Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate; UNII-0R822556M5; Phospitan C cas no: 113170-55-1

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is a hydrated form of anhydrous magnesium acetate salt with the chemical formula of Mg(CH3COO)2 • 4H2O.
As a salt form of magnesium, Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is one of the bioavailable forms of magnesium and forms a very water soluble compound.
In Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate magnesium has an oxidation state of 2+.

CAS: 16674-78-5
MF: C2H8MgO3
MW: 104.39
EINECS: 605-451-2

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is the magnesium salt of acetic acid.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is deliquescent and upon heating, it decomposes to form magnesium oxide.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is commonly used as a source of magnesium in biological reactions.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is an essential element and second most abundant cation in the body that plays a key role in maintaining normal cellular function such as production of ATP and efficient enzyme activity.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate can be used as an electrolyte supplementation or a reagent in molecular biology experiments.

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and is used as a nutritional supplement.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is produced by the reaction of magnesium carbonate with an aqueous solution of acetic acid.
The particle size varies depending on the synthesis method used.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate has been shown to be effective for treating diabetes mellitus, as it helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting insulin release from pancreatic cells and increasing glucose uptake into these cells.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate also has been found to be effective in reducing hiv infection rates, which may be due to its ability to increase the activity of CD4+ T-cells.

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 72-75 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.454
Refractive index: n20/D 1.358
Storage temp.: Store at +15°C to +25°C.
Solubility H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: lyophilized powder
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 1.454
Odor: Acetic odour
PH Range: 7 - 9
PH: 6.1 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility: 1200 g/L (15 ºC)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,5654
BRN: 3730605
Stability: Hygroscopic
InChIKey: XKPKPGCRSHFTKM-UHFFFAOYSA-L
CAS DataBase Reference: 16674-78-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate(16674-78-5)
EPA Substance Registry System: Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (16674-78-5)

Physical properties
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate appears as white hygroscopic crystals.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate smells like acetic acid and is soluble in water.
When Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is in an aqueous solution its pH will be on the alkaline side of neutral.
Anhydrous Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is a white crystalline solid occurring in alpha form as orthorhomic crystals or as a beta form having triclinic structure; density 1.507 and 1.502 g/cm3 for alphaand beta-forms, respectively; decomposes at 323°C; very soluble in water; moderately soluble in methanol (5.25g/100 mL at 15°C).
The tetrahydrate constitutes colorless monoclinic crystals; hygroscopic; density 1.454 g/cm3; melts at 80°C; highly soluble in water (120 g/100mL at 15°C); very soluble in methanol and ethanol.

Synthesis
Synthesis of Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate from the reaction of magnesium hydroxide with acetic acid.

2 CH3COOH + Mg(OH)2 → (CH3COO)2Mg + 2 H2O
Magnesium carbonate suspended in distilled water with 20% acetic acid solution.

2 CH3COOH + MgCO3 → Mg(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O
Reacting metallic magnesium with acetic acid dissolved in dry benzene causes magnesium acetate to form along with the release of hydrogen gas.

Mg +2 CH3COOH → Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2

Uses and applications
In 1881 Charles Clamond invented the Clamond basket, one of the first effective gas mantles.
The reagents used in this invention included Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, magnesium hydroxide, and water.

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is commonly used as a source of magnesium or for the acetate ion in chemistry experiments.
One example of Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is when magnesium acetate and magnesium nitrate were both used to perform molecular dynamics simulations and surface tension measurements.
In the experiment the authors found that the acetate had a stronger affinity for the surface compared to the nitrate ion and that the Mg2+ strongly repelled away from the air/liquid interference.
They also found that the Mg2+ had a stronger tendency to bind with the acetate ion compared to the nitrate.

One of the more prevalent uses of Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is in the mixture called calcium magnesium acetate (CMA).
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is a mixture of calcium acetate and magnesium acetate.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is thought of as an environmentally friendly alternative deicer to NaCl and CaCl2.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate also acts as a powerful SO2, NOx, and toxic particulate emission control agent in coal combustion processes to reduce acid rain, and as an effective catalyst for the facilitation of coal combustion.

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate has been found to cause a conformational change in Escherichia coli enzyme Primase.
In this experiment Mg(OAc)2, MnCl2, CaCl2, NaOAc, LiCl, MgSO4 and MgCl2 were all compared to see what effect they had on the Escherichia coli enzyme Primase.
The experimenters found that Mg(OAc)2 caused the best conformational change.
MgSO4 and MgCl2 induced the effect slightly while the rest did not.

When Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is mixed with hydrogen peroxide it acts as a bactericidal.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate has been shown to be effective at ashing organic compounds in preparation for a fluorine analysis when high or low concentrations of fluorine are present.

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is used in the manufacture of rayon fiber for cigarette filters; and as a fixative for dyes in textile printing.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate also is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate [Mg(C2H3O2)2-4H2O] is used in the textile industry as a mordant (“fixes” dyes so that they will not run).
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is also used as a deodorant and antiseptic.
Used as a source of magnesium in biological reactions, and as a source of acetate ion in chemical transformations.
Acts as an emission control agent in coal combustion process to reduce acid rain.
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is involved in glass formation process via the thermal decomposition of solids.

Preparation
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is prepared by treating magnesium oxide with acetic acid.
Magnesium oxide reacts with concentrated acetic acid in boiling ethyl acetate to produce the alpha form of anhydrous magnesium acetate.
The beta form is obtained by treating the oxide with 5–6% acetic acid.
In slightly hydrated isobutyl alcohol medium the product is a monohydrate, Mg(OOCCH3)2•H2O.
In aqueous solution magnesium acetate crystallizes as a tetrahydrate, the commercial product.
The tetrahydrate dehydrates to anhydrous salt at 134°C.

Synonyms
MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE
16674-78-5
magnesium;diacetate;tetrahydrate
Magnesiumacetatetetrahydrate
magnesium diacetate tetrahydrate
I01G0EJC3B
Acetic acid, magnesium salt, tetrahydrate
Magnesium diacetate tetrahydrate; Magnesium(2+) acetate tetrahydrate
Magnesium diethanoate tetrahydrate
magnesium acetate tetra hydrate
CHEMBL3989858
DTXSID60168170
XKPKPGCRSHFTKM-UHFFFAOYSA-L
C2H4O2.2H2O.1/2Mg
AKOS022185858
DB09409
C2-H4-O2.2H2-O.1/2Mg
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate ACS grade
MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE [MI]
FT-0628071
MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE [VANDF]
MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE [WHO-DD]
MAGNESIUM ACETATE (MG(OAC)2) TETRAHYDRATE
J-010308
MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE [ORANGE BOOK]
Q27280179
ACETIC ACID, MAGNESIUM SALT, HYDRATE (2:1:4)
Magnesium Acetate Tetrahydrate, Molecular Biology Grade
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, trace metals grade 99.95%

MAGNESIUM CARBONATE Magnesite Carbonic acid, magnesium salt Kimboshi Magmaster Apolda Destab Carbonic acid, magnesium salt (1:1) Magfy Magnesite dust Carbonate magnesium Hydromagnesite Magnesium carbonate (1:1) Magnesium carbonate anhydrous Caswell No. 530 GP 20 (carbonate) MA 70 (carbonate) Gold Star (carbonate) Magnesium carbonate [USAN] Stan-mag magnesium carbonate DCI light magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) Magnesium(II) carbonate (1:1) EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 073503 Magnesium Carbonate, Hydrated Giobertite Magnesite (Mg(CO3)) Australian magnesite CAS:546-93-0

SYNONYMS Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate; Magnesium chloride hydrate;Magnesium chloride; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate; CAS NO. 7791-18-6 (Hydrate), 7786-30-3 (Anhydrous)

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE; Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate; Magnesium chloride hydrate; Magnesium chloride; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate; cas no: 7791-18-6

Magnesium hexafluorosilicate; Silicate(2-), hexafluoro-, magnesium (1:1); magnesium hexafluorosilicate(IV); Magnesium hexafluorosilicate(2-); Magnesium silicofluoride (MgSiF6); Fluosilicate de magnesium; Hexafluorosilicate(2-) magnesium (1:1); Fluosilicate de magnesium; Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, AldrichCPR; Magnesiumhexafluorosilicat CAS NO:16949-65-8

Magnesium distearate is widely utilized in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics due to its properties as a lubricant, release agent, and its ability to delay dissolution, making it an essential ingredient in tablet production.
In addition to its role in pharmaceuticals, Magnesium distearate finds applications in various sectors such as cosmetics, food, polymer, rubber, and paint industries, where it serves multiple functions including gelling, stabilizing, antiadhesive, and plasticizing.
As a versatile additive, Magnesium distearate serves as a flow agent in capsules and tablets, enhancing consistency and quality control, while also finding utility in the food industry as an emulsifier, binder, thickener, and anticaking agent.

CAS Number: 557-04-0
EC Number: 209-150-3
Molecular Formula: C36H70MgO4
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 591.257

Synonyms: 209-150-3 [EINECS], 3919702 [Beilstein], 557-04-0 [RN], 70097M6I30, Dibasic magnesium stearate, Dioctadécanoate de magnésium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Magnesium dioctadecanoate [ACD/IUPAC Name], MAGNESIUM OCTADECANOATE, Magnesium stearate [JAN] [JP15] [NF] [USP], Magnesiumdioctadecanoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], MFCD00036391 [MDL number], OCTADECANOIC ACID MAGNESIUM SALT, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt (2:1) [ACD/Index Name], stearic acid magnesium salt, Stearic acid, magnesium salt, synpro 90, Synpro Magnesium Stearate 90, WI4390000, (OCTADECANOYLOXY)MAGNESIO OCTADECANOATE, [557-04-0] [RN], 212132-26-8 [RN], EINECS 209-150-3, Magnesium [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name], magnesium distearate, Magnesium stearate (contain palmitic acid), Magnesium stearate (JP17/NF), Magnesium Stearate NF, Magnesium Stearate NF EP FCC Kosher, MAGNESIUM(2+) DIOCTADECANOATE, MAGNESIUM(2+) ION BIS(N-OCTADECANOATE), magnesium(2+) ion bis(octadecanoate), Magnesium(II) Stearate, magnesiumstearate, octadecanoate, PARTECK LUB MST, Petrac MG 20NF, SM-P, UNII:70097M6I30, UNII-70097M6I30, 硬脂酸镁 [Chinese], MAGNESIUM STEARATE, 557-04-0, Magnesium octadecanoate, Magnesium distearate, Dibasic magnesium stearate, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt, magnesium(ii) stearate, Synpro 90, Petrac MG 20NF, Stearic acid, magnesium salt, NS-M (salt), SM-P, Magnesium stearate g, Synpro Magnesium Stearate 90, HSDB 713, Magnesii stearas, Magnesium distearate, pure, EINECS 209-150-3, NP 1500, SM 1000, CHEBI:9254, AI3-01638, magnesium dioctadecanoate, UNII-70097M6I30, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt (2:1), 70097M6I30, DTXSID2027208, MAGNESIUM STEARATE (II), MAGNESIUM STEARATE [II], Magnesium stearate [JAN], C36H70MgO4, Magnesium stearate [JAN:NF], DAYCLING, Magnesium stearate, tech, SCHEMBL935, DTXCID307208, Magnesium stearate (JP17/NF), MAGNESIUM STEARATE [MI], CHEMBL2106633, MAGNESIUM STEARATE [HSDB], MAGNESIUM STEARATE [INCI], Stearic Acid Magnesium(II) Salt, MAGNESIUM STEARATE [VANDF], HY-Y1054, MAGNESIUM STEARATE [WHO-DD], AKOS015915201, DB14077, MAGNESII STEARAS [WHO-IP LATIN], CS-0016049, NS00080495, S0238, D02189, A830764, Q416713

Magnesium distearate is the chemical compound with the formula Mg(C18H35O2)2.
Magnesium distearate is a soap, consisting of salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+).

Magnesium distearate is a white, water-insoluble powder.
Magnesium distearate's applications exploit its softness, insolubility in many solvents, and low toxicity.
Magnesium distearate is used as a release agent and as a component or lubricant in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Magnesium distearate is the magnesium salt of stearic acid.
Magnesium distearates anhydrate, dihydrate and trihydrate forms have been prepared.

The tabletting of the blends of Magnesium distearate and lactose granules has been described.
The influence of mixing time on hardness, disintegration time and ejection force on the compressed tablets was examined.

Magnesium distearate is widely used lubricant in pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesium distearate also plays a role in delaying the process of dissolution.
Magnesium distearates detection in tablets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been proposed.

Magnesium distearate, the salt of stearic acid, is widely employed as an inactive component in making pharmaceutical tablets.

Magnesium distearate is towards plastic applications.
Magnesium distearate is used as gelling agent, stabilizer, antiadhesive and plasticizer as a lot of different functions in primary sectors ;cosmetics, pharmacy, food, polymer, rubber and paint.
Magnesium distearate can be manufactured with demanded particular size and density, according to production process and industry.

Magnesium distearate is involved in the production of medical tablets, capsules, powders and polymer formulation.
Magnesium distearate is also used as a lubricant for tablets, anti-adherent, in dry coating and as a binding agent.
Magnesium distearate is an important ingredient in baby formulas.

Further, Magnesium distearate is used in the hydrogenation process.
In addition to this, Magnesium distearate is used to bind the sugar in hard candies like mints.

Magnesium distearate is a white, water-insoluble fine powder.
Magnesium distearate is a simple salt made up of two substances, a saturated fat called stearic acid and the mineral magnesium.

Magnesium distearate is the most common additive that is primarily used in capsules and tablets as it is considered a ‘flow agent’ so Magnesium distearate prevents the individual ingredients in a capsule from sticking together.

Magnesium distearate helps improves the consistency and quality control of capsules.
Magnesium distearate is used in the food industry as an emulsifier, binder and thickener, as well as an anticaking, lubricant, and antifoaming agent.

Magnesium distearate is the magnesium salt of stearic acid.
Magnesium distearates anhydrate, dihydrate and trihydrate forms have been prepared.

The tabletting of the blends of Magnesium distearate and lactose granules has been described.
The influence of mixing time on hardness, disintegration time and ejection force on the compressed tablets was examined.

Magnesium distearate is widely used lubricant in pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesium distearate also plays a role in delaying the process of dissolution.
Magnesium distearates detection in tablets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been proposed.

Magnesium distearate is a fine white powder that adds bulk to cosmetic and personal care products, while also providing them with a rich slippery feeling and adhesion.
Magnesium distearate makes products feel good to the touch and enhances the spreadability.
Magnesium distearate can also act as a lubricant and an anti-caking agent.

Magnesium distearate is generally found in products like creams, lotions, and powders where Magnesium distearate improves the overall performance and shelf life of the formulation.
Magnesium distearate is soluble in hot water and has the formula Mg(C18H35O2)2.

Magnesium distearate, a synthetic soap that consists of a mixture of magnesium salts of fatty acids, principally palmitic and stearic acid.
Magnesium distearate is one of the most commonly used excipients and corresponds to the chemical formula, C36H70MgO4.

Magnesium distearate is described in pharmacopoeia as a mixture of organic acids, chiefly Magnesium distearate, and magnesium palmitate.
Magnesium distearate is supplied as a very fine, light, white impalpable powder.
When touched, Magnesium distearate feels greasy and readily adheres to the skin.

Magnesium distearate is a solid, white powder at room temperature.
Magnesium distearate is a FDA-approved inactive ingredient commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as a lubricant and release agent in the manufacture of tablet, capsule, and powder dosage forms.

Magnesium distearate is generally recognized as safe by the FDA.
Magnesium distearate exists as a salt form and is useful for it's lubricating properties for capsules and tablets in industry.

Magnesium distearate is used to help prevent pharmaceutical ingredients from adhering to industry equipment.
Magnesium distearate may be derived from both plant and animal sources.

Magnesium distearate is a common additive used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesium distearate is a white, odorless, and tasteless powder that is highly insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.
The chemical formula for Magnesium distearate is Mg(C18H35O2)2.

Have you ever wondered what that coating on your medications and vitamins is? It’s an additive made from Magnesium distearate.

Magnesium distearate is a fine white powder that sticks to your skin and is greasy to the touch.
Magnesium distearate’s a simple salt made up of two substances, a saturated fat called stearic acid and the mineral magnesium.

Stearic acid can also be found in many foods, such as:
chicken
eggs
cheese
chocolate
walnuts
salmon
cotton seed oil
palm oil
coconut oil

Magnesium distearate is commonly added to many foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
In medications and vitamins, Magnesium distearate's primary purpose is to act as a lubricant.

Uses of Magnesium Distearate:
Magnesium distearate is often used as an anti-adherent in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders.
In this regard, the substance is also useful because Magnesium distearate has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; Magnesium distearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets.
However, Magnesium distearate might cause lower wettability and slower disintegration of the tablets and slower and even lower dissolution of the drug.

Magnesium distearate can also be used efficiently in dry coating processes.

In the production of pressed candies, Magnesium distearate serves as a release agent.
Magnesium distearate is also used to bind sugar in hard candies such as mints.

Magnesium distearate is a common ingredient in baby formulas.
In the EU and EFTA Magnesium distearate is listed as food additive E470b.

Uses of Magnesium distearate as excipient in pharmaceuticals:
Magnesium distearate is a widely used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, serving a variety of purposes in drug formulation and manufacturing.

Here are some of the major uses of Magnesium distearate in pharmaceutical products:

Lubricant:
One of the most common uses of Magnesium distearate in pharmaceutical products is as a lubricant.
Magnesium distearate is added to drug formulations to reduce friction between particles and facilitate their movement through manufacturing equipment, such as tablet presses and capsule filling machines.

This helps to ensure consistent and efficient production of drug products.
Magnesium distearate is used as a lubricant for tablets and capsules in a range of 0.2 to 5%.

Anti-adherent:
Magnesium distearate can also serve as an anti-adherent in pharmaceutical products.
Magnesium distearate is added to prevent drug particles from sticking to the surfaces of manufacturing equipment, which can cause blockages or uneven dosing.

Flow agent:
In addition to lubrication, Magnesium distearate can also improve the flow properties of drug powders.
Magnesium distearate is added to reduce the cohesive forces between particles and improve their flowability, making Magnesium distearate easier to handle and process them during manufacturing.

Magnesium distearate has various uses in both cosmetics and skincare products.
Primarily, Magnesium distearate enhances the texture and performance of formulations within the cosmetic industry.

Cosmetic products:
Magnesium distearate is a good anti-caking agent that works wonders with cosmetic products.
Magnesium distearate promotes a slippery texture that enhances the blend and spreadability of products like blushes, eyeshadows, and foundations.
Magnesium distearate also aids with adherence to allow for long-lasting wear.

Skin care:
Magnesium distearate is often utilized as a thickening agent and emulsifier.
Magnesium distearate helps to stabilize and bind the ingredients in creams, lotions, and moisturizers, ensuring a consistent and smooth texture.
Magnesium distearate also aids in the absorption of oils and active ingredients, facilitating their delivery into the skin for improved efficacy.

Applications of Magnesium Distearate:
Magnesium distearate may be used as excipient in the formulations of diclofenac sodium tablets.
Magnesium distearate may be used for the preparation of tramadol HCl matrix tablets.

Manufacturing of Magnesium distearate:
Magnesium distearate can be derived from various sources such as animal, vegetable, and synthetic materials.
Animal-derived Magnesium distearate is usually sourced from beef or pork tallow, while vegetable-derived Magnesium distearate is obtained from hydrogenated cottonseed or palm oil.
Synthetic Magnesium distearate is produced by combining magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide with stearic acid.

Magnesium distearate is produced by the reaction of sodium stearate with magnesium salts or by treating magnesium oxide with stearic acid.

Occurrence of Magnesium Distearate:
Magnesium distearate is a major component of bathtub rings.
When produced by soap and hard water, Magnesium distearate and calcium stearate both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as soap scum.

Origin of Magnesium Distearate:
Magnesium distearate is generally produced by the reaction between magnesium salts and stearic acid.
Stearic acid is neutralized with magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, resulting in the formation of Magnesium distearate.
Magnesium distearate is then purified, dried, and milled into a fine powder for use in cosmetics and other applications.

Handling and storage of Magnesium Distearate:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids

Stability and reactivity of Magnesium Distearate:

Reactivity:
No data available

Chemical stability:
Magnesium distearate is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents

Safety of Magnesium Distearate:
Magnesium distearate is generally considered safe for human consumption at levels below 2500 mg per kg of body weight per day and is classified in the United States as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
In 1979, the FDA's Subcommittee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) reported, "There is no evidence in the available information on Magnesium distearate that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current and in the manner now practiced, or which might reasonably be expected in the future."

Magnesium distearate is generally safe for use and has no reported side effects.
Magnesium distearate also does not clog pores or cause breakouts.

Patch testing of Magnesium distearate with Magnesium distearate can be done for sensitive skin, but is not typically required.
Depending on the source and manufacturing of this compound, Magnesium distearate can be vegan and halal.

First aid measures of Magnesium Distearate:

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Firefighting measures of Magnesium Distearate:

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Carbon oxides
Magnesium oxide

Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Further information:
none

Accidental release measures of Magnesium Distearate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Identifiers of Magnesium Distearate:
CAS Number: 557-04-0
ChEBI: CHEBI:9254
ChemSpider: 10704
ECHA InfoCard: 100.008.320
E number: E572 (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID: 11177
UNII: 70097M6I30
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2027208
InChI: InChI=1S/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-NUQVWONBAM
SMILES: [Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.[O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

CAS: 557-04-0
Molecular Formula: C36H70MgO4
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 591.257
MDL Number: MFCD00036391
InChI Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
PubChem CID: 11177
ChEBI: CHEBI:9254
IUPAC Name: magnesium;octadecanoate
SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].[Mg+2]

Synonym(s): Stearic acid magnesium salt
Linear Formula: [CH3(CH2)16CO2]2Mg
CAS Number: 557-04-0
Molecular Weight: 591.24
Beilstein: 3919702
EC Number: 209-150-3
MDL number: MFCD00036391
PubChem Substance ID: 24865972
NACRES: NA.22

Compound Formula: [CH3(CH2)16CO2]2Mg
Molecular Weight: 591.24
Appearance: White Powder
Melting Point: 200°C
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: N/A
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 590.512452 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 590.512452 g/mol

Linear Formula: [CH3(CH2)16CO2]2Mg
MDL Number: MFCD00036391
EC No.: 209-150-3
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: 3919702
Pubchem CID: 11177
IUPAC Name: magnesium; octadecanoate
SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].[Mg+2]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
InchI Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Properties of Magnesium Distearate:
Chemical formula: Mg(C18H35O2)2
Molar mass: 591.27 g/mol
Appearance: light white powder
Odor: slight
Density: 1.026 g/cm3
Melting point: 88.5 °C (191.3 °F; 361.6 K)
Solubility in water: 0.003 g/100 mL (15 °C)
0.004 g/100 mL (25 °C)
0.008 g/100 mL (50 °C)
Solubility: negligible in ether and alcohol slightly soluble in benzene

grade: technical grade
Quality Level: 100
form: powder

composition:
palmitate salt, 25%
stearate salt, 65%

mp: 200 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Mg]OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
InChI: 1S/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
InChI key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Specifications of Magnesium Distearate:
Melting Point: 148°C to 152°C
Quantity: 250 g
Solubility Information: Slightly soluble in benzene. Insoluble in water,alcohol and ether.
Formula Weight: 591.27
Chemical Name or Material: Magnesium distearate

Names of Magnesium Distearate:

IUPAC name:
Magnesium octadecanoate

Magnesium Fluorosilicate is commonly used as an additive for the hardening and waterproofing of concrete and cement mortars.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is also used for surface treatments, as a polishing and shinning agent for ceramic floors and as preservative of wood, as fungicide and in chemical distribution.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is a crystalline solid.

CAS: 12449-55-7
MF: F6MgSi
MW: 166.38
EINECS: 241-022-2

Synonyms
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, Magnesium fluosilicate, Magnesium fluorosilicate, 16949-65-8, 12449-55-7, magnesium;hexafluorosilicon(2-), Hexafluorosilicate(2-) magnesium (1:1), H37V80D2JS, Magnesium manganese fluoride (MgMn2F6) (8CI), Caswell No. 532, MAGNESIUM SILICOFLUORIDE, Fluosilicic acid magnesium salt, Silicon fluoride magnesium salt, magnesium hexafluorosilicate(IV), Magnesium hexafluorosilicate(2-), Silicate(2-), hexafluoro-, magnesium (1:1), Magnesium silicofluoride (MgSiF6), Fluosilicate de magnesium [French], EINECS 241-022-2, UN2853, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075304, Magnesiumhexafluorosilicat, Fluosilicate de magnesium, UNII-H37V80D2JS, DTXSID70884950, AMY37026, AKOS015903678, MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE [INCI], Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, AldrichCPR, MAGNESIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE [MI], NS00086684, EC 241-022-2, Magnesium fluorosilicate [UN2853] [Poison], Q11129312

Magnesium Fluorosilicate, chemically represented as MgSiF6, is a versatile compound known for its applications across multiple industries.
As a white crystalline powder, Magnesium Fluorosilicate finds significant use in water fluoridation initiatives, contributing fluoride ions to enhance dental health through controlled releases in drinking water.
Additionally, Magnesium Fluorosilicate plays a role in the formulation of insecticides and pesticides in agricultural practices.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate utility extends to chemical synthesis processes, where it serves as a source of fluoride ions, and in metal surface treatment applications, contributing to corrosion resistance.
In laboratory settings, magnesium fluorosilicate acts as a valuable reagent in various chemical experiments. However, users must exercise caution and adhere to safety protocols, as Magnesium Fluorosilicate requires careful handling due to its potential toxicity.
With a broad spectrum of uses, magnesium fluorosilicate stands as a versatile chemical contributing to diverse applications in industry and research.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate Properties
Density: 1.788
Boiling Point: >120°C
Melting Point: 120℃
Solubility in H2O: Soluble

Uses
Water Fluoridation:
Magnesium fluorosilicate plays a pivotal role in water fluoridation programs, acting as a reliable source of fluoride ions.
When strategically added to drinking water, Magnesium Fluorosilicate facilitates the controlled release of fluoride, contributing significantly to dental health by reducing the incidence of cavities.
This application underscores Magnesium Fluorosilicate's importance in public health initiatives aimed at enhancing oral hygiene.

Agricultural Sector:
In the agricultural domain, magnesium fluorosilicate finds application in the formulation of insecticides and pesticides.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate efficacy in pest control makes it a valuable asset in crop protection strategies, ensuring agricultural yields are safeguarded from detrimental pests.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate's role in sustainable agriculture aligns with efforts to optimize crop production while minimizing environmental impact.

Chemical Synthesis:
Within the realm of chemical synthesis, magnesium fluorosilicate serves as a versatile component.
Acting as a source of fluoride ions, Magnesium Fluorosilicate becomes a crucial participant in reactions demanding controlled fluorination.
This application extends Magnesium Fluorosilicate utility in the synthesis of various chemical compounds with specific fluorine-containing functionalities.

Metal Surface Treatment:
Magnesium fluorosilicate is employed in metal surface treatment processes, where it contributes to enhancing corrosion resistance.
By forming a protective layer on metal surfaces, Magnesium Fluorosilicate aids in mitigating the impact of corrosive environments.
This application underscores Magnesium Fluorosilicate role in promoting the durability and longevity of metal materials in industrial and infrastructure settings.

Laboratory Reagent:
In laboratory environments, magnesium fluorosilicate serves as a valuable reagent in chemical experiments. Researchers leverage Magnesium Fluorosilicate controlled release of fluoride ions for specific reactions, contributing to the advancement of various scientific studies.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate presence in laboratories highlights its significance in advancing research across diverse fields.

Fluoride Source in Industry:
Beyond specific applications, magnesium fluorosilicate serves as a versatile fluoride source in various industrial processes.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate controlled fluorination properties make it adaptable to industries where the precise introduction of fluoride ions is a critical requirement, showcasing Magnesium Fluorosilicate versatility in industrial applications.

Research and Development:
Researchers and scientists incorporate magnesium fluorosilicate into studies focused on fluoride ion reactions, material science, and chemical engineering.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate controlled fluorination properties make it a valuable tool in exploring new avenues in research and development, contributing to advancements in multiple scientific disciplines.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate is an inorganic salt.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate, CAS 16949-65-8, (also known as magnesium hexafluorosilicate, magnesium fluosilicate or magnesium silicofluoride) has the formula MgSiF6.


CAS Number: 16949-65-8
EC Number: 241-022-2
MDL Number: MFCD00016196
Chemical Formula: MgSiF6


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate has high purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.


Magnesium fluorosilicate is a water-soluble compound.When used as a sheep dip, it is not subject to mechanicalor chemical “stripping” from dip wash.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is a water-soluble compound. When used as a sheep dip, Magnesium Fluorosilicate is not subject to mechanical or chemical “stripping” from dip wash.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is a fine, white, odorless, granular crystal.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is a crystalline solid.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate decomposes at 120°C.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate, CAS 16949-65-8, (also known as magnesium hexafluorosilicate, magnesium fluosilicate or magnesium silicofluoride) has the formula MgSiF6.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is colorless or white rhomboid or needle-like crystals.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate has no odor.
The relative density of Magnesium Fluorosilicate was 1. 788. Melting point of Magnesium Fluorosilicate 120 °c (decomposition).
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is not easy to deliquescence, but it can be weathered and lose the water of crystallization.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is soluble in water, soluble in dilute acid, insoluble in hydrofluoric acid, insoluble in alcohol.
The aqueous solution of Magnesium Fluorosilicate was acidic.
The corresponding fluoride and silica can be formed when Magnesium Fluorosilicate acts with a base.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
Magnesium Fluorosilicate finds use as an additive in metal finishing, stone floor finishing, and a variety of other specialized applications.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used as hardener and waterproofing agent for concrete, used for surface treatment of silica building and ceramic manufacturing.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is mainly used as a hardener and a waterproofing agent to improve the hardness and strength of concrete.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is also used for fluorine weathering treatment of silica building surface, ceramic manufacturing, and fabric insect prevention.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate can be used as an insecticide.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used as a additive for hardening and waterproofing of concrete, mortar, plaster cement, stucco and brick surfaces.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used Shining agent for terraces. Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used Wood preserving.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used Ceramics.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used Metal industry (fluxing agents/welding electrodes, surface treatment).


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used Glass/Pottery industry (fluxing/opacifying agent, frits/enamels and ceramic colours).
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used Construction industry (additive for waterproofing of concrete).
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used Polishing agent for floors and terraces (cleaning solutions).


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used in the following products: coating products.
Other release to the environment of Magnesium Fluorosilicate is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used in the following products: coating products and polishes and waxes.
Release to the environment of Magnesium Fluorosilicate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used in the following products: fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and polishes and waxes.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used for the manufacture of: plastic products.
Release to the environment of Magnesium Fluorosilicate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used for mothproofing textiles.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used to make other chemicals.
Applications Magnesium Fluorosilicate (CAS# 16949-65-8) is a useful research chemical compound.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is a colorless or white rhomboid or needle-like crystal.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate has no odor.
Melting point of Magnesium Fluorosilicate is 120 ℃ (decomposition).
Relative density of Magnesium Fluorosilicate is 1.788.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is soluble in water, soluble in dilute acid, insoluble in hydrofluoric acid, insoluble in alcohol.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
Magnesium Fluorosilicate gives basic aqueous solutions.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate reacts with acids.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate does not usually react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate can react slowly with water to generate hydrofluoric acid, which can cause severe chemical burns and is one of the few materials that can etch glass.



FUNCTIONS OF MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
*Antiplaque:
Magnesium Fluorosilicate helps protect against the formation of dental plaque
*Oral hygiene agent:
Magnesium Fluorosilicate provides cosmetic effects to the oral cavity (cleaning, deodorizing and protecting)



PREPARATION METHOD OF MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
*neutralization method:
The fluoro-silicic acid solution (see fluoro-silicic acid) is prepared from fluorite, silica sand and sulfuric acid at a concentration of 20-22.
B6, after purification, add to the reactor, then add the magnesite powder suspension and neutralize to pH value of about 3~4, then obtain the magnesium fluorosilicate solution, and then filter, concentrate, crystallize, centrifuge and dry, A finished product of magnesium fluorosilicate was obtained.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Flash Point: 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)
Molecular Weight： 274.47300
Exact Mass： 274.01600
EC Number： 241-022-2
UNII： H37V80D2JS
UN Number： 2853
PSA： 55.38000
XLogP3： 1.75460
Density： 1.788 g/cm3
Melting Point： 120º
Boiling Point： >120ºC
Air and Water Reactions： Water soluble.
Reactive Group：
Salts, Basic
Molecular Weight: 166.38 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 165.9523872 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 165.9523872 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 62.7
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Compound Formula: F6MgSi
Molecular Weight: 166.39
Appearance: White powder
Melting Point: 120°
Boiling Point: 212 °C
Density: 1.788 g/cm3
Solubility in H2: Soluble
Exact Mass: 65.952388 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 165.952388 g/mol
Melting point: 120℃
Density: 1.788
EWG's Food Scores: 1-3



FIRST AID MEASURES of MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Splash contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 292 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Silicate(2-),hexafluoro-,magnesium (1:1)
Silicate(2-),hexafluoro-,magnesium
Magnesium fluosilicate
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Silicon fluoride magnesium salt
Magnesium silicofluoride
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate (MgSiF6)
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate(2-)
Fluosilicic acid magnesium salt
Magnesium silicofluoride (MgSiF6)
1344-27-0
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate
Magnesium fluosilicate
Magnesium fluorosilicate
16949-65-8
12449-55-7
magnesium;hexafluorosilicon(2-)
Caswell No. 532
Hexafluorosilicate(2-) magnesium (1:1)
Fluosilicic acid magnesium salt
Silicon fluoride magnesium salt
H37V80D2JS
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate(2-)
Silicate(2-), hexafluoro-, magnesium (1:1)
Magnesium silicofluoride (MgSiF6)
EINECS 241-022-2
UN2853
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075304
Magnesium manganese fluoride (MgMn2F6) (8CI)
MAGNESIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
magnesium hexafluorosilicate(IV)
Magnesiumhexafluorosilicat
Fluosilicate de magnesium
UNII-H37V80D2JS
DTXSID70884950
AMY37026
AKOS015903678
MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE [INCI]
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, AldrichCPR
MAGNESIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE [MI]
LS-145298
Magnesium fluorosilicate
EC 241-022-2
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Q11129312
Magnesium silicon fluoride
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Magnesium Fluosilicate
magnesium silicofluoride
magnesium hexafluorosilicate anhydrous
Fluosilicic acid magnesium salt
Silicon fluoride magnesium salt H37V80D2JS
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Fluoride magnesium silicate
Magnesium fluorsilicate hexahydrate
Magnesium fluorosilicate ISO 9001：2015 REACH
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Fluosilicic acid magnesium salt
Hexafluorosilicate(2-) magnesium (1:1)
Magnesium fluosilicate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate(2-)
Magnesium silicofluoride (MgSiF6)
Silicon fluoride magnesium salt
Silicate(2-), hexafluoro-, magnesium (1:1)
Magnesium fluorosilicate
FLUOROSILICATO DE MAGNESIO
SILICO FLUORURO DE MAGNESIO
[IUCLID] UN2853
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate
Magnesium fluorosilicate (MgSiF6), hexahydrate
Magnesium silicon hexafluoride hexahydrate
Magnesium Fluosilicate
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Magnesium Fluorosilicate
Fluoride magnesium silicate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate
magnesium bis[fluoro(oxo)silanolate]
Magnesium fluorsilicate hexahydrate
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcoholMagnesium fluorosilicate
silicon fluoridemagnesium salt
magnesium hexafluorosilicate
magnesium hexafluorosilicate(2-)
magnesium silicofluoride
silicate(2-), hexafluoro-, magnesium (8ci)
magnesium fluorosili
fluosilicicacid magnesium salt
einecs 241-022-2
magnesiumhexafluorsilikat
fluosilicicacidmagnesiumsalt
magnesiumhexafluosilicate
siliconfluoridemagnesiumsalt
magnesiumfluosilicate (6ci)
caswell no. 532
magnesium fluosilicate
HEXAFLUOROSILICATE(2-) MAGNESIUM (1:1)
MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE
MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE [INCI]
MAGNESIUM FLUOSILICATE
MAGNESIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE
MAGNESIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE [MI]
MAGNESIUM SILICOFLUORIDE

Magnesium Fluorosilicate is colorless or white rhombic or acerose, odorless crystal.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is a water-soluble compound.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is easily soluble in water, soluble in dilute acid, almost insoluble in hydrofluoric acid.

CAS Number: 12449-55-7
Molecular Formula: F6MgSi
Molecular Weight: 166.38
EINECS Number: 241-022-2

When used as a sheep dip, Magnesium fluorosilicate is not subject to mechanical or chemical “stripping” from dip wash.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is commonly used as an additive for the hardening and waterproofing of concrete and cement mortars.

Magnesium fluorosilicate is also used for surface treatments, as a polishing and shinning agent for ceramic floors and as preservative of wood, as fungicide and in chemical distribution.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is crystalline solid.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate does not liquefy easily, but will bloom to lose crystalline water.
Magnesium fluorosilicate, as a hexahydrate, is a water-soluble, crystalline white, odorless solid.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate can increase the hardness and strength of concrete.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is an excellent hardening and waterproofing agent and pesticide.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is a white powder.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate is slightly soluble in water.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is an inorganic compound consisting of magnesium, silicon, and fluorine.
Magnesium fluorosilicates wide range of applications encompasses its use as a catalyst in various industrial processes and as a constituent in fire retardants.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate Non-Flammable.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is used as a hardener and water protection chemical for concrete.
Magnesium fluorosilicate, also known as magnesium silicofluoride, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula MgSiF6.

Magnesium fluorosilicate is composed of magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), and fluorine (F) atoms.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is part of a family of compounds known as silicofluorides, which are characterized by their composition of silicon, fluorine, and other elements.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is also used as an insecticidal wood preservative in building construction.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate, CAS 16949-65-8, (also known as magnesium hexafluorosilicate, magnesium fluosilicate or magnesium silicofluoride) has the formula MgSiF6.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate, like all salts of fluorosilicic acid, is a toxic chemical.
Magnesium fluorosilicate finds use as an additive in metal plating, stone flooring and a variety of other specialty applications.

Magnesium fluorosilicate, white efflorescent crystals that are a strong reducing agent.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is used for mothproofing textiles, as a concrete hardener, as a laundry sour, and as a waterproofing material.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is an inorganic chemical compound of magnesium from the group of hexafluorosilicates.

Magnesium fluorosilicate can be obtained by reacting magnesium compounds in the presence of hydrofluoric acid.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is usually immediately available in most volumes.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is a crystalline solid.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms can be considered.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is used by professional workers (common uses), formulation or repackaging, and industrial applications.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is white blooming crystals with a strong reducing agent.

Magnesium fluorosilicate can be prepared by reacting magnesium oxide (MgO) or magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) with hydrofluoric acid (HF) and silica (SiO2).
The reaction results in the formation of magnesium fluorosilicate and water.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is a salt-like compound with properties typical of ionic compounds.

Magnesium fluorosilicate dissociates into its constituent ions when it dissolves in water.
The fluoride ions released during dissolution contribute to the fluoridation of water.
The addition of fluoride ions to drinking water has been shown to significantly reduce tooth decay and cavities, especially in areas where access to dental care may be limited.

Magnesium fluorosilicate helps to remineralize tooth enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria and sugars.
While water fluoridation is a common method of delivering fluoride to a population, there are other sources of fluoride, such as fluoride toothpaste, mouth rinses, and professionally applied fluoride treatments.
Some argue that water fluoridation might not be necessary in regions with widespread access to these alternative fluoride sources.

Melting Point: 120°
Density: 1.788 g/cm3
Molecular Weight: 166.39
Appearance: White powder
Boiling Point: 212 °C
Solubility in H2O: Soluble
Physical state solid
Form: crystalline
Colour: whitish
Odour: odourless

Magnesium fluorosilicate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Magnesium fluorosilicate high purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is commonly used as a fluoridating agent in water treatment processes to add fluoride ions to drinking water supplies.

Magnesium fluorosilicate of water is a practice that aims to prevent tooth decay and improve dental health in communities.
Magnesium fluorosilicate dissolves in water to release fluoride ions, which can help strengthen tooth enamel and reduce the risk of cavities when consumed in appropriate concentrations.

Magnesium fluorosilicate's worth noting that while fluoride can be beneficial for dental health, excessive consumption of fluoride can lead to a condition known as fluorosis, which can cause staining and damage to tooth enamel.
Therefore, the addition of fluoride to water supplies is carefully regulated to ensure that the concentration remains within safe and effective limits.

Magnesium fluorosilicate has the chemical formula MgSiF6.
Magnesium fluorosilicate consists of one magnesium (Mg) cation, one silicon (Si) atom, and six fluoride (F) anions.
Magnesium fluorosilicate forms a hexafluorosilicate anion (SiF6)2- when it dissolves in water.

Magnesium fluorosilicate is sparingly soluble in water.
Magnesium fluorosilicate releases fluoride ions, which are responsible for the compound's water treatment applications.
As mentioned earlier, magnesium fluorosilicate is used in water treatment processes to add fluoride ions to drinking water supplies.

This practice is known as water Magnesium fluorosilicate and is widely implemented in many communities to improve dental health.
Magnesium fluorosilicate help to strengthen tooth enamel, making teeth more resistant to decay.
The addition of Magnesium fluorosilicate to water supplies is carefully regulated by health authorities to ensure that the concentration of fluoride remains within safe limits.

This is important to prevent both dental issues and the risk of Magnesium fluorosilicate, which is a cosmetic issue caused by excessive fluoride consumption that can lead to tooth discoloration and enamel damage.
Apart from water treatment, magnesium fluorosilicate might find limited use in industrial processes, such as in the production of ceramics, glass, and certain types of coatings.

Magnesium fluorosilicates primary application is as a source of fluoride ions in water treatment.
While Magnesium fluorosilicate is beneficial for dental health at appropriate levels, excessive consumption can lead to health issues.
Some communities and individuals have expressed concerns about the potential health effects of long-term Magnesium fluorosilicate exposure.

Magnesium fluorosilicate should be handled with care due to its potential environmental impact.
Fluoride compounds can be toxic to aquatic life and other organisms if released into the environment in excessive amounts.
The practice of water fluoridation has been the subject of various controversies and debates.

Magnesium fluorosilicate levels in drinking water are regulated by health authorities in many countries.
Regulatory agencies set standards to ensure that fluoride concentrations remain within a safe and effective range for dental health while minimizing the risk of fluorosis.

Water Magnesium fluorosilicate practices vary from country to country.
Some countries have widespread water fluoridation programs, while others do not practice it at all due to differing opinions on its benefits and risks.
Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Dental Association (ADA) support water fluoridation as a safe and effective public health measure to prevent tooth decay.

Uses
Magnesium fluorosilicate is used to make textiles mothproof, as a concrete hardener, as a laundry additive and as a waterproofing.
Other releases of Magnesium Fluorosilicate to the environment are likely to result from: its incorporation into or onto a material that results in indoor and outdoor use (for example, a binder in paints and coatings or adhesives).

Magnesium Fluorosilicate uses and applications include: Textiles, mothproofing agent for wool processing; wood preservative; oral care ingredient
Uses of Magnesium Fluorosilicate: It is widely used as a hardening agent in floor covering.
Magnesium fluorosilicate is used in the following products: fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and polishes and waxes.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: plastic products.

Release to the environment of Magnesium fluorosilicate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is a curing accelerator, enhancer and antifreeze agent for cement.

Magnesium fluorosilicate improves the performance of concrete and cement concrete.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate is resistant to weathering, corrosion, acid and alkali, and prolongs its service life.
Magnesium fluorosilicate significantly improves the flame resistance, thermal conductivity and various mechanical properties of resin products.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate can also be used for the production of fluorescent substances and for disinfection.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate to toothpaste and mouthwash, which can effectively prevent tooth decay.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate can be used as a ceramic substrate to remove stains and solvent.

Magnesium Fluorosilicate can be used as the flattening agent of mild steel.
Magnesium Fluorosilicate can be used as a stabilizer to stabilize the soil and reduce the loss of active substance.
The most significant use of magnesium fluorosilicate is in water treatment for the purpose of fluoridating drinking water.

Magnesium fluorosilicate is added to water supplies to introduce fluoride ions, which can help prevent tooth decay and cavities when consumed in appropriate concentrations.
Water fluoridation is a widely adopted public health measure to improve dental health in communities.

Magnesium fluorosilicate or its fluoride-containing derivatives might be used in the formulation of dental health products, including toothpaste and mouthwash.
Magnesium fluorosilicate provide an additional source of fluoride for daily oral hygiene routines, aiding in the prevention of tooth decay.
In some industrial processes, magnesium fluorosilicate might be used as a source of fluoride during the production of ceramics and glass.

Magnesium fluorosilicate can modify the properties of glass and ceramics, affecting factors like melting temperature, transparency, and chemical resistance.
Fluoride compounds like magnesium fluorosilicate can sometimes be used in metallurgical processes, particularly for refining certain metals and alloys. Magnesium fluorosilicate can assist in removing impurities from metal ores during smelting or refining processes.

Fluoride-containing compounds, including magnesium fluorosilicate, can be utilized in various chemical reactions and syntheses in laboratories and industries.
They might act as a source of fluoride ions or contribute to the modification of reaction conditions.
Magnesium fluorosilicate, like other fluoride compounds, might have applications in scientific research and laboratory settings.

Magnesium fluorosilicate can be used in experiments related to fluorine chemistry, material science, and other areas where fluoride ions are required.
In the aluminum industry, magnesium fluorosilicate can be used as a flux or additive during the production of aluminum.
It helps to lower the melting point of certain minerals and compounds in the ore, facilitating the smelting process.

Fluoride compoudns like magnesium fluorosilicate can be utilized in electroplating processes, where a thin layer of metal is deposited onto a substrate using electrical current.
Fluoride-containing solutions can help improve the uniformity and quality of the plated metal layer.
Magnesium fluorosilicate can be employed in cleaning and etching processes in the semiconductor and electronics industries.

Magnesium fluorosilicate solutions can selectively etch or clean certain materials, aiding in the manufacturing of microelectronics.
In the oil and gas industry, magnesium fluorosilicate might be used as an additive in fracturing fluids during hydraulic fracturing (fracking) operations.
Magnesium fluorosilicate can help control the viscosity of the fluid and prevent formation damage.

Fluoride compounds, including magnesium fluorosilicate, can be used in the leather and textile industries as finishing agents or for color enhancement processes.
Some fertilizers and soil conditioners might contain fluoride compounds as a source of essential trace elements for plant growth.
Magnesium fluorosilicate could be used in the formulation of these products.

Fluoride solutions derived from magnesium fluorosilicate can be used for treating metal surfaces, such as aluminum, to improve corrosion resistance and surface finish.
Fluoride compounds are used as fluxes in soldering processes.
They help clean and prepare metal surfaces for solder adhesion by removing oxides and promoting wetting.

Fluoride compounds, including magnesium fluorosilicate, can be used in analytical chemistry for sample preparation and manipulation in various techniques like spectrometry and chromatography.
Magnesium fluorosilicate can also be incorporated into welding flux formulations to aid in the removal of impurities and improve the quality of welds.

Safety
Magnesium fluorosilicate can be toxic when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin in excessive amounts.
Magnesium fluorosilicate poisoning can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, even life-threatening effects like cardiac arrhythmias and seizures.

Magnesium fluorosilicate solutions can be corrosive to metals and certain materials.
They can cause damage to surfaces, equipment, and containers if not handled properly.
Fluoride compounds, including magnesium fluorosilicate, can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Inhalation of dust or vapor from magnesium fluorosilicate can cause respiratory irritation, coughing, and shortness of breath.
Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of airborne fluoride compounds can potentially lead to more severe respiratory issues.
Magnesium fluorosilicate can be harmful to aquatic life and ecosystems if released into the environment in excessive amounts.

Synonyms
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate
Magnesium fluosilicate
Magnesium fluorosilicate
16949-65-8
12449-55-7
magnesium;hexafluorosilicon(2-)
Caswell No. 532
Hexafluorosilicate(2-) magnesium (1:1)
Fluosilicic acid magnesium salt
Silicon fluoride magnesium salt
H37V80D2JS
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate(2-)
Silicate(2-), hexafluoro-, magnesium (1:1)
Magnesium silicofluoride (MgSiF6)
Fluosilicate de magnesium [French]
EINECS 241-022-2
UN2853
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075304
Magnesium manganese fluoride (MgMn2F6) (8CI)
MAGNESIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
magnesium hexafluorosilicate(IV)
Magnesiumhexafluorosilicat
Fluosilicate de magnesium
UNII-H37V80D2JS
DTXSID70884950
AMY37026
AKOS015903678
MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE [INCI]
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, AldrichCPR
MAGNESIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE [MI]
LS-145298
Magnesium fluorosilicate [UN2853] [Poison]
EC 241-022-2
Magnesium fluorosilicate [UN2853] [Poison]
Q11129312

SYNONYMS Magnesium Silicofluoride; Magnesium Fluorosilicate;CAS NO. 18972-56-0

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE; Milk of Magnesia; Mint-O-Mag; Magnesia Magma; Magnesium Hydrate; cas no: 1309-42-8

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula MgSiF6.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is a salt composed of magnesium cations (Mg2+) and hexafluorosilicate anions (SiF6^2-).

CAS Number: 16919-27-0
EC Number: 237-072-0



APPLICATIONS



Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an additive in fluoride toothpaste to prevent tooth decay.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of magnesium metal and magnesium alloys.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is a source of silicon and fluoride in the glass industry.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a catalyst in the polymerization of certain types of resins and plastics.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material for the production of synthetic mica and fluorophlogopite.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a flame retardant in the plastics and rubber industries.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a filler in paper and cardboard production to improve their strength and durability.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of ceramic and glass frits and glazes.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a coagulant in the treatment of industrial wastewater.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of refractory materials.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an ingredient in the manufacture of specialty fertilizers.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of specialty glass and optical fibers.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the manufacturing of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an ingredient in mineral supplements for livestock.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of organic compounds.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of silicon carbide.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a flux in the metal smelting and refining industries.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the manufacturing of industrial adhesives and sealants.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of synthetic zeolites.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a corrosion inhibitor in certain types of coatings and paints.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of specialty coatings for the automotive and aerospace industries.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a reagent in chemical analysis and testing.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a fluxing agent in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a stabilizing agent in the production of vinyl chloride polymer.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of certain types of ceramic membranes.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an additive in the production of fire-resistant materials.

In the construction industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a filler in cement and concrete to improve their strength and durability.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is a common ingredient in the production of ceramics and glazes for pottery and tile.

As a source of fluoride, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is added to municipal water supplies to help prevent tooth decay.
In the oil and gas industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a lubricant additive to improve the performance of drilling fluids.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of silicones and other silicone-based materials.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions, including the production of certain types of plastics and resins.
As a source of silicon, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of semiconductors and other electronic components.
In the textile industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a flame retardant in certain types of fabrics.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a filler in certain types of polymers to improve their strength and durability.
As a source of fluoride, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is added to certain types of oral hygiene products, including mouthwash and dental floss.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of certain types of insulating materials for the electronics industry.
In the production of specialty glass, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a source of both silicon and fluoride.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of certain types of ceramic filters and membranes.
As a source of fluoride, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is added to certain types of food products, including salt and bottled water.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a coagulant in the treatment of industrial wastewater.
In the production of specialty chemicals, it is used as a catalyst and raw material.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a source of both silicon and fluoride in the production of certain types of optical glass.

In the rubber industry, it is used as a filler to improve the strength and durability of rubber compounds.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a flux in the production of certain types of metals, including aluminum and copper.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of certain types of fertilizers.

In the paper and cardboard industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a filler to improve their strength and durability.
As a source of fluoride, it is added to certain types of personal care products, including deodorant and soap.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of certain types of insulating foams.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a stabilizing agent in the production of certain types of vinyl polymers.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of synthetic zeolites for catalytic and adsorption applications.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can be utilized as a fluxing agent in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, which helps to reduce the melting point of metals.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the manufacturing of industrial adhesives and sealants due to its ability to enhance the bonding strength of adhesives.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is also used in the production of specialty coatings for the automotive and aerospace industries, which provide superior protection against wear and tear.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a reagent in chemical analysis and testing to measure the concentration of certain elements.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a stabilizing agent in the production of vinyl chloride polymer, which is used to produce PVC products.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of certain types of ceramic membranes, which are used for water filtration and separation.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a filler in the production of paper and cardboard to improve their strength and durability.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of ceramic and glass frits and glazes, which provide an attractive finish to ceramic and glass products.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a coagulant in the treatment of industrial wastewater to remove pollutants and impurities.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of refractory materials, which have high melting points and are used in high-temperature applications.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an ingredient in the manufacture of specialty fertilizers for agricultural applications.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of specialty glass and optical fibers for telecommunications and other high-tech applications.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of organic compounds, which are used in the manufacture of various products.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of silicon carbide, which is used in the manufacture of abrasives and cutting tools.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a flame retardant in the plastics and rubber industries to reduce the risk of fires.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an additive in fluoride toothpaste to prevent tooth decay.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of magnesium metal and magnesium alloys, which have high strength-to-weight ratios.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a source of silicon and fluoride in the glass industry, which helps to improve the quality of glass products.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a catalyst in the polymerization of certain types of resins and plastics, which are used in the manufacture of various products.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material for the production of synthetic mica and fluorophlogopite, which are used as pigments in the cosmetics industry.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a filler in the production of rubber products to improve their strength and durability.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of certain types of catalysts, which are used to speed up chemical reactions.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a corrosion inhibitor in certain types of coatings and paints to protect metal surfaces from rust and corrosion.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of certain types of batteries, which have high energy densities and long lifetimes.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is commonly used as an opacifier in ceramic glazes.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can be used as a hardening agent in certain types of cement and concrete.

In the rubber industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can act as a reinforcing agent.
As a source of fluoride, it is sometimes added to drinking water to help prevent tooth decay.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can be used as a starting material for the production of other fluorosilicates.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is sometimes added to welding fluxes to help remove impurities from the metal.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can be used as a catalyst in the production of certain types of pharmaceuticals.

As a flux, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can help lower the melting point of certain minerals during the smelting process.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of some types of specialty glass, such as optical filters.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the manufacturing of certain types of fiberglass.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is a common ingredient in some types of anti-fog coatings.

In the production of certain types of refractories, it can help improve their strength and durability.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material in the production of some types of electronic components.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in some types of specialty paints and coatings.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can be used as a fluxing agent in the production of certain types of metals, such as aluminum.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a coagulant in some types of wastewater treatment.

As a source of silicon, it is sometimes used in the production of some types of semiconductors.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is sometimes used as a clarifying agent in certain types of beverages.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can be used as a starting material in the production of certain types of silanes.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the manufacturing of some types of insulating materials.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an ingredient in some types of specialty ceramics.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can be used as a reagent in certain types of chemical reactions.

In the production of certain types of rubber, it can help improve their elasticity and durability.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in some types of specialty coatings for electronics.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can be used as a starting material in the production of certain types of specialty fibers.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a raw material for the production of advanced ceramics.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an excipient in the production of tablets and capsules.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a co-catalyst in the production of certain types of polymers.
In the oil and gas industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a weighting agent in drilling fluids.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of high-performance refractory materials for use in high-temperature applications.
In the cosmetics industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a filler in certain types of makeup products.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a pigment in the production of certain types of colored glass.
In the food industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered food products.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a clarifying agent in the production of certain types of wine and beer.

In the textile industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a dyeing auxiliary to improve color fastness.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the production of certain types of catalysts for use in the chemical industry.

In the construction industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a bonding agent in the production of certain types of concrete.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a coagulant in the treatment of certain types of wastewater.
In the mining industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a flotation agent to separate valuable minerals from ore.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a cleaning agent in the electronics industry to remove flux residues.
In the production of certain types of dental restorations, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a filler material.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a defoamer in the production of certain types of latex products.
In the production of certain types of fireproof materials, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a flame retardant.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a surface modifier in the production of certain types of paints and coatings.
In the pulp and paper industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a sizing agent to improve the strength of paper products.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an opacifying agent in the production of certain types of porcelain.

In the production of certain types of electronic components, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a dielectric material.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a wetting agent in the production of certain types of emulsions.

In the production of certain types of insecticides and herbicides, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as an active ingredient.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a fluxing agent in the production of certain types of glass-ceramic materials.


Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate has several applications, including:

As an additive in fluoride toothpaste to prevent tooth decay
In the production of magnesium metal and magnesium alloys
As a source of silicon and fluoride in the glass industry
As a catalyst in the polymerization of certain types of resins and plastics
As a raw material for the production of synthetic mica and fluorophlogopite
As a flame retardant in the plastics and rubber industries
As a filler in paper and cardboard production to improve their strength and durability
In the production of ceramic and glass frits and glazes
As a coagulant in the treatment of industrial wastewater
In the production of refractory materials
As an ingredient in the manufacture of specialty fertilizers
In the production of specialty glass and optical fibers
In the manufacturing of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals
As an ingredient in mineral supplements for livestock
As a catalyst in the synthesis of organic compounds
As a raw material in the production of silicon carbide
As a flux in the metal smelting and refining industries
In the manufacturing of industrial adhesives and sealants
In the production of synthetic zeolites
As a corrosion inhibitor in certain types of coatings and paints
In the production of specialty coatings for the automotive and aerospace industries
As a reagent in chemical analysis and testing
As a fluxing agent in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys
As a stabilizing agent in the production of vinyl chloride polymer
In the production of certain types of ceramic membranes. can you revise this by adding the name of chemical to each sentence?



DESCRIPTION


Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula MgSiF6.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is a salt composed of magnesium cations (Mg2+) and hexafluorosilicate anions (SiF6^2-).

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a bitter taste.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is commonly used in industrial applications, such as in the production of aluminum alloys, as a flux in metallurgy, and as a source of fluoride ions for water fluoridation.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is also used in the manufacturing of ceramics, glass, and enamel, as well as in the production of insecticides and pesticides.

Additionally, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the oil and gas industry as a cementing additive to improve the properties of cement slurries used to cement wells.
However, due to its potential toxicity and environmental impacts, the use of Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is regulated by various authorities.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is an inorganic compound with the formula MgSiF6.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is a salt composed of magnesium cations and hexafluorosilicate anions.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate appears as a white crystalline powder.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is soluble in water and has a bitter taste.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is commonly used in the production of aluminum alloys.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is also used as a flux in metallurgy.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is a source of fluoride ions for water fluoridation.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used in the manufacturing of ceramics, glass, and enamel.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is also used in the production of insecticides and pesticides.
In the oil and gas industry, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is used as a cementing additive.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate improves the properties of cement slurries used to cement wells.
The use of Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is regulated by various authorities.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is potentially toxic and can have environmental impacts.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is classified as hazardous to health and the environment.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate may cause skin and eye irritation.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can also harm aquatic life and cause long-term damage to the environment.

The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) lists Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC).
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate has been identified as a substance that may have serious and often irreversible effects on human health and the environment.
ECHA regulates the use of Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate in the European Union.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is subject to various restrictions and authorization requirements.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also regulates the use of Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate in the United States.

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is listed as a toxic chemical under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA).
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is also subject to reporting under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate has a low bioaccumulation potential and does not persist in the environment.
However, Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate can contribute to the formation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: MgSiF6
Molecular weight: 212.38 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
Melting point: 1260 °C (2300 °F)
Boiling point: Decomposes before boiling
Solubility: Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in acid
Density: 2.49 g/cm3
pH: Not applicable (inorganic salt)
Stability: Stable under normal conditions of use and storage
Hazardous decomposition products: Hydrogen fluoride gas and silicon tetrafluoride gas
Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur
Flash point: Not applicable (inorganic salt)
Autoignition temperature: Not applicable (inorganic salt)
Vapor pressure: Negligible
Vapor density: Not applicable (inorganic salt)
Explosive properties: Not explosive
Oxidizing properties: Not an oxidizing agent
Corrosivity: Not corrosive to metals or skin
Health hazards: May cause respiratory irritation, eye irritation, and skin irritation
Environmental hazards: May be harmful to aquatic life
Flammability: Not flammable
Reactivity: May react with strong acids, strong bases, and strong oxidizers
Other properties: Non-toxic and non-flammable.



FIRST AID


In case of exposure to Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate, the following first aid measures can be taken:


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the person to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention if symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain occur.


Skin contact:
If the substance comes into contact with the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness occurs.


Eye contact:

In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention immediately.


Ingestion:

If Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate is ingested, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth with water and seek medical attention immediately.


It is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms persist or if the exposure is significant.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling and storage information for Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate include:


Handling:

It is recommended to use protective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and a respirator when handling the substance.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.


Storage:

Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition and incompatible materials.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate should be stored in tightly closed containers and kept away from heat and direct sunlight.
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate should be kept out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel.
Proper labeling should be used to indicate the potential hazards associated with the substance.



SYNONYMS


Magnesium hexafluorosilicate
Magnesium fluosilicate
Magnesium fluorosilicate
16949-65-8
magnesium;hexafluorosilicon(2-)
12449-55-7
Hexafluorosilicate(2-) magnesium (1:1)
H37V80D2JS
Caswell No. 532
MAGNESIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
Fluosilicic acid magnesium salt
Silicon fluoride magnesium salt
magnesium hexafluorosilicate(IV)
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate(2-)
Silicate(2-), hexafluoro-, magnesium (1:1)
Magnesium silicofluoride (MgSiF6)
Fluosilicate de magnesium [French]
EINECS 241-022-2
UN2853
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075304
Magnesiumhexafluorosilicat
Fluosilicate de magnesium
UNII-H37V80D2JS
DTXSID70884950
AMY37026
AKOS015903678
MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE [INCI]
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, AldrichCPR
MAGNESIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE [MI]
EC 241-022-2
Magnesium fluorosilicate [UN2853] [Poison]
Q11129312
magnesium fluosilicate
magnesium silicon fluoride
magnesium silicon oxyfluoride
magnesium silicofluoride
magnesium fluorosilicate
Magnesium Silicofluoride
Hexafluorosilicic Acid Magnesium Salt
Fluosilicic Acid Magnesium Salt
Fluosilicic Acid, Magnesium Salt
Magnesium Fluosilicate
Magnesium Silicon Fluoride
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate Dihydrate
Magnesium Silicofluoride Dihydrate
Hexafluorosilicate of Magnesium
Magnesium Fluosilicate Dihydrate
Fluosilicic Acid, Magnesium Salt, Dihydrate
Hexafluorosilicic Acid, Magnesium Salt, Dihydrate
Magnesium(II) Fluorosilicate Dihydrate
Magnesium(II) Silicofluoride Dihydrate
Magnesium Silicon Hexafluoride
Magnesium Silicofluoride Hydrate
Hexafluorosilicic Acid, Magnesium Salt, Hydrate
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate Hydrate
Magnesium Fluosilicate Hydrate
Fluosilicic Acid, Magnesium Salt, Tetrahydrate
Magnesium Silicofluoride Tetrahydrate
Hexafluorosilicate of Magnesium Tetrahydrate
Magnesium Fluosilicate Tetrahydrate
Magnesium Hexafluorosilicate Tetrahydrate
Hexafluorosilicic Acid, Magnesium Salt, Tetrahydrate
Bis(hexafluorosilicate) magnesium
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Magnesium hexafluosilicate hydrate
Silicic acid, hexafluoro-, magnesium salt
Magnesium fluosilicate hydrate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate hydrate
Magnesium silicofluoride
Magnesium silicon hexafluoride hydrate
Hexafluorosilicate magnesium salt
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate anhydrous
Magnesium fluosilicate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate monohydrate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate trihydrate
Hexafluorosilicate magnesium
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate tetrahydrate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, monohydrate
Magnesium silicofluoride hydrate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, tetrahydrate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, trihydrate
Magnesium silicofluoride, hydrate
Hexafluorosilicic acid magnesium salt hydrate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate hydrate (1:1:4)
Magnesium fluorosilicate, hydrate
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate, 9-hydrate
Hexafluorosilicate magnesium salt hydrate

Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound used as a laxative and antacid.
Magnesium Hydroxide is naturally found as the mineral brucite.


CAS Number: 1309-42-8
EC Number: 215-170-3
Molecular Formula: H2MgO2


Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound used as a laxative and antacid.
Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound.
Magnesium Hydroxide is naturally found as the mineral brucite.


Magnesium hydroxide is mainly excreted in the urine by the kidneys.
Magnesium dihydroxide is a magnesium hydroxide in which the magnesium atom is bound to two hydroxide groups.
Magnesium Hydroxide has a role as an antacid and a flame retardant.


Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound.
Magnesium Hydroxide is naturally found as the mineral brucite.
Magnesium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.


Magnesium Hydroxide occurs in nature as the mineral brucite.
Magnesium Hydroxide is a white solid with low solubility in water (Ksp = 5.61×10−12).
Magnesium hydroxide is a common component of antacids, such as milk of magnesia.
Magnesium Hydroxide is available under the following different brand names: Milk of Magnesia.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
As an antacid, Magnesium Hydroxide is used for the temporary relief of heartburn, upset stomach, sour stomach or acid indigestion.
As a laxative, Magnesium Hydroxide is used for the relief of occasional constipation by promoting bowel movements for 30 minutes and up to 6 hours.
Magnesium hydroxide can be used as an antacid or a laxative in either an oral liquid suspension or chewable tablet form.


Additionally, magnesium hydroxide has smoke suppressing and flame retardant properties and is thus used commercially as a fire retardant.
Magnesium Hydroxide can also be used topically as a deodorant or for the relief of canker sores (aphthous ulcers).
Magnesium hydroxide can be used as an antacid or a laxative depending on the administered dose.


As a laxative, Magnesium Hydroxide works by increasing the osmotic effect in the intestinal tract and drawing water in.
This creates distension of the colon which results in an increase in peristaltic movement and bowel evacuation.
Magnesium hydroxide can be used as an antacid or a laxative in either an oral liquid suspension or chewable tablet form.


Additionally, magnesium hydroxide has smoke suppressing and flame retardant properties and is thus used commercially as a fire retardant.
Magnesium Hydroxide can also be used topically as a deodorant or for the relief of canker sores (aphthous ulcers).
Magnesium hydroxide is marketed for medical use as chewable tablets, as capsules, powder, and as liquid suspensions, sometimes flavored.


These products are sold as antacids to neutralize stomach acid and relieve indigestion and heartburn.
Magnesium Hydroxide also is a laxative to alleviate constipation.
As a laxative, the osmotic force of the magnesia acts to draw fluids from the body.


Some magnesium hydroxide products sold for antacid use (such as Maalox) are formulated to minimize unwanted laxative effects through the inclusion of aluminum hydroxide, which inhibits the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby counterbalancing the contractions induced by the osmotic effects of the magnesium hydroxide.


Magnesium hydroxide may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Magnesium hydroxide is used as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation.
Magnesium hydroxide is also used as an antacid to relieve indigestion, sour stomach, and heartburn.


Magnesium Hydroxide is used for a short time to treat occasional constipation.
Magnesium Hydroxide is a laxative (osmotic-type) that is thought to work by drawing water into the intestines, an effect that helps to cause movement of the intestines.


Magnesium Hydroxide is also used to treat symptoms caused by too much stomach acid such as heartburn, upset stomach, or indigestion.
Magnesium Hydroxide is an antacid that works by lowering the amount of acid in the stomach.
Magnesium Hydroxide treats occasional constipation.


Magnesium Hydroxide works by increasing the amount of water your intestine absorbs.
This softens the stool, making Magnesium Hydroxide easier to have a bowel movement.
Magnesium Hydroxide also increases pressure, which prompts the muscles in your intestines to move stool.


Magnesium Hydroxide belongs to a group of medications called laxatives.
Magnesium hydroxide is used to treat constipation and acid indigestion.
Magnesium hydroxide is available over-the-counter (OTC) and as a generic.


Magnesium Hydroxide is, after aluminium hydroxide, the most widely used antacid active.
Magnesium Hydroxide is used in both suspension and powder formulations, usually in combination with aluminium hydroxide.
Magnesium Hydroxide has a high acid-binding capacity and reacts rapidly to neutralize gastric acid.


The ingestion of pure magnesium hydroxide antacids leads to undesirably high pH values in the stomach, which can, in turn, stimulate acid production.
For this reason Magnesium Hydroxide is recommended that magnesium hydroxide is combined with aluminium hydroxide in antacid formulations.
Combination products also overcome the laxative effect of magnesium hydroxide as this is compensated for by the mild obstipative effect of aluminium hydroxide.


A solution of magnesium hydroxide with antacid and laxative properties.
Milk of magnesium exerts its antacid activity in low doses such that all hydroxide ions that enter the stomach are used to neutralize stomach acid.
This agent exerts its laxative effect in higher doses so that hydroxide ions are able to move from the stomach to the intestines where they attract and retain water, thereby increasing intestinal movement (peristalsis) and inducing the urge to defecate.


-Other uses for this medicine:
Magnesium hydroxide is also used as an antacid with other medications to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach.
Magnesium Hydroxide may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.


-Pharmacodynamics:
As an antacid, magnesium hydroxide suspension neutralizes gastric acid by reacting with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form magnesium chloride and water.
Magnesium Hydroxide is practically insoluble in water and does not have any effect until it reacts with the hydrochloric acid in the stomach. There, Magnesium Hydroxide decreases the direct acid irritant effect and increases the pH in the stomach leading to inactivation of pepsin.
Magnesium hydroxide enhances the integrity of the mucosal barrier of the stomach as well as improving the tone of both the gastric and esophageal sphincters.


-Precursor to MgO:
Most Magnesium Hydroxide that is produced industrially, as well as the small amount that is mined, is converted to fused magnesia (MgO). Magnesia is valuable because it is both a poor electrical conductor and an excellent thermal conductor.


-Medical:
Only a small amount of the magnesium from magnesium hydroxide is usually absorbed by the intestine (unless one is deficient in magnesium).
However, magnesium is mainly excreted by the kidneys; so long-term, daily consumption of milk of magnesia by someone suffering from kidney failure could lead in theory to hypermagnesemia.
Unabsorbed magnesium is excreted in feces; absorbed magnesium is rapidly excreted in urine.


-Antacid:
As an antacid, Magnesium Hydroxide is dosed at approximately 0.5–1.5 g in adults and works by simple neutralization, in which the hydroxide ions from the Mg(OH)2 combine with acidic H+ ions (or hydronium ions) produced in the form of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach, to produce water.


-Laxative:
As a laxative, magnesium hydroxide is dosed at 5-10 g, and works in a number of ways.
First, Mg2+ is poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract, so it draws water from the surrounding tissue by osmosis.
Not only does this increase in water content soften the feces, it also increases the volume of feces in the intestine (intraluminal volume) which naturally stimulates intestinal motility.
Furthermore, Mg2+ ions cause the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which results in intraluminal accumulation of water and electrolytes, and increased intestinal motility.
Some sources claim that the hydroxide ions themselves do not play a significant role in the laxative effects of milk of magnesia, as basic solutions (i.e., solutions of hydroxide ions) are not strongly laxative, and non-basic Mg2+ solutions, like MgSO4, are equally strong laxatives, a mole for mole.


-Other niche uses:
Magnesium hydroxide is also a component of antiperspirant.[20] Magnesium hydroxide is useful against canker sores (aphthous ulcer) when used topically.


-Waste water treatment:
Magnesium hydroxide powder is used industrially to neutralize acidic wastewaters.
Magnesium Hydroxide is also a component of the Biorock method of building artificial reefs.
The main advantage of Mg(OH)2 over Ca(OH)2, is to impose a lower pH better compatible with that of seawater and sea life: pH 10.5 for Mg(OH) 2 in place of pH 12.5 with Ca(OH)2.


-Fire retardant:
Natural magnesium hydroxide (brucite) is used commercially as a fire retardant.
Most industrially used magnesium hydroxide is produced synthetically.
Like aluminum hydroxide, solid magnesium hydroxide has smoke suppressing and flame retardant properties.
This property is attributable to the endothermic decomposition it undergoes at 332 °C (630 °F):
Mg(OH)2 → MgO + H2O
The heat absorbed by the reaction retards the fire by delaying ignition of the associated substance.
The water released dilutes combustible gases.
Common uses of magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant include additives to cable insulation, insulation plastics, roofing, and various flame retardant coatings.


-As food additive:
Magnesium Hydroxide is added directly to human food, and is affirmed as generally recognized as safe by the FDA.
Magnesium Hydroxide is known as E number E528.



PREPARATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
Treating the solution of different soluble magnesium salts with alkaline water induces the precipitation of the solid hydroxide Mg(OH)2:
Mg2+ + 2 OH− → Mg(OH)2

As Mg2+ is the second most abundant cation present in seawater after Na+, Magnesium Hydroxide can be economically extracted directly from seawater by alkalinisation as described here above.

On an industrial scale, Mg(OH)2 is produced by treating seawater with lime (Ca(OH)2).
A volume of 600 m3 (160,000 US gal) of seawater gives about one tonne of Mg(OH)2. Ca(OH)2 (Ksp = 5.02×10−6) is far more soluble than Mg(OH)2 (Ksp = 5.61×10−12) and drastically increases the pH value of seawater from 8.2 to 12.5.

The less soluble Mg(OH)2 precipitates because of the common ion effect due to the OH− added by the dissolution of Ca(OH)2:
Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
The suspension of Magnesium Hydroxide is ingested and enters the stomach.
According to the amount ingested, Magnesium Hydroxide will either act as an antacid or a laxative.
Through the ingestion of 0.5-1.5 grams (in adults) Magnesium Hydroxide will act by simple acid neutralization in the stomach.

The hydroxide ions from the magnesium hydroxide suspension will combine with the acidic H+ ions of the hydrochloric acid made by the stomachs parietal cells.
This neutralization reaction will result in the formation of magnesium chloride and water.

Through the ingestion of 2-5 grams (in adults) the magnesium hydroxide acts as a laxative in the colon.
The majority of the suspension is not absorbed in the intestinal tract and will create an osmotic effect to draw water into the gut from surrounding tissues.

With this increase of water in the intestines, the feces will soften and the intraluminal volume of the feces will increase.
These effects still stimulate intestinal motility and induce the urge to defecate.
Magnesium hydroxide will also release cholecystokinin (CKK) in the intestines which will accumulate water and electrolytes in the lumen and furthermore increase intestinal motility.



HISTORY OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
On May 4, 1818, American inventor Koen Burrows received a patent (No. X2952) for magnesium hydroxide.
In 1829, Sir James Murray used a "condensed solution of fluid magnesia" preparation of his own design[11] to treat the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Marquess of Anglesey, for stomach pain.

This was so successful (advertised in Australia and approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1838) that he was appointed resident physician to Anglesey and two subsequent Lords Lieutenant, and knighted.
His fluid magnesia product was patented two years after his death, in 1873.

The term milk of magnesia was first used by Charles Henry Phillips in 1872 for a suspension of magnesium hydroxide formulated at about 8% w/v.
Magnesium Hydroxide was sold under the brand name Phillips' Milk of Magnesia for medicinal usage.
USPTO registrations show that the terms "Milk of Magnesia" and "Phillips' Milk of Magnesia" have both been assigned to Bayer since 1995.
In the UK, the non-brand (generic) name of "Milk of Magnesia" and "Phillips' Milk of Magnesia" is "Cream of Magnesia" (Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture, BP).



WHY IS MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE PRESCRIBED?
Magnesium hydroxide is used to treat occasional constipation in children and adults on a short-term basis.
Magnesium hydroxide is in a class of medications called saline laxatives.
Magnesium Hydroxide works by causing water to be retained with the stool.
This increases the number of bowel movements and softens the stool so it is easier to pass.



MINERALOGY:
Brucite, the mineral form of Mg(OH)2 commonly found in nature also occurs in the 1:2:1 clay minerals amongst others, in chlorite, in which it occupies the interlayer position normally filled by monovalent and divalent cations such as Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+.
As a consequence, chlorite interlayers are cemented by brucite and cannot swell nor shrink.

Brucite, in which some of the Mg2+ cations have been substituted by Al3+ cations, becomes positively charged and constitutes the main basis of layered double hydroxide (LDH).
LDH minerals as hydrotalcite are powerful anion sorbents but are relatively rare in nature.

Brucite may also crystallize in cement and concrete in contact with seawater. Indeed, the Mg2+ cation is the second most abundant cation in seawater, just behind Na+ and before Ca2+.
Because brucite is a swelling mineral, it causes a local volumetric expansion responsible for tensile stress in concrete.
This leads to the formation of cracks and fissures in concrete, accelerating its degradation in seawater.

For the same reason, dolomite cannot be used as construction aggregate for making concrete.
The reaction of magnesium carbonate with the free alkali hydroxides present in the cement porewater also leads to the formation of expansive brucite.

MgCO3 + 2 NaOH → Mg(OH)2 + Na2CO3
This reaction, one of the two main alkali–aggregate reaction (AAR) is also known as alkali–carbonate reaction.



HIW SHOULD MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE BE USED?
Magnesium hydroxide come as a chewable tablet, tablet, and a suspension (liquid) to take by mouth.
Magnesium Hydroxide usually is taken as a single daily dose (preferably at bedtime) or you may divide the dose into two or more parts over one day.
Magnesium hydroxide usually causes a bowel movement within 30 minutes to 6 hours after taking it.

Follow the directions on the package or on your product label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand.
Take magnesium hydroxide exactly as directed.
Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

If you are giving magnesium hydroxide to your child, read the package label carefully to make sure that it is the right product for the age of the child.
Do not give children magnesium hydroxide products that are made for adults.
Check the package label to find out how much medication the child needs.
Ask your child's doctor if you don't know how much medication to give your child.

Take the suspension, chewable tablets, and tablets with a full glass (8 ounces [240 milliliters]) of liquid.
Do not take magnesium hydroxide for longer than 1 week without talking to your doctor.
Shake the oral suspension well before each use.



HOW TO USE MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE SUSPENSION:
Take this product by mouth as directed.
For the chewable form, chew thoroughly before swallowing.
For the liquid form, shake the bottle well before each dose.
Carefully measure the dose using a special measuring device/spoon.
Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose.
If you are taking this medication for constipation, drink a full glass of water (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) with each dose.
Follow all directions on the product package, or use as directed by your doctor.
If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
Molecular Weight: 58.320 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 57.9905210 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 57.9905210 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Chemical formula: Mg(OH)2
Molar mass: 58.3197 g/mol
Appearance: White solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 2.3446 g/cm3
Melting point: 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: 0.00064 g/100 mL (25 °C), 0.004 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp): 5.61×10−12
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −22.1×10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.559
Crystal structure: Hexagonal, hP3
Space group: P3m1 No. 164
Lattice constant: a = 0.312 nm, c = 0.473 nm
Heat capacity (C): 77.03 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 64 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −924.7 kJ·mol−1
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): −833.7 kJ/mol

Physical state: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 350 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: not auto-flammable
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 9,5 - 10,5
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: insoluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available

Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 2,360 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
CAS number: 12125-28-9
EC number: 235-192-7
Grade: Ph Eur,BP,USP
HS Code: 2836 99 11
Densit: 2.16 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: >=300 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 10.5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) suspension



FIRST AID MEASURES of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Magnesium oxide
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection in relation to its type
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
1309-42-8
1909-42-8
AKOS015904092
C07876
CHEBI:35149
CHEBI:6637
CHEMBL1200718
DB09104
DTXCID1029621
DTXSID4049662
E-528
E528
EC 215-170-3
FT-0628085
FT-0693469
Hidroxido de magnesio
Hydrate, Magnesium
Hydroxide, Magnesium
Hydroxyde de magnsium
INS NO.528
INS-528
J-005906
LS-96054
Magnesia Magma
Magnesii hydroxidum
MAGNESII HYDROXIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN]
Magnesio hidroxido
Magnesium (as hydroxide)
Magnesium hydrate
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (EP IMPURITY)
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (EP MONOGRAPH)
Magnesium Hydroxide (GILUMAG)
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (II)
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MART.)
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (USP MONOGRAPH)
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (USP-RS)
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [EP IMPURITY]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [FCC]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [HSDB]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [II]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [INCI]
Magnesium hydroxide [JAN]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [MART.]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [MI]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [ORANGE BOOK]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [USP-RS]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [VANDF]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [WHO-DD]
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE 100G
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE COMPONENT OF PEPCID COMPLETE
Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D211
Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D212
Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D213
Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D214
Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D611
Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D661
Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D671
Magnesium Hydroxide powder
Magnesium hydroxide suspension
magnesium hydroxides
magnesium(2+) hydroxide
Magnesium(II) hydroxide
Magnesium-hydroxide
Magnesiumhydroxid
Magnesiumhydroxide
Mg(OH)2
Milk of magnesia
NBZ3QY004S
Oxaine M
PEPCID COMPLETE COMPONENT MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Pharmaceutical Grade Magnesium Hydroxide HD ~ USP
PHENOL,2-[4,6-BIS(2,4-DIMETHYLPHENYL)-1,3,5-TRIAZIN-2-YL]-5-(2-BUTEN-1-YLOXY)-
Phillips magnesia tablets
Phillips milk of magnesia liquid
Q407548
UNII-NBZ3QY004S
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium dihydroxide
Milk of Magnesia

Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is an inorganic hydrated compound that can be found in the mineral brucite.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is also known as MDH, especially as flame retardant additive.


CAS Number: 1309-42-8
EC Number: 215-170-3
E number: E528 (acidity regulators, ...)
Molecular Formula: H2MgO2



SYNONYMS:
1309-42-8, 1909-42-8, AKOS015904092, C07876, CHEBI:35149, CHEBI:6637, CHEMBL1200718, DB09104, DTXCID1029621, DTXSID4049662, E-528, E528, EC 215-170-3, FT-0628085, FT-0693469, Hidroxido de magnesio, Hydrate, Magnesium, Hydroxide, Magnesium, Hydroxyde de magnsium, INS NO.528, INS-528, J-005906, LS-96054, Magnesia Magma, Magnesii hydroxidum, MAGNESII HYDROXIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN], Magnesio hidroxido, Magnesium (as hydroxide), Magnesium hydrate, MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (EP IMPURITY), MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (EP MONOGRAPH), Magnesium Hydroxide (GILUMAG), MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (II), MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MART.), MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (USP MONOGRAPH), MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (USP-RS), MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [EP IMPURITY], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [EP MONOGRAPH], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [FCC], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [HSDB], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [II], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [INCI], Magnesium hydroxide [JAN], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [MART.], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [MI], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [ORANGE BOOK], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [USP MONOGRAPH], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [USP-RS], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [VANDF], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE [WHO-DD], MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE 100G, MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE COMPONENT OF PEPCID COMPLETE, Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D211, Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D212, Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D213, Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D214, Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D611, Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D661, Magnesium Hydroxide GILUMAG D671, Magnesium Hydroxide powder, Magnesium hydroxide suspension, magnesium hydroxides, magnesium(2+) hydroxide, Magnesium(II) hydroxide, Magnesium-hydroxide, Magnesiumhydroxid, Magnesiumhydroxide, Mg(OH)2, Milk of magnesia, NBZ3QY004S, Oxaine M, PEPCID COMPLETE COMPONENT MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, Pharmaceutical Grade Magnesium Hydroxide HD ~ USP, PHENOL,2-[4,6-BIS(2,4-DIMETHYLPHENYL)-1,3,5-TRIAZIN-2-YL]-5-(2-BUTEN-1-YLOXY)-, Phillips magnesia tablets, Phillips milk of magnesia liquid, Q407548, UNII-NBZ3QY004S, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium dihydroxide, Milk of Magnesia, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium dihydroxide, Milk of magnesia, Magnesium Hydroxide, Brucite Powder



Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) grade is surface treated by non-polar polymer of Silane, the compatibility and combination with plastic material will be improved so that it is easy to evenly distribute into material, then the performance of fire retardant and mechanical properties is better than normal grade.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) occurs in nature as the mineral brucite.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is a white solid with low solubility in water (Ksp = 5.61×10−12).
Magnesium hydroxide is a common component of antacids, such as milk of magnesia.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is based on endothermic decomposition into Al oxide or Mg oxide and water
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is an inorganic hydrated compound that can be found in the mineral brucite.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is also known as MDH, especially as flame retardant additive.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is added to a variety of different products, but notably plastics that undergo higher temperature processing that ATH (aluminum hydroxide), would thermally decompose at.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is commonly known as milk of magnesia, a popular laxative and anti-acid.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is magnesium hydroxide produced from mine material.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) has high purity and uniform particle size distribution.
Compared with other Magnesium hydroxide (MDH), it has excellent performance and improves the compatibility between inorganic fillers and polymers, with remarkable effects on improving the flame retardancy, tensile strength and low-temperature properties of composites.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is marketed for medical use as chewable tablets, as capsules, powder, and as liquid suspensions, sometimes flavored.
These products are sold as antacids to neutralize stomach acid and relieve indigestion and heartburn.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) also is a laxative to alleviate constipation.


As a laxative, the osmotic force of the magnesia acts to draw fluids from the body.
High doses can lead to diarrhea, and can deplete the body's supply of potassium, sometimes leading to muscle cramps.


Some Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) products sold for antacid use (such as Maalox) are formulated to minimize unwanted laxative effects through the inclusion of aluminum hydroxide, which inhibits the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby counterbalancing the contractions induced by the osmotic effects of the Magnesium hydroxide (MDH).


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is a new type of filling flame retardant with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is often known as milk of magnesia, because of its milk-like appearance as a suspension.
While Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) has a low solubility in water, with a Ksp of 1.5×10−11, it is large enough that it will partially dissolve to produce ions in the solution, forming the suspension.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is a relatively high concentration of magnesium or hydroxide ions would be required to revert the suspension to the solid precipitate by reversing the equilibrium.
In this suspended form, Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is a common component of antacids and laxatives; it interferes with the absorption of folic acid and iron.


The antacid properties come from the hydroxide ions which are responsible for neutralising the acid.
The solid mineral form of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is known as brucite.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is a mineral filler used in the manufacturing of halogen free thermoplastic and thermostable compounds in order to obtain flame-resistant properties and low emission of smoke, while also obtaining a reduction in the toxicity of gases given off during combustion.


Generally, to reach the flame retardant level in these types of compounds, Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is necessary to have a high mineral filler content and, as a result, problems may arise during the manufacturing of the compounds and during the subsequent transformation processes.
Likewise, the mechanical, physical, and electrical properties of the end products could also be affected.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is widely used in rubber, chemical industry ,building materials, plastic(PP,PE,PVC,EPDM) red phosphorus and some high polymer materials of electron, unsaturated polyester, paint and coating.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is also a component of antiperspirant.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is especially used for the flame retardant , smoke suppressant, antistatic of Mining air duct coated cloth , PVC whole core conveyer belt , Aluminum composite panel , Tarpaulin ,PVC cable material , Mining cable sheath , Cable accessory .
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) can replaces aluminum hydroxide because of its excellent flame retardant.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is an excellent flame retardant for plastic and rubber products.
As an environmental protection, as a flue gas desulfurization agent, Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) can replace alkali and lime as a neutralized agent and heavy metal adsorption agent for acid wastewater.


In addition, Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) can also be used in the electronics industry, the refining of medicine and sugar, for insulation materials and manufacturing other magnesium salt products.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is used as a smoke discharge desulfurization absorbent.


Most of the smoke discharge desulfurization and lime gypsum method were used before the 1970s.
Due to the secondary pollution of the by -products to the environment, the hydrogen has been used since the 1980s.
Magnesium oxide method; acidic wastewater; combined resin flame retardant, which used to use bromine, phosphorus, chlorine, and inorganic salts in the past.

Most of these products were used in these products.
Magnesium, mainly because Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) in thermal plastic resin can increase the dehydration and decomposition temperature above 350 ° C.


Antacid uses of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH): As an antacid, Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is dosed at approximately 0.5–1.5 g in adults and works by simple neutralization, in which the hydroxide ions from the Mg(OH)2 combine with acidic H+ ions (or hydronium ions) produced in the form of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach, to produce water.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is used Flame retardant for plastics and rubber (PE, PP, ABS, HIPS, Nylon, PVC, etc)
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is used electronic and electrical components, conveyer belt and construction materials
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is used fillers


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is used Phenol resin, fiber reinforced rubber, fine ceramics
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is used Petroleum additive or other chemical
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) acts as flame retardant and filler.


Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is used in rubber.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) can also be used in synthetic fibers & glass fiber reinforced plastics.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) allow the production of flame retardant compounds heavy metal and halogen free, with a very low smoke emission and a very interesting cost performance ratio.


Due to Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) peculiar characteristics, ATH and MDH suitable to be used with a wide range of polymer, thanks to his high thermal stability.
Applications of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) in Industrial: Halogen-free flame retardant cable, Modified plastics, Rubber, and Wood plastic.


-As food additiveuses of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH):
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is added directly to human food, and is affirmed as generally recognized as safe by the FDA.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is known as E number E528.


-Waste water treatment uses of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH):
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) powder is used industrially to neutralize acidic wastewaters.

Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is also a component of the Biorock method of building artificial reefs.
The main advantage of Mg(OH)2 over Ca(OH)2, is to impose a lower pH better compatible with that of seawater and sea life: pH 10.5 for Mg(OH)2 in place of pH 12.5 with Ca(OH)2.


-Fire retardant uses of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH):
Natural Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is used commercially as a fire retardant.
Most industrially used Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is produced synthetically.

Like aluminum hydroxide, solid Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) has smoke suppressing and flame retardant properties.
This property is attributable to the endothermic decomposition Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) undergoes at 332 °C (630 °F):
Mg(OH)2 → MgO + H2O

The heat absorbed by the reaction retards the fire by delaying ignition of the associated substance.
The water released dilutes combustible gases.
Common uses of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) as a flame retardant include additives to cable insulation, insulation plastics, roofing, and various flame retardant coatings


-Laxative uses of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH):
As a laxative, Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is dosed at 5–10 grams (0.18–0.35 oz), and works in a number of ways.
First, Mg2+ is poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract, so Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) draws water from the surrounding tissue by osmosis.

Not only does this increase in water content soften the feces, Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) also increases the volume of feces in the intestine (intraluminal volume) which naturally stimulates intestinal motility.

Furthermore, Mg2+ ions cause the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which results in intraluminal accumulation of water and electrolytes, and increased intestinal motility.
Some sources claim that the hydroxide ions themselves do not play a significant role in the laxative effects of milk of magnesia, as alkaline solutions (i.e., solutions of hydroxide ions) are not strongly laxative, and non-alkaline Mg2+ solutions, like MgSO4, are equally strong laxatives, mole for mole.


-Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is precursor to MgO
Most Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) that is produced industrially, as well as the small amount that is mined, is converted to fused magnesia (MgO).
Magnesia is valuable because it is both a poor electrical conductor and an excellent thermal conductor.


-Medical uses of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH):
Only a small amount of the magnesium from Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is usually absorbed by the intestine (unless one is deficient in magnesium).
However, magnesium is mainly excreted by the kidneys; so long-term, daily consumption of milk of magnesia by someone suffering from kidney failure could lead in theory to hypermagnesemia. Unabsorbed magnesium is excreted in feces; absorbed magnesium is rapidly excreted in urine


-Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) as a fire retardant:
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is a fire retardant material that is characterized as being: inorganic, non-halogenated, and can also function as a smoke suppressant.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) works to release water vapor when it absorbs heat (an endothermic reaction), and this dilutes surrounding the flammable oxygen gas.
Additionally, the resulting char and magnesium oxide layer helps to add further resistance to fire.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
-Other anions
*Magnesium oxide

-Other cations
*Beryllium hydroxide
*Calcium hydroxide
*Strontium hydroxide
*Barium hydroxide



PREPARATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
Treating the solution of different soluble magnesium salts with alkaline water induces the precipitation of the solid hydroxide Mg(OH)2:
Mg2+ + 2 OH− → Mg(OH)2
As Mg2+ is the second most abundant cation present in seawater after Na+, Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) can be economically extracted directly from seawater by alkalinisation as described here above.

On an industrial scale, Mg(OH)2 is produced by treating seawater with lime (Ca(OH)2).
A volume of 600 m3 (160,000 US gal) of seawater gives about 1 tonne (2,200 lb) of Mg(OH)2. Ca(OH)2 (Ksp = 5.02×10−6) is far more soluble than Mg(OH)2 (Ksp = 5.61×10−12) and drastically increases the pH value of seawater from 8.2 to 12.5.

The less soluble Mg(OH)2 precipitates because of the common ion effect due to the OH− added by the dissolution of Ca(OH)2:
Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+



HISTORY OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
On May 4, 1818, American inventor Koen Burrows received a patent (No. X2952) for Magnesium hydroxide (MDH).
In 1829, Sir James Murray used a "condensed solution of fluid magnesia" preparation of his own design to treat the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Marquess of Anglesey, for stomach pain.

This was so successful (advertised in Australia and approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1838) that he was appointed resident physician to Anglesey and two subsequent Lords Lieutenant, and knighted.
His fluid magnesia product was patented two years after his death, in 1873.

The term milk of magnesia was first used by Charles Henry Phillips in 1872 for a suspension of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) formulated at about 8% w/v.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) was sold under the brand name Phillips' Milk of Magnesia for medicinal usage.

USPTO registrations show that the terms "Milk of Magnesia" and "Phillips' Milk of Magnesia" have both been assigned to Bayer since 1995.
In the UK, the non-brand (generic) name of "Milk of Magnesia" and "Phillips' Milk of Magnesia" is "Cream of Magnesia" (Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) Mixture, BP).



SURFACE MODIFICATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH) TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE:
Surface modification of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is an essential step in enhancing the performance of this flame retardant.
Traditional methods of surface modification involve the use of surfactants or coupling agents, but recent research has focused on the use of macromolecular surface modifiers.

These modifiers have shown promising results in improving the mechanical properties of materials.
One of the main challenges with Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) as a flame retardant is its poor compatibility and tendency to reunite dispersion.
This can lead to difficulties in achieving a uniform dispersion in organic polymers.

To overcome this issue, surface modification techniques aim to improve the surface properties of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH), enhancing its compatibility with the polymer matrix.

Surface modification can be achieved through various methods, such as chemical grafting, physical adsorption, or coating.
These techniques aim to modify the surface of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) particles, making them more compatible with the polymer matrix and improving their dispersion.

The use of macromolecular surface modifiers has gained attention in recent years.
These modifiers, such as polymers or copolymers, can be grafted onto the surface of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) particles, creating a protective layer that improves compatibility and dispersion.

This modification can also enhance the mechanical properties of the materials by reducing the negative impact of high filling volumes of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH).
Additionally, surface modification can also involve the incorporation of functional groups onto the surface of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) particles.
These functional groups can enhance the interaction between the flame retardant and the polymer matrix, further improving compatibility and dispersion.

Overall, surface modification of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) is a crucial step in optimizing its performance as a flame retardant.
By improving the surface properties, such as compatibility and dispersion, the mechanical properties of materials can be enhanced.
The use of macromolecular surface modifiers and functional groups has shown promising results in achieving these improvements. Further research and development in this area will contribute to the advancement



DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH) FLAME RETARDENT:
To overcome the challenges of developments, researchers have explored surface modification techniques for Magnesium hydroxide (MDH).
By using surfactants or coupling agents, the surface properties of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) can be modified, allowing for better dispersion in organic polymers and improving the overall performance of the flame retardant.

Current research and development efforts are focused on enhancing the mechanical properties of materials by modifying the surface properties of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH).

Nanotechnology has also shown promise in improving the flame retardant properties of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH).
Nano-sized Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) particles have been found to enhance flame retardancy and mechanical properties, making them an ideal additive for flame retardant polymers.

Looking ahead, the future of Magnesium hydroxide (MDH) flame retardants lies in their environmental development.
As the demand for flame retardants continues to grow, there is a need for non-toxic, high-efficiency alternatives that offer smoke suppression capabilities.
Magnesium hydroxide (MDH), with its green and cost-effective advantages, has the potential to meet these requirements.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
Molecular Weight: 58.320 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 57.9905210 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 57.9905210 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: Mg(OH)2
Molar mass: 58.3197 g/mol
Appearance: White solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 2.3446 g/cm3
Melting point: 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: 0.00064 g/100 mL (25 °C), 0.004 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp): 5.61×10−12

Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −22.1×10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.559
Crystal structure: Hexagonal, hP3
Space group: P3m1 No. 164
Lattice constant: a = 0.312 nm, c = 0.473 nm
Heat capacity (C): 77.03 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 64 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −924.7 kJ·mol−1
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): −833.7 kJ/mol
Physical state: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available

Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 350 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: not auto-flammable
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 9,5 - 10,5
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility: insoluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 2,360 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
CAS number: 12125-28-9
EC number: 235-192-7

Grade: Ph Eur,BP,USP
HS Code: 2836 99 11
Densit: 2.16 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: >=300 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 10.5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) suspension
Chemical formula: Mg(OH)2
Molar mass: 58.3197 g/mol
Appearance: White solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 2.3446 g/cm³
Melting point: 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K), decomposes

Solubility in water:
0.00064 g/100 mL (25 °C)
0.004 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp): 5.61×10⁻¹²
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −22.1×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.559
Crystal structure: Hexagonal, hP3
Space group: P3m1 No. 164
Lattice constant: a = 0.312 nm, c = 0.473 nm
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 77.03 J/mol·K
Standard molar entropy (S⦵298): 64 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹
Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −924.7 kJ·mol⁻¹
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): −833.7 kJ/mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Magnesium oxide
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection in relation to its type
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MDH):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

SYNONYMS magnesium;2-[2-(2-dodecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl sulfate (peg-8) CAS NO:62755-21-9

MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE, N° CAS : 62755-21-9 - Laureth sulfate de magnésium. Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique. Nom INCI : MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE. Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé, Tensioactif anionique. Le magnésium laureth sulfate est le sel de SLES (Sodium Laureth Sulfate). Il est utilisé dans les produits de bains et shampoings en raison de sa douceur. Il est moins irritant que la plupart des tensioactifs sulfatés, et peut donc utilisé par des personnes à la peau plus sensible.Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE = EMPICOL EGC 70


CAS Number: 62755-21-9
EC Number: 613-078-1
Chemical formula: (C12H26SO4(C2H4O)n)2Mg



Magnesium laureth sulfate is the magnesium salt of laureth sulfate (2-dodecoxyethylsulfate), which is in turn the ester of laureth (2-dodecoxylethanol) and sulfuric acid.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate belongs to the family of alkyl ether sulfates.
Chemically, lauryl alcohol is a semi-synthetic substance as it is derived from the fatty ether of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and magnesium sulfate.


The ether itself is of plant origin, mostly derived from coconut oil.
The first important property of Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is its good solubility in water.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate has the following CAS number: 62755-21-9 .
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is an individual number assigned to an item by a US organization that uniquely identifies the compound.


Magnesium laureth sulfate is the salt of SLES (Sodium Laureth Sulfate).
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is the salt of Sodium Laureth Sulfate.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a magnesium salt of ethoxylated lauryl sulfate.
Magnesium Laureth Sulphate is a magnesium salt of Laureth sulfate.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate belongs to the group called ethoxylated alcohol salts.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is produced chemically.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate appears as a light-yellow colored, odorless liquid.
Magnesium laureth sulfate is the magnesium salt of laureth sulfate (2-dodecoxyethylsulfate), which is in turn the ester of laureth (2-dodecoxylethanol) and sulfuric acid.


Magnesium laureth sulfate is the magnesium salt of laureth sulfate (2-dodecoxyethylsulfate), which is in turn the ester of laureth (2-dodecoxylethanol) and sulfuric acid.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a mild anionic surfactant that belongs to the group of alkyl ether sulphates.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is in the form of colourless or light yellow liquid.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate shows high solubility in water.
White or yellowish crystalline powder
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate origins of Magnesium Laureth Sulfate are Plant, Synthetic.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is soluble in water.


The solubility of Magnesium Laureth Sulfate increases with the increase of EO number.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is stable in alkali, weak acid and hard water.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is unstable in strong acid, easily hydrolyzes.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is the magnesium salt of Laureth sulfate, which is, the ester of laureth and sulfuric acid.


Magnesium salt of laureth sulfate, which is in turn the ester of laureth and sulfuric acid.
Magnesium laureth sulfate is a surfactant.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate cleans and degreases surfaces, creates foam.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a consistency-forming ingredient.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is an ingredient obtained from the fatty ether of lauryl alcohol derived from coconut oil, polyethylene glycol and magnesium sulfate.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate dissolves in water.
In cosmetics, Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is approved by certified natural cosmetics.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a surfactant with a cleaning effect, which is less irritating than other surfactants and works well with hard water.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is usually found as an ingredient in shampoos and washes developed for sensitive skin.
Surfactants are so-called washing-active substances and are of great importance in cosmetics for cleaning the skin and hair.
Surfactants (from the Latin "tensus" = tense) are substances that, thanks to their molecular structure, are able to reduce the surface tension of a liquid.


In this way, two liquids that are actually not miscible, such as oil and water, can be finely mixed.
Because of their properties, surfactants are used in many different ways in cosmetics:
They can clean, create foam, and also act as emulsifiers and mix substances with one another.
In shampoos, shower gels and soaps, for example, surfactants are used to wash away fat and dirt particles from the body with water.


Surfactants are also used in toothpaste.
The surfactants used in cosmetic products are mainly produced synthetically on the basis of plant-based raw materials.
Surfactants are often used in combination in order to meet all desired requirements - such as dirt removal and foam formation combined with good skin compatibility - in the best possible way.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a product with good cleaning properties and equally good skin compatibility is obtained through the skillful combination of a tenside that is unfavorable to the skin but very good dirt-dissolving properties with a very mild, skin-friendly tenside.
Magnesium laureth sulfate is a Surfactant for making mild acting agents; e.g. baby shampoos, shower gels.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is an anionic surfactant derived from the fatty ether of lauryl alcohol derived from coconut oil, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and magnesium sulfate.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is Water-soluble substance.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is Semi-synthetic substance, Vegetable substance.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a type of sulfate.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a rare cosmetic ingredient.
Magnesium laureth sulfate is the magnesium salt of laureth sulfate (2-dodecoxyethylsulfate), which is in turn the ester of laureth (2-dodecoxylethanol) and sulfuric acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used mainly in the chemical industry for the preparation of specialized shampoos for people of delicate skin.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate helps keep the body surface clean.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as Moistens body surfaces, emulsifies or solubilizes oils and suspends dirt (generally, these ingredients contribute to the soap-forming and foaming properties of cleaning products).


Functions of Magnesium Laureth Sulfate in cosmetics are Washing substance, detergent, surfactant, surfactant, Foaming agent, Surfactant.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a mild surfactant and cleansing agent.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate has Action in cosmetics.
A washing ingredient used in face, body and hair washing products, bath and hand washing liquids, shower gels, shampoos.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate creates foam, thoroughly cleans and degreases surfaces.
Generally, the main raw materials used in cosmetic and detergent products.
Cosmetics use of Magnesium Laureth Sulfate; shower gels in the production of hygiene products, and wipes used in hair care formulations.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a mild surfactant used in cosmetics for sensitive skin.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate has a cleansing and exfoliating effect.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used for Hair care and other conditions.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used for the treatment, control, prevention.


In cosmetics, Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used to stabilize emulsions.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is mostly used in shampoos, where it leaves the hair flexible, soft, smooth and shiny. It gives hair volume, lightness and is easy to comb.
At the same time, Magnesium Laureth Sulfate prevents infections in the skin.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as a mild detergent cleansing agent, often for people with sensitive skin.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as Cleansing Agents, bath liquids, soaps, shower gels, shampoos.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used mainly in the chemical industry for the preparation of shampoos.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as cleansing agent.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as emulsifying agent, dispersing agent.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as foam stabilizing agent, foaming agent.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as solubilizing agent.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as Cleansing agent, foaming agent in personal care products.
For example, main ingredient or auxiliary ingredient for cleansing agent, foaming agent in shampoo, hand sanitizer and other products.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate can provides good viscosity, foam and skin compatibility.
Main ingredient or auxiliary ingredient for cleansing agent, foaming agent in laundry detergent, hard surface detergent (for example: glass detergent) and other household products.
Particularly, Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is suitable for the preparation of high bubble and light-duty detergents.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used Magnesium Laureth SulfateMain ingredient or auxiliary ingredient for cleansing agent, foaming agent in dishwashing detergent, fruit and vegetable cleaning agent and other products.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used Main ingredient or auxiliary ingredient for cleansing agent, foaming agent in car cleaning products, metal cleaning products and other industrial cleaning products.


Particularly, suitable for the preparation of high bubble detergents, for example: car cleaning agents.
Emulsifier, particle size controlling agent in emulsion polymerization.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used as emulsifier, foaming agent, cleansing agent, solubilizing agent.
Main ingredient or auxiliary ingredient for cleansing agent, foaming agent in shampoos and other pet products.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a mild surfactant and cleansing agent.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used mainly in the chemical industry for the preparation of specialized shampoos for people of delicate skin.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used in shampoos and anti-dandruff shampoos, bath preparations / foams, shower gels, baby care preparations, shampoos, face washing gels, liquid soaps, make-up remover liquids, preparations for personal hygiene.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate are ingredients used primarily in cleansing products, including bubble baths, bath soaps and shampoos.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate functionS as surfactants and are used as cleansing agents.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate clean the skin and hair by helping water to mix with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate also exhibit emulsifying properties.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate act as a skin conditioning agent.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used mainly in the chemical industry for the preparation of specialized shampoos for people of delicate skin.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used mainly in the chemical industry for the preparation of specialized shampoos for people of delicate skin.
Magnesium laureth sulfate acts as a surfactant, which has water and oil-loving parts in a single molecule.


When oil-loving part of a molecule binds with dirt and fatty secretions of the skin, the water-loving part effectively drags the whole complex into the water, thus Magnesium Laureth Sulfate can be rinsed away easily.
This way Magnesium Laureth Sulfate also acts as a cleaning agent.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is mainly used in making shampoos, shower gels and liquid soaps.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a cleansing agent and surfactant used in a large numbers of shampoos because of its gentle formula.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate can be used by people with sensitive skin.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate also works in hard water.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is A surfactant found in shampoos


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a cleansing agent and surfactant used in a large numbers of shampoos because of Magnesium Laureth Sulfate's gentle formula.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used in bath products and shampoos because of its mildness.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate can be used by people with more sensitive skin.


Cleaning agent uses of Magnesium Laureth Sulfate: Helps keep a surface clean
Surfactant uses of Magnesium Laureth Sulfate: Reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the even distribution of the product during use
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used in many products that benefit from the benefits of Magnesium laureth sulfate in the cosmetics industry.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate often acts as a washing agent, surfactant or foaming agent in products.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate degreases surfaces very well and provides good cleaning.
Thus, this alkyl ether sulfate can be found on the labels of all kinds of liquid soaps, make-up removers, bath preparations, specialty shampoos (e.g. anti-dandruff or color-treated shampoos), child care products, and intimate hygiene products.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is a substance that is always used with amphoteric compounds in the technology of the cosmetics industry and in production, reducing risks.


Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used mainly in the chemical industry for the preparation of specialized shampoos for people of delicate skin.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate works even in hard water.
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate is used Cleansing, Surfactant, Mild cleansing agent.



ADVANTAGES of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
*More gentle to skin than SLS and SLES.
*Better solubility in oils than sodium salt.
*May be concentrated with sodium chloride.
*More stable foam than in case of sodium salt.
*Biodegradable.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
Appearance: pale yellow liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Flash Point: 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 3.954 (est)
Soluble in: water, 4.633e-008 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Physical form: Paste
Molecular Weight: 819.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 14
Rotatable Bond Count: 40
Exact Mass: 818.4370411
Monoisotopic Mass: 818.4370411
Topological Polar Surface Area: 205 Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 53
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 355
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: no data available
Colour: no data available
Odour: no data available
Melting point/ freezing point: no data available
Boiling point or initial boiling point and boiling range: no data available

Flammability: no data available
Lower and upper explosion limit / flammability limit: no data available
Flash point: no data available
Auto-ignition temperature: no data available
Decomposition temperature: no data available
pH: no data available
Kinematic viscosity: no data available
Solubility: no data available
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water (log value): no data available
Vapour pressure: no data available
Density and/or relative density: no data available
Relative vapour density: no data available
Particle characteristics: no data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
-General advice:
Consult a physician.
-If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
-In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
-In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
-If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up and arrange disposal.
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
-Control parameters:
*Occupational Exposure limit values:no data available
*Biological limit values: no data available
-Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment (PPE):
*Eye/face protection:
Safety glasses with side-shields.
*Skin protection:
Wear impervious clothing.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.



SYNONYMS:
Magnesium laureth sulfate
Zoharpon mges
Empicol egb
Empicol egc
Empicol EGC 70
62755-21-9
Magnesium laureth-3 sulfate
UKW9G007TZ
Aec magnesium laureth sulphate
Magnesium lauryl ether sulfate
Magnesium laureth sulfate
Magnesium triethylene glycol lauryl ether sulfate
101621-38-9
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-sulfo-omega-(dodecyloxy)-, magnesium salt
UNII-2OTJ9LF5UA
UNII-UKW9G007TZ
2OTJ9LF5UA
DTXSID00860106
Q6731396
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),a-sulfo-w-(dodecyloxy)-,magnesium salt(2:1)
AEC MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULPHATE
EMPICOL EGB
EMPICOL EGC
EMPICOL EGC 70
MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE
MAGNESIUM LAURETH SULFATE [INCI]
MAGNESIUM LAURETH-3 SULFATE
MAGNESIUM LAURYL ETHER SULFATE
MAGNESIUM TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL LAURYL ETHER
SULFATE
Magnesium laureth sulphate
Magnesium lauryl ether sulphate
Magnesium polyethylene glycol lauryl ether sulfate
Polyethylene glycol lauryl ether sulfate magnesium salt

MAGNESIUM OXIDE; Calcinated magnesia; Magnesia; Calcined Magnesite; Magnesium Monooxide; Akro-mag; Animag; Calcined brucite; Calcined magnesite; Granmag; Magcal; Maglite; Magnesia usta; Magnezu tlenek; Oxymag; Seawater magnesia; cas no: 1309-48-4

Magnesium octadecanoate finds widespread use in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries as a release agent and lubricant, leveraging its softness, insolubility, and low toxicity to enhance production processes.
With versatile applications spanning sectors such as cosmetics, food, polymer, rubber, and paint, magnesium octadecanoate serves as a gelling agent, stabilizer, antiadhesive, and plasticizer, offering tailored manufacturing options in terms of size and density.
As a vital additive in pharmaceuticals, magnesium octadecanoate serves as a flow agent in capsules and tablets, ensuring consistency and quality control, while also finding utility in the food industry for its emulsifying, binding, thickening, and anticaking properties.

CAS Number: 557-04-0
EC Number: 209-150-3
Molecular Formula: C36H70MgO4
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 591.257

Synonyms: 209-150-3 [EINECS], 3919702 [Beilstein], 557-04-0 [RN], 70097M6I30, Dibasic magnesium stearate, Dioctadécanoate de magnésium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Magnesium dioctadecanoate [ACD/IUPAC Name], MAGNESIUM OCTADECANOATE, Magnesium stearate [JAN] [JP15] [NF] [USP], Magnesiumdioctadecanoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], MFCD00036391 [MDL number], OCTADECANOIC ACID MAGNESIUM SALT, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt (2:1) [ACD/Index Name], stearic acid magnesium salt, Stearic acid, magnesium salt, synpro 90, Synpro Magnesium Stearate 90, WI4390000, (OCTADECANOYLOXY)MAGNESIO OCTADECANOATE, [557-04-0] [RN], 212132-26-8 [RN], EINECS 209-150-3, Magnesium [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name], magnesium distearate, Magnesium stearate (contain palmitic acid), Magnesium stearate (JP17/NF), Magnesium Stearate NF, Magnesium Stearate NF EP FCC Kosher, MAGNESIUM(2+) DIOCTADECANOATE, MAGNESIUM(2+) ION BIS(N-OCTADECANOATE), magnesium(2+) ion bis(octadecanoate), Magnesium(II) Stearate, magnesiumstearate, octadecanoate, PARTECK LUB MST, Petrac MG 20NF, SM-P, UNII:70097M6I30, UNII-70097M6I30, 硬脂酸镁 [Chinese], MAGNESIUM STEARATE, 557-04-0, Magnesium octadecanoate, Magnesium distearate, Dibasic magnesium stearate, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt, magnesium(ii) stearate, Synpro 90, Petrac MG 20NF, Stearic acid, magnesium salt, NS-M (salt), SM-P, Magnesium stearate g, Synpro Magnesium Stearate 90, HSDB 713, Magnesii stearas, Magnesium distearate, pure, EINECS 209-150-3, NP 1500, SM 1000, CHEBI:9254, AI3-01638, magnesium dioctadecanoate, UNII-70097M6I30, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt (2:1), 70097M6I30, DTXSID2027208, MAGNESIUM STEARATE (II), MAGNESIUM STEARATE [II], Magnesium stearate [JAN], C36H70MgO4, Magnesium stearate [JAN:NF], DAYCLING, Magnesium stearate, tech, SCHEMBL935, DTXCID307208, Magnesium stearate (JP17/NF), MAGNESIUM STEARATE [MI], CHEMBL2106633, MAGNESIUM STEARATE [HSDB], MAGNESIUM STEARATE [INCI], Stearic Acid Magnesium(II) Salt, MAGNESIUM STEARATE [VANDF], HY-Y1054, MAGNESIUM STEARATE [WHO-DD], AKOS015915201, DB14077, MAGNESII STEARAS [WHO-IP LATIN], CS-0016049, NS00080495, S0238, D02189, A830764, Q416713

Magnesium octadecanoate is the chemical compound with the formula Mg(C18H35O2)2.
Magnesium octadecanoate is a soap, consisting of salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+).

Magnesium octadecanoate is a white, water-insoluble powder.
Magnesium octadecanoate's applications exploit its softness, insolubility in many solvents, and low toxicity.
Magnesium octadecanoate is used as a release agent and as a component or lubricant in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Magnesium octadecanoate is the magnesium salt of stearic acid.
Magnesium octadecanoates anhydrate, dihydrate and trihydrate forms have been prepared.

The tabletting of the blends of Magnesium octadecanoate and lactose granules has been described.
The influence of mixing time on hardness, disintegration time and ejection force on the compressed tablets was examined.

Magnesium octadecanoate is widely used lubricant in pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesium octadecanoate also plays a role in delaying the process of dissolution.
Magnesium octadecanoates detection in tablets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been proposed.

Magnesium octadecanoate, the salt of stearic acid, is widely employed as an inactive component in making pharmaceutical tablets.

Magnesium octadecanoate is towards plastic applications.
Magnesium octadecanoate is used as gelling agent, stabilizer, antiadhesive and plasticizer as a lot of different functions in primary sectors ;cosmetics, pharmacy, food, polymer, rubber and paint.
Magnesium octadecanoate can be manufactured with demanded particular size and density, according to production process and industry.

Magnesium octadecanoate is involved in the production of medical tablets, capsules, powders and polymer formulation.
Magnesium octadecanoate is also used as a lubricant for tablets, anti-adherent, in dry coating and as a binding agent.
Magnesium octadecanoate is an important ingredient in baby formulas.

Further, Magnesium octadecanoate is used in the hydrogenation process.
In addition to this, Magnesium octadecanoate is used to bind the sugar in hard candies like mints.

Magnesium octadecanoate is a white, water-insoluble fine powder.
Magnesium octadecanoate is a simple salt made up of two substances, a saturated fat called stearic acid and the mineral magnesium.

Magnesium octadecanoate is the most common additive that is primarily used in capsules and tablets as it is considered a ‘flow agent’ so Magnesium octadecanoate prevents the individual ingredients in a capsule from sticking together.

Magnesium octadecanoate helps improves the consistency and quality control of capsules.
Magnesium octadecanoate is used in the food industry as an emulsifier, binder and thickener, as well as an anticaking, lubricant, and antifoaming agent.

Magnesium octadecanoate is the magnesium salt of stearic acid.
Magnesium octadecanoates anhydrate, dihydrate and trihydrate forms have been prepared.

The tabletting of the blends of Magnesium octadecanoate and lactose granules has been described.
The influence of mixing time on hardness, disintegration time and ejection force on the compressed tablets was examined.

Magnesium octadecanoate is widely used lubricant in pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesium octadecanoate also plays a role in delaying the process of dissolution.
Magnesium octadecanoates detection in tablets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been proposed.

Magnesium octadecanoate is a fine white powder that adds bulk to cosmetic and personal care products, while also providing them with a rich slippery feeling and adhesion.
Magnesium octadecanoate makes products feel good to the touch and enhances the spreadability.
Magnesium octadecanoate can also act as a lubricant and an anti-caking agent.

Magnesium octadecanoate is generally found in products like creams, lotions, and powders where Magnesium octadecanoate improves the overall performance and shelf life of the formulation.
Magnesium octadecanoate is soluble in hot water and has the formula Mg(C18H35O2)2.

Magnesium octadecanoate, a synthetic soap that consists of a mixture of magnesium salts of fatty acids, principally palmitic and stearic acid.
Magnesium octadecanoate is one of the most commonly used excipients and corresponds to the chemical formula, C36H70MgO4.

Magnesium octadecanoate is described in pharmacopoeia as a mixture of organic acids, chiefly Magnesium octadecanoate, and magnesium palmitate.
Magnesium octadecanoate is supplied as a very fine, light, white impalpable powder.
When touched, Magnesium octadecanoate feels greasy and readily adheres to the skin.

Magnesium octadecanoate is a solid, white powder at room temperature.
Magnesium octadecanoate is a FDA-approved inactive ingredient commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as a lubricant and release agent in the manufacture of tablet, capsule, and powder dosage forms.

Magnesium octadecanoate is generally recognized as safe by the FDA.
Magnesium octadecanoate exists as a salt form and is useful for it's lubricating properties for capsules and tablets in industry.

Magnesium octadecanoate is used to help prevent pharmaceutical ingredients from adhering to industry equipment.
Magnesium octadecanoate may be derived from both plant and animal sources.

Magnesium octadecanoate is a common additive used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesium octadecanoate is a white, odorless, and tasteless powder that is highly insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.
The chemical formula for Magnesium octadecanoate is Mg(C18H35O2)2.

Have you ever wondered what that coating on your medications and vitamins is? It’s an additive made from Magnesium octadecanoate.

Magnesium octadecanoate is a fine white powder that sticks to your skin and is greasy to the touch.
Magnesium octadecanoate’s a simple salt made up of two substances, a saturated fat called stearic acid and the mineral magnesium.

Stearic acid can also be found in many foods, such as:
chicken
eggs
cheese
chocolate
walnuts
salmon
cotton seed oil
palm oil
coconut oil

Magnesium octadecanoate is commonly added to many foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
In medications and vitamins, Magnesium octadecanoate's primary purpose is to act as a lubricant.

Uses of Magnesium octadecanoate:
Magnesium octadecanoate is often used as an anti-adherent in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders.
In this regard, the substance is also useful because Magnesium octadecanoate has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; Magnesium octadecanoate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets.
However, Magnesium octadecanoate might cause lower wettability and slower disintegration of the tablets and slower and even lower dissolution of the drug.

Magnesium octadecanoate can also be used efficiently in dry coating processes.

In the production of pressed candies, Magnesium octadecanoate serves as a release agent.
Magnesium octadecanoate is also used to bind sugar in hard candies such as mints.

Magnesium octadecanoate is a common ingredient in baby formulas.
In the EU and EFTA Magnesium octadecanoate is listed as food additive E470b.

Uses of Magnesium octadecanoate as excipient in pharmaceuticals:
Magnesium octadecanoate is a widely used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, serving a variety of purposes in drug formulation and manufacturing.

Here are some of the major uses of Magnesium octadecanoate in pharmaceutical products:

Lubricant:
One of the most common uses of Magnesium octadecanoate in pharmaceutical products is as a lubricant.
Magnesium octadecanoate is added to drug formulations to reduce friction between particles and facilitate their movement through manufacturing equipment, such as tablet presses and capsule filling machines.

This helps to ensure consistent and efficient production of drug products.
Magnesium octadecanoate is used as a lubricant for tablets and capsules in a range of 0.2 to 5%.

Anti-adherent:
Magnesium octadecanoate can also serve as an anti-adherent in pharmaceutical products.
Magnesium octadecanoate is added to prevent drug particles from sticking to the surfaces of manufacturing equipment, which can cause blockages or uneven dosing.

Flow agent:
In addition to lubrication, Magnesium octadecanoate can also improve the flow properties of drug powders.
Magnesium octadecanoate is added to reduce the cohesive forces between particles and improve their flowability, making Magnesium octadecanoate easier to handle and process them during manufacturing.

Magnesium octadecanoate has various uses in both cosmetics and skincare products.
Primarily, Magnesium octadecanoate enhances the texture and performance of formulations within the cosmetic industry.

Cosmetic products:
Magnesium octadecanoate is a good anti-caking agent that works wonders with cosmetic products.
Magnesium octadecanoate promotes a slippery texture that enhances the blend and spreadability of products like blushes, eyeshadows, and foundations.
Magnesium octadecanoate also aids with adherence to allow for long-lasting wear.

Skin care:
Magnesium octadecanoate is often utilized as a thickening agent and emulsifier.
Magnesium octadecanoate helps to stabilize and bind the ingredients in creams, lotions, and moisturizers, ensuring a consistent and smooth texture.
Magnesium octadecanoate also aids in the absorption of oils and active ingredients, facilitating their delivery into the skin for improved efficacy.

Applications of Magnesium octadecanoate:
Magnesium octadecanoate may be used as excipient in the formulations of diclofenac sodium tablets.
Magnesium octadecanoate may be used for the preparation of tramadol HCl matrix tablets.

Manufacturing of Magnesium octadecanoate:
Magnesium octadecanoate can be derived from various sources such as animal, vegetable, and synthetic materials.
Animal-derived Magnesium octadecanoate is usually sourced from beef or pork tallow, while vegetable-derived Magnesium octadecanoate is obtained from hydrogenated cottonseed or palm oil.
Synthetic Magnesium octadecanoate is produced by combining magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide with stearic acid.

Magnesium octadecanoate is produced by the reaction of sodium stearate with magnesium salts or by treating magnesium oxide with stearic acid.

Occurrence of Magnesium octadecanoate:
Magnesium octadecanoate is a major component of bathtub rings.
When produced by soap and hard water, Magnesium octadecanoate and calcium stearate both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as soap scum.

Origin of Magnesium octadecanoate:
Magnesium octadecanoate is generally produced by the reaction between magnesium salts and stearic acid.
Stearic acid is neutralized with magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, resulting in the formation of Magnesium octadecanoate.
Magnesium octadecanoate is then purified, dried, and milled into a fine powder for use in cosmetics and other applications.

Handling and storage of Magnesium octadecanoate:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids

Stability and reactivity of Magnesium octadecanoate:

Reactivity:
No data available

Chemical stability:
Magnesium octadecanoate is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents

Safety of Magnesium octadecanoate:
Magnesium octadecanoate is generally considered safe for human consumption at levels below 2500 mg per kg of body weight per day and is classified in the United States as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
In 1979, the FDA's Subcommittee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) reported, "There is no evidence in the available information on Magnesium octadecanoate that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current and in the manner now practiced, or which might reasonably be expected in the future."

Magnesium octadecanoate is generally safe for use and has no reported side effects.
Magnesium octadecanoate also does not clog pores or cause breakouts.

Patch testing of Magnesium octadecanoate with Magnesium octadecanoate can be done for sensitive skin, but is not typically required.
Depending on the source and manufacturing of this compound, Magnesium octadecanoate can be vegan and halal.

First aid measures of Magnesium octadecanoate:

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Firefighting measures of Magnesium octadecanoate:

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Carbon oxides
Magnesium oxide

Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Further information:
none

Accidental release measures of Magnesium octadecanoate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Identifiers of Magnesium octadecanoate:
CAS Number: 557-04-0
ChEBI: CHEBI:9254
ChemSpider: 10704
ECHA InfoCard: 100.008.320
E number: E572 (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID: 11177
UNII: 70097M6I30
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2027208
InChI: InChI=1S/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-NUQVWONBAM
SMILES: [Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.[O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

CAS: 557-04-0
Molecular Formula: C36H70MgO4
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 591.257
MDL Number: MFCD00036391
InChI Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
PubChem CID: 11177
ChEBI: CHEBI:9254
IUPAC Name: magnesium;octadecanoate
SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].[Mg+2]

Synonym(s): Stearic acid magnesium salt
Linear Formula: [CH3(CH2)16CO2]2Mg
CAS Number: 557-04-0
Molecular Weight: 591.24
Beilstein: 3919702
EC Number: 209-150-3
MDL number: MFCD00036391
PubChem Substance ID: 24865972
NACRES: NA.22

Compound Formula: [CH3(CH2)16CO2]2Mg
Molecular Weight: 591.24
Appearance: White Powder
Melting Point: 200°C
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: N/A
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 590.512452 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 590.512452 g/mol

Linear Formula: [CH3(CH2)16CO2]2Mg
MDL Number: MFCD00036391
EC No.: 209-150-3
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: 3919702
Pubchem CID: 11177
IUPAC Name: magnesium; octadecanoate
SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].[Mg+2]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
InchI Key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Properties of Magnesium octadecanoate:
Chemical formula: Mg(C18H35O2)2
Molar mass: 591.27 g/mol
Appearance: light white powder
Odor: slight
Density: 1.026 g/cm3
Melting point: 88.5 °C (191.3 °F; 361.6 K)
Solubility in water: 0.003 g/100 mL (15 °C)
0.004 g/100 mL (25 °C)
0.008 g/100 mL (50 °C)
Solubility: negligible in ether and alcohol slightly soluble in benzene

grade: technical grade
Quality Level: 100
form: powder

composition:
palmitate salt, 25%
stearate salt, 65%

mp: 200 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Mg]OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
InChI: 1S/2C18H36O2.Mg/c2*1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h2*2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;;+2/p-2
InChI key: HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Specifications of Magnesium octadecanoate:
Melting Point: 148°C to 152°C
Quantity: 250 g
Solubility Information: Slightly soluble in benzene. Insoluble in water,alcohol and ether.
Formula Weight: 591.27
Chemical Name or Material: Magnesium octadecanoate

Names of Magnesium octadecanoate:

IUPAC name:
Magnesium octadecanoate

Magnesium oxide is a typical alkaline earth metal oxide, chemical formula MgO.
Magnesium oxide can be dissolved in carbon dioxide aqueous solution to produce magnesium bicarbonate.
Magnesium Oxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable Magnesium source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications.

CAS Number: 1309-48-4
Molecular Formula: MgO
Molecular Weight: 40.3
EINECS Number: 215-171-9

Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Magnesia), to differentiate it from magnesia negra, a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.
Magnesium oxide is a white or off-white solid.
White powder, melting point 2852 ℃, boiling point 3600 ℃, the relative density of 3.58 (25 ℃).

Magnesium oxide is soluble in acid and ammonium salt solution.
Magnesium oxides slow action with water can produce magnesium hydroxide.
In the air, Magnesium oxide can gradually absorb moisture and carbon dioxide.

Magnesium oxide, magnesite (MgCO3), dolomite (MgCO3.CaCO3) and seawater are the main raw materials for the production of magnesium oxide.
Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium.

Magnesium oxide has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by ionic bonding.
Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2), but it can be reversed by heating it to remove moisture.

The chemical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO, indicating that it consists of one magnesium atom bonded to one oxygen atom.
Magnesium oxide is a hygroscopic white powder that forms magnesium hydroxide in the presence of water, it was historically known as magnesia alba (white mineral from Magnesia).

Magnesium oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity.
Magnesium oxide are electronically conductive finding application in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generation systems.
They are Magnesium oxide containing at least one oxygen anion and one metallic cation.

Magnesium oxide are typically insoluble in aqueous solutions (water) and extremely stable making them useful in ceramic structures as simple as producing clay bowls to advanced electronics and in light weight structural components in aerospace and electrochemical applications such as fuel cells in which they exhibit ionic conductivity.
Magnesium oxides are basic anhydrides and can therefore react with acids and with strong reducing agents in redox reactions.

Magnesium Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder.
Magnesium Oxide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral, often found as a powder, which occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium .

Magnesium oxide has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2? ions held together by ionic bonding.
Magnesium oxide is only very slightly soluble in water but in aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide.
The majority of magnesium oxide produced today is obtained from the calcination of naturally occurring minerals, magnesite, MgCO3, being the most common.

Magnesium oxide are seawater, underground deposits of brine and deep salt beds from which magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] is processed.
In medicine, magnesium oxide can be used as an antacid to relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion, as a laxative for short-term, rapid emptying of the bowel (before surgery, for example) and as a mineral supplement used to prevent and treat low amounts of magnesium in the blood.

Magnesium oxide also has many nonmedicinal uses.
Magnesium oxide is used in a wide range of industrial applications e.g. plastics, rubber, adhesives and acid neutralization.
Magnesium oxide with lower chemical activity can be used for fertilizers and animal feed.

Magnesium oxide and finally fused magnesia can be used for a variety of refractory and electrical applications e.g. furnace lining, crucibles and fireproofing boarding
Magnesium oxide is white in color and in the form of crystals.
The chemical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO.

The biggest feature of magnesium oxide is that it is fire resistant.
This material, which is highly resistant to high temperatures, is used in very large areas pure and natural magnesium oxide is obtained from the lake.

Magnesium oxide, which is used as a raw material, has also been used to increase production.
The most important feature of this white, crystalline Magnesium oxide is that it is highly resistant to high temperatures.
Due to this feature, magnesium oxide is frequently used in every field.

Magnesium oxide, which is both pure and natural, is obtained from lake water.
Magnesium oxide, which burns quite violently, produces oxide dust.
After applying this process, Magnesium oxide generates heat with high light.

Magnesium oxide is obtained by roasting magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate.
It is produced as a result of calcination from magnesite by sintering method of magnesium oxide.

Melting point: 2852 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 3600 °C
Density: 3.58
refractive index: 1.736
Flash point: 3600°C
storage temp.: no restrictions.
solubility: 5 M HCl: 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
form: nanopowder
color: White
Specific Gravity: 3.58
Odor: wh. powd. or cryst., odorless
PH: 10.3 (H2O, 20℃)(saturated solution)
Water Solubility: 6.2 mg/L (20 ºC), reacts
Sensitive: Air Sensitive
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: ≤0.040
λ: 280 nm Amax: ≤0.025
Merck: 14,5677
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3
OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 750 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bromine trifluoride, bromine trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride.

Magnesium oxide normally refers to MgO, while the magnesium peroxide MgO2 compound is also known.
According to the evolutionary crystal structure prediction MgO2 is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 116 GPa (gigapascals), and Mg3O2, a semiconductor suboxide, is thermodynamically stable above 500 GPa.
Because of its stability, MgO is used as a model system to investigate the vibrational properties of crystals.

Magnesium oxide is produced by the calcination of magnesium carbonate.
Magnesium hydroxide is obtained by treating magnesium chloride solutions, typically seawater, with lime.
Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+

Calcination at different temperatures produces magnesium oxide with different reactivity.
High temperatures (1500 – 2000 °C) reduce the available surface area and produce full-burned (often called fully-burned) magnesia, a non-reactive form used as a refractory.
Calcination temperatures (1000 – 1500°C) produce hard burnt Magnesium oxide with limited reactivity and lower temperature (700 – 1000°C) calcination produces light burnt magnesia, a reactive form also known as caustic calcined magnesia.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a chemical compound composed of magnesium and oxygen.
It is an inorganic compound that occurs naturally as the mineral periclase and is commonly found in nature as a component of magnesite ore.
Magnesium oxide is also produced synthetically for a variety of industrial and commercial applications.

Magnesium oxide is a white or off-white solid with a crystalline structure.
It has a high melting point and is known for its refractory properties, making it resistant to high temperatures and heat.
This property makes Magnesium oxide valuable for applications where extreme heat resistance is required, such as refractory bricks used in furnaces.

Magnesium oxide is a compound commonly used as a laxative for the symptomatic relief of acid indigestion and stomach upset, and in health supplements for cardiovascular and neuromuscular health.
It is aimed to increase the efficiency in MgO production by using natural and very pure magnesium chloride raw material obtained from the lake.
Magnesium oxide from residual brine and dolomite is a white chemical compound.

Electrical grade Magnesium oxide has excellent thermal insulation and heat transfer properties and is produced by electro-fusion.
Magnesium oxide belongs to a group of medicines called mineral supplements that are used to treat acute hypomagnesemia, a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of magnesium in the blood.

Magnesium oxide also treats stomach upset, heartburn and acid indigestion.
Magnesium oxide is a type of magnesium supplement used to prevent deficiency and relieve health problems such as constipation, migraines, anxiety, and muscle cramps.

Production
Thermal decomposition of magnesite or dolomite produces magnesium oxide.
The magnesium hydroxide precipitate is obtained by first treating seawater with hydrated lime; Magnesium oxide is obtained by burning magnesium hydroxide.
Alternatively, we can take magnesium chloride pellets as raw material during extensive use of seawater, or brine after bromination; Add sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to form magnesium hydroxide or basic magnesium carbonate precipitation, and then burn to obtain magnesium oxide.

Magnesium oxide accounts for the largest amount of magnesium compounds, accounting for about 3/4 of the total magnesium industry.
Magnesium oxide made at temperatures below 900 ° C is light magnesia with low density, having large specific surface area and strong absorbability.
Can be used as a catalyst, rubber filler and improve the performance of rubber accelerator.

Mixing with Magnesium oxide solution can make magnesia cement.
Magnesium oxide can also be used as flame retardant for building materials.
Magnesium oxide can be medically used as antacids and laxatives for the treatment of hyperacidity and stomach and duodenal ulcer disease, often combined with calcium carbonate easy to cause constipation.

The light magnesium oxide obtained at 950 ~ 1050 ℃has high density with particle distribution having a certain range and being easier to hydrate.
Use it to react with the silica on the silicon steel surface at high temperature to produce Magnesium oxide film-like product; it can be used as a silicon steel separator to prevent the sintering of silicon steel upon high-temperature sintering.
The heavy magnesium oxide prepared at high temperature of 1500-1800 ℃ has high density, small specific surface area, be difficult to be decomposed by heat, has low chemical activity, not easily to react with acid and low hydration rate.

Magnesium oxide can be used as high temperature refractory materials and the binder during manufacturing refractory crucible and the furnace lining.
Magnesium oxide is easily formed by burning magnesium metal ribbon.
Magnesium oxide and emits a bright white light, rich in ultraviolet and hard to extinguish.

Magnesium oxide is to be prepared by this method.
Magnesia is a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as “Periclase” and is used as a source of magnesium metal.
Magnesium oxide is hygroscopic in nature and care must be taken to protect it from moisture.

Magnesium oxide reacts with water and forms the hydroxide:
MgO＋H2O→Mg(OH)2
However, this reaction can be reversed by heating Magnesium oxide to remove moisture.

Uses of magnesium oxide
Light magnesium oxide is used in ceramics, enamel, refractory crucible, refractory bricks, etc., also used as polishing agent, binder, paint and paper filler, neoprene accelerator, activator.
In medicine, Magnesium oxide can be used as antacids, laxatives, for the treatment of hyperacidity and duodenal ulcer disease, but also for glass, phenolic, plastics and other industries.
Dead-roasted magnesium oxide, namely magnesite, has granular type and brick type, being widely used as the refractory materials of steel furnace, cement kiln and glass furnace.

Alkaline granular refractory, mainly used for metal refining industry, with massive refractory for the furnace, or granular material for maintenance; Use spray, coating method to have Magnesium oxide attached to the furnace wall in order to enhance the furnace fire resistance.
Magnesium oxide produce a positive charge inside the water with most of the suspended material being negatively charged, acting absorption role, can improve the filtration effect.

In the salinization industry of sea salt, Magnesium oxide is mainly used of bitter brine, heavy brine and high temperature salt as raw materials to produce light magnesium carbonate or light magnesium oxide.
Magnesium oxide industrialized production methods include soda ash method, lime and carbon ammonia.

Magnesium oxide is an efficient moisture absorbent used by many libraries for preserving books.
Magnesium oxide is also one of the raw materials for making cement in dry process plants; specifically, Portland cement.
If too much of Magnesium oxide is added, the cement may become expansive.

Magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and sore stomach, as an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term laxative.
Magnesium oxide is also used to improve symptoms of indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may include nausea and cramping.
Magnesium oxide is prized as a refractory material, i.e. a solid that is physically and chemically stable at high temperatures.

Magnesium oxide has two useful attributes: high thermal conductivity and low electrical conductivity.
Magnesium oxide is widely used in the outer body of all photographic devices today to strengthen the body.
Magnesium oxide is among those known to be a substance that is used in very effective areas in the industry.

Magnesium oxide is again combined with magnesium chloride and used extensively as a reinforcing feature in the important fiber and glass industry.
Magnesium oxide is used quite often in the production of decoration products.
Magnesium oxide is used in grignard reactions in chemistry.

Magnesium oxide is a substance that is frequently used as a laxative in the field of medicine for the treatment of sick people and for bowel cleansing.
Magnesium oxide, which is highly resistant to fire, is used in the construction of furnaces and fire bricks.
It is a principal fireproofing ingredient in construction materials.

As a construction material, magnesium oxide wallboards have several attractive characteristics: fire resistance, termite resistance, moisture resistance, mold and mildew resistance, and strength.
Most gas mantles utilize magnesium oxide.
Later versions use ~60% magnesium oxide, with other components such as lanthanum oxide or yttrium oxide making up the rest.

Magnesium oxide is one of the components in Portland cement in dry process plants.
Magnesium oxide is used extensively in the soil and groundwater remediation, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, air emissions treatment, and waste treatment industries for its acid buffering capacity and related effectiveness in stabilizing dissolved heavy metal species.

Magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and indigestion, as an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term laxative.
Magnesium oxide is used as an antacid to relieve symptoms of heartburn and indigestion.
It can also be used as a laxative when taken orally.

Magnesium is an essential mineral for the human body, and magnesium oxide is used as a dietary supplement to provide this mineral.
Magnesium oxide can be used in agriculture as a source of magnesium for plants. Magnesium is an important nutrient for plant growth.
Magnesium oxide is used in water treatment processes to adjust the pH of water and remove impurities.

Magnesium oxide is used in the production of construction materials, such as cement and concrete, to improve their properties.
Magnesium oxide's sometimes added to animal feed to provide essential magnesium to livestock.
Due to its high heat resistance, it's used in some insulating materials.

Magnesium oxide is used in the production of ceramics and as a flux in the ceramics industry.
Magnesium oxide can be used in environmental applications, such as treating acidic soil and reducing sulfur emissions from industrial processes.
This drug is a mineral supplement that is used to avoid low levels of magnesium in the blood and to treat Magnesium oxide.

Magnesium oxide, many brands are also used to treat signs of excessive stomach acid, such as the upset stomach, heartburn, and indigestion of acid.
For the normal functioning of cells, nerves, muscles, bones, and the heart, Magnesium oxide is very important.
Typically, a well-balanced diet offers regular amounts of Magnesium oxide in the blood.

Industrial uses of magnesium oxide
Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a synthetic mineralproduced in electric arc furnaces or by sinteringof amorphous powder (periclase).
Refractoryapplications consume a large quantity of Magnesium oxide.
Both brick and shapes are fabricated at leastpartially of sintered grain for use primarily inthe metal-processing industries.

Heating unitinsulation is another major application for periclase.
Principal advantages of periclase are itsthermal conductivity and electrical resistivity atelevated temperatures.
Specialty crucibles and shapes also are fabricatedfrom Magnesium oxide.

Magnesium oxide is used in pyrometallurgy and other purification processes for special metals.
As many of these end up in nuclear applications, a high purity product is required.

Magnesium oxide is also an important glaze ingredient.
Single crystals of Magnesium oxide have attracted attention for their use in ductile ceramics.

Safety Profile
Magnesium oxide inhalation of the fumes can produce a febrile reaction and leucocytosis in humans.
Magnesium oxide, violent reaction or ignition in contact with interhalogens (e.g., bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride), Incandescent reaction with phosphorus pentachloride.

Magnesium oxide is widely used in oral formulations as an excipient and as a therapeutic agent.
Therapeutically, 250–500mg is administered orally as an antacid and 2–5g as an osmotic laxative.
Magnesium oxide is generally regarded as a nontoxic material when employed as an excipient, although adverse effects, due to its laxative action, may occur if high doses are ingested orally.

Synonyms
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
oxomagnesium
Magnesia
Granmag
Seawater magnesia
Periclase
Animag
Causmag
Magcal
Maglite
Marmag
Oxymag
Seasorb
Magox
Heavy magnesia
Light magnesia
BayMag
Heavy magnesium oxide
Calcined brucite
Maglite de
Magnesa preprata
Akro-mag
Liquimag A
Liquimag B
Calcined magnesia
Maglite D
Maglite K
Maglite S
Maglite Y
Magnesia monoxide
Anscor P
Magnesia USTA
Uro-Mag
Hamag LP
Magox OP
FloMag HP
Kyowamag 20
Kyowamag 30
Kyowamag 40
Kyowamag 60
Fert-O-Mag
Elastomag 100
Elastomag 170
FloMag HP-ER
Kyowamag 100
Kyowamag 150
Kyowamag 150B
Kyowaway 150
Magnesium oxide fume
Kyowaad 100
Luvatol MK 35
Magchem 100
Magox 85
Magox 90
Magox 95
Magox 98
Mag Chem 10
Mag Chem 35
Magmilax bolus
Magnezu tlenek
Heavy calcined magnesia
Mag Chem 200AD
Mag Chem 200D
KM 3 (oxide)
KMACH-F
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Caustic magnesite
FMR-PC
HP 10 (oxide)
100A (oxide)
Mag Chem 10-40
AM 2 (cement additive)
Mag Chem 10-200
Mag Chem 10-325
Magnesium oxide, heavy
CCRIS 3659
Magnesii oxidum
Magnezu tlenek [Polish]
HSDB 1652
Magnesia oxydata
SLO 369
SLO 469
KM 40
Periclase (MgO)
EINECS 215-171-9
UNII-3A3U0GI71G
KMB 100-200
Light magnesium oxide
Magnesium oxide heavy
1317-74-4
Magnesium (as oxide)
Magnesium oxide, fume
Magnesium oxide, light
Magnesium oxide [JAN]
MFCD00011109
Magnesium oxide [USP:JAN]
Magnesium oxide, -325 mesh
3A3U0GI71G
INS NO.530
Magnesia grooves
INS-530
Mg-O
E-530
Magnesium oxide, p.a., 95.0%
Magnesium oxide substrate, 10x10x0.5mm, polished one side, 100 orientation
Magnesium oxide substrate, 10x10x0.5mm, polished one side, 110 orientation
Oxide, Magnesium
Magnesiumoksid
Magmitt
Magnesia fume
Maox
Calcined magnesite
Oxyde de magnsium
Mag-Ox
Magmitt (TN)
Magnesioum oxime fume
Magnesium oxide, CP
Magnesium oxide, 97%
Magnesium Oxide nanowire
Magnesium Oxide DC USP
Magnesium Oxide Dispersion
Magnesium Oxide Nanopowder
Magnesium oxide ACS Reagent
Magnesium Oxide DC Granular
Nano Magnesium Oxide Powder
Magnesium Oxide Light, USP
Magnesium oxide (JP17/USP)
Magnesium oxide, light, 95%
Active Magnesium Oxide RA 40
CHEMBL1200572
DTXCID6029624
Magnesium oxide (CI 77711)
Active Magnesium Oxide RA 110
Active Magnesium Oxide RA 150
CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Magnesium oxide (fume), Inhalable
Magnesium Oxide-Technical Grade KP
Light Active Magnesium Oxide RA 70
Magnesium Oxide Powder, 99% Nano
Magnesium oxide, ACS reagent, 97%
NSC761263
Magnesium Oxide Powder,>= 99% Nano
LS-2401
NSC-761263
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 009235
Magnesium oxide fume - Total Particulate
Pharmaceutical Grade Magnesium Oxide HA4
CI 77711
E530
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Sputtering Targets
Magnesium Oxide Single Crystal Substrates
Magnesium oxide, -10-+50 mesh, 98%
Magnesium oxide, Vetec(TM) reagent grade
Magnesium oxide (as Mg) - respirable dust
Magnesium oxide, 99.995% (metals basis)
FT-0628095
Magnesium Oxide Special Industrial Grade SIG
Magnesium oxide, 99.99% trace metals basis
Active Pharmaceutical Magnesium Oxide PHRA50
Magnesium Oxide Reactive Technical Grade KPLL
Magnesium oxide, SAJ first grade, >=96.0%
Magnesium oxide, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
D01167
Magnesium oxide (as Mg) - inhalable dust fume
Magnesium oxide, >=99.99% trace metals basis
Magnesium oxide, 2 part ceramic adhesive paste
Magnesium oxide, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
Pharmaceutical Magnesium Oxide Grade HA and HA5
Magnesium oxide, fused, 150-325 mesh, >=95%
Magnesium oxide, Respirable dust and fume, as Mg
Q214769
Magnesium oxide, tested according to Ph.Eur., heavy
Magnesium oxide, >=99% trace metals basis, -325 mesh
Magnesium oxide, nanopowder, Magnesium oxide, BioUltra, >=97.0% (calcined substance, KT)
Magnesia sticks, for pearl-tests, package of 100 magnesia sticks
Magnesia sticks, for pearl-tests, package of 25 magnesia sticks
Magnesium oxide, fused, chips, -4 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
Magnesium oxide substrate, 10x10x0.5mm, polished one side, 111 orientation
Magnesium oxide substrate, 10x10x1mm, polished one side, 100 orientation
Magnesium oxide substrate, 10x10x1mm, polished one side, 110 orientation
Magnesium oxide, puriss. p.a., >=98.0% (based on calcined substance, KT)
Magnesium oxide, purum, >=97.0% (based on calcined substance, KT), light
Magnesium oxide Crucible, Cylindrical, Flat Base, HtxOD (mm), 90x45, Vol (ml), 100
Magnesium Oxide Crucible, Cylindrical, Flat Base,OD (mm), 25,Height (mm), 25
Magnesium Oxide Crucible, Cylindrical, Flat Base,OD (mm), 32,Height (mm), 32
Magnesium Oxide Crucible, Cylindrical, Flat Base,OD (mm), 44,Height (mm), 44
Magnesium Oxide Rectangular Tray,Length (mm), 100,Width (mm), 25,Height (mm), 12.7
Magnesium oxide, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=97% (calcined substance, KT)
Magnesium oxide, (single crystal substrate), <111>, >=99.9% trace metals basis, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm
Magnesium oxide, (single crystal substrate), >=99.9% trace metals basis, <100>, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm

Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide).
Magnesium oxide has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by ionic bonding.
Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2), but Magnesium oxide can be reversed by heating it to remove moisture.

CAS: 1309-48-4
MF: MgO
MW: 40.3
EINECS: 215-171-9

Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Magnesia), to differentiate it from magnesia negra, a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.
While "magnesium oxide" normally refers to MgO, the compound magnesium peroxide MgO2 is also known.
According to evolutionary crystal structure prediction, Magnesium oxide is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 116 GPa (gigapascals), and a semiconducting suboxide Mg3O2 is thermodynamically stable above 500 GPa.
Because of its stability, Magnesium oxide is used as a model system for investigating vibrational properties of crystals.

Magnesium is an element your body needs to function normally.
Magnesium oxide may be used for different reasons.
Some people use Magnesium oxide as an antacid to relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion.
Magnesium oxide also may be used as a laxative for short-term, rapid emptying of the bowel (before surgery, for example).
Magnesium oxide should not be used repeatedly.
Magnesium oxide also is used as a dietary supplement when the amount of magnesium in the diet is not enough.
Magnesium oxide is available without a prescription.

Magnesium oxide supplements' main uses include treating low magnesium levels in the body.
The body needs magnesium for normal functioning of nerves, muscles, and cells.
Lack of magnesium after a liver transplant can lead to irritability, muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, or seizures.
Magnesium-providing medications also can be used to treat heartburn, acid indigestion, or sour stomach.

The best dietary sources of magnesium include green leafy vegetables, avocados, bananas, nuts, peas, beans, wheat germ, and grains.
A high-fat diet causes the body to absorb smaller amounts of magnesium than normal to be absorbed.
Cooking decreases the magnesium content of foods.
Magnesium supplements are taken orally.
Magnesium oxide is available in 140-mg capsules as well as 400- and 425-mg tablets.
Magnesium gluconate (Magonate) is available in 500-mg tablets.

Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral, often found as a powder, which occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium.
Magnesium oxide has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2 ions held together by ionic bonding.
Magnesium oxide is only very slightly soluble in water but in aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide.
The majority of magnesium oxide produced today is obtained from the calcination of naturally occurring minerals, magnesite, MgCO3, being the most common.
Other important sources of magnesium oxide are seawater, underground deposits of brine and deep salt beds from which magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] is processed.
In medicine, magnesium oxide can be used as an antacid to relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion, as a laxative for short-term, rapid emptying of the bowel (before surgery, for example) and as a mineral supplement used to prevent and treat low amounts of magnesium in the blood.
Besides, magnesium oxide also has many nonmedicinal uses.
Caustic calcined magnesia is used in a wide range of industrial applications e.g. plastics, rubber, adhesives and acid neutralization.
Magnesium oxide with lower chemical activity can be used for fertilizers and animal feed.
Dead-burned magnesia and finally fused magnesia can be used for a variety of refractory and electrical applications e.g. furnace lining, crucibles and fireproofing boarding.

Magnesium oxide Chemical Properties
Melting point: 2852 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 3600 °C
Density: 3.58
Refractive index: 1.736
Fp: 3600°C
Storage temp.: no restrictions.
Solubility: 5 M HCl: 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: nanopowder
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 3.58
Odor: wh. powd. or cryst., odorless
PH: 10.3 (H2O, 20℃)(saturated solution)
Water Solubility: 6.2 mg/L (20 ºC), reacts
Sensitive: Air Sensitive
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: ≤0.040
λ: 280 nm Amax: ≤0.025
Merck: 14,5677
Exposure limits: ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3
OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 750 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bromine trifluoride, bromine trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride.
InChIKey: CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1309-48-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Magnesium monoxide(1309-48-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Magnesium oxide (1309-48-4)

Magnesium oxide is a typical alkaline earth metal oxide, chemical formula MgO.
White powder, melting point 2852 ℃, boiling point 3600 ℃, the relative density of 3.58 (25℃).
Magnesium oxide is soluble in acid and ammonium salt solution.
Magnesium oxide's slow action with water can produce magnesium hydroxide.
Magnesium oxide can be dissolved in carbon dioxide aqueous solution to produce magnesium bicarbonate.
In the air, Magnesium oxide can gradually absorb moisture and carbon dioxide.
Heating releases irritating fumes.
Magnesite (MgCO3), dolomite (MgCO3 • CaCO3) and seawater are the main raw materials for the production of magnesium oxide.

Two forms of magnesium oxide exist: a bulky form termed light magnesium oxide and a dense form termed heavy magnesium oxide.
The USP 32 and JP XV define both forms in a single monograph, while the BP 2009 and PhEur 6.4 have separate monographs for each form.
For the heavy variety, 15 g has an apparent volume before settling of not more than 60 mL; for the light variety, 15 g has an apparent volume before settling of not more than 100mL as defined by the BP 2009 and PhEur 6.4.
Both forms of magnesium oxide occur as fine, white, odorless powders.
Magnesium oxide possesses a cubic crystal structure, though the BP 2009 and PhEur 6.4 describe the appearance of light magnesium oxide as an amorphous powder.
A very bulky, white powder known as light magnesium oxide or a relatively dense, white powder known as heavy magnesium oxide.
Five g of light magnesium oxide occupies a volume of approximately 40 to 50 mL, while 5 g of heavy magnesium oxide occupies a volume of approximately 10 to 20 mL.
Magnesium oxide is practically insoluble in water and is insoluble in alcohol.
Magnesium oxide is soluble in dilute acids.

Electric properties
Pure Magnesium oxide is not conductive and has a high resistance to electric current at room temperature.
The pure powder of Magnesium oxide has a relative permittivity inbetween 3.2 to 9.9k with an approximate dielectric loss of tan(δ) > 2.16x103 at 1kHz.

Uses
Light magnesium oxide is used in ceramics, enamel, refractory crucible, refractory bricks, etc., also used as polishing agent, binder, paint and paper filler, neoprene accelerator, activator.
In medicine, Magnesium oxide can be used as antacids, laxatives, for the treatment of hyperacidity and duodenal ulcer disease, but also for glass, phenolic, plastics and other industries.
Dead-roasted magnesium oxide, namely magnesite, has granular type and brick type, being widely used as the refractory materials of steel furnace, cement kiln and glass furnace.
Alkaline granular refractory, mainly used for metal refining industry, with massive refractory for the furnace, or granular material for maintenance; Use spray, coating method to have it attached to the furnace wall in order to enhance the furnace fire resistance.
Magnesium oxide produce a positive charge inside the water with most of the suspended material being negatively charged, acting absorption role, can improve the filtration effect.
Magnesium oxide is an efficient moisture absorbent used by many libraries for preserving books.
Magnesium oxide is also one of the raw materials for making cement in dry process plants; specifically, Portland cement.

If too much of Magnesium oxide is added, the cement may become expansive.
In medicine, magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and sore stomach, as an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term laxative.
Magnesium oxide is also used to improve symptoms of indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may include nausea and cramping.
Magnesium Oxide is a source of magnesium which functions as a nutrient and dietary supplement.

Magnesium oxide exists as a bulky white powder termed light magnesium oxide or as a dense white powder known as heavy magnesium oxide.
Magnesium oxide is practically insoluble in water and is insoluble in alcohol.
manufacture of refractory crucibles, fire bricks, magnesia cements and boiler scale compounds, "powdered" oils, casein glue.
Reflector in optical instruments; white color standard.
Insulator at low temp.

Industrial uses
Magnesium oxide is a synthetic mineralproduced in electric arc furnaces or by sinteringof amorphous powder (periclase).
Refractoryapplications consume a large quantity of Magnesium oxide.
Both brick and shapes are fabricated at leastpartially of sintered grain for use primarily inthe metal-processing industries.
Heating unitinsulation is another major application for periclase.
Principal advantages of periclase are Magnesium oxide's thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity atelevated temperatures.
Specialty crucibles and shapes also are fabricatedfrom MgO.

These are used in pyrometallurgicaland other purifying processes for specialtymetals.
Both slip-casting and pressingtechniques are employed to manufactureshapes.
Thermocouple insulation comprises stillanother outlet for periclase. Since most of thesego into nuclear applications, a high-purity productis required.
Magnesium oxide is also an important glazeconstituent.
Single crystals of MgO have received attentionbecause of their use in ductile ceramic studies.
Extreme purity is required in this area.
Periclase windows are also of potential interest ininfrared applications because of their transmissioncharacteristics.

Heating elements
Magnesium oxide is prized as a refractory material, i.e. a solid that is physically and chemically stable at high temperatures.
Magnesium oxide has two useful attributes: high thermal conductivity and low electrical conductivity.
Filling the spiral Calrod range top heating elements on kitchen electric stoves is a major use.
"By far the largest consumer of magnesia worldwide is the refractory industry, which consumed about 56% of the magnesia in the United States in 2004, the remaining 44% being used in agricultural, chemical, construction, environmental, and other industrial applications."
Magnesium oxide is used as a basic refractory material for crucibles.

Fireproofing
Magnesium oxide is a principal fireproofing ingredient in construction materials.
As a construction material, magnesium oxide wallboards have several attractive characteristics: fire resistance, termite resistance, moisture resistance, mold and mildew resistance, and strength.

Gas mantles
Most gas mantles utilize magnesium oxide.
Early iterations such as the Clamond basket used only this.
Later versions use ~60% magnesium oxide, with other components such as lanthanum oxide or yttrium oxide making up the rest.
Another exception would be thoriated gas mantles.

Niche uses
MgO is one of the components in Portland cement in dry process plants.
Magnesium oxide is used extensively in the soil and groundwater remediation, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, air emissions treatment, and waste treatment industries for its acid buffering capacity and related effectiveness in stabilizing dissolved heavy metal species.

Many heavy metals species, such as lead and cadmium are most soluble in water at acidic pH (below 6) as well as high pH (above 11).
Solubility of metals affects bioavailability of the species and mobility soil and groundwater systems.
Most metal species are toxic to humans at certain concentrations, therefore Magnesium oxide is imperative to minimize metal bioavailability and mobility.

Granular Magnesium oxide is often blended into metals-contaminated soil or waste material, which is also commonly of a low pH (acidic), in order to drive the pH into the 8–10 range where most metals are at their lowest solubilities (basic).
Metal-hydroxide complexes have a tendency to precipitate out of aqueous solution in the pH range of 8–10.
MgO is widely regarded as the most effective metals stabilization compound when compared to Portland cement, lime, kiln dust products, power generation waste products, and various proprietary products due to MgO's superior buffering capacity, cost effectiveness, and ease/safety of handling.

Most, if not all products that are marketed as metals stabilization technologies create very high pH conditions in aquifers whereas Magnesium oxide creates an ideal aquifer condition with a pH of 8–10.
Additionally, magnesium, an essential element to most biological systems, is provided to soil and groundwater microbial populations during MgO-assisted metals remediation as an added benefit.

Medical
Magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and indigestion, as an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term laxative.
Magnesium oxide is also used to improve symptoms of indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may include nausea and cramping.
In quantities sufficient to obtain a laxative effect, side effects of long-term use may rarely cause enteroliths to form, resulting in bowel obstruction.

Other
As a food additive, Magnesium oxide is used as an anticaking agent.
Magnesium oxide is known to the US Food and Drug Administration for cacao products; canned peas; and frozen dessert.
Magnesium oxide has an E number of E530.
Magnesium oxide was historically used as a reference white color in colorimetry, owing to its good diffusing and reflectivity properties.
Magnesium oxide may be smoked onto the surface of an opaque material to form an integrating sphere.
Magnesium oxide is used extensively as an electrical insulator in tubular construction heating elements.
There are several mesh sizes available and most commonly used ones are 40 and 80 mesh per the American Foundry Society.

The extensive use is due to its high dielectric strength and average thermal conductivity.
Magnesium oxide is usually crushed and compacted with minimal airgaps or voids.
The electrical heating industry also experimented with aluminium oxide, but it is not used anymore.
As a reagent in the installation of the carboxybenzyl (Cbz) group using benzyl chloroformate in EtOAc for the N-protection of amines and amides.
Magnesium oxide is also used as an insulator in heat-resistant electrical cable.
Magnesium oxide doping has been shown to effectively inhibit grain growth in ceramics and improve their fracture toughness by transforming the mechanism of crack growth at nanoscale.

Pressed Magnesium oxide is used as an optical material.
Magnesium oxide is transparent from 0.3 to 7 μm.
The refractive index is 1.72 at 1 μm and the Abbe number is 53.58.
Magnesium oxide is sometimes known by the Eastman Kodak trademarked name Irtran-5, although this designation is obsolete.
Crystalline pure Magnesium oxide is available commercially and has a small use in infrared optics.
MgO is packed in bags around transuranic waste in the disposal cells (panels) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, as a CO2 getter to minimize the complexation of uranium and other actinides by carbonate ions and so to limit the solubility of radionuclides.
The use of Magnesium oxide is preferred to this of CaO as the resulting hydration product (Mg(OH)2) is less soluble and releases less hydration heat.

Another advantage is to impose a lower pH value of ~ 10.5 in case of accidental water ingress in the dry salt layers while the more soluble Ca(OH)2 would create a higher pH of 12.5 (strongly alkaline conditions).
The Mg2+ cation being the second most abundant cation in seawater and in rocksalt, the potential release of magnesium ions dissolving in brines intruding the deep geological repository is also expected to minimize the geochemical perturbations.
Magnesium oxide has an important place as a commercial plant fertilizer and as animal feed.
An aerosolized solution of Magnesium oxide is used in library science and collections management for the deacidification of at-risk paper items.

In this process, the alkalinity of Magnesium oxide (and similar compounds) neutralizes the relatively high acidity characteristic of low-quality paper, thus slowing the rate of deterioration.
Magnesium oxide is also used as a protective coating in plasma displays.
Magnesium oxide is used as an oxide barrier in spin-tunneling devices.
Owing to the crystalline structure of its thin films, which can be deposited by magnetron sputtering, for example, Magnesium oxide shows characteristics superior to those of the commonly used amorphous Al2O3.
In particular, spin polarization of about 85% has been achieved with Magnesium oxide versus 40–60 % with aluminium oxide.
The value of tunnel magnetoresistance is also significantly higher for MgO (600% at room temperature and 1,100 % at 4.2 K) than Al2O3 (ca. 70% at room temperature).

Production
Magnesium oxide is produced by the calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide.
The latter is obtained by the treatment of magnesium chloride MgCl2 solutions, typically seawater, with limewater or milk of lime.

Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+
Calcining at different temperatures produces magnesium oxide of different reactivity.
High temperatures 1500 – 2000 °C diminish the available surface area and produces dead-burned (often called dead burnt) magnesia, an unreactive form used as a refractory.
Calcining temperatures 1000 – 1500 °C produce hard-burned magnesia, which has limited reactivity and calcining at lower temperature, (700–1000 °C) produces light-burned magnesia, a reactive form, also known as caustic calcined magnesia.
Although some decomposition of the carbonate to oxide occurs at temperatures below 700 °C, the resulting materials appear to reabsorb carbon dioxide from the air.

Production of Magnesium Oxide
Thermal decomposition of magnesite or dolomite generates magnesium oxide.
Magnesium hydroxide precipitate is obtained first by treating seawater with hydrated lime; magnesium oxide is obtained by burning magnesium hydroxide.
Magnesium oxide accounts for the largest amount of magnesium compounds, accounting for about 3/4 of the total magnesium industry.
Magnesia made at temperatures below 900 ° C is light magnesia with low density, having large specific surface area and strong absorbability.

Can be used as a catalyst, rubber filler and improve the performance of rubber accelerator.
Mixing with magnesium chloride solution can make magnesia cement.
Magnesium oxide can also be used as flame retardant for building materials.
Magnesium oxide can be medically used as antacids and laxatives for the treatment of hyperacidity and stomach and duodenal ulcer disease, often combined with calcium carbonate easy to cause constipation.
For animal feed additives and plant fertilizers.
The light magnesium oxide obtained at 950 ~ 1050 ℃ has high density with particle distribution having a certain range and being easier to hydrate.

Use Magnesium oxide to react with the silica on the silicon steel surface at high temperature to produce magnesium silicate film-like product; Magnesium oxide can be used as a silicon steel separator to prevent the sintering of silicon steel upon high-temperature sintering.
The heavy magnesium oxide prepared at high temperature of 1500-1800 ℃ has high density, small specific surface area, be difficult to be decomposed by heat, has low chemical activity, not easily to react with acid and low hydration rate.
Magnesium oxide can be used as high temperature refractory materials and the binder during manufacturing refractory crucible and the furnace lining.

Industrial production of light magnesium oxide
In the salinization industry of sea salt, it is mainly used of bitter brine, heavy brine and high temperature salt as raw materials to produce light magnesium carbonate or light magnesium oxide.
Industrialized production methods include soda ash method, lime and carbon ammonia.

(1) Soda ash process include: 1. Ingredients 2. Reaction 3. Washing 4. Pyrolysis 5. Filter 6.Roasting 7. Crushed packaging.
Soda ash production of light magnesium carbonate or light magnesium oxide has mature technology, higher product quality.
However, consumption of soda ash, fresh water consumption is also large.

(2) Lime method uses lime milk instead of soda ash.
Its reaction with magnesium chloride in brine to generate magnesium hydroxide, followed by carbonation using carbon dioxide gas, generating magnesium bicarbonate.
When using the lime method, the sulfate in the brine should be minimized, otherwise large deposits of calcium sulphate are formed and mixed in the product.
The advantage of this method is the use of lime instead of soda ash, reducing costs.
The disadvantage is that the process and equipment is more complicated than soda ash method, and by-produces large number of CaCl2 solution to be managed.

(3) Raw materials of carbon ammonia method are the high concentrations of bitter brine, brine or salt immersion thick solution.
Carbon ammonia used is ammonia bicarbonate, carbonized ammonia or sending ammonia and carbon dioxide gas directly into the brine, with carbon ammonia instead of soda ash being reacted with the magnesium chloride or magnesium sulfate in the brine to generate the corresponding magnesium carbonate.

The reaction is as follows:
1. Brine containing MgCl2 and MgSO4 reacts with NH4HCO3 solution: MgCl2 + 2NH4HCO3 = Mg (HCO3) 2 + 2NH4Cl MgSO4 + 2NH4HCO3 = Mg (HCO3) 2+ (NH4) 2SO4
2. Directly send ammonia and carbon dioxide to the brine.
3. The generated MgCO3 • 3H2O and Mg (HCO3) 2 are subject to pyrolysis to generate alkaline magnesium carbonate: Mg (HCO3) 2 + 2H2O = MgCO3 • 3H2O + CO2 ↑ 5 {MgCO3.3H2O} = 4MgCO3.Mg H2O + CO2 ↑ + 10H2O
4. Alkaline magnesium carbonate is roasted to generate light magnesium oxide: 4MgCO3.Mg (OH) 2.4H2O = 5MgO + 4CO2 ↑ + 5H2O
Control of carbon ammonia process: 1. Raw material concentration and reaction temperature 2. Pyrolysis temperature; 3. Dehydration, washing and drying; 4. Roasting; 5. Mother liquor treatment.
Compared with the soda ash method, the production of light magnesium carbonate and light magnesium oxide by the carbon ammonia process is simple, the product has a high specific volume, and the supply channel of the ammonium bicarbonate is more and the cost is lower.
However, the mother liquor evaporation and concentration process is of high energy consumption.

Toxicity
Magnesium oxide is mildly irritating to the conjunctiva and nasal mucosa.
Vapors can cause ulcer disease.
Dust can cause breathing problems, chest pain, coughing, diffusive interstitial fibrosis and emphysema.
The maximum allowable concentration in the United States is 10 mg / m3.

Synonyms
seawatermagnesia
Sermag
slo369
slo469
Tanbase
MAGNESIUM OXIDE, NANOPOWDER
MAGNESIUM OXIDE, 98%, A.C.S. REAGENT
MAGNESIUM OXIDE, -325 MESH, 99+%

Magnesium stearate is the chemical compound with the formula Mg(C18H35O2)2.
Magnesium stearate is a soap, consisting of salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+).
Magnesium stearate is a white, water-insoluble powder.

CAS: 557-04-0
MF: C36H70MgO4
MW: 591.24
EINECS: 209-150-3

Magnesium stearate's applications exploit its softness, insolubility in many solvents, and low toxicity.
Magnesium stearate is used as a release agent and as a component or lubricant in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Magnesium stearate is a major component of bathtub rings.
When produced by soap and hard water, magnesium stearate and calcium stearate both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as soap scum.
Magnesium stearate is a kind of fatty acid salt type anionic surfactant with its appearance being white powder with slight special smell and creamy feeling.
Magnesium stearate can be soluble in hot aliphatic hydrocarbons, hot arene and hot grease but insoluble in alcohol and water with being decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding magnesium salts in case of acid.
Magnesium stearate has an excellent adhesion property to the skin with excellent lubrication property.
Magnesium stearate can be applied to powder products in cosmetics and can improve adhesion and lubrication.

Magnesium stearate can be used as PVC heating stabilizers with the stability performance being similar to calcium stearate and can be combined with zinc or calcium soaps for being applied to food packaging material but without very wide application.
Magnesium stearate can be used as a mold releasing agent of plastic products, face powder of cosmetics, the raw material of skin ointment, the powder molding tablet of pharmaceutical tablets and translucent flatting agent of paint.
Laboratory, through the replacement reaction of sodium stearate and magnesium sulfate, is able to get finished product of magnesium stearate and can also apply the combination reaction between edible solid organic acids (stearic acid, palmitic acid) mixture and magnesium oxide compounds and further refinement to make it.

Magnesium stearate, also called octa decanoic acid, magnesium salt, is a white substance, powder which becomes solid at room temperature.
Magnesium stearate has the chemical formula Mg(C18H35O2)2.
Magnesium stearate is a salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+).
Magnesium stearate melts at about 120 °C, is not soluble in water, and is generally considered safe for human consumption at levels below 2500 mg/kg per day.
In 1979, the FDA's Subcommittee on GRAS (generally recognized as safe) Substances (SCOGS) reported, "There is no evidence in the available information on ... magnesium stearate ... that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current and in the manner now practiced, or which might reasonably be expected in the future.".

Magnesium stearate is created by the reaction of sodium stearate with magnesium sulfate.
Magnesium stearate is prepared either by the interaction of aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride with sodium stearate or by the interaction of magnesium oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with stearic acid at elevated temperatures.
Mg(C18H35O2)2 or with one H2O.
Technical grade contains small amounts of the oleate and 7% magnesium oxide, MgO.
Magnesium stearate (Mg-St) is the magnesium salt of stearic acid.
Magnesium stearate's anhydrate, dihydrate and trihydrate forms have been prepared.

The tabletting of the blends of magnesium stearate and lactose granules has been described. The influence of mixing time on hardness, disintegration time and ejection force on the compressed tablets was examined.
Magnesium stearate is widely used lubricant in pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesium stearate also plays a role in delaying the process of dissolution.
Magnesium stearate's detection in tablets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been proposed.

Magnesium stearate is an additive that’s primarily used in medication capsules.
Magnesium stearate’s considered a “flow agent.”
Magnesium stearate prevents the individual ingredients in a capsule from sticking to each other and the machine that creates the capsules.
Magnesium stearate helps improve the consistency and quality control of medication capsules.
Magnesium stearate is generally recognized as safe to consume.
If you ingest too much, Magnesium stearate can have a laxative effect.
Magnesium stearate can irritate the mucosal lining of your bowels.
This causes your bowels to spasm, triggering a bowel movement or even diarrhea.

Magnesium stearate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 200 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.028g/cm3
Storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
Solubility alcohol: insoluble
Form: Fine Powder
Color: White
PH: 7 (H2O) (slurry)
Odor: wh. soft oily powd., tasteless, odorless
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Merck: 14,5690
BRN: 3919702
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: DRJIJXNWSSRTTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M
LogP: 8.216 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 557-04-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Magnesium stearate (557-04-0)

Magnesium stearate is a fatty acid, salt-type anionic surfactant with its appearance being white powder with a creamy feeling.
Magnesium stearate is a compound of magnesium with a mixture of solid organic acids obtained from edible sources and consists chiefly of variable proportions of magnesium stearate and magnesium palmitate.
Magnesium stearate appears as bright white soft powder with the industrial products containing a small amount of oleic acid and 7% magnesium oxide and is odorless and tasteless.
Magnesium stearate is slightly soluble in water and soluble in hot ethanol.

Magnesium stearate is a compound of magnesium with a mixture of solid organic acids obtained from edible sources and consists chiefly of variable proportions of magnesium stearate and magnesium palmitate.
Magnesium stearate occurs as a fine, white, bulky powder having a faint, characteristic odor.
Magnesium stearate is unctuous and is free from grittiness.
Magnesium stearate is insoluble in water, in alcohol, and in ether.
Magnesium stearate conforms to the regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration pertaining to specifications for salts of fatty acids derived from edible fat sources.
Magnesium stearate is a very fine, light white, precipitated or milled, impalpable powder of low bulk density, having a faint odor of stearic acid and a characteristic taste.
The powder is greasy to the touch and readily adheres to the skin.
Nonflammable used in baby dusting powder(s) and as tablet lubricant.

Uses
Magnesium stearate is often used as an anti-adherent in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders.
In this regard, Magnesium stearate is also useful because it has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets.
However, Magnesium stearate might cause lower wettability and slower disintegration of the tablets and slower and even lower dissolution of the drug.
Magnesium stearate can also be used efficiently in dry coating processes.
In the production of pressed candies, magnesium stearate serves as a release agent.
Magnesium stearate is also used to bind sugar in hard candies such as mints.
Magnesium stearate is a common ingredient in baby formulas.
In the EU and EFTA Magnesium stearate is listed as food additive E470b.

Magnesium stearate widely used in the fields of the plastic, mold-releasing agent for tablets (need meeting the medicine criterion), emulsifying agents of cosmetics.
Magnesium stearate also can conjugate with Ca Soap as stabilizer of PVC.
Magnesium Stearate is the magnesium salt of stearic acid which functions as a lubricant, binder, emulsifier, and anticaking agent.
Magnesium stearate is a white powder that is insoluble in water.
Magnesium stearate is used as a lubricant or die release in tableting pressed candies and is also used in sugar- less gum and mints.

Magnesium stearate is often used as a anti-adherent in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders.
In this regard, Magnesium stearate is also useful, because it has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets.
Studies have shown that magnesium stearate may affect the release time of the active ingredients in tablets, etc., but not that it reduces the overall bioavailability of those ingredients.
As a food additive or pharmaceutical excipient, its E number is E470b.
Magnesium stearate is also used to bind sugar in hard candies like mints, and is a common ingredient in baby formulas.

In pure powder form, the substance can be a dust explosion hazard, although this issue is effectively insignificant beyond the manufacturing plants using it.
Magnesium stearate is manufactured from both animal and vegetable oils.
Some nutritional supplements specify that the magnesium stearate used is sourced from vegetables.
Magnesium stearate is a major component of "bathtub rings."
When produced by soap and hard water, magnesium stearate and calcium stearate both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as "soap scum.".

Pharmaceutical Applications
Magnesium stearate is the magnesium salt of stearic acid that possess lubricating properties and hence prevents ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets.
Magnesium stearate has been used as a tablet and capsule lubricant.
Magnesium stearate has also been used for preparing microcapsules.
Dry coating of drugs with magnesium stearate leads to flow improvement, flow-aid and lubrication effects, tabletability as well as non-inhibited dissolution rate.
Magnesium stearate is widely used in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Magnesium stearate is primarily used as a lubricant in capsule and tablet manufacture at concentrations between 0.25% and 5.0% w/w.
Magnesium stearate is also used in barrier creams.

Production method
Magnesium stearate is produced by the reaction of sodium stearate with magnesium salts or by treating magnesium oxide with stearic acid (Nora 2005).
Magnesium stearate can be produced through the following procedure: first get the sodium stearate through the saponification between stearic acid and sodium; then the sodium stearate has double decomposition reaction with magnesium sulfate to get the finished product.
Stearic acid and water was added to the reaction pot and heated to 85 ℃, stirring to dissolve, slowly add them to the sodium hydroxide solution preheated to 75 ℃.
After the saponification reaction was completed, the temperature was controlled at 72 ℃ and slowly added to the magnesium sulfate solution preheated to 55 ℃ upon stirring.
After metathesis, apply centrifuge to remove the water.
The filtering cake was washed with water until sulfate ion requirement is met, then dry, apply air drying, sifting to obtain the finished products with the yield of stearic acid being 100%.
Magnesium stearate is produced through the combination reaction between magnesium oxide and food grade solid mixed fatty acids (mainly stearic acid) and further refinement.

Toxicity
Magnesium stearate is considered to be non-toxic, and is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Magnesium stearate is approved for use in food and dietary supplements as a lubricant and release agent, emulsifier, binder, thickener, anticaking and anti-foaming agent.
In addition to the United States, Magnesium stearate is accepted as a safe food additive in Europe, the UK, and Canada.
A specification for magnesium stearate is also included in the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC), a collection of internationally recognized standards for the purity and identity of food ingredients.
According to the FDA, there is no evidence to suggest that magnesium stearate causes adverse effects when used “at levels that are now current and in the manner now practiced, or which might reasonably be expected in the future.” Animal research shows that orally-administered magnesium stearate is non-toxic far beyond the commonly used amounts.
Additionally, as recently as 2015, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) conducted a safety assessment of magnesium stearate and found no concerns regarding its continued use or safety.

Biochem/physiol Actions
Magnesium stearate is the magnesium salt of stearic acid that possess lubricating properties and hence prevents ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets.
Dry coating of drugs with magnesium stearate leads to flow improvement, flow-aid and lubrication effects, tabletability as well as non-inhibited dissolution rate.

Synonyms
MAGNESIUM STEARATE
557-04-0
Magnesium octadecanoate
Magnesium distearate
Dibasic magnesium stearate
Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt
Synpro 90
Petrac MG 20NF
Stearic acid, magnesium salt
magnesium(ii) stearate
NS-M (salt)
SM-P
Magnesium stearate g
Synpro Magnesium Stearate 90
HSDB 713
Magnesii stearas
Magnesium distearate, pure
Magnesium stearate [JAN]
EINECS 209-150-3
NP 1500
SM 1000
CHEBI:9254
AI3-01638
magnesium dioctadecanoate
UNII-70097M6I30
Magnesium stearate [JAN:NF]
Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt (2:1)
70097M6I30
DTXSID2027208
MAGNESIUM STEARATE (II)
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [II]
C36H70MgO4
SCHEMBL935
Rashayan Magnesium Stearate
DTXCID307208
Magnesium stearate (JP17/NF)
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [MI]
CHEMBL2106633
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [HSDB]
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [INCI]
Stearic Acid Magnesium(II) Salt
HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
C18H36O2.1/2Mg
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [VANDF]
HY-Y1054
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [WHO-DD]
C18-H36-O2.1/2Mg
AKOS015915201
DB14077
LS-2392
MAGNESII STEARAS [WHO-IP LATIN]
Octadecanoic acid magnesium salt (2:1)
CS-0016049
FT-0602789
S0238
D02189
A830764
Q416713

Magnesium stearate is a fine white powder with a slightly greasy feel to the touch.
Magnesium stearateis insoluble in water, which contributes to its anti-adhesive properties.
Magnesium stearate is a compound composed of magnesium, a mineral, and stearic acid, a type of fatty acid.

CAS Number: 557-04-0
Molecular Formula: C36H70MgO4
Molecular Weight: 591.24
EINECS no: 209-150-3

Magnesium stearate is a white, odorless, and powdery substance that is widely used in various industries for its lubricating and anti-adhesive properties.
Magnesium stearate is the chemical compound with the formula Mg(C18H35O2)2.
It is a soap, consisting of salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+).

Magnesium stearate is a white, water-insoluble powder.
Its applications exploit its softness, insolubility in many solvents, and low toxicity.
Magnesium stearate is used as a release agent and as a component or lubricant in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Magnesium stearate is an additive that’s primarily used in medication capsules.
Magnesium stearate prevents the individual ingredients in a capsule from sticking to each other and the machine that creates the capsules.
It helps improve the consistency and quality control of medication capsules.

Magnesium stearate is typically produced through the reaction of magnesium salts with stearic acid.
The resulting compound is a fine powder with a slightly greasy texture.
Magnesium stearate is a magnesium salt of stearic acid. Essentially, it’s a compound containing two stearic acids and magnesium.

Magnesium stearate is a kind of fatty acid salt type anionic surfactant with its appearance being white powder with slight special smell and creamy feeling.
Magnesium stearate can be soluble in hot aliphatic hydrocarbons, hot arene and hot grease but insoluble in alcohol and water with being decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding magnesium salts in case of acid.
Magnesium stearate has an excellent adhesion property to the skin with excellent lubrication property.

Magnesium stearate can be applied to powder products in cosmetics and can improve adhesion and lubrication.
Magnesium stearate can be used as PVC heating stabilizers with the stability performance being similar to calcium stearate and can be combined with zinc or calcium soaps for being applied to food packaging material but without very wide application.
Magnesium stearate can be used as a mold releasing agent of plastic products, face powder of cosmetics, the raw material of skin ointment, the powder molding tablet of pharmaceutical tablets and translucent flatting agent of paint.

Laboratory, through the replacement reaction of sodium stearate and magnesium sulfate, is able to get finished product of magnesium stearate and can also apply the combination reaction between edible solid organic acids (stearic acid, palmitic acid) mixture and magnesium oxide compounds and further refinement to make it.
Magnesium stearate, also called octa decanoic acid, magnesium salt, is a white substance, powder which becomes solid at room temperature.

Magnesium stearate has the chemical formula Mg(C18H35O2)2.
It is a salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+).
Magnesium stearate melts at about 120 °C, is not soluble in water, and is generally considered safe for human consumption at levels below 2500 mg/kg per day.

Magnesium stearate (Mg-St) is the magnesium salt of stearic acid.
Its anhydrate, dihydrate and trihydrate forms have been prepared.
The tabletting of the blends of magnesium stearate and lactose granules has been described.

The influence of mixing time on hardness, disintegration time and ejection force on the compressed tablets was examined.
Magnesium stearate is widely used lubricant in pharmaceutical industry.

Magnesium stearate also plays a role in delaying the process of dissolution.
Magnesium stearates detection in tablets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been proposed.

Melting point:200 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.028g/cm3
storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
solubility alcohol: insoluble
form: Fine Powder
color: White
PH: 7 (H2O) (slurry)
Odor: wh. soft oily powd., tasteless, odorless
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Merck: 14,5690
BRN: 3919702
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
LogP: 8.216 (est)

Magnesium stearate is a fatty acid, salt-type anionic surfactant with its appearance being white powder with a creamy feeling.
Magnesium stearate is a compound of magnesium with a mixture of solid organic acids obtained from edible sources and consists chiefly of variable proportions of magnesium stearate and magnesium palmitate.
It appears as bright white soft powder with the industrial products containing a small amount of oleic acid and 7% magnesium oxide and is odorless and tasteless.

Magnesium stearate is slightly soluble in water and soluble in hot ethanol.
Magnesium stearate is a compound of magnesium with a mixture of solid organic acids obtained from edible sources and consists chiefly of variable proportions of magnesium stearate and magnesium palmitate.
It occurs as a fine, white, bulky powder having a faint, characteristic odor.

Magnesium stearate is unctuous and is free from grittiness.
It is insoluble in water, in alcohol, and in ether.
It conforms to the regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration pertaining to specifications for salts of fatty acids derived from edible fat sources.

Magnesium stearate is often used as a anti-adherent in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders.
In this regard, Magnesium stearate is also useful, because it has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets.

Magnesium stearate is also used to bind sugar in hard candies like mints, and is a common ingredient in baby formulas.
In pure powder form, Magnesium stearate can be a dust explosion hazard, although this issue is effectively insignificant beyond the manufacturing plants using it.
Magnesium stearate is manufactured from both animal and vegetable oils.

Some nutritional supplements specify that the magnesium stearate used is sourced from vegetables.
Magnesium stearate is a major component of "bathtub rings."
When produced by soap and hard water, magnesium stearate and calcium stearate both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as "soap scum.".

In pharmaceuticals, magnesium stearate helps prevent sticking during tablet and capsule production, allowing for efficient manufacturing processes.
Magnesium stearate anti-adhesive properties make it useful for preventing materials from sticking to surfaces, which is particularly important in industries where materials need to be easily released from molds or equipment.

In cosmetics and food products, magnesium stearate can improve the texture, binding, and emulsification of formulations.
In certain applications, Magnesium stearate can help stabilize emulsions and prevent separation of ingredients.

In response to concerns about the potential impact of magnesium stearate on nutrient absorption, some supplement manufacturers offer products with alternative lubricants or binding agents.
These alternatives can include vegetable-based stearates, silica, cellulose, and others.
Magnesium stearate is assigned the food additive number E572 in Europe.

Magnesium stearate's approved for use as an anti-caking agent, and it's commonly found in powdered food products like spices, seasoning blends, powdered drink mixes, and more.
By preventing clumping and enhancing flow, magnesium stearate improves the quality of powdered and granulated food products.
It also aids in maintaining the free-flowing nature of these products during packaging and storage.

Magnesium stearate is found in many supplements because, during supplement manufacture, it makes it easier to work with certain ingredients, making them flow more evenly and preventing them, as well as tablets, from sticking to machines during production.
It is created from reacting stearate (from animal fats — often pig — or plant-based sources such as palm oil, coconut oil, or vegetable oil) with magnesium.
A very small amount is used in supplements, and it typically comprises less than 1% of a total formulation — less than 20 mg.

Magnesium stearate's in a product, you'll see it included in the "Other Ingredients" section of supplement labels.
Magnesium stearate is a salt that is produced when a magnesium ion bonds with two stearate molecules.
Stearate is just the anion form of stearic acid.

Magnesium stearate is a long-chain saturated fat that is abundant in beef, cocoa butter, coconut oil, and other natural foods.
Concerns have been raised that magnesium stearate can have negative effects, such as raising cholesterol levels, suppressing the immune system, creating biofilms in the body, and causing allergic reactions

Production method
Magnesium stearate is produced by the reaction of sodium stearate with magnesium salts or by treating magnesium oxide with stearic acid (Nora 2005).
Magnesium stearate can be produced through the following procedure: first get the sodium stearate through the saponification between stearic acid and sodium; then the sodium stearate has double decomposition reaction with magnesium sulfate to get the finished product. Stearic acid and water was added to the reaction pot and heated to 85 ℃, stirring to dissolve, slowly add them to the sodium hydroxide solution preheated to 75 ℃.

After the saponification reaction was completed, the temperature was controlled at 72 ℃ and slowly added to the magnesium sulfate solution preheated to 55 ℃ upon stirring.
After metathesis, apply centrifuge to remove the water.
The filtering cake was washed with water until sulfate ion requirement is met, then dry, apply air drying, sifting to obtain the finished products with the yield of stearic acid being 100%.

Magnesium stearate is produced through the combination reaction between magnesium oxide and food grade solid mixed fatty acids (mainly stearic acid) and further refinement.
Magnesium stearate is prepared either by the interaction of aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride with sodium stearate or by the interaction of magnesium oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with stearic acid at elevated temperatures.

Uses
Magnesium stearate has been widely used for many decades in the food industry as an emulsifier, binder and thickener, as well as an anticaking, lubricant, release, and antifoaming agent.
It is present in many food supplements, confectionery, chewing gum, herbs and spices, and baking ingredients.
Magnesium stearate is also commonly used as an inactive ingredient in the production of pharmaceutical tablets, capsules and powders.

The main reason for Magnesium stearate good lubricating properties is its hydrophobic nature and an ability to reduce friction between tablets and die wall during the ejection process.
Magnesium stearate can be regarded as being non-toxic, the United States, Germany and Japan allow it to be applied to products being contact with food.
However, it doesn’t have wide application to be applied as PVC heat stabilizers.

One of the most common uses of magnesium stearate is in the pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesium stearate is used as a lubricant and flow agent in the manufacturing of tablets and capsules.
By reducing friction between the tablet/capsule material and the manufacturing equipment, magnesium stearate helps ensure smooth and consistent production processes.

In cosmetics and personal care products, magnesium stearate is used as a texturizer, binder, and emulsifier.
Magnesium stearate helps improve the texture and consistency of products like powders, creams, and lotions.
Magnesium stearate is approved as a food additive in some regions and can be used as an anti-caking agent and lubricant in powdered and granulated food products.

Magnesium stearate prevents ingredients from clumping together and improves their flow properties.
Magnesium stearate can also be used in industrial applications as a release agent and anti-adherent in the manufacturing of rubber, plastics, and various other materials.

Magnesium stearate is often used as an anti-adherent in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders.
In this regard, the substance is also useful because it has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets.
However, it might cause lower wettability and slower disintegration of the tablets and slower and even lower dissolution of the drug.

Magnesium stearate can also be used efficiently in dry coating processes.
Magnesium stearate is most commonly used in supplement manufacturing as a “flow agent,” which helps ensure that the equipment runs smoothly and the ingredients stay blended together in the correct proportions. It can also be found in some cosmetics.
In the production of pressed candies, magnesium stearate serves as a release agent.

Magnesium stearate is also used to bind sugar in hard candies such as mints.
The concentration of magnesium stearate used in various applications can vary depending on the intended purpose.
In pharmaceuticals, for instance, small percentages are typically used to avoid negatively impacting the dissolution properties of the active ingredients.

In some applications, magnesium stearate is also used in the coating of tablets.
This can serve various purposes such as improving swallowability and masking unpleasant tastes or odors.
In pharmaceutical and dietary supplement manufacturing, the choice of lubricant and Magnesium stearates quantity is carefully controlled to ensure consistent quality and performance of the final product.

Safety
Magnesium stearate is widely used as a pharmaceutical excipient and is generally regarded as being nontoxic following oral administration.
However, oral consumption of large quantities may produce a laxative effect or mucosal irritation.
No toxicity information is available relating to normal routes of occupational exposure.

Limits for heavy metals in magnesium stearate have been evaluated in terms of magnesium stearate worstcase daily intake and heavy metal composition.
Toxicity assessments of magnesium stearate in rats have indicated that it is not irritating to the skin, and is nontoxic when administered orally or inhaled.
Magnesium stearate has not been shown to be carcinogenic when implanted into the bladder of mice.

Synonyms
MAGNESIUM STEARATE
557-04-0
Magnesium octadecanoate
Magnesium distearate
Dibasic magnesium stearate
Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt
Synpro 90
Petrac MG 20NF
Stearic acid, magnesium salt
magnesium(ii) stearate
NS-M (salt)
SM-P
Magnesium stearate g
Synpro Magnesium Stearate 90
HSDB 713
Magnesii stearas
Magnesium distearate, pure
Magnesium stearate [JAN]
EINECS 209-150-3
NP 1500
SM 1000
CHEBI:9254
AI3-01638
magnesium dioctadecanoate
UNII-70097M6I30
Magnesium stearate [JAN:NF]
Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt (2:1)
70097M6I30
DTXSID2027208
MAGNESIUM STEARATE (II)
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [II]
C36H70MgO4
Magnesium Stearate NF
SCHEMBL935
Rashayan Magnesium Stearate
DTXCID307208
octadecanoic acid magnesium salt
Magnesium stearate (JP17/NF)
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [MI]
CHEMBL2106633
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [HSDB]
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [INCI]
Stearic Acid Magnesium(II) Salt
HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
C18H36O2.1/2Mg
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [VANDF]
HY-Y1054
MAGNESIUM STEARATE [WHO-DD]
C18-H36-O2.1/2Mg
AKOS015915201
DB14077
LS-2392
MAGNESII STEARAS [WHO-IP LATIN]
Octadecanoic acid magnesium salt (2:1)
CS-0016049
FT-0602789
S0238
D02189
A830764

MAGNESIUM BROMIDE, N° CAS : 7789-48-2, Nom INCI : MAGNESIUM BROMIDE, Nom chimique : Magnesium bromide, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-170-9. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

magnesium chloride; Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate; Magnesium chloride hydrate; Magnesium chloride; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate; cas no: 7786-30-3

MAGNESIUM ASPARTATE, BUTANEDIOATE, 2-AMINO-, HYDROGEN MAGNESIUM SALT, (2S)- (2:2:1), CAS: 2068-80-6 18962-61-3, EINECS: 218-191-6, Chemical formula: C8 H12 Mg N2 O8, Molecular weight: 288.49624, (S)-aminobutanedioic acid hemimagnesium salt , asmag , butanedioate, 2-amino-, hydrogen magnesium salt, (2S)- (2:2:1) , dihydrogen bis(L-aspartato(2-)-N,O1)magnesate(2-) , L-aspartic acid hemimagnesium salt dihydrate , L-aspartic acid hemimagnesium salt hydrate , L-aspartic acid magnesium salt , laevo-aspartic acid magnesium salt , magnesate(2-), bis(L-aspartato(2-)-kappaN,kappaO1)-, dihydrogen, (T-4)- , magnesium dihydrogen di-L-aspartate , magnesium hydrogen (2S)-2-aminosuccinate (1:2:2) , magnesium L-aspartate magnesium L-hydroaspartate , magnesium; (2S)-2-aminobutanedioate; hydron, Nom chimique : Magnesium dihydrogen di-L-aspartate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 218-191-6. Ses fonctions (INCI).Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Synonym: Magnesium carbonate basic, Magnesium hydroxide carbonate CAS Number 12125-28-9

Magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate); H48; MMPP; MONOPEROXYPHTHALIC ACID MAGNESIUM SALT, HEXAHYDRATE ;MMPP; H-48; Interox H-48; MAGNESIUMMONOPEROXYPHTHALATETECH; Bis(2-carboxybenzoyldioxy)magnesium; Magnesiumbis(monoperoxyphthalate)hexahydrate; Magnesiummonoperoxyphthalatehexahydrate,tech.ca80%; Magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate., tech, ca 80%; dihydrogen bis[monoperoxyphthalato(2-)-O1,OO1]magnesate(2-); Magnesium Monoperoxyphthalate Magnesium Bis(monoperoxyphthalate); MMPP; CAS NO:78948-87-5

SYNONYMS Calcinated magnesia; Magnesia; Calcined Magnesite; Magnesium Monooxide; Akro-mag; Animag; Calcined brucite; Calcined magnesite; Granmag; Magcal; Maglite; Magnesia usta; Magnezu tlenek; Oxymag; Seawater magnesia; Cas no: 1309-48-4

Octadecanoic Acid, Magnesium Salt; Magnesium Distearate; Dibasic Magnesium Stearate; Magnesiumdistearat (German); Diestearato de magnesio (Spanish); Distéarate de magnésium (French) CAS NO: 557-04-0

Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate magnesium sulphate heptahydrate Magnesium sulfate (1:1) heptahydrate Magnesium sulfate [USAN:JAN] Sulfuric acid magnesium salt (1:1), heptahydrate Magnesium sufate heptahydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) Sulfuric acid, magnesium salt, hydrate (1:1:7) Sulfuric acid, magnesium salt (1:1), heptahydrate MAGNESIUM(II), SULFATE, HEPTAHYDRATE Epsomite Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 99+%, extra pure Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 98+%, ACS reagent Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 99%, for biochemistry Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 99.5%, for analysis MgSO4*7H2O MgSO4.7H2O Bittersalz Epsomite (Mg(SO4).7H20) Conclyte-Mg (TN) Magnesium sulfate (USP) Magnesium sulphate 7-hydrate Magnesium sulfate,heptahydrate magnesium sulfate--water (1/7) MAGNESIUMSULFATEHEPTAHYDRATE Magnesium sulfate hydrate (JP17) Magnesium sulfate--water (1/1/7) CAS: 10034-99-8

DIBUTYL MALEATE, N° CAS : 105-76-0, Nom INCI : DIBUTYL MALEATE, Nom chimique : Dibutyl maleate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-328-4, Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques. Principaux synonymes. Noms français :2-Butenoic acid (Z)-, dibutyl ester; Ester dibutylique de l'acide maléique; Maléate de butyle; Maléate de dibutyle. Noms anglais : Butyl maleate; Dibutyl maleate; Maleic acid, dibutyl ester. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Agent plastifiant. (2Z)-2-Butènedioate de dibutyle [French] 105-76-0 [RN] 203-328-4 [EINECS] 2-Butenedioic acid, dibutyl ester, (2Z)- [ACD/Index Name] Dibutyl (2Z)-2-butenedioate Dibutyl (2Z)-but-2-enedioate Dibutyl maleate Dibutyl-(2Z)-2-butendioat [German] (E)-2-Butenedioic acid dibutyl ester (Z)-2-Butenedioic acid dibutyl ester (Z)-but-2-enedioic acid dibutyl ester [105-76-0] 105-75-9 [RN] 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, 1,4-dibutyl ester 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, dibutyl ester 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, dibutyl ester 2-Butenedioic acid, dibutyl ester, (Z)- 2-Butenedioic acid, dibutyl ester, cis- Bibutyl maleate bis-(2-Ethylhexyl)maleate Bisomer DBM Butyl maleate dbm DBM, Maleic acid dibutyl ester dibutyl (2Z)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate dibutyl (Z)-but-2-enedioate dibutyl maleate, 97% dibutyl maleate,99% Dibutyl(2Z)-2-butenedioate Dibutylester kyseliny maleinove Dibutylmaleate di-n-Butyl maleate di-n-butyl maleate, 96% Di-n-butylmaleate (DBM) Jsp000537 maleic acid dibutyl ester MALEIC ACID, DIBUTYL ESTER NCGC00164013-01 Octomer DBM RC Comonomer DBM Staflex DBM WLN: 4OV1U1VO4-C 马来酸二丁酯

SYNONYMS Hydroxysuccinic Acid;2-butenedioic acid; cis-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid; cis-2-butenedioic acid; cis-butenedioic acid; cis-ethene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid; cis-maleic acid; Malenic Acid; Toxilic acid; (Z)-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid; (Z)-2-butenedioic acid; CAS NO:110-16-7

cis-Butenedioic acid anhydride; Toxilic anhydride; MA; 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dioxofuran; 2,5-Furandione; 2,5-Furanedione; Maleic acid anhydride; Maleic anhydride; Anhydrid kyseliny maleinove; Maleic acid anhydride; Maleinanhydrid cas no: 108-31-6

Maleic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula C2H2(CO)2O.
Maleic acid anhydride is the acid anhydride of maleic acid.
Maleic acid anhydride is a colorless or white solid with an acrid odor.
Maleic acid anhydride is produced industrially on a large scale for applications in coatings and polymers

Identifiers of Maleic acid anhydride
CAS Number: 108-31-6
CHEBI:474859
ChEMBL: ChEMBL374159
ChemSpider: 7635
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.247
EC Number: 203-571-6
Gmelin Reference: 2728
PubChem CID: 7923
RTECS number: ON3675000
UNII: V5877ZJZ25
UN number: 2215
CompTox Dashboard : DTXSID7024166

Maleic acid anhydride appears as colorless crystalline needles, flakes, pellets, rods, briquettes, lumps or a fused mass.
Maleic acid anhydride Melts at 113 °F.
Shipped both as a solid and in the molten state.
Vapors, fumes and dusts strong irritate the eyes, skin and mucous membranes.
Flash point 218 °F.
Autoignition temperature 890 °F.
Used to make paints and plastics and other chemicals.

Maleic acid anhydride is a cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.
Maleic acid anhydride has a role as an allergen.
Maleic acid anhydride is a cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride and a member of furans.

Maleic acid anhydride is used in the formulation of resins.
Exposure to maleic anhydride may occur from accidental releases to the environment or in workplaces where it is produced or used.
Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to maleic anhydride has been observed to cause irritation of the respiratory tract and eye irritation.
Chronic (long-term) exposure to maleic anhydride has been observed to cause chronic bronchitis, asthma-like attacks, and upper respiratory tract and eye irritation in workers.
In some people, allergies have developed so that lower concentrations can no longer be tolerated.
Kidney effects were observed in rats chronically exposed to maleic anhydride via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach).
EPA has not classified maleic anhydride for carcinogenicity.

Maleic acid anhydride, also called cis-butenedioic acid (HO2CCH=CHCO2H), unsaturated organic dibasic acid, used in making polyesters for fibre-reinforced laminated moldings and paint vehicles, and in the manufacture of fumaric acid and many other chemical products.
Maleic acid and its anhydride are prepared industrially by the catalytic oxidation of benzene.

Maleic acid shows reactions typical of both olefins and carboxylic acids.
Commercially important reactions of the acid groups include esterification with glycols to polyesters and dehydration to the anhydride. The double bond is involved in conversions to fumaric acid, to sulfosuccinic acid (used in wetting agents), and to Malathion (an insecticide).
Maleic acid melts at 139–140° C (282–284° F); at higher temperatures it forms the anhydride, which, like the acid, is irritating to the skin and toxic.
Maleic acid anhydride is interchangeable with the acid in most applications.

Fumaric acid, or trans-butenedioic acid, the geometrical isomer of maleic acid, occurs in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), in various fungi, and in Iceland moss.
Like maleic acid, Maleic acid anhydride is used in polyesters, and since Maleic acid anhydride is nontoxic, unlike maleic acid, Maleic acid anhydride is used as an acidulant in foods.
Maleic acid anhydride is produced by isomerization of maleic acid or by fermentation of molasses.
Maleic acid anhydride's reactions are generally similar to those of maleic acid, although it cannot form an intramolecular anhydride.
Maleic acid anhydride is very much less soluble in water and most other solvents than its isomer.

Properties of Maleic Anhydride
Some physical and chemical properties of maleic anhydride are as follows:
Maleic anhydride density: 1.48 g/mL
Maleic anhydride boiling point: 202 ∘C
Maleic anhydride melting point: 52.8 ∘C
Other properties of maleic anhydride include:
State and color: Colorless or white crystalline solid
Odor: Acrid (irritating, choking, and offensive) odor
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Molecular weight or molar mass: 98.06 g/mol
Vapor specific gravity: 3.4
Can be harmful if swallowed
Uses of Maleic Anhydride
Maleic anhydride is a highly versatile compound, as Maleic acid anhydride is used for various purposes in a variety of applications ranging from a chemical reagent in laboratories to a component in resin products. Maleic anhydride, in fact, is used in most industrial chemistry fields.
It is used in:
the synthesis of resins for the construction industry
lubricating oil additives to reduce friction
in artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, and preservatives
consumer goods such as cosmetics and skin, hair, and oral care products
pharmaceuticals
detergents
fungicides
insecticides
maleic acid and fumaric acid synthesis
the manufacture of paints and coatings
Some further details within the most common industrial fields and applications are listed in the subsections below.

Maleic acid anhydride (CAS Number: 108-3-6) is the anhydride form of maleic acid. The anhydride compound is used as an intermediate product in the chemical industry, particularly in the production of plasticizers, unsaturated polyester resins, and raw materials for paints and coatings.
Other applications of maleic anhydride include the synthesis of pesticides, colorants, medications, tanning agents and curing agents for epoxy resins.
What makes this corrosive chemical so interesting is its ability to transition from the solid to the gaseous phase even at room temperature.
As a specialty chemical supplier, TER Chemicals work with a global network of manufacturers to provide its customers with high-quality raw materials.


Production of Maleic acid anhydride
Maleic acid anhydride is produced by vapor-phase oxidation of n-butane.
The overall process converts the methyl groups to carboxylate and dehydrogenates the backbone.
The selectivity of the process reflects the robustness of maleic anhydride, with its conjugated double-bond system.
Traditionally maleic anhydride was produced by the oxidation of benzene or other aromatic compounds.
In both cases, benzene and butane are fed into a stream of hot air, and the mixture is passed through a catalyst bed at high temperature.
The ratio of air to hydrocarbon is controlled to prevent the mixture from igniting.
Vanadium pentoxide and molybdenum trioxide are the catalysts used for the benzene route, whereas vanadium phosphate is used for the butane route

Properties of Maleic acid anhydride
Chemical formula: C4H2O3
Molar mass: 98.057 g·mol−1
Appearance: White crystals or needles
Odor: irritating, choking
Density: 1.48 g/cm3
Melting point: 52.8 °C (127.0 °F; 325.9 K)
Boiling point: 202 °C (396 °F; 475 K)
Solubility in water: Reacts
Vapor pressure: 0.2 mmHg (20°C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -35.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
GHS05: CorrosiveGHS07: Exclamation markGHS08: Health hazard
Signal word: Danger
Hazard statements: H302, H314, H317, H334, H372
Precautionary statements: P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P285, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P310, P314, P321, P330, P333+P313, P342+P311, P363, P405, P501

Uses of Maleic acid anhydride
Maleic anhydride is used in many applications.
Plastics & resins
Around 50% of world maleic anhydride output is used in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins.
Chopped glass fibers are added to UPR to produce fiberglass reinforced plastics that are used in a wide range of applications such as pleasure boats, bathroom fixtures, automobiles, tanks and pipes.
Maleic anhydride is hydrogenated to 1,4-butanediol (BDO), used in the production of thermoplastic polyurethanes, elastane/Spandex fibers, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) resins and many other products.
Curing agents
Malathion is a popular insecticide that is derived from maleic anhydride.
Structure of sodium sulfosuccinate esters, common class of surfactants derived from maleic anhydride.
Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, which are derived from maleic anhydride, are widely used in papermaking.
Diels-Alder reaction of maleic anhydride and butadiene and isoprene gives the respective tetrahydrophthalic anhydrides which can be hydrogenated to the corresponding hexahydrophthalic anhydrides.
These species are used as curing agents in epoxy resins.
Another market for maleic anhydride is lubricating oil additives, which are used in gasoline and diesel engine crankcase oils as dispersants and corrosion inhibitors.
Changes in lubricant specifications and more efficient engines have had a negative effect on the demand for lubricating oil additives, giving flat growth prospects for maleic anhydride in this application.
A number of smaller applications for maleic anhydride. The food industry uses malic acid which is derivative of maleic anhydride in artificial sweeteners and flavour enhancements.
Personal care products consuming maleic anhydride include hair sprays, adhesives and floor polishes.
Maleic anhydride is also a precursor to compounds used for water treatment detergents, insecticides and fungicides, pharmaceuticals, and other copolymers.


Packing and transport of Maleic acid anhydride
Liquid maleic anhydride is available in road tankers and/or tank-containers which are made of stainless steel, which are insulated and provided with heating systems to maintain the temperature of 65-75 °C.
Tank cars must be approved for the transport of molten maleic anhydride.
Liquid/molten maleic anhydride is a dangerous material in accordance with RID/ADR.
Solid maleic anhydride pellets are transported by trucks.
Packaging is generally in 25 kg polyethylene bags.

First aid measures for Maleic acid anhydride
Description of first-aid measures
General advice
First aiders need to protect themselves. Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled
After inhalation: fresh air.
Call in physician.
In case of skin contact
In case of skin contact: Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
In case of eye contact
After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
If swallowed
After swallowing: make victim drink water (two glasses at most), avoid vomiting (risk of perforation).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed

Firefighting measures for Maleic acid anhydride
Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides
Combustible.
Vapors are heavier than air and may spread along floors.
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.

Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental release measures
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Advice for non-emergency personnel: Avoid generation and inhalation of dusts in all circumstances.
Avoid substance contact.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
Environmental precautions
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions
Take up carefully. Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Maleic acid anhydride is produced by oxidation of benzene or a C4 hydrocarbon such as butane in the presence of a vanadium oxide catalyst.
Maleic acid anhydride can be converted to maleic acid by hydrolysis and to esters by alcoholysis.

CAS: No. 108-31-6
EINECS: No. 203-571-6


Characteristics of Maleic acid anhydride
Since maleic acid molecule has a double bond and two carbonyl groups, Maleic acid anhydride is rich in reactivity and has good biodegradability.
Molecular Weight: 98.1
Appearance: White crystals
Odor: Pungent smell
Specific Gravity (70/4℃): 1.3
Boiling Point (℃): 202
Melting Point (℃): 52.8
Solubility: Readily soluble in water and methanol
Vapor Specific Gravity: 3.4
Flash Point (℃): 102
Autoignition Temperature (℃): 477

Applications of Maleic acid anhydride
Maleic acid anhydride has a very broad range of uses from food additives to industrial applications.
Synthetic resin raw material (unsaturated polyesters)
Paints and coatings
Resin modifiers
Vinyl chloride stabilizers
Food additives (fumaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid)
Agricultural chemicals
Paper sizing agents
Imides
Surfactants
Plasticizers (DOM, DBM, DEM)
Other (GBL, 14BG, THF)

Specifications/Quantities of Maleic acid anhydride
Product Specifications
Appearance: White crystals
Water-soluble form: Clear colorless
Melting Point (℃): >52
Purity (%): >99.5
Dissolution Test (Hazen): <20
Iron (%): <0.0005

Maleic acid anhydride is a highly reactive chemical intermediate with present and potential uses in practically every field of industrial chemistry.
Maleic acid anhydride is used in the production of unsaturated polyester resin as well as in the manufacture of coatings, pharmaceutics, agricultural products, surfactants, and as an additive of plastics.

Applications of Maleic acid anhydride
Maleic acid anhydride is a highly reactive chemical intermediate with present and potential uses in practically every field of industrial chemistry.
Maleic acid anhydride is essential to the production of a multitude of resins and plastics, agricultural and industrial chemicals, petroleum additives, paper sizing, water treatment chemicals, epoxy curing agents, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, hair sprays, pharmaceuticals and copolymers.
Its biggest single use is in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins.

Properties of Maleic Anhydride
Some physical and chemical properties of maleic anhydride are as follows:
Maleic anhydride density: 1.48 g/mL
Maleic anhydride boiling point: 202 ∘C
Maleic anhydride melting point: 52.8 ∘C
Other properties of maleic anhydride include:
State and color: Colorless or white crystalline solid
Odor: Acrid (irritating, choking, and offensive) odor
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Molecular weight or molar mass: 98.06 g/mol
Vapor specific gravity: 3.4
Can be harmful if swallowed

Uses of Maleic Anhydride
Maleic anhydride is a highly versatile compound, as Maleic acid anhydride is used for various purposes in a variety of applications ranging from a chemical reagent in laboratories to a component in resin products.
Maleic anhydride, in fact, is used in most industrial chemistry fields.
It is used in:
the synthesis of resins for the construction industry
lubricating oil additives to reduce friction
in artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, and preservatives
consumer goods such as cosmetics and skin, hair, and oral care products
pharmaceuticals
detergents
fungicides
insecticides
maleic acid and fumaric acid synthesis
the manufacture of paints and coatings

Reactivity Profile
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE react vigorously on contact with oxidizing materials.
Reacts exothermically with water or steam.
Undergoes violent exothermic decomposition reactions, producing carbon dioxide, in the presence of strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide), alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium), aliphatic amines (dimethylamine, trimethylamine), aromatic amines (pyridine, quinoline) at temperatures above 150°C.
A 0.1% solution of pyridine (or other tertiary amine) in maleic anhydride at 185°C gives an exothermic decomposition with rapid evolution of gas [Chem Eng. News 42(8); 41 1964]. Maleic anhydride is known as an excellent dienophile in the Diels-Alder reaction to produce phthalate ester derivatives.
These reactions can be extremely violent, as in the case of 1-methylsilacyclopentadiene.
Maleic anhydride undergoes a potentially explosive exothermic Diels-Alder reaction with 1-methylsilacyclopenta-2,4-diene at 150C and is considered an excellent dieneophile for Diels-Alder reactions.

Physical Properties of Maleic acid anhydride
Physical description: Colorless needles, white lumps, or pellets with an irritating, choking odor.
Boiling point: 396°F
Molecular weight: 98.06
Freezing point/melting point: 127°F
Vapor pressure: 0.2 mmHg
Flash point: 218°F
Specific gravity: 1.43 at 59°F
Ionization potential: 9.90 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL): 1.4%
Upper explosive limit (UEL): 7.1%
NFPA health rating: 3
NFPA fire rating: 1
NFPA reactivity rating: 1

Specifications of Maleic acid anhydride
Melting Point: 52.0°C to 55.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.4800g/mL
Boiling Point: 200.0°C
Flash Point: 102°C
Assay Percent Range: 99%
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Packaging: Plastic bottle


Properties of Maleic Anhydride
Maleic anhydride is an important chemical intermediate with wide industrial applications: from production of unsaturated polyester resins up to API synthesis.
Normally MAN is colorless or white solid with rhombic crystal structure with an acrid odor.
In Russia and CIS countries the main technical standard for maleic anhydride is GOST 11153-75.
There are two main methods for industrial synthesis of maleic anhydride:
vapor-phase oxidation of benzene over a vanadium-molybdenum oxide catalyst;
vapor-phase oxidation of n-butane over a vanadium-phosphorus oxide catalyst.
The first method is outdated and today it is mainly used in China.

Maleic anhydride is a highly toxic substance of the 2nd hazard class, requires special storage and transportation conditions.
Maleic acid anhydride is hygroscopic, long-term storage leads to a gradual change in chemical behavior of raw material and formation of fusible impurities.
Typical warranty shelf life is 6 months from the date of production.

Application of maleic anhydride
Maleic anhydride is widely used in chemical industry, mainly in polymerization processes producing high-demand polymer compounds.
Approximately 50-55% of world maleic anhydride output is used in production of unsaturated polyester resins, which are basic for the manufacturing of fiberglass and other polymeric construction materials.
Maleic acid anhydride is used for the manufacture of compositions, which form a strong and plastic polymer film once they are applied to various surfaces. The technology is commonly implemented in protective coating of building sites.
Maleic anhydride is used as a plasticizer in concrete, providing better viscosity and pot life.
Polymerization reactions with maleic anhydride are used for production of fibers and various additives for modification of coatings, providing increase of hardness lifetime.
Maleic anhydride is used in following synthetic processes:
synthesis of fumaric, malic, succinic, maleic acids;
maleic acid hydrazide (plant growth regulator);
defoliants (e.g. endotal);
fungicides (canton, etc.);
insecticides (kalbofos)


Identification of Maleic acid anhydride
Common Name: Maleic anhydride
Class: Small Molecule
Description: A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.
Contaminant Sources
Clean Air Act Chemicals
HPV EPA Chemicals
OECD HPV Chemicals
STOFF IDENT Compounds
ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals
Average Molecular Mass: 98.057 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 98.000 g/mol
CAS Registry Number: 108-31-6
IUPAC Name: 2,5-dihydrofuran-2,5-dione
Traditional Name: maleic anhydride
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C4H2O3/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7-3/h1-2H
InChI Key: FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy of Maleic acid anhydride
Description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as butenolides.
These are dihydrofurans with a carbonyl group at the C2 carbon atom.
Kingdom: Organic compounds
Super Class: Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class: Dihydrofurans
Sub Class: Furanones
Direct Parent: Butenolides
Alternative Parents:
Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Carboxylic acid anhydrides
Oxacyclic compounds
Organic oxides
Hydrocarbon derivatives:
Carbonyl compounds
Substituents:
Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
2-furanone
Carboxylic acid anhydride
Oxacycle
Carboxylic acid derivative
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Carbonyl group

GENERAL DESCRIPTION of Maleic acid anhydride
Maleic Anhydride is the anhydride of cis-butenedioic acid (maleic acid) which carboxylic acid groups are next to each other in the cis form.
Maleic Anhydride has a cyclic structure with a ring containing four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
Maleic acid anhydride is soluble in acetone, hydrolyzing in water.
Maleic acid anhydride is prepared in commerce by the oxidation of benzene with catalyst at high temperatures or by the reaction of C4 (butane) with oxygen in the presence of vanadium catalyst.
Maleic acid anhydride is used in 1,4-cyclo polyaddition and polycondensation as a dienophile.
Maleic Anhydride's biggest single use is in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins for use in fibre-reinforced plastics in the automotive, construction, marine, consumer goods and agricultural industries.
Producers are working at capacity, but maleic supplies are barely adequate for market requirements due to planned and unplanned downtime in recent days and continued strong demand.
Maleic Anhydride has attractive molecule structure in chemistry.
Maleic acid anhydride's reactivity of the two carbonyl groups and the double bond in conjugation with the two carbonyl oxygens provide broad applications in commerce. Examples of reactions which maleic anhydride are :
Acylation
Alkylation
Amidation
Cycloaddition
Decomposition and Decarboxylation
Diels-Alder reaction
Electrophilic Addition and Nucleophilic Addition
Ene Reaction
Esterification
Formation of Acid Chloride
Grignard Reactions
Halogenation
Heterogeneous catalytic reduction
Hydration and Dehydration
Hydroformylation

Physical Properties:
Appearance:white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 59.00 to 62.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 196.00 to 197.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 110.00 to 111.00 °C. @ 50.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.299000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 218.00 °F. TCC ( 103.33 °C. )
logP (o/w):-0.648 (est)

Description of Maleic acid anhydride
A reactive, white solid compound that is used in the manufacture of polyester and alkyd resins.
Maleic acid anhydride has needle-like crystals that dissolve readily in water to form Maleic acid.
Maleic acid anhydride is also used in finishing processes for Paper and Permanent press textiles.
Maleic acid anhydride is also used in alkyd resins to increase hardness and decrease yellowing in baking enamels.

Product Identification Features of Maleic acid anhydride
CAS Number: 108-31-6
H.S. Code: 2917.14.5000
Chemical formula: C4H2O3
Chemical Properties:
Melting point: -51-53 C
Boling point: 202 C
Specific gravity: 1.48
Solubility in water: Hydrolysis
Vapour density: 3.4

Production Process : Benzene or n-butane is used as a feedstock for the production of maleic anhydride.
Benzene or butane is fed into a stream of hot air and the mixture is passed through a catalyst bed at elevated temperature.

Uses of Maleic acid anhydride:
Used to manufacture unsaturated polyester resins.
Used to produce 1,4- butanediol.
Used in food and personal care industry.
Used to manufacture insecticides and fungicides.
Used in pharmaceutical industry.
Used in motor oil additives, artificial sweeteners, flavour enhancers etc.

Product Description
Catalogue Number: D474580
Chemical Name: 2,3-Dimethylmaleic Anhydride
CAS Number: 766-39-2
Molecular Formula: C6H6O3
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid
Melting Point: 93-94°C
Molecular Weight: 126.11
Storage: Refrigerator
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly)
Category: Building Blocks; Monomers;
Applicationsof Maleic acid anhydride
Maleic acid anhydride is a reagent used in the synthesis of maleimides and as an amino group protecting agent for superoxide dismutase.

What is maleic acid?
Maleic acid, as well as its related chemical, maleic anhydride, are multi-functional chemical intermediates with many industrial applications and can be used in food contact materials.
Maleic acid can also be used as a precursor for the production of food additives.
Maleic anhydride readily converts to maleic acid in the presence of water, and is often expressed as maleic acid during food testing.

Application
Maleic anhydride is essential to the production of a multitude of resins and plastics, agricultural and industrial chemicals, petroleum additives, paper sizing, water treatment chemicals, epoxy curing agents, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, hair sprays, pharmaceuticals and copolymers.

Specifications of Maleic acid anhydride
Appearance (Colour): White
Appearance (Form): Lumps
Solubility (Turbidity): 10% aq. solution Clear
Solubility (Colour):10% aq. solution Colouless
Assay (NT): min. 99%
Melting Point: 52 - 54°C
Chloride (CI): max. 0.001%
Sulphate (SO4): max. 0.01%
Iron (Fe): max. 0.001%
Heavy Metals (Pb): max. 0.001%

Synonyms of Maleic acid anhydride
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
2,5-Furandione
108-31-6
furan-2,5-dione
Toxilic anhydride
Maleic acid anhydride
cis-Butenedioic anhydride
Dihydro-2,5-dioxofuran
2,5-dihydrofuran-2,5-dione
Maleinanhydrid
RCRA waste number U147
MALEICANHYDRIDE
NSC 137651
Anhydrid kyseliny maleinove
CHEBI:474859
24937-72-2
184288-31-1
V5877ZJZ25
NSC-137651
Poly(maleic anhydride)
Maleic Anhydrides
Polymaleic anhydride
Maleinanhydrid [Czech]
2,5-Furanedione
2,5-Furandione, homopolymer
CCRIS 2941
HSDB 183
Anhydrid kyseliny maleinove [Czech]
EINECS 203-571-6
UN2215
RCRA waste no. U147
BRN 0106909
UNII-V5877ZJZ25
AI3-24283
fumaric anhydride
furan-2,5-quinone
MFCD00005518
68261-15-4
Maleic anhydride, 99%
Maleic Anhydride (MAN)
DSSTox_CID_4166
Epitope ID:122673
EC 203-571-6
Lytron 810 (Salt/Mix)
Lytron 820
Maleic anhydride, briquettes
DSSTox_RID_77313
DSSTox_GSID_24166
Maleic anhydride (briquette)
Maleic anhydride treated BSA
Maleic anhydride-1-[13C]
5-17-11-00055 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE [MI]
(Z)-butanedioic acid anhydride
Maleimide-Related Compound 11
BDBM7812
CHEMBL374159
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE [HSDB]
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE [INCI]
DTXSID7024166
Maleic anhydride, powder, 95%
NSC9568
CS-Z0016
NSC-9568
ZINC8100874
Tox21_200406
NSC137651
NSC137652
NSC137653
STL197476
AKOS000121041
NSC-137652
NSC-137653
UN 2215
NCGC00248595-01
NCGC00257960-01
BP-20394
CAS-108-31-6
Maleic anhydride, for synthesis, 99.0%
Maleic anhydride [UN2215] [Corrosive]
FT-0628122
FT-0670909
FT-0693473
M 188
M0005
Maleic anhydride treated bovine serum albumin
EN300-17997
Maleic anhydride, puriss., >=99.0% (NT)
Maleic anhydride, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%Maleic anhydride treated non-fat dry milk powder
A801842
Q412377
J-002092
J-521668
F0001-0164
Maleic anhydride, 95% (may contain up to 5% maleic acid)

cis-Butenedioic acid anhydride; Toxilic anhydride; MA; 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dioxofuran; 2,5-Furandione; 2,5-Furanedione; Maleic acid anhydride; Maleic anhydride; Anhydrid kyseliny maleinove; Maleic acid anhydride; Maleinanhydrid CAS NO:108-31-6

2-Propenoic Acid; Ethyl ester; Polymer with Ethenyl Acetate and 2,5-Furandione Hydrolyzed CAS NO:113221-69-5

MALIC ACID; D-Apple Acid; (+-)-Hydroxysuccinic acid; (+-)-Malic acid; Deoxytetraric Acid; Malic acid; 2-Hydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid; Deoxytetraric acid; Hydroxybutandisaeure; Hydroxybutanedioic acid; (+-)-Hydroxybutanedioic acid; Hydroxysuccinic acid; Kyselina hydroxybutandiova; Monohydroxybernsteinsaeure; Pomalus acid; R,S(+-)-Malic acid; alpha-Hydroxysuccinic acid; (+-)-1-Hydroxy-1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid; cas no: 6915-15-7

Hydroxysuccinic Acid; 2-butenedioic acid; cis-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid; cis-2-butenedioic acid; cis-butenedioic acid; cis-ethene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid; cis-maleic acid; Malenic Acid; Toxilic acid; (Z)-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid; (Z)-2-butenedioic acid CAS NO:110-16-7

Malic acid is the naturally occurring isomer of malic acid, found mainly in sour and unripe fruits.
Malic acid is the most typical acid occurring in fruits, Malic acid contributes to sour tastes.
Malic acid is used as a food additive, Selective α-amino protecting reagent for amino acid derivatives.

CAS Number: 97-67-6
EC Number: 202-601-5
Molecular Formula: C4H6O5
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 134.087

Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.
Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive.

Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally.
The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates.
The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.

Malic acid is the naturally occurring isomer of malic acid, found mainly in sour and unripe fruits.

Malic acid is the most typical acid occurring in fruits, Malic acid contributes to sour tastes.
Malic acid is commonly used in beverages, confectionary and personal care products.

Malic acid, a hydroxydicarboxylic acid, is found in all forms of life.
Malic acid exists naturally only as the L-enantiomer.
Malic acid should not be confused with the similar sounding maleic and malonic acids.

Malic acid gives many fruits, particularly apples, their characteristic flavor.
Malic acid is often referred to as “apple acid”.
The word malic is derived from the Latin mālum, for which Malus, the genus that contains all apple species, is also named.

The global market size for malic acid (natural and manufactured1) is ≈US$200 million; the US market is ≈$35 million.
The primary end use in the United States is for flavoring beverages, foods, and confectionaries, with much smaller quantities used in cosmetics and personal care products.
The price of malic acid ranges from US$0.90 to $10.00/kg, depending on the purity, quantity, and end use.

Malic acid is used as a food additive, Selective α-amino protecting reagent for amino acid derivatives.
Versatile synthon for the preparation of chiral compounds including κ-opioid receptor agonists, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogue, and phoslactomycin B.

Malic acid is a relevant component of the citric acid cycle that is found in animals, plants and microorganisms.
Malic acid is one of the most important fruit acids found in nature and Malic acid is the acid present in highest concentrations in wine.

Malic acid may be used in food production because Malic acid is a stronger acid than citric acid.
Microbial decomposition of Malic acid leads to the formation of L-lactate; this can be a desirable reaction in the wine industry, where the level of Malic acid is monitored, along with L-lactic acid, during malolactic fermentation.
Malic acid may be used as a food preservative (E296) or flavour enhancing additive.

Malic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
Malic acid is used at industrial sites.

Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and organic compound made by all living organisms.
Malic acid is responsible for the sour taste of most fruits and is utilized as a food additive.
Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.

Malic acid is nearly odorless with a tart, acidic taste.
Malic acid is nonpungent.

Malic acid is an organic acid that is commonly found in wine.
Malic acid plays an important role in wine microbiological stability.

Malic acid can be prepared by hydration of maleic acid; by fermentation from sugar.
Occurs in maple sap, apple, melon, papaya, beer, grape wine, cocoa, sake, kiwifruit and chicory root.

Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.
Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive.

Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally.
The salts and esters of Malic acid are known as malates.

The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.
Malic acid, a hydroxydicarboxylic acid, is found in all forms of life.

Malic acid exists naturally only as the L-enantiomer.
Malic acid should not be confused with the similar sounding maleic and malonic acids.

Malic acid is L-hydroxysuccinic acid, by enzyme engineering method or fermentation method and separation and purification.
The content of C4H6Os shall not be less than 99.0% calculated as anhydrous.

Malic acid gives many fruits, particularly apples, their characteristic flavor.
Malic acid is often referred to as “apple acid”.

The word malic is derived from the Latin mālum, for which Malus, the genus that contains all apple species, is also named.
Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is found in many fruits and vegetables.

Malic acid is the substrate for the enzyme malate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the oxidation of L-malate to oxaloacetate.
Malic acid is used to study mitochondrial function, as Malic acid can be used as an alternative energy source.

The Malic acid monosodium salt (LAM) has been shown to be effective in preventing muscle damage caused by exercise.
This may be due to Malic acid's ability to decrease oxidative stress and increase ATP production through increased mitochondrial activity.

Malic acid also has been shown to promote photoreceptor cell survival and improve retinal function in animals with damaged photoreceptors, although Malic acid does not have any effect on normal animal eyes.
Malic acid, is an alpha-hydroxy organic acid, is sometimes referred to as a fruit acid.

Malic acid is found in apples and other fruits.
Malic acid is also found in plants and animals, including humans.

In fact, Malic acid, in the form of Malic acid anion malate, is a key intermediate in the major biochemical energy-producing cycle in cells known as the citric acid or Krebs cycle located in the cells' mitochondria.
Malic acid is used in many food products and is a very popular product in beverages and sweets.
Malic acid, also known as apple acid and hydroxysuccinic acid, is a chiral molecule.

Malic acid, disodium salt is a dicarboxylic acid used to differentiate microorganisms based on their varying metabolic properties.
Malic acid is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle and an intermediate of the citric acid cycle.

Malic acid, is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid abundantly present in the human body.
This acid is not only found in the human body but also occurs naturally in a wide range of foods.

Moreover, Malic acid is produced during the fermentation of carbohydrates.
Beyond Malic acid biological significance, Malic acid finds application in diverse industrial sectors.

Malic acid contributes to the production of plastics, solvents, and detergents.
However, the precise mechanism of action of Malic acid remains partially understood.

Malic acid is hypothesized to be involved in ATP production and the transport of electrons within the electron transport chain.
Furthermore, Malic acid is believed to partake in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid found in fruits and vegetables, especially apples.
The name malic acid comes from the Latin word for apple, mālum.

Many fruits owe their tart and sour flavors to malic acid.
The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malate.

Many supplements bond to malate to improve their bioavailability, such as citrulline malate and magnesium malate.
Malate is also part of the citric acid cycle (CAC), sometimes referred to as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).

The CAC is the primary pathway that delivers energy to all areas of the body.
The CAC uses malate to produce NADPH, which then converts to NADH.

NADH is essential for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), also known as the energy currency for cells.
ATP provides the necessary energy for various chemical reactions and biochemical processes that occur throughout the body.

Malic acid has many uses in food, beverage, pharmaceutical, chemical and medical industries.
Malic acid can be produced by one-step fermentation, enzymatic transformation of fumaric acid to L-malate and acid hydrolysis of polymalic acid.

However, the process for one-step fermentation is preferred as Malic acid has many advantages over any other process.
The pathways of Malic acid biosynthesis in microorganisms are partially clear and three metabolic pathways including non-oxidative pathway, oxidative pathway and glyoxylate cycle for the production of Malic acid from glucose have been identified.

Usually, high levels of L-malate are produced under the nitrogen starvation conditions, L-malate, as a calcium salt, is secreted from microbial cells and CaCO3 can play an important role in calcium malate biosynthesis and regulation.
However, Malic acid is still unclear how Malic acid is secreted into the medium.
To enhance L-malate biosynthesis and secretion by microbial cells, Malic acid is very important to study the mechanisms of Malic acid biosynthesis and secretion at enzymatic and molecular levels.

Malic acid is formed as a by-product of the metabolic processes of sugars and occurs under several names, such as:
Hydroxysuccinic acid,
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid,
Acidum malicum,
Malic acid,
Acidity regulator E296.

Malic acid belongs to the group of natural hydroxy acids.
This means that the molecule contains a hydroxyl group, consisting of oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H).

The structural formula of acidum malicum is as follows:
HOOC–CH(OH)–CH2–COOH.

The molecular formula for malic acid is: C4H6O5.
As an optically active compound, this acid is classified into two forms:

L-Malic acid (left-handed form, found in fruits),
D-Malic acid (right-handed form, does not occur in nature).
As a result of industrial treatment of hydroxysuccinic acid, a mixture in the form of a racemate (DMalic acid), which has no optical activity, is formed.

Applications of Malic acid:
Malic acid is used as a food additive, Selective α-amino protecting reagent for amino acid derivatives.
Versatile synthon for the preparation of chiral compounds including κ-opioid receptor agonists, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogue, and phoslactomycin B.

Malic acid may be used to prepare:
Diethyl (S)-malate
Ethyl (R)-2-hydroxyl-4-phenylbutanoate
Ethyl (S)-2-hydroxyl-4-phenylbutanoate
D-homophenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride
Furo[3,2-i]indolizines

Uses of Malic acid:
Malic acid may improve dry mouth, dry mouth caused by medication in particular.
Malic acid helps produce more saliva due to Malic acid sour flavor.

One six-week study examined the effects of a Malic acid spray solution on dry mouth compared to a placebo.
The Malic acid group had noticeably improved dry mouth symptoms and better saliva flow than the placebo group.

Another two-week trial produced similar results.
Most individuals tolerate malic acid well, given that Malic acid’s a common compound in many fruits and vegetables.

Malic acid may cause mild side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, and headaches.
Individuals taking medications to lower their blood pressure should consult with a physician before taking malic acid supplements, as they may lower blood pressure.

Kidney stones are painful and can affect many people.
Malic acid has been researched for Malic acid potential role in preventing and treating kidney stones.

In one preliminary study set in a lab, Malic acid was found to increase urine pH levels, making kidney stone formation less likely.
The researchers concluded that Malic acid supplementation might help treat calcium kidney stones.4

A 2016 review on the importance of a healthy diet to prevent kidney stones suggested pears could be a potential treatment option.
Per the review, the Malic acid in pears may be used to prevent the formation of kidney stones.
This is because Malic acid is a precursor for citrate, a compound that inhibits crystal growth in the kidneys.

Malic acid contains natural emollient ingredients, which can remove wrinkles on the skin surface, make the skin become tender and white, smooth and elastic, so in the cosmetic formula favored; Malic acid can be formulated a variety of flavors, spices, for a variety of daily chemical products, such as toothpaste, shampoo, etc.
Malic acid is used abroad to replace citric acid as a new type of detergent additive for the synthesis of high-grade special detergents.

Malic acid can be used in pharmaceutical preparations, tablets, syrup, can also be mixed into the amino acid solution, can significantly improve the absorption rate of amino acids; Malic acid can be used for the treatment of liver disease, anemia, low immunity, uremia, hypertension, liver failure and other diseases, and can reduce the toxic effect of anticancer drugs on normal cells; Can also be used for the preparation and synthesis of insect repellents, anti-Tartar agents.
In addition, Malic acid can also be used as industrial cleaning agent, resin curing agent, synthetic material plasticizer, feed additive, etc.

Malic acid is used to resolve α-phenylethylamine, a versatile resolving agent in Malic acid own right.

Malic acid is found in unripe apples and other fruit.
Malic acid is used to make wine, stucco (plaster), cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, dentifrices, and coumarin derivatives.

Malic acid is also used as a chelating agent, metal cleaner, electroplating chemical, acidulant, discoloration inhibitor, food flavor, and antioxidant for fats and oils.
Malic acid is naturally occurring biochemical that can be converted into citric acid in the citric acid cycle.

Malic acid is used as a preservative in animal feeds.
Malic acid is used as a flavoring agent and acidity regulator in food.
Malic acid is permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products

Malic acid is intermediate in chemical synthesis.
Malic acid is chelating and buffering agent.

Malic acid is flavoring agent, flavor enhancer and acidulant in foods.
Malic acid is manufacture of various esters and salts, wine manufacture, chelating agent, food acidulant, flavoring.

Natural acids of organic origin have long been used in industry.

Malic acid serves, among others, as a preservative and acidity regulator – such as the popular E296 – that’s added to:
Preserves,
Jams,
Marmalade,
Candy,
Jellies, etc.

In food production, an ingredient called E296 is used as one of the best citric acid substitutes.
Malic acid makes the products stay fresh and attractive for longer.
The acid is effective in impeding the appearance of clouding and the loss of colour of various substances.

In chemical industry, Malic acid is also useful in the process of organic synthesis.
Thanks to this, Malic acid is possible to obtain, among others, esters used in the production of cleaning agents and cosmetics.

Manufacturers in the pharmaceutical industry make good use of the beneficial properties of acidum malicum.
Organic acid is a healthy stimulant for the digestive system and improves the condition of the epidermis, and therefore Malic acid is used as an ingredient in medicinal rinses, capsules and dietary supplements.

Use in cosmetics and the beauty industry:
The antibacterial, stabilising, preserving and brightening properties of acidum malicum are appreciated especially by manufacturers from the cosmetic and beauty industries.

Malic acid is used as an ingredient in many cosmetics for everyday use, such as:
Moisturising and anti-wrinkle creams,
Brightening masks for face and hair,
Shampoos and hair rinses (including bleaches, colour fixers),
Regenerating and cleansing milks and tonics (soothing, brightening, anti-acne),
Natural rinses for hair and nails.

In recent years, people associated with the beauty industry have also become interested in malic acid.
This antibacterial and antioxidant compound is more and more often used for specialised cosmetology treatments for skin and hair.

Among others, these are:
Brightening masks,
Exfoliating scrubs for the face and body,
Aesthetic anti-ageing treatments.

Treatments with malic acid are aimed at improving the condition of the epidermis, inhibiting bacterial growth and the ageing of cells.
Exposing the skin to intense acid action also helps to get rid of discolouration, blemishes and shrink unattractive-looking pores.

Uses at industrial sites:
Malic acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Malic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Malic acid can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Industry Uses:
Cleaning agent
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)
Preservative
Process regulators

Consumer Uses:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)
Preservative
Process regulators

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Acid and Alkali Cleaning of Metals
Electroplating
Farming (Feed Additives)

Plant defense of Malic acid:
Soil supplementation with molasses increases microbial synthesis of MA.
This is thought to occur naturally as part of soil microbe suppression of disease, so soil amendment with molasses can be used as a crop treatment in horticulture.

Benefits of Malic acid:

Potential Malic acid Benefits For Exercise Performance:
Malic acid may improve exercise performance by boosting energy and decreasing muscle fatigue.
Malic acid also enhances the absorption of other sports performance enhancers like creatine and citrulline.

One study found that a creatine-malate combination improved several aspects of athletes’ running performance, including peak power, distance traveled, hormone levels, and total work.
Bonding malic acid with citrulline produces citrulline malate.
Malic acid enhances citrulline’s innate ability to improve nitric oxide levels, remove muscle waste, increase energy, and reduce muscle soreness.

Potential Malic Acid Benefits For Dry Mouth:
Malic acid may improve dry mouth, dry mouth caused by medication in particular.
Malic acid helps produce more saliva due to Malic acid sour flavor.

One six-week study examined the effects of a malic acid spray solution on dry mouth compared to a placebo.
Malic acid group had noticeably improved dry mouth symptoms and better saliva flow than the placebo group.
Another two-week trial produced similar results.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Malic acid:
Malic acid is a part of cellular metabolism.
Malic acid's application is recognized in pharmaceutics.

Malic acid is useful in the treatment of hepatic malfunctioning, effective against hyper-ammonemia.
Malic acid is used as a part of amino acid infusion.

Malic acid also serves as a nanomedicine in the treatment of brain neurological disorders.
A TCA (Krebs cycle) intermediate and partner in the Malic acid aspartate shuttle.

Malic acid is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of L- and D-malic acid is produced synthetically.
Malate plays an important role in biochemistry.

In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle.
In the citric acid cycle, (S)-malate is an intermediate, formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate.

Malic acid can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions.
Malic acid is also synthesized by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate in the guard cells of plant leaves.

Malic acid , as a double anion, often accompanies potassium cations during the uptake of solutes into the guard cells in order to maintain electrical balance in the cell.
The accumulation of these solutes within the guard cell decreases the solute potential, allowing water to enter the cell and promote aperture of the stomata.

General Manufacturing Information of Malic acid:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing

Biochemistry of Malic acid:
Malic acid is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of L- and D-malic acid is produced synthetically.

Malic acid plays an important role in biochemistry.
In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle.

In the citric acid cycle, (S)-malate is an intermediate, formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate.
Malic acid can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions.

Malic acid is also synthesized by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate in the guard cells of plant leaves.
Malic acid, as a double anion, often accompanies potassium cations during the uptake of solutes into the guard cells in order to maintain electrical balance in the cell.
The accumulation of these solutes within the guard cell decreases the solute potential, allowing water to enter the cell and promote aperture of the stomata.

In food:
Malic acid was first isolated from apple juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1785.
Antoine Lavoisier in 1787 proposed the name acide malique, which is derived from the Latin word for apple, mālum—as is Malic acid genus name Malus.

In German Malic acid is named Äpfelsäure (or Apfelsäure) after plural or singular of a sour thing from the apple fruit, but the salt(s) are called Malat(e).
Malic acid is the main acid in many fruits, including apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, mirabelles, peaches, pears, plums, and quince and is present in lower concentrations in other fruits, such as citrus.

Malic acid contributes to the sourness of unripe apples.
Sour apples contain high proportions of the acid.

Malic acid is present in grapes and in most wines with concentrations sometimes as high as 5 g/L.
Malic acid confers a tart taste to wine; the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness.

The taste of malic acid is very clear and pure in rhubarb, a plant for which Malic acid is the primary flavor.
Malic acid is also the compound responsible for the tart flavor of sumac spice.
Malic acid is also a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "salt and vinegar" flavored potato chips.

In citrus, fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of malic acid than fruits produced in conventional agriculture.

The process of malolactic fermentation converts malic acid to much milder lactic acid.
Malic acid occurs naturally in all fruits and many vegetables, and is generated in fruit metabolism.

Malic acid, when added to food products, is denoted by E number E296.
Malic acid is sometimes used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour sweets.

These sweets are sometimes labeled with a warning stating that excessive consumption can cause irritation of the mouth.
Malic acid is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, US and Australia and New Zealand (where Malic acid is listed by its INS number 296).

Malic acid contains 10 kJ (2.39 kilocalories) of energy per gram.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Malic acid:

Bionecessity:
Malic acid is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.
Malic acid is formed from fumaric acid and is oxidized to oxaloacetic acid.

Malic acid is also metabolized to pyruvic acid by malic enzyme which is present in many biologic systems, including bacteria and plants.
L-Malic and dMalic acid are both rapidly metabolized in the rat.

Orally or ip administered l- or dMalic acid was extensively eliminated as carbon dioxide (83 to 92%).
No differences between the two forms were found in the rates (90 to 95% in 24 hr) or routes of excretion.

Malate occurs in all living organisms as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.
Malic acid occurs in relatively high amounts in many fruits and vegetables.
Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), although only the L-isomer exists naturally.

Production and Main Reactions of Malic acid:
Racemic malic acid is produced industrially by the double hydration of maleic anhydride.
In 2000, American production capacity was 5,000 tons per year.

The enantiomers may be separated by chiral resolution of the racemic mixture.
S-Malic acid is obtained by fermentation of fumaric acid.

Self-condensation of malic acid in the presence of fuming sulfuric acid gives the pyrone coumalic acid.

Note that this scheme is incorrect. 4 H2O and 2 CO (carbon monoxide, not carbon dioxide) are liberated during the condensation.

Malic acid was important in the discovery of the Walden inversion and the Walden cycle, in which (−)-malic acid first is converted into (+)-chlorosuccinic acid by action of phosphorus pentachloride.
Wet silver oxide then converts the chlorine compound to (+)-malic acid, which then reacts with PCl5 to the (−)-chlorosuccinic acid.
The cycle is completed when silver oxide takes Malic acid back to (−)-malic acid.

Etymology of Malic acid:
The word 'malic' is derived from Latin 'mālum', meaning 'apple'.
The related Latin word mālus, meaning 'apple tree', is used as the name of the genus Malus, which includes all apples and crabapples; and the origin of other taxonomic classifications such as Maloideae, Malinae, and Maleae.

Handling and storage of Malic acid:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 11: Combustible Solids

Stability and reactivity of Malic acid:

Reactivity:
The following applies in general to flammable organic substances and mixtures:
In correspondingly fine distribution, when whirled up a dust explosion potential may generally be assumed.

Chemical stability:
Malic acid is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reactions possible with:
Bases
Oxidizing agents
Reducing agents
Alkali metals

Conditions to avoid:
Heat.

First aid measures of Malic acid:

General advice:
Show Malic acid safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures of Malic acid:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2) Dry powder

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from Malic acid or mixture:
Carbon oxides
Combustible.
Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.

Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental release measures of Malic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions,
Take up dry.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Identifiers of Malic acid:
CAS Number: 6915-15-7

ChEBI:
CHEBI:6650
CHEBI:30796 D-(+)
CHEBI:30797 L-(–)

ChEMBL: ChEMBL1455497

ChemSpider:
510
83793 D-(+)-malic acid
193317 L-(–)-malic acid

ECHA InfoCard: 100.027.293
EC Number: 230-022-8
E number: E296 (preservatives)
IUPHAR/BPS: 2480

KEGG:
C00711
C00497 D-(+)
C00149 L-(–)

PubChem CID:
525
92824 D-(+)
222656 L-(–)

UNII: 817L1N4CKP
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID0027640
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)
Key: BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)
Key: BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYAM
SMILES: O=C(O)CC(O)C(=O)O

CAS: 97-67-6
Molecular Formula: C4H6O5
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 134.087
MDL Number: MFCD00064213
InChI Key: BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N
PubChem CID: 222656
ChEBI: CHEBI:30797
IUPAC Name: (2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
SMILES: C(C(C(=O)O)O)C(=O)O

Synonym(s): (S)-(−)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid, L-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Linear Formula: HO2CCH2CH(OH)CO2H
CAS Number: 97-67-6
Molecular Weight: 134.09
Beilstein: 1723541
EC Number: 202-601-5
MDL number: MFCD00064213
PubChem Substance ID: 24896463
NACRES: NA.22

CAS number: 97-67-6
EC number: 202-601-5
Hill Formula: C₄H₆O₅
Chemical formula: HOOCCH(OH)CH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 134.08 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 19 98

Properties of Malic acid:
Chemical formula: C4H6O5
Molar mass: 134.09 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless
Density: 1.609 g⋅cm−3
Melting point: 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
Solubility in water: 558 g/L (at 20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 3.40
pKa2 = 5.20

Quality Level: 200 - 300
Assay: ≥95% (titration)
form: powder
pKa (25 °C): (1) 3.46, (2) 5.10
mp: 101-103 °C (lit.)
solubility: water: 100 mg/mL, clear to very slightly hazy, colorless
SMILES string: O[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O
InChI: 1S/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1
InChI key: BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N

Boiling point: 140 °C (decomposition)
Density: 1.60 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 98 - 103 °C
pH value: 2.2 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Solubility: 160 g/l

Molecular Weight: 134.09 g/mol
XLogP3: -1.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 134.02152329 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 134.02152329 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 94.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Complexity: 129
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Malic acid:
Assay (acidimetric): ≥ 99.0 %
Melting range (lower value): ≥ 98 °C
Melting range (upper value): ≤ 104 °C
Spec. rotation [α²0/D (c=5 in pyridine): -30.0 - -27.0 °
Identity (IR): passes test

Melting Point: 100°C to 106°C
Color: White
Density: 1.6
Flash Point: 220°C (428°F)
Quantity: 2.5 kg
Beilstein: 1723541
Merck Index: 14,5707
Solubility Information: Soluble in water(363g/L).
Optical Rotation: −26° (c=5.5 in pyridine)
Formula Weight: 134.09
Percent Purity: 99%
Physical Form: Crystalline Powder
Chemical Name or Material: L-(-)-Malic acid

Related compounds of Malic acid:
Butanol
Butyraldehyde
Crotonaldehyde
Sodium malate

Other anions:
Malate

Related carboxylic acids:
Succinic acid
Tartaric acid
Fumaric acid

Related Products of Malic acid:
2,3-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
D674580
rac Geosmin
Germacrene D (~90%) (Stabilized with Hydroquinone)
Germacrene D-d3

Names of Malic acid:

Regulatory process names:
(-)-Hydroxysuccinic acid
(-)-Malic acid
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (S)-
Apple acid
Butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (2S)-
Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, (2S)-
Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, (S)-
Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, (S)- (9CI)
Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (S)-
Hydroxysuccinnic acid (-)
L-(-)-Malic acid
L-malic acid
L-malic acid
Malic acid L-(-)-form
Malic acid, L-
S-(-)-Malic acid
S-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid

IUPAC names:
(2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
(S)-(−)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
Butenedioic acid
L(-)-Malic acid
L-(-)-Malic Acid
L-(-)-Äpfelsäure
L-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
L-Hydroxysuccinic acid
l-hydroxysuccinic acid
L-Malic Acid
L-Malic acid
L-malic acid
L-malic acid
malic acid
S-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
S-HYDROXYBUTANEDIOIC ACID

Preferred IUPAC name:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid

Trade names:
Acido Malico
L-(-)-Malic acid

Other names:
Hydroxybutanedioic acid
2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
(L/D)-Malic acid
(±)-Malic acid
(S/R)-Hydroxybutanedioic acid

Other identifiers:
124501-05-9
498-37-3
6294-10-6
84781-39-5
97-67-6

Synonyms of Malic acid:
malic acid
DL-malic acid
6915-15-7
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
617-48-1
malate
hydroxysuccinic acid
Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-
Malic acid, DL-
Kyselina jablecna
hydroxybutanedioic acid
Pomalus acid
Deoxytetraric acid
Hydroxybutandisaeure
Musashi-no-Ringosan
alpha-Hydroxysuccinic acid
Caswell No. 537
Monohydroxybernsteinsaeure
Succinic acid, hydroxy-
FDA 2018
R,S(+-)-Malic acid
Malicum acidum
Pomalous acid
DL-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
d,l-malic acid
FEMA Number 2655
2-Hydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Kyselina jablecna [Czech]
Malic acid [NF]
(+-)-Malic acid
Aepfelsaeure
FEMA No. 2655
CCRIS 2950
CCRIS 6567
(+/-)-Malic acid
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051101
HSDB 1202
Kyselina hydroxybutandiova
Kyselina hydroxybutandiova [Czech]
AI3-06292
H2mal
EINECS 210-514-9
EINECS 230-022-8
UNII-817L1N4CKP
NSC 25941
NSC-25941
817L1N4CKP
CHEBI:6650
INS NO.296
DTXSID0027640
E296
INS NO. 296
INS-296
Malic acid, L-
(+-)-Hydroxysuccinic acid
L-Malic acid-1-13C
MLS000084707
DTXCID107640
E-296
(+-)-1-Hydroxy-1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid
Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (+-)-
dl-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
EC 210-514-9
EC 230-022-8
NSC25941
Malic acid (NF)
(+/-)-HYDROXYSUCCINIC ACID
DL-MALIC-2,3,3-D3 ACID
SMR000019054
DL-Apple Acid
HYDROXYBUTANEDIOIC ACID, (+/-)-
MALIC ACID (II)
MALIC ACID [II]
(R)-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
(S)-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
MALIC ACID (USP-RS)
MALIC ACID [USP-RS]
BUTANEDIOIC ACID, HYDROXY-, (S)-
R-Malic acid
MALIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH)
MALIC ACID (USP IMPURITY)
MALIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
MALIC ACID [USP IMPURITY]
Butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (2S)-
CAS-6915-15-7
L-(-)-MalicAcid
DL-hydroxysuccinic acid
C4H6O5
Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (-)-
MFCD00064213
(+/-)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
Racemic malic acid
180991-05-3
MFCD00064212
.+-.-Malic acid
Opera_ID_805
2-hydroxyl-succinic acid
DL-Malic acid, 99%
MALIC ACID [MI]
MALIC ACID,(DL)
2-Hydroxydicarboxylic acid
MALIC ACID [FCC]
SCHEMBL856
2-hydroxy-butanedioic acid
bmse000046
bmse000904
D03WNI
MALIC ACID [INCI]
MALIC ACID [VANDF]
Malic acid-, (L-form)-
DL-Malic acid, >=99%
HYOSCYAMINEHYDROBROMIDE
Oprea1_130558
Oprea1_624131
MALIC ACID [WHO-DD]
butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-
DL-HYDROXYSUCOINIC ACID
Butanedioic acid, (.+-.)-
DL(+/-)-MALIC ACID
GTPL2480
2-HYDROXY-SUCCINIC ACID
DL-HYROXYBUTANEDIOIC ACID
CHEMBL1455497
BDBM92495
DL-Malic acid, FCC, >=99%
HMS2358H06
HMS3371C13
(C4-H6-O5)x-
DL-Malic acid, analytical standard
HY-Y1311
STR03457
Tox21_201536
Tox21_300372
s9001
STL283959
HYDROXYBUTANEDIOIC ACID [HSDB]
AKOS000120085
AKOS017278471
(+/-)-HYDROXYBUTANEDIOIC ACID
AM81418
Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, (.+.)-
CCG-266122
DB12751
LS-2394
DL-Malic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
NCGC00043225-02
NCGC00043225-03
NCGC00254259-01
NCGC00259086-01
78644-42-5
DL-Malic acid, >=98% (capillary GC)
LS-88709
SY003313
SY009804
DL-Malic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
DL-Malic acid 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
DL-Malic acid, USP, 99.0-100.5%
CS-0017784
E 296
EU-0067046
FT-0605225
FT-0625484
FT-0625485
FT-0625539
FT-0632189
M0020
DL-Malic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EN300-19229
A19426
C00711
C03668
D04843
DL-Malic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
M-0825
AB00443952-12
Malic acid, meets USP/NF testing specifications
4-ethoxyphenyltrans-4-propylcyclohexanecarboxylate
L023999
Q190143
Q-201028
0C9A2DC0-FEA2-4864-B98B-0597CDD0AD06
F0918-0088
Z104473230
MALIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF CRANBERRY LIQUID PREPARATION)
Malic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
MALIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF CRANBERRY LIQUID PREPARATION) [DSC]
Malic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
DL-Malic acid, meets analytical specification of FCC, E296, 99-100.5% (alkalimetric)
L-(−)-Malic acid
(-)-(S)-Malic acid
(-)-L-malic acid
(-)-Malic acid
(2S)-2-Hydroxybernsteinsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
(2S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(S)-(-)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
(S)-(−)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
(S)-(-)-Hydroxysuccinic acid
(S)-(-)-Malic acid
(S)-hydroxy-Butanedioic acid
(S)-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
(S)-Malate
(S)-malic acid
1723541 [Beilstein]
202-601-5 [EINECS]
97-67-6 [RN]
Acide (2S)-2-hydroxysuccinique [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (2S)- [ACD/Index Name]
Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, (2S)-
L-(-)-Malic Acid
L-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
L-Hydroxysuccinic acid
l-malic acid
Malic acid, L-
MFCD00064213 [MDL number]
S-(-)-Malic acid
S-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
(-)-(S)-Malate
(-)-Hydroxysuccinate
(2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioate
(S)-(-)-Hydroxysuccinate
(S)-hydroxy-Butanedioate
(S)-Hydroxybutanedioate
L-Hydroxybutanedioate
L-Hydroxysuccinate
S-(-)-Malate
S-2-Hydroxybutanedioate
(-)-Hydroxysuccinic acid
(??)-Malic acid
(S)-(-)-Hydrosuccinic acid
(S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid
[97-67-6] [RN]
210-514-9 [EINECS]
617-48-1 [RN]
6915-15-7 [RN]
99-98-9 [RN]
APPLE ACID
BUTANEDIOIC ACID, HYDROXY-, (S)-
D-malate
FLC
l-(-)-malic acid, ???
L-(-)-Malic acid|(2S)-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
l-(-)-malic acid-cp
L-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
laevo-malic acid
L-Apple acid
l-malicacid
LMR
M-0850
mal
MALATE ION
MALIC ACID, (L)
MLT
Oxaloacetate Ion
UNII:J3TZF807X5
UNII-817L1N4CKP
UNII-J3TZF807X5
pinguosuan
L-Mailcacid
L-malic acid
L(-)-Malic acid
l-(ii)-malicacid
L-(-)-Malic acid
L-(-)-Malic acid, CP
L-Hydroxysuccinic acid
L-Gydroxybutanedioicacid
(2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioate
(S)-(-)-Hydroxysuccinic acid
hydroxy-,(S)-Butanedioicacid
Butanedioicacid,hydroxy-,(S)-
(2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
Butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (2S)-

Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive.
Malic acid (apple acid) has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally.

CAS Number: 150992-96-4
Molecular Formula: C4H6O5
Molecular Weight: 138.12344

(S)-Malic acid (apple acid)-13C4, 150992-96-4, DTXSID301243440, HY-Y1069S3, CS-0542075, Butanedioic-1,2,3,4-13C4 acid, 2-hydroxy-, (S)-, L-Malic acid (apple acid)-13C4, >=99 atom % 13C, >=97% (CP).

Malic acid (apple acid) can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also synthesized by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate in the guard cells of plant leaves.
Malic acid (apple acid), as a double anion, often accompanies potassium cations during the uptake of solutes into the guard cells in order to maintain electrical balance in the cell.

The salts and esters of Malic acid (apple acid) are known as malates.
The malate anion is a metabolic intermediate in the citric acid cycle.
Malic acid (apple acid) is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of L- and D-Malic acid (apple acid) is produced synthetically.

Malate plays an important role in biochemistry.
In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle.
In the Malic acid (apple acid), (S)-malate is an intermediate, formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate.

The accumulation of these solutes within the guard cell decreases the solute potential, allowing water to enter the cell and promote aperture of the stomata.
Malic acid (apple acid), often referred to as "apple acid," is a naturally occurring organic acid found in various fruits, with apples being a particularly rich source.
Malic acid (apple acid) belongs to the family of alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) and is known for its sour taste.

The chemical formula of Malic acid (apple acid) is C₄H₆O₅.
Malic acid (apple acid) was first isolated from apple juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1785.
Antoine Lavoisier in 1787 proposed the name acide malique, which is derived from the Latin word for apple, mālum—as is its genus name Malus.

Malic acid (apple acid) is the main acid in many fruits, including apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, mirabelles, peaches, pears, plums, and quince and is present in lower concentrations in other fruits, such as citrus.
Malic acid (apple acid) contributes to the sourness of unripe apples.
Sour apples contain high proportions of the acid.

Malic acid (apple acid) is present in grapes and in most wines with concentrations sometimes as high as 5 g/L.
Malic acid (apple acid) confers a tart taste to wine; the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness.
The taste of Malic acid (apple acid) is very clear and pure in rhubarb, a plant for which it is the primary flavor.

Malic acid (apple acid) is also the compound responsible for the tart flavor of sumac spice.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "salt and vinegar" flavored potato chips.
Malic acid (apple acid), is an alpha-hydroxy organic acid, is sometimes referred to as a fruit acid.

This is because Malic acid (apple acid) is found in apples and other fruits.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also found in plants and animals, including humans.
In fact, Malic acid (apple acid), in the form of its anion malate, is a key intermediate in the major biochemical energy-producing cycle in cells known as the citric acid or Krebs cycle located in the cells' mitochondria.

Malic acid (apple acid) is used in many food products and is a very popular product in beverages and sweets.
Malic acid (apple acid), also known as apple acid and hydroxysuccinic acid, is a chiral molecule.
In citrus, fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of Malic acid (apple acid) than fruits produced in conventional agriculture.

The process of malolactic fermentation converts Malic acid (apple acid) to much milder lactic acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) occurs naturally in all fruits and many vegetables, and is generated in fruit metabolism.
Malic acid (apple acid), when added to food products, is denoted by E number E296.

Malic acid (apple acid) is sometimes used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour sweets.
These sweets are sometimes labeled with a warning stating that excessive consumption can cause irritation of the mouth.
Malic acid (apple acid) is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, US and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS number 296).

Malic acid (apple acid) contains 10 kJ (2.39 kilocalories) of energy per gram.
Malic acid (apple acid) originated from Europe in 1785 when it was first isolated from apple juice.
Malic acid (apple acid) is the main acid in many fruits including grapes, peaches, and pears helping with their distinct taste.

Malic acid (apple acid) itself tastes tart and sour.
In beverages, Malic acid (apple acid) helps provide the tart taste and balance the pH.
Malic acid (apple acid) is great because of its ability to dissolve quickly in water which allows it to be used with other additives in a lot of different foods.

Malic acid (apple acid) used in the production of wine, beer, and cider, Malic acid (apple acid) is used to regulate the pH and total acidity.
The pH of a solution is the measurement of free-floating protons at a specific time.
This will cause more protons to leave the acidic compound and bind with taste receptors.

Malic acid (apple acid) is the most common acid among all fruits.
Malic acid (apple acid) has a more prolonged sour sensation, which increases its apparent sourness.
In winemaking, excessive acidity can be reduced through malolactic fermentation, which converts malic to lactic acid.

Malic acid (apple acid) has a more prolonged sour sensation, which increases its apparent sourness.
Racemic Malic acid (apple acid) is produced industrially by the double hydration of maleic anhydride.
In 2000, American production capacity was 5,000 tons per year.

The enantiomers may be separated by chiral resolution of the racemic mixture.
Malic acid (apple acid) is obtained by fermentation of fumaric acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) confers a tart taste to wine; the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness.

Malic acid (apple acid) taste of Malic acid (apple acid) is very clear and pure in rhubarb, a plant for which it is the primary flavor.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "salt and vinegar" flavored potato chips.
Malic acid (apple acid) citrus, fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of Malic acid (apple acid) than fruits produced in conventional agriculture.

The process of malolactic fermentation converts Malic acid (apple acid) to much milder lactic acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) occurs naturally in all fruits and many vegetables, and is generated in fruit metabolism.
Malic acid (apple acid), when added to food products, is denoted by E number E296.

Malic acid (apple acid) is sometimes used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour sweets.
These sweets are sometimes labeled with a warning stating that excessive consumption can cause irritation of the mouth.
Malic acid (apple acid) contains 10 kJ (2.39 kilocalories) of energy per gram.

Malic acid (apple acid) is found in many fruits, including apples, apricots, cherries, grapes, and watermelons.
Malic acid (apple acid) contributes to the tart or sour taste in these fruits.
In its pure form, Malic acid (apple acid) has a strong, tart flavor, which makes it useful as a food additive to enhance the sour taste in various products.

Malic acid (apple acid) is commonly used in the food and beverage industry as an acidulant and flavor enhancer.
Malic acid (apple acid) is added to products like candies, beverages, and sourdough bread to impart a tangy taste.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a dicarboxylic acid, meaning it has two carboxyl groups (-COOH).

Malic acid (apple acid) is acidic properties make it suitable for adjusting the pH levels in certain food and beverage products.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also used in the cosmetic industry for its exfoliating properties.
Malic acid (apple acid) is found in some skincare products, particularly those designed for chemical exfoliation or promoting skin renewal.

Malic acid (apple acid) is sometimes used in combination with other compounds for medicinal purposes.
For example, Malic acid (apple acid) is included in some formulations for the treatment of conditions like dry mouth.
While Malic acid (apple acid) can be extracted from natural sources like fruits, it can also be produced synthetically.

The synthetic form is chemically identical to the natural form and is often used in food and beverage applications.
Malic acid (apple acid) plays a role in the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the cells' mitochondria to generate energy from carbohydrates.
Malic acid (apple acid) was important in the discovery of the Walden inversion and the Walden cycle, in which (−)-Malic acid (apple acid) first is converted into (+)-chlorosuccinic acid by action of phosphorus pentachloride.

Wet silver oxide then converts the chlorine compound to (+)-Malic acid (apple acid), which then reacts with PCl5 to the (−)-chlorosuccinic acid.
The cycle is completed when silver oxide takes this compound back to (−)-Malic acid (apple acid).
Malic acid (apple acid) is one type of dicarboxylic acid and is the predominant acid in apples and other fruits.

Soil supplementation with molasses increases microbial synthesis of MA.
This is thought to occur naturally as part of soil microbe suppression of disease, so soil amendment with molasses can be used as a crop treatment in horticulture.
Malic acid (apple acid), a hydroxydicarboxylic acid, is found in all forms of life.

Malic acid (apple acid) exists naturally only as the L-enantiomer.
Malic acid (apple acid) should not be confused with the similar sounding maleic and malonic acids.
Malic acid (apple acid) is an alpha hydroxy acid found in certain fruits and wines.

Some people take Malic acid (apple acid) supplements to treat fatigue and dry mouth. Malic acid (apple acid) is an ingredient in some medicines.
Malic acid (apple acid) can also add flavor to food and serve as a natural exfoliating ingredient in many products for improving skin tone.
Malic acid (apple acid) is present in the apple.

Malic is derived from the Latin word malum, which means apple.
Other fruits like grapes, watermelons, and cherries as well as vegetables like broccoli and carrots, all contain Malic acid (apple acid).
The principal uses for Malic acid (apple acid) are in the candy and beverage industries.

Malic acid (apple acid) reduces fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome-related pain.
Additionally, this acid improves muscle endurance and stamina, which lessens chronic fatigue syndrome.
Malic acid (apple acid) also increases tolerance to exercise.

Malic acid (apple acid) also called 2-hydroxysuccinic acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a type of Alpha-Hydroxy Acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) contributes to the sourness of green apples and is present in other fruits such as grapes and rhubarb.

Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic compound, which is the active ingredient in many sour or tart foods.
In nature Malic acid (apple acid) is present in large concentration on the apple skin and in a wide range of fruit and vegetable products, including plums, tomatoes, currant berries, bananas.
In addition to being an acid regulator, Malic acid (apple acid) is added to foods to give them a richer and more penetrating aroma.

Malic acid (apple acid) is more tart than either ascorbic or citric acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic dicarboxylic acid that is present in various foods and is metabolized in humans through the Krebs (or citric acid) cycle.
In its stable isotope-labeled form, it is commonly used as an authentic standard for metabolite quantification.

There are various organic acids in nature, e.g., citric, lactic and butyric acids.
Acids are also present, among others, in apples valued due to their unique taste, richness of vitamins, fibre and minerals.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a kind of fruit acid.

Malic acid (apple acid) occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables.
Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic compound.
Malic acid (apple acid) has hundreds of benefits.

Malic acid (apple acid) is found especially in sour fruits and mostly apples.
Apart from apples, Malic acid (apple acid) is also found in vegetables and fruits such as apricots, bananas, cherries, grapes, orange peel, broccoli, pears, plums, carrots, potatoes, green beans.
Malic acid (apple acid) is synthesized commercially by hydrating maleic acid and fumatic acids in the presence of a catalyst.

This important acid finds a place in the metabolism of every living thing.
Malic acid (apple acid) is an important step in the Krebs cycle, the energy cycle found in the mitochondria of living cells.
Thanks to its properties, it is also very beneficial for health.

Malic acid (apple acid) is identified by the code E296.
70% of the world's Malic acid (apple acid) production is used as an additive in yoghurt and as a preservative in beverages.
The most common usage area of Malic acid (apple acid) is fruit flavored foods.

The main ones are carbonated and fruit delicious drinks and syrups.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also used in apple, grape and other fruit juices to stabilize the color of the juice.
Another reason for the use of Malic acid (apple acid) in beverages is that it dissolves easily, leaves a long-lasting and lasting aftertaste on the palate, and is compatible with different flavors.

The inclusion of Malic acid (apple acid) in the juice concentrate also enhances the natural flavor of the beverage.
In addition, it creates a synergistic effect with ascorbic acid.
Thus, it prevents oxidation by providing a stable complex with copper and iron.

Malic acid (apple acid) is also used in leavening products.
The main reason is that it dissolves easily.
Malic acid (apple acid) is preferred in these products because of its shelf life increase and permanent flavoring properties.

Malic acid (apple acid) is also added to the content of soft drinks.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also used in the production of hard candy, chewing gum, jam, jelly and gelatin desserts.
The easy interaction of Malic acid (apple acid) with other components in the sugar's structure, and its brightening and clarity-enhancing effect are the primary reasons for preference.

Malic acid (apple acid) is an important metabolite present in all living cells and is abundant in apples.
Malic acid (apple acid) is sometimes called "apple acid."
The food industry uses Malic acid (apple acid) as an acidulant and flavoring agent in fruit-flavored drinks, candy, lemon-flavored ice-tea mix, ice cream, and preserves.

Malic acid (apple acid), also known as 2 - hydroxy succinic acid, has two stereoisomers due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon atom in the molecule.
There are three forms in nature, namely D Malic acid (apple acid), L Malic acid (apple acid) and its mixture DL Malic acid (apple acid).
White crystalline or crystalline powder with strong moisture absorption, easily soluble in water and ethanol. Have a special pleasant sour taste.

Malic acid (apple acid) is mainly used in food and medicine industry.
Malic acid (apple acid) can be used in the processing and concoction of beverage, liqueur, fruit juice and the manufacture of candy and jam etc.
Malic acid (apple acid) also has effects of bacteria inhibition and antisepsis and can remove tartrate during wine brewing.

Malic acid (apple acid) is a chemical found in certain fruits and wines.
Malic acid (apple acid) is used to make medicine.
People take Malic acid (apple acid) by mouth for tiredness and fibromyalgia.

In foods, Malic acid (apple acid) is used as a flavoring agent to give food a tart taste.
In manufacturing, Malic acid (apple acid) is used to adjust the acidity of cosmetics.
Malic acid (apple acid) is involved in the Krebs cycle.

This is a process the body uses to make energy.
Malic acid (apple acid), a hydroxydicarboxylic acid, is found in all forms of life.
Malic acid (apple acid) exists naturally only as the L-enantiomer.

Malic acid (apple acid) should not be confused with the similar sounding maleic and malonic acids.
Malic acid (apple acid) gives many fruits, particularly apples, their characteristic flavor.
Malic acid (apple acid) is often referred to as “apple acid”.

The word malic is derived from the Latin malum, for which Malus, the genus that contains all apple species, is also named.
Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic compound.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive.

Malic acid (apple acid) has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), although only the L-isomer exists naturally.
Malic acid (apple acid) salts and esters of Malic acid (apple acid) are known as malates.
Malic acid (apple acid) malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.

Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic compound also known by the name of "apple acid" and "fruit acid", and it is contained in many prepared foods.
This compound is found naturally in apple, and in particular in the skin, and other fruit.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a so-called alpha-hydroxy organic acid, and it also present in many plant and animal species.

This intermediate is the key element in the main cellular energy production cycle, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle).
Malic acid (apple acid) is often present in the label of the food, but it is not dangerous or toxic to human health.
Malic acid (apple acid) purpose is to increase the acidity of food, giving more flavour, but Malic acid (apple acid) is also used as a flavouring substance and colour stabilizer.

Malic acid (apple acid) is identified with the acronym E296.
This acidifying compound is widely used in the food industry and it is generally obtained through a chemical synthesis.
Malic acid (apple acid) is normally found in fruit juices - mostly of grape or apple - as well as in jellies, spreadable fruit, jams, wine and in some low calories foods.

In nature, the Malic acid (apple acid) is contained in foods such as prunes, currants, tomatoes and even bananas, in small quantities.
This fruit acid is closely related to acid and it is characterized by a sour, bitter, strong and penetrating taste.
The Malic acid (apple acid) in food provides a range of benefits as follows:

Malic acid (apple acid) supports the body in the release of energy from food.
Malic acid (apple acid) increases physical endurance of athletes and sportsmen.
Malic acid (apple acid) provides valuable support during the hypoxic phase of training.

Malic acid (apple acid) can relieve the symptoms of chronic fibromyalgia reducing pain.
For the reasons above, the consumption of food containing Malic acid (apple acid) is highly recommended for people who practice sports at intense, competitive or professional level, since it is believed to increase the physical performance especially in cases of lack of oxygen in the cells.
Malic acid (apple acid) may be an organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a task in many sour or tart foods.

In its ionized form, it’s malate, an intermediate of the TCA cycle is alongside fumarate.
Malic acid (apple acid) also can be formed from pyruvate together of the anaplerotic reactions.
Double hydration of maleic anhydride gives Malic acid (apple acid).

Both enantiomers could also be separated by chiral resolution of the racemic mixture.
And, therefore, the (S)- enantiomer could also be specifically obtained by fermentation of acid.
Self-condensation of Malic acid (apple acid) with fuming vitriol gives the pyrone acid.

Malic acid (apple acid) was important within the discovery of the Walden inversion and therefore the Walden cycle.
In Malic acid (apple acid), first of all, conversion into (+)-chlorosuccinic acid by the action of phosphorus pentachloride.
And wet silver oxide converts the chlorine compound to (+)-Malic acid (apple acid).

After then it reacts with PCl5 to the (−)-chlorosuccinic acid.
When silver oxide takes this compound back to (−)-Malic acid (apple acid), it completes the cycle.
Malic acid (apple acid) may help the production of energy in the body and to increase stamina and minimize muscle damage during exercise.

Malic acid (apple acid) may also help to alleviate fatigue.
Due to its role as an Malic acid (apple acid), it may help to enhance the health and appearance of the skin.
When combined with Magnesium, Malic acid (apple acid) may cause significant improvement in the number of tender points in Fibromyalgia patients.

Malic acid (apple acid) may facilitate the excretion (chelation) of Aluminium and Iron from the body.
Malic acid (apple acid) is added to wine as a flavouring agent — one bottle of wine usually contains approximately 3,000mg of Malic acid (apple acid).
Malic acid (apple acid) originated from Europe in 1785 when it was first isolated from apple juice.

Malic acid (apple acid) is the main acid in many fruits including grapes, peaches, and pears helping with their distinct taste.
Malic acid (apple acid) itself tastes tart and sour.
In beverages, Malic acid (apple acid) helps provide the tart taste and balance the pH.

Malic acid (apple acid) is great because of its ability to dissolve quickly in water which allows it to be used with other additives in a lot of different foods.
Malic acid (apple acid) is commonly used in food to add sourness and tartness.
Malic acid (apple acid) is an important additive in candies like Warheads where it is mixed with hydronated palm oil to provide a long-lasting sour flavor that we love and hate.

For this same reason, it is also used in other snacks like salt and vinegar chips to give them their punch.
Malic acid (apple acid) is commonly paired with other additives to improve aftertaste and to taste more natural.
Malic acid (apple acid) gives an appealing tartness to hard, soft, tabletted and sugarless candies as well as chewing gum.

For example, to prolong the sourness in candy or chewing gum, Citric acid is used for an initial sour boost, Malic acid (apple acid) for a lingering sourness, and Fumaric acid to sustain the tartness even longer.
Malic acid (apple acid)’s high solubility allows it be blended with cooled confections.
Adding acids at the end of the candy making process minimizes sugar inversion.

Malic acid (apple acid) is a natural compound, which is the active ingredient in many sour or tart foods.
Malic acid (apple acid) is tarter than either Ascorbic or Citric Acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a tart-tasting acid and is used to enhance flavour profiles.

Malic acid (apple acid) is a natural substance that is found in fruits and vegetables, most associated with apples.
Malic acid (apple acid) (2-hydroxybutanedioic acid) A crystalline solid, HOOCCH(OH)CH2COOH.
Malic acid (apple acid) occurs in living organisms as an intermediate metabolite in the Krebs cycle and also (in certain plants) in photosynthesis.

Malic acid (apple acid)is found especially in the juice of unripe fruits, e.g. green apples.
Malic acid (apple acid) A dicarboxylic acid that is formed during the citric acid cycle by the reversible hydration of fumaric acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) Organic acid occurring in many fruits, particularly in apples, tomatoes and plums. Used as a food additive to increase acidity.

Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic compound synthesized by a living organism.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a dicarboxylic acid, i.e. a compound containing two carboxyl functional groups (-COOH).
Malic acid (apple acid) is colourless and odorless.

Malic acid (apple acid) has two stereoisomeric forms: L-Malic acid (apple acid) and D-Malic acid (apple acid).
Malic acid (apple acid) though is the only naturally occurring form whereas the other isomeric form is produced artificially.
In living organisms, Malic acid (apple acid) is an essential biochemical compound.

Malic acid (apple acid) ester, malate, is involved in Krebs cycle.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a series of redox reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to ultimately generate chemical energy that fuel metabolic reactions.
In Krebs cycle, malate is produced during the hydration of C-C double bond of fumarate with H2O.

The malate produced then acts as the substrate that reacts with NAD+ to produce oxaloacetate, NADH and hydrogen anion.
Malic acid (apple acid) was first described in 1785 by Sheele who was able to isolate it from unripe apples.
The name malic is derived from the Latin malum, meaning apple.

Apart from apple, Malic acid (apple acid) is also found in other frutis, e.g. grapes, watermelons, and cherries.
Commercially, Malic acid (apple acid) is marketed as food additive such as in beverages and candies.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also used for metal cleaning and finishing, electroless plating, infusions, paints, and pharmaceuticals.

Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic compound in chemistry.
Malic acid (apple acid) may be a dicarboxylic acid.
Latin word malus which implies apple is that the derivation of Malic acid (apple acid).

Malic acid (apple acid) also the name of the Malus.
The first discovery of apples was in modern-day Kazakhstan 2350 years ago.
During this short piece of article, we’ll learn more about the Malic acid (apple acid) formula, its chemical structure, and properties alongside its uses.

Malic acid (apple acid) may be a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid.
The hydroxy group in carboxylic acid replaces one among the hydrogens attached to the carbon.
Malic acid (apple acid) a job as a food acidity regulator and a fundamental metabolite.

Malic acid (apple acid) is a common, naturally occurring ingredient in many foods.
Malic acid (apple acid) is the main acid found in apples and other fruits.
The main pesticidal use of Malic acid (apple acid) is as an antimicrobial disinfectant, but most of its uses in pesticide formulations are as an inert ingredient, where it serves as a pH adjuster, buffering agent, and sequestrant.

While it has no record of safety concerns, Malic acid (apple acid) is not permitted for use on food as a pesticide and there are no EPA-registered products.
A national search did not discover any currently marketed commercial products.
Malic acid (apple acid) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.

Malic acid (apple acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive.
Malic acid (apple acid) has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally.
The salts and esters of Malic acid (apple acid) are known as malates.

Malic acid (apple acid) is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of L- and D-Malic acid (apple acid) is produced synthetically.
Malate plays an important role in biochemistry.
In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle.

In the citric acid cycle, (S)-malate is an intermediate, formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate.
Malic acid (apple acid) can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also synthesized by the carboxylation of hosphoenolpyruvate in the guard cells of plant leaves.

Malic acid (apple acid), as a double anion, often accompanies potassium cations during the uptake of solutes into the guard cells in order to maintain electrical balance in the cell.
The accumulation of these solutes within the guard cell decreases the solute potential, allowing water to enter the cell and promote aperture of the stomata.
In food Malic acid (apple acid) was first isolated from apple juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1785.

Antoine Lavoisier in 1787 proposed the name acide malique, which is derived from the Latin word for apple, malum—as is its genus name Malus.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a chemical found in certain fruits and wines.
Malic acid (apple acid) is sometimes used as medicine.

Malic acid (apple acid) is used most commonly for dry mouth.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also used for fibromyalgia, fatigue, and skin conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.
In foods, Malic acid (apple acid) is used as a flavoring agent to give food a tart taste.

In manufacturing, Malic acid (apple acid) is used to adjust the acidity of cosmetics.
Malic acid (apple acid) is involved in the Krebs cycle.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a process the body uses to make energy.

Malic acid (apple acid) is sour and acidic.
Malic acid (apple acid) helps to clear away dead skin cells when applied to the skin.
Malic acid (apple acid) sourness also helps to make more saliva to help with dry mouth.

Malic acid (apple acid) is a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.
Malic acid (apple acid) has a role as a food acidity regulator and a fundamental metabolite.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid.

Malic acid (apple acid) derives from a succinic acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) is a conjugate acid of a malate(2-) and a malate.
Malic acid (apple acid) has been used in trials studying the treatment of Xerostomia, Depression, and Hypertension.

Malic acid (apple acid) is a substance found naturally in apples and pears.
Malic acid (apple acid) considered an alpha-hydroxy acid, a class of natural acids commonly used in skin-care products.
Also sold in dietary supplement form, Malic acid (apple acid) is said to offer a variety of benefits.

Malic acid (apple acid) is the main acid in many fruits, including apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, mirabelles, peaches, pears, plums, and quince and is present in lower concentrations in other fruits, such as citrus.
Malic acid (apple acid) contributes to the sourness of unripe apples. Sour apples contain high proportions of the acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) is present in grapes and in most wines with concentrations sometimes as high as 5 g/l.

Malic acid (apple acid) confers a tart taste to wine; the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness.
The taste of Malic acid (apple acid) is very clear and pure in rhubarb, a plant for which it is the primary flavor.
Malic acid (apple acid) is also a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "salt and vinegar" flavored potato chips.

In citrus, fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of Malic acid (apple acid) than fruits produced in conventional agriculture.
Malic acid (apple acid) process of malolactic fermentation converts Malic acid (apple acid) to much milder lactic acid.
Malic acid (apple acid) occurs naturally in all fruits and many vegetables, and is generated in fruit metabolism.

Malic acid (apple acid), when added to food products, is denoted by E number E296.
Malic acid (apple acid) is the source of extreme tartness in United States-produced confectionery, the so-called extreme candy.

Malic acid (apple acid) is also used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour sweets.
Malic acid (apple acid) sweets are sometimes labeled with a warning stating that excessive consumption can cause irritation of the mouth.

Uses:
Malic acid (apple acid) is used to resolve α-phenylethylamine, a versatile resolving agent in its own right.
In the production of wine, beer, and cider, Malic acid (apple acid) is used to regulate the pH and total acidity.
There is a key difference between pH and Total Acidity (TA). The pH of a solution is the measurement of free-floating protons at a specific time.

Malic acid (apple acid) is used as an acidulant in the food industry to adjust the acidity of products.
Malic acid (apple acid) enhances the tartness and flavor in various foods and beverages, including candies, fruit-flavored drinks, and sourdough bread.
Malic acid (apple acid) serves as a flavor enhancer, contributing a sour taste that is often desired in certain food products.

Malic acid (apple acid) is employed in some cosmetic and skincare products for its exfoliating properties.
Malic acid (apple acid) helps in promoting skin renewal and improving texture.
Malic acid (apple acid) is acidic nature makes it useful for adjusting the pH of skincare formulations.

Malic acid (apple acid) is used in some formulations for addressing dry mouth conditions, especially in combination with other compounds.
Due to its tart flavor and acidic properties, Malic acid (apple acid) is used in some toothpaste and mouthwash formulations to contribute to the overall taste and acidity level.
Malic acid (apple acid) may be included in certain pharmaceutical formulations for its acidic and solubility properties.

Malic acid (apple acid) can be used in certain cleaning products due to its acidity, aiding in the removal of mineral deposits.
Malic acid (apple acid) is sometimes used as an artificial flavoring agent in the production of certain processed foods and beverages.
Malic acid (apple acid) is used in some sports and energy drinks to adjust the pH level and enhance the overall flavor profile.

Malic acid (apple acid) can be used as a substrate in the production of enzymes in biotechnological processes.
In certain metal-cleaning formulations, Malic acid (apple acid) can be used to brighten and polish metals.
Malic acid (apple acid) is naturally present in grapes, and winemakers use it to adjust the acidity of wines.

Malic acid (apple acid) can be added to influence the taste profile and balance the overall acidity, especially in wines made from certain grape varieties.
Malic acid (apple acid) is commonly used in the confectionery industry to enhance the sour taste in candies, gummies, and sour-coated snacks.
Malic acid (apple acid) is used in the preservation of canned fruits to help maintain their color, flavor, and overall quality.

In some baking powders, Malic acid (apple acid) can be used as an acidulant to react with alkaline components, contributing to leavening in baked goods.
Malic acid (apple acid) is sometimes included in dietary supplements for its potential role in energy production and metabolism.
Malic acid (apple acid) is used in some chewing gums to provide a tart flavor and enhance the overall taste experience.

Malic acid (apple acid) may be included in animal feed as an additive for its potential role in improving palatability.
In some hair care products, Malic acid (apple acid) may be used for its pH-adjusting properties or to contribute to the overall formulation.

Malic acid (apple acid) is used in the preparation of stop bath solutions in photography processing to halt the development of film or photographic paper.
Malic acid (apple acid) can be used in the production of biodegradable plastics as a bio-based alternative to traditional plasticizers.

Safety Profile:
In its pure form, Malic acid (apple acid) can be irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Handling concentrated solutions may cause skin irritation, and inhaling dust or vaporized Malic acid (apple acid) may irritate the respiratory system.

Excessive consumption of Malic acid (apple acid), particularly in its concentrated form or as a supplement, may lead to digestive discomfort, including symptoms like nausea and diarrhea.
Malic acid (apple acid)'s important to stay within recommended intake levels.

Malic acid (food grade) is an important organic compound having a sharp, clean, tart, acidic taste.
Malic acid (food grade) is free flowing, stable and nonhygroscopic.


CAS Number : 6915-15-7
EC Number: 230-022-8
MDL number: MFCD00064212
E. Number : 296
Chemical Formula : C4H6O5


Malic acid (food grade) is an important organic compound having a sharp, clean, tart, acidic taste.
Malic acid (food grade) is free flowing, stable and nonhygroscopic.
Malic acid (food grade) is a white chemical that is used in body wash, buffer, carbonated beverages, chelating agent, chewing gum, conditioners, exfoliant scrub, facial cleaner, flavors, fruit fillings, hair conditioner, hard candy.


Malic acid (food grade) is found almost universally in temperate fruits.
Malic acid (food grade) dominates in apples and together with tartaric acid accounts for most of the acid in grapes.
The main disadvantage of Malic acid (food grade) is that it buffers to a fairly high pH.


The form of commercially available Malic acid (food grade) added to wines is not subject to M-L fermentations.
Malic acid (food grade) is a natural fruit acid most commonly found in apples.
Malic acid (food grade) is a natural sour agent and preservative used to add sour flavors to candy or vinegar flavor in potato chips and snack foods.


For wine making, Malic acid (food grade) lowers pH a bit less than Tartaric acid and is less sour.
Excellent for making acid adjustments in Gewurztraminer, Muscat, and Reisling wines when Tartaric acid is not appropriate.
You do not want to add Malic acid (food grade) to any wine that will undergo a malolactic fermentation.


Store Malic acid (food grade) in a cool, dry place.
Malic acid (food grade) is a white crystalline powder with a strongly acidic taste.
Malic acid (food grade) is a natural, organic acid that is found in a variety of fruits, including apples, pears, and grapes.


Malic acid (food grade) has a sour, fruity taste and is commonly used to adjust the pH and enhance the flavor of food products.
Malic acid (food grade) is an organic compound also known by the name of "apple acid" and "fruit acid", and it is contained in many prepared foods.
Malic acid (food grade) is found naturally in apple, and in particular in the skin, and other fruit.


Malic acid (food grade) is a so-called alpha-hydroxy organic acid, and it also present in many plant and animal species.
This intermediate, Malic acid (food grade), is the key element in the main cellular energy production cycle, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle).


Malic acid (food grade) is often present in the label of the food, but it is not dangerous or toxic to human health.
Malic acid (food grade) is a white crystalline powder with a strongly acidic taste.
Malic acid (food grade) is naturally found in many fruits, especially in sour apples.


Malic acid (food grade) is an alpha hydroxy acid (also known as AHAs or the fruit acids) first found in apples in 1700s.
Malic acid (food grade) inhibits yeasts, molds and bacteria, controls the pH in formulations and acts as a skin exfoliant, removing dead cells, encouraging cell turnover, brightening skin and helping to keep pores unclogged.


Malic acid (food grade) is the one of the larger molecules of the hydroxy acids.
This means Malic acid (food grade) has decreased skin penetration abilities but makes it the more gentle of the AHAs.
Malic acid (food grade) also has humectant properties.


The hydroxy acids exfoliate the top layer of skin, helping smooth and even complexion, keep pores unclogged, brighten skin and even fade dark marks and discoloration.
Malic acid (food grade), also known as 2 - hydroxy succinic acid, has two stereoisomers due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon atom in the molecule.


There are three forms in nature, namely D malic acid, L malic acid and its mixture DL malic acid.
Malic acid (food grade) is white crystalline or crystalline powder with strong moisture absorption, easily soluble in water and ethanol.
Malic acid (food grade) has a special pleasant sour taste.


Malic acid (food grade) is a type of Alpha-Hydroxy Acid.
Malic acid (food grade) contributes to the sourness of green apples and is present in other fruits such as grapes and rhubarb.
The name acide malique which is derived from the Latin word for apple, mālum was first suggested in 1787.


In German Malic acid (food grade) is named Äpfelsäure (or Apfelsäure) after the plural or singular of the fruit apple.
Malic acid (food grade)’s tart taste is mellow, smooth and lingering.
These characteristics of Malic acid (food grade) lend themselves well to applications with multiple acidulants, high intensity sweeteners, flavors and seasonings.


All fruits contain Malic acid (food grade), usually in combination with citric acid.
Malic acid (food grade) naturally present in fruits enhances fruit flavor and sourness.
Malic acid (food grade) is one of the main fruit acids, and is produced naturally in a range of fruits and vegetables, most notably in apples.


Malic acid (food grade) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.
Malic acid (food grade) contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive.
Malic acid (food grade) has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally.


Malic acid (food grade) has a strong hygroscopic, soluble in water and ethanol.
There is a special pleasant acidity.
Malic acid (food grade) also known as alpha hydroxy organic acid, hydroxybutanoic acid or hydroxysuccinic acid


Malic acid (food grade) is one type of dicarboxylic acid and is the predominant acid in apples and other fruits.
Malic acid (food grade) is an alpha hydroxy organic acid which is widely found in fruits, such as apples, cherries, plums, and vegetables.
Malic acid (food grade) is sometimes referred to as a fruit acid or, more specifically, an apple acid.


As part of metabolic pathways, Malic acid (food grade) is naturally found in every living cell.
Malic acid (food grade) is an organic compound with little to no odor, a dicarboxylic acid that is the active ingredient in many sour and tart foods.
Malic acid (food grade) is generated during fruit metabolism and occurs naturally in all fruits and many vegetables.
The pleasant, refreshing experience of biting into a juicy apple or cherry is partly caused by Malic acid (food grade).



USES and APPLICATIONS of MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
Malic acid (food grade), the natural acid constituent of apple, finds wide application in the food industry.
Due to its compatibility with all types of flavour, the flavour enhancing property, the sharp, lingering acid taste and the high water solubility nature, Malic acid (food grade) is ideally suited for the preparation of Juices, Soft drinks, Cider and Wines.


Its’ non-hygroscopic, free flowing nature, makes Malic acid (food grade) the preferred acid for dry squash juice mixes.
When used in sugar confectionery, the low melting point of Malic acid (food grade) gives greater clarity to the finished product.
In cheese preparation, it increases the product yield.


In diet products, Malic acid (food grade)suppresses the bitter after taste of artificial sweeteners and reduces the amount needed, without affecting the sweetness.
Malic acid (food grade) is a white chemical that is used in body wash, buffer, carbonated beverages, chelating agent, chewing gum, conditioners, exfoliant scrub, facial cleaner, flavors, fruit fillings, hair conditioner, hard candy.


Malic acid (food grade) may not be used in the applications or end markets listed below.
Malic acid (food grade) is used for intended use only.
Malic acid (food grade) is used Body Wash, Buffer, Carbonated Beverages, Chelating Agent, Chewing Gum, Conditioners, Exfoliant Scrub, Facial Cleaner, Flavors, Fruit Fillings, Hair Conditioner, Hard Candy.


Malic acid (food grade) is used to acidulate other fruits (commercial wines can legally only add acids that occur naturally in any particular fruit).
Malic acid (food grade) is used in processed foods, bakery goods, confectionery, dairy products, as well as in beverages, fruit juices, and fruit-flavored products.


Malic acid (food grade) is also used as a flavor enhancer, buffer agent, pH control, acidifying agent and preservative.
Malic acid (food grade) is used as a sour agent for refreshing beverages and foods, a color-retaining agent for fruit drinks, etc., and a preservative (emulsion stabilizer for mayonnaise, etc.).


Malic acid (food grade) is used Raw materials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, dentifrices, metal cleaning agents, buffers, anticoagulants for textile industry, industrial deodorants, fluorescent Chemicalbook optical brighteners for polyester fibers, and the manufacture of alkyd resins monomer etc.
When used as flavor enhancer, flavoring agent, auxiliary drugand pH control agent, the United States stipulates that no more than 6.9% in hard candy and about 6.7% in other foods, but neither of these two Malic acid (food grade) can be used in baby food .


Malic acid (food grade) is used as a food additive.
Malic acid (food grade) is used as a flavor enhancer in food production, including beverages, confectionaries, preserves, desserts, and bakery products.
Malic acid (food grade) is widely used as a flavor enhancer in food production, including beverages, confectionaries, preserves, desserts, and bakery products.


Malic acid (food grade) is also a component of medical products, such as throat lozenges, cough syrups, and effervescent powders.
Malic acid (food grade) is used in skin care products for skin improvement and rejuvenation.
Its purpose is to increase the acidity of food, giving more flavour, but Malic acid (food grade) is also used as a flavouring substance and colour stabilizer.


Malic acid (food grade) is identified with the acronym E296.
This acidifying compound is widely used in the food industry and Malic acid (food grade) is generally obtained through a chemical synthesis.
Malic acid (food grade) is normally found in fruit juices - mostly of grape or apple - as well as in jellies, spreadable fruit, jams, wine and in some low calories foods.


In nature, Malic acid (food grade) is contained in foods such as prunes, currants, tomatoes and even bananas, in small quantities.
This fruit acid, Malic acid (food grade), is closely related to acid and it is characterized by a sour, bitter, strong and penetrating taste.
Malic acid (food grade) can be used as an acidulant in cool drinks (including lactobacillus drinks, milk drinks, carbonated drinks, cola), frozen foods (including sherbet and ice cream),processed foods (including wine and mayonnaise).


Malic acid (food grade) is used as color-keeper and antiseptic of juice.
Malic acid (food grade) is also used as emulsion stabilizer of egg yolk.
Malic acid (food grade) also can be used as intermediate, cosmetic,rinse, metal cleaner, buffering agent, retarder in textile industry, fluorescent whitening agent of polyester fibre.


Malic acid (food grade) can be widely used as food preservative.
Malic acid (food grade) can be used on cosmetics, it can mild to remove old waste excess skin, enhance skin metabolism.
Malic acid (food grade) can be used as detergents, synthetic materials, one fluorescent brighteners.


Add Malic acid (food grade) to shellac or other varnish to prevent paint crust.
Malic acid (food grade) can be used as some food color retention agent, for example,natural sherbet color retention agent.
Malic acid (food grade) is used as a flavor enhancer in food preparation for confectionaries, beverages, fruit preparations and preserves, desserts, and bakery products.


Malic acid (food grade) is used to balance Acidity in Wine and Cider
Malic acid (food grade) can be used as an acidulant in cool drinks, frozen foods and processed foods.
Malic acid (food grade) is used as color-keeper and antiseptic of juice.


Malic acid (food grade), citric acid cycle intermediates organism, can participate in the process of fermentation of a microorganism can be used as a carbon source for microbial growth, and therefore can be used in food fermentation agent.
Yeast can be done for example growth-promoting agent may also be added to fermented milk.

Malic acid (food grade) can produce pectin gel effect, it can be used to make fruit cake, jam and jelly gel state purees, etc.
Malic acid (food grade) significantly affects the body's metabolism and energy production system, and assists greatly with muscle recovery and in facial skin care products.


Malic acid (food grade) may be used in foods to add tartness and has been noted as an effective teeth whitener as well.
Malic acid (food grade) is commonly used for chronic fatigue or low energy levels among other conditions.
Malic acid (food grade) has flavour enhancement abilities.


Malic acid (food grade) intensifies the impact of many flavours in foods or beverages, often reducing the amount of flavour needed.
Malic acid (food grade) can increase the aromaticity of some flavour notes in certain beverage applications, boosts savoury flavours like cheese and hot peppers in snack food coatings and deepens and broadens the flavour profile of many products.


Malic acid (food grade) can also inhibit the growth of yeasts and some bacteria due to a decrease in pH.
In cosmetics, Malic acid (food grade) is used to adjust a product’s pH and, in an acidic pH range ideally between 3 and 4, as a mild exfoliant that can be used in lower concentrations (typically between 1–2%) to boost the efficacy of other exfoliants such as glycolic and lactic acids.


Malic acid (food grade) is an exfoliant with skin benefits like hydration, anti-aging and smoother skin tone.
The pleasant, refreshing taste of juicy fruits is partly caused by Malic acid (food grade).
Malic acid (food grade) is used in beverages, powdered mixes, ciders and wines, acidified dairy products, calcium supplements, candy, chewing gum, desserts, and skin care products.


Soft drinks made with Malic acid (food grade) are thirsty and refreshing, with apple acidity, close to natural juice.
Malic acid (food grade)contains a natural moisturizer that easily dissolves the "glue" that binds to dry scaly dead cells.
Malic acid (food grade) can be used to treat liver diseases, anemia, low immunity, uremia, hypertension, liver failure and other diseases.


Malic acid (food grade) is an organic acid necessary for human body and an ideal food additive with low calorie.
Malic acid (food grade) is often used in complex amino acid injection to improve the utilization rate of amino acids.
Malic acid (food grade)'s sodium salt is an effective medicine to treat liver insufficiency especially hypertension.


Potassium l-malate is a good potassium supplement, Malic acid (food grade) can keep the human body water balance, treat edema, hypertension and adiposis.
Malic acid (food grade) is used in toothpaste as antibacterial scabbers and antidental calculus agents, synthetic spice formula, etc.
Malic acid (food grade)'s mellow, smooth, persistent sourness can be blended with multiple food acids, sugars, high intensity sweeteners, flavors and seasonings to create distinctive taste experiences in foods, beverages and confections.


Malic acid (food grade) is formed in metabolic cycles in the cells of plants and animals, including humans.
Malic acid (food grade) provides cells with energy and carbon skeletons for the formation of amino acids.
The human body produces and breaks down relatively large amounts of Malic acid (food grade) every day.


Malic acid (food grade) contributes to the sourness of green apples.
Malic acid (food grade) is present in grapes and gives a tart taste to wine.
When added to food products, Malic acid (food grade) is the source of extreme tartness.


Malic acid (food grade) is used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour sweets.
Malic acid (food grade) is used as a flavor enhancer in food preparation for confectionaries, beverages, fruit preparations and preserves, desserts, and bakery products.


Malic acid (food grade) is also essential in the preparation of medical products such as throat lozenges, cough syrups, effervescent powdered preparations, toothpaste and mouthwash.
Additionally, Malic acid (food grade) is used in the manufacture of skin care products to rejuvenate and improve skin conditions.


Malic acid (food grade) is a multifunctional food additive that is used in the following food and beverage categories: Baked goods,Dairy products, Edible oils and fats, Soft drinks, Sugar preserves, Confectionery and hard candy, Alcoholic drinks,
Dry-mix beverages, Puddings, jellies, and fruit fillings


-In fruit and vegetable canning, Malic acid (food grade) is used for pH adjustment.
*In the edible oil processing/refining Malic acid (food grade) is used to remove and control traces of metal impurities and as a synergist in admixture with antioxidants, to control rancidity.
*Malic acid (food grade) is also used in Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, Metal cleaning and Textile finishing.



WHAT DOES MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE) DO?
Malic acid (food grade) may help the production of energy in the body and to increase stamina and minimize muscle damage during exercise.
Malic acid (food grade) may also help to alleviate fatigue.
Due to its role as an Alpha-Hydroxy Acid, Malic acid (food grade) may help to enhance the health and appearance of the skin.
When combined with Magnesium, Malic acid (food grade) may cause significant improvement in the number of tender points in Fibromyalgia patients.
Malic acid (food grade) may facilitate the excretion (chelation) of Aluminium and Iron from the body.
Malic acid (food grade) is added to wine as a flavouring agent — one bottle of wine usually contains approximately 3,000mg of it.



SUGGESTED ADULT USE OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
*As a dietary supplement, take Malic acid (food grade) approximately ¼ teaspoon (800mg) once per day.
*Do not exceed the recommended daily dose.
*Malic acid (food grade) is suitable for vegetarians or vegans.

*If you have a medical condition, are taking medication, are pregnant or nursing, always seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional before using any food supplement.
Discontinue use if any adverse reaction occurs.

*Food supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied diet.
*Store Malic acid (food grade) in a cool, dark place.



HOW DOES MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE) COMPARE TO OTHER FOOD ACIDULANTS?
Here is the relative sourness, in arbitrary units, of malic and other organic acids compared to citric acid:
Citric acid: 100
Fumaric acid: 55
Tartaric acid: 70
Malic acid: 75
Succinic acid: 87
Lactic acid: 107
Glucono-delta-lactone: 310

In terms of tartness, 0.362 – 0.408 Kg of this acid is equivalent to 0.453 Kg of citric acid and to 0.272 – 0.317 Kg of fumaric acid.
Similar concentrations of organic food acids may have different pH’s which typically range from 2-3 at 1% concentration.



FUNCTIONS OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
*Antioxidant
*pH control agent
*Acidulant
*Preservative
*Flavor enhancer
*Flavor modifier

On the preservation function side of things, Malic acid (food grade) is a powerful inhibitor of the growth of yeasts and some bacteria.
Malic acid (food grade)is more effective than acetic acid and lactic acid in inhibiting thermophilic bacteria but is not as effective as lactic acid in suppressing the growth of Listeria monocytogenes.



CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
Formula: C4H6O5
Molecular weight (Da): 134.09
Appearance: white crystalline powder or granule
pK1: 3.46
pK2: 5.21
Melting point: > 100°C
Flavor profile: smooth lingering taste (may help mask the bitter aftertaste of synthetic sweeteners, such as aspartame)
Solubility (130 g / 100 mL distilled water at 20°C), which is slightly less soluble than citric acid.
A major drawback of using organic acids is their high cost.
The most expensive organic acids include Malic acid (food grade), citric acid, and tartaric acid (the most expensive of the commonly used food acids in the food and beverage industry).



BENEFITS OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
*smooth and persistent sour flavor
*flavor enhancement, taste-blending and flavor-fixative qualities
*a high solubility rate in water
*lower hygroscopicity than Citric acid, which makes it more free-flowing as a powder
*a relatively low melting point facilitates blending into molten confections
*excellent anti-browning effect in fruits and other foods
*good chelating properties with metal ions
*effective buffer



COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
Malic acid (food grade) is commercially produced via large-scale fermentation and downstream processing.
Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus niger are almost always the preferred microorganisms used for organic acid production.
These fungi are capable of producing different types of organic acids as primary metabolites.
Various residues from agriculture and industry can be used by different microorganisms as fermentable carbon sources.
Such residues include cassava bagasse, coffee husk and pulp, apple pomace, and soybean and potato residues.



IN FOOD – ADVANTAGES OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
Malic acid (food grade) in food provides a range of benefits as follows:
Malic acid (food grade) supports the body in the release of energy from food;

Malic acid (food grade) increases physical endurance of athletes and sportsmen;
Malic acid (food grade) provides valuable support during the hypoxic phase of training;
Malic acid (food grade) can relieve the symptoms of chronic fibromyalgia reducing pain.

For the reasons above, the consumption of food containing Malic acid (food grade) is highly recommended for people who practice sports at intense, competitive or professional level, since it is believed to increase the physical performance especially in cases of lack of oxygen in the cells.
Malic acid (food grade) can prolong sports performances especially when taken as a dietary supplement, during the hypoxic phases of the training.



SAFETY OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
In terms of safety, we should remember that the Malic acid (food grade) in food can irritate eyes and skin, but it does not cause damage to health.
On this point, Europe has not defined the reference values for the daily quantity ingested.



GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
Appearance: Clear, colorless to slightly yellow solution.
Chemical Formula: C4H6O5 in H2O
Molecular Weight: 134.09
Malic Acid CAS #: 6915-15-7
Storage Recommendations: Store between 55 – 95 ˚F.
Allergen Statement: The Malic Acid 50% product does not contain any of the known allergens including dairy, egg, wheat, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, fish and shellfish.



BENEFITS OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
*Malic acid (food grade) dissolves easily in any food or beverage
*Malic acid (food grade) adds sour taste and flavor as food additive
*Malic acid (food grade) promotes the Krebs Cycle– strengthening muscles
*Malic acid (food grade) targets areas with high levels of fatty and amino acids
*Safe for use in all foods, drinks and skin products
*Prescribed For Life supplies the finest Malic acid (food grade) powder available. *Malic acid (food grade)'s also Kosher and Halal certified.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
Malic acid (food grade) is a white crystal or crystalline powder.
The Malic acid (food grade) molecule contains a chiral carbon atom, and there are two enantiomers, namely L-malic acid and D-malic acid.
The naturally occurring L-malic acid is widely present in immature fruits such as apples, grapes, cherries, pineapples, and tomatoes; D-malic acid can be obtained by the separation of racemates, and is only used as an experimental chemical.

DL-malic acid is a colorless crystal.
The relative density of Malic acid (food grade) is 1.601, the melting point of Malic acid (food grade) is 131-133 ° C, and it is decomposed when heated to 150 °C.

Malic acid (food grade) is soluble in water, alcohol, slightly soluble in ether, insoluble in benzene.
Malic acid (food grade) is deliquescence easily.
Malic acid (food grade) is a strong acid with a pH of 2.28 in a 0.1mol aqueous solution at 170°C, which can damage mucous membranes and tooth enamel.



FUNCTION OF MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
1.Malic acid (food grade) taste is close to the natural apples sour,compared with citric acid,with acidity, flavor and soft, long residence time, etc.,have been widely used in high-end beverage, food and other industries.

2.Malic acid (food grade),citric acid cycle intermediates organism, can participate in the process of fermentation of a microorganism.
Malic acid (food grade) can be used as a carbon source for microbial growth,and therefore can be used in food fermentation agent.
Yeast can be done for example growth-promoting agent may also be added to fermented milk.

3.Malic acid (food grade) can produce pectin gel effect.
Malic acid (food grade) can be used to make fruit cake,jam and jelly gel state purees, etc.

4.Malic acid (food grade) can be widely used as food preservative.

5.Malic acid (food grade) can be used for deodorant can remove fishy and body odor.

6.Malic acid (food grade) has opposite utensils strengthening effect.
Malic acid (food grade) can make the gluten in the protein disulfide groups increases,larger protein molecules to form a macromolecular network structure,and enhance the permeability of the dough elasticity and toughness.

7. Malic acid (food grade) can be used to make savory food and reduce the amount of salt.

8. Malic acid (food grade) can be used as some food color retention agent, for example, natural sherbet color retention agent.

9. Malic acid (food grade) has a good antioxidant capacity, can retard oxidation, and extend shelf life, maintaining the color, flavor, and nutritional value of food.

10. Malic acid (food grade) can be used in pharmaceutical formulations, tablets, and syrups, and the amino acid may also be formulated into a solution, which can significantly improve the absorption of amino acids.
Malic acid (food grade) can be used in the treatment of liver disease, anemia, low immunity, uremia, hypertension, liver failure, and other diseases, and to reduce the toxic effects of anticancer drugs on normal cells.

11. Malic acid (food grade) can be used on cosmetics.
Malic acid (food grade) can mild to remove old waste excess skin,enhance skin metabolism.

12. Malic acid (food grade) can be used as detergents,synthetic materials,one fluorescent brighteners.
Add Malic acid (food grade) to shellac or other varnish to prevent paint crust.

13. Malic acid (food grade) can be used on health and care products.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
Chemical Formula : C4H6O5
Molecular weight : 134.1
CAS Registry Number : 6915-15-7
Molecular Formula: C4H6O5
Molecular Weight: 134,0874 g/mol
CAS no:
Density: 1,61 g/cm³
Solubility in water: 558 g/L (at 20 °C)
Melting point: 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
Synonyms DL-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Molecular Formula C4H6O5
Molecular Weight 134.09
CAS Number 6915-15-7
EINECS/ELINCS 230-022-8
Properties
Appearance white crystal or crystalline powder
Melting Point 130-132°C
Solubility soluble in water
Stability stable under ordinary conditions

Molecular Weight: 134.09 g/mol
XLogP: -1.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 134.02152329 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 134.02152329 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 94.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 129
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Solubility:
Water at 20°C: 55.8 g/100
Alcohol at 95% vol.: 45.5 g/100.
Ether: 0.84 g/ 100

Physical state: powder
Color: white
Odor: characteristic
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 131 - 133 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 203 °C
Autoignition temperature: 340 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility 646,6 g/l at 20 °C completely soluble

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 0,1 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 1,6 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Density: 1.6 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 203 °C
Ignition temperature: 349 °C
Melting Point: 131 - 133 °C
pH value: 2.3 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: Bulk density: 800 kg/m3
Solubility: 558 g/l
Chemical formula: C4H6O5
Molar mass: 134.09 g/mol

Appearance: Colorless
Density: 1.609 g⋅cm−3
Melting point: 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
Solubility in water: 558 g/L (at 20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 3.40
pKa2 = 5.20[2]
Form: solid
Colour: colourless
Melting point: 128 - 132°C
Boiling point: 150°
Flash point: 203°C
Density: 1,60 g/cm3
Mol Weight: 134.08 g/mol
Storage temp: RT
Assay : 99 - 100.5%%
Identity : conforms
Appearance of the solution : conforms
Insoluble Matter (Non Solubles) : <0.1%
Melting Point : 128 - 132°C



FIRST AID MEASURES of MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Rresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MALIC ACID (FOOD GRADE):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
alpha-Hydroxysuccinic acid
alpha-hydroxysuccinicacid
Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-
commonmalicacid
Deoxytetraric acid
deoxytetraricacid
femanumber2655
hydroxy-butanedioicaci

Malonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H4O4.
Malonic acid is also known as propanedioic acid.
Malonic acid consists of a central carbon atom bonded to two carboxyl functional groups (COOH) and two hydrogen atoms.
The presence of two carboxyl groups gives malonic acid its acidic properties.

CAS Number: 141-82-2
EC Number: 205-503-0



APPLICATIONS


Malonic acid and its derivatives are widely used as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.
Malonic acid serves as a crucial building block in the production of various drugs, including barbiturates and vitamin B1 derivatives.
Malonic acid finds applications in the chemical industry for the synthesis of specialty chemicals, such as flavors, fragrances, and dyes.

Malonic acid is utilized as a precursor in the production of malonates, which are important in organic synthesis.
Malonates are commonly employed in reactions involving carbon-carbon bond formation.

In the agricultural industry, malonic acid is used as a chelating agent in foliar fertilizers to improve nutrient absorption by plants.
The food industry utilizes malonic acid and its salts (malonates) as food additives to enhance flavors and adjust acidity levels.

Malonic acid is used in the formulation of personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and skin care items, as a pH regulator.
Malonic acid finds applications in the metalworking industry as a corrosion inhibitor and metal complexing agent in metalworking fluids.

In the field of research and laboratory work, malonic acid serves as a versatile reagent in organic synthesis and chemical reactions.
Analytical chemistry utilizes malonic acid as a standard compound for calibration purposes in techniques like HPLC and NMR spectroscopy.

Malonic acid is employed in the textile industry as a mordant to improve the fixation of dyes to fabrics during dyeing and printing processes.
Malonic acid is utilized in the production of adhesives and sealants to enhance bonding properties.
Malonic acid derivatives can be polymerized to create polymeric materials used in coatings, adhesives, and films.

Malonic acid is used in certain photographic processes as a developing agent, aiding in the reduction of silver halides.
Malonic acid and its derivatives are employed in the formulation of cosmetic products, including skin care items and lotions.

In the polymer industry, malonic acid plays a role in the production of polymers with specific properties for various applications.
Malonic acid derivatives are used as components in electrolytes for certain types of batteries to enhance stability and performance.

Malonic acid finds application in water treatment as a scale and corrosion inhibitor to prevent scaling and reduce the corrosive effects of water.
Malonic acid can be utilized in the extraction and purification of metals, forming stable complexes with metal ions.

Malonic acid is used as a fuel additive to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions in specific applications.
Malonic acid is employed in the formulation of coatings and paints, contributing to their adhesion properties and durability.
Malonic acid can serve as an intermediate in the synthesis of herbicides and pesticides used in agriculture.

In the leather industry, malonic acid and its derivatives are used as tanning agents in the process of transforming raw hides into leather.
The versatility of malonic acid allows for its applications in various industries, showcasing its importance as a building block and chemical intermediate.
Malonic acid is used in the production of polyesters and polyamides, which are essential in the textile industry for manufacturing fibers and fabrics.

Malonic acid is employed in the formulation of inkjet inks, contributing to their stability and color intensity.
Malonic acid derivatives find applications as stabilizers and crosslinking agents in the production of synthetic resins.

Malonic acid is utilized in the production of specialty chemicals, such as pharmaceutical intermediates, agrochemicals, and surfactants.
Malonic acid is used in the synthesis of specialty polymers with specific properties, including biodegradability and bioactivity.

Malonic acid finds applications in the production of adhesives and sealants for bonding various materials, including metals, plastics, and wood.
Malonic acid derivatives are used in the formulation of anti-aging and skin-whitening cosmetic products.
Malonic acid is employed as a pH regulator and acidulant in the beverage industry to adjust the acidity of drinks.

Malonic acid is used as a component in the formulation of lubricants and greases, enhancing their performance and viscosity.
Malonic acid finds applications in the production of specialty solvents and cleaning agents for industrial and household use.
Malonic acid is utilized in the synthesis of specialty polymers used in controlled-release drug delivery systems.

Malonic acid is employed in the production of flame retardants, which are used to enhance the fire resistance of various materials.
Malonic acid derivatives are used as complexing agents in analytical chemistry for the determination of metal ions in samples.
Malonic acid finds applications in the production of artificial sweeteners, contributing to their taste and stability.

Malonic acid is used in the synthesis of biologically active compounds, including antiviral and antibacterial agents.
Malonic acid is employed in the formulation of coatings for metal surfaces, providing corrosion resistance and protection.

Malonic acid derivatives find applications in the production of agricultural chemicals, including herbicides and plant growth regulators.
Malonic acid is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymeric materials, such as thermosetting resins and rubber products.
Malonic acid is employed in the formulation of liquid crystal compounds used in display technologies, such as LCD screens.

Malonic acid finds applications as a component in the formulation of rust removers and metal cleaning solutions.
Malonic acid derivatives are used in the synthesis of fluorescent dyes and indicators for analytical applications.

Malonic acid is employed in the production of corrosion inhibitors for the protection of metal surfaces in industrial and marine environments.
Malonic acid finds applications as a component in the formulation of hair care products, such as shampoos and conditioners.

Malonic acid is used in the synthesis of specialty polymers used in the production of biocompatible and bioabsorbable medical devices.
Malonic acid derivatives are employed in the formulation of antiperspirants and deodorants, contributing to their effectiveness and stability.


Malonic acid has several applications in various industries.
Here are some of its common uses:

Pharmaceutical Industry:
Malonic acid and its derivatives are used as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.
Malonic acid serves as a building block for the production of drugs, such as barbiturates, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and vitamin B1 derivatives.

Chemical Industry:
Malonic acid is a versatile compound used in the production of specialty chemicals, such as flavors, fragrances, polymers, and dyes.
Malonic acid acts as a precursor for the synthesis of malonates, which find applications in various chemical reactions and reactions involving carbon-carbon bond formation.

Agriculture:
Malonic acid is used in the agricultural industry as a chelating agent and a component in foliar fertilizers.
Malonic acid helps in the absorption of nutrients by plants and improves their growth and yield.

Food Industry:
Malonic acid and its salts, known as malonates, are used as food additives and flavor enhancers.
Malonic acid provides tartness and enhance the taste of certain food and beverage products.

Personal Care Products:
Malonic acid is utilized in the formulation of personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and skin care products.
Malonic acid helps to adjust the pH of these products and acts as a pH regulator.

Metalworking Industry:
Malonic acid is employed as a corrosion inhibitor and metal complexing agent in metalworking fluids.
Malonic acid helps to prevent corrosion and improve the performance and longevity of metal components.

Research and Laboratory:
Malonic acid is used in research laboratories as a reagent in various chemical reactions and organic synthesis.
Malonic acid serves as a starting material for the preparation of diverse compounds.

Analytical Chemistry:
Malonic acid is utilized as a standard compound for calibration in certain analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.



DESCRIPTION


Malonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H4O4.
Malonic acid is also known as propanedioic acid.

Malonic acid consists of a central carbon atom bonded to two carboxyl functional groups (COOH) and two hydrogen atoms.
The presence of two carboxyl groups gives malonic acid its acidic properties.

The IUPAC name of malonic acid is propanedioic acid.
Its systematic name is methanedicarboxylic acid.
Malonic acid has a molecular weight of 104.06 grams per mole.

Malonic acid is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar solvents.
Malonic acid has a melting point of 132-135 °C and a boiling point of 140 °C (decomposes).

Malonic acid occurs naturally in some fruits and vegetables and is used in various industrial applications.
Malonic acid is commonly used as a building block in organic synthesis and as a precursor in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other chemicals.
Malonic acid is also used as a pH regulator in personal care products and as a food additive.

Malonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with a chemical formula C3H4O4.
Malonic acid is a white crystalline solid with a sour taste.
Malonic acid has two carboxyl groups attached to a central carbon atom.

Malonic acid is soluble in water and polar solvents.
Malonic acid has a molecular weight of 104.06 grams per mole.

Malonic acid has a melting point of 132-135 °C.
Malonic acid decomposes when heated to its boiling point of 140 °C.

Malonic acid is classified as a weak acid due to the presence of carboxyl groups.
Malonic acid can donate two protons (H+) when dissolved in water.

Malonic acid is a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits and vegetables.
Malonic acid is commonly used as a building block in organic synthesis.
Malonic acid is a versatile compound with a wide range of applications.

Malonic acid is utilized in the preparation of flavoring agents and food additives.
Malonic acid is biodegradable and considered environmentally friendly.
Malonic acid is regulated and approved for use by various regulatory authorities worldwide.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: C3H4O4
Molar mass: 104.06 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Odor: Odorless
Melting point: 135-139 °C (275-282 °F)
Boiling point: Decomposes at high temperatures
Solubility in water: Soluble
Solubility in other solvents: Soluble in ethanol, methanol, and acetone
Density: 1.619 g/cm3
pH: Acidic
Acidity: Dicarboxylic acid, capable of donating two protons (H+) per molecule
Refractive index: 1.452
Flash point: Not applicable (non-flammable)
Autoignition temperature: Not applicable
Vapor pressure: Negligible
Stability: Stable under normal conditions
Hygroscopicity: Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air)
Partition coefficient (logP): -1.32
Polarity: Polar molecule
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic
Heat of combustion: -3337.8 kJ/mol
Heat of formation: -694 kJ/mol
Viscosity: Not applicable (solid at room temperature)
Electrical conductivity: Low conductivity as a solid
Toxicity: Low toxicity, but may cause irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory system



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If malonic acid is inhaled, immediately move the affected person to fresh air and ensure they are in a well-ventilated area.
If the person is experiencing difficulty breathing, provide oxygen if available and seek medical attention.
If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration and seek immediate medical assistance.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear, and rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use mild soap to wash the skin gently while rinsing.
If irritation or redness occurs, seek medical advice and continue rinsing the skin.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the affected eye with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses, if applicable, after the initial rinsing, and continue rinsing the eye.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide information about the substance involved.


Ingestion:

If malonic acid is swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical professionals.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water, and give the person small sips of water to drink, unless they are unconscious or experiencing convulsions.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide information about the substance ingested.


General Measures:

If assisting someone who has come into contact with malonic acid, ensure personal protection by wearing appropriate protective clothing and gloves.
Remove the person from the contaminated area and provide them with a safe environment.
If there are signs of chemical burns or other severe symptoms, call emergency services immediately.
In all cases, seek medical advice, and if possible, bring the container or label of the substance to assist medical professionals in providing appropriate treatment.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling Conditions:

Personal Protection:
When handling malonic acid, wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing.
Use appropriate respiratory protection, such as a NIOSH-approved respirator, if there is a potential for inhalation exposure.
Avoid direct skin contact and inhalation of dust or vapors.

Ventilation:
Work with malonic acid in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to minimize exposure to vapors or dust.
Ensure proper ventilation systems are in place to remove and dilute any released vapors.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination of malonic acid by keeping containers tightly closed when not in use.
Use clean utensils and equipment for handling and transferring the substance.
Avoid contact with incompatible materials, such as oxidizing agents, strong acids, and bases.

Spill and Leak Response:
In case of a spill, contain the area and prevent the spread of the substance.
Wear appropriate protective equipment and clean up the spill using absorbent materials, such as vermiculite or sand.
Collect the spilled material in appropriate containers and dispose of it according to local regulations.

Storage Conditions:

Storage Area:
Store malonic acid in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and incompatible materials.
Ensure the storage area is properly labeled and secure to prevent access by unauthorized personnel, children, or animals.

Containers:
Store malonic acid in tightly sealed, properly labeled containers made of suitable materials, such as glass or plastic.
Check the integrity of containers regularly and replace any damaged or leaking containers.

Temperature and Humidity:
Maintain storage temperatures below the melting point of malonic acid to prevent degradation or decomposition.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures and high humidity, as it may lead to caking or loss of product quality.

Separation:
Store malonic acid away from incompatible substances, such as oxidizing agents, strong acids, and bases.
Follow proper segregation guidelines to prevent chemical reactions or hazards.

Fire Safety:
Keep malonic acid away from ignition sources, open flames, and sparks.
Follow fire safety regulations and store the substance in accordance with local fire codes.

Handling and Storage Precautions:
Follow all relevant local, regional, and national regulations and guidelines for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of malonic acid.
Educate and train personnel on proper handling procedures, potential hazards, and emergency response measures.



SYNONYMS


Propanedioic acid
Malonate
Malonate acid
Methanedicarboxylic acid
Methane dicarboxylic acid
Carbonous acid
Carboxymethanoic acid
Ethanedicarboxylic acid
Ethane dicarboxylic acid
Dicarboxyacetic acid
Dicarboxylic acid C3
Malonic acid, monohydrate
Hydrogen malonate
Hydrated malonic acid
Malonic acid monohydrate
Monohydrate of malonic acid
Malonyl acid
MSA
Methanedicarboxylate
Ethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
C3H4O4
C2H2(COOH)2
UN 2219 (UN number)
FEMA number 2674
NSC 6555
Carboxyacetic acid
Ethanedioic acid
Ethanedionic acid
Ethyleneformic acid
Glycollic acid
Methanetricarboxylic acid
Methanetetracarboxylic acid
Oxalacetic acid
Oxalic acid dihydrate
Oxalic acid hydrate
Propanedioate
Dihydroxysuccinic acid
Carbonic acid diethyl ester
Ethyl carbonate
Ethylene glycol dicarboxylic acid
Glycolic acid diethyl ester
Hydroxyacetic acid
Malonic acid diethyl ester
Malonic acid ethyl ester
Malonic acid monoethyl ester
Propanedioic acid diethyl ester
Propanedioic acid ethyl ester
Propanedioic acid monoethyl ester
Propanedioic acid, ethyl ester
Propanedioic acid, monoethyl ester

Malonic acid (MA) (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
The ionized form of Malonic acid (MA), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.


CAS Number: 141-82-2
EC Number: 205-503-0
MDL Number: MFCD00002707
Molecular Formula: C3H4O4 / COOHCH2COOH



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Malonic acid (8CI), 1o4m, Malonate dicarboxylic acid, Malonic acid, 99.5%, Propanedioic acid (9CI), SCHEMBL336, WLN: QV1VQ, MALONIC ACID [MI], CH2(COOH)2, CHEMBL7942, MALONIC ACID [INCI], DTXCID401659, SCHEMBL1471092, BDBM14673, Propanedioic acid dithallium salt, Malonic acid, analytical standard, AMY11201, BCP05571, STR00614, Tox21_200534, AC8295, LMFA01170041, s3029, Malonic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99% AKOS000119034, CS-W019962, DB02175, PROPANEDIOIC ACID, MALONIC ACID, NCGC00248681-01, NCGC00258088-01, BP-11453, CAS-141-82-2, SY001875, Malonic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, FT-0628127, FT-0628128, FT-0690260, FT-0693474, M0028, NS00013842, EN300-18457, Malonic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, C00383, C02028, C04025, Q421972, J-521669, Z57965450, F1908-0177, Malonic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), 592A9849-68C3-4635-AA3D-CBC44965EA3A, Malonic acid, sublimed grade, >=99.95% trace metals basis, DICARBOXYLIC ACID C3, PROPANEDIOLIC ACID, METHANEDICARBOXYLIC ACID, InChI=1/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7), Malonic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%, LML,



Malonic acid (MA) appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Malonic acid (MA) sublimes in vacuum.
Malonic acid (MA), also known as propanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid.


Malonic acid (MA) is a dicarboxylic acid with the CH2(COOH)2 structure.
The ionized forms of Malonic acid (MA) and its esters and salts are known as malonates.
For example, diethyl malonate is the diethyl ester of Malonic acid (MA).


The name of Malonic acid (MA) comes from the Greek μᾶλον (maron), which means "apple".
The crystals of Malonic acid (MA) are triclinic at room temperature.
The oxidation of Malonic acid (MA) by cerium (IV) in sulfuric acid solution has been studied.


The reaction kinetics of the photocatalytic decomposition of Malonic acid (MA) in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been described.
Malonic acid (MA), also known as propanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid.
Malonic acid (MA) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.


Malonic acid (MA) has a role as a human metabolite.
Malonic acid (MA) is a conjugate acid of a malonate(1-).
Malonic acid (MA), also known as propanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid.


Malonic acid (MA) (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.
The ionized form of Malonic acid (MA), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.
For example, diethyl malonate is Malonic acid (MA)'s diethyl ester.


The name of Malonic acid (MA) originates from the Greek word μᾶλον (malon) meaning 'apple'.
Malonic acid (MA), also known as propanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid.
The crystals of Malonic acid (MA) are triclinic at room temperature.


The oxidation of Malonic acid (MA) by cerium (IV) in sulfuric acid solution has been studied.
The reaction kinetics of the photocatalytic decomposition of Malonic acid (MA) in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been described.
Malonic acid (MA) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.


The ionized form of Malonic acid (MA), as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates.
For example, diethyl malonate is Malonic acid (MA)"s diethyl ester.
The calcium salt of Malonic acid (MA) occurs in high concentrations in beetroot.


It exists in its normal state as white crystals.
Malonic acid (MA) is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor: It acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.
In a well-known reaction, Malonic acid (MA) condenses with urea to form barbituric acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MALONIC ACID (MA):
Malonic acid (MA) is a precursor to specialty polyesters.
Malonic acid (MA) can be converted into 1,3-propanediol for use in polyesters and polymers (whose usefulness is unclear though).
Malonic acid (MA) can also be a component in alkyd resins, which are used in a number of coatings applications for protecting against damage caused by UV light, oxidation, and corrosion.


One application of Malonic acid (MA) is in the coatings industry as a crosslinker for low-temperature cure powder coatings, which are becoming increasingly valuable for heat sensitive substrates and a desire to speed up the coatings process.
The global coatings market for automobiles was estimated to be $18.59 billion in 2014 with projected combined annual growth rate of 5.1% through 2022.


Malonic acid (MA) is used in a number of manufacturing processes as a high value specialty chemical including the electronics industry, flavors and fragrances industry, specialty solvents, polymer crosslinking, and pharmaceutical industry.
In 2004, annual global production of Malonic acid (MA) and related diesters was over 20,000 metric tons.


Potential growth of these markets could result from advances in industrial biotechnology that seeks to displace petroleum-based chemicals in industrial applications.
In 2004, Malonic acid (MA) was listed by the US Department of Energy as one of the top 30 chemicals to be produced from biomass.


Malonic acid (MA) may be used as a cross-linking agent between corn starch and potato starch to improve its mechanical properties.
Malonic acid (MA) is used in organic intermediates of vitamin B1, B2, B6 and spices, adhesives, resin additives, it can be used for electroplating polishing compound and welding fluxing additive, etc.


Malonic acid (MA) may be used as a cross-linking agent between corn starch and potato starch to improve its mechanical properties.
Malonic acid (MA) is also frequently used as an enolate in Knoevenagel condensations or condensed with acetone to form Meldrum" s acid.
The esters of Malonic acid (MA) are also used as a −CH2COOH synthon in the malonic ester synthesis.


Malonic acid (MA) may be used as a cross-linking agent between corn starch and potato starch to improve its mechanical properties.
In food and drug applications, Malonic acid (MA) can be used to control acidity, either as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulation or natural preservative additive for foods.


Malonic acid (MA) is used as a building block chemical to produce numerous valuable compounds, including the flavor and fragrance compounds gamma-nonalactone, cinnamic acid, and the pharmaceutical compound valproate.
Malonic acid (MA) has been used to cross-link corn and potato starches to produce a biodegradable thermoplastic; the process is performed in water using non-toxic catalysts.


Starch-based polymers comprised 38% of the global biodegradable polymers market in 2014 with food packaging, foam packaging, and compost bags as the largest end-use segments.



RELATED CHEMICALS OF MALONIC ACID (MA):
The fluorinated version of Malonic acid (MA) is difluoromalonic acid.
Malonic acid (MA) is diprotic; that is, it can donate two protons per molecule.
Malonic acid (MA)'s first is 2.8 and the second is 5.7.
Thus the malonate ion can be HOOCCH2COO− or CH2(COO)2−2.
Malonate or propanedioate compounds include salts and esters of Malonic acid (MA), such as Diethyl malonate, Dimethyl malonate, Disodium malonate, Malonyl-CoA.



STRUCTURE AND PREPARATION OF MALONIC ACID (MA):
The structure of Malonic acid (MA) has been determined by X-ray crystallography and extensive property data including for condensed phase thermochemistry are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
A classical preparation of Malonic acid (MA) starts from chloroacetic acid:



PREPARATION OF MALONIC ACID (MA):
Sodium carbonate generates the sodium salt, which is then reacted with sodium cyanide to provide the sodium salt of cyanoacetic acid via a nucleophilic substitution.
The nitrile group can be hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to sodium malonate, and acidification affords Malonic acid (MA).
Industrially, however, Malonic acid (MA) is produced by hydrolysis of dimethyl malonate or diethyl malonate.
Malonic acid (MA) has also been produced through fermentation of glucose.



ORGANIC REACTIONS OF MALONIC ACID (MA):
Malonic acid (MA) reacts as a typical carboxylic acid: forming amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives.
Malonic anhydride can be used as an intermediate to mono-ester or amide derivatives, while malonyl chloride is most useful to obtain diesters or diamides.
In a well-known reaction, Malonic acid (MA) condenses with urea to form barbituric acid.
Malonic acid (MA) may also be condensed with acetone to form Meldrum's acid, a versatile intermediate in further transformations.
The esters of Malonic acid (MA) are also used as a −CH2COOH synthon in the malonic ester synthesis.



MITOCHONDRIAL FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS OF MALONIC ACID (MA):
Malonic acid (MA) is the starting substrate of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII), in which it is converted to malonyl-CoA by malonyl-CoA synthetase (ACSF3).

Additionally, the coenzyme A derivative of malonate, malonyl-CoA, is an important precursor in cytosolic fatty acid biosynthesis along with acetyl CoA.
Malonyl CoA is formed there from acetyl CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the malonate is transferred to an acyl carrier protein to be added to a fatty acid chain.


*Briggs–Rauscher reaction:
Malonic acid (MA) is a key component in the Briggs–Rauscher reaction, the classic example of an oscillating chemical reaction.
Knoevenagel condensation
In Knoevenagel condensation, Malonic acid (MA) or its diesters are reacted with the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone, followed by a dehydration reaction.

Z=COOH (Malonic acid (MA)) or Z=COOR' (malonate ester)
When Malonic acid (MA) itself is used, it is normally because the desired product is one in which a second step has occurred, with loss of carbon dioxide, in the so-called Doebner modification.

The Doebner modification of the Knoevenagel condensation.
Thus, for example, the reaction product of acrolein and Malonic acid (MA) in pyridine is trans-2,4-Pentadienoic acid with one carboxylic acid group and not two.


*Preparation of carbon suboxide:
Carbon suboxide is prepared by warming a dry mixture of phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10) and Malonic acid (MA).
Malonic acid (MA) reacts in a similar way to malonic anhydride, forming malonates



HISTORY OF MALONIC ACID (MA):
Malonic acid (MA) is a naturally occurring substance found in many fruits and vegetables.
There is a suggestion that citrus fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of Malonic acid (MA) than fruits produced in conventional agriculture.
Malonic acid (MA) was first prepared in 1858 by the French chemist Victor Dessaignes via the oxidation of malic acid.



PATHOLOGY OF MALONIC ACID (MA):
If elevated Malonic acid (MA) levels are accompanied by elevated methylmalonic acid levels, this may indicate the metabolic disease combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA).
By calculating theMalonic acid (MA) to methylmalonic acid ratio in blood plasma, CMAMMA can be distinguished from classic methylmalonic academia.



BIOCHEMISTRY OF MALONIC ACID (MA):
Malonic acid (MA) is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), in the respiratory electron transport chain.
Malonic acid (MA) binds to the active site of the enzyme without reacting, competing with the usual substrate succinate but lacking the −CH2CH2− group required for dehydrogenation.

This observation was used to deduce the structure of the active site in succinate dehydrogenase.
Inhibition of this enzyme decreases cellular respiration.
Since Malonic acid (MA) is a natural component of many foods, it is present in mammals including humans.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MALONIC ACID (MA):
Physical Appearance: A solid
Storage: Store at -20°C
M.Wt: 104.06
Cas No.: 141-82-2
Formula: C3H4O4
Solubility: ≥10.4 mg/mL in DMSO; ≥104 mg/mL in H2O; ≥119.8 mg/mL in EtOH
Chemical Name: malonic acid
Canonical SMILES: O=C(O)CC(O)=O
Shipping Condition: Small Molecules with Blue Ice, Modified Nucleotides with Dry Ice.
CAS Number: 141-82-2
Molecular Weight: 104.06
Beilstein: 1751370
MDL number: MFCD00002707
Molecular Weight: 104.06 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2

Exact Mass: 104.01095860 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.01095860 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 83.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: powder
Color: white
Odor: odorless

Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: >= 135 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 215 °C at 18,66 hPa (decomposition)
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 157 °C - c.c.
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: > 140 °C
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility 766 g/l at 20 °C

Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water:
log Pow: -0,81 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,002 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,6 g/cm3
Relative density: 1,03 at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
CAS Number: 141-82-2
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7) check
Key: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)
Key: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYAJ

SMILES: O=C(O)CC(O)=O
C(C(=O)O)C(=O)O
Chemical formula: C3H4O4
Molar mass: 104.061 g·mol−1
Density: 1.619 g/cm3
Melting point: 135 to 137 °C (275 to 279 °F; 408 to 410 K) (decomposes)
Boiling point: decomposes
Solubility in water: 763 g/L
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 2.83
pKa2 = 5.69
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -46.3·10−6 cm3/mol
Chemical Formula: C3H4O4
Average Molecular Weight: 104.0615
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 104.010958616
IUPAC Name: propanedioic acid
Traditional Name: malonic acid

CAS Registry Number: 141-82-2
SMILES: OC(=O)CC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)
InChI Key: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight： 104.06100
Exact Mass： 104.06
EC Number： 205-503-0
UNII： 9KX7ZMG0MK
ICSC Number： 1085
NSC Number： 8124
DSSTox ID： DTXSID7021659
Color/Form： White crystals|Crystalline powder
Colorless hygroscopic solid which sublimes in vacuum
HScode： 2917190090
PSA： 74.60000
XLogP3： -0.8
Appearance： Malonic acid appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Sublimes in vacuum.

Density： 1.6 g/cm3
Melting Point： 135 °C (decomp)
Boiling Point: 215 °C @ Press: 14 Torr
Flash Point： 201.9ºC
Refractive Index： 1.479
Water Solubility： H2O: 1400 g/L (20 ºC)
Storage Conditions： Store at RT.
Vapor Pressure： 4.66E-07mmHg at 25°C
PKA： 2.85(at 25 °C)
Dissociation Constants： 2.85 (at 25 °C)|pKa1 = 2.8, pKa2 = 5.7 at 25 °C
Experimental Properties：
Enthalpy of Sublimation: 72.7 kJ/mol at 306 deg K, 108.0 kJ/mol at 348 deg K

Henry's Law constant = 4.8X10-13 atm-cu m/mole at 23 °C
(estimated from vapor pressure and water solubility)
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.6X10-12 cu-cm/molc sec at 25 °C (est)
Air and Water Reactions： Water soluble.
Reactive Group： Acids, Carboxylic
Heat of Combustion： Molar heat of combustion: 864 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization： 92 kJ/mol
Critical Temperature & Pressure：
Critical temperature: 805 K (estimated);
critical pressure: 5640 kPa (estimated)
CAS: 141-82-2
Molecular Formula: C3H4O4
Molecular weight: 104.06
EINECS: 205-503-0

Purity: ≥99%
Appearance: White crystal powder
Melting point: 132-135 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point: 140ºC(decomposition)
Density: 1.619 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Refractive index: 1.478
Flash Point: 157°C
Storage condition: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility : 1 M NaOH: soluble100mg/mL, clear to slightly hazy, colorless to faintly yellow
Pka: 2.83(at 25ºC)
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, bases.
HS Code: 29171910

PH: 3.17(1 mM solution);2.5(10 mM solution);
1.94(100 mM solution)
MDL: MFCD00002707
Water Solubility: 1400 g/L (20 ºC)
Vapor Presure: 0-0.2Pa at 25ºC
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Character: white crystal.
soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether, pyridine.
Color: White
Formula Weight: 104.1
Percent Purity: 0.99
Physical Form: Powder
Chemical Name or Material: Malonic acid
Melting point: 132-135 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point: 140℃（decomposition）

Density: 1.619 g/cm3 at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 0-0.2Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.4780
Flash point: 157°C
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: 1 M NaOH: soluble100mg/mL, clear to slightly hazy, colorless to faintly yellow
form: Liquid
pka: 2.83(at 25℃)
color: White
PH: 3.17(1 mM solution);2.5(10 mM solution);1.94(100 mM solution)
Water Solubility: 1400 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,5710
BRN: 1751370
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, bases.
InChIKey: OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

LogP: -0.81
CAS DataBase Reference: 141-82-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: 9KX7ZMG0MK
NIST Chemistry Reference: Malonic acid(141-82-2)
EPA Substance Registry System: Propanedioic acid (141-82-2)
Molecular Weight: 104.06 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 104.01095860 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.01095860 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 83.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C3H4O4
Molar mass: 104.061 g·mol−1
Density: 1.619 g/cm3
Melting point: 135 to 137 °C (275 to 279 °F; 408 to 410 K) (decomposes)
Boiling point: decomposes
Solubility in water: 763 g/L
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 2.83
pKa2 = 5.69
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -46.3·10−6 cm3/mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of MALONIC ACID (MA):
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MALONIC ACID (MA):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MALONIC ACID (MA):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MALONIC ACID (MA):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MALONIC ACID (MA):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MALONIC ACID (MA):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .