good moisture retention properties which can help it improve the skin-feel of surfactant-based products


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of oleic acid and methylglucose.
The 120 represents an average of 120 moles of ethylene oxide.
There is limited research on this ingredient, although PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is considered safe to use in skincare products.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is high-efficient thickener for rinse-off products, even for some surfactants which are hard to be thickening.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is en effective nonionic thickener for hair care and skin care products.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has excellent mildness, it is high effective thickening agent in surfactant system.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate can decrease the irritation brought by surfactants, it won’t decrease the height of the foam.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is slightly soluble in water.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is stable under strong acid, strong alkaline condition, it is easy to hydrolyze, easily be oxidized.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is biodegradable.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is naturally derived product.
Moreover, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate in skin care has been shown to possess anti-aging properties, with the potential to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate can help to strengthen the skin's barrier function, protecting it from environmental stressors and preventing premature signs of aging.
Whether you're seeking to address specific skin concerns or simply wanting to enhance the overall health and appearance of your complexion, incorporating

PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate into your skin care routine can be a game-changing decision.
Discover the transformative power of this remarkable ingredient, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, and unlock the secret to beautiful, youthful-looking skin.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a naturally derived cleansing and thickening agent for shampoos and other cleansing products.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate also has good moisture retention properties which can help it improve the skin-feel of surfactant-based products.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is derived from corn and palm and then ethoxylated to make it water soluble.
Ethoxylation is usually a petrochemical process.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is soluble in hot water.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate comes as flakes that will soften and dissolve into a water base but this can be quite slow at room temperature.
The best procedure is to heat a little of your water to 50-60C and add the PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, forming a fluid paste which can then be added into the rest of your formula for thickening.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used in products: Shampoo, shower gel, facial cleanser and other cleaning products.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is non-irritating to the eyes, making it ideal for baby shampoos.
Applications of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate: Facial Cleansers, Hand Soap, Intimate Cleansers, and Mild Cleansers.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate can be used in shampoos and cleansing products
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used to improve texture and stability of a product.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is sugar based and helps thicken a product.


Once applied, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate also creates a thin film to trap moisture in.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate helps keep your skin hydrated.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used Baby shampoo, cleanser, hand soap, mild shampoo, shower gel, makeup remover


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate uses and applications include: Thickener, emulsifier, solubilizer for shampoos, cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals; anti-irritant for surfactants.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used in beauty products and cosmetics as a surfactant and emulsifier.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used as a thickener in hair and skin care products.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in beauty products and cosmetics.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used as a thickening agent in hair and skin care products.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is considered non-irritating and also has specific properties that reduce the irritation value of the entire formula.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used specialized for shampoo, shower gel, cleanser, baby cleaning products of high efficiency thickener
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used Facial products, Facial care.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is an effective nonionic thickener for hair care and skin care products.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is majorly be used as emulsifier, thickener, plasticizer etc.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has very good compatibility, it won’t decrease the foam of the surfactant system, it has good compatibility and thickening function using together with AOS, SLES, Sulfosuccinate and ampho-surfactant.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has no jelly feeling, it have superior cooperativity.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has very mild irritation to eye, test result shows the irritation to eye is zero, so it is ideal and perfect raw material of infant shampoo.


Besides, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate can remarkably decrease the irritation to eye of other surfactants.
Because of its thickening and irritation relieving function, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is suitable to be produce cleaning products.
The formula designer can adopt PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate to produce pourable product which can produce beautiful foams, and meanwhile you don’t worry the foam characteristics are changed.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is widely used for producing infant shampoo, facial cleaning cream, hand washing liquid, mild shampoo, body washing liquid, make up remover etc.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a natural glucose derivative from corn, acting as high-efficient thickener in shampoo, body wash, facial cleanser and baby cleanser.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is especially applicable to some surfactants hardly to thicken.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate causes no irritation to eyes, meanwhile significantly reduces irritation of whole formula.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is the polyethylene glycol ether of the diester of natural Methylglucose and Oleic Acid.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate can reduce the irritation value of the entire formulation.
Its high molecular weight makes PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate impenetrable to healthy skin.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is available as a flaky solid or a liquid.


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a remarkable ingredient that is making waves in the world of skin care, offering a multitude of benefits that can transform the way you approach your daily routine.
This versatile compound, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate, has the power to nourish, hydrate, and protect your skin, making it an essential addition to any well-rounded skin care regimen.


From its ability to deeply hydrate and lock in moisture to its potential in reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is poised to become a game-changer in your skin care journey.
Recommendations: Use PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate between 2 - 6% in formulations


PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used as a thickening and cleansing agent for shampoos and cleansing products.
One of the standout features of PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate in skin care is its exceptional moisturizing prowess.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has the ability to penetrate deep into the skin, delivering long-lasting hydration and preventing the development of dryness and flakiness.


By maintaining optimal moisture levels, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate can help to improve the overall smoothness and suppleness of your complexion, leaving your skin feeling radiant and rejuvenated.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used in cosmetics as a surfactant, thickener, and emulsifier.



PROPERTIES OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
*Superior ability to thicken many anionic and amphoteric surfactants.
*No irritation to eye, applicable in facial cleanser and baby shampoo.
*No effect on foamability.
*Impart quite soft and gentle after-feeling.



CHARACTERISTICS OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
Characteristics:
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has good properties of emulsifying, dispersing, solubilization etc.
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is compatible to skin, feel comfortable.



INDUSTRY OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
*Cosmetic ,
*Pharmaceutical



FUNCTIONS OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
*Surfactant ,
*Emulsifier ,
*Acid



CHARACTERISTICS OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate also provides the following characteristics to formulations:
*Nonionic surfactant based
*PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate reduces irritation associated with surfactants
*PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate does not reduce foam height
*Very light feel
*PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate provides gelling and moisture
*Especially suitable for children and hand washing products
*PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is a kind of mild non-ionic thickening agent, it can reduce formula irritation.



BENEFITS OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
*Soothing,
*anti-inflammatory,
*Moisturizing, hydrating,
*Blurring, soft focus, pore minimising



FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
*Broad compatibility with various surfactant systems
*PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate enables formulations that are easy to pour and have aesthetically-pleasing foaming properties without the worry of changing foam characteristics
*PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate enables very mild formulations and reduces irritation associated with certain surfactants for application around the eyes
*Highly efficient thickener of surfactant system formulations
*Naturally derived
*Very light feel



PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE MARKET OVERVIEW:
The PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate Market size is expected to develop revenue and exponential market growth at a remarkable CAGR during the forecast period from 2023–2030.

The growth of the market can be attributed to the increasing demand for PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate owning to the Personal Care, Cosmetics Applications across the global level.

The report provides insights regarding the lucrative opportunities in the PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate Market at the country level.
The report also includes a precise cost, segments, trends, region, and commercial development of the major key players globally for the projected period.

The PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate Market report represents gathered information about a market within an industry or various industries.
The PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate Market report includes analysis in terms of both quantitative and qualitative data with a forecast period of the report extending from 2023 to 2030.



BENEFIT OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is used as an emulsifier to help oil and water mix easily



PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE INSTRUCTIONS:
1.Under mild heating and moderate stirring conditions, add PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate to the system until completely dissolved, and then add other materials.

2.Mix A with water at a ratio of 1: 5-10, heat to dissolve, and then add the dissolved surfactant.



PERFORMANCE OF PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
1. PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate is very efficient, has a very good thickening effect on a variety of anionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants.

2.PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate has no irritation to eyes and is very suitable for cleansing products and baby shampoos.
At the same time, PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate can significantly reduce the irritation of eyes by other surfactants.

3.PEG 120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate does not affect the foam characteristics of the surfactant.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
Boiling Point: >200°C
Solubility: Soluble in water
Appearance: Yellowish or white Flake
Odor:Mild, characteristic
Saponification value(mgKOH/g):14-26
Hydroxyl value(mgKOH/g):14-26
Acid value(mgKOH/g):≤1.0
pH (10%solution, 25℃):4.5-7.5
Iodine value (g/100g):5-15

Appearance: Yellowish to white slice (Slice form)
Pale yellow flake (Flake form)
Odor: Characteristic scent (Slice form)
Mild characteristic (Flake form)
PH value (10% Aqueous solution): 4.5-7.5 (Both forms)
Iodine value (g/100g): 5.0-15.0 (Both forms)
Saponification value (mg/g): 14.0-26.0 (Both forms)
Hydroxyl value (mg/g): 14.0-26.0 (Both forms)
Acid value (mgKOH/g): ≤1.0 (Slice form) / 1 max (Flake form)



FIRST AID MEASURES of PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PEG 120 METHYL GLUCOSE DIOLEATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

PEG 150 Distearate is polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
PEG 150 Distearate is in the form of solid, white to off-white waxy flakes and used as a thickener, emulsifier, solubilizer in cosmetics and personal care products.
Typical concentration: 0.5-50%.

CAS: 9005-08-7
MF: C19H40O4
MW: 332.5185

Distearate ester of polyglycol.
PEG-150 Distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
HLB 18.9 (gives oil-in-water emulsions).
Appears slightly cloudy in water, but clear in surfactant-containing solutions.
Effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels).
Solubilizer for various water-insoluble ingredients.
Has good co-emulsifying properties in creams & lotions.

PEG 150 Distearate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 35-37 °C
Fp: >230 °F
Odor: at 100.00?%. mild waxy
LogP: 5.997 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 9005-08-7
EPA Substance Registry System: PEG 150 Distearate (9005-08-7)

A soft, off-white solid.
PH of 10% dispersion 7.26, saponification number variable.
Soluble in chlorinated solvents, light esters, and acetone; slightly soluble in alcohols, insoluble in glycols, hydrocarbons, and vegetable oils.
PEG 150 Distearate typically is supplied as solid, white to off-white waxy flakes that melt at approximately 52–57°C.
Potential impurities in the raw material can include: unreacted stearic acid or methyl stearate; monofunctional PEG 150 Distearate; unreacted PEG-150; (trans)esterification catalyst residues; trace organic peroxides that result from oxidation of PEG; and 1,4-dioxane, a by-product of ethylene oxide poly-merization to produce PEG-150 diol.
PEG-150 distearate is water-soluble; however, it must be heated above its melting point to achieve effective dissolution and its solubility is tremendously enhanced in the presence of other surfactants.

Uses
PEG 150 Distearate is used as an emulsifier for personal care and water treatment and as a processing aid in textile industry.

Pharmaceutical Applications
PEG 150 Distearate is generally used as emulsifiers in oil-inwater- type creams and lotions.
PEG 150 Distearate's hydrophilicity or lipophilicity depends on the number of ethylene oxide units present: the larger the number, the greater the hydrophilic properties.
PEG 150 Distearate has been used as an emulsifying agent in intravenous infusions.
PEG 150 Distearate is particularly useful as emulsifying agents when astringent salts or other strong electrolytes are present.
PEG 150 Distearate can also be blended with other surfactants to obtain any hydrophilic–lipophilic balance for lotions or ointment formulations.

Production Methods
PEG 150 Distearate is prepared by the direct reaction of fatty acids, particularly stearic acid, with ethylene oxide.

Synonyms
PEG-150 Distearate
6F36Q0I0AC
ETHOX P-6000 DS
PEG-150 DISTEARATE (II)
POLYOXYL 150 DISTEARATE
UNIPEG-6000 DS
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DISTEARATE
DGD
Polyethyleneglycol3distearate
polyethyleneglycoldistearate#1000
polyglycoldistearate
s1009;s1013
stabogel

DESCRIPTION:
PEG-150 Distearate is polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
PEG-150 Distearate is in the form of solid, white to off-white waxy flakes and used as a thickener, emulsifier, solubilizer in cosmetics and personal care products.
Typical concentration of PEG-150 Distearate is 0.5-50%.

CAS Number: 9005-08-7
Chem/IUPAC Name: Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),. alpha. -(1-oxooctadecyl)-. omega. -[(1-oxooctadecyl)oxy]-


PEG-150 Distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid. HLB 18.9 (gives oil-in-water emulsions).
PEG-150 Distearate Appears slightly cloudy in water, but clear in surfactant-containing solutions.
PEG-150 Distearate is Effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels).

PEG-150 Distearate is Solubilizer for various water-insoluble ingredients.
PEG-150 Distearate Has good co-emulsifying properties in creams & lotions.
PEG-150 Distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.

PEG-150 Distearate has garnered appreciation for its widespread use in personal care products, cosmetics, paints, and dyes.
PEG-150 Distearate is produced by the esterification of stearic acid which is derived from palm kernel oil or other vegetable oils.


The PEG Distearate ingredients (PEG-2 Distearate, PEG-3 Distearate, PEG-4 Distearate, PEG-6 Distearate, PEG-8 Distearate, PEG-9 Distearate, PEG-12 Distearate, PEG-20 Distearat, PEG-32 Distearate, PEG-75 Distearate, PEG-120 Distearate, PEG-150 Distearate, PEG-175 Distearate) range from liquids to solids or flakes.
In cosmetics and personal care products, PEG Distearate ingredients are used in the formulation of shampoos, hair conditioners, personal cleanliness products, bath products, and skin care and skin cleansing products.

PEG-150 Distearate is an ester made from the reaction of vegetable-derived triple-pressed grade stearic acid and a defined high molecular weight polyethylene glycol.
PEG-150 Distearate is commonly used to thicken mild, amphoteric-containing surfactant systems, such as baby shampoos, baby baths, facial scrubs, facial cleansers, body washes, body scrubs and shaving foams.
PEG-150 Distearate is a Polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
Characteristic odor, slightly cloudy in water, clear in surfactant-containing solutions.

