Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is derived from huge, tree-like plants that thrived 400 million years ago during the Paleozoic era.
A close relative of the fern, Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is a nonflowering weed found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and North America.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is a perennial (returns each year) with hollow stems and shoots that look like asparagus at first.

CAS: 71011-23-9
EINECS: 275-123-8

Synonyms
Equisetum arvense, ext.;EQUISETUM ARVENSE LEAF EXTRACT;Equisetum arvensi (horsetail), extract;Cattail ext.;horsetail water

As Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract dries, silica crystals that form in the stems and branches look like feathery tails and give the plant a scratching effect.
That accounts for Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract's historic use in polishing metal, particularly pewter.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is an extract in a medium of Glycerin / Water (50:50) of the sterile stem "Equisetum arvense L.".
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract has a number of flavonoids, including quercetin, isoquercetin, kaempferol (and its derivatives), galuteolin and equisetrin.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract provides water soluble silicon, easily absorbable by the organism, better than other galenic forms.

In humans, Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is involved in collagen synthesis and contributes consistence and hardness to structures such as bones, tendons, nails, hair, cartilage, cornea, etc.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract may be used in products for massage, skin restoring elasticity (striae, wrinkles), antiperspirants, hair lotions (hair loss) and cleansers.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract acts as an astringent and anti-irritant.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is an aqueous glycolic preparation derived from the plant Equisetum Arvense.
Possesses anti-cellulite properties.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is used in hair care, toiletries, surfactant water-based products, emulsions and aqueous-alcoholic products.

Horsetail is rich in silica.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is required to produce collagen, an essential component of the skin, blood vessels, joints, and other connective tissues.
That's why Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is a popular supplement for hair, skin and nail health, as well as bones and joints.
The Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract belongs to the family of ferns and is known for its high antioxidant and mineral content.
In fact, one capsule contains 500 mg organic Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract which is equivalent to 2500 mg dried horsetail.

HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G = COLANYL BLUE B2G 131 = PHTHALOCYANINE BLUE


CAS Number: 147-14-8
EC-Number : 205-685-1
Molecular Formula : C32H16CuN8


Hostafine Blue B2G is Cu phthalocyanine which is a pigment dispersion of approx. 40% pigment based on nonionic dispersing and wetting agents, and on glycol.
Hostafine Blue B2G is a pigment dispersion of approx. 40% pigment and is based on nonionic dispersing and wetting agents and glycol.


The Colour Index of the basic pigment is Pigment Blue 15:3.
Hostafine Blue B2G is a binder free.
Hostafine Blue B2G is a dye.


Hostafine Blue B2G is a binder-free, aqueous pigment preparation based on nonionic and / or anionic wetting and dispersing agents as well as on propylene glycol.
Hostafine Blue B2G is aqueous, binder free pigment preparations that are based on non-ionic and/or anionic wetting and dispersing agents.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
Hostafine Blue B2G is suitable for wood stains.
Hostafine Blue B2G has an extremely low particle size, so its distribution gives very good gloss, transparency, and sedimentation properties in aqueous systems.


Hostafine Blue B2G offers superior fastness properties compared to dyes.
Hostafine Blue B2G provides high tinting strength and brilliance.
The extremly low particle size distribution gives very good gloss, transparency and sedimentation properties in aqueous systems.


Because of the excellent weathering fastness, Hostafine Blue B2G is suitable for interior and exterior use.
Hostafine Blue B2G is used in emulsion paints, synthetic resign bound renderings, acrylic and polyester casting resins, latices and aqueous wood stains.


Hostafine Blue B2G pigment preparations are especially suitable for water-based transparent wood stains.
They can also be used for other applications such as aqueous emulsion paints, glass paints, water-colors, latex and water resistant inks, inks for fiber-tip fineliner and roller-tip pens.


Because of it's good durability, Hostafine Blue B2G can be used for interior and exterior use after adequate weathering tests.
Hostafine Blue B2G is used Emulsion paints, Synthetic resin bound renderings, Acrylic and polyester casting resins, Aqueous wood stains, Latices, and Acrylic and polyester casting resins


Hostafine Blue B2G is used decorative paints based on aqueous emulsion paints and plasters/renderings based on aqueous polymer dispersions.
Hostafine Blue B2G has a pourable and pumpable consistency and is suitable for dosing machines.
Hostafine Blue B2G is suitable for stationery, woodstains, latex, viscose fibres, detergents.



BENEFITS OF HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
*Ultra finely dispersed pigment preparations
*High tinting strength and brilliance
*Outstanding transparency
*Superior fastness properties compared to dyes
*Easy-to-handle liquid pigment preparation
*Highly consistent quality
*Low viscosity and very good sedimentation behaviour
*Preparation of ultrafinely dispersed pi pigments
*High tinting strength and brightness excellent transparency
*Excellent fastness properties compared to dyes
*Easy-to-handle liquid paint preparation highly consistent quality
*Binder-free aqueous pigment preparation for water-based decorative paints
*Manufactured without using alkyl phenol ethoxylated (APEO) additives
*Suitable for manual and automatic dispensing equipment
*Miscible in all proportions with each other pigment preparation of the Colanyl 100 range



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
Density [g/cm3]: 1.20
Viscosity [Pa*s]: < 2.0
Specific Surface: [m2/g] –
Pigment Content approx. [%]: 40
Water Content approx. [%]: 42
Appearance: Fluid
Molecular weight : 576,07 g/mol
pH: 6.7
Density: 1.26 g/ml
Color Index: Pigment Blue 153
Solids, by weight: %54
Grav. tinct. Strength [%]: 97-103
Vol. tinct. Strength [%]: 95-105


Density [g/cm3]: 1.19-1.26
Shade dH (*): +/- 0.5
Purity dC (*): +/- 0.8
Viscosity [Pa*s]: 0.3-1.3
Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point: 350 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: 356 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available


Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 0,0001 hPa at 20 °C
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Solubility in other solvents
Ethanol - insoluble



FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Precautions for safe handling:
Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Copper(II) phthalocyanine
Pigment Blue 15
CuPc
COLANYL BLUE B2G 131
PHTHALOCYANINE BLUE

cas no: 100-97-0 1,3,5,7- Tetraazaadamantane; Ammonioformaldehyde; Aceto HMT; Aminoform; Ammoform; Cystamin; Cystogen; Esametilentetramina (Italian); Formamine; Formin; Hexaform; Hexamethylenamine; Urotropin; Hexamethyleneamine; Hexamethylenetetraamine; Hexamethylentetramin (German); Hexamethylentetramine; Hexilmethylenamine; HMT; Methamin; Methenamine; Resotropin; Uritone; Urotropine; Esametilentetramina (Italian); 1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane;

Hexamethylenetetramine; Hexamine; 1,3,5,7- Tetraazaadamantane; Ammonioformaldehyde; Aceto HMT; Aminoform; Ammoform; Cystamin; Cystogen; Esametilentetramina (Italian); Formamine; Formin; Hexaform; Urotropin; Hexamethyleneamine; Hexamethylentetramin (German); Hexilmethylenamine; HMT; Methamin; Methenamine; Resotropin; Uritone; Urotropine; Esametilentetramina (Italian) CAS NO:100-97-0

hexyl laurate; Hexyl dodecanoate; Dodecanoic acid, hexyl ester; Hexyllaurat;Lauric acid hexyl ester; Einecs 251-932-1; Hexyl dodecanoat; Laurinsaeurehexylester cas no: 34316-64-8

2-Hexyl-1-decanol; 2425-77-6; 2-Hexyldecan-1-ol; 1-Decanol, 2-hexyl-; 2-Hexyldecyl Alcohol cas no: 2425-77-6

Hexyldecyl stearate; Octadecanoic acid, 2-hexyldecyl ester; 17618-45-0; Eutanol G 16S; 2-Hexyldecyl stearate cas no: 17618-45-0

HEXYLENE GLYCOL; 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; Diolane; Hexylene glycol; 2-Methylpentane-2,4-diol; 2-Metilpentano-2,4-diol; 2-Méthylpentane-2,4-diol; (+-)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 1,1,3-Trimethyltrimethylenediol; 2,4-Dihydroxy-2-methylpentane; 4-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; alpha,alpha,alpha'-Trimethyltrimethylene glycol; cas no: 107-41-5, 99113-75-4

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil giving an excellent skin feel in shower gels, facial and body washes.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is convenient to use and can be processed cold.


CAS Number: 68187-32-6
EC Number: 269-087-2
MDL Number:MFCD08704367
Chem/IUPAC Name: L-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts
Molecular Formula: C5H7NNa2O4



Glutamate Sodium, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, Sodium Lauryol Glycinate, Disodium2-aminopentanedioate, Glutamate Sodium CAS 68187-32-6, Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 95% (Powder), N-Cocoyl-L-glutamic acid,monosodium salt, L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts USP/EP/BP, Disodium 2-aminopentanedioate, Disodium2-aminopentanedioate, dl-Glutamic acid sodium salt, Glutamate Sodium, Glutamic acid, sodium salt (1:2), L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, Natrium Glutamate, N-Cocoyl-L-glutamic acid,monosodium salt, sodium (4S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-keto-valerate, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, Sodium glutamate (VAN), Sodium Lauryol Glycinate, l-Glutamicacid,N-cocoacylderivs., monosodiumsalts, SODIUMCOCOYLGLUTAMATE, L-Glutaminsure,N Kokosacylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, SodiumCocoylGlutamate95%(Powder), GlutamateSodium, Disodium 2-aminopentanedioate, N-Cocoyl-L-glutamicacid,monosodiumsalt, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, Sodium Lauryol Glycinate, Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 95% (Powder), Glutamate Sodium, Disodium2-aminopentanedioate, N-Cocoyl-L-glutamic acid,monosodium salt, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, Glutamate Sodium, Sodium CocoyI Glutamate, Sodium Cocooylglutamate, Sodium Lauryol Glycinate, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMINATE, Disodium2-aminopentanedioate, Glutamate SodiumCAS 68187-32-6, Sodium N-Coco acyl-L-Glutamate, Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 68187-32-6



Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an anionic surfactant of amino acid series.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is very mild.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is rich and delicate, and has the function of stabilizing bubbles.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is especially suitable for no sulfate bath shampoo and cleansing formula, and has good compatibility.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a white solid, widely used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer and in the pharmaceutical industry as a component of drugs.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has the special property of being able to enhance the umami taste in food products.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an anionic surfactant produced from L-Glutamic acid and plant-derived coconut fatty acid.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil giving an excellent skin feel in shower gels, facial and body washes.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is convenient to use and can be processed cold.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an ideal surfactant for the production of mild hair and body cleansing products, such as shampoos, shower gels, liquid soaps, cleansing lotions and baby care products.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also exhibits characteristics such as good skin compatibility, biodegradability and pleasant feel on the skin.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) provides no irritation, no tears and no damage to skin lipids.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in special shampoos & bubble baths, cream & lotions, wet wipes and liquid soaps.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is also used in ultra-mild formulations, hair styling and intimate cleansers.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) reduces formulation complexity due to its multi-functional properties: mildness, moisturization, and a pleasant skin feel.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is readily biodegradable and free of added preservatives.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild cleansing agent that lathers slightly.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is derived from coconut fatty acid and glutamic acid, an amino acid.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in cleansers, acne products, body gels, and shampoos.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is non flammable
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild cleansing agent that lathers slightly.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is derived from coconut fatty acid and glutamic acid, an amino acid.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in cleansers, acne products, body gels, and shampoos.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a naturally occurring amino acid that is used as a food additive.
Most of our shampoos and toothpaste have a foaming quality to them.


This is achieved by adding certain ingredients to the formulations - and Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is one among them.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a vegetable-based surfactant that is light on the skin and hair and does not weigh them down.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also serves as an emulsifier - helping the ingredients to combine well and form a smooth texture.


The chemical formula of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is C5H8NNaO4.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be used as the main surfactant alone in the formula.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can also be used as an auxiliary surfactant and soap base, AES, etc.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is mainly used in hair and body care products such as shampoo, bath lotion, liquid soap, facial cleanser, and gentle baby care products.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is also suitable for home care products such as hand sanitizer, fruit and vegetable detergent, detergent, etc.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has a mild taste and odor, which makes it ideal for use in skin-care and hair-care products.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is also gentle on the skin, making it suitable for use in products designed for people with sensitive skin.
In terms of applications, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in a wide range of products, including shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, and more.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
Cosmetic Uses of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate):cleansing agents and surfactants
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, leather treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, pharmaceuticals and air care products.
Other release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.


Other release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys).


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, pharmaceuticals, air care products and polishes and waxes.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following areas: health services, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.


Other release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, leather treatment products and paper chemicals and dyes.


Release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, leather treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, fuels and oil and gas exploration or production products.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following areas: offshore mining.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.


Release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a preservative-free, mild, anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a plant-based and cold-processable co-emulsifier.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) gives an excellent skin feel in shower gels, facial and body washes.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) shows good foaming behaviour and viscosity-reducing effect.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) contains no salt and no propylene glycol.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) exhibits surface and interfacial activity and reduces water & energy consumption at the end consumer level due to easy rinse-off.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a mild, sulfate free surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil giving an excellent skin feel in shower gels and facial & body washes.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used Shower, Liquid Soap, Shampoo, Wet Wipe, Hair Styling, Cream, Lotion.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a plant-based, cold-processable co-emulsifier.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) offers characteristics such as good skin compatibility, biodegradability, a pleasant feel on the skin and free of preservatives.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate)exhibits no irritation, no tears and no damage to skin lipids.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in special shampoos & bubble baths, cream & lotions, wet wipes, liquid soaps, ultra-mild formulations, hair styling and intimate cleansers.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has an excellent conditioning effect to the skin, leaving moisturized feeling without tautness.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also has an excellent conditioning effect to the hair.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is suitable for baby care products and sensitive skin.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a naturally occurring amino acid that is used as a food additive.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is produced by the hydrolysis of casein and has been shown to have positive effects on brain functions as well as biochemical properties.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also has been shown to reduce the activity of disease-causing bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, which can cause diseases in humans.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an important intermediate for many industrial processes, such as wastewater treatment and the production of monosodium glutamate.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has been found to inhibit human cells from producing energy from glucose and other sugars, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil giving an excellent skin feel in shower gels and facial & body washes.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild cleansing agent that lathers slightly.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is derived from coconut fatty acid and glutamic acid, an amino acid.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in cleansers, acne products, body gels, and shampoos.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a magical ingredient that is light on skin and hair, while also providing multiple benefits when added to the formulations.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in a range of products such as shampoos, toothpaste, liquid soaps, etc.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is produced by the hydrolysis of casein and has been shown to have positive effects on brain functions as well as biochemical properties.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also has been shown to reduce the activity of disease-causing bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, which can cause diseases in humans.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an important intermediate for many industrial processes, such as wastewater treatment and the production of monosodium glutamate.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a type of mild anionic surfactant that has become increasingly popular in recent years.


This organic compound, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate), is derived from natural sources, and is considered to be eco-friendly.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) appears as a pale yellow liquid that is free from sediments.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate)'s molecular formula is C18H32NNaO6.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is soluble in water, but only slightly soluble in alcohol.
Its melting point is not applicable as Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) exists in its liquid form.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an organic compound that is derived from coconut oil and fermented sugar.


Density-wise, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has a specific gravity of around 1.04 to 1.05 at 20°C.
Characteristics-wise, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is known for its ability to effectively clean and remove dirt and oil from the skin and hair, without drying them out.


When it comes to packaging and transportation, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is often stored in plastic or metal drums, and is transported in a safe and secure manner.
The manufacturing procedure for Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) involves the fermentation of sugar, which is then mixed with coconut oil and undergoes a series of chemical reactions.


In conclusion, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a highly useful and versatile organic compound that has a wide range of applications, particularly in the personal care industry.
With its gentle yet effective cleansing properties and eco-friendly nature, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is no wonder that this ingredient has become so popular in recent years.


Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a colorless to light yellow liquid amino acid surfactant synthesized by condensation of natural fatty acids and valley amino acid salts.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) plays a crucial role in improving the taste of various food products and is commonly used in the production of snacks, soups, sauces, and seasonings.


-Skin care:
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a cleansing agent and a good emulsifier that leaves the skin gentler, cleaner, conditioned and smoother without being too harsh.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is effective for sensitive or oily skin types.


-Hair care:
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has foaming qualities to it.
When in formulations, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) forms a rich lather that feels good and does not irritate the hair or scalp.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has a stabilizing effect on the bubbles, which means that they last longer before breaking down.



PERFORMANCE CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*Cleansing
*Cold-processable
*Gentle to skin
*Preservative-free



PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
1, the amount of foam, small irritation;
2, the product has the natural fragrance of coconut oil;
3, significantly reduce the defatting power of soap base;
4. Improve the foam form of soap base and the taut feeling after washing.



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is very mild to skin and eyes
*Buffer capacity at pH of skin
*Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) provides fine lather and smooth skin feel



CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Anionics
*Emulsifiers > Co-emulsifiers
*wash-off / rinse
*bio-based
*preservative-free
*vegetal origin
*non-irritant
*vegan



ORIGIN OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is made by combining a coconut oil derivative with monosodium glutamate.
Apart from coconut oil derivative, palm kernel oil derivative is also used.
Further, monosodium glutamate is a substance that is obtained from either fruit sugars or fermented corn.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is thus good for the environment and also for the skin.



WHAT DOES HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Cleansing
*Emulsifying
*Foaming
*Smoothing
*Surfactant



SAFETY PROFILE OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is safe to be used on skin and hair.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) does not have any side effects when added up to the concentrations of 10%.
Contrary to the common misconception, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is gluten-free and is also safe for the environment.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) does not cause cancer and being derived from natural sources, is also vegan.



ALTERNATIVES OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*Co-emulsifier
*Plant-based
*Cold-processable
*Pleasant skin feel
*Based on renewable materials
*Free of preservatives
*China compliant



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
CHEMICAL NAME: Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate
PRODUCT FUNCTION: Mild Surfactant
CHEMICAL TYPE: Glutamates
Boiling Point: 334°C
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in: water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Boiling point: 229.81℃[at 101 325 Pa]
Density: 0.39[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.079Pa at 25℃
solubility: 1.946g/L in organic solvents at 20 ℃
pka: 0[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 87.8g/L at 37℃
LogP: 0.224 at 37℃
EWG's Food Scores: 1

FDA UNII: BMT4RCZ3HG
EPA Substance Registry System: L-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts (68187-32-6)
CAS NO:68187-32-6
Molecular Formula: C5H7NNa2O4
Molecular Weight: 191.09300
EINECS: 269-087-2
Product Categories: amino acid series
Mol File: 68187-32-6.mol
Melting Point: N/A
Boiling Point: 229.81℃[at 101 325 Pa]
Flash Point: N/A
Appearance: Clear to pale yellow liquid
Density: 0.39[at 20℃]
Vapor Pressure: 0.079Pa at 25℃
Refractive Index: N/AStorage Temp.: N/A
Solubility: 1.946g/L in organic solvents at 20 ℃PKA: 0[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 87.8g/L at 37℃

Product name: sodium cocoyl glutamate
CAS number: 68187-32-6
Molecular Formula: C5H9NO4Na
Grade: Cosmetic-grade
Appearance: White fine powder
Chemical Name: l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts
CAS Registry Number: 68187-32-6
PubChemID: 9794116
Molecular Weight: 169.11109
PSA: 106.28000
LogP: -2.70600
EINECS: 269-087-2(Monosodium)269-085-1
Molecular Formula: C5H7NNa2O4
CAS: 68187-32-6
MF: C5H9NO4?Na
EINECS: 269-087-2
Product Categories: amino acid series



FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.


STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hostapon SCI-65 C is easy to handle and provides lubricity, rich and abundant lather.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is a fatty acid isethionate, sodium salt with free fatty.


CAS Number: 61789-32-0, 57-11-4
Product Type: Additive > Surfactants
Additive > Foaming agent
INCI/Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl isethionate, Stearic acid



Hostapon SCI-65 C is a mild, anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is easy to handle and provides lubricity, rich and abundant lather.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is based on purified coconut oil and causes no damage and irritation to sensitive skin.


Hostapon SCI-65 C imparts silky and soft skin after-feel and suitable for ultra mild formulations.
Hostapon SCI-65 C exhibits excellent performance in areas such as foam density & stability, lime soap dispersion and surface activity.
Hostapon SCI-65 C offers mildness and good resistance to hard water.


Hostapon SCI-65 C is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.


Hostapon SCI-65 C imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
Hostapon SCI-65 C acts as a surfactant.
Advantages of Hostapon SCI-65 C: gentleness, Improved foam structure, and Good resistance to hard water.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is a fatty acid isethionate, sodium salt with free fatty.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used Shower, Liquid Soap, Shampoo, Syndet, Bar Soap.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used face and body care products such as cleansing lotions, facial cleansers and exfoliators.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used cosmetic and hygiene products for bathing.


Hostapon SCI-65 C is used shower gels and creams.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used hygiene products for hand washing and soaps.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used shampoos and hair conditioners.


Hostapon SCI-65 C is used in shower gels, special shampoos, mild cleansing lotions and liquid soaps as well as syndets and semisyndet soaps.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used in shower, liquid- & bar soap, shampoo and syndet.



-Other Applications of Hostapon SCI-65 C:
*Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Cleansing lotions & toners
*Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Wet wipe lotions
*Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Shower gels & creams
*Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Toilet Soaps
*Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Hand wash
*Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling) > Shampoos



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance
*China compliant



PERFORMANCE CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
*Cleansing
*Hard water tolerance
*Gentle to skin
*Enables solid formulations



CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Anionics > Isethionates
*foam quality
*vegan
*silky feel
*mildness
*bio-based
*softness
*lubrication
*non-irritant
*water-resistant / waterproof



ADVANTAGES OF HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
*mildness
*improved foam structure
*good resistance to hard water



FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild special surfactant.


CAS Number : 61789-32-0
EC Number : 263-052-5
INCI/Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
Chemical Name : Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salt
Chemical Formula : R-COOCH2CH2SO3Na / (R = C7-17 natural)



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Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance.
Hostapon SCI-85 P, characterized by CAS Number 61789-32-0, is a much-cherished mild surfactant boasting outstanding foaming capabilities and unparalleled cleansing attributes.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, foaming and excellent foam stabilizing anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P also provides a rich, creamy lather, is based on vegetable fatty acids and is readily biodegradable.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a top anionic powder surfactant,, very gentle and derived from all vegetable, renewable resources.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, anionic surfactant which gives high, dense and creamy foams making it suitable choice in the production of cream shampoos, body washes etc.
Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a foaming and cleansing ingredient. SCI leaves your skin feeling soft and silky.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is a surfactant that is used in pharmaceutical preparations for skin care.
Hostapon SCI-85 P has good stability and activity index, and can easily be solubilized in water and ethanol.
Hostapon SCI-85 P’s a primary surfactant and it’s an ingredient for hair and skin care products, which is plant based and derived from fatty acids of coco-betaine.


Hostapon SCI-85 P in skin care and hair care is known for its mildness to the skin and hair and provides dense and luxurious foam.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is Biodegradeable.
Hostapon SCI-85 Pvis a gentle surfactant derived from coconut.


Hostapon SCI-85 P can be used in a variety of cosmetic recipes.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is known for its origins in environmentally-friendly source, coconut oil, Hostapon SCI-85 P prides itself as a sustainable and eco-respectful ingredient.


Chemical Structure of Hostapon SCI-85 P is Molecular Weight is 100.055 g/mol
Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance. Hostapon SCI-85 P offers a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.


This version format of Hostapon SCI-85 P is in Powder.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactants available from Clariant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a high active form of sodium cocoyl isethionate (>84% active, available in flake, granular or powder form).


Hostapon SCI-85 P grades are based on purified coconut oil, a natural and renewable resource.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is the flake-version of the HOSTAPON SCI 85 series.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactants available from Clariant.


The SCI 85 family is a high active form of sodium cocoyl isethionate (>84% active, available in flake, granular or powder form).
Hostapon SCI-85 P's an anionic surfactant with moisturizing and anti-static effects.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.


Appearance of Hostapon SCI-85 P is Solid, odorless white to off-white, and water-soluble
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a wonderful surfactant to work with and make products from.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is derived from natural coconut oil.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is naturally derived and biodegradable.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild to the skin and eyes.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is an excellent foamer in hard or soft water.


Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a soft after feel to the skin.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is based on renewable material, silky skin feel, hard water tolerance.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suitable for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is a vegetable derived Palm Free gentle anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is based on purified coconut oil, a natural and renewable resource.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a plant-based, mild, anionic surfactant that gives high, dense and creamy foams.


Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure and has good tolerance to hard water.
Hostapon SCI-85 P offers silky skin feel, no damage and irritation to sensitive skin.
Hostapon SCI-85 P produces an creamy lather and has a luxurious skin feel.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as foaming agent.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as emulsifying agent, dispersing agent.


Cosmetic Uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: cleansing agents, hair conditioning, and surfactants.
Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a mild anionic surfactant. Offers conditioning and reduces greasiness.
Hostapon SCI-85 P has been shown to have antioxidant properties, which may be due to its ability to scavenge free radicals.


Hostapon SCI-85 P also has moisturizing properties, which may be due to the presence of glycerin and fatty esters.
Hostapon SCI-85 P can be found in fruit extracts, such as mangoes and papaya.
Hostapon SCI-85 P provides rich, creamy foam to cleansing formulations with minimal impact on skin barriers to keep skin and scalp looking healthy and conditioned.


Shower gel uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: adjust the pH value of the bath product ratio, significantly improve the dryness of the skin after washing with soap products, and make the skin moist and soft.
Easier to rinse off than other surfactants.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in personal cleansing, bath & shower products like bar and liquid soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P has excellent hard water resistance, extremely low toxicity and good biodegradability.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mainly used in the production of personal care products, such as soap, shower gel, facial cleanser, foam cleanser and bath liquid.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as cleansing agent.
Hostapon SCI-85 P can be used in Soap bars, Liquid soap bases, Facial cleansers, Body cleansers, Bath Bombs and Shampoos.
Other Applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Toilet Soaps, Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling) > Shampoos.


Skin care uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Cleansing lotions & toners.
Toiletries uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Shower gels & creams.
Hostapon SCI-85 P surfactants are commonly used as syndet, semi syndet and soap bar ingredients and can be applied as sole surfactant for most products in bar form – bar soaps, bar conditioners, bath bombs and other cleansing bars.


Hostapon SCI-85 P’s also formulated in other personal care products such as hair conditioning, wet wipes, body washes and shower gels.
Hostapon SCI-85 P's hard water tolerant, easy to use and can be formulated in a wide variety of personal care products.
Hair shampoo products: Hostapon SCI-85 P can effectively reduce the residual amount of AES on the hair and avoid dandruff and hair loss on the scalp.


Soap uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: mixed with other fillers, pigments, essences or soap bases to prepare various moisturizing soaps.
Other applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: development of other gentle surface activity products.
Hostapon SCI-85 P, a mild surfactant of high grade, is crafted from coconut oil and is recognized for its exceptional foaming and cleansing capabilities.


Ideal for sensitive skin and infant products due to Hostapon SCI-85 P's low irritation likelihood.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Perfect for personal care items like shampoos, conditioners, body and facial cleansers, bar soaps, and baby products.
Praised for its low irritability, Hostapon SCI-85 P showcases exceptional suitability for sensitive skin products, including infants' care items.


Delivering optimal results in a variety of personal care formulations, Hostapon SCI-85 P stands as the surfactant of choice in shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, toothpastes, and bubble baths.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in: Shower Gel, Liquid soap, Shampoo, Synthetic detergents, and Bar soap.


Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
Interestingly, its exceptional mildness and higher-than-usual performance make Hostapon SCI-85 P ideal for applications in sensitive skin care products, including but not limited to, baby soaps, lotions, and cleansers.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in products like soap, bath bombs, bubble bars, and shampoo.
Recommended usage rate of Hostapon SCI-85 P is 3%-20%
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in many applications.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is often referred to as Baby Foam due to it's gentleness.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Shampoos, Shower gels, Liquid Soap, Bubble baths, Foaming Shaving Soaps, Baby Products, Syndet bars, and Eye makeup remover.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is recommended for systems where low levels of fatty acid are needed; for example, shampoos, bath and shower gels and liquid soaps.


Hostapon SCI-85 P may need medium, even heat to disperse in certain surfactant systems.
The extra steps are really worth it for the excellent results.
Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a mild anionic surfactant.


Hostapon SCI-85 P offers conditioning and reduces greasiness.
Hostapon SCI-85 P provides rich, creamy foam to cleansing formulations with minimal impact on skin barriers to keep skin and scalp looking healthy and conditioned.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in personal cleansing, bath & shower products like bar and liquid soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.
Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance. Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
This version format of Hostapon SCI-85 P is in Powder.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in shower gels, special shampoos, mild cleansing lotions and liquid soaps as well as syndets and semisyndet soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
A solid surfactant, Hostapon SCI-85 P is one of the most gentle anionic surfactants available and is a key ingredient in shampoo bars.


Hostapon SCI-85 P produces creamy abundant lather and has a luxurious skin feel.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild special surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in shower gels, special shampoos, mild cleansing lotions and liquid soaps as well as syndets and semisyndet soaps.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Toilet Soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling) > Shampoos.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Cleansing lotions & toners, Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Shower gels & creams.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Shower, Liquid Soap, Shampoo, and Syndet, Bar Soap.
Applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: Wet wipe, Shampoo, shower, liq. soap, Hair styling, and Syndet, bar soap
Due to its excellent lathering, mildness and soft skin after-feel, Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in clear / pearlescent personal care products such as liquid soaps, shampoos, shower gels, facial cleansers.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is also used in syndet and combo bar formulations
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in special shampoos, hair-styling products, wet wipes and ultra-mild formulations.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is also used in syndet, shower, liquid- & bar soap.



PROPERTIES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Hostapon SCI-85 P is a high purity, mild, high foaming anionic surfactant in powder form, with a large specific surface area, offering rapid dispersion / dissolution in formulations
*Hostapon SCI-85 P exhibits excellent foam density, foam stability, lime soap dispersion and surface activity.
Being hard water tolerant, Hostapon SCI-85 P leaves no soap scum
*Hostapon SCI-85 P is compatible with soaps and anionic, non-ionic, amphoteric surfactants
*Due to its anionic character, Hostapon SCI-85 P should not be used with cationic components like cationic surfactants, cationic dyes, etc.



PERFORMANCE CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Cleansing
*Foam boosting
*Gentle to skin
*Hard water tolerance
*Enables solid formulations



FUNCTION OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Mild Surfactant



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance



ADVANTAGES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Feeling of silkiness of the skin
*Hard water resistance



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Forms dense, luxurious foam
*Mild and non-drying to skin
*Also acts as anti-static agent in shampoos
*Outstanding (sole) surfactant for bar soaps and syndets
*Can be combined with other surfactants or used alone
*Soft and hard water tolerant



PROPERTIES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Hostapon SCI-85 P is therefore especially suitable for mild formulations (e. g. matching hand dishwash requirements) and provide the following features:
*Excellent foamer
*Hard water tolerant
*Limited water solubility
*Various physical forms
*Mild to skin and eyes
*Leaves no soap scum
*Rinses free from skin
*Easy to handle and use in all types of manufacturing processes



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Low toxicity, low irritability and biodegradable
*Mild and gentle on skin and eyes
*High tolerance for hard water
*Doesn’t leave any soap scum
*Rich lather and complete rinse-off
*Palm oil free.
*Produced from coconut sources.
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerant
*Good foam improver and stabilizer
*Very mild and non-drying
*Plant based
*Outstanding (sole) surfactant for bar soaps and syndets
*Easy to handle and formulate



ADVANTAGES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Feeling of silkiness of the skin
*Hard water resistance
*Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure
*Hostapon SCI-85 P has good resistance to hard water



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
- Plant-based
- Foam stability
- Silky skin feel
- Hard water tolerance



KEY BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Foam Stability,
*Plant-based



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure
*Hostapon SCI-85 P has good resistance to hard water



CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Anionics > Isethionates
*vegan
*foam quality
*creaminess/rich feel
*bio-based
*silky feel
*non-irritant



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Appearance / Nature : Powder
Colour : Off - white to pale yellow
Odour : Characteristic
pH (5% aqueous solution) : 5.0 - 7.0
Active matter, % by mass (Mol.wt.347), : 85 minimum
Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
CAS No.: 61789-32-0
Other names: SCI
Coconut oil acid ester of sodium isethionate
Molecular Formula: C2Na6O47S20
Molecular weight: 1555.23182
Appearance: White granules
Activity(MW=343): 84.00Min
Free Fatty Acid (MW=213) (%): 3.00-10.00

pH(10% in demin.water): 5.00-6.50
Color(5% inisopropanol/water): 35Max.
Water: 1.50 Max.
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:water, 4.203e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (SCI)
Synonyms: Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
CAS Number: 61789-32-0
Molecular Formula: C2H5NaO4S
Molecular Weight: 157.13 g/mol
pH: Approximately 6.5
Therapeutic Uses: Ideal for Sensitive Skin applications
GHS Classification: Complies
Pharmacological Class: Surfactant



FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hostapon SCI-85 P, characterized by CAS Number 61789-32-0, is a much-cherished mild surfactant boasting outstanding foaming capabilities and unparalleled cleansing attributes.


CAS Number : 61789-32-0
EC Number : 263-052-5
INCI/Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
Chemical Name : Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salt
Chemical Formula : R-COOCH2CH2SO3Na / (R = C7-17 natural)



Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Arlatone SCI, Coco fatty acids, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Elfan AT 84G, Fatty acid esters, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salts, Hostapon 85, Hostapon SCI 65, Hostapon SCI85, Hostapon SCI 85G, Igepon AC 78, Jordapon CI, Jordapon CI Prill, Jordapon CI-P, Sodium coco fatty acid isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Arlatone SCI, Coco fatty acids, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Elfan AT 84G, Fatty acid esters, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salts, Hostapon 85, Hostapon SCI 65, Hostapon SCI85, Hostapon SCI 85G, Igepon AC 78, Jordapon CI, Jordapon CI Prill, Jordapon CI-P, Sodium coco fatty acid isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, SCI-75, Jordaponci, IGEPON AC-78, SODIUMCOCOISOTHIONATE, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy), Sodiumcocoylisothionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate SCI, Sci Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate 85%, sodium cocoyl isethionate noodles, Sodium cocoyl isethionate fandachem, DISODIUM MANGANESE EDTA CONTENT 12.5, SODIUM 2-HYDROXYETHANE COFA SULFONATE, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy)ethanesulfonate, SCI powder / Sodium cocoyl isethionate, COCONUT OIL ACID ESTER OF SODIUM ISETHIONATE, coconutfattyacid,2-sulfoethylester,sodiumsalt, Fattyacids,coco,2-sulfoethylesters,sodiumsalts, fattyacids,coconutoil,sulfoethylesters,sodiumsalts, Fettsuren, Kokos-, 2-Sulfoethylester, Natriumsalze, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy)ethanesulfonate cas 61789-32-0,



Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, foaming and excellent foam stabilizing anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P also provides a rich, creamy lather, is based on vegetable fatty acids and is readily biodegradable.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a top anionic powder surfactant,, very gentle and derived from all vegetable, renewable resources.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is Biodegradeable.
Hostapon SCI-85 Pvis a gentle surfactant derived from coconut.
Hostapon SCI-85 P can be used in a variety of cosmetic recipes.


Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a foaming and cleansing ingredient. SCI leaves your skin feeling soft and silky.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a surfactant that is used in pharmaceutical preparations for skin care.
Hostapon SCI-85 P has good stability and activity index, and can easily be solubilized in water and ethanol.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is known for its origins in environmentally-friendly source, coconut oil, Hostapon SCI-85 P prides itself as a sustainable and eco-respectful ingredient.
Chemical Structure of Hostapon SCI-85 P is Molecular Weight is 100.055 g/mol


Appearance of Hostapon SCI-85 P is Solid, odorless white to off-white, and water-soluble
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a wonderful surfactant to work with and make products from.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is derived from natural coconut oil.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is naturally derived and biodegradable.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild to the skin and eyes.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is an excellent foamer in hard or soft water.


Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a soft after feel to the skin.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is based on renewable material, silky skin feel, hard water tolerance.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suitable for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance. Hostapon SCI-85 P offers a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
This version format of Hostapon SCI-85 P is in Powder.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactants available from Clariant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a high active form of sodium cocoyl isethionate (>84% active, available in flake, granular or powder form).
Hostapon SCI-85 P grades are based on purified coconut oil, a natural and renewable resource.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is the flake-version of the HOSTAPON SCI 85 series.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactants available from Clariant.
The SCI 85 family is a high active form of sodium cocoyl isethionate (>84% active, available in flake, granular or powder form).


Hostapon SCI-85 P is based on purified coconut oil, a natural and renewable resource.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a plant-based, mild, anionic surfactant that gives high, dense and creamy foams.
Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure and has good tolerance to hard water.
Hostapon SCI-85 P offers silky skin feel, no damage and irritation to sensitive skin.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Hostapon SCI-85 P has excellent hard water resistance, extremely low toxicity and good biodegradability.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mainly used in the production of personal care products, such as soap, shower gel, facial cleanser, foam cleanser and bath liquid.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as cleansing agent.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as foaming agent.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as emulsifying agent, dispersing agent.
Cosmetic Uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: cleansing agents, hair conditioning, and surfactants.


Hostapon SCI-85 P has been shown to have antioxidant properties, which may be due to its ability to scavenge free radicals.
Hostapon SCI-85 P also has moisturizing properties, which may be due to the presence of glycerin and fatty esters.
Hostapon SCI-85 P can be found in fruit extracts, such as mangoes and papaya.


Shower gel uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: adjust the pH value of the bath product ratio, significantly improve the dryness of the skin after washing with soap products, and make the skin moist and soft.
Easier to rinse off than other surfactants.


Hair shampoo products: Hostapon SCI-85 P can effectively reduce the residual amount of AES on the hair and avoid dandruff and hair loss on the scalp.
Soap uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: mixed with other fillers, pigments, essences or soap bases to prepare various moisturizing soaps.
Other applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: development of other gentle surface activity products.


Hostapon SCI-85 P, a mild surfactant of high grade, is crafted from coconut oil and is recognized for its exceptional foaming and cleansing capabilities.
Ideal for sensitive skin and infant products due to Hostapon SCI-85 P's low irritation likelihood.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Perfect for personal care items like shampoos, conditioners, body and facial cleansers, bar soaps, and baby products.


Praised for its low irritability, Hostapon SCI-85 P showcases exceptional suitability for sensitive skin products, including infants' care items.
Delivering optimal results in a variety of personal care formulations, Hostapon SCI-85 P stands as the surfactant of choice in shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, toothpastes, and bubble baths.


Interestingly, its exceptional mildness and higher-than-usual performance make Hostapon SCI-85 P ideal for applications in sensitive skin care products, including but not limited to, baby soaps, lotions, and cleansers.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in products like soap, bath bombs, bubble bars, and shampoo.


Recommended usage rate of Hostapon SCI-85 P is 3%-20%
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in many applications.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is often referred to as Baby Foam due to it's gentleness.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Shampoos, Shower gels, Liquid Soap, Bubble baths, Foaming Shaving Soaps, Baby Products, Syndet bars, and Eye makeup remover.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is recommended for systems where low levels of fatty acid are needed; for example, shampoos, bath and shower gels and liquid soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P may need medium, even heat to disperse in certain surfactant systems.


The extra steps are really worth it for the excellent results.
Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a mild anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P offers conditioning and reduces greasiness.


Hostapon SCI-85 P provides rich, creamy foam to cleansing formulations with minimal impact on skin barriers to keep skin and scalp looking healthy and conditioned.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in personal cleansing, bath & shower products like bar and liquid soaps.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.


Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
A solid surfactant, Hostapon SCI-85 P is one of the most gentle anionic surfactants available and is a key ingredient in shampoo bars.
Hostapon SCI-85 P produces creamy abundant lather and has a luxurious skin feel.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild special surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in shower gels, special shampoos, mild cleansing lotions and liquid soaps as well as syndets and semisyndet soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Toilet Soaps.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling) > Shampoos.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Cleansing lotions & toners
Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Shower gels & creams.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Shower, Liquid Soap, Shampoo, and Syndet, Bar Soap.
Applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: Wet wipe, Shampoo, shower, liq. soap, Hair styling, and Syndet, bar soap
Due to its excellent lathering, mildness and soft skin after-feel, Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in clear / pearlescent personal care products such as liquid soaps, shampoos, shower gels, facial cleansers.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is also used in syndet and combo bar formulations
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in special shampoos, hair-styling products, wet wipes and ultra-mild formulations.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is also used in syndet, shower, liquid- & bar soap.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.


Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.


Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance. Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
This version format of Hostapon SCI-85 P is in Powder.



KEY BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Foam Stability,
*Plant-based



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure
*Hostapon SCI-85 P has good resistance to hard water



CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Anionics > Isethionates
*vegan
*foam quality
*creaminess/rich feel
*bio-based
*silky feel
*non-irritant



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance



PROPERTIES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Hostapon SCI-85 P is a high purity, mild, high foaming anionic surfactant in powder form, with a large specific surface area, offering rapid dispersion / dissolution in formulations
*Hostapon SCI-85 P exhibits excellent foam density, foam stability, lime soap dispersion and surface activity.
Being hard water tolerant, Hostapon SCI-85 P leaves no soap scum
*Hostapon SCI-85 P is compatible with soaps and anionic, non-ionic, amphoteric surfactants
*Due to its anionic character, Hostapon SCI-85 P should not be used with cationic components like cationic surfactants, cationic dyes, etc.



ADVANTAGES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Feeling of silkiness of the skin
*Hard water resistance



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Forms dense, luxurious foam
*Mild and non-drying to skin
*Also acts as anti-static agent in shampoos
*Outstanding (sole) surfactant for bar soaps and syndets
*Can be combined with other surfactants or used alone
*Soft and hard water tolerant



PROPERTIES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Hostapon SCI-85 P is therefore especially suitable for mild formulations (e. g. matching hand dishwash requirements) and provide the following features:
*Excellent foamer
*Hard water tolerant
*Limited water solubility
*Various physical forms
*Mild to skin and eyes
*Leaves no soap scum
*Rinses free from skin
*Easy to handle and use in all types of manufacturing processes



PERFORMANCE CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Cleansing
*Foam boosting
*Gentle to skin
*Hard water tolerance
*Enables solid formulations



FUNCTION OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Mild Surfactant



BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Appearance / Nature : Powder
Colour : Off - white to pale yellow
Odour : Characteristic
pH (5% aqueous solution) : 5.0 - 7.0
Active matter, % by mass (Mol.wt.347), : 85 minimum
Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
CAS No.: 61789-32-0
Other names: SCI
Coconut oil acid ester of sodium isethionate
Molecular Formula: C2Na6O47S20
Molecular weight: 1555.23182
Appearance: White granules
Activity(MW=343): 84.00Min
Free Fatty Acid (MW=213) (%): 3.00-10.00

pH(10% in demin.water): 5.00-6.50
Color(5% inisopropanol/water): 35Max.
Water: 1.50 Max.
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:water, 4.203e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (SCI)
Synonyms: Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
CAS Number: 61789-32-0
Molecular Formula: C2H5NaO4S
Molecular Weight: 157.13 g/mol
pH: Approximately 6.5
Therapeutic Uses: Ideal for Sensitive Skin applications
GHS Classification: Complies
Pharmacological Class: Surfactant



FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Tridecyl polyethylen glycol ether phosphoric acid ester (8 EO), acid form, about 80% mono ester; About 98 % Liquid Emulsifier for emulsion polymerization

HOSTAPHAT TBEP; 2-Butoxyethanol Phosphate (3:1); Phosphoric Acid Tris(2-butoxyethyl) Ester; Amgard TBEP; FMC-KP 140; Hostaphat B 310; Hostaphat TBEP; KP 140; Kronitex KP 140; NSC 4839; NSC 62228; Phosflex T-BEP; TBEP; TBXP; Tri(2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate; Tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) Phosphate; Tris-2-Butoxyethyl Phosphate cas no: 78-51-3

Hostaphat TBEP HQ PHOSPHATE ESTER Hostaphat TBEP HQ is a phosphate ester used as plasticizer for polymer dispersions.

Houttuynia cordata extract is also known as Heartleaf and boasts a string of healthy skin benefits — it’s anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, astringent and has antibiotic-like properties, which means it works to prevent infections that may occur with acne and blemishes while calming active, angry spots at the same time.
Houttuynia cordata extract is rich in Quercetin, a plant pigment or flavonoid that has antioxidant properties.
Houttuynia cordata extract protects the body from free radicals and offers some serious soothing, restoring and anti-ageing effects too.

CAS: 164288-50-0
EINECS: 605-355-0

Synonyms
Houttuynia Cordata Extract is an extract of the herb, Houttuynia cordata, Saururaceae

Houttuynia cordata is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia.
Houttuynia cordata extract is eaten as a leaf vegetable, and also has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine, including as an attempted treatment for SARS (it didn’t really work).

The main active components in the plant are these fancy chemicals called flavonoids.
Houttuynia cordata extract specifically has a good amount of polyphenolic flavonoids, four common ones being quercetin, quercitrin, hyperoside, and rutin.
All of these exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.
Houttuynia cordata extract has also been shown to decrease damage from UVB rays, which is an added bonus.
One thing to keep in mind, though, is that the flavonoid content of Houttuynia cordata extract can depend on if the extract is taken from the roots or the leaves, as well as if it’s a water extraction or an alcohol extraction.

Another thing Houttuynia cordata extract contains are polysaccharides, i.e. big molecules from various sugar units (in this case it is galacturonic acid (29.4%), galactose (24.0%), rhamnose (17.2%), arabinose (13.5%), glucuronic acid (6.8%), glucose (5.3%), xylose (2.1%) and mannose (1.8%) ).
Polysaccharides and sugars in skincare are excellent humectants and skin hydrators, meaning they help the skin to hold onto water.

Houttuynia cordata extract acts as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-psoriatic agent.
Houttuynia cordata extract is an extract of the herb, houttuynia cordata.
Houttuynia cordata extract contains quercetin, quercitrin and hyperin as active compounds.
Houttuynia cordata extract treats wounds and skin diseases.
Houttuynia cordata extract finds application in formulating cosmetic products.
Houttuynia cordata extract is also known as chameleon plant, heartleaf, fishwort, and bishop’s weed.
The plant is cultivated as a vegetable and as a medicinal herb.
Scientific research supports traditional medicinal uses by showing its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

HPAA ABSTRACT Infection with the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can give rise to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. All H. pylori strains express the surface-localized protein HpaA, a promising candidate for a vaccine against H. pylori infection. To study the physiological importance of HpaA, a mutation of the hpaA gene was introduced into a mouse-adapted H. pylori strain. To justify that the interruption of the hpaA gene did not cause any polar effects of downstream genes or was associated with a second site mutation, the protein expression patterns of the mutant and wild-type strains were characterized by two different proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell extracts and subcellular fractionation combined with nano-liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for outer membrane protein profiling revealed only minor differences in the protein profile between the mutant and the wild-type strains. Therefore, the mutant strain was tested for its colonizing ability in a well-established mouse model. While inoculation with the wild-type strain resulted in heavily H. pylori-infected mice, the HpaA mutant strain was not able to establish colonization. Thus, by combining proteomic analysis and in vivo studies, we conclude that HpaA is essential for the colonization of H. pylori in mice. H. pylori adhesin A (HpaA) is a surface-located (7, 14, 20) lipoprotein (25) that was initially described as a sialic acid binding adhesin, but supportive evidence is still lacking. It is recognized by antibodies from H. pylori-infected individuals (23, 39), and the expression of the HpaA protein has previously been found to be highly conserved among H. pylori isolates (9, 39). Furthermore, genomic studies (2, 32) show no significant sequence homologies of HpaA with other known proteins. Taken together, this makes HpaA a putative candidate as a vaccine antigen against H. pylori infection. In this study, we have constructed an HpaA mutant in the mouse-adapted H. pylori Sydney strain 1 (SS1) to examine the role of HpaA in colonization. Because of cotranscription, constructed gene mutations have the potential to cause polar effects, i.e., inhibiting expression of downstream genes in an operon. In addition, it has been shown that knocking out one gene can affect other genes in an unpredicted manner (30). Thus, when studying a mutant, proteomic analysis offers a convenient method to monitor changes in protein expression without prior knowledge of what those changes might be. The first aim of this study was to examine the overall protein profile, including the protein expression of the genes located downstream of hpaA, of the mouse-adapted SS1 strain and its isogenic HpaA mutant. This was achieved by a proteomic approach where whole-cell extracts of the bacteria were compared by DIGE analysis. We also combined subcellular fractionation and one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis with nano-LC Fourier transform (FT) ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) (FT-ICR) MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) analyses in order to compare the OMP profiles of the SS1 wild-type and mutant strains. To determine whether HpaA is essential for survival in the host, mice were infected with either H. pylori SS1 or the HpaA mutant strain, and the colonization levels MATERIALS AND METHODS Construction of SS1 hpaA-negative/deficient mutant SS1(ΔhpaA). The hpaA mutant was originally constructed in H. pylori strain CCUG 17874 by a two-step amplification resulting in a 450-bp deletion of the hpaA gene (kindly provided by P. Doig et al., Astrazeneca Research Centre, Boston, MA) and insertion of a 1.4-kb kanamycin cassette (25). The mutation was transferred from H. pylori CCUG 17874 to the mouse-adapted SS1 strain by natural transformation. Five kanamycin-resistant transformants were analyzed by PCR with two HpaA-specific primers (forward primer, 5′-GGCGTAGAAATGGAAGCG-3′; reverse primer, 5′-CCCAAGCTTCATCAGCCCTTAAATACACG-3′) (21) to confirm that the kanamycin cassette was inserted in the hpaA gene, resulting in a larger PCR product than of that of the wild-type SS1 strain. One of the transformants with the correct insertion was further characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with the monoclonal antibody HP30-1:1:6, specific for HpaA (9). This strain, SS1(ΔhpaA), was negative in the immunoblot. Strains and culture conditions. The mouse-adapted H. pylori strains SS1 (CagA+ VacA+ Ley) (19) and SS1(ΔhpaA) were used in all experiments and stored at −70°C as stock cultures. For preparation of antigens from SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA), the bacteria were grown on Colombia-Iso agar plates to confluence for 3 days under microaerophilic conditions (10% CO2, 6% O2, and 84% N2). SS1(ΔhpaA) was cultured in the same way as SS1 throughout the experiment, with the exception of the cultures being supplemented with 25 μg/ml kanamycin. Growth curves. SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA) were first grown on Colombia-Iso plates to confluence for 2 to 3 days and then resuspended in 2 ml Brucella broth (Difco Laboratories) to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.3 (1.5 × 109 bacteria/ml). Sixteen female C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with approximately 109 CFU of H. pylori SS1 or SS1(ΔhpaA) in Brucella broth under anesthesia (Isoflurane; Abbott Scandinavia Ab, Solna, Sweden) as previously described (27). Detection of H. pylori SS1 (wild type) and SS1(ΔhpaA) in infected mice. (i) Quantitative culture. The kinetics of SS1 in the colonization of mice have been well characterized, showing stable colonization between 2 and 8 weeks of infection (27). To determine the kinetics of colonization by SS1(ΔhpaA) in mice, animals were killed at various time points after infection (3 days, 3 weeks, and 8 weeks). The stomachs were removed and washed with phosphate-buffered saline to remove food residues. One half of the stomach was used for quantitative culture as previously described (27), and the other half was used for detection of H. pylori-specific genes by PCR. The stomach homogenates from the SS1(ΔhpaA)-infected mice were cultured on blood Skirrow plates both with and without kanamycin to examine if they had lost their antibiotic resistance during the gastric infection. RESULTS Comparison of the major proteome components in H. pylori strains SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA). To identify that no specific protein expression change had followed the construction of the HpaA mutant, we analyzed the proteome of H. pylori strain SS1 and its isogenic mutant by the 2-DE-based DIGE system. By use of cell lysis buffer compatible with the DIGE technology and isoelectric focusing at a pH interval of 3 to 10, over 800 distinct protein spots from each sample in the four replicates were detected by the DeCyder software and subsequent manual correction. The analysis of the expression profiles in strain SS1 and the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant resulted in the identification of a minor number of spots (13) with a significantly changed level (P < 0.05). Of these spots, eight were found to be down-regulated and five spots were found to be upregulated in the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant (Fig. (Fig.1).1). For identification of proteins, one preparative gel was stained with Sypro ruby, and spots were digested in gel and analyzed by nano-LC FT-ICR MS and MS/MS. We successfully identified the proteins shown in Table Table1.1. Notably, the trigger factor encoded by the tig gene located downstream of hpaA showed similar levels of expression in both strains (Fig. (Fig.11 and and2).2). However, Omp18 (HP0796) was detected in neither the wild-type strain nor the mutant. Thus, to ascertain that the disruption of the hpaA gene had not affected the transcription of its downstream gene, omp18, an omp18-specific RT-PCR was performed on SS1 and the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant strain, which showed that Omp18 was transcribed in both strains (data not shown). Detection of bacteria in infected mice. Colonization of H. pylori was detected both by quantitative culture and by H. pylori-specific PCR. To evaluate the colonization pattern for SS1(ΔhpaA), mice were infected with either SS1(ΔhpaA) or SS1 as a reference and then killed at various time points ranging from 3 days to 2 months. Mice infected with SS1 showed a massive colonization at all time points studied, but bacteria could not be detected in the stomachs of mice infected with SS1(ΔhpaA) either by culture (Fig. (Fig.5)5) or by H. pylori-specific PCR at any time point (data not shown). To ascertain that SS1(ΔhpaA) had not lost its kanamycin resistance during the colonization in the stomach, the bacteria were grown on plates with and without kanamycin. However, no bacteria could be detected after culture on plates without kanamycin either (data not shown). DISCUSSION Many colonization and virulence factors have been evaluated as protective antigens in immunization studies in animal models (17, 22). For a bacterial protein to be considered as a candidate vaccine antigen, it should preferably be conserved (i.e., present in all strains), secreted or surface localized, and immunogenic (i.e., capable of stimulating the immune system). HpaA fulfills all these criteria; the gene encoding HpaA is present in and expressed by all H. pylori isolates (9, 39), indicating that it is valuable for the bacterium. Furthermore, H. pylori-infected subjects mount serum antibody responses against HpaA, which decline after eradication of the bacterium (23, 37), and HpaA induces maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells, showing its immunogenicity (36). In addition, it has been shown that HpaA is expressed both intracellularly and on the bacterial surface (20, 25). To investigate the importance of HpaA in H. pylori infection, a previously described mutation of HpaA (25) was introduced into the mouse-adapted strain SS1, and the mutant strain was tested for its colonization ability and immunogenicity in a well-established animal model. In order to verify that the mutation had not caused any damage on downstream genes or second-site mutations, we performed 2-D DIGE analysis to examine the overall protein expression pattern of H. pylori strain SS1. All the detected protein spots in the wild-type strain, with the exception of HpaA, were found in the mutant strain. However, 13 spots corresponding to 11 unique proteins showed small changes in expression levels in the mutant compared to the wild-type strain; of these, seven proteins were found to be down-regulated and four proteins were up-regulated. These identified proteins do not seem to be related on either the genetic or the functional level. In addition, it has been shown that minor changes in the protein expression level normally occur within a bacterial strain (35) (E. Carlsohn et al., unpublished data). The most important finding in the DIGE analysis of the wild type and its isogenic mutant was that the trigger factor encoded by the tig gene located downstream of hpaA showed similar levels of expression in both strains. It is well known that OMPs tend to be discriminated in standard 2-DE displaying total cell extract. This is due both to poor solubility and low expression levels of the proteins of interest, and it is therefore important to design an appropriate isolation procedure for this protein species. We performed subcellular fractionation of OMPs in combination with one-dimensional PAGE analysis and nano-LC FT-ICR MS and MS/MS analyses of tryptic peptides. By use of this novel approach, we identified over 20 outer membrane proteins and 8 flagella-associated proteins in both investigated strains. All OMPs present in the wild-type strain, with the exception of HpaA, were also expressed in the mutant strain. The cotranscription of hpaA and the downstream gene omp18 has previously been described (20). It was therefore of interest to study the expression of the omp18 gene product in the constructed HpaA mutant to investigate possible polar effects on surrounding genes in the mutant. Unfortunately, the Omp18 protein was not detected in any of the strains. However, RT-PCR analysis of omp18 mRNA from the wild-type and mutant strains clearly showed that omp18 was transcribed in both strains, indicating that disruption of hpaA did not have any polar effects on its downstream genes (data not shown). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the Omp18 protein has never been detected, suggesting that it might not be translated but that it might only be present on the mRNA level. Because no major differences between the two strains could be detected, we proceeded to an animal model for evaluation of the physiological importance of HpaA. In vivo studies showed that while mice infected with the wild-type SS1 strain were heavily colonized, its isogenic mutant failed to colonize the mice at all time points examined. Thus, the fact that the mutant did not show significant differences in growth under laboratory conditions suggests that the observed phenotype is strictly in vivo dependent. HpaA was originally pointed out as a putative N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin, and several studies have tried to elucidate the function of HpaA in in vitro adhesion studies, but the results are not conclusive. For example, bacterial binding to gastric cell lines in vitro was not affected by an inactivated hpaA gene (25). However, epithelial cell lines have been demonstrated to respond quite differently to bacterial stimulations compared to freshly isolated epithelial cells (4). Furthermore, deletion of the hpaA gene did not influence the glycosphingolipid recognition pattern of the bacteria, as evaluated by binding of the bacteria to previously identified H. pylori-binding glycosphingolipids on thin-layer chromatograms (1). Thus, both the parent SS1 strain and the HpaA knockout mutant bound to lactosylceramide, gangliotetraosylceramide, lactotetraosylceramide, and Leb-terminated glycosphingolipids (S. Teneberg et al., unpublished data). One may therefore speculate whether HpaA itself directly mediates receptor binding or whether it is involved in facilitating the adhesin transport and folding, or if it exerts regulatory functions. The role of HpaA needs to be elucidated in further investigations. In conclusion, we have shown that the disruption of the HpaA-encoding gene did not induce any major differences in the protein expression pattern in the mutant compared with the wild-type strain. We have also demonstrated that HpaA is essential for bacterial colonization in the gastric mucosa of mice, establishing for the first time a physiological role of HpaA in vivo. Abstract Infection with the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can give rise to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. All H. pylori strains express the surface-localized protein HpaA, a promising candidate for a vaccine against H. pylori infection. To study the physiological importance of HpaA, a mutation of the hpaA gene was introduced into a mouse-adapted H. pylori strain. To justify that the interruption of the hpaA gene did not cause any polar effects of downstream genes or was associated with a second site mutation, the protein expression patterns of the mutant and wild-type strains were characterized by two different proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell extracts and subcellular fractionation combined with nano-liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for outer membrane protein profiling revealed only minor differences in the protein profile between the mutant and the wild-type strains. Therefore, the mutant strain was tested for its colonizing ability in a well-established mouse model. While inoculation with the wild-type strain resulted in heavily H. pylori-infected mice, the HpaA mutant strain was not able to establish colonization. Thus, by combining proteomic analysis and in vivo studies, we conclude that HpaA is essential for the colonization of H. ABSTRACT Infection with the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can give rise to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. All H. pylori strains express the surface-localized protein HpaA, a promising candidate for a vaccine against H. pylori infection. To study the physiological importance of HpaA, a mutation of the hpaA gene was introduced into a mouse-adapted H. pylori strain. To justify that the interruption of the hpaA gene did not cause any polar effects of downstream genes or was associated with a second site mutation, the protein expression patterns of the mutant and wild-type strains were characterized by two different proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell extracts and subcellular fractionation combined with nano-liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for outer membrane protein profiling revealed only minor differences in the protein profile between the mutant and the wild-type strains. Therefore, the mutant strain was tested for its colonizing ability in a well-established mouse model. While inoculation with the wild-type strain resulted in heavily H. pylori-infected mice, the HpaA mutant strain was not able to establish colonization. Thus, by combining proteomic analysis and in vivo studies, we conclude that HpaA is essential for the colonization of H. pylori in mice. H. pylori adhesin A (HpaA) is a surface-located (7, 14, 20) lipoprotein (25) that was initially described as a sialic acid binding adhesin, but supportive evidence is still lacking. It is recognized by antibodies from H. pylori-infected individuals (23, 39), and the expression of the HpaA protein has previously been found to be highly conserved among H. pylori isolates (9, 39). Furthermore, genomic studies (2, 32) show no significant sequence homologies of HpaA with other known proteins. Taken together, this makes HpaA a putative candidate as a vaccine antigen against H. pylori infection. In this study, we have constructed an HpaA mutant in the mouse-adapted H. pylori Sydney strain 1 (SS1) to examine the role of HpaA in colonization. Because of cotranscription, constructed gene mutations have the potential to cause polar effects, i.e., inhibiting expression of downstream genes in an operon. In addition, it has been shown that knocking out one gene can affect other genes in an unpredicted manner (30). Thus, when studying a mutant, proteomic analysis offers a convenient method to monitor changes in protein expression without prior knowledge of what those changes might be. The first aim of this study was to examine the overall protein profile, including the protein expression of the genes located downstream of hpaA, of the mouse-adapted SS1 strain and its isogenic HpaA mutant. This was achieved by a proteomic approach where whole-cell extracts of the bacteria were compared by DIGE analysis. We also combined subcellular fractionation and one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis with nano-LC Fourier transform (FT) ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) (FT-ICR) MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) analyses in order to compare the OMP profiles of the SS1 wild-type and mutant strains. To determine whether HpaA is essential for survival in the host, mice were infected with either H. pylori SS1 or the HpaA mutant strain, and the colonization levels MATERIALS AND METHODS Construction of SS1 hpaA-negative/deficient mutant SS1(ΔhpaA). The hpaA mutant was originally constructed in H. pylori strain CCUG 17874 by a two-step amplification resulting in a 450-bp deletion of the hpaA gene (kindly provided by P. Doig et al., Astrazeneca Research Centre, Boston, MA) and insertion of a 1.4-kb kanamycin cassette (25). The mutation was transferred from H. pylori CCUG 17874 to the mouse-adapted SS1 strain by natural transformation. Five kanamycin-resistant transformants were analyzed by PCR with two HpaA-specific primers (forward primer, 5′-GGCGTAGAAATGGAAGCG-3′; reverse primer, 5′-CCCAAGCTTCATCAGCCCTTAAATACACG-3′) (21) to confirm that the kanamycin cassette was inserted in the hpaA gene, resulting in a larger PCR product than of that of the wild-type SS1 strain. One of the transformants with the correct insertion was further characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with the monoclonal antibody HP30-1:1:6, specific for HpaA (9). This strain, SS1(ΔhpaA), was negative in the immunoblot. Strains and culture conditions. The mouse-adapted H. pylori strains SS1 (CagA+ VacA+ Ley) (19) and SS1(ΔhpaA) were used in all experiments and stored at −70°C as stock cultures. For preparation of antigens from SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA), the bacteria were grown on Colombia-Iso agar plates to confluence for 3 days under microaerophilic conditions (10% CO2, 6% O2, and 84% N2). SS1(ΔhpaA) was cultured in the same way as SS1 throughout the experiment, with the exception of the cultures being supplemented with 25 μg/ml kanamycin. Growth curves. SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA) were first grown on Colombia-Iso plates to confluence for 2 to 3 days and then resuspended in 2 ml Brucella broth (Difco Laboratories) to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.3 (1.5 × 109 bacteria/ml). Sixteen female C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with approximately 109 CFU of H. pylori SS1 or SS1(ΔhpaA) in Brucella broth under anesthesia (Isoflurane; Abbott Scandinavia Ab, Solna, Sweden) as previously described (27). Detection of H. pylori SS1 (wild type) and SS1(ΔhpaA) in infected mice. (i) Quantitative culture. The kinetics of SS1 in the colonization of mice have been well characterized, showing stable colonization between 2 and 8 weeks of infection (27). To determine the kinetics of colonization by SS1(ΔhpaA) in mice, animals were killed at various time points after infection (3 days, 3 weeks, and 8 weeks). The stomachs were removed and washed with phosphate-buffered saline to remove food residues. One half of the stomach was used for quantitative culture as previously described (27), and the other half was used for detection of H. pylori-specific genes by PCR. The stomach homogenates from the SS1(ΔhpaA)-infected mice were cultured on blood Skirrow plates both with and without kanamycin to examine if they had lost their antibiotic resistance during the gastric infection. RESULTS Comparison of the major proteome components in H. pylori strains SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA). To identify that no specific protein expression change had followed the construction of the HpaA mutant, we analyzed the proteome of H. pylori strain SS1 and its isogenic mutant by the 2-DE-based DIGE system. By use of cell lysis buffer compatible with the DIGE technology and isoelectric focusing at a pH interval of 3 to 10, over 800 distinct protein spots from each sample in the four replicates were detected by the DeCyder software and subsequent manual correction. The analysis of the expression profiles in strain SS1 and the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant resulted in the identification of a minor number of spots (13) with a significantly changed level (P < 0.05). Of these spots, eight were found to be down-regulated and five spots were found to be upregulated in the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant (Fig. (Fig.1).1). For identification of proteins, one preparative gel was stained with Sypro ruby, and spots were digested in gel and analyzed by nano-LC FT-ICR MS and MS/MS. We successfully identified the proteins shown in Table Table1.1. Notably, the trigger factor encoded by the tig gene located downstream of hpaA showed similar levels of expression in both strains (Fig. (Fig.11 and and2).2). However, Omp18 (HP0796) was detected in neither the wild-type strain nor the mutant. Thus, to ascertain that the disruption of the hpaA gene had not affected the transcription of its downstream gene, omp18, an omp18-specific RT-PCR was performed on SS1 and the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant strain, which showed that Omp18 was transcribed in both strains (data not shown). Detection of bacteria in infected mice. Colonization of H. pylori was detected both by quantitative culture and by H. pylori-specific PCR. To evaluate the colonization pattern for SS1(ΔhpaA), mice were infected with either SS1(ΔhpaA) or SS1 as a reference and then killed at various time points ranging from 3 days to 2 months. Mice infected with SS1 showed a massive colonization at all time points studied, but bacteria could not be detected in the stomachs of mice infected with SS1(ΔhpaA) either by culture (Fig. (Fig.5)5) or by H. pylori-specific PCR at any time point (data not shown). To ascertain that SS1(ΔhpaA) had not lost its kanamycin resistance during the colonization in the stomach, the bacteria were grown on plates with and without kanamycin. However, no bacteria could be detected after culture on plates without kanamycin either (data not shown). DISCUSSION Many colonization and virulence factors have been evaluated as protective antigens in immunization studies in animal models (17, 22). For a bacterial protein to be considered as a candidate vaccine antigen, it should preferably be conserved (i.e., present in all strains), secreted or surface localized, and immunogenic (i.e., capable of stimulating the immune system). HpaA fulfills all these criteria; the gene encoding HpaA is present in and expressed by all H. pylori isolates (9, 39), indicating that it is valuable for the bacterium. Furthermore, H. pylori-infected subjects mount serum antibody responses against HpaA, which decline after eradication of the bacterium (23, 37), and HpaA induces maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells, showing its immunogenicity (36). In addition, it has been shown that HpaA is expressed both intracellularly and on the bacterial surface (20, 25). To investigate the importance of HpaA in H. pylori infection, a previously described mutation of HpaA (25) was introduced into the mouse-adapted strain SS1, and the mutant strain was tested for its colonization ability and immunogenicity in a well-established animal model. In order to verify that the mutation had not caused any damage on downstream genes or second-site mutations, we performed 2-D DIGE analysis to examine the overall protein expression pattern of H. pylori strain SS1. All the detected protein spots in the wild-type strain, with the exception of HpaA, were found in the mutant strain. However, 13 spots corresponding to 11 unique proteins showed small changes in expression levels in the mutant compared to the wild-type strain; of these, seven proteins were found to be down-regulated and four proteins were up-regulated. These identified proteins do not seem to be related on either the genetic or the functional level. In addition, it has been shown that minor changes in the protein expression level normally occur within a bacterial strain (35) (E. Carlsohn et al., unpublished data). The most important finding in the DIGE analysis of the wild type and its isogenic mutant was that the trigger factor encoded by the tig gene located downstream of hpaA showed similar levels of expression in both strains. It is well known that OMPs tend to be discriminated in standard 2-DE displaying total cell extract. This is due both to poor solubility and low expression levels of the proteins of interest, and it is therefore important to design an appropriate isolation procedure for this protein species. We performed subcellular fractionation of OMPs in combination with one-dimensional PAGE analysis and nano-LC FT-ICR MS and MS/MS analyses of tryptic peptides. By use of this novel approach, we identified over 20 outer membrane proteins and 8 flagella-associated proteins in both investigated strains. All OMPs present in the wild-type strain, with the exception of HpaA, were also expressed in the mutant strain. The cotranscription of hpaA and the downstream gene omp18 has previously been described (20). It was therefore of interest to study the expression of the omp18 gene product in the constructed HpaA mutant to investigate possible polar effects on surrounding genes in the mutant. Unfortunately, the Omp18 protein was not detected in any of the strains. However, RT-PCR analysis of omp18 mRNA from the wild-type and mutant strains clearly showed that omp18 was transcribed in both strains, indicating that disruption of hpaA did not have any polar effects on its downstream genes (data not shown). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the Omp18 protein has never been detected, suggesting that it might not be translated but that it might only be present on the mRNA level. Because no major differences between the two strains could be detected, we proceeded to an animal model for evaluation of the physiological importance of HpaA. In vivo studies showed that while mice infected with the wild-type SS1 strain were heavily colonized, its isogenic mutant failed to colonize the mice at all time points examined. Thus, the fact that the mutant did not show significant differences in growth under laboratory conditions suggests that the observed phenotype is strictly in vivo dependent. HpaA was originally pointed out as a putative N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin, and several studies have tried to elucidate the function of HpaA in in vitro adhesion studies, but the results are not conclusive. For example, bacterial binding to gastric cell lines in vitro was not affected by an inactivated hpaA gene (25). However, epithelial cell lines have been demonstrated to respond quite differently to bacterial stimulations compared to freshly isolated epithelial cells (4). Furthermore, deletion of the hpaA gene did not influence the glycosphingolipid recognition pattern of the bacteria, as evaluated by binding of the bacteria to previously identified H. pylori-binding glycosphingolipids on thin-layer chromatograms (1). Thus, both the parent SS1 strain and the HpaA knockout mutant bound to lactosylceramide, gangliotetraosylceramide, lactotetraosylceramide, and Leb-terminated glycosphingolipids (S. Teneberg et al., unpublished data). One may therefore speculate whether HpaA itself directly mediates receptor binding or whether it is involved in facilitating the adhesin transport and folding, or if it exerts regulatory functions. The role of HpaA needs to be elucidated in further investigations. In conclusion, we have shown that the disruption of the HpaA-encoding gene did not induce any major differences in the protein expression pattern in the mutant compared with the wild-type strain. We have also demonstrated that HpaA is essential for bacterial colonization in the gastric mucosa of mice, establishing for the first time a physiological role of HpaA in vivo. Abstract Infection with the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can give rise to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. All H. pylori strains express the surface-localized protein HpaA, a promising candidate for a vaccine against H. pylori infection. To study the physiological importance of HpaA, a mutation of the hpaA gene was introduced into a mouse-adapted H. pylori strain. To justify that the interruption of the hpaA gene did not cause any polar effects of downstream genes or was associated with a second site mutation, the protein expression patterns of the mutant and wild-type strains were characterized by two different proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell extracts and subcellular fractionation combined with nano-liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for outer membrane protein profiling revealed only minor differences in the protein profile between the mutant and the wild-type strains. Therefore, the mutant strain was tested for its colonizing ability in a well-established mouse model. While inoculation with the wild-type strain resulted in heavily H. pylori-infected mice, the HpaA mutant strain was not able to establish colonization. Thus, by combining proteomic analysis and in vivo studies, we conclude that HpaA is essential for the colonization of H.

HPMA This special volume is devoted to N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers. It is an opportunity to review what was done and identify directions for future research. The HPMA development and data presented will be related mostly to the authors' laboratory, not to overlap with other author's contributions in this volume. The work done with HPMA copolymers as drug carriers, protein, and surface modifiers, and as synthetic components in smart hybrid biomaterials design has been summarized. More details and work from other laboratories may be found in the other chapters in this volume that cover more focused topics. The choice of HPMA for development as drug carrier was not random. Based on the detailed studies of the relationship between the structure of hydrophilic polymers and their biocompatibility [11-21], we have chosen N-substituted methacrylamides as our target because the α-carbon substitution and the N-substituted amide bond ensured hydrolytic stability of the side-chains. We synthesized a series of compounds trying to identify a crystalline monomer for easy purification and reproducible synthesis. The first crystalline N-substituted methacrylamide we succeeded to synthesize, HPMA, was chosen for future development [22,23]. 2.2. First HPMA copolymer drug and/or protein conjugates Macromolecules are internalized by cells via endocytosis and ultimately localize in the (enzyme rich) lysosomal compartment. Consequently, we developed HPMA copolymers containing enzymatically degradable bonds (Fig. 3) [34]. Oligopeptide side-chains were designed as drug attachment/release sites [35] and shown to be degradable in vivo [36]. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f3.jpg Open in a separate window Fig. 3 HPMA copolymers containing enzymatically cleavable bonds [30,34,37-45,47-49,55]. The first degradable polymer carriers based on HPMA were also reported at the Polymers in Medicine Microsymposium in the Prague in 1977 [52] and at conferences in Varna [53] and Tashkent [54]. We used the oxidized insulin B chain (it contains two amino groups at positions 1 and 29) to prepare branched, water-soluble HPMA copolymers by reacting insulin B-chain with HPMA copolymers containing side-chains terminated in p-nitrophenyl esters. The polymers were cleavable (Fig. 4), so we chose the sequence 23-25 (Gly-Phe-Phe) from the insulin B-chain (the bond originating at amino acid 25 is cleavable by chymotrypsin) and synthesized branched, soluble high molecular weight enzymatically degradable copolymers containing the Gly-Phe-Phe segments in crosslinks connecting primary chains [38]. The latter type of polymer carrier was evaluated in vivo in rats and it was shown that the branched polymer carrier is degradable and its molecular weight distribution decreases with time following i.v. administration [36]. These experiments demonstrated the possibility to manipulate the intravascular half-life of polymeric carriers based on HPMA. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f4.jpg Fig. 4 Branched HPMA copolymers containing the GFF degradable sequence in crosslinks; this sequence mimics the amino acid residues 23-25 of the insulin B chain [38,52]. 2.4. Validation of the targetability of HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates The choice and design of a targeting system has to be based on a sound biological rationale. The design of the first targetable HPMA copolymer was based on the observation [56] that small changes in the structure of glycoproteins lead to dramatic changes in the fate of the modified glycoprotein in the organism. When a glycoprotein (ceruloplasmin) was administered into rats, a long intravascular half-life was observed. However, when the terminal sialic acid was removed from ceruloplasmin, the asialoglycoprotein (asialoceruloplasmin) formed contains side-chains exposing the penultimate galactose units. The intravascular half-life of the latter was dramatically shortened due to the biorecognition of the molecule by the asialoglycoprotein receptor on the hepatocytes. This receptor recognizes galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine moieties [56]. To determine if one can mimic this process with a synthetic macromolecule, we synthesized HPMA copolymers with N-methacryloylglycylglycine p-nitrophenyl ester and attached galactosamine by aminolysis [57]. These copolymers behaved similarly to the glycoproteins and were biorecognizable in vivo (Fig. 5). Their clearance from the bloodstream was related to the N-acylated galactosamine content (1-11 mol%) of the HPMA copolymer [57-59]. Separation of the rat liver into hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells indicated that the polymer is largely associated with hepatocytes, and density-gradient subcellular fractionation of the liver confirmed that the HPMA copolymers were internalized by liver cells and transported, with time, into the secondary lysosomes [59,60]. It was very important to find that HPMA copolymers containing side-chains terminated in galactosamine and anticancer drug adriamycin also preferentially accumulated in the liver, i.e., it appeared that non-specific hydrophobic interactions with cell membranes did not interfere with the biorecognition by hepatocytes [61]. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f5.jpg Open in a separate window Fig. 5 Validations of the targetability of HPMA copolymers. N-acylated galactosamine as the targeting moiety was chosen to mimic the glycoprotein-asialoglycoprotein system [57-59]. In parallel, efforts on the targetability of HPMA copolymer-antibody conjugates started. First HPMA copolymer conjugates with polyclonal and monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 antibodies and anti-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) antibodies were evaluated. Targetable conjugates containing daunomycin were synthesized and in vitro experiments have shown two orders of magnitude enhanced cytotoxicity of the targeted conjugate (when compared to the nontargeted one) [62]. The targetability and activity of anti-Thy1.2 conjugates with HPMA copolymer-daunomycin conjugates was proven in vivo on a mouse model [63]. Anti-Thy1.2 antibodies were also efficient in targeting HPMA copolymer-photosensitizer (chlorin e6) conjugates [64]. 2.5. Early interdisciplinary collaborations At the beginning of the eighties, we started collaborations with coworkers from the biological field: John Lloyd and Ruth Duncan from the University of Keele in United Kingdom, and Blanka Říhová from the Institute of Microbiology in Prague. The collaboration with the Keele group was initiated by Helmuth Ringsdorf who gave a lecture at the 1977 Prague symposium (where Kopecek presented first HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates and biodegradable carriers based on HPMA). After the meeting Ringsdorf suggested to Lloyd to contact Kopecek because he thought that the collaboration would be beneficial for both. Kopecek met Lloyd in Dresden in July 1978 and they agreed on the evaluation of HPMA copolymer conjugates. First samples were synthesized (different side-chains terminated in p-nitroanilide as drug model) and evaluated at Keele for their cleavability by lysosomal enzymes [42,65] and their stability in blood plasma and serum [46]. More than 300 different polymer structures containing oligopeptide sequences were synthesized in the Prague laboratory [24,25,35,47], and biological properties of a number of them evaluated at Keele within a 10 year period [66,67]. The collaboration with Vladimír Kostka and coworkers from the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague on the cleavability of peptide sequences in HPMA copolymers by cathepsin B [44, Fig. 4], the most important lysosomal cysteine proteinase, resulted in the identification of GFLG sequence, which is incorporated in all conjugates used in clinical trials. From the two fastest cleaving oligopeptides, GFLG and GFTA (see Fig. 3, example 5), we have chosen the GFLG sequence over the GFTA to avoid T; at that time we were worried about the potential immunogenicity. In 1978 Kopecek gave a lecture at the Institute of Microbiology in Prague. After the lecture he discussed with Říhová and the collaboration with her group on the immunogenicity/biocompatibility [69-72] and biorecognition (targeting) [62-64] of HPMA conjugates commenced. These collaborations resulted in the filing of "Polymeric drugs" patent application in 1985 [68]. Kopecek coined the name for the HPMA copolymers evaluated in clinical trials as PK1 and PK2(P for Prague, K for Keele) (Fig. 6). An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc Object name is nihms159442f6.jpg Structures of PK1 and PK2, first HPMA copolymers evaluated in clinical trials [68]. Conjugate PK1 contains doxorubicin bound to HPMA copolymer via a tetrapeptide sequence stable in the blood stream but susceptible to enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis in the lysosomes. Conjugate PK2 contains in addition side-chains terminated in N-acylated galactosamine complementary to the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes. 3. HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates The early experiments provided the foundation for the development of HPMA copolymers as drug carriers. As in the majority of new scientific areas, the research initially focused on the accumulation of basic data on the structure-properties relationship. The summary of research in areas we consider important for the development of clinically relevant HPMA copolymer conjugates follows: HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates are nanosized (5-20 nm) water-soluble constructs. Their unique structural, physicochemical, and biological properties are advantageous when compared to low molecular weight drugs. The concept of targeted polymer-drug conjugates was developed to address the lack of specificity of low molecular weight drugs for cancer cells. The efficiency of extravasation into solid tumors depends on the concentration gradient between the vasculature and tumor tissue and time. Consequently, high molecular weight (long-circulating) polymer conjugates accumulate efficiently in tumor tissue [85] due to the EPR effect [79,100]. However, if they possess a non-degradable backbone, they may deposit and accumulate in various organs [18]. We have previously synthesized high molecular weight carriers by connecting HPMA chains via lysosomally degradable oligopeptide sequences [34] to form water-soluble branched conjugates [36,38-41,101-103]. Following intravenous (i.v.) administration to rats, the oligopeptide crosslinks were cleaved and the resulting lower molecular weight polymer chains were excreted into the urine [36]. These water-soluble copolymers were synthesized by crosslinking (short of gel point) of HPMA copolymer precursors (containing oligopeptide side-chains terminated in a reactive ester group) with diamines. Later, we designed a new, reproducible synthetic pathway for long-circulating HPMA copolymers [85,104]. New crosslinking agents were synthesized and high molecular weight copolymers prepared by crosslinking copolymerization. The composition of the monomer mixture, however, has to be such that at the end of the polymerization the system is short of the gel point (water-soluble). This method [104] is also suitable for the synthesis of HPMA copolymers, which contain, in addition to oligopeptide crosslinks, oligopeptide side-chains terminated in doxorubicin (DOX) (or other anticancer drugs). The influence of the molecular weight of such conjugates on their biological activity was evaluated [85]. Copolymerization of HPMA, a polymerizable derivative of DOX (N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl doxorubicin) and a crosslinking agent, N2,N5-bis(N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl) ornithine resulted in high molecular weight, branched, water-soluble HPMA copolymers containing lysosomally degradable oligopeptide sequences in the crosslinks as well as in side-chains terminated in DOX. Four conjugates with Mw of 22, 160, 895, 1230 kDa were prepared. Biodistribution of the conjugates and their treatment efficacy in nu/nu mice bearing s.c. human ovarian OVCAR-3 carcinoma xenografts were determined (Fig. 7). The half-life of conjugates in the blood was up to 5 times longer and the elimination rate from the tumor was up to 25 times slower as the Mw of conjugates increased from 22 to 1230 kDa. The treatment with HPMA copolymer-bound DOX possessing an Mw higher than 160 kDa inhibited the tumor growth more efficiently than that of 22 kDa or free DOX(p<0.02). The data clearly indicated that the higher the molecular weight of the conjugate the higher the treatment efficacy of human ovarian xenografts in nu/nu mice [85]. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f7.jpg Open in a separate window Fig. 7 Long-circulating HPMA copolymer-DOX (P-DOX) conjugates of different molecular weight (Mw). (A) Chemical structure of HPMA copolymer-doxorubicin conjugate containing glycylphenylalanylleucylglycine side-chains and N2,N5-bis(N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl)ornithine crosslinker [104]; (B) concentration of DOX in OVCAR-3 carcinoma xenografts in nu/nu mice after i.v. bolus of free DOX or P-DOX of different Mw; (C) growth inhibition of s.c. human ovarian OVCAR-3 carcinoma xenografts in nu/nu mice by long-circulating P-DOX conjugates. The mice received i.v. injection of 2.2 mg/kg DOX equivalent dose as P-DOX of different Mw [85]. We hypothesized that HPMA copolymer-bound DOX [P(GFLG)- DOX] (P is the HPMA copolymer backbone) would behave differently than free DOX during long term incubation with cancer cells. To verify the hypothesis, we have studied the effect of free DOX and P(GFLG)- DOX on the induction of multidrug resistance and changes in metabolism in human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells during repeated cyclic (chronic) exposure [111]. Such experiments are of therapeutic relevance. The development of multidrug resistance during adaptation of sensitive human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells to free DOX and P(GFLG)-DOX was analyzed. Adaptation of sensitive A2780 cells to repeated action of free DOX augmented cellular resistance to DOX and finally led to the over-expression of the MDR1 gene. On the other hand, P(GFLG)-DOX induced neither the multidrug resistance with or without MDR1 gene expression, nor the adaptation of the sensitive A2780 cells to free DOX [111]. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f8.jpg Fig. 8 Effect of free DOX (squares) and HPMA copolymer-bound DOX (triangles) on the growth of sensitive A2780 and multidrug resistant A2780/AD human ovarian carcinoma xenografts in female nu/nu mice. Mice were treated i.p. 6 times over 3 weeks (1st and 4th day of each week) with the maximum tolerated dose of free DOX (5 mg/kg) and P(GFLG)- DOX (25 mg/kg). Circles - control tumor. Means±SE are shown [89]. Finally, we have demonstrated the advantages of targeted combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy using OV-TL16- targeted HPMA copolymer-DOX and HPMA copolymer-mesochlorin e6 conjugates. OV-TL16 antibodies are complementary to the OA-3 antigen (CD47) present on the majority of ovarian cancers. The immunoconjugates (Fig. 9) preferentially accumulated in human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 xenografts in nude mice with a concomitant increase in therapeutic efficacy when compared with non-targeted conjugates [83]. The targeted conjugates suppressed tumor growth for the entire length of the experiment (>60 days; unpublished data). An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f9.jpg Open in a separate window Fig. 9 Efficacy of combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy of OVCAR-3 xenografts in nude mice with non-targeted and OV-TL16 antibody-targeted HPMA copolymer conjugates. Therapeutic efficacy of combination therapy of HPMA copolymer-bound Mce6 (P(GFLG)-Mce6) and DOX (P(GFLG)-DOX) targeted with OV-TL 16 antibodies toward OVCAR-3 xenografts was compared to non-treated xenografts and non-targeted combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Equivalent doses of targeted combination therapy enhanced the tumor-suppressive effect as compared to non-targeted combination therapy. Dose administered: 2.2 mg/kg DOX equivalent and 1.5 mg/kg Mce6 equivalent. Irradiation for photodynamic therapy: 650 nm, 200 mW/cm2 18 h after administration [83, unpublished]. The combination index (CI) analysis was used to quantify the synergism, antagonism, and additive effects of binary combinations of free and HPMA copolymer-bound anticancer drugs, 2,5-bis(5-hydroxymethyl- 2-thienyl)furan (SOS), DOX, and mesochlorin e6 mono-ethylenediamine (Mce6) in anticancer effect toward human renal carcinoma A498 cells. The combination of SOS+DOX proved to be synergistic over all cell growth inhibition levels. All other combinations exhibited synergism in a wide range of drug effect levels [117]. Similarly, the targeted (using Fab′ of OV-TL16 antibody) and nontargeted targeted HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates, P(GFLG)-Mce6 and P(GFLG)-SOS, were evaluated against human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 cells. The observations that most combinations produced synergistic effects will be important for clinical translation [118]. In collaboration with Satchi-Fainaro's laboratory at the University of Tel Aviv a new therapeutic strategy for bone neoplasms using combined targeted polymer-bound angiogenesis inhibitors was developed [119]. The aminobisphosphonate alendronate (ALN), and the potent anti-angiogenic agent TNP-470 were conjugated with HPMA copolymer. Using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, we synthesized a HPMA copolymer-ALN-TNP-470 conjugate bearing a cathepsin K-cleavable linker, a protease overexpressed in bone tissues. Free and conjugated ALNTNP- 470 demonstrated their synergistic anti-angiogenic and antitumor activity by inhibiting proliferation, migration and capillary-like tube formation of endothelial and osteosarcoma cells. The bi-specific HPMA copolymer conjugate reduced vascular hyperpermeability and remarkably inhibited human osteosarcoma growth in mice by 96%. These findings indicate that HPMA copolymer-ALN-TNP-470 is the first narrowly dispersed anti-angiogenic conjugate synthesized by RAFT polymerization that targets both the tumor epithelial and endothelial compartments warranting its use on osteosarcomas and bone metastases (Fig. 10) [119]. Inhibition of MG-63-Ras human osteosarcoma growth in mice by HPMA copolymer-ALN-TNP470 conjugate. (A) Structure of the conjugate; (B) effects of free (open triangles) or conjugated (closed triangles) ALN and TNP-470 on MG-63-Ras human osteosarcoma tumor growth compared to vehicle-treated group (closed squares) and dissected tumors images. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Data represent mean±S.E. (n=5 mice per group). Adapted from [119]. 3.4. Novel targeting strategies As discussed in 3.1, HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates accumulate passively in solid tumors as a result of the (molecular weight dependent) enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect [85]. Active targeting of HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates can be achieved with the incorporation of cancer cell-specific ligands, such as carbohydrates, lectins, antibodies, antibody fragments, and peptides, resulting in enhanced uptake of conjugates by cancer cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis with concomitant improvement of therapeutic efficacy [120,121]. Among different cancer targeting molecules, peptides are of particular interest. Enhanced peptide targeting efficiency can be achieved through multivalent interactions [122] between targets and HPMA copolymer-peptide conjugates containing multiple copies of peptides within a single polymer chain (Fig. 11) [123]. Multivalency effect in the biorecognition of HPMA copolymer-peptide-DOX conjugates. Inhibition of Raji B cell growth by exposure to HPMA copolymer-DOX (P (GFLG)-DOX) conjugate containing varying amount of targeting peptide, EDPGFFN-VEIPEF, per macromolecule. (A) Structure of conjugate; (B) inhibition of Raji B cell growth by P(GFLG)-DOX (no targeting peptide), P(GFLG)-DOX containing 1.9 mol% targeting peptide, and P(GFLG)-DOX containing 3.9 mol% targeting peptide. Adapted from [123]. Combinatorial approaches, such as phage display or synthetic peptide libraries, are suitable for the identification of targeting peptides. Overexpression of the CD21 receptor was found on lymphoblastoid cell lines such as Raji cells; consequently, we have used these techniques to identify targeting moieties for lymphomas [124,125]. With phage display, five distinctive peptides (RMWPSSTVNLSAGRR, PNLDFSPTCSFRFGC, GRVPSMFGGHFFFSR, RLAYWCFSGLFLLVC, and PVAAVSFVPYLVKTY) were identified as ligands of CD21 receptor. The dissociation constants of selected peptides were determined to be in the micromolar range [124]. Using a synthetic chemical combinatorial technique, one-bead one-compound (OBOC) method, we identified four heptapeptides (YILIHRN, PTLDPLP, LVLLTRE, and IVFLLVQ) as ligands for the CD21 receptor [125]. The dissociation constants were found to be similar to peptides selected by phage display. Importantly, the peptides retained their biorecognizability towards CD21 receptor after they were conjugated to HPMA copolymers and demonstrated a multivalency effect [125]. Several peptide-targeted HPMA copolymer- drug conjugates displayed anticancer activity [123,126,127]. The combinatorial chemistry approach (OBOC), when combined with a high-stringency screening method, is able to identify peptides with a picomolar affinity [128,129]. 3.4.1. Oral, colon-specific delivery of drugs The development of drug delivery systems capable of selective release of drug in the colon has received much attention. Site-specific delivery to the colon can be achieved by the exploitation of the microbial enzyme activities present predominantly in the colon. The colon has a concentration of microorganisms 5 orders of magnitude greater than the small intestine or stomach. Some of the enzymatic activity produced by microorganisms in the colon, e.g., azoreductase and glycosidase activities do not overlap with the enzymatic activities in the upper GI tract. The azoreductase activities have been studied in detail and used to convert low molecular weight prodrugs into active metabolites in the colon as well as to release active species from water-soluble polymeric carriers [130]. To achieve colon-specific delivery, a (aromatic amino group-containing) drug may be attached to HPMA copolymer side-chains via an aromatic azo bond cleavable by the azoreductase activities present in the colon [51,131-138]. For example, the release of 5-aminosalicylic acid bound to HPMA copolymers via an aromatic azo bond was demonstrated using Streptococcus faecium, an isolated strain of bacteria commonly found in the colon [131], the cecum contents of rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits [133], and in human feces [133]. Recently, we concentrated on the oral delivery of 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC). First, we attached 9-AC to HPMA copolymers through a spacer containing an aromatic azo bond and amino acid residues [134,135]. It was shown that the aromatic azo bond was cleaved first in vitro [134] and in vivo [135], followed by peptidase-catalyzed cleavage of the amino acid (dipeptide) drug derivative resulting in the release of free 9-AC. However, the cleavage of the peptide drug derivative was not fast enough to achieve high concentrations of free 9-AC in the colon. These results indicated that conjugates containing a spacer with a faster 9-AC release rate need to be designed. To this end, a monomer containing 9-AC, an aromatic azo bond and a 1,6- elimination spacer was designed and synthesized [51]. The combination of the colon-specific aromatic azo bond cleavage and 1,6- elimination reaction resulted in a fast and highly efficient release of unmodified 9-AC from the HPMA copolymer conjugate by cecal contents in vitro, with concomitant stability in simulated upper GI tract conditions. The conjugate possessed a favorable pharmacokinetics [136,137] and was effective in colon cancer models (Fig. 12) [138]. HPMA copolymer-9-aminocamptothecin conjugate. (A) Structure and scheme of release of unmodified 9-AC from HPMA copolymer-9-AC conjugates by a two-step process - rate controlling aromatic azo bond cleavage, followed by fast 1,6-elimination [51]; (B) survival curves of mice bearing human colon carcinoma xenografts treated by 9-AC and P-9-AC at a dose of 3 mg/kg of 9-AC or 9-AC equivalent [138]. 3.4.1.1. Targeting in the gastrointestinal tract Cell-surface glycoproteins reflect the stage of differentiation and maturity of colon epithelial cells. Diseased tissues, carcinomas and pre-cancerous conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, have altered glycoprotein expression when compared to healthy ones. Consequently, lectins may be used as targeting moieties for polymer-bound drugs [139-141]. Whereas WGA (wheat germ agglutinin) binds to healthy tissues, PNA (peanut agglutinin) binds to diseased tissues. We hypothesized that HPMA copolymer-lectin-drug conjugates could deliver therapeutic agents to diseased tissues by targeting colonic glycoproteins. We examined biorecognition of free and HPMA copolymer-conjugated WGA and PNA and anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen antibody binding in normal neonatal, adult and diseased rodent tissues, human specimens of inflammation and Barrett's esophagus. Neonatal WGA binding was comparable to the adult, with additional luminal columnar cell binding. PNA binding was more prevalent; luminal columnar cell binding existed during the first 2 1/2 weeks of life. WGA binding was strong in both normal and diseased adult tissues; a slight decrease was noted in disease. PNA binding was minimal in normal tissues; increases were seen in disease. Anti-TF antigen antibody studies showed that PNA was not binding to the antigen. The results suggest that HPMA copolymer-lectin-drug conjugates may provide site-specific treatment of conditions like colitis or Barrett's esophagus [141]. A wide variety of therapeutic agents may benefit by specifically directing them to the mitochondria in tumor cells. To design delivery systems that would enable a combination of tumor and mitochondrial targeting, novel HPMA copolymer-based delivery systems that employ triphenylphosphonium ions as mitochondriotropic agents [147] were developed [142]. Constructs were initially synthesized with fluorescent labels substituting for drug and were used for validation experiments. Microinjection and incubation experiments performed using these fluorescently-labeled constructs confirmed the mitochondrial targeting ability [148]. Subsequently, HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates were synthesized using a photosensitizer mesochlorin e6 (Mce6). Mitochondrial targeting of HPMA copolymer-bound Mce6 enhanced cytotoxicity as compared to non-targeted HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates [142]. Minor modifications may be required to adapt the current design and allow for tumor site-specific mitochondrial targeting of other therapeutic agents. Novel HPMA copolymer-based delivery systems of this derivative were also synthesized [143]. After internalization of a HPMA copolymer-Cort-Mce6 conjugate (via lysosomally degradable GFLG spacer) by endocytosis, Cort-Mce6 was cleaved, translocated to the cytoplasm, bound to the GR, and translocated to the nucleus [143]. To verify that coupling of cortisol to Mce6 maintains the capacity to form a complex with the cytosolic GR resulting in nuclear localization, we investigated the subcellular fate of the modified drug. Cort-Mce6 was monitored in 1471.1 cells transfected with plasmid that expresses green fluorescent protein labeled glucocorticoid receptor (GFP-GR). Cortisol and Mce6 served as positive and negative controls, respectively. GR translocated to the nucleus after attachment of a glucocorticoid analog (e.g., cortisol). The fluorescent GFP label permits the movement of the GR to be monitored in real time. The data (Fig. 13) clearly indicated the time- and concentration-dependent nuclear localization of cortisol-Lys-Mce6 and cortisol. In contrast, cells incubated with Mce6 did not show any alteration in receptor localization following treatment [143]. We developed a novel method for the substitution of the 17-methoxy group of GDM to introduce a primary amino group that is useful for conjugation with targeting moieties and HPMA copolymer-based drug carriers [158]. HPMA copolymers containing different AR-GDM (AR=3-aminopropyl (AP), 6-aminohexyl (AH), and 3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl (AP(OH)), attached via a lysosomally degradable GFLG spacer, were synthesized and characterized [159]. The cytotoxic efficacy of HPMA copolymer-AR-GDM conjugates depended on the structure of AR-GDM [160]. To verify the hypothesis that P(AP-GDM) [HPMA copolymer-17-(3-aminopropylamino)-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin conjugate] may change the gene expression profiles of low molecular weight GDM derivatives, 32P-macroarray analysis (Clonetech) was employed to evaluate the gene expression profiles in human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells treated with GDM, AP-GDM and P(AP-GDM) at 2 times 50% cell growth inhibitory concentration (IC50). About 1200 genes related to cancer were evaluated at 6 h and 12 h and three-fold changes in expression were considered significant. Considerable similarities in gene expression profiles were found after AP-GDM and P(AP-GDM) treatments as demonstrated by the hierarchical clustering of the gene expression ratios [91]. However, the outcome was different when individual genes relevant to the mechanism of action of geldanamycin were analyzed. P(AP-GDM)-treated cells showed lower expression of HSP70 and HSP27 compared with AP-GDM up to 12 h. Possibly, internalization pathways and subcellular drug localization of P(AP-GDM), different from low molecular AP-GDM, may modulate the cell stress responses induced by AP-GDM. The results of 32P-macroarray were confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting [91]. It is possible that internalization of HPMA copolymer-AP-GDM conjugate via endocytosis may circumvent interactions with external components of the cell, such as plasma membrane, which may be sensitive to stressors and environmental changes (Fig. 15). Similarly, we previously observed that A2780 cells treated with HPMA copolymer-DOX conjugate showed a down-regulation of the HSP70 gene more pronounced than that observed in the cells treated with free DOX [89]. These findings may suggest that conjugation of AP-GDM to HPMA copolymer may be able to modulate the cell stress responses induced by AP-GDM due to differences in its internalization mechanism, subcellular localization, and intracellular concentration gradients [91]. 3.7. Cancer: clinical trials HPMA copolymer-based macromolecular therapeutics have been developed considerably in the last 20 years - numerous conjugates have entered clinical trials for therapeutic validation in the last decade. These include HPMA copolymer-DOX [163-165], HPMA copolymer-DOX-galactosamine [166], HPMA copolymer-camptothecin [167], HPMA copolymer-paclitaxel [168], and HPMA copolymer-platinates [169]. Results from testing of some of these conjugates are promising; hopefully the FDA approval of a first macromolecular therapeutics will occur soon. In Section 4.1 we summarized our ideas on the design principles of second-generation conjugates with enhanced therapeutic potential. 3.8. HPMA copolymer conjugates in the treatment of non-cancerous diseases HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates may be used also for the treatment of diseases other than cancer. We designed bone-targeted HPMA copolymer-conjugated with a well-established bone anabolic agent (prostaglandin E1; PGE1) for the treatment of osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal diseases [50,170-175]. The biorecognition of the conjugates by the skeleton was mediated by an octapeptide of D-aspartic acid (D-Asp8) or alendronate [170,172]. This system has the potential to deliver the bone anabolic agent, PGE1, specifically to the hard tissues after systemic administration. Once bound to bone, the PGE1 will be preferentially released at the sites of higher turnover rate (greater osteoclasts activity) via cathepsin K (osteoclast specific) catalyzed hydrolysis of a specific peptide spacer and subsequent 1,6-elimination [50,176]. When given in anabolic dosing range, the released PGE1 will activate corresponding EP receptors on bone cells surface to achieve net bone formation. The main features of the design are HPMA copolymer backbone containing

émulsifiant non-ionique, cas no : 61791-12-6

émulsifiant non-ionique, cas no : 61791-12-6

émulsifiant non-ionique, cas no : 61791-12-6

émulsifiant non-ionique, cas no : 61791-12-6

émulsifiant non-ionique, PEG-40 HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL, N° CAS : 61788-85-0 - Huile de ricin hydrogénée et éthoxylée, Autres langues : Aceite de ricino hidrogenado PEG-40, Olio di ricino idrogenato PEG-40, PEG-40 hydriertes Rizinusöl, Cette huile de ricin hydrogénée et éthoxylée se présente sous la forme d'un liquide visqueux légèrement parfumé. Elle est utilisée dans les cosmétiques en tant qu'émulsifiant, solubilisant ou tensioactif . L'ingrédient est produit vous vous en doutiez, à partir d'un PEG-40 (40 moles d'oxyde d'éthylène) et d'huile de ricin naturel.Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation.Huile Ricin Hydrogénée PEG-40 L'huile de ricin hydrogénée sous forme solide PEG est un solubilisant d'origine végétale très utilisée dans des formulations ayant un volume important d'eau. Elle est également utilisée comme agent émulsifiant et agent tensio-actif dans plusieurs préparations cosmétiques.Castor oil, hydrogenated, ethoxylated; polyethyleneglycol ester of hydrogenated castor oil; Polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil

SODIUM LAURATE, N° CAS : 629-25-4 - Huile de baie de Laurier saponifiée, Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURATE, Nom chimique : Dodecanoic Acid, Sodium Salt, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 211-082-4, Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre, Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM COCOATE N° CAS : 61789-31-9 - Huile de coco saponifiée Origine(s) : Végétale Autres langues : Aceite de coco saponificado, Olio di cocco saponificato, Saponified coconut oil, Verseiftes Kokosöl Nom INCI : SODIUM COCOATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 263-050-4 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

POTASSIUM COCOATE, N° CAS : 61789-30-8 - Huile de coco saponifiée. Origine(s) : Végétale. Autres langues : Aceite de coco saponificado, Olio di cocco saponificato, Saponified coconut oil, Verseiftes Kokosöl. Nom INCI : POTASSIUM COCOATE. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 263-049-9. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

CANOLA OIL, N° CAS : 120962-03-0 - Huile de Colza, Origine(s) : Végétale, Autres langues : Aceite de colza, Olio di colza, Rapeseed oil, Rapsöl, Nom INCI : CANOLA OIL, Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

HYDROGENATED JOJOBA OIL, N° CAS : 92457-12-0 / 61789-91-1 - Huile de Jojoba hydrogénée.Origine(s) : Végétale. Autres langues : Aceite de jojoba hidrogenado, Hydriertes Jojobaöl, Olio di jojoba idrogenato. Nom INCI : HYDROGENATED JOJOBA OIL. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 296-292-4 / -. Classification : Huile hydrogénée. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent Abrasif : Enlève les matières présentes en surface du corps, aide à nettoyer les dents et améliore la brillance. Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau.Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Huiles de lanoline; LANOLIN OIL, N° CAS : 70321-63-0 / 8038-43-5 - Huile de Lanoline, Nom INCI : LANOLIN OIL, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 274-559-6 / -. Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Noms français : Huiles de lanoline. Noms anglais : Lanolin oil Oils, lanolin. Utilisation et sources d'émission : Fabrication de cosmétiques, fabrication de produits pharmaceutiques

SODIUM LINSEEDATE Huile de lin saponifiée Origine(s) : Végétale Nom INCI : SODIUM LINSEEDATE

MACADAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA SEED OIL, N° CAS : 438545-25-6; 159518-86-2 - Huile de noix de macadamia, Origine(s) : Végétale. Autres langues : Aceite de nuez de macadamia, Macadamia nut oil, Macadamianussöl, Olio di noce di macadamia. Nom INCI : MACADAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA SEED OIL. Classification : Huile végétale. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

SODIUM PALMATE N° CAS : 61790-79-2 - Huile de palme saponifiée Origine(s) : Végétale Autres langues : Aceite de palma saponificado, Olio di palma saponificato, Saponified palm oil, Verseiftes Palmöl Nom INCI : SODIUM PALMATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 263-162-3 Classification : Huile de Palme (Dérivé) Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM; N° CAS : 8012-95-1 / 8042-47-5 - Huile de paraffine; Origine(s) : Synthétique, Minérale; Autres langues : Aceite de parafina, Olio di paraffina, Paraffin oil, Paraffinöl; Nom INCI : PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM; Nom chimique : Paraffin oils. Liquid hydrocarbons from petroleum; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-384-2 / 232-455-8. L'huile de paraffine est utilisée dans les cosmétiques en tant qu'agent adoucissant et filmogène : elle est occlusive, et crée un film pour protéger la peau. L'huile de paraffine est un dérivé d'hydrocarbures (pétrole, houille). On la retrouve dans de très nombreux produits comme les hydratants, les baumes à lèvres ou le maquillage.Ses fonctions (INCI): Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent de protection de la peau : Aide à éviter les effets néfastes des facteurs externes sur la peau Solvant : Dissout d'autres substances. Noms français : BROUILLARD D'HUILE MINERALE; HUILE DE PARAFFINE; HUILE MINERALE; HUILE MINERALE, BROUILLARD D'; Huile minérale; HUILE PARAFFINIQUE; LIGHT MINERAL OIL.Noms anglais : CABLE OIL; CUTTING OIL; HEAT TREATING OIL; HUILE MINERALE (BROUILLARD D'); LIQUID PARAFFIN; LIQUID PETROLATUM; LIQUID PETROLEUM; LUBRIFICATING OIL;Mineral oil; MINERAL OIL (MIST); MINERAL OIL MIST; OIL MIST, MINERAL; PARAFFIN OIL; PARAFFIN OILS; PARAFIN OIL; PETROLATUM LIQUID. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Lubrifiant, agent émollient. Noms français : Huiles minérales, peu ou pas raffinées. Noms anglais : Mineral oil [8012-95-1] excluding metal working fluids : poorly and mildly refined; Mineral oils (untreated and mildly treated)

PEG-40 HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL, N° CAS : 61788-85-0; PEG-40 Hydrogenated castor oil; Solubilisant non ionique et agent émulsifiant obtenu à partir d’huile de ricin. Huile de ricin hydrogénée et éthoxylée. Origine(s) : Synthétique. Autres langues : Aceite de ricino hidrogenado PEG-40, Olio di ricino idrogenato PEG-40, PEG-40 hydriertes Rizinusöl. Nom INCI : PEG-40 HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL. Classification : PEG/PPG, Composé éthoxylé, Glycol, Polymère de synthèse, Tensioactif non ionique, Huile hydrogénée.Cette huile de ricin hydrogénée et éthoxylée se présente sous la forme d'un liquide visqueux légèrement parfumé. Elle est utilisée dans les cosmétiques en tant qu'émulsifiant, solubilisant ou tensioactif . L'ingrédient est produit vous vous en doutiez, à partir d'un PEG-40 (40 moles d'oxyde d'éthylène) et d'huile de ricin naturel.Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Castor oil, hydrogenated, ethoxylated; polyethyleneglycol ester of hydrogenated castor oil; Polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil. PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is the Polyethylene Glycol derivatives of Hydrogenated Castor Oil, and it functions as a surfactant, a solubilizer, an emulsifier, an emollient, a cleansing agent, and a fragrance ingredient when added to cosmetics or personal care product formulations. It’s mostly used as an emulsifier and surfactant but most often it is used to solubilize fragrances into water-based formulas..PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is a semi-solid ingredient. PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations. Its foam-enhancing properties make it ideal for use in liquid cleansers, and its soothing and softening emollient quality makes it a popular addition to formulations for moisturizers and hair care cosmetics. As a surfactant, PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids. Furthermore, it helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid. This makes it easier for them to be washed away and lends this ingredient popularity in facial and body cleansers. As an occlusive agent, PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil creates a protective hydrating layer on the skin’s surface, acting as a barrier against the loss of natural moisture. When adding PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil to cosmetics formulations, it can be blended in its cold state directly into the oil phase at a suggested ratio of 3:1 (PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil to oil). Next, this can be added to the water phase. If the formula is cloudy, the amount of PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil may be increased for enhanced transparency.PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil functions as a(n): Surfactant Solubilizer Emulsifier Emollient Cleansing Agent Fragrance Ingredient It helps to: Combine immiscible ingredients Gently cleanse and soothe the skin and scalp Create foam in cleansing products Offer a consistent thoroughly-blended feel to products Maintain product transparency and clarity Enhance spreadability of product on skin

SODIUM RICINOLEATE N° CAS : 5323-95-5 - Huile de ricin saponifiée Nom INCI : SODIUM RICINOLEATE Nom chimique : Sodium (R)-12-hydroxyoleate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 226-191-2 Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS) Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)

HYDROGENATED OLIVE OIL N° CAS : 226993-75-5 - Huile d'olive hydrogénée Nom INCI : HYDROGENATED OLIVE OIL Classification : Huile hydrogénée Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

SODIUM OLIVATE N° CAS : 61789-88-6 - Huile d'olive saponifiée Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique Autres langues : Aceite de oliva saponificado, Olio di oliva saponificato, Saponified olive oil, Verseiftes Olivenöl Nom INCI : SODIUM OLIVATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 263-096-5 Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS) Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

POTASSIUM OLIVATE, N° CAS : 68154-77-8 - Huile d'olive saponifiée, Origine(s) : Végétale. Autres langues : Aceite de oliva saponificado, Olio di oliva saponificato, Saponified olive oil, Verseiftes Olivenöl. Nom INCI : POTASSIUM OLIVATE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 268-921-2. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Cas : 8000-41-7, EC : 232-268-1, PINE OIL

émulsifiant non-ionique

HUMIC ACIDS, N° CAS : 1415-93-6, Nom INCI : HUMIC ACIDS, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 215-809-6, Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

SODIUM HYALURONATE, N° CAS : 9067-32-7 - Hyaluronate de sodium. Origine(s) : Végétale, Animale, Synthétique. Autres langues : Hialuronato de sodio, Ialuronato di sodio, Natriumhyaluronat Nom INCI : SODIUM HYALURONATE. Nom chimique : Hyaluronic acid, sodium, salt. Le hyaluronate de sodium est le sel de l'acide hyaluronique. Cet actif est apprécié pour son action hydratante et repulpante de la peau. C'est un composant naturel du tissu conjonctif. Il pénètre facilement l'épiderme et est ensuite capable de fixer une forte quantité d'eau, jusqu'à 20 fois son poids. Pour cette raison, on le retrouve dans de très nombreux cosmétiques comme les soins anti-âge, les crèmes hydratantes ou encore les fond de teints .Découvert dans les années 1930, l'acide hyaluronique est abondant dans le derme des peaux jeunes, mais sa quantité diminue avec l'âge : la peau paraît alors plus abîmée, avec des rides. L'acide hyaluronique est une molécule assez grosse qui a du mal à pénétrer la peau, et est bien plus efficace en injection. Dans un cosmétique, c'est son sel que l'on utilise : le hyaluronate de sodium est une molécule bien plus petite, qui pénètre plus facilement et peut ensuite se déplacer dans les couches profondes de la peau.Ses fonctions (INCI): Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Ce sel est un puissant humectant qui attire et retient l'eau à lui, ce qui en fait le produit hydratant de choix pour la peau : il aide à la garder "humide". Comme il attire et se lie à l'eau, il provoque un léger gonflement ce qui permet de réduire l'apparence des rides et des ridules, pour donner à la peau une apparence plus jeune. Il est autorisé en Bio.

Huperzia Serrata extract is a naturally-occurring sesquiterpene alkaloid compound found in the firmoss Huperzia serrata and in varying quantities in other food Huperzia species, including H. elmeri, H. carinat, and H. aqualupian.
Huperzia Serrata extract has been investigated as a treatment for neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, but a 2013 meta-analysis of those studies concluded that they were of poor methodological quality and the findings should be interpreted with caution.
Huperzia Serrata extract inhibits the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

CAS: 102518-79-6
MF: C15H18N2O
MW: 242.32
EINECS: 600-320-6

Synonyms
Huperzine-A1-5%;(5r-(5-alpha,9-beta,11e))-ydro-7-methyl;5,9-methanocycloocta(b)pyridin-2(1h)-one,5-amino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrah;HUPERIZINE;(-)-HUPERZINE A FROM HUPERZIA SERRATA;HuperziaSerrateP.E120786-18-7/;(5R,9R,E)-5-AMino-11-ethylidene-7-Methyl-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-5,9-Methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one;(-)-Huperzine A (HupA)

Huperzia Serrata extract is also an antagonist of the NMDA-receptor.
Huperzia Serrata extract is commonly available over the counter as a nutritional supplement and marketed as a memory and concentration enhancer.
Huperzia Serrata extract is obtained from Huperzia serrata, which is the perennial fern.
Huperzia Serrata extract shows activities in antipyretic, hemostasis, and dehumidification and is used for the treatment in folk of pneumonia, lung abscess, hematemesis, hematochezia, traumatic injury, etc.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity.
Huperzia Serrata extract is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.
Huperzia Serrata extract has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, a plant metabolite and a nootropic agent.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a sesquiterpene alkaloid, a pyridone, a primary amino compound and an organic heterotricyclic compound.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a conjugate base of a huperzine A(1+).

Huperzia Serrata extract has also been noted to help induce lucid dreaming.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a natural plant alkaloid that extracted from the Chinese medicine Huperzia serrata under the genus Huperzia.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a potent, revisable and highly selective second generation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, with the appearance of yellow to white crystalline powder, and is freely soluble in chloroform, soluble in methanol and ethanol, slightly soluble in water, with high lipid solubility.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a small molecule that can well penetrate the blood brain barrier, and after entering the central nervous, it distributes more in the brain's frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus and areas that are closely related to learning and memory.
Huperzia Serrata extract has a strong inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AchE) at a low dosage, significantly increasing the content of acetylcholine (Ach) in neural synaptic cleft in the distribution area, thus enhancing neuronal excitatory transmission, strengthening the excitement of learning and memory in the brain, thereby with the function of improving cognitive function, enhancing memory retention and promoting memory reproduction.
Huperzia Serrata extract is currently the most successful development of Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia) drugs.

Huperzia Serrata extract Chemical Properties
Melting point: 211-216oC
Alpha: D -147° (c = 0.36 in CH3OH) (Ayer); D24.5 -150.4° (c = 0.498 in MeOH) (Liu)
Boiling point: 505.0±50.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 1.20±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
Storage temp.: Keep in dark place,Inert atmosphere,2-8°C
Solubility: insoluble in H2O; ≥12.12 mg/mL in DMSO; ≥23.13 mg/mL in EtOH
Pka: 12.25±0.60(Predicted)
Form: Solid
Color: White to Almost white
optical activity: [α]/D -153±5°, c = 0.5 in methanol
InChI: InChI=1S/C15H18N2O/c1-3-11-10-6-9(2)8-15(11,16)12-4-5-14(18)17-13(12)7-10/h3-6,10H,7-8,16H2,1-2H3,(H,17,18)/b11-3+/t10-,15+/m0/s1
InChIKey: ZRJBHWIHUMBLCN-YQEJDHNASA-N
LogP: 0.833 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 102518-79-6(CAS DataBase Reference)

Appearance: white crystalline powder.
Bitter with hygroscopicity.
Solubility: easily soluble in chloroform, soluble in methanol and ethanol, and slightly soluble in water.
Melting point: 211–216°C.

Indications
Huperzia Serrata extract is a potent reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, stronger than physostigmine, neostigmine and Tacrine.
When used for myasthenia gravis, the effective rate reaches to 99%.
Clinical trials show that the product is suitable for benign memory disorders.
Huperzia Serrata extract can improve patients’ ability in directed memory, associative learning, image memory, meaningless figure recognition and portrait retrieval，and it also can enhance normal people’s ability in learning and memory.
Huperzia Serrata extract also can improve memory disorders that caused by dementia and organic pathologic changes in brain.

Clinically, Huperzia Serrata extract is applicable to the treatment of the following symptoms:
1. for the treatment and improvement of memory dysfunction in elder age, improving memory association function; for the memory deterioration caused by excessive use of the brain, improving work efficiency;
2. for memory function deterioration associated with neurasthenia;
3. for memory deterioration caused by cerebral vascular disorder;
4. for memory improvement of Alzheimer's disease, and it has significant effects on improving and restoring the patient's cognitive ability, memory function and abnormal emotion behaviors;
5. for the treatment of myasthenia gravis;
6. for improvement of disturbance of association, low cognitive function, memory deterioration that associated with schizophrenia;
7. for improvement of memory dysfunction associated with a variety of brain diseases and physical disorders.

Uses
Huperzia Serrata extract is a new drug for the treatment of benign memory disorders that can effectively prevent cerebral neurasthenia in the middle-aged and elderly, restore cranial nerve function, and activate cranial neurotransmitters.
Huperzia Serrata extract can not only inhibite the activity of cholinesterase, but also improve cognitive function and ability of learning and memory through a variety of pharmacological mechanisms like effecting the system of free radicals, reducing expression levels of somatostatin, intracellular [Ca2+], glutamic acid content and increase calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin messenger RNA (CaM mRNA).

Huperzia Serrata extract is a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer disease that reversible alkaloid inhibitor of AChE which crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Huperzia Serrata extract reduces cell death induced by glutamate in primary cultures derived from forebrain, hippocampus, cortex and cere.
In China, Huperzia Serrata extract is approved for use in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Huperzia Serrata extract was classified as a dietary supplement by the FDA in 1997.
As a nutraceutical, Huperzia Serrata extract is available in American health food stores or via the Internet, labeled as a memory aid.

Pharmacology
Huperzia Serrata extract has the ability to enhance learning and memory, improve spatial memory, and can be used for age-related dementia, vascular dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Compared with the current anti-AD drugs, Huperzia Serrata extract can go through the blood-brain barrier, with a high oral bioavailability and longer time inhibition on AChE.
As a highly selective AChE reversible inhibitor, Huperzia Serrata extract can inhibit AChE, reduce acetylcholine hydrolysis, and improve the level of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap.
This inhibition is reversible, lasts for a long time, shows no drug dependence if repeated administration, and does not induce significant liver toxicity.
X-ray diffraction results show that the direct binding of huperzine A to AChE active sites inhibits the binding of AChE to its substrate.
In addition to the potent inhibition on AChE, Huperzia Serrata extract only shows a weak inhibitory effect on the butyrylcholinesterase; also protects neurons by inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing somatostatin, reducing the content of glutamate, decreasing the increased intracellular calcium, and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis; further improves AD-related cognitive function and reduces the symptoms of AD patients.

Huperzia Serrata extract is extracted from Huperzia serrata.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and NMDA receptor antagonist that crosses the blood–brain barrier.
Huperzia Serrata extract is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of the neurotransmitter ACh and other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters.
The structure of the complex of Huperzia Serrata extract with acetylcholinesterase has been determined by X-ray crystallography (PDB code: 1VOT; see the 3D structure).

Huperzia Serrata extract has been investigated as a possible treatment for diseases characterized by neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer's disease, and there is some evidence from small-scale studies that Huperzia Serrata extract can benefit cognitive functioning, global clinical status, and ability to engage in activities of daily living (ADLs) among individuals with the disease.
In a 2016 systematic review of systematic reviews, Huperzia Serrata extract was associated with a standardized mean difference of 1.48 (95% CI, 0.95-2.02) compared to placebo on measures of ADL among people with dementia, but the evidence was very low-quality and uncertain.
In a 2022 umbrella review, Huperzia Serrata extract was associated with broad benefits to dementia patients' cognitive functioning, but the degree of heterogeneity in measurements and outcomes of the reviewed studies indicated publication bias toward Huperzia Serrata extract benefit.

Hyaluronan (abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called Hyaluronic acid, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronan is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.
Hyaluronan (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid also known as Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.

CAS Number: 9004-61-9
EC Number: 232-678-0
Chemical Formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Molecular Weight: 425.38 g/mol

Hyaluronan is a humectant a substance that retains moisture and Hyaluronan is capable of binding over one thousand times Hyaluronan weight in water.
Hyaluronan is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.
Hyaluronan used in beauty and skincare products is primarily made by bacteria in a lab via a process called biofermentation.

As we age, the production of key substances in the skin, including Hyaluronan (along with collagen and elastin) decreases.
As a result, our skin loses volume, hydration, and plumpness.

Hyaluronan is a natural substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints.
Hyaluronan acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues.

Different forms of Hyaluronan are used for cosmetic purposes.
Hyaluronan might also affect the way the body responds to injury and help to decrease swelling.

People also commonly take Hyaluronan by mouth and apply Hyaluronan to the skin for UTIs, acid reflux, dry eyes, wound healing, aging skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.

Hyaluronan is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found Hyaluronan throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronan is often produced by fermenting certain types of bacteria.
Rooster combs (the red, Mohawk-like growth on top of a rooster’s head and face) are also a common source.

Hyaluronan (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid also known as Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found Hyaluronan throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronan (abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called Hyaluronic acid, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronan is unique among glycosaminoglycans as Hyaluronan is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human synovial Hyaluronan averages about 7 million Da per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers, while other sources mention 3–4 million Da.

The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of hyaluronan in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.

As one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronan contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and is involved in the progression of many malignant tumors.
Hyaluronan is also a component of the group A streptococcal extracellular capsule, and is believed to play a role in virulence.

Hyaluronan, derived from the name hyalos meaning glass, is found in the human body.
Hyaluronan is known for its structural ability to hold approximately a thousand times as much water as itself.

Thanks to this feature, Hyaluronan has an important place in the healthy movement of muscles and bones.
At the same time, the decrease in Hyaluronan in the structure of the skin, which is the largest organ of our body, can cause skin dryness and wrinkles.
Hyaluronan application for the skin is among Hyaluronans frequently used as anti-aging.

Hyaluronan occurs naturally in the body but can be produced from animal sources or bacteria.
Hyaluronan can be found in various forms such as powder, tablet and liquid for oral intake.

In addition, there are also cream, ointment and serum types to be applied to the skin.
Additionally, Hyaluronan can be recommended as eye drops to relieve eye dryness during eye surgery or contact lens use.

Hyaluronan may sound intimidating many of us wouldn't dream of putting acid on our faces but science shows us Hyaluronan brilliant in skincare.
Hyaluronan is a gel-like substance that has the unique ability to retain moisture.

In fact, our bodies produce Hyaluronan naturally to keep our skin soft and supple.
Hyaluronan also found in our eyes, joints, and connective tissue.
So Hyaluronan works wonderfully as an anti-aging component in face creams and serums, as the Hyaluronan can hold over 1,000 times Hyaluronan weight in water.

Hyaluronan is a completely transparent, non-adhesive, water-soluble and grease-free acid mucopolysaccharide.
Hyaluronan molecular weight is between a few hundred thousand to millions, and Hyaluronan makes up the dermis layer of the skin.

Hyaluronan unique molecular structure and physicochemical properties has many important physiological functions inside the body, such as lubricating joints, adjusting vascular permeability, adjusting proteins, diffusing and transporting water electrolytes, and promoting wound healing.
Hyaluronan has a unique water retention effect and has the best known natural moisturizing properties, making Hyaluronan the ideal natural moisturizer.

Hyaluronan is an essential drug in ophthalmic “sticky surgeries”.
Hyaluronan is used in cataract surgery, in which Hyaluronan sodium salt remains in the anterior chamber to maintain depth in the anterior chamber and ensure a clear surgical view.

Hyaluronan reduces the occurences of postoperative inflammation and complications, thus improving the vision-correcting effects of the surgery.
Hyaluronan is also used in complicated retinol detachment surgery.

Hyaluronan has a low molecular weight and is considered the ideal natural moisturizing agent, so Hyaluronan is used as an additive in high-end makeup and as a moisturizer in creams, gels, lotions, masks, and serums.
Hyaluronan is also used medically as a moisturizer to improve moisture retention and lubrication, and Hyaluronan also expands capillaries and improves skin health.
For example, Hyaluronan with a low molecular weight can be used as a lubricant in surgeries (such as knee surgery), while those with high molecular weight can be used as surgical lubricant and as a substitute for vitreous in ophthalmic surgery.

Hyaluronan is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found throughout the body’s connective tissue.
Glycosaminoglycans are simply long unbranched carbohydrates, or sugars, called polysaccharides.

Hyaluronan is the main component of what gives your skin structure, and is responsible for that plump and hydrated look.
Hyaluronan plays a pivotal role in the wound healing process, and decreases as we age making us more susceptible to sagging and wrinkles.

Hyaluronan can help increase the moisture content in your skin, which can have various skin benefits, including reducing the appearance of wrinkles and improving wound healing, among others.

Skin aging is a multifactorial process consisting of two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic aging.

Youthful skin retains Hyaluronan turgor, resilience and pliability, among others, due to Hyaluronan high content of water.
Daily external injury, in addition to the normal process of aging, causes loss of moisture.

The key molecule involved in skin moisture is Hyaluronan that has unique capacity in retaining water.
There are multiple sites for the control of Hyaluronan synthesis, deposition, cell and protein association and degradation, reflecting the complexity of Hyaluronan metabolism.

The enzymes that synthesize or catabolize Hyaluronan and Hyaluronan receptors responsible for many of the functions of Hyaluronan are all multigene families with distinct patterns of tissue expression.
Understanding the metabolism of Hyaluronan in the different layers of the skin and the interactions of Hyaluronan with other skin components will facilitate the ability to modulate skin moisture in a rational manner.

There are 2 types of Hyaluronan:

Micro Molecular Hyaluronan:
In this type of Hyaluronan, the molecules consist of low-weight micro molecules.
With their micro size, they can penetrate down to the epidermis layer of the skin, penetrate under the skin and repair any damage there.

Micromolecular Hyaluronan can act under the tissue and moisturize the skin from within.
This type of molecule can promote the natural production of Hyaluronan under the skin.

Macro Molecular Hyaluronan:
This Hyaluronan can be described as high molecular weight.
Hyaluronan usually does not go under the skin.

Due to this feature, Hyaluronan can make repairs on the skin surface.
Additionally, Hyaluronan is effective in moisturizing the skin surface and gaining elasticity.

Uses of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a naturally derived, non immunogenic, non adhesive glycosaminoglycan that plays a prominent role in various wound healing processes, as Hyaluronan as Hyaluronan is naturally angiogenic when degraded to small fragments.
Hyaluronan promotes early inflammation which is critical for initiating wound healing, but then moderates later stages of the process, allowing matrix stabilization and reduction of long term inflammation.
Hyaluronan is a main source for pharmaceutical, medical and cosmetic application.

Hyaluronan is a glycosaminoglycan component.
Hyaluronan occurs naturally in the dermis.

Hyaluronan is thought to play a critical role in healthy skin by controlling the physical and biochemical characteristics of epidermal cells.
Hyaluronan also regulates general skin activity, such as water content, elasticity, and the distribution of nutrients.

Hyaluronan water-absorption abilities and large molecular structure allow the epidermis to achieve greater suppleness, proper plasticity, and turgor.
Hyaluronan is a natural moisturizer with excellent water-binding capabilities.

In a solution of 2 percent Hyaluronan and 98 percent water, the Hyaluronan holds the water so tightly that Hyaluronan appears to create a gel.
However, Hyaluronan is a true liquid in that Hyaluronan can be diluted and will exhibit a liquid’s normal viscous flow properties.

When applied to the skin, Hyaluronan forms a viscoelastic film in a manner similar to the way Hyaluronan holds water in the intercellular matrix of dermal connective tissues.
This performance and behavior suggests that Hyaluronan makes an ideal moisturizer base, allowing for the delivery of other agents to the skin.

Manufacturers claim that the use of Hyaluronan in cosmetics results in the need for much lower levels of lubricants and emollients in a formulation, thereby providing an essentially greaseless product.
Furthermore, Hyaluronan ability to retain water gives immediate smoothness to rough skin surfaces and significantly improves skin appearance.
For the benefits of Hyaluronan to be realized in a cosmetic, Hyaluronan needs to be applied on a regular basis as Hyaluronan is broken down in skin within 24 to 48 hours of application.

Some people use Hyaluronan to promote skin health and fight signs of aging.
Hyaluronan may help wounds heal, too.

Some doctors also use Hyaluronan to relieve joint pain in people with arthritis.

The skin contains about half of the Hyaluronan in the body.
Hyaluronan binds to water molecules, which helps keep the skin hydrated and supple.

Levels of Hyaluronan in the skin significantly decrease as people age, which can lead to dehydrated skin and wrinkles.
Taking Hyaluronan or using cosmetic products that contain Hyaluronan may improve skin hydration and reduce signs of aging.

Use for Animal Health of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is used in treatment of articular disorders in horses, in particular those in competition or heavy work.
Hyaluronan is indicated for carpal and fetlock joint dysfunctions, but not when joint sepsis or fracture are suspected.

Hyaluronan is especially used for synovitis associated with equine osteoarthritis.
Hyaluronan can be injected directly into an affected joint, or intravenously for less localized disorders.

Hyaluronan may cause mild heating of the joint if directly injected, but this does not affect the clinical outcome.
Intra-articularly administered medicine is fully metabolized in less than a week.

According to Canadian regulation, hyaluronan in HY-50 preparation should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat.
In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and edibility of the horse meat is not affected.

Medical uses:
Hyaluronan has been FDA-approved to treat osteoarthritis of the knee via intra-articular injection.
A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with a general absence of significant benefits, and that intra-articular injection of Hyaluronan could possibly cause adverse effects.
A 2020 meta-analysis found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight Hyaluronan improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.

Hyaluronan has been used to treat dry eye.
Hyaluronan is a common ingredient in skin care products.

Hyaluronan is used as a dermal filler in cosmetic surgery.
Hyaluronan is typically injected using either a classic sharp hypodermic needle or a micro-cannula.

Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can significantly reduce vessel embolisms during injections.
Currently, Hyaluronan is used as a soft tissue filler due to Hyaluronan bio-compatibility and possible reversibility using hyaluronidase.

Complications include the severing of nerves and microvessels, pain, and bruising.
Some side effects can also appear by way of erythema, itching, and vascular occlusion; vascular occlusion is the most worrisome side effect due to the possibility of skin necrosis, or even blindness in a patient.
In some cases, Hyaluronan fillers can result in a granulomatous foreign body reaction.

Uses Area of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a remarkable substance because of all the benefits and uses Hyaluronan has in your body.

Here are just a few of the benefits of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan helps things move smoothly.
Hyaluronan helps your joints work like a well-oiled machine.

Hyaluronan prevents pain and injury from bones grinding against each other.
Hyaluronan helps keep things hydrated.

Hyaluronan is very good at retaining water.
A quarter-teaspoon of Hyaluronan holds about one and a half gallons of water.

That’s why Hyaluronan is often used for treating dry eyes.
It’s also used in moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments and serums.

Hyaluronan makes your skin flexible.
Hyaluronan helps skin stretch and flex and reduces skin wrinkles and lines.
Hyaluronan is also proven to help wounds heal faster and can reduce scarring.

Sources of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is produced on a large scale by extraction from animal tissues, such as chicken comb, and from Streptococci.

Benefits of Hyaluronan:

Promotes healthier, more supple skin:
Hyaluronan supplements can help your skin look and feel more supple.
Hyaluronan is a compound found naturally in the skin, where Hyaluronan binds to water to help retain moisture.

However, the natural aging process and exposure to things like ultraviolet radiation from the sun, tobacco smoke, and pollution can decrease Hyaluronan amounts in the skin.
Taking Hyaluronan supplements may prevent this decline by giving your body extra amounts to incorporate into the skin.

According to one 2014 study, doses of 120–240 milligrams (mg) per day for at least 1 month have been shown to significantly increase skin moisture and reduce dry skin in adults.
Hydrated skin also reduces the appearance of wrinkles, which may explain why several studies show that supplementing with Hyaluronan can make skin appear smoother.

When applied to the surface of the skin, Hyaluronan serums can reduce wrinkles, redness, and dermatitis.
Some dermatologists even inject Hyaluronan fillers to keep skin looking firm and youthful.

Can speed wound healing:
Hyaluronan also plays a key role in wound healing.
It’s naturally present in the skin, but Hyaluronan concentrations increase when there is damage in need of repair.

Hyaluronan helps wounds heal faster by regulating inflammation levels and signaling the body to build more blood vessels in the damaged area.
In some older studies, applying Hyaluronan to skin wounds has been shown to reduce the size of wounds and decrease pain faster than a placebo or no treatment at all.

Hyaluronan also has antibacterial properties, so Hyaluronan may help reduce the risk of infection when applied directly to open wounds.
What’s more, it’s effective at reducing gum disease, speeding up healing after tooth surgery, and eliminating ulcers when used topically in the mouth.

While the research on Hyaluronan serums and gels is promising, there has been no research to determine whether Hyaluronan supplements can provide the same benefits.
However, since oral supplements boost the levels of Hyaluronan found in the skin, it’s reasonable to suspect they may provide some benefit.

Relieve joint pain by keeping bones lubricated:
Hyaluronan is also found in the joints, where Hyaluronan keeps the space between your bones lubricated.
When the joints are lubricated, the bones are less likely to grind against each other and cause uncomfortable pain.

Hyaluronan supplements are very helpful for people with osteoarthritis, a type of degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear on the joints over time.
Taking 80–200 mg daily for at least 2 months has been shown to significantly reduce knee pain in people with osteoarthritis, especially those between the ages of 40 and 70 years old.

Hyaluronan can also be injected directly into the joints for pain relief.
However, an analysis of over 21,000 adults found only a small reduction in pain and a greater risk of adverse effects.

Some research shows that pairing oral Hyaluronan supplements with injections can help extend pain-relieving benefits and increase the amount of time between shots.

Soothe acid reflux symptoms:
New research shows Hyaluronan supplements may help reduce symptoms of acid reflux.
When acid reflux occurs, the contents of the stomach are regurgitated up into the throat, causing pain and damage to the lining of the esophagus.

Hyaluronan may help soothe the damaged lining of the esophagus and speed up the recovery process.
One 2012 test-tube study found that applying a mixture of Hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate to acid-damaged throat tissue helped Hyaluronan heal much faster than when no treatment was used.

Human studies have also shown benefits.
One study found that taking a Hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate supplement along with an acid-reducing medication decreased reflux symptoms 60% more than taking acid-reducing medication alone.

Another older study showed that the same type of supplement was five times more effective at reducing acid reflux symptoms than a placebo.

Research in this area is still relatively new, and more studies are needed to replicate these results.
Nevertheless, these outcomes are promising.

Relieve dry eye and discomfort:
Approximately 11% older adults experience symptoms of dry eye due to reduced tear production or tears evaporating too quickly.
Since Hyaluronan is excellent at retaining moisture, it’s often used to treat dry eye.

Eye drops containing 0.2–0.4% Hyaluronan have been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve eye health.
Contact lenses that contain slow-release Hyaluronan are also being developed as a possible treatment for dry eye.

In addition, Hyaluronan eye drops are frequently used during eye surgery to reduce inflammation and speed wound healing.
While applying them directly to the eyes has been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve overall eye health, Hyaluronan is unclear whether oral supplements have the same effects.

One small study in 24 people found that combining topical and oral Hyaluronan was more effective at improving symptoms of dry eye than topical Hyaluronan alone.
However, more large, high-quality studies are needed to understand the effects of oral Hyaluronan supplements on eye health.

Preserve bone strength:
New animal research has begun to investigate the effects of Hyaluronan supplements on bone health.
Two older studies have found that Hyaluronan supplements can help slow the rate of bone loss in rats with osteopenia, the beginning stage of bone loss that precedes osteoporosis.

Some older test-tube studies have also shown that high doses of Hyaluronan can increase the activity of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for building new bone tissue.
While more high quality, recent research in humans is needed, early animal and test-tube studies are promising.

Could prevent bladder pain:
Approximately 3–6% of females suffer from a condition called interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome.
This disorder causes abdominal pain and tenderness, along with a strong and frequent urge to urinate.

While the causes of interstitial cystitis are unknown, Hyaluronan has been found to help relieve the pain and urinary frequency associated with this condition when inserted directly into the bladder through a catheter.
It’s unclear why Hyaluronan helps relieve these symptoms, but researchers hypothesize that Hyaluronan helps repair damage to bladder tissue, making Hyaluronan less sensitive to pain.

Studies have not yet determined whether oral Hyaluronan supplements can increase amounts of Hyaluronan in the bladder enough to have the same effects.

The benefits of Hyaluronan can be listed as follows:

Skin:
When Hyaluronan comes to Hyaluronan, the first thing that comes to mind is the skin.
Humidity decreases over time in the human body.

Lack of moisture can also cause wrinkles and other signs of aging, especially on the skin.
At this point, Hyaluronan has an important place in terms of giving the skin a vibrant appearance due to Hyaluronan water retention feature and ensuring the healing of wounds and skin blemishes.

Muscle and Joint:
Muscles and joints need intra-articular fluid to maintain their structural health.
Hyaluronan retains water and helps muscles and joints move smoothly and protects cartilage.

Eyelash:
Eye fluid naturally contains Hyaluronan.
Hyaluronan supports the natural health of the eye.

Hyaluronan is effective in protection.
At the same time, drops containing Hyaluronan may be recommended to treat dry eyes caused by lens use and some eye operations.

Although Hyaluronan has many benefits, a specialist should be consulted, especially in case of disease or damage.
A specialist doctor can recommend the form and treatment of Hyaluronan that is most suitable for the person.

Other Benefits:
anti-aging
moisturizing
wound healing
anti-wrinkle
increases skin elasticity
can treat eczema
can treat facial redness

Physiological Function of Hyaluronan:
Until the late 1970s, Hyaluronan was described as a "goo" molecule, a ubiquitous carbohydrate polymer that is part of the extracellular matrix.
For example, Hyaluronan is a major component of the synovial fluid and was found to increase the viscosity of the fluid.
Along with lubricin, Hyaluronan is one of the fluid's main lubricating components.

Hyaluronan is an important component of articular cartilage, where Hyaluronan is present as a coat around each cell (chondrocyte).
When aggrecan monomers bind to hyaluronan in the presence of HAPLN1 (Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1), large, highly negatively charged aggregates form.

These aggregates imbibe water and are responsible for the resilience of cartilage (Hyaluronan resistance to compression).
The molecular weight (size) of hyaluronan in cartilage decreases with age, but the amount increases.

A lubricating role of hyaluronan in muscular connective tissues to enhance the sliding between adjacent tissue layers has been suggested.
A particular type of fibroblasts, embedded in dense fascial tissues, has been proposed as being cells specialized for the biosynthesis of the hyaluronan-rich matrix.
Their related activity could be involved in regulating the sliding ability between adjacent muscular connective tissues.

Hyaluronan is also a major component of skin, where Hyaluronan is involved in repairing tissue.
When skin is exposed to excessive UVB rays, Hyaluronan becomes inflamed (sunburn), and the cells in the dermis stop producing as much hyaluronan and increase the rate of Hyaluronan degradation.
Hyaluronan degradation products then accumulate in the skin after UV exposure.

While Hyaluronan is abundant in extracellular matrices, hyaluronan also contributes to tissue hydrodynamics, movement, and proliferation of cells and participates in a number of cell surface receptor interactions, notably those including Hyaluronan primary receptors, CD44 and RHAMM.
Upregulation of CD44 itself is widely accepted as a marker of cell activation in lymphocytes.

Hyaluronan's contribution to tumor growth may be due to Hyaluronan interaction with CD44.
Receptor CD44 participates in cell adhesion interactions required by tumor cells.

Although hyaluronan binds to receptor CD44, there is evidence hyaluronan degradation products transduce their inflammatory signal through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, or both TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages and dendritic cells.
TLR and hyaluronan play a role in innate immunity.

There are limitations including the in vivo loss of Hyaluronan limiting the duration of effect.

Over the past 2 decades there was considerable evidence presented that unraveled the functional role of Hyaluronan in molecular mechanisms and indicated the potential role of Hyaluronan for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for many diseases.

Functions of Hyaluronan include the following: hydration, lubrication of joints, a space filling capacity, and the framework through which cells migrate.
The synthesis of Hyaluronan increases during tissue injury and wound healing and Hyaluronan regulates several aspects of tissue repair, including activation of inflammatory cells to enhance immune response and the response to injury of fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

Hyaluronan also provides the framework for blood vessel formation and fibroblast migration that may be involved in tumor progression.
The correlation of Hyaluronan levels on the cell surface of cancer cells with the aggressiveness of tumors has also been reported.

The size of Hyaluronan appears to be of critical importance for Hyaluronan various functions described above.
Hyaluronan of high molecular size, usually in excess of 1,000 kDa, is present in intact tissues and is antiangiogenic and immunosuppressive, whereas smaller polymers of Hyaluronan are distress signals and potent inducers of inflammation and angiogenesis.

Wound repair:
As a major component of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronan has a key role in tissue regeneration, inflammation response, and angiogenesis, which are phases of wound repair.
As of 2023, however, reviews of Hyaluronan effect on healing for chronic wounds including burns, diabetic foot ulcers or surgical skin repairs show either insufficient evidence or only limited positive clinical research evidence.

There is also some limited evidence to suggest that Hyaluronan may be beneficial for ulcer healing and may help to a small degree with pain control.
Hyaluronan combines with water and swells to form a gel, making Hyaluronan useful in skin treatments as a dermal filler for facial wrinkles; Hyaluronan effect lasts for about 6 to 12 months, and treatment has regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.

Granulation:
Granulation tissue is the perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds.
Hyaluronan typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size Hyaluronan heals.

Hyaluronan is abundant in granulation tissue matrix.
A variety of cell functions that are essential for tissue repair may attribute to this Hyaluronan-rich network.

These functions include facilitation of cell migration into the provisional wound matrix, cell proliferation, and organization of the granulation tissue matrix.
Initiation of inflammation is crucial for the formation of granulation tissue; therefore, the pro-inflammatory role of Hyaluronan as discussed above also contributes to this stage of wound healing.

Cell migration:
Cell migration is essential for the formation of granulation tissue.
The early stage of granulation tissue is dominated by a Hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix, which is regarded as a conducive environment for the migration of cells into this temporary wound matrix.

Hyaluronan provides an open hydrated matrix that facilitates cell migration, whereas, in the latter scenario, directed migration and control of related cell mechanisms are mediated via the specific cell interaction between Hyaluronan and cell surface Hyaluronan receptors.
Hyaluronan forms links with several protein kinases associated with cell locomotion, for example, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and other non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

During fetal development, the migration path through which neural crest cells migrate is rich in Hyaluronan.
Hyaluronan is closely associated with the cell migration process in granulation tissue matrix, and studies show that cell movement can be inhibited, at least partially, by Hyaluronan degradation or blocking Hyaluronan receptor occupancy.

By providing the dynamic force to the cell, Hyaluronan synthesis has also been shown to associate with cell migration.
Basically, Hyaluronan is synthesized at the plasma membrane and released directly into the extracellular environment.
This may contribute to the hydrated microenvironment at sites of synthesis, and is essential for cell migration by facilitating cell detachment.

Skin healing:
Hyaluronan plays an important role in the normal epidermis.
Hyaluronan also has crucial functions in the reepithelization process due to several of Hyaluronan properties.
These include being an integral part of the extracellular matrix of basal keratinocytes, which are major constituents of the epidermis; Hyaluronan free-radical scavenging function, and Hyaluronan role in keratinocyte proliferation and migration.

In normal skin, Hyaluronan is found in relatively high concentrations in the basal layer of the epidermis where proliferating keratinocytes are found.
CD44 is collocated with Hyaluronan in the basal layer of epidermis where additionally Hyaluronan has been shown to be preferentially expressed on plasma membrane facing the Hyaluronan-rich matrix pouches.

Maintaining the extracellular space and providing an open, as well as hydrated, structure for the passage of nutrients are the main functions of Hyaluronan in epidermis.
A report found Hyaluronan content increases in the presence of retinoic acid (vitamin A).

The proposed effects of retinoic acid against skin photo-damage and photoaging may be correlated, at least in part, with an increase of skin Hyaluronan content, giving rise to increased tissue hydration.
Hyaluronan has been suggested that the free-radical scavenging property of Hyaluronan contributes to protection against solar radiation, supporting the role of CD44 acting as a Hyaluronan receptor in the epidermis.

Epidermal Hyaluronan also functions as a manipulator in the process of keratinocyte proliferation, which is essential in normal epidermal function, as well as during reepithelization in tissue repair.
In the wound healing process, Hyaluronan is expressed in the wound margin, in the connective tissue matrix, and collocating with CD44 expression in migrating keratinocytes.

Receptors of Hyaluronan:
There is a variety of proteins that bind Hyaluronan, called hyaladherins, which are widely distributed in the ECM, the cell surface, the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Those that attach Hyaluronan to the cell surface constitute Hyaluronan receptors.

The most prominent among these receptors is the transmembrane glycoprotein “cluster of differentiation 44” (CD44) that occurs in many isoforms, which are Hyaluronanss of a single gene with variable exon expression.
CD44 is found on virtually all cells, except red blood cells, and regulates cell adhesion, migration, lymphocyte activation and homing, and cancer metastasis.

The receptor for Hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) is another major receptor for Hyaluronan, and Hyaluronan is expressed in various isoforms.
RHAMM is a functional receptor in many cell types, including endothelial cells88 and in smooth muscle cells from human pulmonary arteries37 and airways.

The interactions of Hyaluronan with RHAMM control cell growth and migration by a complex network of signal transduction events and interactions with the cytoskeleton.
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which is a potent stimulator of cell motility, elicits the synthesis and expression of RHAMM and Hyaluronan, and thus initiates locomotion.

Structure of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, linked via alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds.
Hyaluronan can be 25,000 disaccharide repeats in length.

Polymers of Hyaluronan can range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.
The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and Hyaluronan purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da; other sources mention average molecular weight of 7 million Da for synovial fluid.
Hyaluronan also contains silicon, ranging 350–1,900 μg/g depending on location in the organism.

Hyaluronan is energetically stable, in part because of the stereochemistry of Hyaluronan component disaccharides.
Bulky groups on each sugar molecule are in sterically favored positions, whereas the smaller hydrogens assume the less-favorable axial positions.

Hyaluronan in aqueous solutions self-associates to form transient clusters in solution.
While Hyaluronan is considered a polyelectrolyte polymer chain, Hyaluronan does not exhibit the polyelectrolyte peak, suggesting the absence of a characteristic length scale between the Hyaluronan molecules and the emergence of a fractal clustering, which is due to the strong solvation of these molecules.

Biological Synthesis:
Hyaluronan is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called Hyaluronic acid synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3.
These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as Hyaluronan is extruded via ABC-transporter through the cell membrane into the extracellular space.
The term fasciacyte was coined to describe fibroblast-like cells that synthesize Hyaluronan.

Hyaluronan synthesis has been shown to be inhibited by 4-methylumbelliferone (hymecromone), a 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivative.
This selective inhibition (without inhibiting other glycosaminoglycans) may prove useful in preventing metastasis of malignant tumor cells.
There is feedback inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (500 kDa), when tested in cultured human synovial fibroblasts.

Bacillus subtilis recently has been genetically modified to culture a proprietary formula to yield hyaluronans, in a patented process producing human-grade product.

Fasciacyte:
A fasciacyte is a type of biological cell that produces hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix and modulates the gliding of muscle fasciae.

Fasciacytes are fibroblast-like cells found in fasciae.
They are round-shaped with rounder nuclei and have less elongated cellular processes when compared with fibroblasts.
Fasciacytes are clustered along the upper and lower surfaces of a fascial layer.

Fasciacytes produce hyaluronan, which regulates fascial gliding.

Biosynthetic Mechanism of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG), an anionic, gel-like, polymer, found in the extracellular matrix of epithelial and connective tissues of vertebrates.
Hyaluronan is part of a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic polysaccharides.
The carboxylate groups present in the molecule make Hyaluronan negatively charged, therefore allowing for successful binding to water, and making Hyaluronan valuable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Hyaluronan consists of repeating β4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-β3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) disaccharides, and is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HAS), a class of integral membrane proteins that produce the well-defined, uniform chain lengths characteristic to Hyaluronan.
There are three existing types of HASs in vertebrates: HAS1, HAS2, HAS3; each of these contribute to elongation of the Hyaluronan polymer.

For an Hyaluronan capsule to be created, this enzyme must be present because Hyaluronan polymerizes UDP-sugar precursors into Hyaluronan.
Hyaluronan precursors are synthesized by first phosphorylating glucose by hexokinase, yielding glucose-6-phosphate, which is the main Hyaluronan precursor.

Then, two routes are taken to synthesize UDP-n-acetylglucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid which both react to form Hyaluronan.
Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted to either fructose-6-phosphate with hasE (phosphoglucoisomerase), or glucose-1-phosphate using pgm (α -phosphoglucomutase), where those both undergo different sets of reactions.

UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronan via hasA (Hyaluronan synthase).

Synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid:
UDP-glucuronic acid is formed from hasC (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) converting glucose-1-P into UDP-glucose, which then reacts with hasB (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) to form UDP-glucuronic acid.

Synthesis of N-acetyl glucosamine:
The path forward from fructose-6-P utilizes glmS (amidotransferase) to form glucosamine-6-P.
Then, glmM (Mutase) reacts with Hyaluronan to form glucosamine-1-P.
hasD (acetyltransferase) converts this into n-acetylglucosamine-1-P, and finally, hasD (pyrophosphorylase) converts Hyaluronan into UDP-n-acetylglucosamine.

Final step: Two disaccharides form Hyaluronan:
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronan via hasA (Hyaluronan synthase), completing the synthesis.

Chemistry and Physicochemical Properties of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a non-sulphated GAG and is composed of repeating polymeric disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine linked by a glucuronidic β (1→3) bond.
In aqueous solutions Hyaluronan forms specific stable tertiary structures.

Despite the simplicity in Hyaluronan composition, without variations in Hyaluronan sugar composition or without branching points, Hyaluronan has a variety of physicochemical properties.
Hyaluronan polymers occur in a vast number of configurations and shapes, depending on their size, salt concentration, pH, and associated cations.

Unlike other GAG, Hyaluronan is not covalently attached to a protein core, but Hyaluronan may form aggregates with proteoglycans.
Hyaluronan encompasses a large volume of water giving solutions high viscosity, even at low concentrations.

Degradation of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan can be degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidases.
In humans, there are at least seven types of hyaluronidase-like enzymes, several of which are tumor suppressors.

The degradation products of hyaluronan, the oligosaccharides and very low-molecular-weight hyaluronan, exhibit pro-angiogenic properties.
In addition, recent studies showed hyaluronan fragments, not the native high-molecular weight molecule, can induce inflammatory responses in macrophages and dendritic cells in tissue injury and in skin transplant.

Hyaluronan can also be degraded via non-enzymatic reactions.
These include acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, ultrasonic disintegration, thermal decomposition, and degradation by oxidants.

Tissue and cell distribution of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is widely distributed, from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells.
In humans, Hyaluronan is most abundant in the skin accounting for 50% of the total body Hyaluronan the vitreous of the eye the umbilical cord and synovial fluid but Hyaluronan is also present in all tissues and fluids of the body, such as skeletal tissues heart valves the lung the aorta the prostate tunica albuginea, corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis.
Hyaluronan is produced primarily by mesenchymal cells but also by other cell types.

Etymology of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is derived from hyalos (Greek for vitreous, meaning ‘glass-like’) and uronic acid because Hyaluronan was first isolated from the vitreous humour and possesses a high uronic acid content.
The term hyaluronate refers to the conjugate base of Hyaluronan.
Since the molecule typically exists in vivo in Hyaluronic acid polyanionic form, Hyaluronan is most commonly referred to as hyaluronan.

History of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan was first obtained by Karl Meyer and John Palmer in 1934 from the vitreous body in a cow's eye.
The first hyaluronan biomedical product, Healon, was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Pharmacia, and approved for use in eye surgery (i.e., corneal transplantation, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and surgery to repair retinal detachment).
Other biomedical companies also produce brands of hyaluronan for ophthalmic surgery.

Native Hyaluronan has a relatively short half-life (shown in rabbits) so various manufacturing techniques have been deployed to extend the length of the chain and stabilise the molecule for Hyaluronan use in medical applications.
The introduction of protein-based cross-links, the introduction of free-radical scavenging molecules such as sorbitol, and minimal stabilisation of the Hyaluronan chains through chemical agents such as NASHA (non-animal stabilised Hyaluronan) are all techniques that have been used to preserve Hyaluronan shelf life.

In the late 1970s, intraocular lens implantation was often followed by severe corneal edema, due to endothelial cell damage during the surgery.
Hyaluronan was evident that a viscous, clear, physiologic lubricant to prevent such scraping of the endothelial cells was needed.

The name "hyaluronan" is also used for a salt.

Research of Hyaluronan:
Due to Hyaluronan high biocompatibility and Hyaluronan common presence in the extracellular matrix of tissues, hyaluronan is used as a biomaterial scaffold in tissue engineering research.
In particular, research groups have found hyaluronan's properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine may be improved with cross-linking, producing a hydrogel.

Crosslinking may allow a desired shape, as well as to deliver therapeutic molecules into a host.
Hyaluronan can be crosslinked by attaching thiols (see thiomers)(trade names: Extracel, HyStem), hexadecylamides (trade name: Hymovis), and tyramines (trade name: Corgel).
Hyaluronan can also be crosslinked directly with formaldehyde (trade name: Hylan-A) or with divinylsulfone (trade name: Hylan-B).

Due to Hyaluronan ability to regulate angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cells to proliferate in vitro, hyaluronan can be used to create hydrogels to study vascular morphogenesis.

Identifiers of Hyaluronan:
CAS Number:
9004-61-9
31799-91-4 (potassium salt)
9067-32-7 (sodium salt)
ChEBI: CHEBI:16336
ECHA InfoCard: 100.029.695
EC Number: 232-678-0
UNII: S270N0TRQY
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID90925319 DTXSID7046750, DTXSID90925319

EC / List no.: 232-678-0
CAS no.: 9004-61-9

CAS No.: 9004-61-9
Chemical Name: Hyaluronan
CBNumber: CB1176690
Molecular Formula: C14H22NNaO11
Molecular Weight: 403.31
MDL Number: MFCD00131348

Properties of Hyaluronic acid:
Chemical formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Solubility in water: Soluble (sodium salt)

storage temp.: −20°C
solubility: H2O: 5 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: Lyophilized Powder
color: White
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
InChIKey: MAKUBRYLFHZREJ-IUPJJCKZNA-M
SMILES: [C@@H]1(O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@H]([C@H](O)O[C@@H]2C(=O)[O-])O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C[C@H]1NC(=O)C.[Na+] |&1:0,2,3,5,6,9,15,18,21,r|
LogP: -6.623 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 9004-61-9
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: HYALURONIC ACID (NON-ANIMAL STABILIZED) (B7SG5YV2SI)
HYALURONIC ACID (S270N0TRQY)
NCI Drug Dictionary: hyaluronic acid
ATC code: D03AX05,M09AX01,R01AX09,S01KA01,S01KA51
EPA Substance Registry System: Hyaluronic acid (9004-61-9)

Molecular Weight: 425.38 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 12
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 425.15332530 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 425.15332530 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 194Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 29
Complexity: 576
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 10
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related compound of Hyaluronan:
D-Glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (monomers)

Names of Hyaluronan:

Regulatory process names:
Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid

IUPAC names:
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
(2Z,4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-2-[amino(hydroxy)methylidene]-4,
[-4)GlcA(β1-3)GlcNAc(β1-]n
Hyaluronic acid
(1→4)-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-gluco)-(1→3)-D-glucuronoglycan

Systematic IUPAC name:
Poly{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4-diyl]oxy[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxane-2,5-diyl]oxy}

Other identifier:
9004-61-9

Synonyms of Hyaluronan:
HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM
acid hyaluronic
Hyaluronic acid powder
aluronic acid、HA
Hyaluronate Acid
HYALURONIC ACID (SODIUM HYALURONATE)
Hyaluronic acid, bovine vitreous humor
Mucoitin
Sepracoat
hyaluronicaci
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 3,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 10,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 25,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 50,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 100,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 350,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 1,000,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 1,500,000
BP-29024
BP-29025
BP-29026
BP-29027
BP-29028
BP-29029
BP-29030
BP-29031
Hyaluronic acid
57282-61-8 [RN]
Hyaluronate Tetrasaccharide
NAG-(3-1)GCU-(4-1)NAG-(3-1)GCU

Hyaluronate (abbreviated HA; conjugate base Hyaluronan), also called Hyaluronic acid, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronate is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.
Hyaluronate (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid also known as Hyaluronic acid or Hyaluronan is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.

CAS Number: 9004-61-9
EC Number: 232-678-0
Chemical Formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Molecular Weight: 425.38 g/mol

Hyaluronate is a humectant a substance that retains moisture and Hyaluronate is capable of binding over one thousand times Hyaluronate weight in water.
Hyaluronate is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.
Hyaluronate used in beauty and skincare products is primarily made by bacteria in a lab via a process called biofermentation.

As we age, the production of key substances in the skin, including Hyaluronate (along with collagen and elastin) decreases.
As a result, our skin loses volume, hydration, and plumpness.

Hyaluronate is a natural substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints.
Hyaluronate acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues.

Different forms of Hyaluronate are used for cosmetic purposes.
Hyaluronate might also affect the way the body responds to injury and help to decrease swelling.

People also commonly take Hyaluronate by mouth and apply Hyaluronate to the skin for UTIs, acid reflux, dry eyes, wound healing, aging skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.

Hyaluronate is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found Hyaluronate throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronate is often produced by fermenting certain types of bacteria.
Rooster combs (the red, Mohawk-like growth on top of a rooster’s head and face) are also a common source.

Hyaluronate (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid also known as Hyaluronic acid or Hyaluronan is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found Hyaluronate throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronate (abbreviated HA; conjugate base Hyaluronan), also called Hyaluronic acid, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronate is unique among glycosaminoglycans as Hyaluronate is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human synovial Hyaluronate averages about 7 million Da per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers, while other sources mention 3–4 million Da.

The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of Hyaluronate in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.

As one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronate contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and is involved in the progression of many malignant tumors.
Hyaluronate is also a component of the group A streptococcal extracellular capsule, and is believed to play a role in virulence.

Hyaluronate, derived from the name hyalos meaning glass, is found in the human body.
Hyaluronate is known for its structural ability to hold approximately a thousand times as much water as itself.

Thanks to this feature, Hyaluronate has an important place in the healthy movement of muscles and bones.
At the same time, the decrease in Hyaluronate in the structure of the skin, which is the largest organ of our body, can cause skin dryness and wrinkles.
Hyaluronate application for the skin is among Hyaluronates frequently used as anti-aging.

Hyaluronate occurs naturally in the body but can be produced from animal sources or bacteria.
Hyaluronate can be found in various forms such as powder, tablet and liquid for oral intake.

In addition, there are also cream, ointment and serum types to be applied to the skin.
Additionally, Hyaluronate can be recommended as eye drops to relieve eye dryness during eye surgery or contact lens use.

Hyaluronate may sound intimidating many of us wouldn't dream of putting acid on our faces but science shows us Hyaluronate brilliant in skincare.
Hyaluronate is a gel-like substance that has the unique ability to retain moisture.

In fact, our bodies produce Hyaluronate naturally to keep our skin soft and supple.
Hyaluronate also found in our eyes, joints, and connective tissue.
So Hyaluronate works wonderfully as an anti-aging component in face creams and serums, as the Hyaluronate can hold over 1,000 times Hyaluronate weight in water.

Hyaluronate is a completely transparent, non-adhesive, water-soluble and grease-free acid mucopolysaccharide.
Hyaluronate molecular weight is between a few hundred thousand to millions, and Hyaluronate makes up the dermis layer of the skin.

Hyaluronate unique molecular structure and physicochemical properties has many important physiological functions inside the body, such as lubricating joints, adjusting vascular permeability, adjusting proteins, diffusing and transporting water electrolytes, and promoting wound healing.
Hyaluronate has a unique water retention effect and has the best known natural moisturizing properties, making Hyaluronate the ideal natural moisturizer.

Hyaluronate is an essential drug in ophthalmic “sticky surgeries”.
Hyaluronate is used in cataract surgery, in which Hyaluronate sodium salt remains in the anterior chamber to maintain depth in the anterior chamber and ensure a clear surgical view.

Hyaluronate reduces the occurences of postoperative inflammation and complications, thus improving the vision-correcting effects of the surgery.
Hyaluronate is also used in complicated retinol detachment surgery.

Hyaluronate has a low molecular weight and is considered the ideal natural moisturizing agent, so Hyaluronate is used as an additive in high-end makeup and as a moisturizer in creams, gels, lotions, masks, and serums.
Hyaluronate is also used medically as a moisturizer to improve moisture retention and lubrication, and Hyaluronate also expands capillaries and improves skin health.
For example, Hyaluronate with a low molecular weight can be used as a lubricant in surgeries (such as knee surgery), while those with high molecular weight can be used as surgical lubricant and as a substitute for vitreous in ophthalmic surgery.

Hyaluronate is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found throughout the body’s connective tissue.
Glycosaminoglycans are simply long unbranched carbohydrates, or sugars, called polysaccharides.

Hyaluronate is the main component of what gives your skin structure, and is responsible for that plump and hydrated look.
Hyaluronate plays a pivotal role in the wound healing process, and decreases as we age making us more susceptible to sagging and wrinkles.

Hyaluronate can help increase the moisture content in your skin, which can have various skin benefits, including reducing the appearance of wrinkles and improving wound healing, among others.

Skin aging is a multifactorial process consisting of two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic aging.

Youthful skin retains Hyaluronate turgor, resilience and pliability, among others, due to Hyaluronate high content of water.
Daily external injury, in addition to the normal process of aging, causes loss of moisture.

The key molecule involved in skin moisture is Hyaluronate that has unique capacity in retaining water.
There are multiple sites for the control of Hyaluronate synthesis, deposition, cell and protein association and degradation, reflecting the complexity of Hyaluronate metabolism.

The enzymes that synthesize or catabolize Hyaluronate and Hyaluronate receptors responsible for many of the functions of Hyaluronate are all multigene families with distinct patterns of tissue expression.
Understanding the metabolism of Hyaluronate in the different layers of the skin and the interactions of Hyaluronate with other skin components will facilitate the ability to modulate skin moisture in a rational manner.

There are 2 types of Hyaluronate:

Micro Molecular Hyaluronate:
In this type of Hyaluronate, the molecules consist of low-weight micro molecules.
With their micro size, they can penetrate down to the epidermis layer of the skin, penetrate under the skin and repair any damage there.

Micromolecular Hyaluronate can act under the tissue and moisturize the skin from within.
This type of molecule can promote the natural production of Hyaluronate under the skin.

Macro Molecular Hyaluronate:
This Hyaluronate can be described as high molecular weight.
Hyaluronate usually does not go under the skin.

Due to this feature, Hyaluronate can make repairs on the skin surface.
Additionally, Hyaluronate is effective in moisturizing the skin surface and gaining elasticity.

Uses of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a naturally derived, non immunogenic, non adhesive glycosaminoglycan that plays a prominent role in various wound healing processes, as Hyaluronate as Hyaluronate is naturally angiogenic when degraded to small fragments.
Hyaluronate promotes early inflammation which is critical for initiating wound healing, but then moderates later stages of the process, allowing matrix stabilization and reduction of long term inflammation.
Hyaluronate is a main source for pharmaceutical, medical and cosmetic application.

Hyaluronate is a glycosaminoglycan component.
Hyaluronate occurs naturally in the dermis.

Hyaluronate is thought to play a critical role in healthy skin by controlling the physical and biochemical characteristics of epidermal cells.
Hyaluronate also regulates general skin activity, such as water content, elasticity, and the distribution of nutrients.

Hyaluronate water-absorption abilities and large molecular structure allow the epidermis to achieve greater suppleness, proper plasticity, and turgor.
Hyaluronate is a natural moisturizer with excellent water-binding capabilities.

In a solution of 2 percent Hyaluronate and 98 percent water, the Hyaluronate holds the water so tightly that Hyaluronate appears to create a gel.
However, Hyaluronate is a true liquid in that Hyaluronate can be diluted and will exhibit a liquid’s normal viscous flow properties.

When applied to the skin, Hyaluronate forms a viscoelastic film in a manner similar to the way Hyaluronate holds water in the intercellular matrix of dermal connective tissues.
This performance and behavior suggests that Hyaluronate makes an ideal moisturizer base, allowing for the delivery of other agents to the skin.

Manufacturers claim that the use of Hyaluronate in cosmetics results in the need for much lower levels of lubricants and emollients in a formulation, thereby providing an essentially greaseless product.
Furthermore, Hyaluronate ability to retain water gives immediate smoothness to rough skin surfaces and significantly improves skin appearance.
For the benefits of Hyaluronate to be realized in a cosmetic, Hyaluronate needs to be applied on a regular basis as Hyaluronate is broken down in skin within 24 to 48 hours of application.

Some people use Hyaluronate to promote skin health and fight signs of aging.
Hyaluronate may help wounds heal, too.

Some doctors also use Hyaluronate to relieve joint pain in people with arthritis.

The skin contains about half of the Hyaluronate in the body.
Hyaluronate binds to water molecules, which helps keep the skin hydrated and supple.

Levels of Hyaluronate in the skin significantly decrease as people age, which can lead to dehydrated skin and wrinkles.
Taking Hyaluronate or using cosmetic products that contain Hyaluronate may improve skin hydration and reduce signs of aging.

Use for Animal Health of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is used in treatment of articular disorders in horses, in particular those in competition or heavy work.
Hyaluronate is indicated for carpal and fetlock joint dysfunctions, but not when joint sepsis or fracture are suspected.

Hyaluronate is especially used for synovitis associated with equine osteoarthritis.
Hyaluronate can be injected directly into an affected joint, or intravenously for less localized disorders.

Hyaluronate may cause mild heating of the joint if directly injected, but this does not affect the clinical outcome.
Intra-articularly administered medicine is fully metabolized in less than a week.

According to Canadian regulation, Hyaluronate in HY-50 preparation should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat.
In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and edibility of the horse meat is not affected.

Medical uses:
Hyaluronate has been FDA-approved to treat osteoarthritis of the knee via intra-articular injection.
A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with a general absence of significant benefits, and that intra-articular injection of Hyaluronate could possibly cause adverse effects.
A 2020 meta-analysis found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight Hyaluronate improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.

Hyaluronate has been used to treat dry eye.
Hyaluronate is a common ingredient in skin care products.

Hyaluronate is used as a dermal filler in cosmetic surgery.
Hyaluronate is typically injected using either a classic sharp hypodermic needle or a micro-cannula.

Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can significantly reduce vessel embolisms during injections.
Currently, Hyaluronate is used as a soft tissue filler due to Hyaluronate bio-compatibility and possible reversibility using hyaluronidase.

Complications include the severing of nerves and microvessels, pain, and bruising.
Some side effects can also appear by way of erythema, itching, and vascular occlusion; vascular occlusion is the most worrisome side effect due to the possibility of skin necrosis, or even blindness in a patient.
In some cases, Hyaluronate fillers can result in a granulomatous foreign body reaction.

Uses Area of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a remarkable substance because of all the benefits and uses Hyaluronate has in your body.

Here are just a few of the benefits of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate helps things move smoothly.
Hyaluronate helps your joints work like a well-oiled machine.

Hyaluronate prevents pain and injury from bones grinding against each other.
Hyaluronate helps keep things hydrated.

Hyaluronate is very good at retaining water.
A quarter-teaspoon of Hyaluronate holds about one and a half gallons of water.

That’s why Hyaluronate is often used for treating dry eyes.
It’s also used in moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments and serums.

Hyaluronate makes your skin flexible.
Hyaluronate helps skin stretch and flex and reduces skin wrinkles and lines.
Hyaluronate is also proven to help wounds heal faster and can reduce scarring.

Sources of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is produced on a large scale by extraction from animal tissues, such as chicken comb, and from Streptococci.

Benefits of Hyaluronate:

Promotes healthier, more supple skin:
Hyaluronate supplements can help your skin look and feel more supple.
Hyaluronate is a compound found naturally in the skin, where Hyaluronate binds to water to help retain moisture.

However, the natural aging process and exposure to things like ultraviolet radiation from the sun, tobacco smoke, and pollution can decrease Hyaluronate amounts in the skin.
Taking Hyaluronate supplements may prevent this decline by giving your body extra amounts to incorporate into the skin.

According to one 2014 study, doses of 120–240 milligrams (mg) per day for at least 1 month have been shown to significantly increase skin moisture and reduce dry skin in adults.
Hydrated skin also reduces the appearance of wrinkles, which may explain why several studies show that supplementing with Hyaluronate can make skin appear smoother.

When applied to the surface of the skin, Hyaluronate serums can reduce wrinkles, redness, and dermatitis.
Some dermatologists even inject Hyaluronate fillers to keep skin looking firm and youthful.

Can speed wound healing:
Hyaluronate also plays a key role in wound healing.
It’s naturally present in the skin, but Hyaluronate concentrations increase when there is damage in need of repair.

Hyaluronate helps wounds heal faster by regulating inflammation levels and signaling the body to build more blood vessels in the damaged area.
In some older studies, applying Hyaluronate to skin wounds has been shown to reduce the size of wounds and decrease pain faster than a placebo or no treatment at all.

Hyaluronate also has antibacterial properties, so Hyaluronate may help reduce the risk of infection when applied directly to open wounds.
What’s more, it’s effective at reducing gum disease, speeding up healing after tooth surgery, and eliminating ulcers when used topically in the mouth.

While the research on Hyaluronate serums and gels is promising, there has been no research to determine whether Hyaluronate supplements can provide the same benefits.
However, since oral supplements boost the levels of Hyaluronate found in the skin, it’s reasonable to suspect they may provide some benefit.

Relieve joint pain by keeping bones lubricated:
Hyaluronate is also found in the joints, where Hyaluronate keeps the space between your bones lubricated.
When the joints are lubricated, the bones are less likely to grind against each other and cause uncomfortable pain.

Hyaluronate supplements are very helpful for people with osteoarthritis, a type of degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear on the joints over time.
Taking 80–200 mg daily for at least 2 months has been shown to significantly reduce knee pain in people with osteoarthritis, especially those between the ages of 40 and 70 years old.

Hyaluronate can also be injected directly into the joints for pain relief.
However, an analysis of over 21,000 adults found only a small reduction in pain and a greater risk of adverse effects.

Some research shows that pairing oral Hyaluronate supplements with injections can help extend pain-relieving benefits and increase the amount of time between shots.

Soothe acid reflux symptoms:
New research shows Hyaluronate supplements may help reduce symptoms of acid reflux.
When acid reflux occurs, the contents of the stomach are regurgitated up into the throat, causing pain and damage to the lining of the esophagus.

Hyaluronate may help soothe the damaged lining of the esophagus and speed up the recovery process.
One 2012 test-tube study found that applying a mixture of Hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate to acid-damaged throat tissue helped Hyaluronate heal much faster than when no treatment was used.

Human studies have also shown benefits.
One study found that taking a Hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate supplement along with an acid-reducing medication decreased reflux symptoms 60% more than taking acid-reducing medication alone.

Another older study showed that the same type of supplement was five times more effective at reducing acid reflux symptoms than a placebo.

Research in this area is still relatively new, and more studies are needed to replicate these results.
Nevertheless, these outcomes are promising.

Relieve dry eye and discomfort:
Approximately 11% older adults experience symptoms of dry eye due to reduced tear production or tears evaporating too quickly.
Since Hyaluronate is excellent at retaining moisture, it’s often used to treat dry eye.

Eye drops containing 0.2–0.4% Hyaluronate have been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve eye health.
Contact lenses that contain slow-release Hyaluronate are also being developed as a possible treatment for dry eye.

In addition, Hyaluronate eye drops are frequently used during eye surgery to reduce inflammation and speed wound healing.
While applying them directly to the eyes has been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve overall eye health, Hyaluronate is unclear whether oral supplements have the same effects.

One small study in 24 people found that combining topical and oral Hyaluronate was more effective at improving symptoms of dry eye than topical Hyaluronate alone.
However, more large, high-quality studies are needed to understand the effects of oral Hyaluronate supplements on eye health.

Preserve bone strength:
New animal research has begun to investigate the effects of Hyaluronate supplements on bone health.
Two older studies have found that Hyaluronate supplements can help slow the rate of bone loss in rats with osteopenia, the beginning stage of bone loss that precedes osteoporosis.

Some older test-tube studies have also shown that high doses of Hyaluronate can increase the activity of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for building new bone tissue.
While more high quality, recent research in humans is needed, early animal and test-tube studies are promising.

Could prevent bladder pain:
Approximately 3–6% of females suffer from a condition called interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome.
This disorder causes abdominal pain and tenderness, along with a strong and frequent urge to urinate.

While the causes of interstitial cystitis are unknown, Hyaluronate has been found to help relieve the pain and urinary frequency associated with this condition when inserted directly into the bladder through a catheter.
It’s unclear why Hyaluronate helps relieve these symptoms, but researchers hypothesize that Hyaluronate helps repair damage to bladder tissue, making Hyaluronate less sensitive to pain.

Studies have not yet determined whether oral Hyaluronate supplements can increase amounts of Hyaluronate in the bladder enough to have the same effects.

The benefits of Hyaluronate can be listed as follows:

Skin:
When Hyaluronate comes to Hyaluronate, the first thing that comes to mind is the skin.
Humidity decreases over time in the human body.

Lack of moisture can also cause wrinkles and other signs of aging, especially on the skin.
At this point, Hyaluronate has an important place in terms of giving the skin a vibrant appearance due to Hyaluronate water retention feature and ensuring the healing of wounds and skin blemishes.

Muscle and Joint:
Muscles and joints need intra-articular fluid to maintain their structural health.
Hyaluronate retains water and helps muscles and joints move smoothly and protects cartilage.

Eyelash:
Eye fluid naturally contains Hyaluronate.
Hyaluronate supports the natural health of the eye.

Hyaluronate is effective in protection.
At the same time, drops containing Hyaluronate may be recommended to treat dry eyes caused by lens use and some eye operations.

Although Hyaluronate has many benefits, a specialist should be consulted, especially in case of disease or damage.
A specialist doctor can recommend the form and treatment of Hyaluronate that is most suitable for the person.

Other Benefits:
anti-aging
moisturizing
wound healing
anti-wrinkle
increases skin elasticity
can treat eczema
can treat facial redness

Physiological Function of Hyaluronate:
Until the late 1970s, Hyaluronate was described as a "goo" molecule, a ubiquitous carbohydrate polymer that is part of the extracellular matrix.
For example, Hyaluronate is a major component of the synovial fluid and was found to increase the viscosity of the fluid.
Along with lubricin, Hyaluronate is one of the fluid's main lubricating components.

Hyaluronate is an important component of articular cartilage, where Hyaluronate is present as a coat around each cell (chondrocyte).
When aggrecan monomers bind to Hyaluronate in the presence of HAPLN1 (Hyaluronate and proteoglycan link protein 1), large, highly negatively charged aggregates form.

These aggregates imbibe water and are responsible for the resilience of cartilage (Hyaluronate resistance to compression).
The molecular weight (size) of Hyaluronate in cartilage decreases with age, but the amount increases.

A lubricating role of Hyaluronate in muscular connective tissues to enhance the sliding between adjacent tissue layers has been suggested.
A particular type of fibroblasts, embedded in dense fascial tissues, has been proposed as being cells specialized for the biosynthesis of the Hyaluronate-rich matrix.
Their related activity could be involved in regulating the sliding ability between adjacent muscular connective tissues.

Hyaluronate is also a major component of skin, where Hyaluronate is involved in repairing tissue.
When skin is exposed to excessive UVB rays, Hyaluronate becomes inflamed (sunburn), and the cells in the dermis stop producing as much Hyaluronate and increase the rate of Hyaluronate degradation.
Hyaluronate degradation products then accumulate in the skin after UV exposure.

While Hyaluronate is abundant in extracellular matrices, Hyaluronate also contributes to tissue hydrodynamics, movement, and proliferation of cells and participates in a number of cell surface receptor interactions, notably those including Hyaluronate primary receptors, CD44 and RHAMM.
Upregulation of CD44 itself is widely accepted as a marker of cell activation in lymphocytes.

Hyaluronate's contribution to tumor growth may be due to Hyaluronate interaction with CD44.
Receptor CD44 participates in cell adhesion interactions required by tumor cells.

Although Hyaluronate binds to receptor CD44, there is evidence Hyaluronate degradation products transduce their inflammatory signal through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, or both TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages and dendritic cells.
TLR and Hyaluronate play a role in innate immunity.

There are limitations including the in vivo loss of Hyaluronate limiting the duration of effect.

Over the past 2 decades there was considerable evidence presented that unraveled the functional role of Hyaluronate in molecular mechanisms and indicated the potential role of Hyaluronate for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for many diseases.

Functions of Hyaluronate include the following: hydration, lubrication of joints, a space filling capacity, and the framework through which cells migrate.
The synthesis of Hyaluronate increases during tissue injury and wound healing and Hyaluronate regulates several aspects of tissue repair, including activation of inflammatory cells to enhance immune response and the response to injury of fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

Hyaluronate also provides the framework for blood vessel formation and fibroblast migration that may be involved in tumor progression.
The correlation of Hyaluronate levels on the cell surface of cancer cells with the aggressiveness of tumors has also been reported.

The size of Hyaluronate appears to be of critical importance for Hyaluronate various functions described above.
Hyaluronate of high molecular size, usually in excess of 1,000 kDa, is present in intact tissues and is antiangiogenic and immunosuppressive, whereas smaller polymers of Hyaluronate are distress signals and potent inducers of inflammation and angiogenesis.

Wound repair:
As a major component of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronate has a key role in tissue regeneration, inflammation response, and angiogenesis, which are phases of wound repair.
As of 2023, however, reviews of Hyaluronate effect on healing for chronic wounds including burns, diabetic foot ulcers or surgical skin repairs show either insufficient evidence or only limited positive clinical research evidence.

There is also some limited evidence to suggest that Hyaluronate may be beneficial for ulcer healing and may help to a small degree with pain control.
Hyaluronate combines with water and swells to form a gel, making Hyaluronate useful in skin treatments as a dermal filler for facial wrinkles; Hyaluronate effect lasts for about 6 to 12 months, and treatment has regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.

Granulation:
Granulation tissue is the perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds.
Hyaluronate typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size Hyaluronate heals.

Hyaluronate is abundant in granulation tissue matrix.
A variety of cell functions that are essential for tissue repair may attribute to this Hyaluronate-rich network.

These functions include facilitation of cell migration into the provisional wound matrix, cell proliferation, and organization of the granulation tissue matrix.
Initiation of inflammation is crucial for the formation of granulation tissue; therefore, the pro-inflammatory role of Hyaluronate as discussed above also contributes to this stage of wound healing.

Cell migration:
Cell migration is essential for the formation of granulation tissue.
The early stage of granulation tissue is dominated by a Hyaluronate-rich extracellular matrix, which is regarded as a conducive environment for the migration of cells into this temporary wound matrix.

Hyaluronate provides an open hydrated matrix that facilitates cell migration, whereas, in the latter scenario, directed migration and control of related cell mechanisms are mediated via the specific cell interaction between Hyaluronate and cell surface Hyaluronate receptors.
Hyaluronate forms links with several protein kinases associated with cell locomotion, for example, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and other non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

During fetal development, the migration path through which neural crest cells migrate is rich in Hyaluronate.
Hyaluronate is closely associated with the cell migration process in granulation tissue matrix, and studies show that cell movement can be inhibited, at least partially, by Hyaluronate degradation or blocking Hyaluronate receptor occupancy.

By providing the dynamic force to the cell, Hyaluronate synthesis has also been shown to associate with cell migration.
Basically, Hyaluronate is synthesized at the plasma membrane and released directly into the extracellular environment.
This may contribute to the hydrated microenvironment at sites of synthesis, and is essential for cell migration by facilitating cell detachment.

Skin healing:
Hyaluronate plays an important role in the normal epidermis.
Hyaluronate also has crucial functions in the reepithelization process due to several of Hyaluronate properties.
These include being an integral part of the extracellular matrix of basal keratinocytes, which are major constituents of the epidermis; Hyaluronate free-radical scavenging function, and Hyaluronate role in keratinocyte proliferation and migration.

In normal skin, Hyaluronate is found in relatively high concentrations in the basal layer of the epidermis where proliferating keratinocytes are found.
CD44 is collocated with Hyaluronate in the basal layer of epidermis where additionally Hyaluronate has been shown to be preferentially expressed on plasma membrane facing the Hyaluronate-rich matrix pouches.

Maintaining the extracellular space and providing an open, as well as hydrated, structure for the passage of nutrients are the main functions of Hyaluronate in epidermis.
A report found Hyaluronate content increases in the presence of retinoic acid (vitamin A).

The proposed effects of retinoic acid against skin photo-damage and photoaging may be correlated, at least in part, with an increase of skin Hyaluronate content, giving rise to increased tissue hydration.
Hyaluronate has been suggested that the free-radical scavenging property of Hyaluronate contributes to protection against solar radiation, supporting the role of CD44 acting as a Hyaluronate receptor in the epidermis.

Epidermal Hyaluronate also functions as a manipulator in the process of keratinocyte proliferation, which is essential in normal epidermal function, as well as during reepithelization in tissue repair.
In the wound healing process, Hyaluronate is expressed in the wound margin, in the connective tissue matrix, and collocating with CD44 expression in migrating keratinocytes.

Receptors of Hyaluronate:
There is a variety of proteins that bind Hyaluronate, called hyaladherins, which are widely distributed in the ECM, the cell surface, the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Those that attach Hyaluronate to the cell surface constitute Hyaluronate receptors.

The most prominent among these receptors is the transmembrane glycoprotein “cluster of differentiation 44” (CD44) that occurs in many isoforms, which are Hyaluronatess of a single gene with variable exon expression.
CD44 is found on virtually all cells, except red blood cells, and regulates cell adhesion, migration, lymphocyte activation and homing, and cancer metastasis.

The receptor for Hyaluronate-mediated motility (RHAMM) is another major receptor for Hyaluronate, and Hyaluronate is expressed in various isoforms.
RHAMM is a functional receptor in many cell types, including endothelial cells88 and in smooth muscle cells from human pulmonary arteries37 and airways.

The interactions of Hyaluronate with RHAMM control cell growth and migration by a complex network of signal transduction events and interactions with the cytoskeleton.
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which is a potent stimulator of cell motility, elicits the synthesis and expression of RHAMM and Hyaluronate, and thus initiates locomotion.

Structure of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, linked via alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds.
Hyaluronate can be 25,000 disaccharide repeats in length.

Polymers of Hyaluronate can range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.
The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and Hyaluronate purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da; other sources mention average molecular weight of 7 million Da for synovial fluid.
Hyaluronate also contains silicon, ranging 350–1,900 μg/g depending on location in the organism.

Hyaluronate is energetically stable, in part because of the stereochemistry of Hyaluronate component disaccharides.
Bulky groups on each sugar molecule are in sterically favored positions, whereas the smaller hydrogens assume the less-favorable axial positions.

Hyaluronate in aqueous solutions self-associates to form transient clusters in solution.
While Hyaluronate is considered a polyelectrolyte polymer chain, Hyaluronate does not exhibit the polyelectrolyte peak, suggesting the absence of a characteristic length scale between the Hyaluronate molecules and the emergence of a fractal clustering, which is due to the strong solvation of these molecules.

Biological Synthesis:
Hyaluronate is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called Hyaluronic acid synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3.
These enzymes lengthen Hyaluronate by repeatedly adding D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as Hyaluronate is extruded via ABC-transporter through the cell membrane into the extracellular space.
The term fasciacyte was coined to describe fibroblast-like cells that synthesize Hyaluronate.

Hyaluronate synthesis has been shown to be inhibited by 4-methylumbelliferone (hymecromone), a 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivative.
This selective inhibition (without inhibiting other glycosaminoglycans) may prove useful in preventing metastasis of malignant tumor cells.
There is feedback inhibition of Hyaluronate synthesis by low-molecular-weight Hyaluronate (500 kDa), when tested in cultured human synovial fibroblasts.

Bacillus subtilis recently has been genetically modified to culture a proprietary formula to yield Hyaluronates, in a patented process producing human-grade product.

Fasciacyte:
A fasciacyte is a type of biological cell that produces Hyaluronate-rich extracellular matrix and modulates the gliding of muscle fasciae.

Fasciacytes are fibroblast-like cells found in fasciae.
They are round-shaped with rounder nuclei and have less elongated cellular processes when compared with fibroblasts.
Fasciacytes are clustered along the upper and lower surfaces of a fascial layer.

Fasciacytes produce Hyaluronate, which regulates fascial gliding.

Biosynthetic Mechanism of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG), an anionic, gel-like, polymer, found in the extracellular matrix of epithelial and connective tissues of vertebrates.
Hyaluronate is part of a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic polysaccharides.
The carboxylate groups present in the molecule make Hyaluronate negatively charged, therefore allowing for successful binding to water, and making Hyaluronate valuable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Hyaluronate consists of repeating β4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-β3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) disaccharides, and is synthesized by Hyaluronate synthases (HAS), a class of integral membrane proteins that produce the well-defined, uniform chain lengths characteristic to Hyaluronate.
There are three existing types of HASs in vertebrates: HAS1, HAS2, HAS3; each of these contribute to elongation of the Hyaluronate polymer.

For an Hyaluronate capsule to be created, this enzyme must be present because Hyaluronate polymerizes UDP-sugar precursors into Hyaluronate.
Hyaluronate precursors are synthesized by first phosphorylating glucose by hexokinase, yielding glucose-6-phosphate, which is the main Hyaluronate precursor.

Then, two routes are taken to synthesize UDP-n-acetylglucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid which both react to form Hyaluronate.
Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted to either fructose-6-phosphate with hasE (phosphoglucoisomerase), or glucose-1-phosphate using pgm (α -phosphoglucomutase), where those both undergo different sets of reactions.

UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronate via hasA (Hyaluronate synthase).

Synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid:
UDP-glucuronic acid is formed from hasC (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) converting glucose-1-P into UDP-glucose, which then reacts with hasB (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) to form UDP-glucuronic acid.

Synthesis of N-acetyl glucosamine:
The path forward from fructose-6-P utilizes glmS (amidotransferase) to form glucosamine-6-P.
Then, glmM (Mutase) reacts with Hyaluronate to form glucosamine-1-P.
hasD (acetyltransferase) converts this into n-acetylglucosamine-1-P, and finally, hasD (pyrophosphorylase) converts Hyaluronate into UDP-n-acetylglucosamine.

Final step: Two disaccharides form Hyaluronate:
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronate via hasA (Hyaluronate synthase), completing the synthesis.

Chemistry and Physicochemical Properties of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a non-sulphated GAG and is composed of repeating polymeric disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine linked by a glucuronidic β (1→3) bond.
In aqueous solutions Hyaluronate forms specific stable tertiary structures.

Despite the simplicity in Hyaluronate composition, without variations in Hyaluronate sugar composition or without branching points, Hyaluronate has a variety of physicochemical properties.
Hyaluronate polymers occur in a vast number of configurations and shapes, depending on their size, salt concentration, pH, and associated cations.

Unlike other GAG, Hyaluronate is not covalently attached to a protein core, but Hyaluronate may form aggregates with proteoglycans.
Hyaluronate encompasses a large volume of water giving solutions high viscosity, even at low concentrations.

Degradation of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate can be degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidases.
In humans, there are at least seven types of hyaluronidase-like enzymes, several of which are tumor suppressors.

The degradation products of Hyaluronate, the oligosaccharides and very low-molecular-weight Hyaluronate, exhibit pro-angiogenic properties.
In addition, recent studies showed Hyaluronate fragments, not the native high-molecular weight molecule, can induce inflammatory responses in macrophages and dendritic cells in tissue injury and in skin transplant.

Hyaluronate can also be degraded via non-enzymatic reactions.
These include acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, ultrasonic disintegration, thermal decomposition, and degradation by oxidants.

Tissue and cell distribution of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is widely distributed, from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells.
In humans, Hyaluronate is most abundant in the skin accounting for 50% of the total body Hyaluronate the vitreous of the eye the umbilical cord and synovial fluid but Hyaluronate is also present in all tissues and fluids of the body, such as skeletal tissues heart valves the lung the aorta the prostate tunica albuginea, corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis.
Hyaluronate is produced primarily by mesenchymal cells but also by other cell types.

Etymology of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is derived from hyalos (Greek for vitreous, meaning ‘glass-like’) and uronic acid because Hyaluronate was first isolated from the vitreous humour and possesses a high uronic acid content.
The term hyaluronate refers to the conjugate base of Hyaluronan.
Since the molecule typically exists in vivo in Hyaluronic acid polyanionic form, Hyaluronate is most commonly referred to as Hyaluronate.

History of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate was first obtained by Karl Meyer and John Palmer in 1934 from the vitreous body in a cow's eye.
The first Hyaluronate biomedical product, Healon, was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Pharmacia, and approved for use in eye surgery (i.e., corneal transplantation, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and surgery to repair retinal detachment).
Other biomedical companies also produce brands of Hyaluronate for ophthalmic surgery.

Native Hyaluronate has a relatively short half-life (shown in rabbits) so various manufacturing techniques have been deployed to extend the length of the chain and stabilise the molecule for Hyaluronate use in medical applications.
The introduction of protein-based cross-links, the introduction of free-radical scavenging molecules such as sorbitol, and minimal stabilisation of the Hyaluronate chains through chemical agents such as NASHA (non-animal stabilised Hyaluronate) are all techniques that have been used to preserve Hyaluronate shelf life.

In the late 1970s, intraocular lens implantation was often followed by severe corneal edema, due to endothelial cell damage during the surgery.
Hyaluronate was evident that a viscous, clear, physiologic lubricant to prevent such scraping of the endothelial cells was needed.

The name "Hyaluronate" is also used for a salt.

Research of Hyaluronate:
Due to Hyaluronate high biocompatibility and Hyaluronate common presence in the extracellular matrix of tissues, Hyaluronate is used as a biomaterial scaffold in tissue engineering research.
In particular, research groups have found Hyaluronate's properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine may be improved with cross-linking, producing a hydrogel.

Crosslinking may allow a desired shape, as well as to deliver therapeutic molecules into a host.
Hyaluronate can be crosslinked by attaching thiols (see thiomers)(trade names: Extracel, HyStem), hexadecylamides (trade name: Hymovis), and tyramines (trade name: Corgel).
Hyaluronate can also be crosslinked directly with formaldehyde (trade name: Hylan-A) or with divinylsulfone (trade name: Hylan-B).

Due to Hyaluronate ability to regulate angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cells to proliferate in vitro, Hyaluronate can be used to create hydrogels to study vascular morphogenesis.

Identifiers of Hyaluronate:
CAS Number:
9004-61-9
31799-91-4 (potassium salt)
9067-32-7 (sodium salt)
ChEBI: CHEBI:16336
ECHA InfoCard: 100.029.695
EC Number: 232-678-0
UNII: S270N0TRQY
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID90925319 DTXSID7046750, DTXSID90925319

EC / List no.: 232-678-0
CAS no.: 9004-61-9

CAS No.: 9004-61-9
Chemical Name: Hyaluronan
CBNumber: CB1176690
Molecular Formula: C14H22NNaO11
Molecular Weight: 403.31
MDL Number: MFCD00131348

Properties of Hyaluronate:
Chemical formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Solubility in water: Soluble (sodium salt)

storage temp.: −20°C
solubility: H2O: 5 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: Lyophilized Powder
color: White
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
InChIKey: MAKUBRYLFHZREJ-IUPJJCKZNA-M
SMILES: [C@@H]1(O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@H]([C@H](O)O[C@@H]2C(=O)[O-])O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C[C@H]1NC(=O)C.[Na+] |&1:0,2,3,5,6,9,15,18,21,r|
LogP: -6.623 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 9004-61-9
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: HYALURONIC ACID (NON-ANIMAL STABILIZED) (B7SG5YV2SI)
HYALURONIC ACID (S270N0TRQY)
NCI Drug Dictionary: hyaluronic acid
ATC code: D03AX05,M09AX01,R01AX09,S01KA01,S01KA51
EPA Substance Registry System: Hyaluronic acid (9004-61-9)

Molecular Weight: 425.38 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 12
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 425.15332530 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 425.15332530 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 194Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 29
Complexity: 576
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 10
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related compound of Hyaluronate:
D-Glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (monomers)

Names of Hyaluronate:

Regulatory process names:
Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid

IUPAC names:
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
(2Z,4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-2-[amino(hydroxy)methylidene]-4,
[-4)GlcA(β1-3)GlcNAc(β1-]n
Hyaluronic acid
(1→4)-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-gluco)-(1→3)-D-glucuronoglycan

Systematic IUPAC name:
Poly{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4-diyl]oxy[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxane-2,5-diyl]oxy}

Other identifier:
9004-61-9

Synonyms of Hyaluronate:
HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM
acid hyaluronic
Hyaluronic acid powder
aluronic acid、HA
Hyaluronate Acid
HYALURONIC ACID (SODIUM HYALURONATE)
Hyaluronic acid, bovine vitreous humor
Mucoitin
Sepracoat
hyaluronicaci
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 3,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 10,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 25,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 50,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 100,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 350,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 1,000,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 1,500,000
BP-29024
BP-29025
BP-29026
BP-29027
BP-29028
BP-29029
BP-29030
BP-29031
Hyaluronic acid
57282-61-8 [RN]
Hyaluronate Tetrasaccharide
NAG-(3-1)GCU-(4-1)NAG-(3-1)GCU

HYDRATED SILICA, N° CAS : 10279-57-9 / 1343-98-2 / 7631-86-9 / 112926-00-8 / 63231-67-4 - Acide silicique, Origine(s) : Minérale. Nom INCI : HYDRATED SILICA. N° EINECS/ELINCS : - / 215-683-2 / 231-545-4 / - / -. La silice hydratée ou acide silicique est principalement utilisée dans les dentifrices en tant qu'agent abrasif doux. Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent Abrasif : Enlève les matières présentes en surface du corps, aide à nettoyer les dents et améliore la brillance. Agent Absorbant : Absorbe l'eau (ou l'huile) sous forme dissoute ou en fines particules Anti Agglomérant : Permet d'assurer la fluidité des particules solides et de limiter leur agglomération dans des produits cosmétiques en poudre ou en masse dure Agent de foisonnement : Réduit la densité apparente des cosmétiques Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

Hyaluronic acid is a substance produced by our bodies to hydrate skin.
Hyaluronic Acid is a humectant — a substance that retains moisture — and it is capable of binding over one thousand times its weight in water.
Hyaluronic acid (/ˌhaɪ.əljʊəˈrɒnɪk/; abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.


CAS Number: 9004-61-9
31799-91-4 (potassium salt)
9067-32-7 (sodium salt)
EC Number: 232-678-0
Chemical formula: (C14H21NO11)n


Hyaluronic Acid is also created in labs for skin-care products that offer a plethora of benefits, such as strengthening the skin barrier and visibly reducing fine lines and wrinkles.
Hyaluronic acid can also be found in dermal fillers that help smooth, sculpt, and add volume to the face.


Hyaluronic Acid’s best to speak to your doctor and see if the injectable is right for you and your skin goals.
Hyaluronic acid is a natural substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints.
Hyaluronic acid (/ˌhaɪ.əljʊəˈrɒnɪk/; abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.


Hyaluronic Acid is unique among glycosaminoglycans as it is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human synovial HA averages about 7 million Da per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers, while other sources mention 3–4 million Da.
The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of hyaluronan in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.


Hyaluronic acid is also a major component of skin, where it is involved in repairing tissue.
When skin is exposed to excessive UVB rays, Hyaluronic Acid becomes inflamed (sunburn), and the cells in the dermis stop producing as much hyaluronan and increase the rate of its degradation.


Hyaluronan degradation products then accumulate in the skin after UV exposure.
Technically, Hyaluronic Acid’s a group of sugar molecules called polysaccharides, according to a past study.
Over time, your body’s stores of hyaluronic acid decline.


Age is one reason, research shows, but environmental factors — such as smoking and air pollution — also accelerate this process, according to another past study.
The good news is that topical products that feature hyaluronic acid, whether as part of the ingredients list in a moisturizer or as the star of a serum, can help rebuild those depleted stores.


Hyaluronic acid attracts and binds to water molecules and increases the water content of the skin.
Hyaluronic acid is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found hyaluronic acid throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.


Hyaluronic (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid — also known as hyaluronan or hyaluronate — is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found hyaluronic acid throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.
Hyaluronic acid is a substance that occurs naturally in the body.


Hyaluronic Acid's primary function is to trap water inside tissue cells.
Hyaluronic acid also has many medical and commercial uses.


Hyaluronic Acid is available in a variety of forms, including:
*dietary supplements
*face creams
*serums
*eye drops
*injections


Hyaluronic acid may sound intimidating – many of us wouldn't dream of putting acid on our faces – but science shows us it's brilliant in skincare.
Hyaluronic acid is a gel-like substance that has the unique ability to retain moisture.
In fact, our bodies produce it naturally to keep our skin soft and supple.


Hyaluronic acid's also found in our eyes, joints, and connective tissue.
So it works wonderfully as an anti-aging component in face creams and serums, as the hyaluronic acid can hold over 1,000 times it's weight in water.
We produce less and less hyaluronic acid as we age. From around the age of 25, the skin's own production of hyaluronic acid slowly decreases.


That means the skin loses moisture more quickly, and it loses volume.
Fine lines form and finally the first wrinkles appear.
Hyaluronic acid—also known as hyaluronan or hyaluronate—is a molecule that’s found throughout the body.


Hyaluronic Acid is found naturally in the skin, connective tissue, joint fluid, umbilical cord, and inside the eye.
Hyaluronic Acid is a humectant, meaning it binds to water to make a jelly-like liquid that helps lubricate and protect these body parts.
Hyaluronic Acid is also manufactured in a variety of forms, including pills and serums.


Healthcare providers can also administer hyaluronic acid through injections.
Chemists generally make hyaluronic acid by fermenting bacteria, but the substance can also be sourced from the tissue of the fleshy red combs that sit atop rooster heads.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic Acid acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues.
People also commonly take hyaluronic acid by mouth and apply it to the skin for UTIs, acid reflux, dry eyes, wound healing, aging skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.


Different forms of hyaluronic acid are used for cosmetic purposes. Hyaluronic acid might also affect the way the body responds to injury and help to decrease swelling.
Hyaluronic acid has been used to treat dry eye.


Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient in skin care products.
Hyaluronic acid is used as a dermal filler in cosmetic surgery.
Hyaluronic Acid is typically injected using either a classic sharp hypodermic needle or a micro-cannula.


Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can significantly reduce vessel embolisms during injections.
Currently, hyaluronic acid is used as a soft tissue filler due to its bio-compatibility and possible reversibility using hyaluronidase.
Complications include the severing of nerves and microvessels, pain, and bruising.


Some side effects can also appear by way of erythema, itching, and vascular occlusion; vascular occlusion is the most worrisome side effect due to the possibility of skin necrosis, or even blindness in a patient.
In some cases, hyaluronic acid fillers can result in a granulomatous foreign body reaction.


Hyaluronic acid is energetically stable, in part because of the stereochemistry of its component disaccharides.
Bulky groups on each sugar molecule are in sterically favored positions, whereas the smaller hydrogens assume the less-favorable axial positions.
Hyaluronic acid in aqueous solutions self-associates to form transient clusters in solution.


While it is considered a polyelectrolyte polymer chain, hyaluronic acid does not exhibit the polyelectrolyte peak, suggesting the absence of a characteristic length scale between the hyaluronic acid molecules and the emergence of a fractal clustering, which is due to the strong solvation of these molecules.


Some people use hyaluronic acid to promote skin health and fight signs of aging.
Hyaluronic Acid may help wounds heal, too.
Some doctors also use hyaluronic acid to relieve joint pain in people with arthritis.


The skin contains about half of the hyaluronic acid in the body.
Hyaluronic acid binds to water molecules, which helps keep the skin hydrated and supple.
Levels of hyaluronic acid in the skin significantly decrease as people age, which can lead to dehydrated skin and wrinkles.


Taking hyaluronic acid or using cosmetic products that contain it may improve skin hydration and reduce signs of aging.
Hyaluronic Acid is a humectant — a substance that retains moisture — and it is capable of binding over one thousand times its weight in water.
Hyaluronic Acid is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.


Hyaluronic Acid is used in beauty and skincare products is primarily made by bacteria in a lab via a process called biofermentation.
As we age, the production of key substances in the skin, including hyaluronic acid (along with collagen and elastin) decreases.
As a result, our skin loses volume, hydration, and plumpness.


Hyaluronic Acid is used Lotions, potions, and injectable
Hyaluronic Acid has many positive attributes: it is generally well tolerated; it does not frequently cause allergic reactions or irritate sensitive skin; and it is safe to use on the skin during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.


For individuals with dry skin, or for those who crave a more dewy, moisturized feel to their skin during the cooler months, a serum or moisturizer containing Hyaluronic Acid can be a great choice.
But keep in mind that Hyaluronic Acid will provide hydration on a surface level, not deep within the skin.


Hyaluronic acid injection is used to treat knee pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA) in patients who have already been treated with pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen) and other treatments that did not work well.
Hyaluronic acid is similar to a substance that occurs naturally in the joints.


Hyaluronic acid supplements can be safely taken by most people and provide many health benefits.
Hyaluronic acid is well known for its skin benefits, especially alleviating dry skin, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and speeding up wound healing.


Hyaluronic Acid can also help relieve joint pain in people with osteoarthritis.
Other notable applications include hyaluronic acid eye drops to relieve dry eye and inserting hyaluronic acid directly into the bladder via catheter to reduce pain.


Overall, hyaluronic acid is a beneficial supplement for a variety of conditions, especially those related to skin and joint health.
The body naturally produces hyaluronic acid, which helps lubricate our tissues.
Hyaluronic Acidplays a role in skin health, wound healing, bone strength, and many other other bodily systems or functions.


Hyaluronic acid, also known as hyaluronan, is a clear, gooey substance that is naturally produced by your body.
The largest amounts of Hyaluronic Acid are found in your skin, connective tissue, and eyes.
Hyaluronic Acid's main function is to retain water to keep your tissues lubricated and moist.


Hyaluronic acid has a variety of uses.
Many people take it as a supplement, but Hyaluronic Acid’s also used in topical serums, eye drops, and injections.
Hyaluronic Acid works by acting like a lubricant and shock absorber in the joints and helps the joints to work properly.


-Possibly Effective for:
*Dry eye:
Using eye drops containing hyaluronic acid seems to help relieve dry eye symptoms.
*Leg sores caused by weak blood circulation (venous leg ulcer).
Using a gauze containing hyaluronic acid seems to reduce the size of sores and promote healing.


-Medical uses of Hyaluronic acid:
Hyaluronic acid has been FDA-approved to treat osteoarthritis of the knee via intra-articular injection.
A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with a general absence of significant benefits, and that intra-articular injection of Hyaluronic Acid could possibly cause adverse effects.
A 2020 meta-analysis found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight Hyaluronic Acid improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.



WHAT DOES HYALURONIC ACID DO FOR YOU?
Hyaluronic acid is a remarkable substance because of all the benefits and uses it has in your body.
Here are just a few of the benefits of hyaluronic acid:
*Hyaluronic Acid helps things move smoothly.
*Hyaluronic acid helps your joints work like a well-oiled machine.

*Hyaluronic Acid prevents pain and injury from bones grinding against each other.
*Hyaluronic Acid helps keep things hydrated.
*Hyaluronic acid is very good at retaining water.

*A quarter-teaspoon of hyaluronic acid holds about one and a half gallons of water.
*That’s why hyaluronic acid is often used for treating dry eyes.
*Hyaluronic Acid’s also used in moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments and serums.

*Hyaluronic Acid makes your skin flexible.
*Hyaluronic acid helps skin stretch and flex and reduces skin wrinkles and lines.
*Hyaluronic acid is also proven to help wounds heal faster and can reduce scarring.



HOW IS HYALURONIC ACID MADE?
Hyaluronic acid is often produced by fermenting certain types of bacteria.
Rooster combs (the red, Mohawk-like growth on top of a rooster’s head and face) are also a common source.



IS HYALURONIC ACID SAFE?
Yes.
Research shows that hyaluronic acid is safe to use.
Reactions or adverse effects from hyaluronic acid are rare, and it’s safe to use if you’re pregnant or nursing.



SOURCES OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is produced on a large scale by extraction from animal tissues, such as chicken comb, and from Streptococci.



BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called hyaluronan synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3.
These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as Hyaluronic Acid is extruded via ABC-transporter through the cell membrane into the extracellular space.

The term fasciacyte was coined to describe fibroblast-like cells that synthesize HA.
Hyaluronic acid synthesis has been shown to be inhibited by 4-methylumbelliferone (hymecromone), a 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivative.
This selective inhibition (without inhibiting other glycosaminoglycans) may prove useful in preventing metastasis of malignant tumor cells.

There is feedback inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (500 kDa), when tested in cultured human synovial fibroblasts.
Bacillus subtilis recently has been genetically modified to culture a proprietary formula to yield hyaluronans, in a patented process producing human-grade product.



STRUCTURE OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, linked via alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds.
Hyaluronic acid can be 25,000 disaccharide repeats in length. Polymers of hyaluronic acid can range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.

The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and hyaluronic acid purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da; other sources mention average molecular weight of 7 million Da for synovial fluid.
Hyaluronic acid also contains silicon, ranging 350–1,900 μg/g depending on location in the organism.



HISTORY OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid was first obtained by Karl Meyer and John Palmer in 1934 from the vitreous body in a cow's eye.
The first hyaluronan biomedical product, Healon, was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Pharmacia, and approved for use in eye surgery (i.e., corneal transplantation, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and surgery to repair retinal detachment).

Other biomedical companies also produce brands of hyaluronan for ophthalmic surgery.
In the late 1970s, intraocular lens implantation was often followed by severe corneal edema, due to endothelial cell damage during the surgery.
It was evident that a viscous, clear, physiologic lubricant to prevent such scraping of the endothelial cells was needed.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF HYALURONIC ACID?
The key benefit of hyaluronic acid is hydration and that unbelievable ability to retain moisture.
To understand how important moisture is for the skin, you have to first know that dehydrated skin — when the top layer of skin doesn’t have enough water — appears dry, rough, and flaky, Marchbein says.

It’s not just a matter of aesthetics.
Dry skin can be dangerous.
Poorly hydrated skin is unable to maintain an appropriately intact skin barrier, leaving the skin more vulnerable to damage from external and environmental sources.

Skin hydration is important because hydrated skin looks more plump, healthier, and more vibrant.
According to some research, skin aging is associated with loss of skin moisture, and hyaluronic acid is the key ingredient when it comes to combating or reversing these signs.



WHEN SHOULD I TALK TO MY HEALTHCARE PROVIDER ABOUT HYALURONIC ACID?
You may want to talk to your healthcare provider about hyaluronic acid if you’re interested in using it as a supplement.
You may also want to also ask them about treatment options that use hyaluronic acid for the following conditions or purposes:
*Skin health (especially dryness, scarring, stiffness and skin diseases like scleroderma and actinic keratosis).

*Eye health, especially for treating dry eyes.
*Joint health, especially for treating arthritis and soft tissue injuries.
*For wounds that are slow to heal.

*As a treatment option for bladder pain, especially pain caused by interstitial cystitis.
*Respiratory conditions like asthma.
*A note from Cleveland Clinic
Hyaluronic acid has many uses and benefits, from boosting skin, eye and joint health to accelerating wound healing.



WOUND HEALING, HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid not only promotes skin hydration, but it also plays a crucial role in wound healing.
According to a 2016 review article, hyaluronic acid speeds up wound healing by controlling inflammation and redirecting blood vessels to areas of damaged skin.

In a study from the same year, researchers observed that hyaluronic acid helped diabetic foot ulcers heal more quickly compared with standard wound dressing materials.
In a 2019 animal study, researchers applied a biodegradable gel containing hyaluronic acid and poloxamer to skin wounds.

The gel promoted wound healing by preventing bacterial infections and moisturizing the wound.
*Relieving joint pain
*Synovial fluid lubricates and cushions the joints.

*This fluid contains hyaluronic acid.
*Over time, the hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid breaks down, which contributes to joint pain and stiffness, according to the Arthritis
*Foundation: For this reason, some people have used hyaluronic injections to treat osteoarthritis.



A FEW OF THE DIFFERENT WAYS (AVAILABLE OVER-THE-COUNTER) THAT YOU CAN TAKE HYALURONIC ACID INCLUDE:
*By mouth:
Hyaluronic acid comes in dietary supplements and pills.
There’s even a liquid form that you can mix with water and drink.
Taking hyaluronic acid by mouth can have many benefits.
These include reducing arthritis pain, improving skin health and more.

*On your skin:
Hyaluronic acid products come in various forms that you put on your skin.
These include shampoos, lotions, creams, gels, ointments, patches and serums.
You can also buy hyaluronic acid powder and mix it with water to create a hyaluronic acid serum you can apply to your skin.
Hyaluronic acid has beneficial properties when used on your skin.
Hyaluronic Acid’s especially useful for reducing the appearance of wrinkles and age lines.

*Eye drops:
A wide variety of eye drops contains hyaluronic acid.
*For intimate contact:
Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient in gels, creams or personal lubricants for vaginal dryness or pain, especially for women experiencing menopause.



IS HYALURONIC ACID EFFECTIVE?
Researchers have looked at whether hyaluronic acid is effective for a range of uses:
*Anti-aging
The anti-aging effects of hyaluronic acid products may vary from person to person, depending on other factors that influence the skin, such as:
**genetics
**nutrition
**smoking and alcohol consumption
**pollution
**sun exposure

In a 2017 study, researchers examined the anti-aging effects of hyaluronic acid supplements in 60 Japanese adults.
The researchers randomly assigned the study participants to either a treatment or a placebo group.
The participants who ingested the hyaluronic acid supplements experienced a decrease in wrinkles and an improvement in skin condition compared with those in the placebo group.

Another small study found that hyaluronic acid may improve skin elasticity and reduce skin roughness in as little as 2–8 weeks.
In a 2016 German study, researchers compared the anti-aging effects of four different face creams containing hyaluronic acid.
The researchers observed increased skin tightness and a 10–20% reduction in wrinkle depth in all 20 participants.
Many cosmetic brands claim that their hyaluronic acid products can reverse signs of aging.



WHAT IS THE HYALURONIC ACID USED FOR CREAMS AND SERUMS MADE OF?
Hyaluronic acid in creams or serums is produced in a laboratory using a biotechnological process, so it’s entirely vegan.
It can be produced in different forms, so it’s precisely tailored to the skin’s needs.
Skincare with hyaluronic acid can compensate for the lack of moisture in your skin, which naturally decreases with age.



HYALURONIC ACID OCCURS NATURALLY IN THE BODY:
Hyaluronic acid is not only an important part of our skin, but also of our synovial fluid – a main component of our joint fluid.
If there are problems with the joints in old age, hyaluronic acid can be used to help.
For example, the active ingredient is used in modern medicine to treat types of osteoarthritis.
Of course, you should discuss this with your doctor for tailored advice.



WHAT FORMS OF HYALURONE ARE THERE AND HOW DO THEY WORK?
In skin care, we speak of hyaluron, hyaluronic acid and hyaluronan. Wondering if there's a difference?
The answer is very simple: no.
All three describe the same thing.

However, hyaluronic acid comes in different molecular sizes.
That’s important to know as your skin will absorb them differently.
Because of this, a general distinction is made between short- and long-chain forms:

• Long-chain or high-molecular hyaluronic acid consists of a long chain of molecules and therefore has a high molecular weight.
Effect: long-chain hyaluronic acid lies on the skin and does not penetrate the skin.
It forms a fine film that has a beneficial and anti-inflammatory effect - it also makes your skin appear more elastic.
However, if you clean your face, the film washes off with it - that's why long-chain hyaluronic acid has no real long-term effect.
• Short-chain or low-molecular hyaluronic acid consists of a short chain of molecules and therefore has a low molecular mass.

Effect: Short-chain hyaluronic acid penetrates deep into the skin and helps to store moisture in the connective tissue of the skin.
This not only makes the skin plumper and firmer, but also visibly reduces wrinkles.
Short chain hyaluronic acid thus has a lasting effect on your skin.



HOW TO USE HYALURONIC ACID AND WHICH FORMS WORK BEST:
Hyaluronic acid works best when different sizes of the molecule are applied to the skin.
This is how you use the positive effects of both variants.
The rule of thumb is the smaller the hyaluronic acid chains, the deeper hyaluronic acid can penetrate the skin.

For a lasting effect against wrinkles, your care should therefore contain a higher proportion of short-chain compounds – only then can the anti-aging active ingredient really penetrate the skin.
You’ll find many ways to use hyaluronic acid for skin – from serums to creams.



HOW TO APPLY HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is featured in many different skincare products.
To make the most of the various hyaluronic acid skin benefits, apply as per the product’s individual instructions.



SKINCARE PRODUCTS FEATURING HYALURONIC ACID:
Due to its plentiful benefits and increasing popularity, there has never been an easier or better time to add hyaluronic acid to your skincare routine.
Hyaluronic acid can be found as a key ingredient in many products, the most popular being day creams, night creams, face masks, serums, eye creams and cleansers.

As it is a natural substance that our body has the capability to produce, you can use hyaluronic acid more than once in your 24hr skincare routine.
This will help to keep your skin hydrated, whilst also helping to combat signs of ageing.

To get the most out of your hyaluronic acid skincare routine, we recommend applying it in both the morning and evening to freshly cleansed skin.
Interested in adding hyaluronic acid to your skincare routine?

• Make-up: foundation, powder, concealer or BB cream – these products also ensure a fresh and firm complexion with a little hyaluronic acid.
• Hair care: Shampoos, conditioners and sprays with hyaluronic acid give more volume and ensure smooth and silky hair.

Even the best hyaluronic acid serum will not be effective in keeping your skin healthy, radiant and wrinkle free if you're not using it in tandem with a good daily skincare routine, especially as you age.



FIGHTING WRINKLES WITH HYALURONIC ACID:
As mentioned, when we age, our skin gets a little drier and loses its elasticity.
Hyaluronic Acid is excellent at combatting this.
Hyaluronic Acid features a powerful innovative formula that boosts collagen and redefine facial contours.
Hyaluronic Acid intensively hydrate and smooth the skin’s surface whilst penetrating to deeper layers, for a long-lasting, wrinkle reducing and “plumping effect”.

Even the best hyaluronic acid serum will not be effective in keeping your skin healthy, radiant and wrinkle free if you're not using it in tandem with a good daily skincare routine, especially as you age.
You will certainly not only have encountered hyaluronic acid in skin care.



USING HYALRONIC ACID UNDER YOUR EYES TO FIGHT DARK CIRLCES:
Skin-plumping collagen and hydrating hyaluronic acid are key to diminishing dark circles under eyes.
Thinning skin and dull, dehydrated under eye skin are common companions of dark circles under eyes – and hyaluronic acid will help combat them



HYALURONIC ACID CONTRAINDICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS:
Hyaluronic acid is safe for all skin types.
There are no hyaluronic acid contraindications when used in skincare, that is, applied topically.



USING HYALURONIC ACID AND VITAMIN C TOGETHER:
Do you want firm and healthy skin?
We recommend combining hyaluronic acid with other anti-aging nutrients.
Hyaluronic Acid all depends on the active ingredients that strengthen your natural skin barrier and the structure of your skin.
Moisturisers like hyaluronic acid work well with antioxidants like vitamin C or vitamin A, and can be used together and are some of the best in anti-aging skin care ingredients.



HERE ARE 7 SCIENTIFICALLY BACKED BENEFITS OF TAKING HYALURONIC ACID:
1. Hyaluronic Acid promotes healthier, more supple skin.
Hyaluronic acid supplements can help your skin look and feel more supple.
Hyaluronic acid is a compound found naturally in the skin, where it binds to water to help retain moisture.

However, the natural aging process and exposure to things like ultraviolet radiation from the sun, tobacco smoke, and pollution can decrease its amounts in the skin.
Taking hyaluronic acid supplements may prevent this decline by giving your body extra amounts to incorporate into the skin.

According to one 2014 study, doses of 120–240 milligrams (mg) per day for at least 1 month have been shown to significantly increase skin moisture and reduce dry skin in adults.
Hydrated skin also reduces the appearance of wrinkles, which may explain why several studies show that supplementing with it can make skin appear smoother.

When applied to the surface of the skin, hyaluronic acid serums can reduce wrinkles, redness, and dermatitis.
Some dermatologists even inject hyaluronic acid fillers to keep skin looking firm and youthful


2. Hyaluronic Acid can speed wound healing.
Hyaluronic acid also plays a key role in wound healing.
Hyaluronic Acid’s naturally present in the skin, but its concentrations increase when there is damage in need of repair.
Hyaluronic acid helps wounds heal faster by regulating inflammation levels and signaling the body to build more blood vessels in the damaged area.

In some older studies, applying it to skin wounds has been shown to reduce the size of wounds and decrease pain faster than a placebo or no treatment at all.
Hyaluronic acid also has antibacterial properties, so it may help reduce the risk of infection when applied directly to open wounds.

What’s more, Hyaluronic Acid’s effective at reducing gum disease, speeding up healing after tooth surgery, and eliminating ulcers when used topically in the mouth.

While the research on hyaluronic acid serums and gels is promising, there has been no research to determine whether hyaluronic acid supplements can provide the same benefits.
However, since oral supplements boost the levels of hyaluronic acid found in the skin, it’s reasonable to suspect they may provide some benefit.


3. Relieve joint pain by keeping bones lubricated.
Hyaluronic acid is also found in the joints, where it keeps the space between your bones lubricated.
When the joints are lubricated, the bones are less likely to grind against each other and cause uncomfortable pain.

Hyaluronic acid supplements are very helpful for people with osteoarthritis, a type of degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear on the joints over time.
Taking 80–200 mg daily for at least 2 months has been shown to significantly reduce knee pain in people with osteoarthritis, especially those between the ages of 40 and 70 years old.

Hyaluronic acid can also be injected directly into the joints for pain relief.
However, an analysis of over 21,000 adults found only a small reduction in pain and a greater risk of adverse effects.
Some research shows that pairing oral hyaluronic acid supplements with injections can help extend pain-relieving benefits and increase the amount of time between shots


4. Soothe acid reflux symptoms
New research shows hyaluronic acid supplements may help reduce symptoms of acid reflux.
When acid reflux occurs, the contents of the stomach are regurgitated up into the throat, causing pain and damage to the lining of the esophagus.
Hyaluronic acid may help soothe the damaged lining of the esophagus and speed up the recovery process.

One 2012 test-tube study found that applying a mixture of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate to acid-damaged throat tissue helped it heal much faster than when no treatment was used.
Human studies have also shown benefits.
One study found that taking a hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate supplement along with an acid-reducing medication decreased reflux symptoms 60% more than taking acid-reducing medication alone.

Another older study showed that the same type of supplement was five times more effective at reducing acid reflux symptoms than a placebo.
Research in this area is still relatively new, and more studies are needed to replicate these results.
Nevertheless, these outcomes are promising.


5. Relieve dry eye and discomfort:
Approximately 11% older adults experience symptoms of dry eye due to reduced tear production or tears evaporating too quickly.
Since hyaluronic acid is excellent at retaining moisture, it’s often used to treat dry eye.
Eye drops containing 0.2–0.4% hyaluronic acid have been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve eye health.

Contact lenses that contain slow-release hyaluronic acid are also being developed as a possible treatment for dry eye.
In addition, hyaluronic acid eye drops are frequently used during eye surgery to reduce inflammation and speed wound healing.
While applying them directly to the eyes has been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve overall eye health, it is unclear whether oral supplements have the same effects.

One small study in 24 people found that combining topical and oral hyaluronic acid was more effective at improving symptoms of dry eye than topical hyaluronic acid alone.
However, more large, high-quality studies are needed to understand the effects of oral hyaluronic acid supplements on eye health.


6. Preserve bone strength:
New animal research has begun to investigate the effects of hyaluronic acid supplements on bone health.
Two older studies have found that hyaluronic acid supplements can help slow the rate of bone loss in rats with osteopenia, the beginning stage of bone loss that precedes osteoporosis.

Some older test-tube studies have also shown that high doses of hyaluronic acid can increase the activity of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for building new bone tissue.
While more high quality, recent research in humans is needed, early animal and test-tube studies are promising.


7. Could prevent bladder pain:
Approximately 3–6% of females suffer from a condition called interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome.
This disorder causes abdominal pain and tenderness, along with a strong and frequent urge to urinate.
While the causes of interstitial cystitis are unknown, hyaluronic acid has been found to help relieve the pain and urinary frequency associated with this condition when inserted directly into the bladder through a catheter.

It’s unclear why hyaluronic acid helps relieve these symptoms, but researchers hypothesize that it helps repair damage to bladder tissue, making it less sensitive to pain.
Studies have not yet determined whether oral hyaluronic acid supplements can increase amounts of it in the bladder enough to have the same effects.



SURPRISING BENEFITS OF HYALURONIC ACID:
*Supports skin health
*Promotes wound healing
*Decreases joint pain
*Reduces acid reflux
*Relieves dry eye
*Preserves bone strength
*Prevents bladder pain
*Potential side effects



HYALURONIC ACID IS ALSO AVAILABLE BY PRESCRIPTION IN THE FOLLOWING FORMS:
*By injection:
Hyaluronic acid injections into your joints can relieve pain caused by arthritis.
Hyaluronic Acid’s also commonly used with medications given in an IV.
Healthcare providers may prescribe Hyaluronic Acid off-label to treat bladder pain (such as pain caused by interstitial cystitis).

*Under your skin:
Fillers containing hyaluronic acid and collagen (a natural protein also found in your body) are approved for injection under your skin.
These fillers help restore natural shape and appearance, such as for treating acne scars or adding volume to lips.

*In your nose:
Some medications use hyaluronic acid because it helps your body absorb them, especially when taken through your nose.

*By inhaler/nebulizer:
Hyaluronic acid can treat respiratory (breathing) problems such as asthma or infections.
Remember, only trained and qualified medical professionals should give injections.
While experts say hyaluronic acid is safe, improper use — especially when injecting it — can lead to severe complications or even death.



HOW DOES HYALURONIC ACID WORK?
Hyaluronic acid belongs to a type of long, complicated chain-like molecules called polymers.
The chain has plenty of spots on it where other chemical compounds (like water, for example) can latch on.

That’s why a quarter-teaspoon of hyaluronic acid can hold about one and a half gallons of water, making it the best polymer — natural or artificial — for absorbing water (and a key ingredient in moisturizing products).
Because it has lots of space for other molecules to latch on, hyaluronic acid is great for transporting other molecules throughout your body.

It also has the ability to attach itself to cells, which is why targeted delivery of medications using hyaluronic acid is a major topic of study.
Hyaluronic acid’s chain-like structure also means it can act like a scaffold structure, allowing tissues to grow.
This is a key step in how wounds heal on your body.
Scientists have also found hyaluronic acid in human embryos and are studying what role hyaluronic acid plays in reproduction and development.



DOES HYALURONIC ACID WORK?
Yes, depending on how it’s used.
Hyaluronic Acid’s a versatile molecule and scientists are still finding new and beneficial ways to use it.
Right now, Hyaluronic Acid’s most often used for skin, joint and eye health.
Hyaluronic Acid’s also the topic of hundreds of scientific studies and trials around the world.



WHAT DOES HYALURONIC ACID DO FOR SKIN?
Long-term use of hyaluronic acid serum on your skin or in a supplement taken by mouth can improve overall skin health.
Hyaluronic Acid’s also great for helping improve overall skin flexibility and elasticity (meaning it makes your skin more stretchy and soft).



IS HYALURONIC ACID GOOD FOR ACNE?
Hyaluronic acid is widely used as an ingredient in fillers that repair or conceal scars left behind by acne.
There has been some limited research into combinations of hyaluronic acid and other medications to treat acne, but so far, there isn’t much evidence that these are effective.



IS HYALURONIC ACID SAFE?
Yes, depending on how it’s used.
Over-the-counter hyaluronic acid serums and products applied on your skin (creams, lotions, etc.) or in eye care products are considered safe.
Hyaluronic acid supplements taken by mouth are also considered safe (but you should still tell your healthcare provider about them, as you would for any other medication, vitamin or supplement).



10 BENEFITS OF HYALURONIC ACID
FIRST OF ALL, WHAT IS HYALURONIC ACID?
Hyaluronic Acid, commonly abbreviated as “HA”, is a naturally occurring molecule found throughout almost every fluid and tissue in our bodies, primarily in the skin, eyes, and joints.
In fact, approximately 50% of the total HA resides in the skin.
Hyaluronic Acid is crucial to the moisture and elasticity of our skin.
Unfortunately, as we age, the concentration and molecular weight of HA substantially decreases.
Because of this, hyaluronic acid has been widely researched and formulated as a powerful active ingredient in serums, moisturizers, and other cosmetic products.


1. HYDRATION:
Hydration = Hyaluronic Acid.
Think of hyaluronic acid like a BIG drink of water for your skin. It is able to hold up to 1,000 times its molecular weight in water.
Hyaluronic acid penetrates the skin and binds water to skin cells, infusing all layers of the skin with valuable, rejuvenating moisture.

Pure Hyaluronic Acid Serum can be layered with other product.
Hyaluronic Acid also does not need a bunch of other ingredients and fillers to be effective.
In fact, hyaluronic acid is the perfect example of how limited ingredient skincare can deliver real results.
Hydration is different than moisture for the skin.


2. HUMECTANT:
Humectants are used A LOT in skincare.
Think of a humectant like a sponge; it will continue to draw in and hold onto moisture after it is collected.

They allow hydrogen bonding and attract water.
Examples of humectants in skincare products include ingredients like glycerin, sorbitol (sugar alcohol), hexylene and butylene glycol, and of course, hyaluronic acid.

After infusing the epidermis (top layer of the skin) with valuable moisture, hyaluronic acid acts as a humectant and continues to draw moisture in from the surrounding environment.
This will provide lasting hydration for the skin.


3. LIPID BARRIER ENHANCEMENT:
Our skin’s main function is to protect our body.
Obviously, our skin protects our internal organs, muscles, bones, etc. from the outside world.
But, our skin also protects the body from harmful toxins that bombard us on a daily basis.

The top layer of the skin (the epidermis) takes the brunt of outside damage (toxins).
As we age, the lipid barrier (fatty acids that trap in water and prevent irritants entering the skin) in the epidermis slows down.
Everything from UV rays, to environmental pollution, to lifestyle choices (like smoking) cause damage.

This damage results in more fine lines and wrinkles, dark spots, and drier skin.
Hyaluronic Acid fortifies the skin’s natural barriers to help lock moisture in for an even more dramatic hydrating effect.
Over time, this can help slow down the the deterioration of the lipid barrier and help protect and fortify it.


4. INCREASED RESILIENCE:
When the lipid barrier is further enhanced and protected by hyaluronic acid, the skin is better able to defend itself against environmental age-factors and pollutants.
When Hyaluronic Acid’s not fighting these toxins, the skin remains less wrinkled, brighter, and bouncier longer.

A good tip to remember: preservatives used in a lot of products can break down your barrier by killing off the good bacteria that also defend the surface of your skin against toxins.
The result is a loss of moisture, as well as potential irritation and even infection.

Look for products with limited ingredients and not a lot of preservatives.
A lot of people with oily or acneic skin want to apply harsher chemicals to “strip” the skin of oil.
It’s important to know that most acne-prone skin doesn’t have a strong lipid barrier, which encourages inflammation and irritation.
Hyaluronic Acid adds hydration, helps protect the lipid barrier, and is recommended for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.


5. TIGHTER SKIN TONE:
No one wants saggy skin.
Ever.
As we age, the elastin in the skin breaks down, and skin loses its snap, or bounceback.

A quick trick to check your elastin (the bounceback) is to pinch the skin on the top of your hand.
If it snaps back quickly, you still have a lot of elastin.
As you age, the skin won’t bounce back as quickly.
Next time you visit your mother or grandmother, try the test on them (but don’t tell them why… there’s seriously no need, it can’t be fixed).

Hyaluronic Acid is NOT going to replace your elastin but, it can help with the appearance of tightness in the skin.
As it fills the skin with moisture, hyaluronic acid tightens the overall complexion.
Hyaluronic Acid helps firm facial contours for a more youthful appearance.
And that is something you can share with mom and grandma.


6. SMOOTHER TEXTURE:
Much in the same way it makes the appearance of the skin look tighter, hyaluronic acid also smoothes the texture of the skin.
This results in a silky smooth finish you can see and feel.
If skin is visibly scarred from acne, the hyaluronic acid will not fill in those scars.
But, combined with a tool like a dermaroller, over time, hyaluronic acid plus a dermaroller can make skin look smoother.


7. LESS VISIBLE FINE LINES AND WRINKLES:
It’s never too early to start protecting and nourishing the skin. Hyaluronic acid is truly an ingredient that gives benefits to twenty and eighty year old skin.
Hyaluronic Acid helps reduce the visibility of fine lines and wrinkles retaining moisture to the skin, creating a plumping effect.

When the skin is protected and hydrated, increased skin cell production can take place, as the skin isn’t busy fighting for hydration.
This leads to smoother, plumper skin cells.
The skin around the eye area is one of the first to show fine lines and wrinkles.
Using an eye cream twice daily will help keep skin supple and hydrated, and prevent new lines from forming.


8. STIMULATES SKIN CELL REGENERATION:
While it won’t speed up the cell renewal process, hyaluronic acid does help promote skin cell regeneration by offering extra hydration and barrier protection to the skin.
This naturally leads to healthier cells and a more vibrant complexion.


9. PIGMENTATION:
Just like in point #8, when there is increased cell turnover, hyaluronic acid also helps reduce and prevent age spots and pigmentation issues.
But, it cannot do it on it’s own.
When looking to treat dark spots, a vitamin c serum and vitamin c booster product should be paired with hyaluronic acid.


10. CLARITY:
When oily skin is stripped of hydration (water) it overcompensates to hydrate the skin by producing oil.
A big misconception is that oily and acne prone skins don’t need hydration, but in fact, they do.
By promoting proper moisture balance in the skin, hyaluronic acid prevents the over-production of oil that clogs pores and causes breakouts.



MANY SKINCARE PRODUCTS CONTAINING HYALURONIC ACID CLAIM TO INCREASE HYDRATION WITHIN THE SKIN
But is this true?
The answer requires a closer look at the type of Hyaluronic Acid in the product.
Hyaluronic Acid comes in different molecular sizes.

Larger Hyaluronic Acid molecules, despite being the best at binding water and offering hydration, cannot penetrate into the skin.
When applied topically (to the skin), these molecules sit on top of the skin, offering hydration only at the very surface.
Smaller Hyaluronic Acid molecules, which bind less water than larger HA molecules, can penetrate deeper into the skin (though only into the epidermis, the topmost layer of skin).

For maximum surface hydration, look for a product that contains Hyaluronic Acid molecules in a variety of sizes.
Hyaluronic Acid is also used in dermal fillers, many of which are composed of HA in an injectable gel form.

Hyaluronic Acid fillers add volume by physically filling the area where they are placed, as well as by drawing water to enhance the filling effect.
Hyaluronic Acid fillers can be used to address a multitude of cosmetic concerns, including lifting the cheeks, softening deeper folds and creases around the mouth and chin, improving the look of sunken, dark, undereye circles, hydrating and enhancing the lips, and rejuvenating the hands and earlobes.



HYALURONIC ACID HOPE OR HYPE?
So is Hyaluronic Acid worth the hype?
First, let’s establish that Hyaluronic Acid will never be as effective as an injectable HA filler for replacing lost volume, even though some HA products are misleadingly marketed as topical “fillers.”

Hyaluronic Acid is an excellent moisturizer.
However, if the goal is to improve volume loss and laxity of the skin that naturally occurs with aging, injectable Hyaluronic Acid, rather than HA, is the preferred treatment method.



PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Until the late 1970s, hyaluronic acid was described as a "goo" molecule, a ubiquitous carbohydrate polymer that is part of the extracellular matrix.
For example, hyaluronic acid is a major component of the synovial fluid and was found to increase the viscosity of the fluid.
Along with lubricin, it is one of the fluid's main lubricating components.

Hyaluronic acid is an important component of articular cartilage, where it is present as a coat around each cell (chondrocyte).
When aggrecan monomers bind to hyaluronan in the presence of HAPLN1 (hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan link protein 1), large, highly negatively charged aggregates form.

These aggregates imbibe water and are responsible for the resilience of cartilage (its resistance to compression).
The molecular weight (size) of hyaluronan in cartilage decreases with age, but the amount increases.

A lubricating role of hyaluronan in muscular connective tissues to enhance the sliding between adjacent tissue layers has been suggested.
A particular type of fibroblasts, embedded in dense fascial tissues, has been proposed as being cells specialized for the biosynthesis of the hyaluronan-rich matrix.
Their related activity could be involved in regulating the sliding ability between adjacent muscular connective tissues.



THE 3 TYPES OF HYALURONIC ACID: HOW THEY DIFFER:
There are three types of hyaluronic acid:
Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid is hyaluronic acid that has been broken down into elements small enough to penetrate the skin.
It’s moisturizing, but not the most moisturizing option, so it’s best for people who have oily or combination skin, since these skin types want to avoid over-moisturizing.

Sodium hyaluronate goes deeper into the skin and delivers even better results, though the effects aren’t very long lasting.
Sodium hyaluronate is best for people who have normal skin, because it will allow moisture to seep in, but you don’t really need a heavy-duty, long-lasting effect.

This is the ingredient you’ll likely find in serums.
Sodium acetylated hyaluronate has the benefits of sodium hyaluronate but with longer-lasting results.
It’s best for people who need moisture, such as those with dry skin, those who live in dry climates, or those looking for a product for the dry winter months.

There’s also ingestible hyaluronic acid, which is a capsule filled with the active ingredient.
The idea is that by taking a supplement, levels of the hyaluronic acid will be steady and the effects will last, according to a study published in July 2017 in Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology.

And it appears to work:
The researchers found that participants who took 120 milligrams of hyaluronic acid per day for 12 weeks improved their skin wrinkles and their overall skin condition.



WOUND REPAIR, HYALURONIC ACID:
As a major component of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid has a key role in tissue regeneration, inflammation response, and angiogenesis, which are phases of wound repair.
As of 2023, however, reviews of Hyaluronic Acid's effect on healing for chronic wounds including burns, diabetic foot ulcers or surgical skin repairs show either insufficient evidence or only limited positive clinical research evidence.

There is also some limited evidence to suggest that hyaluronic acid may be beneficial for ulcer healing and may help to a small degree with pain control.
Hyaluronic acid combines with water and swells to form a gel, making it useful in skin treatments as a dermal filler for facial wrinkles; its effect lasts for about 6 to 12 months, and treatment has regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.



GRANULATION, HYALURONIC ACID:
Granulation tissue is the perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds.
It typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size it heals.
Hyaluronic Acid is abundant in granulation tissue matrix.
A variety of cell functions that are essential for tissue repair may attribute to this Hyaluronic Acid-rich network.

These functions include facilitation of cell migration into the provisional wound matrix, cell proliferation, and organization of the granulation tissue matrix.
Initiation of inflammation is crucial for the formation of granulation tissue; therefore, the pro-inflammatory role of Hyaluronic Acid as discussed above also contributes to this stage of wound healing.



CELL MIGRATION, HYALURONIC ACID:
Cell migration is essential for the formation of granulation tissue.
The early stage of granulation tissue is dominated by a Hyaluronic Acid-rich extracellular matrix, which is regarded as a conducive environment for the migration of cells into this temporary wound matrix.

Hyaluronic Acid provides an open hydrated matrix that facilitates cell migration, whereas, in the latter scenario, directed migration and control of related cell mechanisms are mediated via the specific cell interaction between Hyaluronic Acid and cell surface Hyaluronic Acid receptors.
Hyaluronic Acid forms links with several protein kinases associated with cell locomotion, for example, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and other non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

During fetal development, the migration path through which neural crest cells migrate is rich in Hyaluronic Acid.
Hyaluronic Acid is closely associated with the cell migration process in granulation tissue matrix, and studies show that cell movement can be inhibited, at least partially, by HA degradation or blocking HA receptor occupancy.

By providing the dynamic force to the cell, Hyaluronic Acid synthesis has also been shown to associate with cell migration.
Basically, Hyaluronic Acid is synthesized at the plasma membrane and released directly into the extracellular environment.
This may contribute to the hydrated microenvironment at sites of synthesis, and is essential for cell migration by facilitating cell detachment.


SKIN HEALING, HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic Acid plays an important role in the normal epidermis.
Hyaluronic Acid also has crucial functions in the reepithelization process due to several of its properties.
These include being an integral part of the extracellular matrix of basal keratinocytes, which are major constituents of the epidermis; Hyaluronic Acid's free-radical scavenging function, and its role in keratinocyte proliferation and migration.

In normal skin, Hyaluronic Acid is found in relatively high concentrations in the basal layer of the epidermis where proliferating keratinocytes are found.
CD44 is collocated with Hyaluronic Acid in the basal layer of epidermis where additionally it has been shown to be preferentially expressed on plasma membrane facing the Hyaluronic Acid-rich matrix pouches.

Maintaining the extracellular space and providing an open, as well as hydrated, structure for the passage of nutrients are the main functions of HA in epidermis.
A report found Hyaluronic Acid content increases in the presence of retinoic acid (vitamin A).

The proposed effects of retinoic acid against skin photo-damage and photoaging may be correlated, at least in part, with an increase of skin Hyaluronic Acid content, giving rise to increased tissue hydration.
It has been suggested that the free-radical scavenging property of Hyaluronic Acid contributes to protection against solar radiation, supporting the role of CD44 acting as a Hyaluronic Acid receptor in the epidermis.

Epidermal Hyaluronic Acid also functions as a manipulator in the process of keratinocyte proliferation, which is essential in normal epidermal function, as well as during reepithelization in tissue repair.
In the wound healing process, Hyaluronic Acid is expressed in the wound margin, in the connective tissue matrix, and collocating with CD44 expression in migrating keratinocytes.



FASCIACYTE, HYALURONIC ACID:
A fasciacyte is a type of biological cell that produces hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix and modulates the gliding of muscle fasciae.
Fasciacytes are fibroblast-like cells found in fasciae.
They are round-shaped with rounder nuclei and have less elongated cellular processes when compared with fibroblasts.
Fasciacytes are clustered along the upper and lower surfaces of a fascial layer.
Fasciacytes produce hyaluronan, which regulates fascial gliding.



BIOSYNTHETIC MECHANISM OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic Acid is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG), an anionic, gel-like, polymer, found in the extracellular matrix of epithelial and connective tissues of vertebrates.
Hyaluronic Acid is part of a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic polysaccharides.

The carboxylate groups present in the molecule make it negatively charged, therefore allowing for successful binding to water, and making it valuable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
Hyaluronic Acid consists of repeating β4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-β3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) disaccharides, and is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HAS), a class of integral membrane proteins that produce the well-defined, uniform chain lengths characteristic to Hyaluronic Acid.

There are three existing types of HASs in vertebrates: HAS1, HAS2, HAS3; each of these contribute to elongation of the Hyaluronic Acid polymer.
For an HA capsule to be created, this enzyme must be present because it polymerizes UDP-sugar precursors into Hyaluronic Acid.
Hyaluronic Acid precursors are synthesized by first phosphorylating glucose by hexokinase, yielding glucose-6-phosphate, which is the main HA precursor.

Then, two routes are taken to synthesize UDP-n-acetylglucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid which both react to form Hyaluronic Acid.
Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted to either fructose-6-phosphate with hasE (phosphoglucoisomerase), or glucose-1-phosphate using pgm (α -phosphoglucomutase), where those both undergo different sets of reactions.
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form HA via hasA (HA synthase).

*Synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid:
UDP-glucuronic acid is formed from hasC (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) converting glucose-1-P into UDP-glucose, which then reacts with hasB (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) to form UDP-glucuronic acid.

*Synthesis of N-acetyl glucosamine:
The path forward from fructose-6-P utilizes glmS (amidotransferase) to form glucosamine-6-P.
Then, glmM (Mutase) reacts with this product to form glucosamine-1-P. hasD (acetyltransferase) converts this into n-acetylglucosamine-1-P, and finally, hasD (pyrophosphorylase) converts this product into UDP-n-acetylglucosamine.

Final step:
Two disaccharides form hyaluronic acid
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronic Acid via hasA (HA synthase), completing the synthesis.



DEGRADATION, HYALURONIC ACID:
Degradation
Hyaluronic acid can be degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidases.
In humans, there are at least seven types of hyaluronidase-like enzymes, several of which are tumor suppressors.
The degradation products of hyaluronan, the oligosaccharides and very low-molecular-weight hyaluronan, exhibit pro-angiogenic properties.

In addition, recent studies showed hyaluronan fragments, not the native high-molecular weight molecule, can induce inflammatory responses in macrophages and dendritic cells in tissue injury and in skin transplant.
Hyaluronan can also be degraded via non-enzymatic reactions.
These include acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, ultrasonic disintegration, thermal decomposition, and degradation by oxidants.



ETYMOLOGY, HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is derived from hyalos (Greek for vitreous, meaning ‘glass-like’) and uronic acid because it was first isolated from the vitreous humour and possesses a high uronic acid content.
The term hyaluronate refers to the conjugate base of hyaluronic acid.
Since the molecule typically exists in vivo in its polyanionic form, Hyaluronic Acid is most commonly referred to as hyaluronan.



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Hygroscopic.
Store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
(1→4)-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-gluco)-(1→3)-D-glucuronoglycan
Poly{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4-diyl]oxy[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxane-2,5-diyl]oxy}

Hydrangea Root extract is a specific collagen Type I inhibitor that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels, hence can prevent intimal hyperplasia at a vascular anastomosis.
Hydrangea Root extract is used in the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in both humans and animals.
Hydrangea Root extract is a halogenated derivative of febrigugine.

CAS: 55837-20-2
MF: C16H17BrClN3O3
MW: 414.68
EINECS: 1806241-263-5

Synonyms
7-Bromo-6-chloro-3[3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidi-nyl)-2-oxopropyl]-4(3H)-quinzolinone;trans-7-bromo-6-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl)-2-oxopropyl)-4(3h)-qui;trans-l);7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl]-4-quinazolinone;Halofuginone, >97%;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-[(2r,3s)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidyl]-2-oxopropyl]-4(3h)-quinazolinone;HALOFUGINONE;4(3h)-quinazolinone,7-bromo-6-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl)-2-oxopropy;4(3H)-Quinazolinone, 7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl]- [ACD/Index Name] 7-Brom-6-chlor-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl}-4(3H)-chinazolinon [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl}-4(3H)-quinazolinone [ACD/IUPAC Name] 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-pipéridinyl]-2-oxopropyl}-4(3H)-quinazolinone [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl]-2-oxopropyl}quinazolin-4(3H)-one 7-bromo-6-chlorofebrifugine Halofuginone stenorol 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-((2RS,3SR)-3-hydroxy-piperidin-2-yl)-2-oxo-propyl]-3H-quinazolin-4-one 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-((2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-piperidin-2-yl)-2-oxo-propyl]-3H-quinazolin-4-one empostatin Halofuginon 17395-31-2(Halofuginone Hydrobromide) 64924-67-0(Halofuginone Hydrobromide) 55837-20-2(halofuginone) 1217623-74-9(Halofuginone hydrochloride);Halofuginone;Halofuginona;55837-20-2;Halofuginonum;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl)-2-oxopropyl]quinazolin-4-one;7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl)-2-oxopropyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one;Halofuginone [INN:BAN];Halofuginon;64544-01-0;HT-100;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl)-2-oxopropyl]-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one;7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl)-2-oxopropyl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one;C16H17BrClN3O3;SCHEMBL1937106;CHEMBL1197091;GTPL10153;DTXSID80860689;TQP0820;CHEBI:184758;LVASCWIMLIKXLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl]-2-oxopropyl}-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one;BCP07016;AKOS015962039;SB19686;AC-29749;Tempostatin;RU-19110;RU 19110;RU19110;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl)-2-oxopropyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone;7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl)-2-oxopropyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone, 9CI;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidyl)-acetonyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone

Hydrangea Root extract is a low molecular weight quinazolinone alkaloid, and a potent inhibitor of collagen alpha1(I) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression.
Hydrangea Root extract also effectively suppresses tumor progression and metastasis in mice.
Collgard Biopharmaceuticals is developing halofuginone for the treatment of scleroderma and received orphan drug designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in March, 2000.
Hydrangea Root extract is an orally-active quinazolinone alkaloid with potential antineoplastic activity.
Hydrangea Root extract interferes with the signaling pathway of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) and inhibits expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2, thereby inhibiting collagen type I synthesis and inducing extracellular matrix degradation, resulting in inhibition of angiogenesis, tumor growth, or metastasis.
Hydrangea Root extract, also known as RU-19110, is a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid anticoccidial derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga, with antifibrotic and potential antineoplastic activities.
Hydrangea Root extract specifically inhibits collagen type I gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression, which may result in the suppression of angiogenesis, tumor stromal cell development, and tumor cell growth.
These effects appear to be due to Hydrangea Root extract-mediated inhibition of the collagen type I and MMP-2 promoters.

Hydrangea Root extract Chemical Properties
Melting point: >150°C dec.
Boiling point: 595.8±60.0 °C(Predicted)
density: 1.73±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
storage temp.: Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility DMSO : 9 mg/mL (21.70 mM)
form: Solid
pka: 14.61±0.40(Predicted)
color: White to off-white
CAS DataBase Reference: 55837-20-2(CAS DataBase Reference)

Uses
Hydrangea Root extract is a coccidiostat for young chickens and young turkeys.
In higher doses, Hydrangea Root extract is a growth depressant, impairs feed utilization, and reduces feed intake.
In rats Hydrangea Root extract causes alopecia.
Hydrangea Root extract is prohibited from use during the last four days before slaughter (withdrawal period).
Hydrangea Root extract is extracted from enzyme-digested chicken liver as a free base into ethyl acetate and partitioned into ammonium acetate buffer solution.
The Hydrangea Root extract is concentrated with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and eluted with methyl alcohol.
The eluant is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in the HPLC mobile phase.

Biological Activity
Hydrangea Root extract is a halogenated derivative of febrifugine, a natural quinazolinone-containing compound found in the Chinese herb D. febrifuga.
Hydrangea Root extract has antimalarial and anticoccidial actions.
In mammals, Hydrangea Root extract at 10 ng/ml down-regulates Smad3, blocking TGF-β signaling and preventing both the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the transitioning of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells.
Through this action, Hydrangea Root extract blocks fibrosis and tumor progression in a variety of different models.
Hydrangea Root extract also competitively inhibits prolyl-tRNA synthetase (Ki = 18.3 nM), activating the amino acid starvation response.
This prevents the differentiation of TH17 cells, blunting an autoimmune response.

Synthesis
A scalable total synthesis of Hydrangea Root extract has been accomplished.
This synthetic route features a total of 12 steps of highly efficient reactions, without any chromatographic purification.
Hydrangea Root extract was obtained in 17% overall yield and over 98.5% HPLC purity.
All the reaction conditions are mild and reliable.
In addition, no hazardous materials are used or produced.
All reagents are commercially available and inexpensive.
This route is safe, robust, scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally benign.

Hydrargillite is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and Hydrargillite three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
Hydrargillite is amphoteric, i.e., Hydrargillite has both basic and acidic properties.
Hydrargillite is a halogen-free, environmentally friendly flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler for plastics and rubber.

CAS Number: 21645-51-2
EC Number: 244-492-7
Chemical Formula: Al(OH)3
Molar Mass: 78.003 g·mol−1

Aluminium trihydrate, Aluminum, trihydrate, DTXSID20421935, MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N, aluminum;trihydroxide, Dried aluminum hydroxide gel, Aluminium hydroxide gel, dried, aluminium trihydroxide, aluminum hyroxide, Hydroxyde d' aluminium, Dried aluminium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide, dried, Aluminum hydroxide gel, dried, CHEMBL1200706, DTXSID2036405, NIOSH/BD0708000, Di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydialuminum, AF-260, AKOS015904617, Aluminum, di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydi-, DB06723, BD07080000, Aluminium trihydrate [ACD/IUPAC Name], Aluminium, trihydrate [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Aluminiumtrihydrat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 106152-09-4 [RN], 12252-70-9 [RN], 128083-27-2 [RN], 1302-29-0 [RN], 13783-16-9 [RN], 14762-49-3 [RN], 151393-94-1 [RN], 159704-77-5 [RN], 21645-51-2 [RN], 51330-22-4 [RN], 8012-63-3 [RN], 8064-00-4 [RN], AC 714KC, AKP-DA, Al(OH)3, Alcoa A 325, Alcoa AS 301, Alcoa C 30BF, Alcoa C 31, Alcoa C 33, Alcoa C 330, Alcoa C 331, Alcoa C 333, Alcoa C 385, Alcoa H 65, Alhydrogel [Wiki], Alolt 8, ALterna GEL [Trade name], ALternaGEL, Alu-Cap, Alugel, Alugelibye, Alumigel, Alumina trihydrate, Aluminic acid (H3AlO3), Aluminium hydroxide [Wiki], aluminium(3+) hydroxide, aluminium(III) hydroxide, Aluminiumhydroxid, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [USP], Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, Aluminum hydroxide, dried [JAN], Aluminum oxide trihydrate, Aluminum trihydroxide, Aluminum(III) hydroxide, Alusal, Amberol ST 140F, Amorphous alumina, Amphogel, Amphojel, Antipollon HT, Apyral, Apyral 120, Apyral 120VAW, Apyral 15, Apyral 2, Apyral 24, Apyral 25, Apyral 4, Apyral 40, Apyral 60, Apyral 8, Apyral 90, Apyral B, Arthritis Pain Formula Maximum Strength, Ascriptin, BACO AF 260, Boehmite, British aluminum AF 260, C 31C, C 31F, C 4D, C-31-F, Calcitrel, Calmogastrin, Camalox, Dialume [Trade name], Di-Gel Liquid, Gelusil, Gibbsite (Al(OH)3), Higilite, Higilite H 31S, Higilite H 32, Higilite H 42, Hychol 705, Hydrafil, Hydral 705, Hydral 710, Hydrated Alumina, Hydrated aluminum oxide, Kudrox, Liquigel, Maalox [Wiki], Maalox HRF, Maalox Plus, Martinal, Martinal A, Martinal A/S, Martinal F-A, Mylanta [Wiki], P 30BF, Reheis F 1000, Simeco Suspension, Tricreamalate, Trihydrated alumina, trihydroxidoaluminium, Trihydroxyaluminum, Trisogel, WinGel

Hydrargillite is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Hydrargillite (also known as ATH and aluminium trihydroxide, chemical formula Al (OH)3) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.

Annual production of Hydrargillite is around 100 million tons which is nearly all produced through the Bayer process.
The Bayer process dissolves bauxite (Aluminium Ore) in sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures.

Hydrargillite is then separated from the solids that remain after the heating process.
The solids remaining after the Hydrargillite is removed is highly toxic and presents environmental issues.

Hydrargillite are available in different uncoated and coated grades, with average particle size varying from 2 microns to 80 microns as per application.
Hydrargillite is a common primary ingredient present in most solid surface material and accounts for as much as 70% of the total product.

Hydrargillite is used as a filler for epoxy, urethane, or polyester resins, where fire retardant properties or increased thermal conductivity are required.
Hydrargillite is white in color.

Hydrargillite is a flame retardant and smoke suppressant.
Hydrargillite thermodynamic properties, endothermic dehydration cools the plastic 6 rubber parts and dilutes the combustible gases with water vapours that is generated in case of fire.

Hydrargillite is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Hydrargillite is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Hydrargillite is a halogen-free, environmentally friendly flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler for plastics and rubber.
Hydrargillite is suitable for a broad range of applications including solid surface, composites and electrical insulation.

Hydrargillite is a white, translucent powder that is also called aluminum hydroxide.
Hydrargillite is obtained from Bauxite.

When Hydrargillite is strongly heated, Hydrargillite will convert to Aluminum oxide with the release of water.
Hydrargillite is used as a base in the preparation of transparent lake pigments.

Hydrargillite is also used as an inert filler in paints and tends to increase the transparency of colors when dispersed in oils.
Hydrargillite is used commercially as a paper coating, flame retardant, water repellant, and as a filler in glass, ceramics, inks, detergents, cosmetics, and plastics.

Hydrargillite is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as Aluminium trihydrate) and Hydrargillite three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
Hydrargillite is amphoteric, i.e., Hydrargillite has both basic and acidic properties.

Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide or alumina (Al2O3), the latter of which is also amphoteric.
These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.
Hydrargillite also forms a gelatinous precipitate in water.

Hydrargillite is a non-halogen fire retardant and smoke suppressant.
Hydrargillite is a major mineral fire retardant being the largest selling fire retardant additive in the world.

Hydrargillite is used commercially as a paper coating, flame retardant, water repellant, and as a filler in glass, ceramics, inks, detergents, cosmetics, and plastics.
When strongly heated, Hydrargillite decomposes into aluminium oxide with release of water following an endothermic reaction.

Hydrargillite (ATH or hydrated alumina) is a non-toxic, non-corrosive, flame retardant and smoke suppressant utilized in elastomeric applications.
Hydrargillite is the most frequently used flame retardant in the world.

Hydrargillite is a very effective flame retardant due to Hydrargillite thermodynamic properties which absorb heat and release water vapor.
Hydrargillite releases its 35% water of crystallization as water vapor when heated above 205°C.

The resulting endothermic reaction cools Hydrargillite below flash point, reducing the risk of fire and acts as a vapor barrier to prevent oxygen from reaching the flame.
Typical loadings vary from 20 phr to 150 phr.
Because many polymers like polyethylene and polypropylene process above 200°C, these polyolefins should use magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant filler since Hydrargillite water of hydration releases at approximately 325°C.

Hydrargillites are obtained by digestion of bauxite throughout the Bayer process.

Hydrargillite starts to remove constitution water above 180°C
Water removal cools the surface and eliminates entry of oxygen, which confers flame retardant properties and smoke suppressant.
Accordingly Hydrargillite is a necessary raw material for products like rubber, polyurethane, polyester, silicone, thermoplastic, cables, etc. with fire retardant properties.

Hydrargillite has a number of common names used throughout the chemical industry which include: Hydrate Alumina, Alumina Hydrate, Aluminium Tri Hydroxide, ATH, Aluminium Hydrate and Aluminium Hydroxide.

Hydrargillite is a white, odorless, powdery, solid substance.
Hydrargillite demonstrates a very low solubility in water but is considered to be amphoteric, meaning Hydrargillite will dissolve in both acids or a strong alkali.

The most common use of Hydrargillite is for the production of aluminum metal.
Hydrargillite is also used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler in polymers such as rubber products and carpet backing.

Hydrargillite is a white filling material that provides flame retardant and self-extinguishing properties for polyester resins and gelcoats.
Hydrargillite exposes water molecules within the body at high temperatures to reduce flame spread and smoke formation.
Hydrargillite is used in GRP pipe applications, in acrylic applications and in other multicomponent applications.

Aluminum trihydrate (also known as aluminum hydrate, alumina hydrate, aluminum hydroxide, or ATH) is a filler, extender pigment, and bodying agent in oil- and water-borne paint that does not greatly affect the color of the paint.
This is an 8-micron median particle size extender that is a white to tan colored powder and can be added to paint to impart transparency to the paint film.

Hydrargillite is the most widely used flame retardant in commercial coatings due to Hydrargillite versatility and low cost.
Hydrargillite can be used in a wide range of paint binders at processing temperatures below 220°C.

Hydrargillite is non-toxic, halogen-free, chemically inert, and has low abrasiveness.
Additional benefits are acid resistance and smoke suppression.

At about 220°C, Hydrargillite begins to decompose endothermically releasing approximately 35% of Hydrargillite weight as water vapor.

AI2O3•3H2O + HEAT —–> AI2O3 + 3 H2O

Hydrargillite acts as a heat sink thereby retarding pyrolysis and reducing the burning rate.
The water vapor released has an added effect of diluting combustion gases and toxic fumes.

Hydrargillite is the hydrated oxide of aluminium.
Aluminium hydrate is separated from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, with average particle size ranging from 80-100 micron.

The block crystals of alumina hydrate impart good chemical reactivity.
Alumina hydrate can react with a base as well as an acid, and finds use in many applications as raw material.

After drying, alumina hydrate is ground using mechanical mills and ceramic lined ball mills to obtain finer particle sizes.
Hindalco manufactures ground hydrate with different particle size (5-15 micron) distribution.
Surface-treated fine hydrate as well as super-ground fine hydrate (1-2.5 micron) are also available.

Hydrargillite obtained in the Bayer process, is calcined at temperature above 1200°C and up to 1600°C to manufacture special grade alumina.
During calcinations, alumina hydrate crystals lose bound moisture and recrystallise to form alumina crystals.

The particle size of alumina remains at 85-100 micron.
Special alumina contains predominantly alpha phase.
The degree of calcination is a measure of the hardness of alumina – soft to hard.

Coarse alumina is classified based on the soda (Na2O) content:
Low soda alumina - Na2O <0.1%
Medium soda alumina - 0.1% < Na2O <0.2%
Normal Soda alumina - 0.20% < Na2O < 0.45%

Calcined alumina is ground in fluid energy mills or ceramic lined ball mills to meet the desired particle size required by the customers.
Hindalco manufactures fine alumina with varying particle size (0.5 to 8 micron) and distribution.
Low soda, medium soda and normal soda type are available in fine alumina also.

The global Hydrargillite market size was valued at USD 1.5 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 1.9 billion by 2025, growing at a cagr 5.5% from 2020 to 2025.
The major drivers for the market include the rising consumer demand for Hydrargillite in different applications and enduse industries, such as flame retardants, and paints & coatings.
However, the substitutes present in the market, for instance, magnesium hydroxide, can restrain the market growth.

Covid-19 Impact On The Global Hydrargillite Market:
The global Hydrargillite market is expected to witness a moderate decrease in Hydrargillite growth rate in 2020-2021, as the Hydrargillite industry witness a significant decline in Hydrargillite production.
Hydrargillite has affected the market for Hydrargillite manufacturers catering to the glass and rubber industries, which were not considered essential.

Moreover, most of the global companies operating in this market are based in Asia Pacific, the US, and European countries, which are adversely affected by the pandemic.
These companies having their manufacturing units in China and other Asian countries are also severely affected.
Therefore, disruptions in the supply chain have resulted in hampering production units due to a lack of raw materials and workforce.

Hydrargillite Market Dynamics:

Driver: Increasing demand for non-halogenated flame retardants:
The growing number of residential and commercial establishments has increased the possibilities of explosions and fire-related accidents.
Therefore, several countries across North America and Europe have mandated stringent fire safety regulations and protocols.

This has led to the increased use of flame retardants in buildings to meet these government regulations.
The major application of flame retardants is in electric wire insulation in building & construction, and transportation.

Flame retardants are used in circuit boards, electronic casing, and cables & wire systems.
Stringent fire safety standards to reduce the spread of fires in residential and commercial buildings are driving the demand for halogen-free flame retardants.

Opportunities:
Use of Hydrargillite in water treatment plants Hydrargillite (alum) is the most common coagulant used in water and wastewater treatment.
The main purpose of using alum in these applications is to improve the settling of suspended solids and color removal.

Alum is also used to remove phosphate from wastewater treatment effluent.
Thus, the growing urbanization in emerging economies, such as China and India, is expected to fuel the demand for water treatment plants in residential areas.

Nevertheless, many people still lack access to safe water and suffer from preventable water-borne microbial diseases leading to the increased demand for wastewater treatment plants.
Thus, the use of aluminum hydroxide in water treatment plants in residential areas is expected to act as an opportunity for the growth of the Hydrargillite market across the globe.

Challenges:

Environmental issues related to alumina production:
Alumina production leads to bauxite residue, also known as red mud.
The disposal of bauxite residue/red mud is a challenge due to relatively large volumes, occupying land areas, and the alkalinity of the residue and the run-off water.

Only a very small proportion of the bauxite residue produced are re-used in any way.
Although the residue has a number of characteristics of environmental concern, the most immediate and apparent barrier to remediation and utilization is Hydrargillite high alkalinity and sodicity.

The high pH of the bauxite residue is a problem from both a health and safety point-of-view.
This can pose a challenge for the Hydrargillite market.

Applications of Hydrargillite:
Over 90% of all Hydrargillite produced is converted to Aluminium Oxide (alumina) that is used to manufacture aluminum.
As a flame retardant, Hydrargillite is chemically added to a polymer molecule or blended in with a polymer to suppress and reduce the spreading of a flame through a plastic.
Hydrargillite is also used as an antacid that can be ingested in order to buffer the pH within the stomach.

Hydrargillite is the hydrated oxide of aluminium.
Hydrargillite is separated from ore bauxite using Bayer process with average particle size ranging from 80-100 micron.

The blocky crystals of Hydrargillite impart good reactivity.
Hydrargillite can react with a base as well as an acid and finds many applications as raw material.

Hydrargillite is used in the manufacture of many inorganic chemicals like:
Non- ferric alum
Poly aluminium chloride
Aluminium fluoride
Sodium aluminate
Catalysts
Glass
Hydrargillite gel
Alumina hydrate is available in wet as well as dry form.

Fine hydrate:
Hydrargillite contain 3 molecules of water.
On exposure to heat above 220°C, alumina hydrate decomposes into aluminium oxide (alumina) and water.

This irreversible, endothermic reaction process makes alumina hydrate an effective flame retardant.
Also, the smoke generated by decomposition is non-corrosive and non-poisonous.
Ground alumina hydrate is used as fire retardant filler in applications like polymer composites, cable compounds, solid surface counter tops, etc.

Uses of Hydrargillite:
Of the Common fillers used in Plastics, Rubber, FRP, SMC, DMC moulding and other polymers only Hydrargillite has flame retarding and smoke suppressing properties as well as being an economical resin extender.

Hydrargillite is used in polyester resins.
However with increased attention being given to smoke & toxic fume emissions, Hydrargillite has found large volume application in vinyl as a low smoke, non toxic replacement for antimony and in polyurethane, latex, neoprene foam system, Rubber, wire & Cable insulation, vinyl walls & flooring coverings and epoxies.

Hydrargillite acts as a flame retardant and smoke suppressor because of Hydrargillite thermodynamic properties.
Hydrargillite endothermic dehydration cools the plastic & Rubber parts and dilute with water vapour those combustible gases that do escape.
The latter is probably the main phenomenon associated with smoke suppression other excellent performance include electrical and track resistance.

Hydrargillite widely use in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide.

Hydrargillite is also use in Paints Industries.
Hydrargillite can replace upto 25% of the Titanium dioxide pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production cost.

Fire retardant filler:
Hydrargillite also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications.
Hydrargillite is selected for these applications because Hydrargillite is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties.

Magnesium hydroxide and mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are used similarly.
Hydrargillite decomposes at about 180 °C (356 °F), absorbing a considerable amount of heat in the process and giving off water vapour.
In addition to behaving as a fire retardant, Hydrargillite is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range of polymers, most especially in polyesters, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxies, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber.

Precursor to Al compounds:
Hydrargillite is a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds: calcined aluminas, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina, and aluminium nitrate.

Freshly precipitated Hydrargillite forms gels, which are the basis for the application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification.
This gel crystallizes with time.

Hydrargillite gels can be dehydrated (e.g. using water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous Hydrargillite powder, which is readily soluble in acids.
Heating converts Hydrargillite to activated aluminas, which are used as desiccants, adsorbent in gas purification, and catalyst supports.

Pharmaceutical:
Under the generic name "algeldrate", Hydrargillite is used as an antacid in humans and animals (mainly cats and dogs).
Hydrargillite is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach.

Brand names include Alu-Cap, Aludrox, Gaviscon or Pepsamar.
Hydrargillite reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia.

Such products can cause constipation, because the aluminium ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.
Some such products are formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.

Hydrargillite is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and animals suffering from kidney failure.
Normally, the kidneys filter excess phosphate out from the blood, but kidney failure can cause phosphate to accumulate.
The aluminium salt, when ingested, binds to phosphate in the intestines and reduce the amount of phosphorus that can be absorbed.

Precipitated Hydrargillite is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine).
One of the well-known brands of Hydrargillite adjuvant is Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector.

Since Hydrargillite absorbs protein well, Hydrargillite also functions to stabilize vaccines by preventing the proteins in the vaccine from precipitating or sticking to the walls of the container during storage.
Hydrargillite is sometimes called "alum", a term generally reserved for one of several sulfates.

Vaccine formulations containing Hydrargillite stimulate the immune system by inducing the release of uric acid, an immunological danger signal.
This strongly attracts certain types of monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells.

The dendritic cells pick up the antigen, carry Hydrargillite to lymph nodes, and stimulate T cells and B cells.
Hydrargillite appears to contribute to induction of a good Th2 response, so is useful for immunizing against pathogens that are blocked by antibodies.
However, Hydrargillite has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens, nor is Hydrargillite useful when the antigen is peptide-based.

Hydrargillite is used in various industries as:
Hydrargillite is used as a raw material in the production of Aluminium chemicals
Hydrargillite is used as a raw material in the manufacture of glass and glazes

Hydrargillite is used as a raw material in catalyst production
Hydrargillite is used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler in plastics (for example: Cables, rubber products and carpet backing)

Hydrargillite is used as a raw material for fertilizers, and fiber cement board products
Hydrargillite is used as an extender and a bodying agent in paper, solvent- and water-borne paints, UV-curable coatings, inks, and adhesives

Hydrargillite is used as a polishing and cleansing agent Mould wash and separating agent
Hydrargillite is used as a filler of cast polymer products such as onyx and solid surfaces

Uses at industrial sites:
Hydrargillite is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and washing & cleaning products.
Hydrargillite has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Hydrargillite is used in the following areas: mining, building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Hydrargillite is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, furniture, plastic products and rubber products.

Release to the environment of Hydrargillite can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of Hydrargillite and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of Hydrargillite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).

Consumer Uses:
Hydrargillite is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, pharmaceuticals, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Release to the environment of Hydrargillite can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Other release to the environment of Hydrargillite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Hydrargillite is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, cosmetics and personal care products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Hydrargillite is used in the following areas: building & construction work, printing and recorded media reproduction, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Hydrargillite is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur and wood and wood products.
Other release to the environment of Hydrargillite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Hydrargillite is characterised by:
High purity
High whiteness
Relatively low density (2.4g/cm3) compared to other mineral fillers (typically 2.7g/cm3)
Medium Mohs hardness of 3
Decomposition around 180oC, releasing water (making Hydrargillite an excellent halogen-free flame retardant)

Properties of Hydrargillite:
Hydrargillite is amphoteric.
In acid, Hydrargillite acts as a Brønsted–Lowry base.

Hydrargillite neutralizes the acid, yielding a salt:
3 HCl + Al(OH)3 → AlCl3 + 3 H2O

In bases, Hydrargillite acts as a Lewis acid by binding hydroxide ions:
Al(OH)3 + OH− → [Al(OH)4]−

Physical Properties:
Powdery substance
Odorless
Non-carcinogenic
Hydrargillite adds thermal properties that provide translucency and whiteness
Solid surface material
Non-smoking
Low-toxicity
Halogen-free
Flame retardant

Performance Benefits of Hydrargillite:
Flame retardant / smoke suppressant
Ultra-white / translucent
High purity – blush resistance
Faster gel time
Low viscosity / higher loadings
Higher mechanical properties

Production of Hydrargillite:
Virtually all the Hydrargillite used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F).
The waste solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and Hydrargillite is precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate.
This Hydrargillite can be converted to aluminium oxide or alumina by calcination.

The residue or bauxite tailings, which is mostly iron oxide, is highly caustic due to residual sodium hydroxide.
Hydrargillite was historically stored in lagoons; this led to the Ajka alumina plant accident in 2010 in Hungary, where a dam bursting led to the drowning of nine people.
An additional 122 sought treatment for chemical burns.

The mud contaminated 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) of land and reached the Danube.
While the mud was considered non-toxic due to low levels of heavy metals, the associated slurry had a pH of 13.

Structure of Hydrargillite:
Al(OH)3 is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.
Four polymorphs are recognized.

All feature layers of octahedral Hydrargillite units, with hydrogen bonds between the layers.
The polymorphs differ in terms of the stacking of the layers.

All forms of Al(OH)3 crystals are hexagonal:
Gibbsite is also known as γ-Al(OH)3 or α-Al(OH)3
Bayerite is also known as α-Al(OH)3 or β-Hydrargillite
Nordstrandite is also known as Al(OH)3
Doyleite

Aluminium trihydrate, once thought to be Hydrargillite, is an aluminium phosphate.
Nonetheless, both gibbsite and Aluminium trihydrate refer to the same polymorphism of Hydrargillite, with gibbsite used most commonly in the United States and hydrargillite used more often in Europe.
Hydrargillite is named after the Greek words for water (hydra) and clay (argylles).

Safety of Hydrargillite:
In the 1960s and 1970s Hydrargillite was speculated that aluminium was related to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.
Since then, multiple epidemiological studies have found no connection between exposure to environmental or swallowed aluminium and neurological disorders, though injected aluminium was not looked at in these studies.

Neural disorders were found in experiments on mice motivated by Gulf War illness (GWI).
Hydrargillite injected in doses equivalent to those administered to the United States military, showed increased reactive astrocytes, increased apoptosis of motor neurons and microglial proliferation within the spinal cord and cortex.

Identifiers of Hydrargillite:
CAS Number: 21645-51-2
ChEBI: CHEBI:33130
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1200706
ChemSpider: 8351587
DrugBank: DB06723
ECHA InfoCard: 100.040.433
KEGG: D02416
PubChem CID: 10176082
RTECS number: BD0940000
UNII: 5QB0T2IUN0
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2036405
InChI: InChI=1S/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
Key: WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K
A02AB02 (WHO) (algeldrate)
InChI=1/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
Key: WNROFYMDJYEPJX-DFZHHIFOAJ
SMILES: [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3]

CAS number: 21645-51-2
EC number: 244-492-7
Hill Formula: AlH₃O₃
Chemical formula: Al(OH)₃ * x H₂O
Molar Mass: 78 g/mol
HS Code: 2818 30 00
Quality Level: MQ200

Properties of Hydrargillite:
Chemical formula: Al(OH)3
Molar mass: 78.003 g·mol−1
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 2.42 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water: 0.0001 g/(100 mL)
Solubility product (Ksp): 3×10−34
Solubility: soluble in acids and alkalis
Acidity (pKa): >7
Isoelectric point: 7.7

Density: 2.42 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 300 °C Elimination of water of crystallisation
pH value: 8 - 9 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) (slurry)
Vapor pressure:
Molecular Weight: 81.028 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 81.0132325 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 81.0132325 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 4
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Thermochemistry of Hydrargillite:
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −1277 kJ·mol−1

Specifications of Hydrargillite:
Identity: conforms
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.01 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.05 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.01 %
Na (Sodium): ≤ 0.3 %
Loss on ignition (700 °C): 30.0 - 35.0 %
Bulk density: about 90
Particle size (< 150 µm): about 90

Related compounds of Hydrargillite:
Boric acid
Gallium(III) hydroxide
Indium(III) hydroxide
Thallium(III) hydroxide
Scandium(III) hydroxide
Sodium oxide
Aluminium oxide hydroxide

Names of Hydrargillite:

Regulatory process names:
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide, dried

IUPAC names:
Alumina hydrate
ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE
Alumina trihydrate
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide, Alumina hydrate
Aluminium hydroxide_JS
Aluminium hydroxyde
aluminium trihydrate
Aluminium trihydrate
Aluminium trihydroxide
aluminium trihydroxide
aluminium(3+) ion trihydroxide
Aluminium(3+) trihydroxide
aluminium(3+) trihydroxide
aluminium(III) hydroxide
Aluminiumhydroxid
aluminuim hydroxide
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide
aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum Trihydrate
Aluminum trihydrate
aluminum trihydrate
Aluminum trihydroxide
aluminum trihydroxide
ATH
Hydrate
Sulcabai

Preferred IUPAC name:
Aluminium hydroxide

Systematic IUPAC name:
Trihydroxidoaluminium

Trade names:
AB H-Series Alumina Trihydrate
Actilox
ALH-……
ALOLT-……….
Alumina Hydrate
Alumina hydrate
Aluminium hydrate
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium trihydroxide
Aluminiumhydroxid
Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide highly dispersed precipitated
aluminum trihydrate
Apyral
BARIACE
BARIFINE
Bayerit
Geloxal
Hidróxido de aluminio
Hydrate
Hydrated alumina
hydroxid hlinitý
HYMOD® Surface-Treated Alumina Trihydrate
JR-800, MT-500SA etc.
KB-30, HS , HC, Hydrate, Aluminium hydroxide
MARTIFILL®
MARTIFIN®
MARTINAL®
MICRAL® Alumina Trihydrate
MOLDX® Optimized Alumina Trihydrate
ONYX ELITE® Alumina Trihydrate
R-11P
SB Alumina Trihydrate
Sigunit
SSP
STR
T-Lite
VOGA

Other names:
Aluminium oxide, hydrate
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydrate
Aluminic acid
Aluminic hydroxide
Alumanetriol
Aluminium(III) hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium trihydroxide
Hydrated alumina
Orthoaluminic acid

Other identifiers:
106152-09-4
1071843-34-9
12040-59-4
12252-70-9
128083-27-2
1302-29-0
1333-84-2
13783-16-9
151393-94-1
156259-59-5
159704-77-5
16657-47-9
1847408-13-2
21645-51-2
227961-51-5
51330-22-4
546141-62-2
546141-68-8
8012-63-3
8064-00-4

HYDRAZINE HYDRATE 64%; Hydrazine, monohydrate; Hidrazina (Spanish); Hydrazine hydroxide; Hydrazinium hydroxide; Idrazina idrata cas no: 302-01-2

Hydrazine hydrate 100% Skip to navigationJump in search Hydrazine hydrate 100% Hydrazine-3D-vdW.pngWater molecule 3D.svg Hydrazine hydrate 100% model Units of SI and STP unless otherwise stated. edit Consult the model documentation The hydrazine hydrate 100% is the chemical compound of formula H 2 N-NH 2H 2 O. It contains 61% hydrazine hydrate 100% by mass and 39% water . Used by the Germans from the 1940s in the B-Stoffs and C-Stoffs for the propulsion of certain airplanes ( Messerschmitt 163B ), hydrazine hydrate 100% is used until today as a reducing propellant in the liquid propellants of certain space launchers . It has in particular been referenced by Arianespace for its Ariane 2 to Ariane 4 launchers in a mixture of 75% UDMH - 25% hydrazine hydrate 100% , called UH 25 . Its melting point is in fact significantly lower than that of pure hydrazine hydrate 100%: −51.7 ° C, against 1 ° C for hydrazine hydrate 100% , and its slightly higher density: 1032 kg · m -3 against 1004.5 kg · m -3 , without degradation of the energy performance of this fuel , which makes it a propellant effective for pitchers . Hydrazine hydrate 100% (Hydrazine, 64%) Hydrazine hydrate 100% is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula N2H 4. It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colorless and flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is highly toxic unless handled in solution as e.g., hydrazine hydrate 100% (NH2NH2 · xH2O). As of 2015, the world hydrazine hydrate 100% market amounted to $350 million.[8] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is mainly used as a foaming agent in preparing polymer foams, but applications also include its uses as a precursor to polymerization catalysts, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, as well as a long-term storable propellant for in-space spacecraft propulsion. About two million tons of hydrazine hydrate 100% were used in foam blowing agents in 2015. Additionally, hydrazine hydrate 100% is used in various rocket fuels and to prepare the gas precursors used in air bags. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used within both nuclear and conventional electrical power plant steam cycles as an oxygen scavenger to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce corrosion.[9] Hydrazine hydrate 100% refer to a class of organic substances derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrazine hydrate 100% by an organic group.[10] Uses Gas producers and propellants The majority use of hydrazine hydrate 100% is as a precursor to blowing agents. Specific compounds include azodicarbonamide and azobisisobutyronitrile, which produce 100–200 mL of gas per gram of precursor. In a related application, sodium azide, the gas-forming agent in air bags, is produced from hydrazine hydrate 100% by reaction with sodium nitrite.[10] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is also used as a long-term storable propellant on board space vehicles, such as the NASA Dawn probe to Ceres and Vesta, and to both reduce the concentration of dissolved oxygen in and control pH of water used in large industrial boilers. The F-16 fighter jet, NASA Space Shuttle, and U-2 spy plane use hydrazine hydrate 100% to fuel their emergency power units.[11] Precursor to pesticides and pharmaceuticals Fluconazole, synthesized using hydrazine hydrate 100%, is an antifungal medication. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a precursor to several pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Often these applications involve conversion of hydrazine hydrate 100% to heterocyclic rings such as pyrazoles and pyridazines. Examples of commercialized bioactive hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives include cefazolin, rizatriptan, anastrozole, fluconazole, metazachlor, metamitron, metribuzin, paclobutrazol, diclobutrazole, propiconazole, hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate,[12] diimide, triadimefon,[10] and dibenzoylhydrazine hydrate 100%. Hydrazine hydrate 100% compounds can be effective as active ingredients in admixture with or in combination with other agricultural chemicals such as insecticides, miticides, nematicides, fungicides, antiviral agents, attractants, herbicides or plant growth regulators.[13] Small-scale, niche, and research The Italian catalyst manufacturer Acta (chemical company) has proposed using hydrazine hydrate 100% as an alternative to hydrogen in fuel cells. The chief benefit of using hydrazine hydrate 100% is that it can produce over 200 mW/cm2 more than a similar hydrogen cell without the need to use expensive platinum catalysts.[14] As the fuel is liquid at room temperature, it can be handled and stored more easily than hydrogen. By storing the hydrazine hydrate 100% in a tank full of a double-bonded carbon-oxygen carbonyl, the fuel reacts and forms a safe solid called hydrazone. By then flushing the tank with warm water, the liquid hydrazine hydrate 100% is released. Hydrazine hydrate 100% has a higher electromotive force of 1.56 V compared to 1.23 V for hydrogen. Hydrazine hydrate 100% breaks down in the cell to form nitrogen and hydrogen which bonds with oxygen, releasing water.[14] Hydrazine hydrate 100% was used in fuel cells manufactured by Allis-Chalmers Corp., including some that provided electric power in space satellites in the 1960s. A mixture of 63% hydrazine hydrate 100%, 32% hydrazine hydrate 100% nitrate and 5% water is a standard propellant for experimental bulk-loaded liquid propellant artillery. The propellant mixture above is one of the most predictable and stable, with a flat pressure profile during firing. Misfires are usually caused by inadequate ignition. The movement of the shell after a misignition causes a large bubble with a larger ignition surface area, and the greater rate of gas production causes very high pressure, sometimes including catastrophic tube failures (i.e. explosions).[15] From January–June 1991, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory conducted a review of early bulk-loaded liquid propellant gun programs for possible relevance to the electrothermal chemical propulsion program.[15] The United States Air Force (USAF) regularly uses H-70, a 70% hydrazine hydrate 100% water mixture, in operations employing the General Dynamics F-16 “Fighting Falcon” fighter aircraft and the Lockheed U-2 “Dragon Lady” reconnaissance aircraft. The single jet engine F-16 utilizes hydrazine hydrate 100% to power its Emergency Power Unit (EPU), which provides emergency electrical and hydraulic power in the event of an engine flame out. The EPU activates automatically, or manually by pilot control, in the event of loss of hydraulic pressure or electrical power in order to provide emergency flight controls. The single jet engine U-2 utilizes hydrazine hydrate 100% to power its Emergency Starting System (ESS), which provides a highly reliable method to restart the engine in flight in the event of a stall.[16] Rocket fuel Anhydrous (pure, not in solution) hydrazine hydrate 100% being loaded into the MESSENGER space probe. The technician is wearing a safety suit. Hydrazine hydrate 100% was first used as a component in rocket fuels during World War II. A 30% mix by weight with 57% methanol (named M-Stoff in the German Luftwaffe) and 13% water was called C-Stoff by the Germans.[17] The mixture was used to power the Messerschmitt Me 163B rocket-powered fighter plane. Hydrazine was also used as a propellant with the German high test peroxide T-Stoff oxidizer. Unmixed hydrazine was referred to as B-Stoff by the Germans, a designation also used later for the ethanol/water fuel for the V-2 missile. Hydrazine is used as a low-power monopropellant for the maneuvering thrusters of spacecraft, and was used to power the Space Shuttle's auxiliary power units (APUs). In addition, monopropellant hydrazine hydrate 100% -fueled rocket engines are often used in terminal descent of spacecraft. Such engines were used on the Viking program landers in the 1970s as well as the Phoenix lander and Curiosity rover which landed on Mars in May 2008 and August 2012, respectively. In all hydrazine hydrate 100% monopropellant engines, the hydrazine hydrate 100% is passed over a catalyst such as iridium metal supported by high-surface-area alumina (aluminium oxide), which causes it to decompose into ammonia, nitrogen gas, and hydrogen gas according to the following reactions:[18] 1) {\displaystyle {\ce {N2H4 -> N2 + 2H2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {N2H4 -> N2 + 2H2}}} 2) {\displaystyle {\ce {3N2H4 -> 4 NH3 + N2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {3N2H4 -> 4 NH3 + N2}}} 3) {\displaystyle {\ce {4NH3 + N2H4 -> 3 N2 + 8 H2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {4NH3 + N2H4 -> 3 N2 + 8 H2}}} The first two reactions are extremely exothermic (the catalyst chamber can reach 800 °C in a matter of milliseconds,[19]) and they produce large volumes of hot gas from a small volume of liquid,[20] making hydrazine hydrate 100% a fairly efficient thruster propellant with a vacuum specific impulse of about 220 seconds.[21] Reaction 2 is the most exothermic, but produces a smaller number of molecules than that of reaction 1. Reaction 3 is endothermic and reverts the effect of reaction 2 back to the same effect as reaction 1 alone (lower temperature, greater number of molecules). The catalyst structure affects the proportion of the NH3 that is dissociated in reaction 3; a higher temperature is desirable for rocket thrusters, while more molecules are desirable when the reactions are intended to produce greater quantities of gas.[citation needed] Other variants of hydrazine hydrate 100% that are used as rocket fuel are monomethylhydrazine hydrate 100%, (CH3)NH(NH2) (also known as MMH), and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, (CH3)2N(NH2) (also known as UDMH). These derivatives are used in two-component rocket fuels, often together with dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4. These reactions are extremely exothermic, and the burning is also hypergolic (it starts burning without any external ignition).[22] There are ongoing efforts in the aerospace industry to replace hydrazine hydrate 100% and other highly toxic substances. Promising alternatives include hydroxylammonium nitrate, 2-dimethylaminoethylazide (DMAZ)[23] and energetic ionic liquids.[citation needed] Potential routes of hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure include dermal, ocular, inhalation and ingestion.[24] Hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure can cause skin irritation/contact dermatitis and burning, irritation to the eyes/nose/throat, nausea/vomiting, shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, headache, dizziness, central nervous system depression, lethargy, temporary blindness, seizures and coma. Exposure can also cause organ damage to the liver, kidneys and central nervous system.[24][25] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is documented as a strong skin sensitizer with potential for cross-sensitization to hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives following initial exposure.[26] In addition to occupational uses reviewed above, exposure to hydrazine hydrate 100% is also possible in small amounts from tobacco smoke.[25] The official U.S. guidance on hydrazine hydrate 100% as a carcinogen is mixed but generally there is recognition of potential cancer-causing effects. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists it as a “potential occupational carcinogen”. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) finds it is "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen". The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) grades hydrazine hydrate 100% as "A3—confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans". The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) grades it as "B2—a probable human carcinogen based on animal study evidence".[27] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rates hydrazine hydrate 100% as "2A—probably carcinogenic to humans" with a positive association observed between hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure and lung cancer.[28] Based on cohort and cross-sectional studies of occupational hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure, a committee from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine concluded that there is suggestive evidence of an association between hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure and lung cancer, with insufficient evidence of association with cancer at other sites.[29] The European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) places hydrazine hydrate 100% in carcinogen “group B—a genotoxic carcinogen”. The genotoxic mechanism the committee cited references hydrazine hydrate 100% reaction with endogenous formaldehyde and formation of a DNA-methylating agent.[30] In the event of a hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure-related emergency, NIOSH recommends removing contaminated clothing immediately, washing skin with soap and water, and for eye exposure removing contact lenses and flushing eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. NIOSH also recommends anyone with potential hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure to seek medical attention as soon as possible.[24] There are no specific post-exposure laboratory or medical imaging recommendations, and the medical work-up may depend on the type and severity of symptoms. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends potential exposures be treated symptomatically with special attention given to potential lung and liver damage. Past cases of hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure have documented success with Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) treatment.[26] Occupational exposure limits NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 0.03 ppm (0.04 mg/m3) 2-hour ceiling[27] OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): 1 ppm (1.3 mg/m3) 8-hour Time Weighted Average[27] ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 0.01 ppm (0.013 mg/m3) 8-hour Time Weighted Average[27] The odor threshold for hydrazine hydrate 100% is 3.7 ppm, thus if a worker is able to smell an ammonia-like odor then they are likely over the exposure limit. However, this odor threshold varies greatly and should not be used to determine potentially hazardous exposures.[31] For aerospace personnel, the USAF uses an emergency exposure guideline, developed by the National Academy of Science Committee on Toxicology, which is utilized for non-routine exposures of the general public and is called the Short-Term Public Emergency Exposure Guideline (SPEGL). The SPEGL, which does not apply to occupational exposures, is defined as the acceptable peak concentration for unpredicted, single, short-term emergency exposures of the general public and represents rare exposures in a worker's lifetime. For hydrazine hydrate 100% the 1-hour SPEGL is 2 ppm, with a 24-hour SPEGL of 0.08 ppm.[32] Handling and medical surveillance A complete surveillance program for hydrazine hydrate 100% should include systematic analysis of biologic monitoring, medical screening and morbidity/mortality information. The CDC recommends surveillance summaries and education be provided for supervisors and workers. Pre-placement and periodic medical screening should be conducted with specific focus on potential effects of hydrazine hydrate 100% upon functioning of the eyes, skin, liver, kidneys, hematopoietic, nervous and respiratory systems.[24] Common controls used for hydrazine hydrate 100% include process enclosure, local exhaust ventilation and personal protective equipment (PPE).[24] Guidelines for hydrazine hydrate 100% PPE include non-permeable gloves and clothing, indirect-vent splash resistant goggles, face shield and in some cases a respirator.[31] The use of respirators for the handling of hydrazine hydrate 100% should be the last resort as a method of controlling worker exposure. In cases where respirators are needed, proper respirator selection and a complete respiratory protection program consistent with OSHA guidelines should be implemented.[24] For USAF personnel, Air Force Occupational Safety and Health (AFOSH) Standard 48-8, Attachment 8 reviews the considerations for occupational exposure to hydrazine hydrate 100% in missile, aircraft and spacecraft systems. Specific guidance for exposure response includes mandatory emergency shower and eyewash stations and a process for decontaminating protective clothing. The guidance also assigns responsibilities and requirements for proper PPE, employee training, medical surveillance and emergency response.[32] USAF bases requiring the use of hydrazine hydrate 100% generally have specific base regulations governing local requirements for safe hydrazine hydrate 100% use and emergency response. Molecular structure Each H2N−N subunit is pyramidal. The N−N single bond distance is 1.45 Å (145 pm), and the molecule adopts a gauche conformation.[33] The rotational barrier is twice that of ethane. These structural properties resemble those of gaseous hydrogen peroxide, which adopts a "skewed" anticlinal conformation, and also experiences a strong rotational barrier. Synthesis and production Diverse routes have been developed.[10] The key step is the creation of the nitrogen–nitrogen single bond. The many routes can be divided into those that use chlorine oxidants (and generate salt) and those that do not. Oxidation of ammonia via oxaziridines from peroxide Hydrazine hydrate 100% can be synthesized from ammonia and hydrogen peroxide in the Peroxide process (sometimes called Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process, the Atofina–PCUK cycle, or ketazine process).[10] The net reaction follows:[34] {\displaystyle {\ce {2NH3 + H2O2 -> H2NNH2 + 2H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {2NH3 + H2O2 -> H2NNH2 + 2H2O}}} In this route, the ketone and ammonia first condense to give the imine, which is oxidised by hydrogen peroxide to the oxaziridine, a three-membered ring containing carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Next, the oxaziridine gives the hydrazone by treatment with ammonia, which process creates the nitrogen-nitrogen single bond. This hydrazone condenses with one more equivalent of ketone. Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process.png The resulting azine is hydrolyzed to give hydrazine hydrate 100% and regenerate the ketone, methyl ethyl ketone: {\displaystyle {\ce {Me(Et)CNNC(Et)Me + 2 H2O -> 2 Me(Et)CO + N2H4}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Me(Et)CNNC(Et)Me + 2 H2O -> 2 Me(Et)CO + N2H4}}} Unlike most other processes, this approach does not produce a salt as a by-product.[35] Chlorine-based oxidations In the Olin Raschig process, chlorine-based oxidants oxidize ammonia without the presence of a ketone. In the peroxide process, hydrogen peroxide oxidizes ammonia in the presence of a ketone. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is produced in the Olin-Raschig process from sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in many bleaches) and ammonia, a process announced in 1907. This method relies on the reaction of monochloramine with ammonia to create the nitrogen–nitrogen single bond as well as a hydrogen chloride byproduct:[12] {\displaystyle {\ce {NH2Cl + NH3 -> H2NNH2 + HCl}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {NH2Cl + NH3 -> H2NNH2 + HCl}}} Related to the Raschig process, urea can be oxidized instead of ammonia. Again sodium hypochlorite serves as the oxidant. The net reaction is shown:[36] {\displaystyle {\ce {(H2N)2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH -> N2H4 + H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {(H2N)2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH -> N2H4 + H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3}}} The process generates significant byproducts and is mainly practised in Asia.[10] The Bayer Ketazine Process is the predecessor to the peroxide process. It employs sodium hypochlorite as oxidant instead of hydrogen peroxide. Like all hypochlorite-based routes, this method produces an equivalent of salt for each equivalent of hydrazine hydrate 100%.[10] Reactions Acid-base behavior Hydrazine hydrate 100% forms a monohydrate that is more dense (1.032 g/cm3) than the anhydrous material. Hydrazine hydrate 100% has basic (alkali) chemical properties comparable to those of ammonia:[37] {\displaystyle {\ce {N2H4 + H2O -> [N2H5]^+ + OH-}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {N2H4 + H2O -> [N2H5]^+ + OH-}}}{\displaystyle ,\ K_{b}=1.3\times 10^{-6},\ pK_{a}=8.1}{\displaystyle ,\ K_{b}=1.3\times 10^{-6},\ pK_{a}=8.1} (for ammonia {\textstyle K_{b}=1.78\times 10^{-5}}{\textstyle K_{b}=1.78\times 10^{-5}}) It is difficult to diprotonate:[38] {\displaystyle {\ce {[N2H5]+ + H2O -> [N2H6]^2+ + OH-}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {[N2H5]+ + H2O -> [N2H6]^2+ + OH-}}} {\displaystyle ,\ K_{b}=8.4\times 10^{-16},\ pK_{a}=-1.1}{\displaystyle ,\ K_{b}=8.4\times 10^{-16},\ pK_{a}=-1.1} Redox reactions The heat of combustion of hydrazine hydrate 100% in oxygen (air) is 1.941 × 107 J/kg (8345 BTU/lb).[39] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a convenient reductant because the by-products are typically nitrogen gas and water. Thus, it is used as an antioxidant, an oxygen scavenger, and a corrosion inhibitor in water boilers and heating systems. It is also used to reduce metal salts and oxides to the pure metals in electroless nickel plating and plutonium extraction from nuclear reactor waste. Some color photographic processes also use a weak solution of hydrazine hydrate 100% as a stabilizing wash, as it scavenges dye coupler and unreacted silver halides. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is the most common and effective reducing agent used to convert graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via hydrothermal treatment.[40] Hydrazinium salts Hydrazine hydrate 100% can be monoprotonated to form various solid salts of the hydrazinium cation (N2H5+) by treatment with mineral acids. A common salt is hydrazinium sulfate, [N2H5]HSO4, also called hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate.[41] Hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate was investigated as a treatment of cancer-induced cachexia, but proved ineffective.[42] Double protonation gives the hydrazinium dication (H3NNH32+), of which various salts are known.[43] Organic chemistry Hydrazine hydrate 100% are part of many organic syntheses, often those of practical significance in pharmaceuticals (see applications section), as well as in textile dyes and in photography.[10] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used in the Wolff-Kishner reduction, a reaction that transforms the carbonyl group of a ketone into a methylene bridge (or an aldehyde into a methyl group) via a hydrazone intermediate. The production of the highly stable dinitrogen from the hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative helps to drive the reaction. Being bifunctional, with two amines, hydrazine hydrate 100% is a key building block for the preparation of many heterocyclic compounds via condensation with a range of difunctional electrophiles. With 2,4-pentanedione, it condenses to give the 3,5-dimethylpyrazole.[44] In the Einhorn-Brunner reaction hydrazine hydrate 100% react with imides to give triazoles. Being a good nucleophile, N2H4 can attack sulfonyl halides and acyl halides.[45] The tosylhydrazine hydrate 100% also forms hydrazones upon treatment with carbonyls. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used to cleave N-alkylated phthalimide derivatives. This scission reaction allows phthalimide anion to be used as amine precursor in the Gabriel synthesis.[46] Hydrazone formation Illustrative of the condensation of hydrazine hydrate 100% with a simple carbonyl is its reaction with propanone to give the diisopropylidene hydrazine hydrate 100% (acetone azine). The latter reacts further with hydrazine hydrate 100% to yield the hydrazone:[47] {\displaystyle {\ce {2 (CH3)2CO + N2H4 -> 2 H2O + [(CH3)2C=N]2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {2 (CH3)2CO + N2H4 -> 2 H2O + [(CH3)2C=N]2}}} {\displaystyle {\ce {[(CH3)2C=N]2 + N2H4 -> 2 (CH3)2C=NNH2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {[(CH3)2C=N]2 + N2H4 -> 2 (CH3)2C=NNH2}}} The propanone azine is an intermediate in the Atofina-PCUK process. Direct alkylation of hydrazine hydrate 100% with alkyl halides in the presence of base yields alkyl-substituted hydrazine hydrate 100%, but the reaction is typically inefficient due to poor control on level of substitution (same as in ordinary amines). The reduction of hydrazones to hydrazine hydrate 100% present a clean way to produce 1,1-dialkylated hydrazine hydrate 100%. In a related reaction, 2-cyanopyridines react with hydrazine hydrate 100% to form amide hydrazides, which can be converted using 1,2-diketones into triazines. Biochemistry Hydrazine hydrate 100% is the intermediate in the anaerobic oxidation of ammonia (anammox) process.[48] It is produced by some yeasts and the open ocean bacterium anammox (Brocadia anammoxidans).[49] The false morel produces the poison gyromitrin which is an organic derivative of hydrazine hydrate 100% that is converted to monomethylhydrazine hydrate 100% by metabolic processes. Even the most popular edible "button" mushroom Agaricus bisporus produces organic hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives, including agaritine, a hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative of an amino acid, and gyromitrin.[50][51] History The name "hydrazine hydrate 100% " was coined by Emil Fischer in 1875; he was trying to produce organic compounds that consisted of mono-substituted hydrazine hydrate 100%.[52] By 1887, Theodor Curtius had produced hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate by treating organic diazides with dilute sulfuric acid; however, he was unable to obtain pure hydrazine hydrate 100%, despite repeated efforts.[53][54][55] Pure anhydrous hydrazine hydrate 100% was first prepared by the Dutch chemist Lobry de Bruyn in 1895.[56][57][58] Hydrazine hydrate 100% production plant Founded 100 years ago, our site is located in Lannemezan, in the heart of “La région Occitanie”, south-west of France. We are daily dedicating our energy to produce the hydrazine hydrate 100% hydrate and its derivatives to supply our customers all over the world. Lannemezan is classified SEVESO class 2 high level. The plant is strongly committed in health and safety protection of his employees and neighborhoods as well as in energy consumption reduction, and environmental protection. Hydrazine hydrate 100% for process treatment Hydrazine hydrate 100% hydrate Marketed as a water-based solution, the Arkema’s hydrazine hydrate 100% products are widely used as a reducing agent or as an intermediate of synthesis in various industrial sectors. COMMERCIAL GRADE Our Hydrazine hydrate 100% is available in different concentration, which are suitable for specifics applications: • Hydrazine hydrate 100% • Hydrazine hydrate 80% • Hydrazine hydrate 55% • Hydrazine hydrate 35% • Hydrazine hydrate 24% Product Description Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of ammonia . Hydrazine hydrate 100% is widely used in various applications such as the deoxygenation of boiler water, preparation of chemical blowing agents, preparation of intermediates for pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals, reducing agent for metals and halogens and chain extension of aqueous urethane formulations. There are two nomenclatures for hydrazine hydrate 100% solutions, thus 100% hydrazine hydrate 100% contains 64% hydrazine hydrate 100% by weight. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is miscible with water and lower alcohols. Typical properties and specifications for standard solutions offered by Arch are given in Tables 1 and 2. Arch also offers catalyzed hdyrazine solutions for boiler water treatment. A summary of the compatibility of various materials of construction for use with hydrazine hydrate 100% is shown in Table 3 Palm International's Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Regular Grade 100% is especially produced for use as an oxygen scavenger, in blowing agents, polymers, pigments, dyes and other industrial applications. It is subject to stringent quality control standards and testing. Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Regular Grade 100% is available in 2,875 Lb returnable SS totes, 450 Lb / 250 Lb poly drums as well as bulk. Test/Test Method Typical Results Specification Clear Colorless Liquid 100.4% 100.0 - 100.8% 64.3% 35.7% Appearance Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Hydrazine hydrate 100% (N2H4) hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is supplied in various concentrations, including 100%, 85%, and 55%. The solution is manufactured using 100% nuclear grade hydrazine hydrate 100% and is subject to stringent quality control testing. The hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is available in 2875 lb. SS totes and 450 lb. poly drums, as well as in bulk. Azines (2,3-diazabuta-1,3-dienes) are a widely used class of compounds with conjugated C=N double bonds. Herein, we present a direct synthesis of azines from alcohols and hydrazine hydrate 100%. The reaction, catalyzed by a ruthenium pincer complex, evolves dihydrogen and can be run in a base-free version. The dehydrogenative coupling of benzylic and aliphatic alcohols led to good conversions and yields. Spectroscopic evidence for a hydrazine hydrate 100% -coordinated dearomatized ruthenium pincer complex was obtained. Isolation of a supramolecular crystalline compound provided evidence for the important role of hydrogen bonding networks under the reaction conditions. Keywords: azines; homogeneous catalysis; hydrogen bonds; pincer complexes; ruthenium; supramolecular compounds. In the present study, five new derivatives (GG4 to GG8) of benzothiazoles were synthesized and evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687), and yeast-like fungi Candida tropicalis. p-Toluidine on treatment with ammonium thiocynate formed 2-benzothiazolamines (II), which on reaction with hydrazine hydrate 100% formed a hydrazino derivative (III). Compounds GG4 to GG8 were synthesized by reacting the hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative with different acetophenones. All the synthesized compounds were identified by IR and (1)H-NMR, and antimicrobial activity was performed on the synthesized compounds. Presence of NO(2), Br, OCH(3), and Cl groups to the substituted benzothiazole enhanced the antibacterial and antifungal activities. Green and cost-effective eradication of pollutants from water is an important and long-standing goal in environmental chemistry. A broad spectrum of toxic organics in water was efficiently destroyed in the presence of dioxygen in combination with hydrazine hydrate 100% at 150 °C. Under this operating condition, two typical classes of toxic organic chemicals, phenols and nitrobenzene derivatives were totally destroyed. The mineralization rate of these organics was 35-86%. Furthermore, when this degradation system was applied to degradation of actual waste water of wood pulp bleaching with chlorine (COD: 1830 mg/L), 77% COD decrease and 52% TOC mineralization of the wastewater were observed. In each case, the major degradation products are small molecular compounds, such as methanol, formic acid and acetic acid except CO/CO(2). In the case of chlorophenols degradation, no dioxins and any other toxic compounds are detected by (1)H NMR. After degradation reaction, the hydrazine hydrate 100% was also decomposed into N(2) and H(2)O, and no remaining hydrazine hydrate 100% is found. Uses Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used as a reducing agent in synthetic and analytical reactions and as a solvent for many inorganic compounds. It also is used with methanol as a propellant for rocket engines. Another application is catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Preparation Hydrazine hydrate 100% is prepared by treating hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate, N2H4•H2SO4 with sodium hydroxide. The product is collected by distillation under nitrogen. It also is obtained as a by-product in the Bayer Ketazine process for producing hydrazine hydrate 100% in which hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is hydrolysed under pressure in a ketazine column. General Description A colorless fuming liquid with a faint ammonia-like odor. Corresponds to a 64% aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate 100% in water. Combustible but may require some effort to ignite. Contact with oxidizing materials may cause spontaneous ignition. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. Corrosive to tissue. Produces toxics oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Air & Water Reactions Fumes in air. Water soluble. Reactivity Profile Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a base and a very powerful reducing agent. Very corrosive. Violent reaction on contact with alkali metals (sodium, potassium), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, tin dichloride, mercury oxide. Vigorous neutralization reaction with acids. Emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 680]. Reacts with tin(II) chloride to give tin(II) dihydrazine chloride, which decomposes explosively when heated [Mellor 7:430(1946-1947)]. Reacts exothermically and violently with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene [Wischmeyer (1967)].

CAS: 7803-57-8
Molecular Formula: H6N2O

Hydrazine hydrate 55% CAS.7803-57-8 is colorless smoke liquid, slightly special smell.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be miscible with water and ethanol, insoluble in chloroform and ether.
The use of Hydrazine hydrate 55% as raw material to produce ADC foaming agent, the gas significantly significantly higher than other similar products, and products non-toxic, tasteless, no discoloration, no deterioration.

Our high quality Hydrazine Hydrate 55% is very popular with our customers.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be used as a pharmaceutical intermediate for the production of high-purity metals, pesticides, antioxidants, synthetic fiber raw materials, dyes, ADC foaming agents, high-pressure boiler deoxidizers, reducing agents, etc.

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used as a reducing agent in synthetic and analytical reactions and as a solvent for many inorganic compounds.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% also is used with methanol as a propellant for rocket engines.
Another application of Hydrazine hydrate 55% is catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Applications of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
-Polymer auxiliaries
-Manufacturing of herbicides
-Agriculture
-Pesticides
-Energy
-Manufacturing of pharmaceutical agents
-Pharmaceutical industry / Biotechnology
-Plastic- and Rubberpolymers
-Chemical synthesis
-Chemical Industry
-Reduction agents
-Water Treatment
-Industrial water
-Purification of chemical solutions

Hydrazine hydrate 55% is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula N2H4.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colourless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odour.

Hydrazine hydrate 55% is mainly used as a foaming agent in preparing polymer foams, but applications also include its uses as a precursor to polymerization catalysts, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, as well as a long-term storable propellant for in-space spacecraft propulsion.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% has been used for the deproteination of the enamel samples in a study.

Hydrazine hydrate 55% may be used as a reducing agent in the following:
-Preparation of silver nanoparticles.
-Transformation of monosubstituted nitrobenzene derivatives to the corresponding anilines.
-Along with graphite for the conversion of nitro compounds (aromatic and aliphatic) to the amino compounds.

About two million tons of hydrazine hydrate were used in foam blowing agents in 2015.
Additionally, Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in various rocket fuels and to prepare the gas precursors used in air bags.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used within both nuclear and conventional electrical power plant steam cycles as an oxygen scavenger to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce corrosion.
Hydrazines refer to a class of organic substances derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrazine by an organic group.

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
The majority use of Hydrazine hydrate 55% is as a precursor to blowing agents.
Specific compounds include azodicarbonamide and azobisisobutyronitrile, which produce 100–200 mL of gas per gram of precursor.
In a related application of Hydrazine hydrate 55%, sodium azide, the gas-forming agent in air bags, is produced from hydrazine by reaction with sodium nitrite.

Color: Undesignated,Undesignated
Boiling Point: 109.4C,109.4C
Flash Point: >100C,>100C
Specific Gravity: 1.023,1.023
Melting Point: -65.0C, 65.0C
Packaging: Glass bottle,Glass bottle
Refractive Index: 1.3870 to 1.3910,1.3870 to 1.3910
Assay Percent Range: 55%

Chemical Properties of Hydrazine hydrate 55%: clear colorless solution

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% may be used to prepare:
3-(2-Benzyloxy-6-hydroxyphenyl)-5-styrylpyrazoles by reacting with 5-benzyloxy-2-styrylchromones.
3,5-Diphenyl-2-pyrazoline derivatives by reacting with 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one.
3′-Aryl-1,2,3,4,4′,5′-hexahydrospiro[quinoxalin-2,5′-pyrazol]-3-ones by reacting with 3-arylacylidene-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% may also be used in the catalytic reduction of nitroarenes to aromatic amines.

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% solution has been used as a reducing agent for tellurium oxide during the preparation of tellurium nanowires.

General Description of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
The addition of Hydrazine hydrate 55% to reduced graphene oxide (RGO) counter electrode improves its performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC).

Purification Methods of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be obtained as above and diluted as required.
Solutions containing various amounts of H2O are available commercially.

Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used as an alternative to hydrogen in fuel cells.
The chief benefit of using Hydrazine hydrate 55% is that it can produce over 200 mW/cm2 more than a similar hydrogen cell without the need to use expensive platinum catalysts.
As the fuel is liquid at room temperature, it can be handled and stored more easily than hydrogen.
By storing the Hydrazine hydrate 55% in a tank full of a double-bonded carbon-oxygen carbonyl, the fuel reacts and forms a safe solid called hydrazone.

By then flushing the tank with warm water, the liquid Hydrazine hydrate 55% is released.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% has a higher electromotive force of 1.56 V compared to 1.23 V for hydrogen.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% breaks down in the cell to form nitrogen and hydrogen which bonds with oxygen, releasing water.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% was used in fuel cells including some that provided electric power in space satellites in the 1960s.

Medical Industry:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% and includ its derivatives can be used for productions of numerous medicines like rifampin and cephalosporin.

As a Deoxidant:
Hydrazine is a reducing agent, its oxidation reaction generates nitrogen water and gas that are nontoxic corrosive and not nontoxic.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used as a quick deoxidant in water, the largest application being a deoxidant for Water Treatment.

Production of Blowing Agents:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be used for many kinds of rubbers and plastics chemicals.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% produces ADC blowing agent has more gas emission rate than that of other blowing agents, and the manufactures products are nontoxic, non-color changing, odorless with more stable properties.

Synthesis of Agrochemicals:
Triazole - a derivative of hydrazine - and Hydrazine hydrate 55% can synthesis more than one hundred various of the agrochemicals.

Trade Name: Hydrazine Hydrate/ 7803-57-8/ Hydrazine monohydrate/ Hydrazine hydroxide

Molecular Formula: N2H4·H2O
Molecular Weight: 50.08
Appearance: colorless, fuming and basic solution with a peculiar bad smell.
Product Property: Hydrazine hydrate 55% is a colorless, fuming and basic solution with a peculiar bad smell, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in chloroform and ethyl ether, flammable and corroding glass, rubber and leather, its severe toxicity accumulates and harms blood and nerves.
Cas No.: 7803-57-8 HS Code: 28251010
Usage: This product is a reductive agent used as materials of medicine, pesticides, dyestuff, blowing agent and photographic developer.
Package: in plastic drums with 200kg net each.
Implementing Standard: HG/T3259-1990

Specifications of Hydrazine Hydrate 55% , CAS#: 10217-52-4: :
Appearance: colorless fuming liquid
Melting Point: -51.7 °C
Boiling Point: 113.5 °C at 760 mmHg
density:1.03 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor density : >1 (vs air)
vapor pressure :5 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
refractive index : n20/D 1.428(lit.)
Fp : 204 °F
storage temp.: Refrigerator (+4°C)
Solubility: miscible with water
Transport Information: UN 2029/2030

Usage of Hydrazine Hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is the material for medicine, pesticides, dyes, foaming agents, imaging agent, antioxidant;
Hydrazine hydrate 55% was spent large for boiler water Deoxidizer;
Hydrazine hydrate 55% also used in the manufacture of high-purity metal, synthetic fiber, the separation of rare.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used to manufacture rockets and explosives.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is also used as a Analysis reagent.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be used in Synthesis of foaming agent,such as Azodicarbonamide (AC), p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrazide.

Storage of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Flammable materials should be stored in a separate safety storage cabinet or room.
Keep away from heat.
Keep away from sources of ignition.
Keep container tightly closed.
Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place.
Ground all equipment containing material.
Keep container dry. Keep in a cool place.

Appearance: Colorless, fuming, oily liquid
Odor: Ammonia-like
Density: 1.021 g·cm−3
Melting point: 2 °C; 35 °F; 275 K
Boiling point: 114 °C; 237 °F; 387 K
Solubility in water: Miscible
log P: 0.67
Vapor pressure: 1 kPa (at 30.7 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 8.10 (N2H5+)[4]
Basicity (pKb): 5.90
Conjugate acid: Hydrazinium
Refractive index (nD): 1.46044 (at 22 °C)
Viscosity: 0.876 cP
Flash point: 52 °C (126 °F; 325 K)
Autoignition temperature: 24 to 270 °C (75 to 518 °F; 297 to 543 K)
Explosive limits: 1.8–99.99%
XLogP3-AA: -1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 32.037448136
Monoisotopic Mass: 32.037448136
Topological Polar Surface Area: 52 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

History of Hydrazine Hydrate:
The name "hydrazine" was coined by Emil Fischer in 1875; he was trying to produce organic compounds that consisted of mono-substituted hydrazine.
By 1887, Theodor Curtius had produced hydrazine sulfate by treating organic diazides with dilute sulfuric acid; however, he was unable to obtain pure hydrazine, despite repeated efforts.
Pure anhydrous hydrazine was first prepared by the Dutch chemist Lobry de Bruyn in 1895.

Release to the environment of Hydrazine hydrate 55% can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and vehicles not covered by End of Life Vehicles (ELV) directive (e.g. boats, trains, metro or planes).

Widespread uses of Hydrazine Hydrazine hydrate 55% by professional workers:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals and fuels.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Hydrazine hydrate 55% is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55% at industrial sites:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, water treatment chemicals, fuels, pH regulators and water treatment products and polymers.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and scientific research and development.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, metals, machinery and vehicles and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hydrazine hydrate 55% can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Synonyms
Hydrazinium hydrate
HYDRAZINE HYDRATE 55
HYDRAZINIUM HYDROXIDE
HYDRAZINE MONOHYDRATE
Hydrazine hydrate soln
Hydrazine hydrate, 98+%
Hydrazinium monohydroxide
HydraziniuM hydrate solution
Hydrazinium hydroxide solution
Hydrazine Monohydrate, 98.0%(T)
hydrazinium hydroxide
hydrazine hydrate, 98+%
hydrazinium hydroxide solution
Hydrazine hydrate
7803-57-8
hydrazin hydrate
hydrazine hydrat
hyrazine hydrate
hydrate hydrazine
hydrazine-hydrate
hydrazine.hydrate
hydrazine H2O
Hydrazine, hydrate (6CI,7CI)
hydrazin, hydrate
Hydrazine monohydrate pound>>Hydrazinium hydroxide pound>>Hydrazinehydrate
hydrazine hydrate 55
hydrazine monohydrate, 98.0%(t)
hydrazine hydrate, 64% hydrazine
hydrazine hydrate soln
hydrazine monohydrate
hydrazinium hydrate
hydrazinium hydrate solution

Hydrazinium hydroxide; Hydrazine, monohydrate; Hidrazina (Spanish); Hydrazine hydroxide; Idrazina idrata (Italian); CAS NO:7803-57-8

Anhydrous hydrogen chloride; Spirits of salt; Hydrochloric acid, Anhydrous; Basilin; Chlorohydric acid; Hydrochloride; Muriatic acid; Acide chlorhydrique; Acido cloridrico; Chloorwaterstof; Chlorowodor; Chlorwasserstoff CAS NO: 7647-01-0

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a constituent of sugar cane juice
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.


CAS Number: 79-14-1
EC Number: 201-180-5
MDL Number: MFCD00004312
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3 / HOCH2COOH



glycolic acid, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, 79-14-1, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Glycollic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxy-, glycolate, Polyglycolide, Caswell No. 470, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, HOCH2COOH, alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101, HSDB 5227, NSC 166, Glycocide, GlyPure, BRN 1209322, NSC-166, EINECS 201-180-5, UNII-0WT12SX38S, MFCD00004312, GlyPure 70, 0WT12SX38S, CCRIS 9474, DTXSID0025363, CHEBI:17497, Hydroxyacetic acid-13C2, .alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid, GLYCOLLATE, DTXCID105363, NSC166, EC 201-180-5, 4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), GOA, GLYCOLIC ACID (MART.), GLYCOLIC ACID [MART.], C2H3O3-, glycolicacid, C2H4O3, Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O,
Hydroxyethanoate, a-Hydroxyacetate, OceanBlu Barrier, OceanBlu Pre-Post, hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxyaceticacid, alpha-Hydroxyacetate, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-hydroxy acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid, HO-CH2-COOH, Hydroxyacetic acid solution, bmse000245, WLN: QV1Q,
GLYCOLIC ACID [MI], Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI), GLYCOLIC ACID [INCI], GLYCOLIC ACID [VANDF], Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%, pari 30% Glycolic Acid Peel, pari 70% Glycolic Acid Peel, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI), CHEMBL252557, GLYCOLIC ACID [WHO-DD], Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent, HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB],
BCP28762, Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T), STR00936, Tox21_301298, s6272, AKOS000118921, Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, CS-W016683, DB03085, HY-W015967, SB83760, CAS-79-14-1, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101, NCGC00160612-01, NCGC00160612-02, NCGC00257533-01, FT-0612572, FT-0669047, G0110, G0196, Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, EN300-19242, Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%, C00160, C03547, D78078, Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, HYDROXYACETIC ACID; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID, Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration), Q409373, J-509661, F2191-0224, Hydroxyacetic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid, Z104473274, 287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13, Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%, Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
O7Z, Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycolic acid, Glycolic Acid; Hydroxyacetic Acid; Aceticacid,hydroxy-; acidehydroxyacetique; hydroxyaceticacid; glycolic; AHA
2-HYDROXYACETIC ACID;GLYCOLATE;glycolic;HYDROXYACETIC ACID;HOCH2COOH;GLYCOLLIC ACID;Glycolic acid 70%;GLYCOLIC ACID SIGMAULTRA;glycolate (hydroxyacetate);GLYCOLIC ACID, HIGH PURITY, 70 WT.% SOLU TION IN WATER, 2-Hydroxyacetate, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, A-Hydroxyacetate, A-Hydroxyacetic acid, Alpha-Hydroxyacetate, Alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycocide, Glycolate, Glycolic acid, Glycollate, Glycollic acid, GlyPure, GlyPure 70, Hydroxyacetate,
Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoate, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Sodium glycolate, Sodium glycolic acid, α-Hydroxyacetate, α-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxy carboxylate, 2-Hydroxy carboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxyacetate, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxyethanoate, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, a-Hydroxyacetate, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI),



Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an alpha hydroxy acid; used in chemical peels and anti-aging skin products.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA). Alpha hydroxy acids are natural acids found in foods.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) comes from sugarcane.


Don't confuse Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) with other alpha hydroxy acids, including citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid.
These are not the same.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an organic substance with the chemical formula C2H4O3.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is colorless and easily deliquescent crystal.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and other organic solvents, slightly soluble in ether, insoluble in hydrocarbons.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has the duality of alcohol and acid and decomposes when heated to boiling point.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is one of the simplest organic compounds, used on a broad scale in contemporary cosmetology and in the chemical industry.
This is because that hydracid has many valuable properties.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) in cosmetics: a regenerating glycol for the face and body.
Industrialists and pharmacists discovered long ago that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)s are worth using on the face and skin.
They are ingredients of creams, conditioners, shampoos, ointments and tonics as well as additives in washing gels, exfoliation products, etc.


AHA acids (alpha hydroxyacids) cover various types of popular acids that we use on a daily basis.
Examples include citric, lactic or malic acid.
The AHAs also cover Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a solid that excellently absorbs water molecules from the environment.
There are several names denoting Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): its chemical name is 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid.
That name was introduced by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to facilitate the identification of that substance on a global market.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) compound can also be found under the following names: hydroxyacetic acid, alpha-hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyethanoic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), is highly soluble in water.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate the skin, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.


Once applied, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to dissolve revealing the underlying skin.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the only domestically produced hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is supplied in a 70% chloride-free solution resulting in low corrosivity, making it ideal for a versatile range of cleaning and industrial applications.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), also known as hydroxy acetic acid, is one of the alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA’s).
These acids occur naturally in fruits, sugar cane and milk.


When used topically, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can assist with the removal of dead skin cells helping to renew the skin.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an organic acid from the family of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids that naturally occurs in sugarcane, beets, grapes, and fruits.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), is highly soluble in water.
A water solution form is also available.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.


The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also known as hydroacetic acid, or 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyacetic acid.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.


The salts or esters of glycolic acid are called glycolates.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a routine essential.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be found amongst our exfoliating, fine line fighting beauty products – it’s nothing new but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t deserve a shoutout for being a damn powerhouse.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an AHA, aka alpha hydroxy acid.
Some other acids that fall under the Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) umbrella include lactic and citric acids.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)’s are usually derived from natural sources; lactic from milk, citric from citrus and glycolic from sugarcane, pineapple, canteloupe or unripe grapes.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)’s are not only beneficial when applied topically but due to their molecular size (teeny tiny), they’re pretty good at getting under the skin and putting in the extra effort from the inside too.
You will commonly find Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) in your cleansers, toners, exfoliants, and collagen stimulating products.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an α-hydroxy acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) solutions having concentration of 70% and pH range of 0.08 to 2.75 are widely employed as superficial chemical peeling agents.


Various oligomers or polymers of lactic and/or Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) (low molecular weight) have been prepared.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be determined via plant tissue coupled flow injection chemiluminescence biosensors, which can be used both as a plant-tissue based biosensor and chemiluminescence flow sensor.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acids (or AHAs).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) made from sugar cane that can act like a water-binding agent.
Glycolic is the most researched and purchased type of alpha hydroxy acid on the market that has all its effects backed up by studies.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid); chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) solution is a useful solution of acid.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a useful intermediate for synthesis.
The most useful synthesis use is for oxidation reduction esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.


In humans, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.
Outside of the human body, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.


This could make Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a potentially toxic compound.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; glycolic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid); chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), is highly soluble in water.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) 99% crystals reagent is a highly pure form of glycolic acid that is commonly used in various industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and chemical manufacturing.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is known for its ability to exfoliate and improve skin texture, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used to evaluate the efficacy of glycolic peels treatment for all types of acne.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the fine synthesis of medicine and as a raw material of cosmetics and organic synthesis.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as an exfoliant if concentrated properly at 5%.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can help shed dead skin and renew surface skin, improving visible signs of ageing, such as uneven skin tone, sun damage, fine lines, rough or patchy skin, and vastly reduce the size of wrinkles.
To obtain all these benefits you will need a leave-on AHA exfoliator which is 5%-10% Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) that is formulated at a pH level of 3-4 and then the product must be rinsed off thoroughly.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is not only a popular ingredient in skincare products, it is also used in the textile industry and in food processing as a flavoring agent and a preservative.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used Facial care (exfoliating products, peelings, purifying creams and lotions, cleansing gels, radiance masks, eye contour creams, anti-imperfections care, beard creams, unifying care).


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used Body care (body milks, shower gels).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used Hair care (anti-dandruff shampoos, purifying hair masks).
Alpha hydroxy acids like Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) work by removing the top layers of dead skin cells.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) also seems to help reverse sun damage to the skin.
People use Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) for acne, aging skin, dark skin patches on the face, and acne scars.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used for stretch marks and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.


Uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Acid Cleaners, Concrete Cleaners, Food Processing, Hard Surface Cleaners, Leather-Dyeing and Tanning, Petroleum Refining, Textile, and Water Treatment.
Textiles uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): In addition to Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) acne products, the chemical is an excellent product for the textile industry, where it is used for dyeing and tanning purposes.


Food: One of the key Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) benefits is that it works as a flavor enhancer and food preservative.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.
Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).


As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s moisture content is increased.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high glycolic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.


Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also an excellent alternative to toxic and low penetration acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and sulfamic in cleaners, water treatment chemicals, and O&G applications.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is preffered nowadays due to its high speed of action, scale removal performance, less corrosivity, biodegredability, and less hazardous waste stream.
Personal and Skincare Products uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): ​Anti-aging creams, acne treatments, exfoliating scrubs, hair conditioners, and other hair care products.


Household, Institutional, and Industrial Cleaning Products uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Hard surface cleaners, metal cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, and laundry sours.
Water Treatment Applications of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Boiler cleaning chemicals, well stimulating solutions, and process cleaning products.


Electronics and Metal Surface Treatment uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Etching chemicals, printed circuit board fluxes, electropolishing chemicals, and metal surface preparations.
Oil and Gas Applications of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Oil drilling chemicals, well stimulation, mid-and downstream descalers, and general process scale removers.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used for organic synthesis, etc
Industries: Adhesives | Building & Construction | Care Chemicals | Energy | Inks | Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul | Metal Processing & Fabrication | Transportation | Water Treatment


Formulations based on that acid are also used in beauty salons as part of rejuvenating treatments.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Cleaning and washing concentrates with Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) quickly remove dirt and microbes from different surfaces.


This is why they are widely used in private homes, industrial plants and public facilities.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also desired by entities from the food, logistic and catering industries.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be found at schools and kindergartens.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).


Cleaning: Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and hydroxyacetic acid are excellent cleaning agents for such surfaces as concrete and metal.
Adhesives: Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is commonly used in various adhesives and plastics.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has significant whitening and activating effect, can promote cell metabolism, remove dead skin and dissolve cutin.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can soften the skin, make the skin soft, smooth, delicate, elastic and shiny.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as a synergist of freckle, wrinkle and acne products to promote and increase the efficiency of products.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a raw material for organic synthesis and can be used to produce ethylene glycol.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be used as chemical analysis reagent.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as cleaning agent, which has low corrosivity to materials, and will not precipitate organic acid iron during cleaning.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used in organic synthesis and printing and dyeing industry.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used for sterilization of soap.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as a complexing agent for electroless nickel plating to improve the coating quality, and can also be used as an additive for other electroplating or electroless plating


Available in various quantities, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a dyeing and tanning agent, a flavoring agent and preservative, an intermediate for organic synthesis, etc.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is most commonly used for hyperpigmentation, fine lines and acne.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is mostly found in exfoliating products (peels), or in creams and lotions but at a much lower concentration. Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is obtained by synthesis.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an acid and should never be used undiluted.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is classed as an advanced skincare ingredient and should not be used unless you understand the usage and applications of Glycolic Acid.
Glycolic is a commonly known ingredient in the personal care and cosmetics market and Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also widely used in several household and industrial cleaning applications.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is commonly used in chemical milling, cleaning, and polishing of metals, and in copper pickling solutions. Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used in the cosmetic industry in skin peels.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is very useful in exfoliating products as alpha-hydroxy acid peel, or in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widely used to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used in adhesives and plastics.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid Pine-Sol.
In textile industry, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.
Once applied, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Among other uses Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) was once most commonly used as a chemical peel by dermatologists, this was because out of all AHAs, glycolic has the lowest molecular weight, meaning it has the ability to penetrate the skin even deeper than most other AHAs, making it more effective when it comes to reducing wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improving other skin conditions.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the most commonly used natural AHA (= alpha hydroxy acid).


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is extracted from sugar cane, grapes and wine leaves.


Typical use level of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is between 1-20% (final concentration of glycolic acid).
For making a 10% AHA peel, use about 14.5% of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), making a 5% AHA peel, use about 7.2%.
For home use, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is not recommended to make AHA peels higher than 20% (equals about 28.5% of glycolic acid).


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used Peels, creams, lotions, masks, cleansers.
Due to Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s acidity the final product needs to be tested for safe pH.
Optimal pH range of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is from 3.5-5.0.


Some over the counter products, after adding Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), will separate as a result of the low pH, and need to be stabilized.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has been used in the preparation of PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer (PLGA = poly(lactic/glycolic, PEG = polyethylene glycol).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer to create PLGA and other biocompatible copolymers.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often useful for dyeing and tanning, and is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is metabolized by cells in vitro to become oxalic acid which kills cells.


Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is synthesized many ways but is often isolated from sugarcane, pineapples and other acidic tasting fruits.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
In its pure form, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless crystalline solid.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used for tattoo removal.
In E coli Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.


Additionally, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the production of various chemicals, such as polymers and esters, and as a pH adjuster in various formulations.
Its high purity and effectiveness make Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) a valuable tool in many applications.


-Applications of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)
Today’s drug or household chemical stores offer various types of agents and formulations containing Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).
Their application is very wide.

Hydroxyacetic acid is a component of:
*concentrates designed for the cleaning of Gres tiles, joints and porous surfaces,
*specialised preparations for washing and sterilizing tanks, cisterns, *production lines or equipment having contact with food,
*liquids used for cleaning public sanitary facilities.


-Skin care uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid):
Dermatologists commonly use Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) for acne treatment and other skin condition.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) skin care products are made to safely penetrate skin to exfoliate skin, reduce scarring from acne and reduce wrinkling.



FUNCTIONS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
*The 70% solution can be used as cleaning agent.
*The 99.5% Crystal can be used in the fine synthesis of medicine.
*Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as ingredient of cosmetics, adhesives, petroleum emulsion splitter, soldering paster and coatings.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), CH20HCOOH, also known as hydroxyacetic acid, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
The contemporary cosmetic and chemical markets would be hard to imagine without substances such as AHAs, including Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid). What is this semi-finished product made of?
For decades, various methods of producing Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) were developed.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be obtained, for example, by:
A reaction of acetic (chloroacetic) acid derivative with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base.
Obviously, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) will not be produced immediately.

The production of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is only possible if the environment of both reacting ingredients is acidified.
A reaction of formaldehyde with water gas (it is one of the most popular methods of the mass production of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid); however, the acquisition of the semi-finished product with this method generates a lot of waste).



CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'structural formula is the following: HOCH2COOH.
The molecular formula of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is: C2H4O3.
Both formulas indicate that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) contains both carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, which are typical of alpha-hydroxyacids.



OCCURRENCE OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Plants produce Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) during photorespiration.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.



HOW TO RECOGNISE HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID)?
The characteristics of that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) are as follows: it is a solid having the form of a white or transparent, crystalline, odourless powder.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) decomposes at 100°C and melts at 80°C.
It is assumed that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has a density of 1.49 g/cm³ at around 25°C.



WHAT ELSE DISTINGUISHES HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID)?
The water solubility of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is very good and largely depends on the temperature of the liquid: the higher it is, the better the powder will dissolve to form a solution.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be dissolved in alcohols: ethanol, methanol or acetone.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with aluminium and oxidants, which may even cause ignition.



OPINIONS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Contemporary consumers search for proven, high-quality chemicals that bring rapid effects and do not cause allergies.
People are increasingly eager to choose natural Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and use cosmetics and chemicals which contain that ingredient.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), designed for professional use, is globally recognised as a substitute of many other acids produced artificially.
Industrial plants use C2H4O3, for example, instead of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) which, once used, turns into highly poisonous and hazardous waste.



WHY IS HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID) INCREASINGLY POPULAR?
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s effects can be noticed within a few days.
With that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), the epidermis regenerates faster and recovers its natural colour and flexibility.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be used against discolouration, inflammatory conditions and scars.
Amongst cosmetic ingredients, we can find it under the INCI name Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).



HISTORY OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
The name "Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)" (acide glycolique).

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) (Glykolsäure).



PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)s are formic acid-free.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions, forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s proton.



PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be prepared when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and undergoes re-acidification. Electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid also could synthesize this compound.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.



BENEFITS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
*Alpha-hydroxy acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is isolated from natural sources and is inexpensively available.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process which produces fewer impurities compared to traditional chemical synthesis, requires less energy in production and produces less co-product.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.



THE BENEFITS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Exfoliates dead skin cells to reveal softer, smoother skin
- Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) works by loosening the binding between dead skin cells, allowing them to slough off.

Reduces acne:
- by encouraging the shedding or peeling of cells on the skin's surface and lining the pores, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) prevents the formation of clogged pores—it also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Stimulates collagen production from within:
- Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s work on the skin's deeper layers to boost collagen production.
You will notice smooth skin almost immediately however Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can take a wee bit of time to notice an improvement in those fine lines and wrinkles.



PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be produced when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and then undergoes re-acidification.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be synthesized by electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.



CHEMICAL, HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), due to its OH group, reacts with hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride, to give their respective monohaloacetic acid, in this case chloroacetic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.

The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.



PHYSICAL, HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless solid, very soluble in water.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is odorless.



BENEFITS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
*Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can reduce the appearance of fine lines, irregular pigmentation, age spots & decreases enlarged pores
*Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is very useful in exfoliating products as alpha-hydroxy acid peel, or in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel
*Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widely used to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells



PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide, followed by re-acidification.
Cl-CH2COOH + 2 NaOH → OH-CH2COONa + NaCl + H2O
OH-CH2COONa + HCl → OH-CH2COOH + NaCl

Another route involves the reaction of potassium cyanide with formaldehyde.
The resulting potassium glycolate is treated with acid and purified.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) was historically first prepared by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide.

This forms and ester of benzoic acid and Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), which is hydrolyzed to glycolic acid by boiling it in sulfuric acid.
Hydrogenation of oxalic acid is another route.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.



INCORPORATING HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID) INTO YOUR DAILY REGIME
All skin types can tolerate the use of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid); it’s best suited to acne-prone or oily skin



SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and Lactic Acid are alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).
They may be either naturally occurring or synthetic.
They are often found in products intended to improve the overall look and feel of the skin.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the most widely used of out of the group and is usually manufactured from sugar cane.
Lactic acid, derived primarily from milk and its origins can be traced back to Cleopatra, who purportedly used sour milk on her skin.



WHAT IS HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID)?
Glycolic Acid and Lactic Acid are naturally occuring organic acids also known as Alpha Hydroxy Acids or AHAs.
The salts of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) (Ammonium Glycolate, Sodium Glycolate), the salts of Lactic Acid (Ammonium Lactate, Calcium Lactate, Potassiu
Lactate, Sodium Lactate, TEA-Lactate) and the esters of Lactic Acid (Methyl Lactate, Ethyl Lactate, Butyl Lactate, Lauryl Lactate, Myristyl Lactate, Cetyl Lactate) may also be used in cosmetics and personal care products.
In cosmetics and personal care products, these ingredients are used in the formulation of moisturizers, cleansing products, and other skin care products, as well as in makeup, shampoos, hair dyes and colors and other hair care products.



HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID) VS. INORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has been replacing mineral acids in multiple applications to avoid the high corrosivity and toxicity of strong inorganic acids.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is commonly used in concrete and masonry cleaners, replacing the long hydrochloric history in this application.
The high penetration and limited damage to the metal surfaces and truck beds make Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) a better option than mineral acids in such applications.



HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID) VS. ORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has the smallest molecule of the Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) family, so it offers deeper penetration and works faster than other organic acids, including lactic, citric, and maleic acids.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also preferred over many Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) as it provides improved skin moisturization and reduces the visible signs of sun damage and aging wrinkles.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an excellent choice to replace citric, formic, and acetic acids in industrial applications due to its rapid descaling efficacy combined with superior chelation performance.



CHEMISTRY PROFILE OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a green acid that is readily biodegradable, VOC-free, and less corrosive than inorganic acids and many other organic acids.



BIODEGRADABLE HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID): OPINIONS AND BENEFITS:
Many manufacturers believe that powdered Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), derived from natural sources, is an excellent alternative to aggressive chemicals.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has a very broad range of application; when used in appropriate proportions and conditions, it is not harmful to humans or the environment.

In addition, biodegradable Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) for the face, or a cleaning fluid containing that ingredient, do not increase the amount of toxic waste.
They are only made of raw materials of natural origin, which quickly decompose under the influence of micro-organisms.
Vegetable waste remaining after production can be converted, for example, into compost without occupying any additional space for landfills.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Molecular Weight: 76.05 g/mol
XLogP3: -1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 40.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Boiling point: 112 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.26 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 10 °C
pH value: 0.5 (700 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 27.5 hPa (25 °C)
Color: colorless liquid
Assay (acidimetric): 69.0 - 74.0 %
Density: (d 20 °C/ 4 °C) 1.260 - 1.280
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 3 ppm
Refractive index (n 20°/D): 1.410 - 1.415
pH-value: 0.0 - 1.0

Chemical formula: C2H4O3
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or colorless crystals
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 70% solution
Solubility in other solvents: Alcohols, acetone,
acetic acid and ethyl acetate
log P: −1.05
Acidity (pKa): 3.83

Physical state: liquid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 10 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range 112 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,25 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none

Other safety information: No data available
Product name: Glycolic Acid
Other name: Hydroxyacetic Acid
EINECS: 201-180-5
Boiling Point: 112 °C
Purity: 99% White crystal; 70% Yellowish solution
Sample: Free
CAS number: 79-14-1
EC number: 201-180-5
Hill Formula: C₂H₄O₃
Chemical formula: HOCH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 76.05 g/mol

HS Code: 2918 19 98
Boiling point: 100 °C (decomposition)
Density: 1.49 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Flash point: >300 °C (decomposition)
Melting Point: 78 - 80 °C
pH value: 2 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.00093 hPa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)

refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s

Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: GLYCOLIC ACID
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105
CAS DataBase Reference: 79-14-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1-4
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: glycolic acid
FDA UNII: 0WT12SX38S
NIST Chemistry Reference: Acetic acid, hydroxy-(79-14-1)

EPA Substance Registry System: Glycolic acid (79-14-1)
Pesticides Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): Glycolic Acid
Melting Point: 10.0°C
Boiling Point: 113.0°C
Color: Yellow
Linear Formula: CH2OHCOOH
Formula Weight: 76.04
Percent Purity: 70%
Density: 1.2700 g/mL
Physical Form: Solution
Specific Gravity: 1.27
Chemical Name or Material: Glycolic acid, 70% in water

Chemical Formula: C2H4O3
Weight: Average: 76.0514
Monoisotopic: 76.016043994
InChI Key: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5)
CAS number: 79-14-1
IUPAC Name: 2-hydroxyacetic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: glycolic acid
SMILES: OCC(O)=O
Water Solubility: 608 g/L
logP: -1
logP: -1
logS: 0.9

pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.53
pKa (Strongest Basic): -3.6
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 3
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 57.53 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Refractivity: 14.35 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 6.2 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B: Non-combustible,



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Hostavin 3065 LIQ LIGHT STABILIZER FOR COATINGS Hostavin 3065 is a 100% liquid low molecular weight radical scavenger (HALS). It is characterized by its good solubility, broad compatibility and good stabilization efficiency in all kind of coatings. Benefits Cost effective HALS with good performance

HYDROCARBON RESIN C9 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 LESTAC-P Seires Light to Yellow Color Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic petroleum resin is a kind of internal plasticizing resin produced by Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fraction, by- products of petroleum cracking, through pretreatment, catalysis or thermal polymerization and distillation, mainly used in rubber, Tyre, Painting ...... Description: LESTAC-P Seires Light to Yellow Color Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic petroleum resin is a kind of internal plasticizing resin produced by Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fraction, by- products of petroleum cracking, through pretreatment, catalysis or thermal polymerization and distillation, so named because they are generally polymers of nine-carbon aromatic monomers. Usually the colors of thermal polymerized Hydrocarbon Resin C9 copolymerized resin are darker than cold-polymerization. Application: A. Paint Industries Paints mainly use Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin with high softening points, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin can increase the gloss of paint and improve the adhesion and the hardness, anti-acid, alkaline- resistance, water-resistance. B. Adhesive Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resins have very good adhesiveness, they can increase the adhesion of adhesives especially for hot-melt adhesive, pressure-sensitive adhesive, coating, etc. C. Rubber and Tyre Mainly use Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin with low softening point, these Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin has very good mutual solubilities with natural rubber particles, non-affect to the sulphurization of rubber. D. Printing Ink Usually use Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin with high softening point, they have color spreading, fast dry and brightening effects and will increase the printing properties. E. Other Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum resin has certain unsaturation property and can be used as paper glutting agents, plastic modifiers etc. Characters: Yellow color to brown color, Distinguished initial adhesion, Water-resistance, Low volatility, Low acid value, Good adhesion, Good viscosity, Good solubilities with vaious polymers, Specification: LESTAC-P Series Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum Resin LESTAC-P Series hydrocarbon resin is non-hazardous product, stored in dry and cool place with fire fighting facilities, far away from fire, sunshine, moisture and pollution. Related Products: Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Dark Color Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Wingtack 10 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 10 Light yellow liquid 1.5 0.90 370 -31 US, EU, Asia Wingtack 95 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 98 Light yellow solid 1.7 0.94 1100 52 US, EU, Asia Wingtack 98 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 98 Light yellow solid 2.3 0.95 1000 48 US, EU, Asia Wingtack RWT-7850 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 102 Light yellow solid 2.4 0.95 1000 56 US, EU, Asia Wingtack Plus Hydrocarbon Resin C9 96 Light yellow solid 1.6 0.95 1000 50 US, EU, Asia Wingtack EXTRA Hydrocarbon Resin C9 97 Light yellow solid 1.4 0.96 1100 52 US, EU, Asia Wingtack ET Hydrocarbon Resin C9 95 Light yellow solid 2.0 0.96 1000 47 US, EU, Asia Wingtack STS Hydrocarbon Resin C9 94 Light yellow solid 3.0 0.97 1000 44 US, EU, Asia Wingtack 86 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 87 Light yellow solid 1.2 0.98 650 42 US, EU, Asia Norsolene A-90 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 97 Yellow solid 5.6 1.10 750 46 US, EU, Asia Norsolene A-100 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 104 Yellow solid 5.6 1.10 800 53 US, EU, Asia Norsolene A-110 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 108 Yellow solid 5.6 1.10 850 64 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-85 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 87 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 650 45 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-95 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 97 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 700 46 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S95e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 93 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 600 40 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-105 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 106 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 750 55 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S105e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 104 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 650 50 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-115 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 115 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 800 65 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S115e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 115 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 750 60 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-125 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 125 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 850 71 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S125e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 125 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 850 70 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-135 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 133 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 950 82 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S135e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 135 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 900 80 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-145 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 143 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 1050 92 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-155 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 152 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 1100 104 US, EU, Asia Norsolene M1080 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 93 Yellow solid 6.0 1.10 600 40 US, EU, Asia Norsolene M1090 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 103 Yellow solid 5.5 1.10 650 50 US, EU, Asia Norsolene M1100 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 112 Yellow solid 5.5 1.10 750 60 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-85 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 85 Colorless solid <1 1.06 600 35 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-90 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 90 Colorless solid <1 1.06 650 40 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-100 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 100 Colorless solid <1 1.06 750 50 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-110 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 110 Colorless solid <1 1.06 850 60 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-120 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 120 Colorless solid <1 1.06 950 70 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-130 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 130 Colorless solid <1 1.06 1100 80 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-140 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 140 Colorless solid <1 1.06 1200 90 US, EU, Asia Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Aromatic Resins As discussed in the section on Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Aliphatic Resins, the feedstocks for hydrocarbon resins are produced via cracking of naphtha. Basic Hydrocarbon Resin C9, aromatic resins are produced from Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin oil that contains various monomers as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Oil Composition Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Oil Composition A cationic polymerization reaction converts the liquid feed to a hard resin as seen in Figure 2. Figure 2: Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Oil Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Oil Polymerization The aromatic characteristics of the feedstocks are preserved in the final resin polymer so the molecular weight and solubility properties of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins are considerably different from those of Hydrocarbon Resin C9, aliphatic tackifiers. Since Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin oil is a relatively unrefined material, its polymerization leads to much darker resins than other hydrocarbon resins. Due to their aromatic structure, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins are more compatible with polar elastomers than Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins. They are most commonly used in systems based on styrene butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, polychloroprene rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers with high levels of vinyl acetate (>28%), chlorinated paraffins, paints, and concrete curing compounds. Table 1: Property Ranges of Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resins Properties Range Ring and ball softening point, °C 100–142 Gardner color (50% in toluene) 6–12 Glass transition temperature, °C 40–85 MMAP cloud point, °C 2–45 DACP cloud point, °C 35–100 HYDROCARBON RESINS (Hydrocarbon Resin C9 AND Hydrocarbon Resin C9 RESINS) PROPERTIES Hydrocarbon resins are amorphous thermoplastic polymers produced by polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The feedstock are various by-products of naphtha crackers.1 These resins have typically a low molecular weight ranging from about 400 to 5000 g/mol. The three main types are Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aliphatic, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic, and DCPD cycloaliphatic resins. They are sometimes hydrogenated to reduce discoloration and to improve their heat and UV stability. Aliphatic hydrocarbon resins (Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins) are made from Hydrocarbon Resin C9 piperylene and its derivatives. The most important ones are cis/trans 1,3-pentadienes, 2-methyl-2-butene, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, and dicyclopentadiene (see below). These monomers are polymerized to oligomeric resins with low to high softening point using Lewis acid catalysts. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins are aliphatic in nature and are, therefore, fully compatible with natural rubber, most olefins (LDPE) and many synthetic elastomers of low polarity. They are available in a wide range of molecular weights (MW) and softening points (solid grades 85 - 115°C and liquid grades 5 - 10°C) and provide outstanding tack. They also have a light yellow to light brown color and possess excellent heat stability. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Aromatic hydrocarbon resins (Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins) are made from Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic hydrocarbons. Their composition depends on the hydrocarbon feedstock (coal tar, crude oil). The most important base monomers are indene, methyindenes, dicyclopentadiene, styrene, alpha-methylstyrene and various vinyl toluenes (see below). These resins are available in a wide range of softening points. Compared to Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins, they have a much higher melt viscosity, are of darker color (dark yellow to brown)2 and have higher softening point ranging from about 100 to 150°C.3 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins are very versatile resins that are compatible with many polymers. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins and resin blends are also commercially available. These resins are often colorless and have improved heat and color stability. However, they are also noticeably more expensive and thus, only used if superior heat and color stability is of concern. COMMERCIAL HYDROCARBON RESINS Hydrocarbon resins are commercially available in large quantities. Major manufacturers and suppliers of these resins are APPLICATIONS Hydrocarbon resins are used as tackifiers, performance modifiers and homogenizing agents. They are extensively used in the manufacture of rubbers, coatings, printing inks, and adhesives. The largest market for hydrocarbon resins are hot melts, PSA tapes and labels. They are important ingredients in many rubber adhesive formulations, particularly synthetic rubbers that are less tacky than natural rubber. They improve tack, peel strength, and increase the glass transition temperature, which in turn improves shear strength. In paints, they provide superior pigment wetting, enhanced adhesion, gloss, and film hardness. They also improve flow and leveling, reduce VOCs and provide improved mildew and water resistance. 1Naphtha is an oily liquid produced by fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum). It is the fraction between gasoline and kerosene that is usually further refined in a so-called naphtha cracker. Other feedstocks for naphtha include coal tar, natural gas and other carbon-rich compounds. 2Highly purified water-white grades are also commercially available which have improved color stability. Hydrocarbon resin is a Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic hydrocarbon used in industrial applications. It has a tackifying effect and is suitable for use in paint, printing ink, adhesives, rubber and other areas where tackiness is required.[1] It is a kind of thermal plasticizing hydrocarbon resin produced by Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fraction, by-products of petroleum cracking, through pretreatment, polymerization and distillation. It is not a high polymer but a low polymer with the molecular weight between 300-3000. Featured by acid value, easy mutual solubilities, resistant to water, resistant to ethanol and chemicals. It has the chemical stabilizing property to acid and alkaline, viscosity adjusting and thermal stabilizing, Generally, the petroleum resins are not used independently, but have to be used together with other kinds of resins as promoters, adjusting agents and modifiers in hot-melt adhesive, pressure-sensitive adhesive, hot melt road marking paint,[2] rubber tires and so on. There are various types of hydrocarbon resins include Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins, Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 copolymer resins, and hydrogenated resins. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins are produced from aliphatic crackers like Piperylene and Isoprene, the current major catalyst is AlCl3. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins are produced from aromatic crackers like Vinyltoluenes, Indene, Alpha Methylstyrene, Stryene, Methylindenes, etc, the current major catalyst is BF3. Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 copolymer resins are produced from both aliphatic crackers and aromatic crackers. Regarding to hydrogenated resins, there are some additional process like hydrogenated (use hydrogen), by this way, the double bond is neutralized and light color even water white resins are produced. There are some different types, including hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins, hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins, Hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin, and Hydrogenated DCPD resins. [3] Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic petroleum resin, hydrocarbon resin could be widely used in solvent based adhesives, hot melt adhesives, alkyd based paints, rubber and printing inks. * Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Thermal-Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin * Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Catalytic-Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Thermal-Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 thermal-polymerization hydrocarbon resin is widely used in anti-corrosive coating, alkyd-based enamel, aluminium paint, varnish, marine paint, offset ink, newspaper ink and rubber compounding. Item UCH-100 UCH-120 UCH-130 UCH-140 Colour, Gardner (max) 9-10 9-11 10-12 11-12 Softening Point (R&B) ℃ 91-100 116-125 126-135 135-140 Bromine Value (Br cg/g) 85 max 85 max 85 max 85 max Acid Number (KOHmg/g) 0.1 max 0.1 max 0.1 max 0.1 max Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Catalytic-Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 pale yellow catalytic-polymerization aromatic hydrocarbon resins have good compatibility with EVA, SBS ect, which are suitable for solvent based adhesives and hot melt adhesives. Also can used in paing and coating. G-Modified Petroleum Resin (Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9) Product Introduction: QILONG® G-Series Hydrocarbon resin is aliphatic modified aromatic resin obtained from copolymerizing of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 and Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fraction that derived from the by-product of thermal cracking of naphtha. It is granular solid with the color of pale yellow. Its' major usage is binder for hot melt road marking and tackifier for hot melt adhesives, rubber compound. This resin shows outstanding affinity for pigments, superior process ability in the hot melt road marking application and good compatibility with base polymer, natural tackifier and good heat stability in hot melt adhesive application. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 RESINS Hydrocarbon Resin C9 The products are yellow brittle thermoplastic solid. And the products are characteristic of good transparency, gloss, solubility, waterproof, insulation and chemical stability, adhesion and high resistance to acid and alkali. They can best mixed with oil, alkyd resin, and chloroethylene. And they can easily dissolve in ester and aromatic hydrocarbon solvent and partly or completely dissolve in ketone and fatty hydrocarbon. The resins Hydrocarbon Resin C9 are used in painting, oil painting, rubber and adhesive industries. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 / Hydrocarbon Resin C9 RESINS Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Copolymerized Resins Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 copolymerized petroleum resins are obtained by pretreatment, polymerization, distillation of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 and Hydrocarbon Resin C9 streams from steam crackers. Uses: Aromatic Petroleum Resin are used for producing paints, rubbers, adhesives, printing inks.When added to paints, can improve the finish, adhesiveness and hardness of paint films. HYDROGENATED Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins Obtained from hydrogenation of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 stream polymerized resins, low color Use in adhesives. Hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins Obtained from hydrogenation of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 stream polymerized resins, very low color odorless granules. Used in variety of applications requiring low color very stable resin: coatings, adhesives, plastic modification. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 RESINS Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum Resins for Road Marking For hot melt road painting, which can enhance the tenacity, hardness and adhesive force of paint material and form a smooth coating surface. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum Resins for Adhesives For producing hot melt adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives and in synthetic rubbers formulations. Homogenisator 501, Deotack 920 / 930 / 940 are aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin C9 hydrocarbon resins. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 hydrocarbon resins are versatile in use and widely compatible with various polymers. Major application areas are hot melts, printing inks, paints and solvent based adhesives. Due to their aromatic structure, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 hydrocarbon resins are more compatible with polar elastomers than a Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin. Deotack 1100 is a slightly yellowish, aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resin C9-hydrocarbon resin. Deotack 1100 is primarily utilized for adhesive tape coatings, contact adhesives, hot glues, as well as for roadway markings. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins provide a good balance between adhesion strength and cohesion. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin Benefits: BP series is specially designed for adhesives application. Characterised by lighter colour, less odour as well as wider compatibility and solubility, they are more suitable for hot melt adhesives, bookbinding, shoes adhesive and solvent adhesives etc. Applications: The major applications areas are paints and varnishes, printing inks, adhesives, rubber and elastomers etc. Products Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin BP-100 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-100 is an odour improved aromatic hydrocarbon resin in low softening point of 95-105℃. With light colour and less odour, good compatibility with EVA, SBS and other polymers. Find out more Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin BP-120 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-120 is an odour improved light colour aromatic hydrocarbon resin with softening point of 115-125°C. It performs very low VOC, low naphthalene content and wide compatibility with EVA, SBS and other polymers. Find out more Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin BP-140 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-140 is an odour improved petroleum resin with softening point 130-140°C. Find out more Bitoner Resin Ba-100 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin BA-100 is a light colour, low VOC, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin with good compatibility with EVA, popular for EVA-based paper converting hot melt adhesives. Bitoner BA-100 is a slightly yellow granular aromatic resin obtained from petroleum-derived monomers. It is an odour improved grade with extremely low odour, good compatibility with other resins and polymers. Find out more Bitoner Resin Ba-110 BA-110 is odour improved Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin, with low VOC, good compatibility with EVA, SBS, CR, etc. Bitoner BA-110 is a slightly yellow granular aromatic resin obtained from petroleum-derived monomers. It is an odour improved grade with extremely low odour, good compatibility with other resins and polymers. Find out more Bitoner Resin Ba-120 BA-120 is an odour-improved Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin, with low VOC, good compatibility with EVA, SBS, CR, etc. Bitoner Ba-120 is slightly yellow granular aromatic resin obtained from petroleum-derived monomers. It is an odour improved grade with extremely low odour, good compatibility with other resins and polymers. Find out more Bitoner Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-150 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-150 is an odour improved aromatic hydrocarbon resin with high softening point of 140-150℃. Find out more CN Hydrocarbon Resin C9 DCPD RESIN, made from Dicyclopentadiene, is also a new thermal plasticizing resin. With a unique combination of light color and moderate softening point. It is characterized by lower hydrogen content; typical filler characteristics excellent adhesive properties. With lower softening points, the resin has very good mutual solubility with natural rubber particles, No affect to the sulphurization of rubber. DESCRIPTION Color:13-18# Softening point:90-130℃ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 has the characteristics of low acid value, good miscibility, chemical stability against acid and alkali, good adjustment of viscosity and thermal stability. Hydrocarbon resin C9 is generally not used alone, but as promoters, adjusting agents, modifiers and other resins used together. Application area: 1.Paint: Hydrocarbon resin C9 can increase the added paint gloss paint, paint film adhesion, hardness, acid and alkali resistance. 2.Rubbe,tyre industry: Rubber and Tyre are mainly use the low softening point of hydrocarbon resin C9. Such resins and natural rubber particles have a good miscibility of the rubber vulcanization process is not a big impact, add oil and rubber tires can play a tackifying resin, reinforcement, softening effect. 3.The ink industry: petroleum resin, ink, mainly high softening point petroleum resin. Add oil and resin ink color development can play, quick-drying and brightening effects and improve printing performance and so on. 4.Asphalt modifier: Mainly with high softening point of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin, increase the viscosity of bitumen to improve asphalt performance. CFN C5/C9 Copolymerized Petroleum Resin C5/C9 Copolymerized Petroleum Resin is a thermoplastic resin, Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fraction of petroleum by-product of decomposition with processing pre-treatment, polymerization and distillation. It is not a high polymer, but low polymer with the molecular weight range of 300-3000. Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 has advantages both of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 and Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin: low acid value, good miscibility, waterproof, ethanol resistance and chemical resistance and other characteristics of acid resistance, chemical stability in acid-bases, adjustment in viscosity, good thermal stability, weather resistance and light aging resistance because of non-polar groups in its structure. Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 has good solubility in organic solvents especially in oil solvent, as well as good compatibility with other resins. It also has brittle, increasing viscosity, cohesiveness and plasticity. Generally, it is not used alone, but used as accelerant , regulator and modifier together with other resins. Application area: The products are used in hot melt adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives, sealants, adhesives and other civil and rubber and tire field of adhesives used as tackifying resin; for rubber, tire, radial tire especially high requirements of rubber products. CND Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Dark Color Hydrocarbon Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 dark color hydrocarbon resin is yellow granular solid thermoplastic resin, it is manufactured by ethylene Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fractions, with a special production process, generated by the polymerization and the molecular weight range 300-3000 low molecular weight polymer. Hydrocarbon resin C9 has the characteristics of low acid value, good miscibility, chemical stability against acid and alkali, good adjustment of viscosity and thermal stability. Hydrocarbon resin C9 is generally not used alone, but as promoters, adjusting agents, modifiers and other resins used together. Application area: 1.Paint: Hydrocarbon resin C9 can increase the added paint gloss paint, paint film adhesion, hardness, acid and alkali resistance. 2.Rubbe,tyre industry: Rubber and Tyre are mainly use the low softening point of hydrocarbon resin C9. Such resins and natural rubber particles have a good miscibility of the rubber vulcanization process is not a big impact, add oil and rubber tires can play a tackifying resin, reinforcement, softening effect. 3.Adhesive industry: Hydrocarbon resin C9 has good adhesion, the adhesive and pressure-sensitive adhesive resin with added materials can improve the adhesive bond strength, acid resistance, alkali resistance and water resistance, and can effectively reduce production costs. 4.The ink industry: petroleum resin, ink, mainly high softening point petroleum resin. Add oil and resin ink color development can play, quick-drying and brightening effects and improve printing performance and so on. 5.other: Resin has certain Unsaturation, can be used to glue on paper CNL Light Color Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Light color Hydrocarbon resin C9 is light yellow granular solid thermoplastic resin, it is manufactured by ethylene Hydrocarbon resin C9 fractions, with a special production process, generated by the polymerization and the molecular weight range 300-3000 low molecular weight polymer. Hydrocarbon resin C9 Light color Hydrocarbon resin has the characteristics of low acid value, good miscibility, chemical stability against acid and alkali, good adjustment of viscosity and thermal stability. Hydrocarbon resin C9 is generally not used alone, but as promoters, adjusting agents, modifiers and other resins used together. Application area: 1.Paint: Light color Hydrocarbon resin C9 can increase the added paint gloss paint, paint film adhesion, hardness, acid and alkali resistance. 2.Rubbe,tyre industry: Rubber and Tyre are mainly use the low softening point of Light color hydrocarbon resin C9. Such resins and natural rubber particles have a good miscibility of the rubber vulcanization process is not a big impact, add oil and rubber tires can play a tackifying resin, reinforcement, softening effect. 3.Adhesive industry: Hydrocarbon resin C9 has good adhesion, the adhesive and pressure-sensitive adhesive resin with added materials can improve the adhesive bond strength, acid resistance, alkali resistance and water resistance, and can effectively reduce production costs. 4.The ink industry: petroleum resin, ink, mainly high softening point petroleum resin. Add oil and resin ink color development can play, quick-drying and brightening effects and improve printing performance and so on. 5.other: Resin has certain Unsaturation, can be used to glue on paper. ed materials can improve the adhesive bond strength, acid resistance, alkali resistance and water resistance, and can effectively reduce production costs. 4.The ink industry: petroleum resin, ink, mainly high softening point petroleum resin. Add oil and resin ink color development can play, quick-drying and brightening effects and improve printing performance and so on. 5.other: Resin has certain Unsaturation, can be used to glue on paper.

Hydrochloride 20% shows activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is widely used across several sectors, typically as the hydrochloride salt, in a variety of disinfectant solutions and antiseptics.
Hydrochloride 20% is available also as a solid.
Hydrochloride 20%s play a crucial role in pharmaceuticals due to their ability to enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

CAS Number: 7647-01-0
Molecular Formula: ClH
Molecular Weight: 36.46
EINECS Number: 231-595-7

hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, 7647-01-0, Muriatic acid, chlorane, Chlorohydric acid, Acide chlorhydrique, Anhydrous hydrochloric acid, Chlorwasserstoff, Muriaticum acidum, Chloorwaterstof, Chlorowodor, Acido cloridrico, Bowl Cleaner, Hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorure d'hydrogene, Hydrogenchlorid, 4-D Bowl Sanitizer, Emulsion Bowl Cleaner, Caswell No. 486, Baume hcl, Icon etch, Acido clorhidrico, Aqueous hydrogen chloride, Hydrochloric acid [JAN], UN 1050 (anhydrous), Enplate po 236, White Emulsion Bowl Cleaner, Chloruro de hidrogeno, Hydrochloric acid gas, NSC 77365, HSDB 545, chloridohydrogen, Hygeia Creme Magic Bowl Cleaner, CHEBI:17883, Marine acid, monohydrochloride, Percleen Bowl and Urinal Cleaner, Wasserstoffchlorid, Chlorure d'hydrogene anhydre, Cloruro de hidrogeno anhidro, EINECS 231-595-7, Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous, UNII-QTT17582CB, NSC-77365, cloruro de hidrogeno, Acidum hydrochloricum, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 045901, INS NO.507, QTT17582CB, HCl, INS-507, Hydrogen chloride (acid), [HCl], Varley's Ocean Blue Scented Toilet Bowl Cleaner, Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous, DTXSID2020711, E-507, EC 231-595-7, MFCD00011324, Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid, E507, (HCl), HYDROCHLORIC ACID (II), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [II], Chlorowodor [Polish], HYDROCHLORIC ACID (IARC), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [IARC], HYDROCHLORIC ACID (MART.), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [MART.], Chloorwaterstof [Dutch], Chlorwasserstoff [German], Hydrogen Chloride - Methanol Reagent, Acid, Muriatic, Hydrochloric acid, ACS reagent, 37%, mono hydrochloride, Acido cloridrico [Italian], Acido clorhidrico [Spanish], Acide chlorhydrique [French], Hydrogen chloride (gas only), Chlorure d'hydrogene [French], Chloruro de hidrogeno [Spanish], UN1050, UN1789, UN2186, Anhydrous hydrogen chloride, Chlorure d'hydrogene anhydre [French], Cloruro de hidrogeno anhidro [Spanish], UN 2186 (refrigerated liquefied gas), chlorum, hydochloride, hydrochlorie, hydrochoride, hydrocloride, Salzsaeure, Hydrochloric acid [JAN:NF], hydro chloride, hydro-chloride, hydrogenchloride, Soldering acid, chlorhydric acid, hydochloric acid, hydogen chloride, hydrochoric acid, hydrocloric acid, hydrogen chlorid, hydrogen choride, hydrogen cloride, hyrochloric acid, hyrogen chloride, Liriopesides-B, AescinIIB, hvdrochloric acid, hvdrogen chloride, hydorchloric acid, hydrochioric acid, hydrochloric aicd, hydrochloric-acid, hydrogen-chloride, hyrdochloric acid, Hydrochloric ccid, Acidum Muriaticum, monohydro-chloride, Sibiricose-A6, hydrogen ch1oride, hydro chloric acid, hydro-chloric acid, hydrochloric ac id, Hydrogen chloride, 4M in dioxane, hydro- chloric acid, HEMMORHOIDS, Caswell No 486, trans-stilben-2-ylamine; hydrochloride, H-Cl, Hydrochloric Acid Blank, Hydrochloric acid 37%, Dilute hydrochloric acid, Diluted hydrochloric acid, HCL], Hydrochloric acid, 37%, Hydrogen chloric anhydrous, Hydrochloric acid, diluted, Hydrochloric acid 36% by weight or more HCl, 17Cl, Hydrogen-chloride-anhydrous-, Acidum hydrochloricum dilutum, DTXCID20711, HYDROCHLORIC ACID [MI], HYDROGEN CHLORIDE [MI], Hydrochloric acid (JP15/NF), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [FCC], CHEMBL1231821, Hydrochloric acid (JP17/USP), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [HSDB], HYDROCHLORIC ACID [INCI], MURIATICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], HYDROCHLORIC ACID, TRIMER, HYDROCHLORIC ACID [VANDF], Hydrochloric acid ACS grade 31%, HYDROCHLORIC ACID [WHO-DD], HYDROCHLORIC ACID [WHO-IP], Hydrochloric acid, AR, 35-37%, Hydrochloric acid, LR, 35-38%, NSC77365, Hydrochloric acid, 3 M in methanol, Hydrogen Chloride - Butanol Reagent, BDBM50499188, CCG-221928, DB13366, Hydrochloric acid, p.a., 31-33%, Hydrogen chloride, 1M in acetic acid, AKOS015843726, CCJ-221928, DB13366, Hydrochloric acid, puriss., 30-33%, Hydrochloric acid, reagent grade, 37%, Hydrogen chloride, 1M in diethyl ether, Hydrogen chloride, 2M in diethyl ether, NA 1789, UN 1050, UN 1789, UN 2186, Hydrogen chloride, puriss., >=99.7%, Hydrogen chloride, puriss., >=99.8%, Hydrochloric acid ACS grade 36.5-38%, Hydrochloric acid, technical grade, 30%, 1082661-04-8, Hydrochloric acid (acid aerosols including mists, vapors, gas, fog, and other airborne forms of any particle size), 1N Hydrochloric Acid aqueous (+/-0.1N), 3N Hydrochloric Acid aqueous (+/-0.2N), 5N Hydrochloric Acid aqueous (+/-0.2N), Hydrochloric acid, puriss. p.a., >=32%, ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM [WHO-IP LATIN], H1060, H1062, H

In pharmaceutical contexts, Hydrochloride 20% might refer to a medication formulation where the active ingredient is present in the form of a hydrochloride salt at a concentration of 20%.
Hydrochloride 20%, polyhexanide or polihexanide, is a highly water soluble and hydrolytically stable polymeric material.
The presence of multiple hydrogen bond and chelation sites within PHMB renders it of potential interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry.

When a drug is formulated as a Hydrochloride 20%, it often exhibits improved characteristics such as increased water solubility, which can lead to faster dissolution and absorption in the body.
This is particularly advantageous for drugs that have poor solubility in their free base form.
Hydrochloride 20% occurs as a clear, colorless, fuming aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, with a pungent odor.

Hydrochloride 20%, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Hydrochloride 20% is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell.
Hydrochloride 20% is classified as a strong acid.

Hydrochloride 20% is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans.
Hydrochloride 20% is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical.
Because it was produced from rock salt according to the methods of Johann Rudolph Glauber, hydrochloric acid was historically called by European alchemists spirits of salt or acidum salis (salt acid).

Hydrochloride 20% was called marine acid air.
The name muriatic acid has the same origin (muriatic means "pertaining to brine or salt", hence muriate means hydrochloride), and this name is still sometimes used.
Hydrochloride 20% a water solution of hydrogen chloride of varied concentrations.

Hydrochloride 20% is a clear, colorless or slightly yellowish, corrosive liquid having a pungent odor.
Hydrochloride 20% is miscible with water and with alcohol. Concentrations of hydrochloric acid are expressed in percent by weight, or may be expressed in Baume degrees (Be0) from which percentages of hydrochloric acid and specific gravities may readily be derived.
The usually available concentrations are 18°, 20°, 22°, and 23° Be.

Concentrations above 13° Be (19.6%) fume in moist air, lose hydrogen chloride, and create a corrosive atmosphere.
Because of these characteristics, suitable precautions must be observed during sampling and analysis to prevent losses.
Hydrochloride 20% is produced by various methods that might impart trace amounts of organic compounds as impurities.

The manufacturer, vendor, or user is responsible for identifying the specific organic compounds that are present and for meeting the requirements for organic compounds.
Methods are provided for their determination.
In applying the procedures any necessary standards should be used to quantitate the organic compounds present in each specific product.

Hydrochloride 20%, or hydrogen chloride, is either a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, or a colorless to slightly yellow gas that can be shipped as a liquefi ed compressed gas.
The acid is used in the production of fertilizers, dyes, dyestuffs, artifi cial silk, and paint pig- ments, and in refi ning edible oils and fats.
Hydrochloride 20% is also used in electroplating, leather tanning, ore refi ning, soap refi ning, petroleum extraction, and pickling of metals, and is used in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries.

In addition, Hydrochloride 20% is used as an antiseptic in toilet bowls against animal pathogenic bacteria, and in food processing as a starch modifi er.
Hydrochloride 20%, is a colorless, fuming, highly toxic gas that is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Hydrochloride 20% is used in polymerization, isomerization, and the synthesis of vinyl chloride and alkyl chloride.

Hydrochloride 20% is a colorless to yellowish liquid (the yellow colorationmay be due to traces of iron, chlorine or organics contaminants); fumes in air;refractive index of 1.0 N solution 1.3417; density of commercial concentratedacid (37.8 g/100g solution) 1.19 g/mL, and constant boiling solution (20.22g/100g solution) 1.096 g/mL at 25°C; forms a constant boiling azeotrope withwater at HCl concentration 20.22%; the azeotrope boils at 108.6°C; severalmetal chlorides can be salted out of their aqueous solutions by addition ofHCl; the addition of CaCl2can break the azeotrope; the pH of the acid at 1.0,0.1 and 0.01 N concentrations are 0.10, 1.1, and 2.02, respectively; a 10.0 Msolution ionizes to 92.6% at 18°C.

The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula HCl and as such is a hydrogen halide.
At room temperature, it is a colorless gas, which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor.
Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry.

Hydrochloride 20%, the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, is also commonly given the formula HCl.
Hydrochloride 20% is a diatomic molecule, consisting of a hydrogen atom H and a chlorine atom Cl connected by a polar covalent bond.
The chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom, which makes this bond polar.

Consequently, the molecule has a large dipole moment with a negative partial charge (δ−) at the chlorine atom and a positive partial charge (δ+) at the hydrogen atom.
In part because of its high polarity, Hydrochloride 20% is very soluble in water (and in other polar solvents).
The bactericidal ability of Hydrochloride 20% solution is better than other bactericides.
In particular, the product's unique long-term antibacterial effect and the ability to prevent secondary infection are not achieved by other fungicides.

Hydrochloride 20%s are commonly used in pharmaceuticals to improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of drugs.
Many drugs exist in basic form, and converting them into their hydrochloride salt form can enhance their pharmacokinetic properties, making them more suitable for medicinal use.
Hydrochloride 20% serve as important reagents and catalysts in chemical synthesis processes.

They can facilitate various organic reactions and are utilized in the production of numerous chemical compounds.
Hydrochloride 20% is used in analytical chemistry as reference standards and calibration solutions.
They help in the accurate quantification and analysis of substances in laboratory settings.

In industrial applications, hydrochloride salts find utility in diverse processes, including water treatment, metal refining, and manufacturing of various chemical products.
Hydrochloride 20% is valuable compounds in research laboratories for investigating the properties and behavior of different chemical substances.
They are often used in experimental setups and studies across multiple scientific disciplines.

Hydrochloride salts are preferred in drug formulation due to their higher stability compared to other salt forms.
They can provide better shelf life and ensure consistent dosing in pharmaceutical products.
In pharmaceuticals, Hydrochloride 20% is sometimes used to mask the bitter taste of certain drugs, thereby improving patient compliance and acceptability of medications, especially in pediatric and geriatric populations.

Hydrochloride 20% is generally compatible with a wide range of excipients and other components used in pharmaceutical formulations, making them versatile in drug development and manufacturing.
Hydrochloride 20% is considered safe for pharmaceutical use when formulated appropriately and administered according to prescribed guidelines.
They undergo rigorous testing to ensure purity, quality, and compliance with regulatory standards.

Some Hydrochloride 20%s have specialized applications beyond pharmaceuticals and chemicals.
For example, they may be used in food additives, veterinary medicine, or in specific industrial processes where their properties are advantageous.
The use of Hydrochloride 20% in pharmaceuticals is subject to regulatory oversight by health authorities in different countries.

Manufacturers must comply with regulatory requirements regarding product quality, safety, and efficacy.
Ongoing research in the field of drug delivery and formulation continues to explore innovative ways to utilize Hydrochloride 20% for improved drug delivery systems, controlled release formulations, and targeted therapies.

Melting point: -35 °C
Boiling point: >100 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.2 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 1.3 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 613 psi ( 21.1 °C)
refractive index: 1.3535
Flash point: 10℃ (tag closed test)
storage temp.: Store at +2°C to +25°C.
solubility: H2O: soluble
form: liquid
pka: -7(at 25℃)
color: Light Yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.19
Odor: Sharp, irritating odor detectable at 0.25 to 10 ppm
PH: 3.01(1 mM solution);2.04(10 mM solution);1.08(100 mM solution);
Viscosity: 1.7mm2/s
Water Solubility: miscible
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4780
Dielectric constant: 4.6（20℃）
Exposure limits Ceiling limit 5 ppm (～ 7 mg/m3).

Hydrochloride 20% can be incorporated into various dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, and injectables.
This flexibility allows for tailored formulations based on the specific needs of patients and the desired route of administration.
In addition to their role as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), hydrochloride salts can also be used to adjust the pH of formulations.

This is particularly important in pharmaceuticals where pH levels can impact stability, solubility, and overall efficacy.
Hydrochloride 20% often exhibit different crystalline forms, each with its own physical and chemical properties.
Understanding and controlling these crystalline forms is crucial for optimizing drug formulation and ensuring consistent product performance.

Some hydrochloride salts may be hygroscopic, meaning they have a tendency to absorb moisture from the surrounding environment.
This characteristic can influence formulation stability and storage conditions, requiring careful consideration during product development.
Analyzing hydrochloride salts in pharmaceutical formulations requires robust analytical methods to accurately quantify the salt content, assess purity, and monitor stability over time.

Techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration are commonly employed for this purpose.
Specifications for hydrochloride salts, including testing methods and acceptance criteria, are often outlined in pharmacopeial monographs such as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), and others.
Compliance with these standards ensures product quality and consistency.

Pharmaceutical formulations involving Hydrochloride 20% may be protected by patents, especially if they involve novel compositions, formulations, or methods of use.
Intellectual property considerations play a significant role in drug development and commercialization strategies.
Hydrochloride 20% are produced and supplied by various manufacturers worldwide.

Ensuring a reliable and secure supply chain is essential for pharmaceutical companies to meet market demand and maintain uninterrupted availability of medications.
Basilus Valentinus of Italy was first to isolate the acid and reported it under the name spiritus salis in the fifteenth century.
Glauber prepared this acid by the reaction of sulfuric acid with common salt in 1648.

Lavoisier proposed the name muriatic acid in 1789 after muriate, the term referring to a chlorine-containing inorganic substance.
Sir Humphrey Davy proved the gas was composed of only hydrogen and chlorine in 1810.
Subsequently, the gas was named hydrogen chloride.

Dilute Hydrochloride 20% occurs in the stomachs of mammals. Gaseous hydrogen chloride occurs in trace concentrations in the atmosphere
During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, demand for alkaline substances increased.
A new industrial process developed by Nicolas Leblanc of Issoudun, France enabled cheap large-scale production of sodium carbonate (soda ash).

In this Leblanc process, common salt is converted to soda ash, using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, releasing hydrogen chloride as a by-product.
Until the British Alkali Act 1863 and similar legislation in other countries, the excess HCl was often vented into the air.
An early exception was the Bonnington Chemical Works where, in 1830, the Hydrochloride 20% began to be captured and the hydrochloric acid produced was used in making sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride).

After the passage of the act, soda ash producers were obliged to absorb the waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale.
Hydrochloride 20% is usually prepared industrially by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water.
Hydrochloride 20% can be generated in many ways, and thus several precursors to hydrochloric acid exist.

The large-scale production of Hydrochloride 20% is almost always integrated with the industrial scale production of other chemicals, such as in the chloralkali process which produces hydroxide, hydrogen, and chlorine, the latter of which can be combined to produce HCl.
Hydrochloride 20% itself is used in themanufacture of pharmaceutical hydrochlorides, chlorine, vinylchloride from acetylene; alkyl chlorides from olefins; arsenictrichloride from arsenic trioxide; in the chlorination of rubber;as a gaseous flux for babbitting operations; and in organic syn-thesis involving isomerization, polymerization, alkylation, andnitration reactions. The acid is used in the production of fertili-zers,dyes, dyestuffs, artificial silk, and paint pigments; inrefining edible oils and fats; in electroplating; leather tanning;ore refining; soap refining; petroleum extraction; pickling ofmetals; and in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries.

Hydrochloride 20% has been used as a choking/pulmonary agent.
Dissociation into ions is extensive and Hydrochloride 20% shows the typical properties of a strong acid.
Hydrochloride 20% reacts with carbonates to give carbon dioxide and yields hydrogen when reacted with all but the most unreactive metals.

Hydrochloride 20% is used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, and photographic materials.
Hydrochloride 20% is also used to pickle metals, i.e. clean the surface prior to electroplating.
Hydrochloride 20% donates protons with ease and is the strongest of the hydrohalic acids.

The concentrated acid is oxidized to chlorine by such agents as potassium manganate(VII) and manganese( IV) oxide.
Hydrochloride 20% is widely used as an acidifying agent, in a variety of pharmaceutical and food preparations.
Hydrochloride 20% may also be used to prepare dilute hydrochloric acid, which in addition to its use as an excipient has some therapeutic use, intravenously in the management of metabolic alkalosis, and orally for the treatment of achlorhydria.

Of the common strong mineral acids in chemistry, Hydrochloride 20% is the monoprotic acid least likely to undergo an interfering oxidation-reduction reaction.
Hydrochloride 20% is one of the least hazardous strong acids to handle; despite its acidity, it contains the non-reactive and non-toxic chloride ion.
Intermediate-strength hydrochloric acid solutions are quite stable upon storage, maintaining their concentrations over time.

These attributes, plus the fact that it is available as a pure reagent, make hydrochloric acid an excellent acidifying reagent.
Hydrochloride 20% is also inexpensive.
Bacteria quickly suffocate to death after using Poly Hexamethylenebiguanide Hcl (PHMB) 20%.

At the same time, because this product is a polymer structure, which can improve the effective activity of guanidine group, the bactericidal effect of Hydrochloride 20% soution is much higher than other guanidine compounds (such as chlorhexidine). Due to the special bactericidal mechanism of this product, all kinds of bacteria will not be resistant to it, which has been confirmed by the experiments of foreign authoritative testing institutions.

After the solution of Hydrochloride 20% is dried, a polymer thin layer of disinfectant is formed on the surface of the object, which can keep the state of the object after sterilization and prevent the secondary pollution of the object.
Generally, the surfaces treated with aqueous solution of this product will remain sterile for up to three months.

History:
Hydrochloride 20% is a strong, corrosive acid that results when the gas hydrogen chloride dissolves in water.
Ancient alchemists prepared hydrochloric acid and Jabbar ibn Hayyan, known in Latin as Geber (721–815), is credited with its discovery around the year 800.
The original method of preparation involved reacting salt with sulfuric acid, producing sodium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen chloride gas.

The hydrogen chloride gas is captured and dissolved in water to produce Hydrochloride 20%.
Hydrochloride 20% was formerly called muriatic acid.
Terms such as muriatic and muriate were used in association with chloride substances before the discovery and nature of chlorine were fully understood.

The Latin term muriaticus means pickled from muri, which is the Latin term for brine.
Chlorides were naturally associated with seawater salt solutions, as chloride is the principal ion in seawater.
In the early tenth century, the Persian physician and alchemist Abu Bakr al-Razi conducted experiments with sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and vitriol (hydrated sulfates of various metals), which he distilled together, thus producing the gas hydrogen chloride.

In doing so, al-Razi may have stumbled upon a primitive method for producing Hydrochloride 20%.
However, Hydrochloride 20% appears that in most of his experiments al-Razi disregarded the gaseous products, concentrating instead on the color changes that could be effected in the residue.
According to Robert P. Multhauf, hydrogen chloride was produced many times without clear recognition that, by dissolving it in water, hydrochloric acid may be produced.

Production:
Hydrochloride 20% can be produced by several methods.
Hydrochloride 20% is obtained from the reaction of sodium chloride and sulfuric acid in a cast iron retort at elevated temperature.
Although reaction starts at 150°C, the complete reaction occurs at about 600°C: 2NaCl + H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + 2HCl

Hydrochloride 20% also is made by the Hargreaves process in which a mixture of salt, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and water are heated at elevated temperatures, between 430 to 540°C.
The reaction is exothermic and becomes selfsustaining: 4NaCl + SO2 + O2 + 2H2O→ 2Na2SO4 + 4HCl
Hydrochloric acid may be produced by hydrolysis of metal chlorides such as titanium(IV) chloride: TiCl4 + 2H2O →TiO2 + 4HCl

High purity HCl for commerce is made directly from hydrogen and chlorine: H2 + Cl2→ 2HCl
The above reaction is highly exothermic.
The stoichiometric proportion of gaseous mixture at equilibrium flame temperature is cooled to 200°C, whereupon the elements combine rapidly to form HCl with over 99% yield.

HCl also may be prepared by several other methods including thermal dissociation of aluminum chloride hexahydrate, AlCl3•6H2O, and as a by-product of manufacturing many organic compounds.
Crude HCl gas mixture may be purified by cooling and drying over concentrated sulfuric acid, which also removes organic unsaturated contaminants.
Organic contaminants may be removed further by adsorption over molecular sieves, polystyrene foam, active carbon, or scrubbing with a high-boiling point organic liquid.

Commercial grade, concentrated hydrochloric acid is about 37.5% HCl by weight and has a normality of 12 and specific gravity 1.19.
Hydrogen chloride gas may be stored in steel cylinders free of contaminants.
Monel, pure nickel, or its alloy, inconel, may also be used for storage and transportation up to 500°C.

Hydrochloric acid may be stored in glass bottles or in containers made up of tantalum or tantalum-molybdenum alloys, or other alloys of zirconium, molybdenum, and tungsten.
The traditional method of preparation of hydrochloric acid is the reaction of metal chlorides, especially sodium chloride with sulfuric acid (see the first reaction described).
Hydrochloric acid is also produced by direct synthesis from its elements.

In the chlorine-alkali industry, electrochemical reactions produce elemental chlorine and hydrogen, which can then be combined to give hydrogen chloride: Cl2(g) + H2(g) 2HCl(g).
Hydrogen chloride is then dissolved in water to produce hydrochloric acid.
By far, the most common method of producing hydrochloric acid involves its production as a by-product in chlorination reactions.

This has curtailed this source of hydrochloric acid.
The production of other common industrial organic chemicals such as Teflon, perchloroethylene, and polyvinyl chloride result in the production of hydrogen chloride.
The production of hydrochloric acid in polyvinyl chloride production takes place when ethylene is chlorinated: C2H4(g) + Cl2(g) C2H4Cl2(g) C2H4Cl2(g)(g) C2H3Cl(g) + HCl(g).

Uses:
Hydrochloride 20% is one of the most important industrial chemicals and has numerous applications.
Both anhydrous hydrogen chloride and aqueous acid are used to produce a large number of chloride salts.
The acid also is a common laboratory reagent.

Some major applications of Hydrochloride 20% include processing of ores and extraction of metals from their minerals; in metal cleaning, particularly in steel pickling to dissolve oxide impurities; production of alumina, titanium dioxide, and other metal oxides by various hydrometallurgical processes; production of hydrogen; synthesis of chlorine dioxide; removal of heavy metal impurities from carbon black; activation of bentonite clays; etching of concrete surfaces for finishing operations; and as a catalyst in several organic reactions such as inversion of sugar, hydrolysis of starch to obtain sugar syrup, and esterification of aromatic acids.
Anhydrous Hydrochloride 20% gas is used to produce phosphonium chloride, PH4Cl, which is a flame retardant for cotton textiles. Other major applications include manufacture of a number of high purity metal chlorides, ammonium chloride, chlorosulfuric acid; recovery of waste metals; preparation of alkyl chlorides and chloroacetic acids; and as a chlorinating agent in organic syntheses.

Rubber Hydrochloride 20%, which results from the treatment of natural rubber with hydrogen chloride, can be cast in film from solutions.
Such rubber hydrochloride films provide a strong, water resistant packaging material for meats and other foods, paper products, and textiles.
Pickling is a metal treatment process used to prepare metal surfaces for subsequent processing such as galvanizing or extrusion.

In the iron industry, pickling involves immersing iron and steel products in vats of diluted hydrochloric acid.
This removes oxides, dirt, and grease.
Oil well acidizing involves injecting Hydrochloride 20% down well holes to dissolve limestone and carbonate formations.

This expands existing fissures and creates new fissures to open channels for oil extraction.
Hydrochloride 20% is also used extensively in pharmaceuticals and the food industry.
When it is listed after a drug name, the drug was produced by combining a free base and Hydrochloride 20% to produce a hydrochloride salt.

Drugs delivered as hydrochloride salts rather than free bases are more soluble in water than free forms of the drugs, tend to be more stable, are solids, and are often more compatible with the chemistry of the digestive system.
In the food industry Hydrochloride 20% is used in the production of gelatin and sodium glutamate, to convert cornstarch to syrup, to refine sugar, and as an acidulant.

Hydrochloride 20% is one of the most widely used acids and a common laboratory reagent.
Hydrochloride 20% is used in the manufacture of chlorides, in the pickling and cleaning of metal products, as a processing agent for manufacturing various food products, as a cleaning agent, in organic synthesis, and for neutralizing alkalies.
Hydrochloride 20% is a fire-effluent gas.

Firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of HCl.
Hydrochloride 20% arereleased from the oxidative thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-derivedfiberglass, cotton, and jute brattices in mines.
The gas is absorbed by water droplets,entrapped in soot particles, causing risk ofexposure of the acid to the eyes, throat,and lungs of mine workers.

Hydrochloride 20% is an acid that is the aqueous solution of hydro- gen chloride of varying concentrations.
Hydrochloride 20% is miscible with water and with alcohol.
Hydrochloride 20% is used as an acidulant and neutralizing agent.

In the production of chlorides; refining ore in the production of tin and tantalum; for the neutralization of basic systems; as laboratory reagent; hydrolyzing of starch and proteins in the preparation of various food products; pickling and cleaning of metal products; as catalyst and solvent in organic syntheses.
Also used for oil- and gas-well treament and in removing scale from boilers and heat-exchange equipment.
Hydrochloride 20% is a highly corrosive liquid, emitting a pungent odor and fumes in moist air.

Concentrated Hydrochloride 20% is one of the strongest acids and thus any desired pH from 0 to 7 can be easily achieved with the required dosage.
Hydrochloride 20% is seldom used in mineral flotation.
The largest use is in hydrometallurgical processes and the pickling of hot rolled steel.

In some cases, Hydrochloride 20% is used for decoating iron-stained mineral surfaces before flotation.
Piping, valves, and other equipment used in direct contact with anhydrous hydrogen chloride should be of stainless steel or of cast or mild steel.
Carbon steel may be used in some components, but only if their temperature is controlled to remain below about 265°F (l29°C).

In the presence of moisture, however, hydrogen chloride will corrode most metals.
They are often employed to convert basic drugs into their more stable and water-soluble salt forms, enhancing their bioavailability and facilitating drug delivery.
Hydrochloride 20%s are utilized in the formulation of tablets, capsules, injections, and other dosage forms to improve drug stability, solubility, and overall efficacy.

They may also be used as pH adjusters or buffering agents in pharmaceutical formulations to maintain optimal pH levels.
Hydrochloride 20%s serve as reagents, catalysts, or intermediates in various chemical synthesis processes, including organic synthesis, polymerization reactions, and material science applications.
Hydrochloride 20% is commonly used in laboratory research for experimental purposes, such as chemical reactions, biological assays, and analytical testing.

Hydrochloride 20% is used in water treatment processes to adjust pH levels, remove impurities, or disinfect water supplies.
Hydrochloride 20% find applications in diverse industrial processes, including metal surface treatment, electroplating, textile dyeing, and manufacturing of chemicals and polymers.
In the food industry, Hydrochloride 20% may be used as acidity regulators, preservatives, or flavor enhancers in food and beverage products.

Some cleaning products, such as toilet bowl cleaners and descaling agents, contain hydrochloride salts for their acidic properties, which help dissolve mineral deposits and remove stains.
Hydrochloride 20% is also utilized in veterinary medicine for formulating medications and supplements for animals.
Hydrochloride 20% is employed as reference standards, calibration solutions, or titrants in analytical chemistry techniques for quantitative analysis and quality control purposes.

In the cosmetics and personal care industry, Hydrochloride 20% may be used in formulations of skincare products, hair care products, and toiletries for various purposes, such as pH adjustment or chemical stabilization.
Hydrochloride 20% is sometimes used as preservatives in certain products, such as cosmetics and toiletries, to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life.
In agriculture, Hydrochloride 20% may be used in fertilizers or soil amendments to provide essential nutrients to plants or to adjust soil pH levels.

Some photographic processes utilize Hydrochloride 20% as part of developing solutions or fixing agents to create images on photographic film or paper.
Hydrochloride 20% can be involved in the leather tanning process, where they help to preserve and soften animal hides for use in leather products.
In wastewater treatment facilities, Hydrochloride 20% may be used as coagulants or flocculants to aid in the removal of contaminants and pollutants from water.

Hydrochloride 20% is used in metal cleaning and etching processes to remove rust, scale, or other surface impurities from metal surfaces prior to finishing or plating.
In electronics manufacturing, Hydrochloride 20% is sometimes used in chemical etching processes to selectively remove material from metal surfaces to create circuit patterns or microstructures.
Hydrochloride 20% may serve as analytical reagents or standards in laboratory analysis techniques such as spectrophotometry, chromatography, or titration for quantitative chemical analysis

Some Hydrochloride 20%, such as calcium chloride or magnesium chloride, are used as deicing agents on roads and sidewalks to melt ice and snow during winter months.
Certain dry chemical fire extinguishers contain Hydrochloride 20% as part of their extinguishing agent to help suppress fires involving combustible metals.

Health Hazard:
Gas concentrations of 50 to 100 ppm are tolerable for 1 hour.
Concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 ppm are dangerous, even for brief exposures.
More severe exposures will result in serious respiratory distress and prolonged exposures will result in death.

Mists of Hydrochloride 20% are considered less harmful than anhydrous hydrochloric acid, because droplets have no dehydrating action.
Individuals with respiratory problems and digestive diseases may be adversely affected by low level exposures to the gas or mist.
Exposures to Hydrochloride 20% cause severe health effects and corrosive reactions.

Concentrated Hydrochloride 20% forms acidic mists.
Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage the respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines.
Inhalation of vapors can cause coughing, choking, infl ammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema, circulatory failure, and death.

Accidental ingestion and/or swallow- ing of Hydrochloride 20% at workplaces causes immediate pain and burns of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract.
Hydrochloride 20% also causes nausea, vomiting, and diar- rhea, and in severe cases, death.
Any kind of contact of the skin surfaces to Hydrochloride 20% causes redness, pain, and severe skin burns.

Concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid cause deep ulcers and discolor the skin.
Vapors of hydrochloric acid cause irritat- ing effects to the eyes and eye damage, leading to severe burns and permanent eye dam- age.
Long-term exposures to concentrated vapors of Hydrochloride 20% cause erosion of the teeth.

Occupational workers and persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye disease are more susceptible to the effects of Hydrochloride 20%.
Hydrochloride 20% and hydrogen chloride gas are highly corrosive substances that may cause severe burns upon contact with any body tissue.
The aqueous acid and gas are strong eye irritants and lacrimators.

Contact of conc Hydrochloride 20% or concentrated HCl vapor with the eyes may cause severe injury, resulting in permanent impairment of vision and possible blindness, and skin contact results in severe burns.
Ingestion can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal system and can be fatal.
Inhalation of hydrogen chloride gas can cause severe irritation and injury to the upper respiratory tract and lungs, and exposure to high concentrations may cause death.

HCl gas is regarded as having adequate warning properties
Hydrochloride 20% has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans
Concentrated Hydrochloride 20% is a corrosivesubstance that can cause severe burns.

Ingestion can produce corrosion of themouth, gastrointestinal tract, and stomach,and diarrhea.
Hydrogen chloride is a toxic gas with acharacteristic pungent odor.
Inhalation cancause coughing, choking, and irritation ofthe mucous membranes.

Exposure to concentrations at >5 ppm in air can be irritating and disagreeable to humans.
A short exposure to 50 ppmmay cause irritation of the throat. Workersexposed to hydrochloric acid were found tosuffer from gastritis and chronic bronchitis.
Rats exposed continuously to a hydrogen chloride atmosphere died after physicalincapacitation.

Hartzelland coworkers (1987) have studied thetoxicological effects of smoke containinghydrogen chloride in fire gases.
The lethality of PVC smoke was high but not entirelydue to the hydrogen chloride produced.
Postexposure death in rats was observed afterpulmonary irritation caused by high concentration of HCl.

Lethality in the presenceof carbon monoxide may be additive.
Inanother paper, Hartzell and associates (1988)reported that guinea pigs were three timesas sensitive as rats to HCl exposure.
Hydrochloride 20% produced bronchoconstriction in animals andshowed additive toxicity with CO at relatively high concentrations of the latter.

Fire Hazard:
Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases.
Containers may explode in heat of fire.
At high temperatures, Hydrochloride 20% decomposes into hydrogen and chlorine.

The following materials should be avoided: Mercuric sulfate violent reaction with gaseous Hydrochloride 20% at 250F.
Sodium reacts vigorously with gaseous Hydrochloride 20%.
Acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, propiolactone, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and vinyl acetate increase in temperature and pressure when mixed with hydrochloric acid.

Calcium phosphide energetic reaction with Hydrochloride 20%.
Silver perchlorate and carbon tetrachloride when mixed in combination with Hydrochloride 20% forms a compound that detonates at 105F.
Formaldehyde when mixed with Hydrochloride 20% forms a human carcinogen.

Material reacts violently with bases and is corrosive with the generation of heat.
Reacts with base metals, forming combustible gas (hydrogen).

Reacts violently with strong oxidants forming toxic gas (chlorine).
Avoid heat; at high temperatures Hydrochloride 20% will decompose into hydrogen and chlorine.

HYDROCINNAMALDEHYDE N° CAS : 104-53-0 Nom INCI : HYDROCINNAMALDEHYDE Nom chimique : 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-211-8 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

HYDROFLUORIC ACID; Hydrogen Fluoride; Etching Acid; AHF; Fluorohydric Acid; Fluoric acid; HF Acid; Acide Fluorhydrique (French); Acido Fluoridrico (Italian); Fluorowodor (Polish); Fluorwasserstoff (German); Fluorwaterstof (Dutch); cas no: 7664-39-3

Hydrofluoric Acid Uses of Hydrofluoric acid Production of organofluorine compounds The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is in organofluorine chemistry. Many organofluorine compounds are prepared using HF as the fluorine source, including Teflon, fluoropolymers, fluorocarbons, and refrigerants such as freon. Many pharmaceuticals contain fluorine. Production of inorganic fluorides of Hydrofluoric acid Most high-volume inorganic fluoride compounds are prepared from hydrofluoric acid. Foremost are Na3AlF6, cryolite, and AlF3, aluminium trifluoride. A molten mixture of these solids serves as a high-temperature solvent for the production of metallic aluminium. Other inorganic fluorides prepared from hydrofluoric acid include sodium fluoride and uranium hexafluoride. Properties of Hydrofluoric acid Chemical formula HF (aq) Appearance Colorless liquid Density 1.15 g/mL (for 48% soln.) Acidity (pKa) 3.17 Wet etching tanks It is used in the semiconductor industry as a major component of Wright Etch and buffered oxide etch, which are used to clean silicon wafers. In a similar manner it is also used to etch glass by treatment with silicon dioxide to form gaseous or water-soluble silicon fluorides. Hydrofluoric acid can also be used to polish and frost glass. SiO2 + 4 HF → SiF4(g) + 2 H2O SiO2 + 6 HF → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O A 5% to 9% hydrofluoric acid gel is also commonly used to etch all ceramic dental restorations to improve bonding. For similar reasons, dilute hydrofluoric acid is a component of household rust stain remover, in car washes in "wheel cleaner" compounds, in ceramic and fabric rust inhibitors, and in water spot removers. Because of its ability to dissolve iron oxides as well as silica-based contaminants, hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam. Hydrofluoric acid is also useful for dissolving rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis. In similar manner, this acid is used in acid macerations to extract organic fossils from silicate rocks. Fossiliferous rock may be immersed directly into the acid, or a cellulose nitrate film may be applied (dissolved in amyl acetate), which adheres to the organic component and allows the rock to be dissolved around it. Oil refining In a standard oil refinery process known as alkylation, isobutane is alkylated with low-molecular-weight alkenes (primarily a mixture of propylene and butylene) in the presence of an acid catalyst derived from hydrofluoric acid. The catalyst protonates the alkenes (propylene, butylene) to produce reactive carbocations, which alkylate isobutane. The reaction is carried out at mild temperatures (0 and 30 °C) in a two-phase reaction. Production of Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid was first prepared in 1771, by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. It is now mainly produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite, CaF2, with concentrated sulfuric acid at ca. 265 °C. CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2 HF + CaSO4 The acid is also a by-product of the production of phosphoric acid from apatite/fluoroapatite. Digestion of the mineral with sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures releases a mixture of gases, including hydrogen fluoride, which may be recovered. Because of its high reactivity toward glass, hydrofluoric acid is stored in plastic containers. Hydrofluoric acid can be found in nature; it is released in volcanic eruptions. Properties of Hydrofluoric acid In dilute aqueous solution hydrogen fluoride behaves as a weak acid, Infrared spectroscopy has been used to show that, in solution, dissociation is accompanied by formation of the ion pair H3O+·F−. H2O + 2HF ⇌ H+ + F− + H3O+⋅F−, pKa = 3.17 This ion pair has been characterized in the crystalline state at very low temperature. Further association has been characterized both in solution and in the solid state. HF + F− ⇌ HF2− log K = 0.6 It is assumed that polymerization occurs as the concentration increases. This assumption is supported by the isolation of a salt of a tetrameric anion H3F4− and by low-temperature X-ray crystallography. The species that are present in concentrated aqueous solutions of hydrogen fluoride have not all been characterized; in addition to HF2− which is known the formation of other polymeric species, Hn-1Fn−, is highly likely. The Hammett acidity function, H0, for 100% HF is estimated to be between −10.2 and −11. which is comparable to the value −12 for sulfuric acid. Solutions of hydrofluoric acid attack glass, so they are stored and used in vessels made of teflon. They attack human skin, so must be handled with great care: see #Health and Safety, below. Acidity of Hydrofluoric acid Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride is only a weak acid in dilute aqueous solution. This is in part a result of the strength of the hydrogen–fluorine bond, but also of other factors such as the tendency of hydrofluoric acid, H2O, and F− anions to form clusters. At high concentrations, hydrofluoric acid molecules undergo homoassociation to form polyatomic ions (such as bifluoride, HF−2) and protons, thus greatly increasing the acidity. This leads to protonation of very strong acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, or nitric when using concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions. Although hydrofluoric acid is regarded as a weak acid, it is very corrosive, even attacking glass when hydrated. The acidity of hydrofluoric acid solutions varies with concentration owing to hydrogen-bond interactions of the fluoride ion. Dilute solutions are weakly acidic with an acid ionization constant Ka = 6.6×10−4 (or pKa = 3.18), in contrast to corresponding solutions of the other hydrogen halides, which are strong acids (pKa < 0). Concentrated solutions of hydrogen fluoride are much more strongly acidic than implied by this value, as shown by measurements of the Hammett acidity function H0(or "effective pH"). The H0 for 100% hydrofluoric acid is estimated to be between −10.2 and −11, comparable to the value −12 for sulfuric acid. In thermodynamic terms, hydrofluoric acid solutions are highly non-ideal, with the activity of hydrofluoric acid increasing much more rapidly than its concentration. The weak acidity in dilute solution is sometimes attributed to the high H—F bond strength, which combines with the high dissolution enthalpy of hydrofluoric acid to outweigh the more negative enthalpy of hydration of the fluoride ion. Paul Giguère and Sylvia Turrell have shown by infrared spectroscopy that the predominant solute species in dilute solution is the hydrogen-bonded ion pair H3O+·F−. H2O + HF ⇌ H3O+⋅F− With increasing concentration of hydrofluoric acid the concentration of the hydrogen difluoride ion also increases. The reaction 3 HF HF2− + H2F+ is an example of homoconjugation. Health and safety of Hydrofluoric acid In addition to being a highly corrosive liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a powerful contact poison. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, or when inhaled or swallowed. Symptoms of exposure to hydrofluoric acid may not be immediately evident, and this can provide false reassurance to victims, causing them to delay medical treatment. Despite having an irritating odor, hydrofluoric acid may reach dangerous levels without an obvious odor. Hydrofluoric acid interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. Accidental exposures can go unnoticed, delaying treatment and increasing the extent and seriousness of the injury. Symptoms of hydrofluoric acid exposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, and throat, eye and skin burns, rhinitis, bronchitis, pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs), and bone damage. Popular culture of Hydrofluoric acid In the series 4 episode 'Chain reaction' of the British medical drama Casualty a road traffic collision results in a spillage of hydrofluoric acid testing the resources of the department and resulting in the death of a police officer and severe burns to other motorists. This episode realistically depicts the fire service response to a chemical spillage In an episode of Breaking Bad titled "Cat's in the Bag...", Jesse Pinkman uses hydrofluoric acid to dissolve the body of Emilio Koyama. In another episode, "Box Cutter", Walter White and Jesse Pinkman use hydrofluoric acid to dissolve the body of Victor. In the film Saw VI, hydrofluoric acid is used for killing William Easton. In the film Jigsaw, Carly is killed by hydrofluoric acid injected into her bloodstream. In an episode of Titans titled "Jason Todd", a young Dick Grayson claims that his parents' murderer used hydrofluoric acid to burn their trapeze ropes. In a trio of segments of the videogame Zero Time Dilemma titled "First Come, First Saved", each of the three teams of participants are given the option to press a button that activates a hydrofluoric acid shower that pours over the other two teams. The corrosion process of the acid is both described and depicted as being fast enough to melt everything from metal and glass to the entire body of a sizable adult male in a matter of seconds, leaving only small amounts of tissue behind. Hydrofluoric Acid: What You Need to Know Incidents involving hydrogen fluoride, or hydrofluoric acid, are not common, but the consequences of exposure to this compound by any means can be devastating. This little-known acid has unique properties that make it extremely dangerous to emergency personnel and others. Frequently mistaken for or confused with hydrochloric acid, HF should be referred to as Hydrofluoric acid. I became interested in Hydrofluoric acid while working in an oil refinery that uses it as a catalyst to make high-octane gasoline. As a paramedic, I found the effects of Hydrofluoric acid on the human body fascinating. I learned what I could about it and began teaching Hydrofluoric acid safety to my coworkers. Then, in 2001, I was involved in an Hydrofluoric acid incident in which I was seriously exposed. I had been sprayed with anhydrous Hydrofluoric acid at approximately 150 pounds of pressure when a ¾" pipe broke at an ell as I was preparing to remove a plug. The Hydrofluoric acid had eaten the threads inside the ell and the weight of my pipe wrench caused the damaged pipe to give way, spraying both my legs just below my groin, and my right forearm. That exposure began a battle for my life that continues today. Luckily, our local EMS and emergency facility had been trained on the dangers of this acid and proper treatment. Many EMS and ER personnel have probably never heard of this dangerous compound, but all emergency services, fire or law enforcement personnel who operate near and may be called to respond to any facility that uses or manufactures a form of Hydrofluoric acid should receive yearly training on treatment for Hydrofluoric acid exposure. This information should be available from your county LEPC. Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid) is an inorganic, corrosive compound with many industrial and commercial uses. It is manufactured by heating purified fluorspar (calcium fluoride) with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce the gas, which is then condensed by cooling or dissolving in water. It can also be refined as a by-product of the production of phosphoric acid, which is derived from the mineral apatite. Apatite sources typically contain a small amount of fluorite. The acid hydrolysis of fluorite-containing minerals generates an impure gas stream consisting of sulfur dioxide, water and Hydrofluoric acid. Separating gases from solids and treating them with sulfuric acid and oleum produces anhydrous Hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid can also be released when other fluoride-containing compounds, such as ammonium fluoride, are combined with water or when certain plastics are exposed to fire conditions, creating carbonyl fluoride (the fluorine analog of phosgene). HYDROFLUORIC ACID FAST FACTS Hydrogen fluoride is available commercially either in an anhydrous (water-free) state or in water solutions of various concentrations. At higher concentrations, Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless gas or a fuming liquid. Hydrofluoric acid may be known as Hydrogen fluoride (UN 1052), hydrofluoric acid (UN 1790) or fluorohydric acid. Identification numbers are CAS number 7664-39-3, UN: 1052 or RTECS: MW7875000. Main Manufacturers/main importers are DuPont (US), Allied (US) and Honeywell (US). Its physical properties are: Molecular weight: 10 Boiling point: Gas at temperatures above 19°C Auto-ignition: Not relevant Vapor pressure: 150mm (70% solution at 26.7°C); 70mm (70% solution at 20.0°C) Solubility: Aqueous solutions to 70% Explosive limits: Not applicable--non-flammable (BLEVE hazard if container subjected to fire conditions) Shipping name: Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous (1052), hydrofluoric acid, with not more than 60% strength (1790) Identification number: 1052 (hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous) (Guide 125), 1790 (hydrofluoric acid) (Guide 157) Hazardous class or division: 8 (1052) Subsidiary hazardous class or division: 6.1, Inhalation hazard (1790) Label: Corrosive, Poison (toxic) (1052), Corrosive, Poison (Toxic), Inhalation Hazard (1790) Hydrogen fluoride is used in solution form in glass and metal etching, industrial and home cleaners and rust removers, and in manufacturing electronics. Full strength, it is used to manufacture high-octane fuels in oil refineries. Other major industrial uses of hydrogen fluoride include synthesis of fluorocarbons (e.g., freon and Teflon) and production of aluminum fluoride and synthetic cryolite for use in aluminum refining. It is also employed in refining uranium for use as a nuclear fuel, in manufacturing various organic chemicals, in producing stainless steel, and for various other applications such as: Propellants and solvents Insecticide and fertilizer production Manufacture and reduction of chlorides Brewery to control fermentation Fabric industry for stain removal Leather industry for tanning Drug and dye production Manufacture of semiconductors. Present household uses include: Rust remover Aluminum brighteners Heavy-duty cleansers. Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless fuming liquid below 67°F (19.4°C), or a colorless gas. When hydrogen fluoride is combined with water it is known as hydrofluoric acid, a colorless liquid, which in low concentrations is visually indistinguishable from water. Hydrofluoric acid that is more than 40% hydrogen fluoride fumes in air. Hydrofluoric acid can be used for intra-oral repair of restorations. Contamination of tooth substrate with hydrofluoric acid cannot always be avoided. /The study objective was/ to investigate the bonding effectiveness to hydrofluoric acid contaminated dentin by, micro-tensile bond strength testing, SEM and TEM. For this study, 15 molar teeth were used of which dentin surfaces were subjected to five, different etching procedures. Group A, 37.5% phosphoric acid (Kerr Gel) (control group); group B, 37.5% phosphoric acid followed by 3% hydrofluoric acid (DenMat); group C, 37.5% phosphoric acid, followed by 9.6% hydrofluoric acid (Pulpdent); group D, 3% hydrofluoric acid followed by 37.5%, phosphoric acid; group E, 9.6% hydrofluoric acid followed by 37.5% phosphoric acid. After the bonding procedure (OptiBond FL, Kerr) a composite resin build-up (Clearfil AP-X, Kuraray), was made. After 1 week storage, specimens were prepared for micro-tensile bond testing, SEM- and, TEM-analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's HSD (p<0.05). In the control group (solely phosphoric acid), the mean microTBS was 53.4+/-10.6 MPa, which was, significantly higher than any hydrofluoric acid prepared group (group A versus groups B-E, p<0.001). No, significant differences in microTBS were found between the 3% and 9.6% hydrofluoric acid groups: group B versus group C (13.5+/-5.5 MPa and 18.7+/-4.3 MPa, respectively) or group D versus group E (19.9+/-6.8 MPa and 20.3+/-4.1 MPa, respectively). Due to its adverse effect on the bond strength of composite to dentin, contact of hydrofluoric acid to dentin should be avoided. Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless, fuming liquid or gas with a strong, irritating odor. Hydrofluoric acid is usually shipped in steel cylinders as a compressed gas. Hydrogen fluoride readily dissolves in water to form colorless hydrofluoric acid solutions; dilute solutions are visibly indistinguishable from water. Ocular tissues are extremely sensitive to hydrofluoric acid. Concentrations as low as 5 mg/L (5 ppm) may produce irritation to the eye. Although the protein aqueous precipitation of coagulation necrosis limits the penetration of other inorganic acids, hydrofluoric acid is able to penetrate the ocular tissues and produces severe damage to ocular structures. Lacrimation, pain, and conjunctival injection are early symptoms of hydrofluoric acid exposure. Corneal and conjunctival epithelium may be denuded, leading to edema and ischemia. Corneal vascularization and scarring may result. Toxicity may be delayed by up to 4 days after dilute exposures. Global perforation has also been reported. Hydrofluoric acid is an irritant to the mucosa of the upper and lower portions of the respiratory tract. As in ocular tissues, concentrations as low as 5 mg/L (5 ppm) may produce irritation to the nasal mucosa. When hydrofluoric acid is present in concentrations greater than 48%, the solution fumes, adding to the volatile airborne fraction. Mucosal edema, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, wheezing, atelectasis, and airways obstruction may result. A chemical tracheobronchitis or pneumonitis, either of which may be hemorrhagic, and pulmonary edema may follow. Onset of signs and symptoms may be immediate, with death reported in as little as 30 minutes after exposure, or they may not appear for several days. Symptoms in survivors may be sustained for greater than 1 year. A waste containing hydrofluoric acid may (or may not) be characterized a hazardous waste following testing for corrosivity characteristics as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid has not been classified as a carcinogen. It is not known whether chronic or repeated exposure to hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid increases the risk of reproductive toxicity or developmental toxicity. Chronic or repeated exposure to hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid has been associated with fluorosis, mottling of the teeth, weight loss, malaise, anemia, leukopenia, discoloration of teeth, osteosclerosis, skeletal changes such as increased bone density of the spine and pelvis, calcification of ligaments, hyperostosis, and liver or kidney damage. A chemical polishing soln consisting of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid (1 vol each) and glycerol (2 vols) generated enough pressure during storage for 4 hr to rupture the closed plastics container. This was caused by gas evolution from oxidation of glycerol by the strongly oxidizing mixture. A mixture of nitric acid (80 mL), hydrofluoric acid (80 mL) and glycerol (240 mL) was used immediately for etching metal, again the next day, and then stored in a stoppered flask. After some 2-3 days, the stopper was ejected and approx 300 mL was sprayed around the fume cupboard containing the flask. The metals dissolved during use further destabilize the mixture, which should not be stored under any circumstances. Mixtures of the 3 acids /hydrofluoric acid, lactic acid, and nitric acid/, used as metal polishing solutions, are unstable and should not be stored. Lactic acid and nitric acid react autocatalytically after a quiescent period, attaining a temp of about 90 °C with vigorous gas evolution after about 12 hr. A chemical polishing mixture /of hydrofluoric acid, propylene glycol, silver nitrate, and nitric acid/ was put into a closed glass bottle which burst 30 min later, and formation of silver fulminate was suggested. However, in absence of the silver salt such mixtures evolve gas and should not be stored in any event, especially after use for metal polishing, when the dissolved metal(s) tend to further destabilize the mixture. The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous; hydrofluoric acid solution, with more than 60% hydrogen fluoride; and hydrofluoric acid solution, with not more than 60% hydrogen fluoride are included on the dangerous goods list. Hydrofluoric acid is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Hydrofluoric acid is a dangerous inorganic acid that can cause local corrosion and systemic effects by ongoing absorption via the skin, mucosae, respiratory tract and digestive system. Recently, a serious toxic leak of low-concentration hydrofluoric acid solution occurred in the Pujiang area of Zhejiang Province, China. This accident resulted in 253 cases of chemical injury due to hydrofluoric acid exposure. Despite an immediate response by the local and provincial health-care system, as well as the local government, three people died due to acute poisoning and related complications. This article describes the events that took place leading to casualties as well as presenting the first-aid experience and the lessons learnt from this kind of mass injury. Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be absorbed systemically into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact. Eye exposure to hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is highly unlikely to result in systemic toxicity. Inhalation is an important route of exposure. Occupational injuries to digits due to hydrofluoric acid (HFA) are frequently encountered. They have distinctive features, including intense pain, progressive tissue necrosis, and possible bone erosion. To minimize tissue damage, it is of great importance to execute prudent preoperative assessment and determine the correct surgical modality to reconstruct and maintain the function of the hand. However, proper protocols for fingers have not been presented in previous studies. Eight cases with hydrofluoric acid burn to digits were presented to the emergency room. Wounds were immediately irrigated with saline, calcium gluconate was applied topically to block destructive effects of fluoride ions. Blisters that could lead to progressive tissue destruction were debrided. A fish-mouth fasciotomy was performed and prostaglandin was administered intravenously to maintain maximal distal circulation. Wounds were evaluated daily for apparent demarcation for 6 or 7 days. Digits were reconstructed with free sensate second toe pulp-free flap to provide sufficient padding for the fingertip. All patients showed excellent recovery with stable flaps with acceptable external contour, durable soft tissue padding, and full range of motion of affected joints. In conclusion, when a patient is admitted due to hydrofluoric acid (HFA) exposure to the finger, early treatment including irrigation, topical neutralizers, and fasciotomy are of great importance to minimize tissue damage. In addition, a physician should wait at least 7 days until the degree of damage to the tissue can be classified so that the physician can decide whether aggressive debridement should be proceeded. In case of deep layer injuries of weight bearing portions such as finger pulp, reconstruction techniques utilizing durable tissues such as partial second toe pulp free flap should be employed. Hydrofluoric acid is increasingly used as a rust remover and detergent. Dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid results in a chemical burn characterized by severe pain and deep tissue necrosis. It may cause electrolyte imbalances with lethal consequences. It is important to identify high-risk patients. 'High risk' is defined as a total affected body area > 3% or exposure to hydrofluoric acid in a concentration > 50%. We present the cases of three male patients (26, 31, and 39 years old) with hydrofluoric acid burns of varying severity and describe the subsequent treatments. The application of calcium gluconate 2.5% gel to the skin is the cornerstone of the treatment, reducing pain as well as improving wound healing. Nails should be thoroughly inspected and possibly removed if the nail is involved, to ensure proper healing. In high-risk patients, plasma calcium levels should be evaluated and cardiac monitoring is indicated. Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) is commonly used and many injuries occur on the upper extremities following exposure to HFA. The use of calcium gluconate (CG) -containing gel or local injections of CG are widely used for the initial treatment of Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) exposure. However, severe pain continues in some cases despite the treatment. There was a report that trans-arterial CG infusion could improve Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) burns, however, such treatment is not an established clinical procedure. A 30-year-old male presented at our hospital with severe pain in his left thumb. He had been cleaning tiles with an HFA-containing detergent. We diagnosed him with a chemical burn due to Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) exposure. Local CG injections were tried several times, but his terrible pain continued. Therefore, a direct arterial sphygmomanometry line was inserted from the left radial artery, and continuous transarterial CG injection was performed. His terrible pain dramatically improved. Direct arterial sphygmomanometry systems are widely used in the critical care field to monitor the hemodynamics and ICU staffs are used to dealing with it. Moreover, continuous saline infusion prevents the tube obstruction. Continuous CG infusion from a direct arterial sphygmomanometry line is simple and safe way to administer CG in Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) burns. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly toxic poison that can be rapidly fatal. Death usually results from the many systemic effects of dissociated fluoride ions, including hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, and direct cardiotoxicity. A patient is described who accidentally ingested a hydrofluoric acid-containing substance and who likely benefited from hemodialysis. His fluoride level post-dialysis was reduced by approximately 70% from a level drawn three hours prior to the initiation of hemodialysis. However, the single treatment did not reduce the fluoride level to normal. A review of the pathophysiology of hydrofluoric acid intoxication and the outcomes of prior exposures suggests that hemodialysis could play a vital role in the management of poisonings with fluoride-containing substances. However, the initial hemodialysis treatment should be prolonged beyond the standard four-hour session. Ocular tissues are extremely sensitive to hydrofluoric acid. Concentrations as low as 5 mg/L (5 ppm) may produce irritation to the eye. Although the protein aqueous precipitation of coagulation necrosis limits the penetration of other inorganic acids, hydrofluoric acid is able to penetrate the ocular tissues and produces severe damage to ocular structures. Lacrimation, pain, and conjunctival injection are early symptoms of hydrofluoric acid exposure. Corneal and conjunctival epithelium may be denuded, leading to edema and ischemia. Corneal vascularization and scarring may result. Toxicity may be delayed by up to 4 days after dilute exposures. Global perforation has also been reported. Uses & Benefits of Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) Industrial/Manufacturing Uses of Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) is used to make refrigerants, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, gasoline, stainless steel kitchen products, aluminum, plastics, electrical components and incandescent light bulbs (electric light with a wire filament, used in appliances, incubators, portable lighting). Sixty percent of the hydrogen fluoride used in manufacturing is for processes to make refrigerants used in refrigeration, freezer and air conditioning systems. In laboratories and industrial settings, hydrofluoric acid can be used for etching glass and enamel, removing rust, and cleaning brass and crystal. It also is used in manufacturing silicon semiconductor chips. Hydrogen fluoride also is used as an alkylation catalyst in oil refineries to make high-octane gasoline as well as power nuclear reactors. Cleaners and Rust Removers Due to Hydrofluoric acid (HFA)s strong corrosive qualities, a diluted form of hydrofluoric acid is used in some commercial automotive cleaners, rust and stain removers and water-spot removers. Safety Information of Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) Due to its strong corrosive qualities, a diluted form of hydrofluoric acid is used in some commercial automotive cleaners, and rust and stain removers. Care should be taken when using commercially available products containing hydrofluoric acid, and safety instructions on labels should always be followed. Skin contact or inhalation of hydrofluoric acid can cause moderate to severe health effects. What Hydrofluoric acid is Hydrofluoric acid is a chemical compound that contains fluorine. It can exist as a colorless gas or as a fuming liquid, or it can be dissolved in water. When Hydrofluoric acid is dissolved in water, it may be called hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid can be released when other fluoride-containing compounds such as ammonium fluoride are combined with water. Where Hydrofluoric acid is found and how it is used Hydrofluoric acid is used to make refrigerants, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, high-octane gasoline, aluminum, plastics, electrical components, and fluorescent light bulbs. Sixty percent of the Hydrofluoric acid used in manufacturing is for processes to make refrigerants. Hydrofluoric acid is also used for etching glass and metal. How you could be exposed to Hydrofluoric acid In a natural disaster, you could be exposed to high levels of Hydrofluoric acid when storage facilities or containers are damaged and the chemical is released. This release could occur at an industrial site or even a retail location. You could be exposed to Hydrofluoric acid if it is used as a chemical terrorism agent. If you work in an occupation that uses Hydrofluoric acid, you may be exposed to this chemical in the workplace. You may be exposed to Hydrofluoric acid as part of a hobby. How Hydrofluoric acid works Hydrofluoric acid goes easily and quickly through the skin and into the tissues in the body. There it damages the cells and causes them to not work properly. The seriousness of poisoning caused by Hydrofluoric acid depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the person exposed. Breathing Hydrofluoric acid can damage lung tissue and cause swelling and fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid may cause severe burns that develop after several hours and form skin ulcers. Immediate signs and symptoms of exposure to Hydrofluoric acid Swallowing only a small amount of highly concentrated Hydrofluoric acid will affect major internal organs and may be fatal. Hydrofluoric acid gas, even at low levels, can irritate the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Breathing in Hydrofluoric acid at high levels or in combination with skin contact can cause death from an irregular heartbeat or from fluid buildup in the lungs. Even small splashes of high-concentration Hydrofluoric acid products on the skin can be fatal. Skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid may not cause immediate pain or visible skin damage(signs of exposure). Often, patients exposed to low concentrations of Hydrofluoric acid on the skin do not show effects or experience pain immediately. And, severe pain at the exposure site may be the only symptom for several hours. Visible damage may not appear until 12 to 24 hours after the exposure. Depending on the concentration of the chemical and the length of time of exposure, skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid may cause severe pain at the point of contact; a rash; and deep, slow-healing burns. Severe pain can occur even if no burns can be seen. Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily m

SYNONYMS Peroxide; Hydrogen Dioxide; Albone; Inhibine; Perhydrol; Peroxan; Oxydol; Hydroperoxide; Hioxy; Dihydrogen Dioxide CAS NO. 7722-84-1

HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL; Castor oil, hydrogenated; CAS Number: 8001-78-3

cas no 68334-00-9 cottonseed oil, partially hydrogenated; Hydrogenated cottonseed oil;

castor oil hydrogenated; castor oil, hydrogenated; castor wax; castorwax;hydrogenated ricinus communis oil cas no: 8001-78-3

Hydrogenated castor oil is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil is supplied in flakes and powder. Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated castor oil consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.

CAS Number: 8001-78-3
EINECS Number: 232-292-2

Synonyms: Hydrogenated Castor Oil, 8001-78-3, Castor Oil, Hydrogenated, 232-292-2, Castor Wax, Castor oil hydrogenated, Castorwax, ZF94AP8MEY, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate), 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP IMPURITY), CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP MONOGRAPH), CASTOR OIL,HYDROGENATED, Castorwax MP-70, Castorwax MP-80, Castorwax NF, Caswell No. 486A, DTXSID8027666, EC 232-292-2, EINECS 232-292-2, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604, HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (II), HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (USP-RS), LUBLIWAX, OPALWAX, Olio di ricino idrogenato, Rice syn wax, UNII-ZF94AP8MEY, Unitina HR.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.
Hydrogenated castor oil is resistance to moisture makes it useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.
Hydrogenated castor oil occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes.

Hydrogenated castor oil is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated castor oil is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of Hydrogenated castor oil, which gives the oil a higher melting point that allows it to remain solid at room temperature.

After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated castor oil becomes hard and brittle to the touch.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a derivative of castor oil that undergoes a hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor plant (Ricinus communis), and hydrogenation involves the addition of hydrogen to the oil in the presence of a catalyst.

The hydrogenation process changes the chemical structure of Hydrogenated castor oil by converting some of the unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones.
This results in a product with altered physical and chemical properties compared to regular Hydrogenated castor oil.
The Hydrogenated castor oil process makes the oil more stable and less prone to oxidation, giving it enhanced properties for certain applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a wax-like solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated castor oil is derived from Castor Oil (extracted from the seeds of "Ricinus communis L.") by controlled hydrogenation.
Hydrogenated castor oil is produced in form of flakes and powder.

Hydrogenated castor oil is widely used in the production of multi-purpose calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
Lubricating greases produced from Hydrogenated castor oil exhibit excellent resistances to oils and fats, water and solvents and they endue a long-life stability.
Hydrogenated castor oil also is importand as thixotropic agent or as raw material in the production thereof for solvent-based coating systems.

Other technical application fields are the use as processing aid for phenolic resins, polyethylene, PVC and rubber and as additive in the application of powder coatings.
Non-drying alkyd resins can also be produced out of Hydrogenated castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil is of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper coatings for food packaging and the production of hot melt adhesives.

In several types of polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) Hydrogenated castor oil is an ingredient.
Another important field is the use of Hydrogenated castor oil and its derivatives (e. g. ethoxylated HCO) in cosmetics like creams, lipsticks etc. .
Hydrogenated castor oil is a compound attained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard, waxy, white to cream colored product with a high melting point of 83 to 87 C°, and is nearly tasteless and odorless.
There are numerous applications in various industrial segments, such as a slip additive in paints, plastics (PE), and inks and as a dispersing agent in carbon papers, inks, and plastic color master batches and as a dispersing additive and flow control in sealants, hot-melt adhesives, powder coatings, and more.
Hydrogenated castor oil, also called Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odourless.

Chemically Hydrogenated castor oil is the triglyceride, which mainly consists of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated castor oil is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated castor oil is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in pharmaceutical applications, manufacture of greases and lubricants, and range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a combination of synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) with natural castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a wax like compound obtained by the controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated castor oil is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.

The colour of Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white.
When melted Hydrogenated castor oil is clear, transparent to straw coloured.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a white to yellow pasty liquid with a faint odor.

Hydrogenated castor oil is ideal for use in a wide range of applications in many industries, including Adhesives, Cosmetics, Greases, Inks, Lubricants, Personal care, Pharmaceuticals, Plastics, Rubber, Soaps, Textiles, and Urethanes.
Hydrogenated castor oil is produced out of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil will be mixed with the catalyst nickel in a reactor and reched under addition of an hydrogen gas a temperature of 140°C.
During this process mainly the Iodine content will be reduced to a required value.
In the following filtration the added catalyst will be removed.

Finally the liquid oil will be brought over a cooling-drum into his flaked form.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a white to slightly yellowish, fine, free-flowing powder.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used as retardation component and pressing agent for the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical application.

Hydrogenated castor oil, also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.
Hydrogenated castor oil refers to a chemical process where an unsaturated compound is combined with hydrogen to produce saturation.
In the case of Hydrogenated castor oil, this increases the oil’s stability and raises its melting point, transforming it into a solid at room temperature.

Hydrogenated castor oil is insoluble in water and most types of organic solvents.
This makes Hydrogenated castor oil extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated castor oil is soluble in hot solvents.

Hydrogenated castor oil also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.
Hydrogenated castor oil is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
Hydrogenated castor oil, also known as Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting odorless solid wax.

A triglyceride mainly of Hydrogenated castor oil that is insoluble in water, these are available as fully hydrogenated flakes and powders, partially hydrogenated, and in liquid form which is non-toxic and non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil has a very wide use in the industries like: Lubricants, Paper Coatings, Processing Aids, Polishes, Investment Castings, Inks, Pencil & Crayons, Cosmetics, Electrical Applications, Hot Melt Adhesives.
Hydrogenated castor oil is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.

The colour of Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white.
Hydrogenated castor oil is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications: Viscosity Modifier, Plastics, Waxes, Personal Care, Soap, Detergent, Textiles, Lubricants and Greases.
Hydrogenated castor oil performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.

Hydrogenated castor oil is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a versatile integrant for various applications.
As Hydrogenated castor oil reduces atmospheric moisture pick-up during handling and mixing, it becomes an essential additive agent for substantial applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil is odourless and is available in wax, powder, or flake form with high-melting-point.
These different forms are used as a viscosity modifier and for improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated castor oil in cosmetics is a popular addition as it is soluble in both water and oil and has foam-enhancing properties.

Therefore one can easily find Hydrogenated castor oil in skincare products like moisturizers as well as hair care cosmetics.
Hydrogenated castor oil by Hannong Chemicals acts as a non-ionic surfactant, emulsifier, solubilizer and dispersant.
Hydrogenated castor oil is recommended for use in cosmetics and personal care formulations.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil is foam-enhancing properties make it ideal for use in liquid cleansers.
As a surfactant, Hydrogenated castor oil helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids.

Furthermore, Hydrogenated castor oil helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil is manufactured by adding hydrogen to refined Castor Oil in the presence of a nickel catalyst, the resultant oil is called Hydrogenated Castor Oil.
After filtration, the liquid Hydrogenated castor oil goes either to Flaking machine to get Hydrogenated castor oil Flakes or to Spray Drying Tower to get HCO Powder.

After filtration Hydrogenated castor oil is transformed into a hard, brittle wax with a melting point of approximately 85-86 degrees Centigrade.
This wax is extremely insoluble and is therefore well suited for products needing resistance to water, oils, petroleum and petroleum derivatives.
Hydrogenated castor oil, also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.

This makes Hydrogenated castor oil extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated castor oil is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated castor oil also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.

Hydrogenated castor oil is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in manufacturing of greases, but it may also be used in a paper coating for food packaging.

Hydrogenated castor oil can be available with several different melting points, or in beaded or powdered form.
Partially Hydrogenated castor oil is used in cosmetic formulations such as lipsticks and stick deodorants.
Hydrogenated castor oil is often included in cosmetic and skincare products for its emollient properties.

Hydrogenated castor oil helps to soften and smooth the skin, providing a moisturizing effect.
Due to its increased viscosity compared to regular castor oil, Hydrogenated castor oil is used as a thickening agent in cosmetic and personal care formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil helps give products a desired texture and consistency.

The hydrogenation process makes Hydrogenated castor oil more resistant to oxidation, contributing to improved stability.
This makes it suitable for use in formulations where a longer shelf life is desired.
In some cases, Hydrogenated castor oil can act as a surfactant. Surfactants help to reduce the surface tension of liquids and are commonly used in formulations like shampoos and cleansers.

Hydrogenated castor oil's lubricating properties make it suitable for certain industrial applications, such as in the production of greases and lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil may find use in pharmaceutical formulations for its emollient and stabilizing properties.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated castor oil is almost odourless and tasteless.

Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, chloroform, and methylene chloride.
form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3（27℃）
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75

Hydrogenated castor oil is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated castor oil is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.

Hydrogenated castor oil is used in pharmaceutical applications and manufacture of greases and lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in a range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated castor oil or castor wax is a hard, brittle wax.

Hydrogenated castor oil is odorless and insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated castor oil is produced by addition of hydrogen to castor oil (hydrogenation process) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
This is done by bubbling Hydrogenated castor oil gas into the castor oil, during which the Ricinoleic Acid becomes fully saturated to give a viscous waxy like substance with a melting point of 61-69oC.

Hydrogenated castor oil accounts for the largest single use of castor oil for a standard commodity.
The Hydrogenated castor oil is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, but it is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated castor oil is water resistant while retaining lubricity, polarity and surface wetting properties.

Hydrogenated castor oil is this insolubility that makes HCO valuable to the lubricants markets.
Hydrogenated castor oil is perfect for metal drawing lubricants and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in polishes, cosmetics, electrical capacitors, carbon paper, lubrication, and coatings and greases where resistance to moisture, oils and petrochemical products is required.

Hydrogenated castor oil, is a derivative of castor oil that has undergone a hydrogenation process, resulting in changes to its chemical structure and properties.
Hydrogenated castor oil is known for its versatility and is used in various industries and applications due to its unique characteristics.
Hydrogenated castor oil is obtained from the fruit seed of castor (Ricinus communis L.) a large shrub that grows mainly in India, Brazil and China.

Ricinoleic Acid is the major component of the oil, about 85% The Hydrogenated castor oil is obtained form castor oil hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a solid at room temperatureand melts above 85 ° C.
Hydrogenated castor oil is marketed in the form of flakes or granules, is white and opaque.

Hydrogenated castor oil is mainly used in the formulation of lubricants and greases, resins, synthetic waxes, rigid or plasticized films and chemical intermediates.
Hydrogenated castor oil has a very high oxidative stability and acts very effectively as an internal and external lubricant in polymers.
This is an oil wit flexibility and ductility for the manufacturer of industrial resins, plastics, elastomers, dielectric, rubber products in general.

Hydrogenated castor oil is also used in the cosmetics sector.
Hydrogenated castor oil derivatives are produced in India by manufacturers who have worked with Berg + Schmidt for many years.
Special attention is paid to the continuous development of quality standards.

India is already the most important procurement market for Hydrogenated castor oil, and its significance is steadily growing.
Hydrogenated castor oil is passed through Refined castor oil with Nickel as to get Hydrogenated Castor Oil.
After filtration, the liquid HCO goes either to Flaking machine to get Hydrogenated castor oil Flakes or to Spray Drying Tower to get HCO Powder.

Hydrogenated castor oil is typically insoluble in water but soluble in oil and organic solvents.
This solubility profile can influence its application in different formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil has film-forming properties, making it useful in formulations where the creation of a protective film on the skin or hair is desirable.

This is often seen in cosmetics like lipsticks or hair care products.
Due to its emollient properties and relatively low likelihood of clogging pores, Hydrogenated castor oil is often used in skincare products, particularly those designed for individuals with sensitive or acne-prone skin.
In some formulations, especially in the production of shaving creams and foaming personal care products, Hydrogenated castor oil may serve as a foaming agent.

Hydrogenated castor oil is known for its compatibility with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, allowing formulators to create stable and well-blended products.
Hydrogenated castor oil, is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor plant.
This bio-based origin is often valued in the formulation of natural or organic cosmetic products.

While hydrogenation is typically a chemical process, Hydrogenated castor oil can be derived from both natural castor oil and synthetic sources.
The choice between natural and synthetic HCO may depend on factors like cost, sustainability, and the desired level of purity in the final product.

Hydrogenated castor oil is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
To learn more about HCO safety, please review the Hydrogenated castor oil.
Acme-Hardesty is a reliable source for Hydrogenated castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.
Hydrogenated castor oil is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.
Personal Care There are multiple Hydrogenated castor oil uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.

Waxes Hydrogenated Caster Oil works as a binding agent in synthetic and petroleum waxes, as it makes the wax harder and more resistant to crumbling.
Soaps and Detergents Hydrogenated castor oil is sometimes used as an emulsifying agent in liquid soaps and detergents to enhance the stability of the liquid formula.
Textiles Hydrogenated castor oil makes an effective processing agent in various textile manufacturing applications.

Lubricants and Greases Hydrogenated castor oil is used as a thickening agent in lithium grease and lithium complex grease, as well as multipurpose greases and metal-drawing lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil, also called Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odorless.
Chemically it is the triglyceride mainly of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.

Uses:
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in the production of candles and waxes to enhance their structure and stability.
Hydrogenated castor oil can be employed as a plasticizer in the polymer industry, contributing to the flexibility and durability of certain plastic products.
Due to its thickening properties, Hydrogenated castor oil can act as a viscosity modifier in the formulation of adhesives and sealants, contributing to the desired consistency.

Hydrogenated castor oil's lubricating properties make it suitable for use in metalworking fluids, where it can enhance lubricity and reduce friction in cutting and machining processes.
In the textile industry, Hydrogenated castor oil may be used as a softening agent for fabrics, contributing to a softer feel and improved texture.

Hydrogenated castor oil can serve as a binder in the formulation of paints and coatings, helping to improve adhesion and durability.
In the rubber industry, Hydrogenated castor oil can function as a plasticizer and processing aid, improving the flexibility and processing characteristics of rubber compounds.
Hydrogenated castor oil's emollient properties can be beneficial in the leather industry, where it may be used as a softening agent for leather products.

Hydrogenated castor oil can be used in the formulation of environmentally friendly inks and toners, contributing to sustainable printing and imaging solutions.
In lubricants and greases, Hydrogenated castor oil may act as a natural and renewable ingredient, providing eco-conscious solutions for machinery and mechanical systems.
Hydrogenated castor oil is employed in adhesives and sealants, offering natural and renewable components for eco-friendly bonding solutions.

Hydrogenated castor oil can be incorporated into coatings and paints to enhance their performance, sustainability, and eco-friendliness.
Hydrogenated castor oil can be used in eco-conscious packaging materials and coatings, promoting sustainability in packaging solutions.
In cosmetics, personal care products, and skincare formulations, hydrogenated castor oil contributes to natural and eco-friendly products.

Hydrogenated castor oil may find applications in pharmaceutical formulations and drug delivery systems.
In the tire and rubber industry, hydrogenated castor oil can be employed in rubber compound formulations to enhance processing and performance.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in the formulation of wax blends for various applications, providing eco-friendly alternatives in wax-based products.

Hydrogenated castor oil can find applications in eco-friendly cleaning products and household items, contributing to sustainable and natural alternatives.
Hydrogenated castor oil may have agricultural applications, such as in crop protection formulations and soil conditioning products, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a wax used in applications ranging from the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.

Hydrogenated castor oil is hard and brittle with a high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.
Hydrogenated castor oil Ethoxylates have many uses, primarily as nonionic surfactants in various formulations both, industrial & domestic.
These are also used as cleaning agents, antistatic agents, dispersants or emulsifiers, defoamers, softeners in textile formulations.

Also these are used as emulsifiers, solubalizers in cosmetics , health care & agrochemical formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil is commonly used an emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers in lubricants and softener formulas.
Hydrogenated castor oil may also be used as a dispersant for pigments and clay.

Hydrogenated castor oil is used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as creams, lotions, and lip balms, for its emollient properties.
Hydrogenated castor oil helps soften and moisturize the skin.
Hydrogenated castor oil is increased viscosity makes it a useful thickening agent in cosmetic formulations, providing the desired texture to products like creams and ointments.

v's stability makes it suitable for stabilizing formulations and extending the shelf life of cosmetic products.
Similar to its use in cosmetics, Hydrogenated castor oil may be used in pharmaceutical formulations for its emollient properties and ability to stabilize certain formulations.
Due to its lubricating properties, Hydrogenated castor oil is used in the production of industrial lubricants and greases.

In some industrial applications, Hydrogenated castor oil may serve as a surfactant to reduce surface tension.
Hydrogenated castor oil's film-forming properties make it suitable for use in hair care products, such as styling gels and creams, where the formation of a protective film on the hair is desired.
In formulations like shaving creams and foaming cleansers, Hydrogenated castor oil may act as a foaming agent.

In pharmaceuticals, Hydrogenated castor oil can serve as an excipient, helping to improve the texture and stability of certain formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil is bio-based origin from castor oil makes it suitable for use in natural and organic cosmetic and personal care products.
In the food industry, Hydrogenated castor oil can be used as a release agent in the production of molds and pans to prevent food from sticking.

Hydrogenated castor oils dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.
Hydrogenated castor oil of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.

In topical formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the hydrogenated castor oil may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated castor oil, being a hydrogenated form of castor oil, can be a source of stearic acid.

Storage:
Hydrogenated castor oil is stable at temperatures up to 1508℃. Clear, stable, chloroform solutions containing up to 15% w/v of hydrogenated castor oil may be produced.
Hydrogenated castor oil may also be dissolved at temperatures greater than 908℃ in polar solvents and mixtures of aromatic and polar solvents, although the hydrogenated castor oil precipitates out on cooling below 908℃.
Hydrogenated castor oil should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

Safety Profile:
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material.
Acute oral toxicity studies in animals have shown that Hydrogenated castor oil is a relatively nontoxic material.
Irritation tests with rabbits show that Hydrogenated castor oil causes mild, transient irritation to the eye.

Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.


CAS Number: 8001-78-3
EC Number: 232-292-2
E-number / INCI name: N.A. / HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL
Molecul formula: C57H110O9



SYNONYMS:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil, PEG 40, CASTOR WAX, CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED, hydrogenated castor oil flakes, Thixcin, Namlon T 206, Kolliwax HCO, PEG 40 CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED, WNN 1, PEG 60, Cutina HR, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Unitina HR, Castorwax, Castorwax MP 70, Castorwax MP 80, Croduret, Fancol, ricini oleum hydrogenatum, PEG 60, PEG 40, OPAL WAX, Unitina HR, Rice syn wax, UNII-ZF94AP8MEY, Trihydroxystearin, CELLO-SEAL LUBRICANT, CELLO-GREASE LUBRICANT, Olio di ricino idrogenato, Glyceryl tri(12-hydroxystearate), EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate), 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester,



Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is almost odourless and tasteless.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a compound attained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, waxy, white to cream colored product with a high melting point of 83 to 87 C°, and is nearly tasteless and odorless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax like compound obtained by the controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.
The colour of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is cream to white.


When melted Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is clear, transparent to straw coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from castor oil beans.


There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) known as PEG-40.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n.
Hydrogenation refers to a chemical process where an unsaturated compound is combined with hydrogen to produce saturation.


In the case of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), this increases the oil’s stability and raises its melting point, transforming it into a solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and most types of organic solvents.


This makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard product with a high melting point.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is almost odourless and tasteless, supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a ricinoleic acid that is fully saturated and is similar to a viscous wax-like product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in most organic solvents, but soluble in hot solvents.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax-like solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is derived from Castor Oil (extracted from the seeds of "Ricinus communis L.") by controlled hydrogenation.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is produced in form of flakes and powder.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is almost odourless and tasteless.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in flakes and powder. Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a white to creamish flakes or powder.
The melting point of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is°C 83 - 87


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is produced by hydrogenation of castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a versatile integrant for various applications.
As castor oil reduces atmospheric moisture pick-up during handling and mixing, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) becomes an essential additive agent for substantial applications.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is odourless and is available in wax, powder, or flake form with high-melting-point.
These different forms are used as a viscosity modifier and for improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in cosmetics is a popular addition as it is soluble in both water and oil and has foam-enhancing properties.


Therefore one can easily find Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in skincare products like moisturizers as well as hair care cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a powerful occlusive agent that not only hydrates the skin and hair but also creates a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss.


Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is the more stable form of castor oil that has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is widely used in personal care products due to its varied benefits ranging from hydrating and soothing the skin to binding and controlling the viscosity of formulations.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also an excellent anti-aging ingredient.
The chemical formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is C57H110O9.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a Hard, Brittle Wax.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is Produced By Adding Hydrogen to Castor Oil in the Presence of a Nickel Catalyst. in the Hydrogenation Process, the Ricinoleic Acid Becomes Fully Saturated and Forms a Viscous Wax-like Product with a High Melting Point of 86°c.
Hydrogenation May Be Defined as the Conversion of Various Unsaturated Radicals of Fatty Glycerides Into More Highly or Completely Saturated Glycerides By the Addition of Hydrogen in the Presence of a Catalyst.


Hydrogenated oils are Created By a Controlled Heat Process in Which the Melting Point is Raised to Change the Oil Into a Waxy Substance.
The Hydrogenation Process Improves the Stability and Texture of a Product and is Heat Controlled to Avoid the Creation of Trans-fats.
The Object of the Hydrogenation is Not Only to Raise the Melting Point But also to Improve the Keeping Qualities, Taste, and Odor.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is produced by hydrogenation of Ricinus communis (Castor) seed oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) or castor wax is a hard, brittle wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is odorless and insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is produced by addition of hydrogen to castor oil (hydrogenation process) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.


This is done by bubbling hydrogen gas into the castor oil, during which the Ricinoleic Acid becomes fully saturated to give a viscous waxy like substance with a melting point of 61-69oC.
Hydrogenation of castor oil accounts for the largest single use of castor oil for a standard commodity.


The Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, but it is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is water resistant while retaining lubricity, polarity and surface wetting properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), commonly abbreviated as HCO, is a derivative of castor oil that has undergone a hydrogenation process, resulting in changes to its chemical structure and properties.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hydrogenated form of castor oil that is insoluble in water.


The hydrogenation process changes the chemical composition by increasing the number of hydroxyl groups and reducing the number of unsaturated bonds.
These changes can affect how the molecule interacts with other molecules and Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO)'s solubility in water.
Low energy activation energies have been reported for hydrogenated castor oil compared to other oils such as olive or sunflower oils.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is prepared by hydrogenation of castor oil, and its main component is 12-hydroxystearic acid triglyceride.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is white to light yellow powder, lumps or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is slightly soluble in methylene chloride, insoluble in petroleum ether, very slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in water.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a white to slightly yellowish, fine, free-flowing powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odourless.
Chemically Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is the triglyceride, which mainly consists of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) commercial packaging includes a transport friendly and secure box with primary electrostatically dissipative PE packaging material.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high melting point.


Available in wax, powder, or flakes, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is derived after the safe hydrogenation process of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is meticulously crafted through the hydrogenation process of Castor Oil, employing a Nickel catalyst at elevated temperatures.


This transformation results in a substance often referred
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) emerges as a white, crystalline solid in the form of flakes, distinguished by its unique physicochemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO)'s production involves a precise chemical alteration, enhancing its versatility and making it a sought-after industrial material.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), known for its excellent stability and texture, finds widespread applications across various industries.
Its diverse uses stem from the distinctive combination of properties it possesses, making it a valuable ingredient in formulations ranging from cosmetics to industrial products.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax-like compound obtained by controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odorless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in the form of flakes.


The Color of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is cream to white.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is solid castor powder of high-melting-point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is safely derived after the process of hydrogenation of refined castor oil.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and has limited solubility in the solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high-melting-point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is derived after the safe hydrogenation process of refined castor oil.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a white to slightly yellowish fine free-flowing powder


In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also known as Synthetic Wax.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is white crystalline solid flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) finds a number of diversified uses due to its unique combination of physic-chemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, solid castor wax with a high melting point.


Derived through a safe hydrogenation process from refined castor oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is available in the form of wax, powder, or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is known for its excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic and non-hazardous product that transforms into a clear transparent liquid when melted.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has excellent viscosity-modifying properties, making it ideal for improving grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, solid castor wax derived through a safe hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has a high melting point and is available in the form of wax, powder, or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and possesses excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in solvents.


USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated castor oil has been used as an antimicrobial agent for various detergent compositions, pharmaceutical preparations, and topical formulations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has also been used as a polymerization aid for the production of insoluble polymers, including polyurethane elastomers.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications.


Because of its excellent resistance to moisture, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) works extremely well as a viscosity modifier, and it also provides significant improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Personal Care: There are multiple Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.


Waxes: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) works as a binding agent in synthetic and petroleum waxes, as it makes the wax harder and more resistant to crumbling.
Soaps and Detergents: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is sometimes used as an emulsifying agent in liquid soaps and detergents to enhance the stability of the liquid formula.


Textiles: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) makes an effective processing agent in various textile manufacturing applications.
Lubricants and Greases: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a thickening agent in lithium grease and lithium complex grease, as well as multipurpose greases and metal-drawing lubricants.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has a very wide use in the industries like: Lubricants, Paper Coatings, Processing Aids, Polishes, Investment Castings, Inks, Pencil & Crayons, Cosmetics, Electrical Applications, Hot Melt Adhesives.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also used in the cosmetics sector.


There are numerous applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in various industrial segments, such as a slip additive in paints, plastics (PE), and inks and as a dispersing agent in carbon papers, inks, and plastic color master batches and as a dispersing additive and flow control in sealants, hot-melt adhesives, powder coatings, and more.


There are many applications such as lubricants, plastics, and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has a very high oxidative stability and acts very effectively as an internal and external lubricant in polymers.
This is an oil wit flexibility and ductility for the manufacturer of industrial resins, plastics, elastomers, dielectric, rubber products in general.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is widely used in the production of multi-purpose calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
Lubricating greases produced from Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) exhibit excellent resistances to oils and fats, water and solvents and they endue a long-life stability.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) also is importand as thixotropic agent or as raw material in the production thereof for solvent-based coating systems.
Other technical application fields of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) are the use as processing aid for phenolic resins, polyethylene, PVC and rubber and as additive in the application of powder coatings. Non-drying alkyd resins can also be produced out of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO).


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper coatings for food packaging and the production of hot melt adhesives.
In several types of polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is an ingredient.


Another important field is the use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) and its derivatives (e. g. ethoxylated HCO) in cosmetics like creams, lipsticks etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used Adhesives, Emulsifiers, and Lubricants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax used in applications ranging from the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hard and brittle with a high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) — also called HCO or castor wax — is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.
Its resistance to moisture makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of castor wax, which gives Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) a higher melting point that allows it to remain solid at room temperature.


After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) becomes hard and brittle to the touch.
greases uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO): Lithium- and Calcium hydroxystearates dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.


Other lubricants: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used metal drawing lubes, PVC lubricants for PVC pipes, profiles, sheets, pharma tabletting, metal powders, ceramics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a thickener, emulsifier in cosmetics.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in ointments as well as fragrances.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used manufacturing of candles, lipsticks and crayons.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard brittle, high melting point waxy substance with faint characteristic of fatty wax odor and is tasteless.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible with beeswax, carnauba and candelilla wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is relatively insoluble in most organic solvents though it will dissolve in a number of solvents and oils at an elevated temperature but on cooling will form gels or a paste like mass.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) forms a smooth, stable anionic emulsion with emulsifiers and triethanolamine stearate. Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can also be emulsified with a cationic emulsifying agent, making emulsions that are also stable.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is mainly used in plastics, textiles, lubricants etc.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used Castor Oils & Castor Oil Derivatives, Flavor & Fragrance, Inks & Digital Inks, Lubricant & Grease, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Nutritionals
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) finds a number of diversified uses due to its unique combination of physicochemical properties.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of multipurpose Lithium/Calcium grease and high-performance aviation grease.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of soaps & cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as mould release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a component of specialty wax blends like pencils, crayons, lipsticks and anti-deodorant sticks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of hot-melt coatings and sealant requiring resistance to water.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a coating agent for paper & as anti-foaming agent.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of Automotive refinish Acrylics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used rheological agent that provides thixotropic in paints, coatings, inks, adhesives, sealants and numerous industrial compositions.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used thick film chlorinated rubber, epoxy and vinyl coating.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used flame Retardant and anti-static agent for fiber.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used manufacture of Spin finish oil for polyamide fiber.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in preparation of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained release capsules, wetting/bodying agent, face paint.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as plasticizer for cellulosic.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used processing aid for Colour concentrates.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used surface treatment agents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of hot melt adhesives used in packaging books, binding footwear, carpet backing and in product assembly.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used anti-tack and slip additives for processing plastics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of specialty chemicals for applications such as metal working, plasticizers and textile auxiliaries in the form of derivatives such as esters, ethylates, sulfates etc.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations.
Its foam-enhancing properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) ideal for use in liquid cleansers.
As a surfactant, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids.


Furthermore, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following products: polymers, lubricants and greases, paper chemicals and dyes, cosmetics and personal care products and pharmaceuticals.


Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and in the production of articles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polymers, metal surface treatment products, textile treatment products and dyes, lubricants and greases and pH regulators and water treatment products.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, , textile, leather or fur and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid, as processing aid and for thermoplastic manufacture.


Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for Coatings and Greases.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is utilized in the Manufacture of Waxes, Polishes, Carbon Paper, Candles and Crayons.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) finds Use in Cosmetics, Hair Dressing, Ointments, and in Preparation of Hydroxyl-stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a Paint Additive, Pressure Mould Release Agent in the Manufacture of Formed Plastics and Rubber Goods.


It is this insolubility that makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) valuable to the lubricants markets. It is perfect for metal drawing lubricants and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in polishes, cosmetics, electrical capacitors, carbon paper, lubrication, and coatings and greases where resistance to moisture, oils and petrochemical products is required.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as the Reaction Itself is Exothermic, the Chief Energy Requirements are in the Production of Hydrogen, Warming of the Oil, Pumping, and Filtering.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is known for its versatility and is used in various industries and applications due to its unique characteristics.


Inks & Toner: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be used in the formulation of environmentally friendly inks and toners, contributing to sustainable printing and imaging solutions.
Lubricants & Greases: In lubricants and greases, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may act as a natural and renewable ingredient, providing eco-conscious solutions for machinery and mechanical systems.


Adhesives & Sealants: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is employed in adhesives and sealants, offering natural and renewable components for eco-friendly bonding solutions.
Coatings & Paints: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be incorporated into coatings and paints to enhance their performance, sustainability, and eco-friendliness.


Packaging: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be used in eco-conscious packaging materials and coatings, promoting sustainability in packaging solutions.
Cosmetics & Care: In cosmetics, personal care products, and skincare formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) contributes to natural and eco-friendly products.


Pharmaceuticals: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may find applications in pharmaceutical formulations and drug delivery systems.
Tire & Rubber: In the tire and rubber industry, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be employed in rubber compound formulations to enhance processing and performance.


Wax Blenders: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the formulation of wax blends for various applications, providing eco-friendly alternatives in wax-based products.
Cleaning & Household: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can find applications in eco-friendly cleaning products and household items, contributing to sustainable and natural alternatives.


Agriculture: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may have agricultural applications, such as in crop protection formulations and soil conditioning products, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, fertilisers, coating products and air care products.


Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).


Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release, industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting).


Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and vehicles.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products and polishes and waxes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and .


Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a thickener, emulsifier in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in ointments as well as fragrances.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used manufacturing of candles, lipsticks and crayons


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a viscosity modifier to improve the grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomer, sealants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is accessible with high-drop point, high applicability and good stability.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as the viscosity modifier, made to improve resistance against grease and oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has specific dispersal level that ensures its good use in the powder coatings, elastomer, hot-melt adhesives others.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for the production of daily cosmetics, shoe polish, pharmaceutical ointment, is the raw material for the preparation of 12-hydroxy stearic acid.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a viscosity modifier to improve the grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomer, sealants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used Hot-melt adhesive in packaging, Bookbinding, Footwear, Carpet back, Product Assembly, Thick film chlorinated rubber, Epoxy and vinyl coating, Personal care and cosmetic industries, and Micronized Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) derivative.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a viscosity modifier to improve grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomers, sealants, etc.
As Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) suppliers, we follow strict protocols to ensure that only the best quality product reaches our customers.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in pharmaceutical applications, manufacture of greases and lubricants, and range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hydrogenated castor powder for pharmaceutical application used as consistency factor in topical formulations, as lipohphillic lubricant in tablets and capsules and as plasticizer in solid dispersions using spray drying, melt granulation or hot melt extrusion processes.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) complies with IPEC GMP standards for critical pharmaceutical applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a consistency factor in topical formulations, as alipophillic lubricant in tablets and capsules, and as a plasticizer in solid dispersions using spray drying, melt granulation or hot melt extrusion processes.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) ensures risk reduction in pharmaceutical applications and meets all relevant regulatory needs.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as retardation component and pressing agent for the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical application.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for all skin care applications, particularly for sticks.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications: Viscosity Modifier, Plastics, Waxes, Personal Care, Soap, Detergent, Textiles, Lubricants and Greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.


It is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.here are multiple Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.
This versatile ingredient, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), finds applications in various industries due to its exceptional properties.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is widely used in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomers, and sealants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in a variety of industrial applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is utilized in the production of greases, lubricants, and adhesives to improve their resistance to grease and oil.


Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also used in rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings to enhance their performance and durability.
Its high-drop point and stable nature make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) ideal for applications that require resistance to heat and chemicals.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is particularily suitable for formulation of sensitive APIs.


-Plastics uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.


-cosmetics uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO): Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
slip additive in inks, paints, plastics (PE).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used dispersing agent in plastic colour master batches, carbon papers, inks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used flow control and dispersing additive in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives and sealants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used shoe polishing, furniture polishing creams.


-Pharmaceutical Applications
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.

In oral formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is additionally used to lubricate the die walls of tablet presses; and is similarly used as a lubricant in food processing.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also used in cosmetics.


-Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in Various Industries:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) finds a wide range of applications across different sectors.
Its versatility and excellent properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) an essential ingredient in various industries.


-Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO):
The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries extensively use Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO).
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a key ingredient in the production of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained-release capsules, and face paint.

Its ability to act as a wetting and bodying agent makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) useful in the preparation of different pharmaceutical formulations.
In the cosmetic industry, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of soaps, shampoos, creams, and lotions due to its stable nature and high-drop point


-Industrial Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in the Production of Greases, Lubricants, and Adhesives:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is widely used in the production of greases, lubricants, and adhesives.
Its viscosity-modifying properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) an excellent choice for improving the grease and oil resistance of these products.
The powder form is particularly suitable for hot-melt adhesives, where Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) enhances the adhesion and strength of the adhesive.
Additionally, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a mold release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers.


-Use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in Rubber, Plastic, Polishes, and Coatings:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) plays a crucial role in the rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings industries.
It is known for its excellent dispersal level in powder coatings and its ability to enhance the performance of elastomers and sealants.
In rubber and plastic applications, it improves the resistance to moisture, oil, and other petrochemical products.
Furthermore, it finds use in polishes and coatings where it provides durability and a glossy finish


-Topical formulations:
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be used as consistency factor to enhance the viscosity of the formulation.
The typical concentration at about 0.1-2% Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible with most natural vegetable and animal waxes and can therefore be used in combination with fatty alcohols and other consistency factors.

Similar to emollients, waxes affect the sensory profile and the stability of a topical formulation.
They are solid at ambient temperatures and stabilize emulsions as the viscosity is increased by formation of lamellar structures in oil-in-water formulations.

Furthermore Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has a special advantage because of its high melting point and is able to support the formulation stability particularly at elevated temperatures.


-Lubricant in tablet and capsule formulations:
Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine.
Lubricants also ensure that tablet formulations and ejection can occur with low friction.

Common minerals like talc or silica, and fats, e.g. vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate or stearic acid, are most frequently used lubricants in tablets or hard gelatin capsules.
Lubricants are added in small quantities to tablet or capsule formulations to improve certain processing characteristics.

In tablet formulations Kolliwax® HCO can be used as a lubricant as an effective alternative to magnesium stearate.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible to a large number of actives and does not provide a metallic taste.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is particularly suitable for formulation of sensitive APIs.


-Plasticizer in solid dispersions:
In solid dispersions, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as plasticizer in solid polymeric matrices.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is suitable for melt granulation, spray drying and hot melt extrusion processes.



WHAT IS HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO) USED FOR?
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a natural powerhouse ingredient overflowing with benefits for both hair and skin.

*Skin care:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) acts as an outstanding emollient that deeply nourishes the surface and prevents moisture loss.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) soothes the skin against sunburn and treats signs of aging like wrinkles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil also has antibacterial properties making it potent for fighting acne


*Cosmetic products:
Apart from its emollient properties, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is quite beneficial as a binding agent that keeps formulations together and stabilizes them.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a great thickening agent and gives products a rich, luxurious consistency.
In cosmetics, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) works wonders for dry skin and lips


*Hair care:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has remarkable perks for overall hair health.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) aids the rapid growth of hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows while keeping them healthy and nourished.
Long-term use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) on hair leaves them lustrous, thick, and frizz-free



ORIGIN OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Castor oil is derived from castor beans, also known as ricinus communis, which is native to India, China, and Brazil.
This oil undergoes a hydrogenation process which involves reacting castor oil with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, typically nickel or palladium.

During hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids present in castor oil undergo saturation, converting double bonds into single bonds.
This results in a more solid and stable form of castor oil with improved oxidative stability and increased melting point.
The resulting Hydrogenated Castor Oil is then purified to remove impurities and make it safe for use in cosmetics.



WHAT DOES HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Binding
*Emollient
*Skin conditioning
*Soothing
*Viscosity controlling



SAFETY PROFILE OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil is non-toxic and extremely safe for use on hair and skin.
However, cosmetic-grade Hydrogenated Castor Oil is cleaned of all impurities and does not pose any risks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also non-comedogenic, providing a safe solution for hydration without clogging the pores.
Further, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is vegan, halal, and kosher-certified.



ALTERNATIVES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated castor oil occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes. The PhEur 6.0 describes hydrogenated castor oil as the oil obtained by hydrogenation of virgin castor oil. It consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.



FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*Emulsifier,
*Plasticizer



SAFETY OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material.



STORAGE OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is stable at temperatures up to 1508℃. Clear, stable, chloroform solutions containing up to 15% w/v of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may be produced.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may also be dissolved at temperatures greater than 908℃ in polar solvents and mixtures of aromatic and polar solvents, although the Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) precipitates out on cooling below 908℃.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.



INCOMPATIBILITIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible with most natural vegetable and animal waxes.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is prepared by the hydrogenation of castor oil using a catalyst.



UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*Emollient:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has emollient properties, making it suitable for skin-care and cosmetic products, providing moisturization and a smooth texture.

*Thickening:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can serve as a thickening agent in various formulations, enhancing their viscosity and stability.

*Lubrication:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) functions as a lubricant, reducing friction and providing a smooth surface in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

*Release Agent:
In food processing, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) acts as a release agent, preventing sticking and enhancing the release of products from molds and equipment.

*Plasticizer:
In plastics and coatings, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can function as a plasticizer, improving flexibility and durability.

*Alternative for:
The choice of using hydrogenated castor oil depends on specific application requirements.
Alternatives may include other types of oils, waxes, or chemical compounds that provide similar properties, depending on the desired characteristics and environmental considerations.

The selection is influenced by factors such as emollient properties, thickening ability, lubrication, release properties, and cost considerations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is preferred when its unique combination of properties aligns with the application's needs, particularly in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food processing, where its safety and performance benefits are valued.



KEY FEATURES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is solid castor powder of high-melting-point.
This is safely derived after the process of hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.



BENEFITS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*At room temperature Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard wax with a high melting point (85-88°C)
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has unique particle size distribution
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is particularly suitable for the formulation of sensitive APIs
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible with several natural vegetable and animal waxes, as well as fatty alcohols to enhance viscosity of topical formulations
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is suitable as a plasticizer for melt granulation, spray drying, Hot melt extrusion



FUNCTIONALITIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*Additives,
*Lubricants,
*Film formers,
*Viscosity modifiers



WHAT ARE THE KEY BENEFITS OF USING HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO) IN COSMETICS?
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) offers several benefits when used in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) acts as an excellent emollient, providing hydration and moisturization to the skin.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) also helps in the formulation of various cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and shampoos by enhancing their stability and texture.
The high-drop point of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) ensures that the products remain stable even at elevated temperatures.

In conclusion, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a versatile ingredient with various applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial sectors.
Its unique properties and exceptional stability make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) an ideal choice for improving the performance of greases, lubricants, adhesives, rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings.



FEATURES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from castor oil beans.
There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) known as PEG-40.
The Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Appearance: White to creamish flakes or powder
Density (20°C): 0.970
Refractive index: N.A.
Melting point (°C): 83 - 87
Acid Value (mg KOH/g): 0.0 - 3.0
Gardner color: 0.0 - 3.0
Hydroxyl value (mg KOH/g): 180.0000
Melting point (°C): 85 - 88
Nickel content (ppm): 3
Saponification value (mg KOH/g): 0
Specific Gravity (25°C): 1.02
Color: White to Pale Yellowish
Appearance @ 20°C: Solid (Mobile liquid @ 30°C)
Odor: Almost none

Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,
chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3 (27℃)
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75
FDA 21 CFR: 178.3280; 175.300; 176.170; 177.1200; 177.1210
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: ZF94AP8MEY
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydrogenated castor oil (8001-78-3)
Appearance: White flakes or powder

Odor: Like hardened vegetable oil
pH: Neutral
Boiling Point: > 300°C
Melting Point: 82 - 87°C
Flash Point: Above 310°C
Flammability (solid, gas): None
Auto flammability: None
Explosive Properties: Dust explodable
Oxidizing Properties: None
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable
Relative Density: About 0.99 at 25°C
Solubility - Water solubility: Insoluble
Fat solubility: Insoluble in most organic solvents at room temperature
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not available
Melting Point: 85°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Viscosity: High

Appearance: White flakes
Iodine Value, gI2/100g: 3 MAX
Saponification Value, mg KOH/g: 175 - 185
Acid Value, mg KOH/g: 3 MAX
Hydroxyl Value, mg KOH/g: 155 MIN
Melting Point, °C: 84 - 88
Gardner Color: 3 MAX
CAS: 8001-78-3
EINECS: 232-292-2
Density: 0.97 g/cm3 at 20°C

Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,
chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Vapor Pressure: 0 Pa at 20°C
Appearance: Powder
Storage Condition: Room Temperature
Stability: Stable.
Additional Information:
Appearance: White to pale yellow powder, lump, or flake.
Base Number: Not more than 4.0.
Melting Point: 85-88 °C.
Hydroxyl Value: 150-165.
Iodine Value: Not more than 5.0.
Saponification Value: 176-182.
Color: 3



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available