PEG-150 Distearate is an ester made from the reaction of vegetable-derived triple-pressed grade stearic acid.
In addition PEG-150 Distearate is a defined high molecular weight polyethylene glycol.
PEG-150 Distearate is commonly used to thicken mild, amphoteric-containing surfactant systems, such as baby shampoos, baby baths, facial scrubs, facial cleansers, body washes, body scrubs and shaving foams.


USES OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
PEG-150 Distearate is used mainly as a thickener in products like shampoos, conditioners, shower gels, face washes, hand washes, shaving creams, baby-care products etc.
Skin care: PEG-150 Distearate is used as an emulsifier in creams and lotions
Hair care: PEG-150 Distearate is used as an anti-static agent in conditioners

PEG-150 Distearate is used to thicken products like shampoos, conditioners, shower gels, hand washes, shaving creams, etc.
PEG-150 Distearate is an excellent emulsifier and is usually added to creams and lotions.
PEG-150 Distearate mixes well with water and oil and enables them to clean dirt and grime from the surface.

PEG-150 Distearate forms a film on the hair and reduces static and is therefore used in conditioners.
When added to paints and dyes, it thickens their consistency and emulsifies them.

PEG-150 Distearate is a cosmetic chemical used in cleansing products, personal care products, etc. Gincol PEGDS6 with a chemical name PEG-150 Distearate acts as an emollient as well as a viscosity modifier.
The properties of PEG-150 Distearate include being an effective emulsifier and thickening agent for surfactant-containing hair care products such as shampoos, and shower gels.

Its usage can also be seen in other cosmetic applications such as baby bath products, conditioners, body creams, and lotions.

HOW IT WORKS
PEG-150 Distearate works by acting as a solubilizer for water-insoluble ingredients.
PEG-150 Distearate reduces the surface tension of the substances and helps form emulsions.

CONCENTRATION AND SOLUBILITY-
PEG-150 Distearate is used at a concentration of 0.5% to 5% of the formulation.
PEG-150 Distearate is soluble in water and ethanol and is insoluble in vegetable and mineral oil.

HOW TO USE
Heat it with other surfactants at 60oC and melt PEG-150 Distearate completely.
Mix this blend into the water phase at 35oC and stir.
Add oil phase and adjust the pH.





Origin:
PEG-150 Distearate is produced by the esterification of stearic acid which is derived from palm kernel oil or other vegetable oils.

WHAT DOES PEG-150 DISTEARATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
• Emulsifying
• Viscosity controlling


BENEFITS OF PEG-150 DISTEARATE:
PEG-150 Distearate, since has water-loving PEG and Oil-loving stearic acid, can be used as an emulsifier and thickening agent.
PEG is relatively a bulky molecule, plus it has various chemical groups attached that can attract and hold water molecules together.
So in a formulation, PEG-150 Distearate can increase thickness because of this swelling of the molecule.

Also, as a thickener, PEG-150 Distearate stabilizes the product and enhances its overall performance on the skin.
Moreover, PEG-150 Distearate also acts as an emulsifier, which gives stability to the product and prevents the oil and water-based components of the product from getting separated.
PEG-150 Distearate also functions as a surfactant and forms the base of many cleansing products.

PEG-150 Distearate mixes with water and oil present on the skin with the dirt.
The dirt gets rinsed off easily from the skin water.
PEG-150 Distearate is used in shampoos, conditioners, bath products, and other personal care products.








CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PEG-150 DISTEARATE:

Boiling Point 492-497°C
Melting Point 52-57°C
Hydroxyl Value 5 max.
Solubility Soluble in water and ethanol
Insoluble in mineral and vegetable oil
Saponification Value: 165-175 mgKOH/g
INCI
PEG-150 distearate
Appearance
White flake
Usage rate
Heat to 60°C (140°F) when incorporating into formulas. Typical use level 0.5 - 5% (even at low levels there is a thickening effect). For external use only.
Applications Shampoo, conditioner, shower gels, baby shampoo, bubble bath, creams, lotions & other emulsions.
Scent Nothing much
Solubility: Soluble in water
Why do we use it in formulations?:
Effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels),
Benefits:
Effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels)
Solubilizer for various water-insoluble ingredients
Has good co-emulsifying properties in creams & lotions
Chemical Name/INCI Name PEG 150 Distearate
Nature of Emollient Conditioner & Emollient
Active Level Min 98%
Uses
Usage 1% to 2%
Skin care- face care and cosmetics
Body care
Hair care
Special Feature Viscosity Modifier and Emollient
Use: For adding viscosity (thickener) to liquid soap. face wash cleanser shampoo
Mixing method: mix in water or in the detergent part Reheat them to melt. and stir to combine
Usage rate: 1-5% (according to the desired viscosity, 1-3% recommended)
Product characteristics: White-light granular powder
Solubility: can be dissolved in water with heat
Storage: can be stored at room temperature but close the lid of the bottle tightly and protected from sunlight, humidity or heat, the product has a shelf life of at least 2 years
INCI Name : PEG-150 Distearate



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product







SYNONYMS OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
PEG-150 Distearate
6F36Q0I0AC
ETHOX P-6000 DS
PEG-150 DISTEARATE (II)
POLYOXYL 150 DISTEARATE
UNIPEG-6000 DS

PEG-150 Distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
PEG-150 distearate is a cleansing agent.
PEG 150 Distearate is a white-light granular powder.
PEG 150 Distearate's Solubility can be dissolved in water with heat.


CAS Number: 9005-08-7
Molecular Formula-C19H40O4
Chemical Function: Thickener


PEG 150 Distearate has garnered appreciation for its widespread use in personal care products, cosmetics, paints, and dyes.
PEG 150 Distearate is produced by the esterification of stearic acid which is derived from palm kernel oil or other vegetable oils.
PEG 150 Distearate works by acting as a solubilizer for water-insoluble ingredients.
PEG 150 Distearatereduces the surface tension of the substances and helps form emulsions.


PEG 150 Distearate is soluble in water and ethanol and is insoluble in vegetable and mineral oil.
Mixing method of PEG 150 Distearate: mix in water or in the detergent part reheat them to melt and stir to combine
PEG 150 Distearate is the Polyethylene GlycolDiester of Stearic Acid
PEG 150 Distearate is white flake, characteristic odor, slightly cloudy in water, clear in surfactant-containing solutions.


PEG 150 Distearate is an ester made from the reaction of vegetable-derived triple-pressed grade stearic acid and a defined high molecular weight polyethylene glycol.
PEG-150 Distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
PEG 150 Distearate is a water-soluble nonionic surfactant and thickener which is ideally suited to add a soft, silky after-feel to skin cleansing products.


PEG 150 Distearate is defined as the polyethylene glycol (PEG) diester of stearic acid, wherein the PEG has an average degree of polymerization of 150 oxyethylene repeat units corresponding to an average molecular weight (MW) of 6,600 g/mol.
The overall average MW of PEG 150 Distearate is 7,170 g/mol—sufficiently high enough to categorize the ingredient as a low MW polymer.
PEG 150 Distearate is a telechelic polymer, i.e., it is functionalized with a hydrophobic stearate ester on both the α and ω ends of the hydrophilic PEG chain so that both ends of the polymer exhibit surface and interfacial activity.


Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Distearates are produced from stearic acid, a naturally occurring fatty acid, which occurs in animal fats and
oils.
PEG Distearates are manufactured by reacting stearic acid with a specific number of units of ethylene oxide which corresponds to the average PEG chain length desired.


When associated to etoxilated fatty alcohols PEG 150 Distearate shows a special synergy that allows that alkanol amides be partially or totally substituted.
PEG 150 Distearate should be added under agitation to the water of formulation – total or part of the water – at 70-80°C.
In cold processing, PEG 150 Distearate must be previously dissolved before incorporate it to the formulation.
It is better elaborate an aqueous solution at 10% and heat this solution until 70-80°C or PEG 150 Distearate can be solubilized in the amide associated to an amphoteric, heating to 65-75°C.


After this step, the cold processing can continue.
PEG 150 Distearate is an ester made from the reaction of vegetable-derived triple-pressed grade stearic acid.
In addition PEG 150 Distearate is a defined high molecular weight polyethylene glycol.
PEG-150 Distearate is a Polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.


PEG 150 Distearate is a white flake, a characteristic odor, slightly cloudy in water, and clear in surfactant-containing solutions.
PEG 150 Distearate is soluble in water.
PEG 150 Distearate is an effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels), a solubilizer for various water-insoluble ingredients, and has good co-emulsifying properties in creams & lotions.


Use PEG 150 Distearate heated to 60°C (140°F) when incorporated into formulas.
PEG 150 Distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid. PEG 150 Distearate's HLB is 18.9 (gives oil-in-water emulsions).
PEG 150 Distearate appears slightly cloudy in water, but clear in surfactant-containing solutions.
PEG 150 Distearate is produced by the esterification of stearic acid which is derived from palm kernel oil or other vegetable oils.


PEG 150 Distearate is Polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
PEG 150 Distearate appears slightly cloudy in water, but clear in surfactant-containing solutions.
PEG-150 Distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
PEG-150 Distearate is polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.


PEG 150 Distearate is general emulsifier.
PEG 150 Distearate is hydrophilic ester type surfactant with excellent emulsification.
PEG 150 Distearate is an emulsifier for creams and lotions, especially for systems containing high concentrations of electrolytes.
PEG 150 Distearate is not considered to be an irritant or sensitizer, and is CIR and FDA approved for use, but not on broken skin.


The PEG Distearate ingredients (PEG-2 Distearate, PEG-3 Distearate, PEG-4 Distearate, PEG-6 Distearate, PEG-8 Distearate, PEG-9 Distearate, PEG-12 Distearate, PEG-20 Distearat, PEG-32 Distearate, PEG-75 Distearate, PEG-120 Distearate, PEG-150 Distearate, PEG-175 Distearate) range from liquids to solids or flakes.


In cosmetics and personal care products, PEG Distearate ingredients are used in the formulation of shampoos, hair conditioners, personal cleanliness products, bath products, and skin care and skin cleansing products.
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Distearates are produced from stearic acid, a naturally occurring fatty acid, which occurs in animal fats and oils.
PEG Distearates are manufactured by reacting stearic acid with a specific number of units of ethylene oxide which corresponds to the average PEG chain length desired.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
PEG 150 Distearate Applications: Baby Care, Bath & Shower, Skin Care, Skin Cleansing.
PEG 150 Distearate is an emulsifier and potent thickener for surfactant systems.
PEG 150 Distearate is used at a concentration of 0.5% to 5% of the formulation.
PEG 150 Distearate is a solubilizer for various water-soluble ingredients.


PEG 150 Distearate also has good co-emulsifying properties in creams and lotions.
PEG 150 Distearate has been developed in recent years and has good viscosity and emulsifying properties in different types of products such as shampoos, lotions, hair conditioners, handwashing liquids, moisturizers and etc.


Ethoxylated esters have wide variety of applications including dissolvent, providing lipids needed for skin, moisturizers in cosmetic formulations such as facewash detergents, cosmetic cleansers and etc.
PEG-150 Distearate or Polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid is an effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels), solubilizer for various water-insoluble ingredients, and it has good co-emulsifying properties in creams & lotions.


PEG 150 Distearate is used in shampoo, conditioner, shower gels, baby shampoo, bubble bath, creams, lotions & other emulsions.
PEG 150 Distearate is a cosmetic chemical used in cleansing products, personal care products, etc.
PEG 150 Distearate acts as an emollient as well as a viscosity modifier.


The properties of PEG 150 Distearateinclude being an effective emulsifier and thickening agent for surfactant-containing hair care products such as shampoos, and shower gels.
PEG 150 Distearate's usage can also be seen in other cosmetic applications such as baby bath products, conditioners, body creams, and lotions.
PEG 150 Distearate acts as an effective emulsifier and thickening agent for surfactant-containing hair care products such as shampoo and shower gels.


PEG 150 Distearate is used in combination with other products to make cosmetics, make up, beauty and personal care products.
Cosmetic Grade PEG 150 Stearate is used as a raw material for your cosmetic brand or DIY use to make products such as facial mask, face and body scrubs, lotions, creams, moisturizers, serums, body butters, hair and skin care and bath products, pressed powders, liquid foundation, mascara, deodorant soap, shampoo making and many more beauty and make up products


PEG-150 Distearate is used as thickener for formulas with specific detergents (liquid soaps face wash Cleanser, Shampoo, Conditioner)
PEG 150 Distearate is used for adding viscosity (thickener) to liquid soap face wash cleanser shampoo.
PEG 150 Distearate is used in beauty products and cosmetics as an emulsifier and thickening agent.
Applications of PEG 150 Distearate: Facial cleanser, shower gel, shampoo, cream, lotion and other personal care products.


PEG 150 Distearate is used in beauty products and cosmetics as an emulsifier and thickening agent.
PEG 150 Distearate is most often seen as an ingredient in shampoo and other hair products.
PEG 150 Distearate is effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels), solubilizer for various water-insoluble ingredients, good co-emulsifying properties in creams & lotions.


PEG 150 Distearate acts as an effective emulsifier and thickening agent for surfactant-containing hair care products such as shampoo, shower gels.
PEG 150 Distearate is also used in other cosmetics applications such as baby bath, conditioner, creams and lotions.
PEG 150 Distearate is commonly used to thicken mild, amphoteric-containing surfactant systems, such as baby shampoos, baby baths, facial scrubs, facial cleansers, body washes, body scrubs and shaving foams.


PEG 150 Distearate acts as an effective emulsifier and thickening agent for surfactant-containing hair care products.
PEG-150 Distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid. PEG 150 Distearate has the effect of thickening, thickening products containing cleaning agents such as transparent shampoos and shower gels.
PEG 150 Distearate is polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid, white flakes, characteristic odor, soluble in water when heated.


The mixture is slightly turbid initially when mixed in water, or in a solution containing surfactants.
PEG 150 Distearate is particularly effective for the thickening of clear, mild, amphoteric-containing surfactant systems, such as shampoos, body washes, bubble baths, baby baths, vapor baths and shower gels.
PEG 150 Distearate can also be used to thicken facial scrubs, facial cleansers, body scrubs and shaving foams, and finds application in color cosmetics as an auxiliary emulsifer (HLB ~18.4).


The typical use level of PEG 150 Distearate is 2 – 4%.
PEG 150 Distearate is a refatting agent which could lower irritation for skin and can improve the feeling of dry and tight on skin.
On the hair conditioning, PEG 150 Distearate can provide softer feel and prevent dry hair, and reduce the electrostatic effect inter hair.
PEG 150 Distearate can provide good consistency and stability for use in bath preparations such as shampoo and shower as well as emulsion in cosmetic.


PEG 150 Distearate is in the O / W lotion and cream products also as a basis oil and fragrance solubilizers and co-emulsifiers.
PEG 150 Distearate is commonly used to thicken mild, amphoteric-containing surfactant systems, such as baby shampoos, baby baths, facial scrubs, facial cleansers, body washes, body scrubs and shaving foams.


Applications of PEG 150 Distearate: Shampoo, conditioner, shower gels, baby shampoo, bubble bath, creams, lotions & other emulsions.
PEG 150 Distearate is an efficient thickening agent for shampoos, body washes or foam baths.
Even at low levels, PEG 150 Distearate results in a high viscosity modifying effect.
PEG 150 Distearate is used in formulations which are difficult to thicken.


PEG 150 Distearate acts as an emulsifying agent (o/w) and thickener (aqueous).
PEG 150 Distearate is an ester made from the reaction of vegetable-derived triple-pressed grade stearic acid and a defined high molecular weight polyethylene glycol.
PEG 150 Distearate is commonly used to thicken mild, amphoteric-containing surfactant systems, such as baby shampoos, baby baths, facial scrubs, facial cleansers, body washes, body scrubs, shaving foams, liquid handsoaps, shower gels/body washes and color cosmetics.


PEG 150 Distearate is an effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels).
PEG 150 Distearate is a solubilizer for various water-insoluble ingredients.
PEG 150 Distearate has good co-emulsifying properties in creams & lotions.
PEG 150 Distearate is used as substrates or lubricants and softeners in the textile and cosmetics industry.


PEG 150 Distearate is used as dispersant in the paint industry.
PEG 150 Distearate improves the water dispersibility and flexibility of the resin, and the dosage is 20~30%.
PEG 150 Distearate can improve the solubility of dyes and reduce their volatility, especially suitable for wax paper and ink pad ink, and can also be used for ballpoint pen ink to adjust the viscosity of ink.


PEG-150 Distearate is polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid. It is in the form of solid, white to off-white waxy flakes and used as a thickener, emulsifier, solubilizer in cosmetics and personal care products.
PEG 150 Distearate is used mainly as a thickener in products like shampoos, conditioners, shower gels, face washes, hand washes, shaving creams, baby-care products etc.


Skin care: PEG 150 Distearate is used as an emulsifier in creams and lotions
Hair care: PEG 150 Distearate is used as an anti-static agent in conditioners
Industry Primarily Used: Cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals, Inks & Coatings
PEG 150 Distearate is Hydrophilic emulsifier, and thickener.


PEG 150 Distearate is a surfactant with a high HLB (18.9).
PEG 150 Distearate is mainly used to create oil-in-water type emulsions and acts as a thickener.
PEG 150 Distearate has the effect of thickening, thickening products containing cleaning agents such as transparent shampoos and shower gels.


PEG 150 Distearate is used as dispersant in rubber industry to promote vulcanization and as dispersant of carbon black filler.
PEG 150 Distearate has a thickening effect, thickening products containing cleaning agents such as shampoos, transparent shower gels.
PEG 150 Distearate is used in beauty products and cosmetics as a surfactant and cleansing agent, and is sometimes seen as a thickening agent as well.


PEG 150 Distearate is used for its emulsifying and thickening properties in surfactant-containing hair care products such as shampoo and also shower gels.
PEG 150 Distearate is even used in other cosmetics applications such as, conditioner, creams and lotions.
In cosmetics and personal care products, PEG 150 Distearate is used in the formulation of shampoos, hair conditioners, personal cleanliness products, bath products, and skin care and skin cleansing products.


PEG 150 Distearate forms a film on the hair and reduces static and is therefore used in conditioners.
When added to paints and dyes, PEG 150 Distearate thickens their consistency and emulsifies them.
PEG 150 Distearate is also an effective thickener for transparent shampoos and personal washing preparations.
PEG 150 Distearate is used as an emulsifier for pharmaceuticals, a Thickening agent for cosmetics, an Additive for paints, Emulsifier for emulsion polymerization.


-Applications of PEG 150 Distearate:
*Shampoo, conditioner, shower gels, baby shampoo, bubble bath, creams, lotions & other emulsions.
*GSP certificate MakingCosmetics
*Organic certificate MakingCosmetics
*ICMAD membership
*Organic Trade Association membership
*ASQ Membership


-Cosmetic Uses of PEG 150 Distearate:
*surfactants
*surfactant - emulsifying
*viscosity controlling agents


-Suggested Uses of PEG 150 Distearate:
*Shampoos
*Conditioners
*Shower gels
*Baby shampoo
*Bubble bath
*Creams
*Lotions
*Other emulsions


-Applications of PEG 150 Distearate:
• Baby products such as baby shampoos
• After shave formulations
• Body washes
• Creams and lotions
• Liquid hand soaps
• “Intimate” hygiene products
• AP/DEO roll-on



BENEFITS OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
*Effective thickener for surfactant-containing products (e.g. shampoo, conditioner, shower gels)
*Solubilizer for various water-insoluble ingredients
*Has good co-emulsifying properties in creams & lotions



FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
• Very efficient at viscosity building
• Compatible in high surfactant systems
• Salt tolerant
• Stable in acidic media
• Replacement for inorganic salts and fatty acid amines
• Excellent choice for sulfosuccinic acid ester formulations
• Soluble in glycols and surfactants
• Non-ionic
• Exhibits clear formulations
• Offers a lipid-like feel
• Imparts softening and substantive effect
• Effective over a broad pH range, from 4 to 9
• No neutralization required
• Thickener of choice for non-irritating formulations
• Helps improves foam volume and texture



WHAT DOES PEG 150 DISTEARATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emulsifying
*Viscosity controlling



FUNCTIONS OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
1. Cleanser (Cosmetics) - Improves the cleansing properties of water
2. Emulsifier - Allows water and oils to remain mixed together to form an emulsion.
3. Surfactant - Reduces the surface tension to allow mixtures to be formed evenly.
Emulsifier is a specific type of surfactant which allows two liquids to mix together evenly
4. Effective thickener in sufactant based products.
5. Emulsifying properties in emulsion products.
6. Emulsifying agent:
Promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil)
7. Surfactant:
Reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the even distribution of the product during use
8. Viscosity control agent:
Increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics



BENEFITS AND USES OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
*PEG 150 Distearate is used to thicken products like shampoos, conditioners, shower gels, hand washes, shaving creams, etc.
*PEG 150 Distearate is an excellent emulsifier and is usually added to creams and lotions.
*PEG 150 Distearate mixes well with water and oil and enables them to clean dirt and grime from the surface.
*PEG 150 Distearate forms a film on the hair and reduces static and is therefore used in conditioners.
*When added to paints and dyes, PEG 150 Distearate thickens their consistency and emulsifies them.



BENEFITS / APPLICATIONS OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
*PEG 150 Distearate is a high molecular weight distearate of
polyethyleneglycol that provides excellent properties of thickening
to formulations based on surfactants agents.
*PEG 150 Distearate is a differentiated thickener with excellent suavity.
*PEG 150 Distearate can be used in many cosmetic formulations, such as shampoos for adults, for children, foam bath, liquid soaps, etc.
*PEG 150 Distearate is a versatile product that can be used as the unique thickening agent or even associated to alkanolamides, etoxilated fatty alcohols, and betaines.
*Due to the ethylene oxide groups in its molecule, PEG 150 Distearate acts improving the viscosity of surfactants usually used in soft formulations.
Therefore, surfactants such as sorbitan monolaurate, sulfosuccinates, and betaines have its thickener profile improved.



WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE IN HANDMADE SHOWER GEL / SHAMPOO RECIPES?
- Emulsifying aid for skin care products
- Thickener for cleaning products such as shower gel, clear shampoo



HOW TO USE PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
- Add PEG 150 Distearate to the phase containing surfactant/water
- Heat the upper beaker for PEG 150 Distearate to melt, stir well to form a gel.
PEG 150 Distearate is cloudy after stirring, let the product stand for 12-24 hours.
PEG 150 Distearate after stabilizing the foam will be transparent.



WHAT IS PEG 150 DISTEARATE USED FOR?
PEG-150 distearate is a polyethylene glycol diester of stearic acid.
PEG 150 Distearate acts as an effective emulsifier and thickening agent for surfactant-containing hair care products such as shampoo, shower gels.
PEG 150 Distearate is also used in other cosmetics applications such as baby bath, conditioner, creams and lotions.



HOW PEG 150 DISTEARATE IS CLASSIFIED:
*Texture Enhancer



PROPERTIES OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
PEG-150 distearate typically is supplied as solid, white to off-white waxy flakes that melt at approximately 52–57°C.
Potential impurities in the raw material can include: unreacted stearic acid or methyl stearate; monofunctional PEG 150 Distearate; unreacted PEG 150 Distearate; (trans)esterification catalyst residues; trace organic peroxides that result from oxidation of PEG; and 1,4-dioxane, a by-product of ethylene oxide poly-merization to produce PEG-150 diol.
PEG 150 Distearate distearate is water-soluble; however, it must be heated above its melting point to achieve effective dissolution and its solubility is tremendously enhanced in the presence of other surfactants.



PEG DIESTERS TYPICALLY ARE PRODUCED BY ONE OF THREE ROUTES:
1) ethoxylation of fatty acids, 2) direct esterification of PEG with fatty acids to produce water as a by-product, or 3) transesterification of fatty acid esters with PEG to produce alcohols as byproducts.
In the case of PEG-150 distearate, only Routes 2 and 3 are desirable since Route 1 leads to mixtures of mono- and difunctional PEG esters and unmodified PEG
Critical commodity feedstocks for the production of PEG-150 distearate are ethylene oxide, derived from ethylene, which is used to produce the PEG-150; and stearic acid for direct esterification, or methyl stearate for transesterification.



TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
PEG 150 Distearate is mainly used as a micellar thickening agent for surfactant-based cleansers, especially shampoos, shower gels and face washes.
Although the exact mechanism of rheology modification by PEG 150 Distearate in surfactant solutions is not fully elucidated, it generally is accepted that PEG 150 Distearate would function similarly to other low MW telechelic hydrophobically modified polymers.

Such molecules incorporate into surfactant micelles, where they can:
increase the hydrodynamic size and viscous drag of micelles in solution by extension of hydrated PEG chains into the aqueous phase;
increase the micellar radius of curvature to promote wormlike micelle formation—due to incorporation of the bulky C18 stearate hydrophobes into the micellar core and shielding of electrostatic head group repulsions between ionic surfactants by the nonionic PEG chains; and physically crosslink micelles via intermicellar bridging.

Individually or in combination, each of these mechanisms typically leads to increases in the bulk viscosity of surfactant solutions.
Besides an increase in bulk viscosity, PEG 150 Distearate may impart other rheological effects; for example, intermicellar physical crosslinking can dramatically increase the storage modulus, i.e. elasticity, of a micellar surfactant solution.
An important specification for PEG 150 Distearate is the saponification value, a measure of the degree of esterification of the PEG ester, which is reported in mg KOH/g PEG ester.

For PEG 150 Distearate, a higher saponification value generally indicates a higher level of disubstituted PEG chains in the material, which corresponds to higher thickening efficiency.
PEG 150 Distearate has an HLB value of about 18, thus the ingredient can also be used as a nonionic emulsifier for o/w systems.
In addition, the use of PEG 150 Distearate in color cosmetics, hair conditioner and shaving preparations has been reported in the literature.

Finally, to overcome the need for the hot processing of formulas containing PEG 150 Distearate to achieve effective dissolution, as previously described, raw material suppliers also provide the ingredient in concentrated aqueous blends with common anionic, amphoteric, and/or nonionic surfactants such as sodium trideceth sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine and PEG-80 sorbitan laurate.
Such blends simplify formulating by premixing ingredients that are commonly employed together, e.g., the amphoteric and nonionic surfactants used in baby shampoos, and enabling ambient temperature processing.



WHY IS PEG 150 DISTEARATE USED IN COSMETICS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS?
PEG Distearate ingredients clean the skin and hair by helping water to mix with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away.
They also help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified and help other ingredients to dissolve in a solvent in which they would not normally dissolve.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
Boiling Point: 492-497°C
Melting Point: 52-57°C
Hydroxyl Value: 5 max.
Solubility: Soluble in water and ethanol
Insoluble in mineral and vegetable oil
Saponification Value: 165-175 mgKOH/g
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 495.30 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 513.00 °F. TCC ( 267.40 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 5.997 (est)
Typical use levels: 1–5 %
Ionic nature: Non-ionic
Appearance: White ivory chips
Melting point: 54–57°C
Acid Value (mg KOH/g): Max 6
Viscosity: Brookfield @ 20°C, solubilised viscosity
at 1.6% ai (Spindle 2 @ 20 rpm, 1 min) 1000–1600 cPs



FIRST AID MEASURES of PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water.
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
-Extinguishing media:
--Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
--Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PEG 150 DISTEARATE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Polyethylene Glycol Distearate, Polyglycol Disearate ,
PEG 6000
Rewopa PEG 6000 DS
PEG-150 Distearate
Lipopeg 6000-DS
Triethylene Glycol Distearate
Triethylene Glycol Distearate
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-(1-oxooctadecyl)-.omega.-[(1-oxooctadecyl)oxy]-
Macrogol 6000
Polyethylenglycol 6000
Polyethylenglykol 6000 Distearat
Polyoxyethylen(150)
Polyoxyethylen(150)distearat
PEG-150 Distearate
PEG-3 Distearate
PEG-32 Distearate
PEG-6 Distearate
PEG-75 Distearate
Polyethylene glycol (3) distearate
Polyethylene glycol 1540 distearate
Polyethylene glycol 300 distearate
Polyethylene glycol 4000 distearate
Polyethylene glycol 600 distearate
Polyethylene glycol 6000 distearate
Polyoxyethylene (12) distearate
Polyoxyethylene (150) distearate
Polyoxyethylene (3) distearate
Polyoxyethylene (32) distearate
Polyoxyethylene (6) distearate
Polyoxyethylene (75) distearate
Triglycol distearate
Carbowax 1000 distearate
Emerest 2642
Lipal 15-DS
Nonex 80
PEG 1540 distearate
Polyethylene glycol 400 (di) stearate
Polyethylene glycol 600 (di) stearate
Polyethylene glycol distearate
Polyglycol distearate
S 1009
S 1013
Stabogel
Stearic acid, polyethylene glycol diester
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(1-oxooctadecyl)-omega-((1-oxooctadecyl)oxy)-
Polyethylene glycol distearate #1000
Polyoxyethylene distearate
Lipopeg 4-DS
PEG-8 Distearate
poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-(1-oxooctadecyl)-.omega.-[(1-oxooctadecyl)oxy]- (150 mol EO average molar ratio)
Polyethylene Glycol Distearate
Polyglycol Disearate

PEG 1500 Properties of PEG 1500 Related Categories Essential Chemicals, Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PEG Solutions, Research Essentials Less... form solution mol wt of PEG 1500 Mr ~1500 packaging of PEG 1500 pkg of 10 × 4 mL mfr. no. Roche shipped in wet ice storage temp. 2-8°C SMILES string C(CO)O Show More (10) Description of PEG 1500 General description of PEG 1500 Poly(ethylene glycol) ( PEG 1500) is a non-ionic hydrophilic polymer and is available in different molecular weights. It helps in the purification and crystal growth of proteins and nucleic acids. PEG and dextran together result in aqueous polymer two phase system, which is required for the purification of biological materials. PEG also interacts with cell membrane, thereby allowing cell fusion.[4][5] Application of PEG 1500 Polyethylene Glycol 1500 (PEG 1500) has been used to mediate cell fusion.[1][2][3] Physical form of PEG 1500 Solution, filtered through 0.2 μm pore size membrane, 50% PEG 1500 (w/v) in 75 mM Hepes (pH 8.0), bottled under nitrogen, ready to use Other Notes of PEG 1500 For life science research only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Product name : Polyglycol PEG 1500 Grade of PEG 1500 : Extra pure Synonym of PEG 1500 : Polyglycol, Polyethylene oxide, Polyoxy ethylene, PEG 1500 Formula of PEG 1500 : HO(C₂H₄O)nH Description of PEG 1500 Cas no of PEG 1500 : 25322-68-3 EC no. of PEG 1500 : 500-038-2 Product Description of PEG 1500 Application field of PEG 1500: Pharmacology and Cosmetics production (as base for creams, toothpastes and lipsticks) Detergent & Household goods production (as soap bars glue, soluble agent in detergent pastes, fixing agent for odors in soaps and detergents, as additive in general cleaners, polishers, air fresheners, automatic dishwashing detergents) Production of textile supporting substances (component of dispergators and protective solutions) Rubber goods production (non adhesive agent for forms treatment) Metal works industry (agent for cleaning and polishing pastes, lubricating & cooling liquids). Polyethylene glycol PEG 1500 Polyethylene glycol (PEG; /ˌpɒliˈɛθəlˌiːn ˈɡlaɪˌkɒl, -ˌkɔːl/) is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG 1500 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG 1500 is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.[3] Uses of PEG 1500 Medical uses Main articles: Macrogol and PEGylation PEG is the basis of a number of laxatives.[4] Whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy. PEG 1500 is also used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products. When attached to various protein medications, polyethylene glycol allows a slowed clearance of the carried protein from the blood.[5] The possibility that PEG could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury.[4] An example of PEG hydrogels (see "Biological uses" section) in a therapeutic has been theorized by Ma et al. They propose using the hydrogel to address periodontitis (gum disease) by encapsulating stem cells in the gel that promote healing in the gums.[6] The gel and encapsulated stem cells was to be injected to the site of disease and crosslinked to create the microenvironment required for the stem cells to function. A PEGylated lipid is used as an excipient in both the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Both RNA vaccines consist of Messenger RNA, or mRNA, encased in a bubble of oily molecules called lipids. Proprietary lipid technology is used for each. In both vaccines, the bubbles are coated with a stabilizing molecule of polyethylene glycol.[medical citation needed] As of December 2020 there is some concern that PEG could trigger allergic reaction,[7] and in fact allergic reactions are the driver for both the UK and Canadian regulators to issue an advisory, noting that: two individuals "individuals in the U.K... were treated and have recovered" from anaphylactic shock.[8][9] As of 18 December, the US CDC stated that in their jurisdiction six cases of "severe allergic reaction" had been recorded from more than 250,000 vaccinations, and of those six only one person had a "history of vaccination reactions".[10] Chemical uses The remains of the 16th century carrack Mary Rose undergoing conservation treatment with PEG in the 1980s Terra cotta warrior, showing traces of original color Because PEG is a hydrophilic molecule, it has been used to passivate microscope glass slides for avoiding non-specific sticking of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence studies.[11] Polyethylene glycol has a low toxicity and is used in a variety of products.[12] The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.[13] Since PEG is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures (on the order of tens of atmospheres). It also is unlikely to have specific interactions with biological chemicals. These properties make PEG one of the most useful molecules for applying osmotic pressure in biochemistry and biomembranes experiments, in particular when using the osmotic stress technique. Polyethylene glycol is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers. PEG has also been used to preserve objects that have been salvaged from underwater, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm,[14] and similar cases. It replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.[4] In addition, PEG is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.[15] PEG has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.[16] These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era. Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air. The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes. The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a PEG preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.[17] PEG is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning. PEG 1500 derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants. PEG 1500 has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes.[18] PEG 1500 has also been used as a propellent on the UGM-133M Trident II Missile, in service with the United States Air Force.[19] Biological uses of PEG 1500 PEG can be modified and crosslinked into a hydrogel and used to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment for cell encapsulation and studies.[20][21] An example study was done using PEG-Diacrylate hydrogels to recreate vascular environments with the encapsulation of endothelial cells and macrophages. This model furthered vascular disease modeling and isolated macrophage phenotype's effect on blood vessels.[22] PEG is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.[11] PEG is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization. X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins. PEG is used to fuse two different types of cells, most often B-cells and myelomas in order to create hybridomas. César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler originated this technique, which they used for antibody production, winning a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.[4] Polymer segments derived from PEG polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions. In microbiology, PEG precipitation is used to concentrate viruses. PEG is also used to induce complete fusion (mixing of both inner and outer leaflets) in liposomes reconstituted in vitro. Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be PEG-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target them from organs where they may build up and have a toxic effect.[23] The size of the PEG polymer has been shown to be important, with larger polymers achieving the best immune protection. PEG is a component of stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) used to package siRNA for use in vivo.[24][25] In blood banking, PEG is used as a potentiator to enhance detection of antigens and antibodies.[4][26] When working with phenol in a laboratory situation, PEG 300 can be used on phenol skin burns to deactivate any residual phenol (some references are required). In biophysics, polyethylene glycols are the molecules of choice for the functioning ion channels diameter studies, because in aqueous solutions they have a spherical shape and can block ion channel conductance.[27][28] Commercial uses PEG is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (frequently combined with glycerin). PEG is used in a number of toothpastes[4] as a dispersant. In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste. PEG is also under investigation for use in body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.[29][30] In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), it is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads. PEG is also used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks[31] – its INS number is 1521[32] or E1521 in the EU.[33] Industrial uses A nitrate ester-plasticized polyethylene glycol (NEPE-75) is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.[34] Dimethyl ethers of PEG are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the gas waste stream. PEG has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.[35] PEG is also used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes. Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving PEG, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future. PEG is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment. PEG is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.[36] Recreational uses PEG is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles. PEG is the main ingredient in many personal lubricants. (Not to be confused with propylene glycol.) Health effects PEG is considered biologically inert and safe by the FDA. However, a growing body of evidence shows the existence of a detectable level of anti-PEG antibodies in approximately 72% of the population, never treated with PEGylated drugs, based on plasma samples from 1990–1999.[37] The FDA has been asked to investigate the possible effects of PEG in laxatives for children. Since 1999, the FDA has received over 1,000 incident reports from parents reporting serious or life threatening side effects after their children were given one or more doses of PEG as an osmotic laxative.[38] Miralax has not been tested on children. PEG is not recommended to those under 18. Due to its ubiquity in a multitude of products and the large percentage of the population with antibodies to PEG, hypersensitive reactions to PEG are an increasing concern.[39][40] Allergy to PEG is usually discovered after a person has been diagnosed with an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including processed foods, cosmetics, drugs, and other substances that contain PEG or were manufactured with PEG.[39] When PEG is chemically attached to therapeutic molecules (such as protein drugs or nanoparticles), it can sometimes be antigenic (a molecule which stimulates an immune response), stimulating an anti-PEG antibody response in some patients. This effect has only been shown for a few of the many available PEGylated therapeutics, but it has significant effects on clinical outcomes of affected patients.[41] Other than these few instances where patients have anti-PEG immune responses, it is generally considered to be a safe component of drug formulations.[medical citation needed] Available forms and nomenclature PEG, PEO, and POE refer to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. The three names are chemically synonymous, but historically PEG is preferred in the biomedical field, whereas PEO is more prevalent in the field of polymer chemistry. Because different applications require different polymer chain lengths, PEG has tended to refer to oligomers and polymers with a molecular mass below 20,000 g/mol, PEO to polymers with a molecular mass above 20,000 g/mol, and POE to a polymer of any molecular mass.[42] PEGs are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide and are commercially available over a wide range of molecular weights from 300 g/mol to 10,000,000 g/mol.[43] PEG and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on their molecular weights. While PEG and PEO with different molecular weights find use in different applications, and have different physical properties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical. Different forms of PEG are also available, depending on the initiator used for the polymerization process – the most common initiator is a monofunctional methyl ether PEG, or methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated mPEG. Lower-molecular-weight PEGs are also available as purer oligomers, referred to as monodisperse, uniform, or discrete. Very high-purity PEG has recently been shown to be crystalline, allowing determination of a crystal structure by x-ray crystallography.[43] Since purification and separation of pure oligomers is difficult, the price for this type of quality is often 10–1000 fold that of polydisperse PEG. PEGs are also available with different geometries. Branched PEGs have three to ten PEG chains emanating from a central core group. Star PEGs have 10 to 100 PEG chains emanating from a central core group. Comb PEGs have multiple PEG chains normally grafted onto a polymer backbone. The numbers that are often included in the names of PEGs indicate their average molecular weights (e.g. a PEG with n = 9 would have an average molecular weight of approximately 400 daltons, and would be labeled PEG 400.) Most PEGs include molecules with a distribution of molecular weights (i.e. they are polydisperse). The size distribution can be characterized statistically by its weight average molecular weight (Mw) and its number average molecular weight (Mn), the ratio of which is called the polydispersity index (ĐM). Mw and Mn can be measured by mass spectrometry. PEGylation is the act of covalently coupling a PEG structure to another larger molecule, for example, a therapeutic protein, which is then referred to as a PEGylated protein. PEGylated interferon alfa-2a or −2b are commonly used injectable treatments for hepatitis C infection. PEG is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, benzene, and dichloromethane, and is insoluble in diethyl ether and hexane. It is coupled to hydrophobic molecules to produce non-ionic surfactants.[44] PEGs potentially contain toxic impurities, such as ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane.[45] Ethylene Glycol and its ethers are nephrotoxic if applied to damaged skin.[46] Polyethylene oxide (PEO, Mw 4 kDa) nanometric crystallites (4 nm) PEG and related polymers (PEG phospholipid constructs) are often sonicated when used in biomedical applications. However, as reported by Murali et al., PEG is very sensitive to sonolytic degradation and PEG degradation products can be toxic to mammalian cells. It is, thus, imperative to assess potential PEG degradation to ensure that the final material does not contain undocumented contaminants that can introduce artifacts into experimental results.[47] PEGs and methoxypolyethylene glycols are manufactured by Dow Chemical under the trade name Carbowax for industrial use, and Carbowax Sentry for food and pharmaceutical use. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, as indicated by a number following the name. They are used commercially in numerous applications, including foods, in cosmetics, in pharmaceutics, in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, as solvents, in ointments, in suppository bases, as tablet excipients, and as laxatives. Some specific groups are lauromacrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols, and poloxamers. Macrogol, MiraLax, GoLytely, Colace used as a laxative, is a form of polyethylene glycol. The name may be followed by a number which represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000). Production Polyethylene glycol 400, pharmaceutical quality Polyethylene glycol 4000, pharmaceutical quality The production of polyethylene glycol was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols.[48] Polyethylene glycol is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.[49] The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts. Ethylene glycol and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution). Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants. HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic. The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain PEG with a low polydispersity. Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours. Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization. It is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process. The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds. To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used. Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol.