Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a fruit acid approved as a food additive under the number E 574 in Europe.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is produced from glucose by oxidation at C1 of the glucose molecule.


CAS Number: 526-95-4 (D)
133-42-6 (racemate)
EC Number: 208-401-4
MDL Number: MFCD00004240
Molecular Formula: C6H12O7



SYNONYMS:
gluconic acid, D-gluconic acid, 526-95-4, dextronic acid, maltonic acid, Glycogenic acid, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Glosanto, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, gluconate, Gluconic acid (VAN), 133-42-6, HSDB 487, D-Gluconsaeure, D-Glukonsaeure, BRN 1726055, EINECS 208-401-4, UNII-R4R8J0Q44B, NSC 77381, R4R8J0Q44B, DTXSID8027169, CHEBI:33198, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, GLUCONAL GA-50, Hexonic acid, DTXCID307169, INS NO.574, DTXSID8042000, INS-574, EC 208-401-4, 4-03-00-01255 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), Dextronate, Glycogenate, Glyconate, Maltonate, NSC-77381, 157663-13-3, E-574, 124423-64-9, GCO, GLUCONIC ACID (MART.), GLUCONIC ACID [MART.], AMMONIUM GLUCONATE, 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate, 19222-41-4, NSC77381, sodium-gluconate, ketogluconic acid, D-?Gluconic acid, Pentahydroxycaproate, SCHEMBL971, bmse000084, GLUCONIC ACID [MI], Pesticide Code: 000104, GLUCONIC ACID [HSDB], GLUCONIC ACID [INCI], GLUCONIC ACID [VANDF], CHEMBL464345, D-Gluconic acid 50% in water, GLUCONIC ACID [WHO-DD], CHEBI:24266, DTXCID201012074, D-Gluconic Acid (50% in Water), GluconicAcid(containsGluconolactone), HY-Y0569, 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-hexanoate, Tox21_202745, MFCD00004240, s3595, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid, AKOS015895892, DB13180, 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-hexanoic acid, GLUCONIC ACID (50% IN WATER), NCGC00260293-01, CAS-526-95-4, E574, CS-0015343, G0036, NS00008847, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid solution, C00257, D70789, EN300-7392806, Q407569, W-109086, 6E52B5FC-5676-4139-977A-4D643EDDB159, d-Gluconic acid, Systematic IUPAC name (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Dextronic acid, D-gluconic acid, Dextronic acid, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexanoate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexanoic acid, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Aldonate, Aldonic acid, D-Gluco-hexonate, D-Gluco-hexonic acid, D-Gluconate, D-Gluconic acid, D-Gluconsaeure, D-Glukonsaeure, Dextronate, Dextronic acid, GCO, Glosanto, Gluconate, Gluconic acid, Glycogenate, Glycogenic acid, Glyconate, Glyconic acid, Hexonate, Hexonic acid, Maltonate, Maltonic acid, Pentahydroxycaproate, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, D-Gluco-hexonic acid, D-Gluconsaeure, D-Glukonsaeure, Dextronic acid, Glycogenic acid, Hexonic acid, Maltonic acid, D-Gluconate, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoate, D-Gluco-hexonate, Dextronate, Glycogenate, Hexonate, Maltonate, D-Gluconic acid, Gluconate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexanoate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexanoic acid, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, GCO, Glosanto, Glyconate, Glyconic acid, Pentahydroxycaproate, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, Boron gluconate, Gluconic acid (113)indium-labeled, Gluconic acid calcium salt, Gluconic acid cesium(+3) salt, Gluconic acid lanthanum(+3) salt, Gluconic acid sodium salt, Gluconic acid strontium (2:1) salt, Magnerot, Manganese gluconate, Sodium gluconate, Zinc gluconate, Gluconic acid (159)dysprosium-labeled salt, Gluconic acid aluminum (3:1) salt, Gluconic acid ammonium salt, Gluconic acid magnesium (2:1) salt, Gluconic acid (14)C-labeled, Gluconic acid 1-(14)C-labeled, Gluconic acid 6-(14)C-labeled, Gluconic acid cobalt (2:1) salt, Gluconic acid copper salt, Gluconic acid manganese (2:1) salt, Gluconic acid potassium salt, Gluconic acid tin(+2) salt, Gluconic acid zinc salt, Lithium gluconate, Magnesium gluconate, Gluconic acid (99)technecium (5+) salt, Gluconic acid fe(+2) salt dihydrate, Gluconic acid monolithium salt, Gluconic acid monopotassium salt, Gluconic acid monosodium salt, gluconic, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Hexonic acid, Glyconic acid, D-Gluconic acid solution, GLUCONIC ACI, d-gluconicaci, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, glosanto, NSC 77381, D-Gluconic acid, Gluconic acid,D-, Gluconic acid, Maltonic acid, Dextronic acid, Glyconic acid, Glycogenic acid, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, NSC 77381, Gluconal GA-50, Sour Oligo, 723724-74-1, 887830-55-9, 880385-91-1, D-Gluconic Acid Solution, Dextronic Acid, Gluconal GA-50, Gluconic Acid, Glycogenic Acid, Glyconic Acid, Maltonic Acid, Pentahydroxycaproic Acid, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid, D-Gluconic acid, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Dextronic acid, D-Gluconic acid, Gluconic acid, D-, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Dextronic acid, Glycogenic acid, Glyconic acid, Maltonic acid, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, NSC 77381



Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is freely soluble in water with the solubility 100g/100ml at 25°C.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is slightly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether and most other organic solvents.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is the carboxylic acid by the oxidation with antiseptic and chelating properties.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a fruit acid approved as a food additive under the number E 574 in Europe.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is produced from glucose by oxidation at C1 of the glucose molecule.
Today, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is almost exclusively produced biotechnologically using cultures of Aspergillus niger.


The salts of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) are called gluconates.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is soluble in water and hydrolyzes into gluconic acid spontaneously and homogeneously lowers the pH.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) occurs naturally in small amounts in honey and wine.


Various teas may also contain Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid).
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) or Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid with chemical formula C6H12O7 was discovered in 1870 by Hlasiwetz and Habermann.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon atom of glucose in the presence of bromine water.


In a simple dehydrogenation process involving glucose oxidase, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is produced from glucose.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), present in large quantities in plants, honey, and wine, can be manufactured using a fungal fermentation process in a commercial setting.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an inorganic compound happens to be the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-penta-hydroxyhexanoic acid.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is easily found in honey, plant, and wine.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is produced by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an organic compound that is also termed Dextronic acid and is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.
Its IUPAC name is Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), and it has a molecular formula of C6H12O7.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a non-toxic compound that can be found in honey, wine, fruits, etc.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) appears as a colourless to light yellow, clear, syrupy liquid and has a mild acid taste.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is very soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in ether and many other organic solvents.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) was first discovered by Hlasiwetz and Habermann in 1870, through the chemical oxidation of glucose.
In the presence of the cyclic ester glucono-delta-lactone, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) exists in equilibrium in an aqueous solution.
The salts of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) are called gluconates, where a gluconate ion is formed by gluconic acid in an aqueous solution at neutral pH.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), gluconate salts, and gluconate esters are abundant in nature as they can be produced by the oxidation of glucose.
In an alkaline solution, the gluconate anion chelates Ca2+, Fe2+, Al3+, and other metals, including lanthanides and actinides.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a soluble crystalline organic acid made by the oxidation of glucose (using specific molds).


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in paint strippers.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an opticallyactive hydroxycarboxylic acid,CH2(OH)(CHOH)4COOH.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is the carboxylicacid corresponding to the aldosesugar glucose, and can be madeby the action of certain moulds.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a non flammable.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives.
Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) comes as a white pale yellow solution, with acidity of 50% minimum.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in formulations, as well as in the textile, paper and fertilizer industries.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) (also known as gluconate) is an organic compound occurring widely in nature arising from the glucose oxidation.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is naturally found in fruit, honey and wine.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-penta hydroxy hexanoic acid.


In aqueous solution at neutral pH, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) forms the gluconate ion.
The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates".
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose.


Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a clear yellow to brownish-yellow solution
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a naturally-occurring, organic carboxylic acid.


In alkaline solution, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a strong chelating agent towards heavy metal anions.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), also known as D-gluconic acid, D-gluconate or (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid (also named dextronic acid), is the C1-oxidized form of D-glucose where the aldehyde group has become oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives.
Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
In aqueous solution, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) occurs naturally in fruit, honey, kombucha tea and wine.
The salts of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) are known as "gluconates".
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans.
The metabolism of gluconate is well characterized in prokaryotes where Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is known to be degraded following phosphorylation by gluconokinase.


Glucokinase activity has also been detected in mammals, including humans.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is produced in the gluconate shunt pathway.
In the gluconate shunt, glucose is oxidized by glucose dehydrogenase (also called glucose oxidase) to furnish gluconate, the form in which Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is present at physiological pH.


Subsequently, gluconate is phosphorylated by the action of gluconate kinase to produce 6-phosphogluconate, which is the second intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.
This gluconate shunt is mainly found in plants, algae, cyanobacteria and some bacteria, which all use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway to degrade glucose or gluconate; this generates 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate-6-phosphate, which is then cleaved to generate pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.


Glucose dehydrogenase and gluconate kinase activities are also present in mammals, fission yeast, and flies.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) has been found to be a metabolite in Aspergillus.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a white solid with a weak odor of ammonia.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) sinks and mixes with water.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a gluconic acid having D-configuration.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) has a role as a chelator and a Penicillium metabolite.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a conjugate acid of a D-gluconate.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an enantiomer of a L-gluconic acid.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is commonly found in salts with sodium and calcium.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a natural product found in Ascochyta medicaginicola, Tricholoma robustum, and other organisms with data available.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), found abundantly in plant, honey and wine, can be prepared by fungal fermentation process commercially.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) contains cyclic ester glucono delta lactone structure, which chelates metal ions and forms very stable complexes.
In alkaline solution, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) exhibits strong chelating activities towards anions, i.e. calcium, iron, aluminium, copper, and other heavy metals.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4CO2H.
A white solid, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) forms the gluconate anion in neutral aqueous solution.


The salts of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) are known as "gluconates".
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose.
Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is mainly used for its leavening and acidity properties in food; chelating and perfuming agents in cosmetics products.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can be used in industrial uses for chelating heavy metals.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used to maintain the cation-anion balance on electrolyte solutions.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) and its derivatives can used in formulation of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products as additive or buffer salts.
Primary acid in honey; Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in pharmaceutical and food products, for cleaning and pickling metals, as a sequestrant, in paint strippers, and in alkaline rust removers.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used as a chelating agent, high alkalinity bottle cleanser, and finish remover.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in the tanning and textile industries.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used important intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism in mammals.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used for industrial cleaning, metal surface treatment, textile bleach stabilizing, aluminum processing, and as a chelating agent in cement set retarding, cleaning products, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and foods.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used as a food additive, it acts as an acidity regulator.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in metal cleaning formulations for rust and stains (mineral deposits) removal on metal surfaces.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in high-performance metal degreasers.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in textile industries as stabilizers for dye baths and bleach baths.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in leather tanning and dyeing processes.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is mixed in mortar and concrete admixes as a retarder as well as a plasticizer.
Cosmetics uses of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid): Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can be used as a chelating and perfuming agent in cosmetic and personal care products.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) as well as its salts are excellently absorbed in the intestine, are almost non-toxic and are used in food technology, medicine (sodium, potassium and calcium gluconate) and industry (tanning agents).
The consumption of large amounts of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can cause diarrhoea.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) and its salts, sodium (E 576), potassium (E 577), calcium gluconate (E 578) are used in foods as artificial acidity regulators and as stabilizers.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in desserts, fruit and vegetable products, and soft drinks.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) occurs naturally in fruit, honey and wine and is used as a food additive, an acidity regulator.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is also used in cleaning products where it helps cleaning up mineral deposits.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a strong chelating agent, especially in alkaline solution.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) chelates the anions of calcium, iron, aluminium, copper, and other heavy metals.
Glucono delta lactone is a cyclic ester of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid).
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used in the preparation of cold set gels, and hydrogels.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used for industrial cleaning, textile bleach stabilizing, aluminium processing, and as a chelating agent in cement set retarding.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is also used for metal surface treatment, cleaning products, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and as a food additive.


Calcium gluconate is used in the treatment of patients with hypocalcemia, and its gel is used in the treatment of burns from hydrofluoric acid.
Quinine gluconate which is a salt of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) and quinine is used in the treatment of malaria.
Ferrous gluconate, or iron (II) gluconate, injections have been proposed in the past to treat anaemia, which occurs due to iron deficiency.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) aqueous solution is used as a medium for organic synthesis.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a chemical used in glycolytic pathway studies.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an acidulant that is a mild organic acid which is the hydrolyzed form of glucono-delta-lactone.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is prepared by the fermentation of dextrose, whereby the physiological d-form is produced.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is soluble in water with a solubility of 100 g/100 ml at 20°c.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) has a mild taste and at 1% has a ph of 2.8.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) functions as an antioxidant and enhances the function of other antioxidants.
In beverages, syrups, and wine, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can eliminate calcium turbidities.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used as a leavening component in cake mixes, and as an acid component in dry-mix desserts and dry beverage mixes.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine.
As a food additive Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an acidity regulator.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is also used in cleaning products.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can also be used as a food additive to regulate acidity and a cleaning agent in alkaline solution.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid)'s calcium salt, calcium gluconate can be used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid and avoid necrosis of deep tissues as well as treating the verapamil poisoning and hypocalcemia in hospitalized patient.


Some salts of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can also be used to treat malaria (quinidine gluconate) and anemia (ferrous gluconate).
In microbiology, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a common carbon source that can be supplemented to the medium for cell growth.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) and its derivatives are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cleaning solutions, and food products.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) has many industrial uses.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used as a drug as part of electrolyte supplementation in total parenteral nutrition.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is also used in cleaning products where it helps clean up mineral deposits.


Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used to maintain the cation-anion balance on electrolyte solutions.
In humans, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is involved in the metabolic disorder called the transaldolase deficiency.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) occurs naturally in fruit, honey and wine and is used as a food additive, an acidity regulator.


-Industrial uses of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid):
The power of chelating heavy metals is stronger than that of EDTA, such as the chelation of calcium, iron, copper, and aluminium in alkaline conditions.
This property can be utilized in detergents, electroplating, textiles and so on.


-Food uses of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid):
The following food may contain with Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid):
*Bakery goods: as a leavening acid in leavening agent to increase dough volume by producing gas by the reaction with baking soda.

*Dairy products: as a chelating agent and prevent milkstone.
Some food and beverage: as an acidity regulator to impart a mild organic acid and adjust pH level and also as a preservative and an antifungal agent.
Also, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can be used to clean aluminium cans.


-Animal Nutrition uses of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) functions as a weak acid in piglet feed, poultry feed and aquaculture to comfort digestive and promote growth, also to increase the production of butyric acid and SCFA (Short-chain fatty acid).


-Medicine uses of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid):
In medicine, gluconate is used most commonly as a biologically neutral carrier of Zn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and K+ to treat electrolyte imbalance.
Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues, as well as to treat hypocalcemia in hospitalized patients.

Gluconate is also an electrolyte present in certain solutions, such as "plasmalyte a", used for intravenous fluid resuscitation.
Quinine gluconate is a salt of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria.
Ferrous gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an acid sugar composed of white crystals with a milk-acidic taste.
In aqueous solutions, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is in equilibrium with gamma- and delta-gluconolactones.

Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is prepared by enzymatic oxidation of glucose and strains of the microorganisms used to supply the enzyme action are nonpathogenic and nontoxicogenic to man or other animals.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is used as a component of bottle rinsing formulations, at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
The chemical structure of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) consists of a six-carbon chain with five hydroxyl groups terminating in a carboxylic acid group.
In aqueous solution, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.



PKa & PH OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a weak carboxylic acid with a dissociation constant pKa 3.6.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) dissociates a proton and a gluconate ion (conjugation).
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid)'s aqueous solution has a neutral pH.



PROPERTIES OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid)'s food grade is commonly 50% solution in water with colourless to light yellow color, and contains about 5% glucono delta-lactone at room temperature.
As in aqueous solution, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) exists in a stable equilibrium with the cyclic ester – GDL (glucono delta-lactone).



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
*Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
*Medium-chain fatty acids
*Hydroxy fatty acids
*Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives
*Monosaccharides
*Alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
*Secondary alcohols
*Polyols
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
*Gluconic_acid
*Medium-chain hydroxy acid
*Medium-chain fatty acid
*Beta-hydroxy acid
*Hydroxy fatty acid
*Alpha-hydroxy acid
*Fatty acyl
*Fatty acid
*Hydroxy acid
*Monosaccharide
*Secondary alcohol
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Carboxylic acid
*Polyol
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Alcohol
*Carbonyl group
*Primary alcohol
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Currently, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is commercially produced by submerged fed-batch cultivations of Aspergillus niger using glucose as substrate.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) concentration and yields of the product depend on the fermentation conditions.
For optimal gluconic acid production, high glucose concentrations (110–250 g.L-1), low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the medium, a limitation of metal ion concentrations, a pH value in the range of 4.5–6.5, and high aeration rates for the oxygen supply are needed.

Much research has been carried out to find new ways for cheaper production.
Different microorganisms have been studied (e.g. G. oxydans, Z. mobilis, A. methanolicous, and P. fluorescence.
Moreover, new microbial strains have been developed by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.

Additionally, the fermentation process and recovery have been optimized.
New inexpensive substrates (e.g. cornstarch, grape or banana must, figs, and cheese whey) have been tested.
One example of a new and efficient production process of gluconic acid is the cultivation of Aureobasidium pullulans growing on glucose.

Using a continuous process with biomass retention by crossover filtration, a product concentration of 375 g.L-1, a yield of 0.83 g of gluconic acid per gram of glucose, and a productivity of 17 g.L-1.h-1 could be achieved at a residence time of 22 h.
In this process, 100 % of the glucose is converted.
This process might be interesting for industrial applications.



STRUCTURE OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an organic compound that has a molecular formula of C6H12O7 and the condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH.
The below figure is the structure of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), where we can observe that it consists of a 6-carbon chain, with 5 hydroxyl groups placed in the same way as in the open-chained form of glucose, ending with the carboxylic acid group.



PREPARATION OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
At present, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is synthesized in commercial quantities by the fermentative oxidation of the aldehyde group in glucose from corn, which is carried out by Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumaricus, Aspergillus acetic, Penicillium chryrosogenum, and other pencillia.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) and sorbitol are formed by the Cannizaro reaction on glucose, under alkaline conditions.

Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) may also be prepared from the electrolytic oxidation of glucose in an alkaline medium.
Or Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can also be prepared by the chemical oxidation of glucose by a hypochlorite or hypobromite solution, or by directly oxidizing glucose in the presence of the palladium catalyst.

Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a non-toxic compound that can be found naturally in honey, wine, fruits, etc.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is a carboxylic acid that can be formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties.

Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can also be synthesized by hydrolysis of α-D-glucose with a mixture of bromide and sulfuric acid.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can also be prepared by gamma-irradiation of D-glucose.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is produced by oxidizing glucose in the presence of bromine water.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Calcium gluconate is formed by the neutralization of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) with lime or calcium carbonate.
By heating ferrous carbonate with the proper quantity of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) in an aqueous solution, ferrous gluconate or iron (II) gluconate can be produced.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) partially converts to an equilibrium mixture with gamma and delta gluconolactone in water.



OCCURRENCE OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) occurs naturally in fruit, honey, kombucha tea, and wine.
As a food additive ( E574 ), Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is an acidity regulator.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is also used in cleaning products where it dissolves mineral deposits especially in alkaline solution.

The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+,Fe2+, Al3+, and other metals.
In 1929 Horace Terhune Herrick developed a process for producing the salt by fermentation.
Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues.

Quinine gluconate is a salt between gluconic acid and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria.
Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs.
Iron gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.



STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) structure features 6 carbon chain along with 5 hydroxyl groups placed in the general open-chain format of glucose, ending with the carboxylic acid group.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) exists in balance state in the aqueous state in the presence of cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.
The structural formula of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is as shown below in the picture.

Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), a mild organic acid derived from sugar, mainly used as an acidity regulator and chelating agent in food with the European food additive number E574.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is also used to produce gluconates (E576, 577, 578, 579, 585) and glucono delta-lactone (E575) to be used in different food applications and other fields.



NATURAL SOURCES OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is naturally present in fruit, wine, honey, rice, meat and in kombucha fermentation.



HOW IS GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID) MADE?
Generally, Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is produced by oxidation of D-glucose (derived from starch hydrolysis) with different manufacturing processes:
*Bromine water
*Microorganisms, such as Aspergillus niger and Acetobactor suboxydans
*Enzymes derived from microorganisms



WHAT ARE GLUCONATES?
Gluconates usually refer to the salts of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) that are commonly made from the reaction between Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) and the corresponding metal carbonate salts.
The following are six common types of gluconates and their uses/functions in food:

*Calcium gluconate: functions as a firming agent, formulation aid, sequestrant, stabilizer or thickener and texturizer that can be used in baked goods, dairy products, gelatins, puddings and sugar substitutes.
*Sodium gluconate: a sequestrant .
*Copper gluconate: works as a nutrient supplement and a synergist, may be used in infant formula.
*Ferrous gluconate: a nutrient supplement that may be used in infant formula, also can be acted as a food color.
*Manganese gluconate: a nutrient supplement that can be used in baked goods, dairy and meat products, poultry products, and infant formulas.
*Zinc gluconate: nutrient.



WHAT ARE THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID)?
Urinary stones prevention: an early study showed that Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) can prevent urinary stones.
Intestinal microflora activity promotion: a study in piglets exhibited that Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) had a positive effect on the intestinal microflora and may improve piglets growth.



FORMULA OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid), an organic compound known as Dextronic acid, is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid)'molecular formula is C6H12O7 and its condensed structural formula is HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH.



STRUCTURE OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
The structure of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is shown in the above image.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) has a 6-carbon chain, five hydroxyl groups arranged similarly to how they are in the open-chained form of glucose, and a carboxylic acid group at the end.



CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
The chemical structure of Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) consists of a six-carbon chain, with five hydroxyl groups positioned in the same way as in the open-chained form of glucose, terminating in a carboxylic acid group.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.



PRODUCTION OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is typically produced by the aerobic oxidation of glucose in the presence of the enzyme glucose oxidase.
The conversion produces gluconolactone and hydrogen peroxide.
The lactone spontaneously hydrolyzes to Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) in water.

C6H12O6 + O2 → C6H10O6 + H2O2
C6H10O6 + H2O → C6H12O7
Variations of glucose (or other carbohydrate-containing substrate) oxidation using fermentation or noble metal catalysis.

Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) was first prepared by Hlasiwetz and Habermann in 1870 and involved the chemical oxidation of glucose.
In 1880, Boutroux prepared and isolated Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) using the glucose fermentation.



OCCURRENCE AND USES OF GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine.
As a food additive (E574), Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is now known as an acidity regulator.

The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+, Fe2+, K+, Al3+, and other metals, including lanthanides and actinides.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) is also used in cleaning products, where it dissolves mineral deposits, especially in alkaline solution.
Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs.

Gluconate is also used in building and construction as a concrete admixture (retarder) to slow down the cement hydration reactions, and to delay the cement setting time.
It allows for a longer time to lay the concrete, or to spread the cement hydration heat over a longer period of time to avoid too high a temperature and the resulting cracking.

Retarders are mixed in to concrete when the weather temperature is high or to cast large and thick concrete slabs in successive and sufficiently well-mixed layers.
Gluconic Acid (Dextronic acid) finds application as a medium for organic synthesis.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
Molecular Weight: 196.16 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Exact Mass: 196.05830272 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 196.05830272 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 138 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 170
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C6H12O7
Molar mass: 196.155 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless crystals
Melting point: 131 °C (268 °F; 404 K)
Solubility in water: 316 g/L
Acidity (pKa): 3.86
Color: White to Yellow
Beilstein: 03, 542
Merck Index: 15, 4492
Formula Weight: 196.16
Percent Purity: 49 to 55% (Titrimetry other)
Density: 1.23 g/mL
Physical Form: Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Specific Gravity: 1.22 to 1.25 (20°C)
Chemical Name or Material: Gluconic acid

Physical state: Liquid
Color: Light brown
Odor: Slightly sourish
Melting point/freezing point: Not available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 105 - 106 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): Not available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: Not available
Flash point: Not available
Autoignition temperature: Not available
Decomposition temperature: Distillable in an undecomposed state at normal pressure
pH: 2.2 at 500 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity: Not available
Water solubility at 20 °C: Soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water - Not available
Vapor pressure: Not available
Density: 1.24 g/cm3 at 20 °C

Relative density: Not available
Relative vapor density: Not available
Particle characteristics: Not available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive
Oxidizing properties: None
Other safety information: Not available
Molecular Weight: 194.13900 g/mol
Molecular Formula: C6H10O7
Purity: 95%
Solubility: Water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (estimated)
Assay: 0.98
EINECS: 209-401-7
Grade: Industrial grade
Chemical Formula: C6H12O7
Average Molecular Weight: 196.1553 g/mol
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 196.058302738 g/mol

IUPAC Name: (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
Traditional Name: Gluconate
CAS Registry Number: 526-95-4
SMILES: OCC@@HC@@HC@HC@@HC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H12O7/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-/m1/s1
InChI Key: RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N
Melting point: 15 °C
Boiling point: 102 °C
Alpha: D20 -6.7° (c = 1)
Density: 1.23
Refractive index: 1.4161
Storage temperature: Store below +30°C
Solubility: DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly), Water
Form: Crystalline Powder or Crystals

pKa: pK (25°) 3.60
Color: White to light yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.234
Odor: Commercial 50 aq. soln. lt. amber, faint odor of vinegar
Optical activity: [α]/D +9.0 to 15.5°
Water Solubility: Soluble in water
Appearance: Colourless crystals
Taste: Mild acid taste
Molar mass: 196.155 g/mol
IUPAC Name: D-Gluconic acid
Systematic IUPAC name: (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
Chemical Formula: C6H12O7
CAS DataBase Reference: 526-95-4
EPA Substance Registry System: D-Gluconic acid (526-95-4)
Hydrogen bond donor count: 6
Hydrogen bond acceptor count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
PSA: 138.45000

XLogP3: -3.4
Appearance: Ammonium gluconate is a white solid with a weak odor of ammonia.
Density: 1.24 g/cm3 @ Temp: 25 °C
Boiling Point: 102ºC
Flash Point: 375.2ºC
Refractive Index: 1.4161
Water Solubility: Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25°C: 100 (good)
Storage Conditions: Store at RT.
Molecular form: C6H12O7
Appearance: Clear Colorless to Pale Yellow Solution
Mol. Weight: 196.16
Storage: 2-8°C Refrigerator
Shipping Conditions: Ambient
Applications: NA



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,40 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: > 30 min
*Respiratory protection:
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLUCONIC ACID (DEXTRONIC ACID):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

1.1. Product identifier Trade name GLUCOPURE FOAM Material number: 275450 Chemical nature: Glucamide in aqueous-glycolic solution INCI name: Cocoyl Methyl Glucamide 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Classification (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008) Serious eye damage, Category 1 H318: Causes serious eye damage. 2.2 Label elements Labelling (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008) Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : H318 Causes serious eye damage. Precautionary statements : Prevention: P280 Wear eye protection/ face protection. Response: P305 + P351 + P338 + P310 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER/doctor. Hazardous components which must be listed on the label: D-Glucitol, 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-, N-(C8-16 (even numbered) and C18 unsaturated acyl) deriv. 2.3 Other hazards This substance/mixture contains no components considered to be either persistent,bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT), or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) at levels of 0.1% or higher.No additional hazards are known except those derived from the labelling. 3.2 GLUCOPURE FOAM Mixtures Hazardous components Chemical name CAS-No. EC-No. Index-No. Registration number Classification Concentration (% w/w) D-Glucitol, 1-deoxy-1- (methylamino)-, N-(C8-16 (even numbered) and C18 unsaturated acyl) deriv. Not Assigned 01-2120041462-67- 0000 Eye Dam. 1; H318 >= 30 - < 50 4.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Description of first aid measures General advice : Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.Get medical advice/ attention if you feel unwell. If inhaled : If inhaled, remove to fresh air.Get medical advice/ attention. In case of skin contact : In case of contact, immediately flush skin with soap and plenty of water. In case of eye contact : In the case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. If swallowed : If swallowed do not induce vomiting,seek medical advice and show safety datasheet or label 4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed Symptoms : irritant effects Risks : Causes serious eye damage. 4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed Treatment : Treat symptomatically. 5.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Extinguishing media Suitable extinguishing media : Water spray jet Alcohol-resistant foam Dry powder Carbon dioxide (CO2) Unsuitable extinguishing media: High volume water jet 5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture Specific hazards during firefighting : In case of fire hazardous decomposition products may be produced such as: Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Carbon monoxide 5.3 Advice for firefighters Special protective equipment for firefighters : Self-contained breathing apparatus Further information : Wear suitable protective equipment. 6.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Personal precautions : Wear suitable protective equipment. Ensure adequate ventilation. 6.2 Environmental precautions Environmental precautions : The product should not be allowed to enter drains, water courses or the soil. 6.3 Methods and material for containment and cleaning up Methods for cleaning up : Soak up with inert absorbent material (e.g. sand, silica gel, acid binder, universal binder, sawdust). Treat recovered material as described in the section "Disposal considerations". 6.4 Reference to other sections Information regarding Safe handling, see chapter 7., For personal protection see section 8., For disposal considerations see section 13. 7.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Precautions for safe handling Advice on safe handling : Provide adequate ventilation. Advice on protection against fire and explosion: Observe the general rules of industrial fire protection Hygiene measures : Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday. Use protective skin cream before handling the product. Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. 7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities Further information on storage conditions : Keep containers tightly closed in a cool, well-ventilated place. Store in cool place. Store in a dry place. 7.3 Specific end use(s) Specific use(s) : No further recommendations. 8.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Control parameters Derived No Effect Level (DNEL) according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006: Substance name-End Use-Exposure routes-Potential health effects-Value Propylene Glycol CAS-No.: 57-55-6-Workers-Inhalation-Long-term systemic effects-168 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Workers-Inhalation-Long-term local effects-10 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Consumers-Inhalation Long-term systemic effects-50 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Consumers-Inhalation Long-term local effects-10 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Consumers-Skin contact Long-term systemic effects-213 mg/m3 Consumers-Ingestion Long-term systemic effects-85 mg/m3 D-Glucitol, 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-, N-(C8-16 (even numbered) and C18 unsaturated acyl) deriv.Workers Inhalation Long-term systemic effects-10,58 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Workers-Skin contact Long-term systemic effects-30 mg/kg bw/day Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006: Substance name Environmental Compartment Value Propylene Glycol CAS-No.: 57-55-6 Fresh water 260 mg/l Marine water 26 mg/l Water (intermittent release) 183 mg/l Sewage treatment plant 20000 mg/l Fresh water sediment 572 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) Marine sediment 57,2 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) Soil 50 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) D-Glucitol, 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-, N-(C8-16 (even numbered) and C18 unsaturated acyl) deriv. Fresh water 0,32 mg/l Marine water 0,032 mg/l Water (intermittent release) 0,059 mg/l Fresh water sediment 43,4 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) Marine sediment 4,3 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) Sewage treatment plant 0,8 mg/l Soil 36,6 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) 8.2 GLUCOPURE FOAM Exposure controls Personal protective equipment Eye protection : Depending on the risk, wear sufficient eye protection (safety glasses with side protection or goggles, and if necessary, face shield.) Hand protection Break through time : 480 min Glove thickness : 0,7 mm Remarks : Long-term exposure Impervious butyl rubber gloves Break through time : 30 min Glove thickness : 0,4 mm Remarks : For short-term exposure (splash protection): Nitrile rubber gloves. Remarks : These types of protective gloves are offered by various manufacturers. Please note the manufacturers´ detailed statements, especially about the minimum thickness and the minimum breakthrough time. Consider also the particular working conditions under which the gloves are being used. Skin and body protection : Wear suitable protective equipment. Respiratory protection : Use respiratory protection in case of insufficient exhaust ventilation or prolonged exposure Full mask to standard DIN EN 136 Filter A (organic gases and vapours) to standard DIN EN 141 The use of filter apparatus presupposes that the environment atmosphere contains at least 17% oxygen by volume, and does not exceed the maximum gas concentration, usually 0.5% by volume. Relevant guidelines to be considered include EN 136/141/143/371/372 as well as other national regulations. Protective measures : Observe the usual precautions for handling chemicals. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. 9.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Information on basic physical and chemical properties GLUCOPURE FOAM Appearance : paste GLUCOPURE FOAM Odour : characteristic GLUCOPURE FOAM Odour Threshold : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM pH : 8,5 - 9,5 (35 °C) GLUCOPURE FOAM Concentration: 10 g/l GLUCOPURE FOAM Melting point : approx. 32 °C GLUCOPURE FOAM Boiling point : approx. 100 °C Based on water-content. GLUCOPURE FOAM Flash point : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Evaporation rate : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Burning number : Not applicable GLUCOPURE FOAM Upper explosion limit : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Lower explosion limit : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Vapour pressure : 2,3 hPa (25 °C) Method: EEC 84/449 A.4 Corresp. to vapour pressure of water GLUCOPURE FOAM Relative vapour density : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Density : approx. 1,046 g/cm3 (50 °C) Method: DIN 51757 GLUCOPURE FOAM Bulk density : Not applicable GLUCOPURE FOAM Solubility(ies) Water solubility : soluble (40 °C) GLUCOPURE FOAM Solubility in other solvents : 39 g/l Data corresponds to that of the active component (20 °C) Solvent: 1-octanol Method: OECD Test Guideline 105 GLUCOPURE FOAM Auto-ignition temperature : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Decomposition temperature : > 200 °C Heating rate : 3 K/min Method: DSC GLUCOPURE FOAM Viscosity GLUCOPURE FOAM Viscosity, dynamic : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Viscosity, kinematic : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Explosive properties : Not explosive GLUCOPURE FOAM Oxidizing properties : There are no chemical groups associated with oxidising GLUCOPURE FOAM properties present in the molecule. 9.2 GLUCOPURE FOAM Other information Minimum ignition energy : not tested. Particle size : Not applicable Self-ignition : > 135 °C Method: EC A.16 10.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Reactivity See section 10.3. "Possibility of hazardous reactions" 10.2 Chemical stability Stable under normal conditions. 10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions Hazardous reactions : No dangerous reaction known under conditions of normal use. 10.4 Conditions to avoid Conditions to avoid : Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. 10.5 Incompatible materials Materials to avoid : Strong acids and oxidizing agents 10.6 Hazardous decomposition products When handled and stored appropriately, no dangerous decomposition products are known 11.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Information on toxicological effects Acute toxicity Product: Acute oral toxicity : LD50 (Rat): > 2.500 mg/kg Method: OECD Test Guideline 423 Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Acute inhalation toxicity : Remarks: not tested. Acute dermal toxicity : LD50 (Rabbit): > 2.000 mg/kg Method: OECD Test Guideline 402 Remarks: By analogy with a product of similar composition Skin corrosion/irritation Product: Species: EPISKIN Human Skin Model Test Method: OECD Test Guideline 439 Result: No skin irritation Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Serious eye damage/eye irritation Product: Species: rabbit eye Method: OECD Test Guideline 405 Result: Risk of serious damage to eyes. Respiratory or skin sensitisation Product: Method: OECD Test Guideline 406 Result: non-sensitizing Germ cell mutagenicity Product: Genotoxicity in vitro : Test Type: HGPRT assay Species: V79 cells (embryonic lung fibroblasts) of the Chinese hamster Method: OECD Test Guideline 476 Result: negative Remarks: Information refers to the main component. Genotoxicity in vivo : Test Type: Micronucleus test Species: Mouse Method: OECD Test Guideline 474 Result: negative Remarks: Information refers to the main component. Germ cell mutagenicityAssessment : Not mutagenic in Ames Test Carcinogenicity Product: Carcinogenicity - Assessment : No information available. Reproductive toxicity Product: Reproductive toxicity - Assessment : No information available. No information available. STOT - single exposure Product: Remarks: not tested. STOT - repeated exposure Product: Remarks: not tested. Repeated dose toxicity Product: Species: Rat NOAEL: 750 mg/kg Exposure time: 28 d Method: OECD Test Guideline 407 Remarks: Information refers to the main component. Aspiration toxicity Product: no data available Further information Product: Remarks: The product has not been tested. The information is derived from the properties of the individual components. 12.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Toxicity Product:Toxicity to fish : LC50 (Danio rerio (zebra fish)): 7,5 mg/l Exposure time: 96 h Method: OECD Test Guideline 203 Toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates: EC50 (Daphnia magna (Water flea)): 5,91 mg/l Exposure time: 48 h Method: OECD Test Guideline 202 Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Toxicity to algae : EC50 (Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae)): 30 mg/l Exposure time: 72 h Method: OECD Test Guideline 201 NOEC (Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae)): 5,6 mg/l Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Toxicity to fish (Chronic toxicity) : NOEC: 4,8 mg/l Exposure time: 35 d Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates (Chronic toxicity) : NOEC: 3,24 mg/l Exposure time: 21 d Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) Method: OECD Test Guideline 211 Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Toxicity to microorganisms : EC50 (activated sludge): 171 mg/l Exposure time: 3 h Method: OECD Test Guideline 209 12.2 Persistence and degradability Product: Biodegradability : Remarks: Not applicable 12.3 Bioaccumulative potential Product: Bioaccumulation : Bioconcentration factor (BCF): 58 Method: calculated Remarks: Low potential for bioaccumulation (log Pow < 3). 12.4 Mobility in soil Product: Distribution among environmental compartments: Remarks: not tested. 12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessment Product: Assessment : This substance/mixture contains no components considered to be either persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT), or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) at levels of 0.1% or higher.. 12.6 Other adverse effects Product: Additional ecological information : The product has not been tested. The information is derived from the properties of the individual components. 13.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Waste treatment methods Product : In accordance with local authority regulations, take to special waste incineration plant Contaminated packaging : Packaging that cannot be cleaned should be disposed of as product waste Section 14.1. to 14.5. ADR not restricted ADN not restricted RID not restricted IATA not restricted IMDG not restricted 14.6. Special precautions for user See sections 6 to 8 of this Safety Data Sheet. 14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code (International Bulk Chemicals Code) No transport as bulk according IBC - Code. 15.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture REACH - Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation (Article 59). : Not applicable Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 on substances that deplete the ozone layer : Not applicable Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 on persistent organic pollutants : Not applicable Other regulations: Apart from the data/regulations specified in this chapter, no further information is available concerning safety, health and environmental protection. The surfactant(s) contained in this mixture complies(comply) with the biodegradability criteria as laid down in Regulation (EC) No.648/2004 on detergents. Data to support this assertion are held at the disposal of the competent authorities of the Member States and will be made available to them, at their direct request or at the request of a detergent manufacturer. Take note of Dir 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at work. Occupational restrictions for pregnant and breast feeding women 15.2 Chemical safety assessment No Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA) is yet available for the substance, or for the component substances, contained in this product.

Nonionic surfactant and solubilizer for hard surface cleaners GLUCOPURE WET Composition N-C8/10-acyl-N-methyl-glucamin GLUCOPURE WET Product properties GLUCOPURE WET Appearance (20 °C) Yellowish liquid GLUCOPURE WET Gardener colour Max. 5 GLUCOPURE WET Active substance Approx. 50 % GLUCOPURE WET Viscosity at 20 °C [mPas] Approx. 200 GLUCOPURE WET Density at 25 °C [g/cm3] Approx.1.081 GLUCOPURE WET pH (10 % t. q. aqueous solution) Approx. 8.5 GLUCOPURE WET Propylene Glycol Approx. 5.0 % GLUCOPURE WET HLB (Griffin) 13 Profile GLUCOPURE WET is a mild surfactant with a good cleaning an wetting ability.When used as a surfactant it is especially suitable bath cleaners with a mild pH value of 3-6 and all purpose cleaners. GLUCOPURE WET is mild to hard surfaces like plastics or metals common in households and typically does not create corrosion or stress cracking.In addition GLUCOPURE WET is an excellent non-EO solubilizer for hydrophobic oils and perfumes. Mildness Glucopure® surfactants are amongst the mildest surfactants in the market. They are extremely mild to both skin proteins and skin lipids and are therefore very useful for formulations with mildness claims and for sensitive skin and hair. Compatibility GLUCOPURE WET is miscible with all types of surfactants (anionic, non-ionic, cationic and amphoteric), complexing agents and other typical ingredients of hard surface cleaners.Glucopure are chemically stable in acidic and alkaline media in the pH range of approx. 3-10. Solublizing properties GLUCOPURE WET is an excellent non-EO solubilizer. Especially for terpenoides and preservative actives it shows better results than other non-EO solubilizers. Use Level A use level of 2.0 % - 10 % as solubilizer (1.0 to 5 % active) for cleaning applications recommended. For solubilisation significantly lower levels can be already sufficient. Formulation advice GLUCOPURE WET can be added to any step of the process. Storage and Shelf Life GLUCOPURE WET should be stored at room temperature.The shelf life is at least two years when stored in tightly closed containers at room temperature in a clear and aerated place. After this period the product should be analysed for extension of the shelf life.

GLUCOSAMINE HCL, N° CAS : 66-84-2, Nom INCI : GLUCOSAMINE HCL. Nom chimique : Glucosamine hydrochloride. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-638-1. Ses fonctions (INCI). Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance

Synonyms: D-GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE 2KCL;GlucosamineSulfateUsp2996-104%;D-GLUCOSAMINESULFATE(K+)POTASSIUM;D-Glucosamine potassium sulfate;Bis(2-ammonio-2-deoxy-D-glucose) sulphate;Glucosamine sulfate;Einecs 239-088-2;Glucosamine Sulphate 2KHCL CAS: 14999-43-0

GLUCOSAMINE SULFATEN° CAS : 29031-19-4, Nom INCI : GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE. Nom chimique : D-glucosamine sulphate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 249-379-6. Classification : Sulfate, Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

GLUCOSE GLUTAMATE, N° CAS : 59279-63-9, Nom INCI : GLUCOSE GLUTAMATE. Ses fonctions (INCI). Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

CAS Number: 50-99-7
EC Number: 200-075-1
Chemical formula: C6H12O6
Molar mass: 180.156 g/mol

Glucose is the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body's cells.
Glucose comes from the foods we eat or the body can make it from other substances.
Glucose is carried to the cells through the bloodstream.
Several hormones, including insulin, control glucose levels in the blood.
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates.
Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight, where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world.

Glucose can exist in both a straight-chain and ring form.
Glucose open-chain form of glucose makes up less than 0.02% of the glucose molecules in an aqueous solution.
Glucose rest is one of two cyclic hemiacetal forms.
In its open-chain form, the glucose molecule has an open (as opposed to cyclic) unbranched backbone of six carbon atoms, where C-1 is part of an aldehyde group (C=O)−.
Therefore, glucose is also classified as an aldose, or an aldohexose.
The aldehyde group makes glucose a reducing sugar giving a positive reaction with the Fehling test.

Glucose metabolism and various forms of it in the process
Glucose-containing compounds and isomeric forms are digested and taken up by the body in the intestines, including starch, glycogen, disaccharides and monosaccharides.
Glucose is stored in mainly the liver and muscles as glycogen.
Glucose is distributed and used in tissues as free glucose.
Main articles: Glycolysis and Pentose phosphate pathway
In humans, glucose is metabolised by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

Glycolysis is used by all living organisms,: 551 with small variations, and all organisms generate energy from the breakdown of monosaccharides.
Glucose the further course of the metabolism, it can be completely degraded via oxidative decarboxylation, the citric acid cycle (synonym Krebs cycle) and the respiratory chain to water and carbon dioxide.
Glucose there is not enough oxygen available for this, the glucose degradation in animals occurs anaerobic to lactate via lactic acid fermentation and releases less energy.
Muscular lactate enters the liver through the bloodstream in mammals, where gluconeogenesis occurs (Cori cycle).
With a high supply of glucose, the metabolite acetyl-CoA from the Krebs cycle can also be used for fatty acid synthesis.
Glucose is also used to replenish the body's glycogen stores, which are mainly found in liver and skeletal muscle. These processes are hormonally regulated.

In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms.
Glucose for metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin, and in animals as glycogen.
Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar.
The naturally occurring form of glucose is d-glucose, while l-glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is of lesser importance[citation needed].

Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group, and is therefore an aldohexose.
The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form.
Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants.
Glucose animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis.

Glucose, as intravenous sugar solution, is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.
Glucose is also on the list in combination with sodium chloride.

Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and can be used by all living organisms as an energy and carbon source.
However, most glucose does not occur in its free form, but in the form of its polymers, i.e. lactose, sucrose, starch and others which are energy reserve substances, and cellulose and chitin, which are components of the cell wall in plants or fungi and arthropods, respectively.
These polymers, when consumed by animals, fungi and bacteria, are degraded to glucose using enzymes.
All animals are also able to produce glucose themselves from certain precursors as the need arises.
Neurons, cells of the renal medulla and erythrocytes depend on glucose for their energy production.
In adult humans, there are about 18 g of glucose, of which about 4 g are present in the blood.
Approximately 180 to 220 g of glucose are produced in the liver of an adult in 24 hours.
Many of the long-term complications of diabetes (e.g., blindness, kidney failure, and peripheral neuropathy) are probably due to the glycation of proteins or lipids. In contrast, enzyme-regulated addition of sugars to protein is called glycosylation and is essential for the function of many proteins.

Uptake
Ingested glucose initially binds to the receptor for sweet taste on the tongue in humans.
Glucose complex of the proteins T1R2 and T1R3 makes it possible to identify glucose-containing food sources.
Glucose mainly comes from food—about 300 g per day are produced by conversion of food,but it is also synthesized from other metabolites in the body's cells.
In humans, the breakdown of glucose-containing polysaccharides happens in part already during chewing by means of amylase, which is contained in saliva, as well as by maltase, lactase, and sucrase on the brush border of the small intestine.
Glucose is a building block of many carbohydrates and can be split off from them using certain enzymes.
Glucosidases, a subgroup of the glycosidases, first catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain glucose-containing polysaccharides, removing terminal glucose.

In turn, disaccharides are mostly degraded by specific glycosidases to glucose.
Glucose names of the degrading enzymes are often derived from the particular poly- and disaccharide; inter alia, for the degradation of polysaccharide chains there are amylases (named after amylose, a component of starch), cellulases (named after cellulose), chitinases (named after chitin), and more.
Furthermore, for the cleavage of disaccharides, there are maltase, lactase, sucrase, trehalase, and others. In humans, about 70 genes are known that code for glycosidases.
They have functions in the digestion and degradation of glycogen, sphingolipids, mucopolysaccharides, and poly(ADP-ribose).
Humans do not produce cellulases, chitinases, or trehalases, but the bacteria in the gut flora do.

Glucoseorder to get into or out of cell membranes of cells and membranes of cell compartments, glucose requires special transport proteins from the major facilitator superfamily.
Glucose the small intestine (more precisely, in the jejunum),glucose is taken up into the intestinal epithelium with the help of glucose transporters via a secondary active transport mechanism called sodium ion-glucose symport via sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1).
Further transfer occurs on the basolateral side of the intestinal epithelial cells via the glucose transporter GLUT2,as well uptake into liver cells, kidney cells, cells of the islets of Langerhans, neurons, astrocytes, and tanycytes.
Glucose enters the liver via the portal vein and is stored there as a cellular glycogen.

Glucose the liver cell, it is phosphorylated by glucokinase at position 6 to form glucose 6-phosphate, which cannot leave the cell.
Glucose 6-phosphatase can convert glucose 6-phosphate back into glucose exclusively in the liver, so the body can maintain a sufficient blood glucose concentration.
Glucose other cells, uptake happens by passive transport through one of the 14 GLUT proteins.
Glucose the other cell types, phosphorylation occurs through a hexokinase, whereupon glucose can no longer diffuse out of the cell.

The glucose transporter GLUT1 is produced by most cell types and is of particular importance for nerve cells and pancreatic β-cells. GLUT3 is highly expressed in nerve cells.
Glucose from the bloodstream is taken up by GLUT4 from muscle cells (of the skeletal muscle and heart muscle) and fat cells.GLUT14 is expressed exclusively in testicles.
Excess glucose is broken down and converted into fatty acids, which are stored as triglycerides.
Glucose the kidneys, glucose in the urine is absorbed via SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the apical cell membranes and transmitted via GLUT2 in the basolateral cell membranes.
About 90% of kidney glucose reabsorption is via SGLT2 and about 3% via SGLT1.

Biosynthesis
Main articles: Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis
In plants and some prokaryotes, glucose is a product of photosynthesis.
Glucose is also formed by the breakdown of polymeric forms of glucose like glycogen (in animals and mushrooms) or starch (in plants).
The cleavage of glycogen is termed glycogenolysis, the cleavage of starch is called starch degradation.

Glucose metabolic pathway that begins with molecules containing two to four carbon atoms (C) and ends in the glucose molecule containing six carbon atoms is called gluconeogenesis and occurs in all living organisms.
The smaller starting materials are the result of other metabolic pathways.
Ultimately almost all biomolecules come from the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants during photosynthesis:
The free energy of formation of α-d-glucose is 917.2 kilojoules per mole: 59 In humans, gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidney,but also in other cell types.
Glucose the liver about 150 g of glycogen are stored, in skeletal muscle about 250 g.

However, the glucose released in muscle cells upon cleavage of the glycogen can not be delivered to the circulation because glucose is phosphorylated by the hexokinase, and a glucose-6-phosphatase is not expressed to remove the phosphate group.
Unlike for glucose, there is no transport protein for glucose-6-phosphate.
Gluconeogenesis allows the organism to build up glucose from other metabolites, including lactate or certain amino acids, while consuming energy.
The renal tubular cells can also produce glucose.

Glucose also can be found outside of living organisms in the ambient environment.
Glucose concentrations in the atmosphere are detected via collection of samples by aircraft and are known to vary from location to location.
For example, glucose concentrations in atmospheric air from inland China range from 0.8-20.1 pg/l, whereas east coastal China glucose concentrations range from 10.3-142 pg/l.

Glucose degradation
Glucose other living organisms, other forms of fermentation can occur.
The bacterium Escherichia coli can grow on nutrient media containing glucose as the sole carbon source: 
Glucose some bacteria and, in modified form, also in archaea, glucose is degraded via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

Use of glucose as an energy source in cells is by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation.
Glucose first step of glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose by a hexokinase to form glucose 6-phosphate.
Glucose main reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent its diffusion out of the cell as the charged phosphate group prevents glucose 6-phosphate from easily crossing the cell membrane.
Furthermore, addition of the high-energy phosphate group activates glucose for subsequent breakdown in later steps of glycolysis.
At physiological conditions, this initial reaction is irreversible.

In anaerobic respiration, one glucose molecule produces a net gain of two ATP molecules (four ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation, but two are required by enzymes used during the process).
In aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose is much more profitable in that a maximum net production of 30 or 32 ATP molecules (depending on the organism) through oxidative phosphorylation is generated.

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.

Tumor cells often grow comparatively quickly and consume an above-average amount of glucose by glycolysis,which leads to the formation of lactate, the end product of fermentation in mammals, even in the presence of oxygen.
Glucose effect is called the Warburg effect. For the increased uptake of glucose in tumors various SGLT and GLUT are overly produced.

In yeast, ethanol is fermented at high glucose concentrations, even in the presence of oxygen (which normally leads to respiration but not to fermentation).
Glucose effect is called the Crabtree effect.

Glucose can also degrade to form carbon dioxide through abiotic means.
This has been demonstrated to occur experimentally via oxidation and hydrolysis at 22˚C and a pH of 2.5.

Energy source
Diagram showing the possible intermediates in glucose degradation; Metabolic pathways orange: glycolysis, green: Entner-Doudoroff pathway, phosphorylating, yellow: Entner-Doudoroff pathway, non-phosphorylating
Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in biology.
Glucose is used as an energy source in organisms, from bacteria to humans, through either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration (in bacteria), or fermentation.
Glucose is the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration, providing about 3.75 kilocalories (16 kilojoules) of food energy per gram.
Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g., starch) yields mono- and disaccharides, most of which is glucose.
Through glycolysis and later in the reactions of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, glucose is oxidized to eventually form carbon dioxide and water, yielding energy mostly in the form of ATP.
Glucose insulin reaction, and other mechanisms, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Glucose physiological caloric value of glucose, depending on the source, is 16.2 kilojoules per gram and 15.7 kJ/g (3.74 kcal/g), respectively.
Glucose high availability of carbohydrates from plant biomass has led to a variety of methods during evolution, especially in microorganisms, to utilize the energy and carbon storage glucose.
Differences exist in which end product can no longer be used for energy production.
The presence of individual genes, and their gene products, the enzymes, determine which reactions are possible.
The metabolic pathway of glycolysis is used by almost all living beings.
An essential difference in the use of glycolysis is the recovery of NADPH as a reductant for anabolism that would otherwise have to be generated indirectly.

Glucose and oxygen supply almost all the energy for the brain, so its availability influences psychological processes.
When glucose is low, psychological processes requiring mental effort (e.g., self-control, effortful decision-making) are impaired.
In the brain, which is dependent on glucose and oxygen as the major source of energy, the glucose concentration is usually 4 to 6 mM (5 mM equals 90 mg/dL),[40] but decreases to 2 to 3 mM when fasting.
Confusion occurs below 1 mM and coma at lower levels.
The glucose in the blood is called blood sugar.
Blood sugar levels are regulated by glucose-binding nerve cells in the hypothalamus.
In addition, glucose in the brain binds to glucose receptors of the reward system in the nucleus accumbens.
The binding of glucose to the sweet receptor on the tongue induces a release of various hormones of energy metabolism, either through glucose or through other sugars, leading to an increased cellular uptake and lower blood sugar levels.
Artificial sweeteners do not lower blood sugar levels.

The blood sugar content of a healthy person in the short-time fasting state, e.g. after overnight fasting, is about 70 to 100 mg/dL of blood (4 to 5.5 mM).
In blood plasma, the measured values are about 10–15% higher.
In addition, the values in the arterial blood are higher than the concentrations in the venous blood since glucose is absorbed into the tissue during the passage of Glucose capillary bed.
Also in the capillary blood, which is often used for blood sugar determination, the values are sometimes higher than in the venous blood. The glucose content of the blood is regulated by the hormones insulin, incretin and glucagon.
Insulin lowers the glucose level, glucagon increases it.

Furthermore, the hormones adrenaline, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, somatotropin and adrenocorticotropin lead to an increase in the glucose level.
Glucose is also a hormone-independent regulation, which is referred to as glucose autoregulation.
After food intake the blood sugar concentration increases. Values over 180 mg/dL in venous whole blood are pathological and are termed hyperglycemia, values below 40 mg/dL are termed hypoglycaemia.
When needed, glucose is released into the bloodstream by glucose-6-phosphatase from glucose-6-phosphate originating from liver and kidney glycogen, thereby regulating the homeostasis of blood glucose concentration.
In ruminants, the blood glucose concentration is lower (60 mg/dL in cattle and 40 mg/dL in sheep), because the carbohydrates are converted more by their gut flora into short-chain fatty acids.

Some glucose is converted to lactic acid by astrocytes, which is then utilized as an energy source by brain cells; some glucose is used by intestinal cells and red blood cells, while the rest reaches the liver, adipose tissue and muscle cells, where it is absorbed and stored as glycogen (under the influence of insulin).
Liver cell glycogen can be converted to glucose and returned to the blood when insulin is low or absent; muscle cell glycogen is not returned to the blood because of a lack of enzymes.
Glucose fat cells, glucose is used to power reactions that synthesize some fat types and have other purposes.
Glycogen is the body's "glucose energy storage" mechanism, because it is much more "space efficient" and less reactive than glucose itself.

As a result of its importance in human health, glucose is an analyte in glucose tests that are common medical blood tests.
Eating or fasting prior to taking a blood sample has an effect on analyses for glucose in the blood; a high fasting glucose blood sugar level may be a sign of prediabetes or diabetes mellitus.

The glycemic index is an indicator of the speed of resorption and conversion to blood glucose levels from ingested carbohydrates, measured as the area under the curve of blood glucose levels after consumption in comparison to glucose (glucose is defined as 100).
Glucose clinical importance of the glycemic index is controversial, as foods with high fat contents slow the resorption of carbohydrates and lower the glycemic index, e.g. ice cream.
An alternative indicator is the insulin index, measured as the impact of carbohydrate consumption on the blood insulin levels.
The glycemic load is an indicator for the amount of glucose added to blood glucose levels after consumption, based on the glycemic index and the amount of consumed food.

Precursor
Organisms use glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of several important substances.
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen ("animal starch") are common glucose polymers (polysaccharides).
Some of these polymers (starch or glycogen) serve as energy stores, while others (cellulose and chitin, which is made from a derivative of glucose) have structural roles.
Oligosaccharides of glucose combined with other sugars serve as important energy stores.

These include lactose, the predominant sugar in milk, which is a glucose-galactose disaccharide, and sucrose, another disaccharide which is composed of glucose and fructose.
Glucose is also added onto certain proteins and lipids in a process called glycosylation.
Glucose is often critical for their functioning.
The enzymes that join glucose to other molecules usually use phosphorylated glucose to power the formation of the new bond by coupling it with the breaking of the glucose-phosphate bond.

Other than its direct use as a monomer, glucose can be broken down to synthesize a wide variety of other biomolecules.
This is important, as glucose serves both as a primary store of energy and as a source of organic carbon.
Glucose can be broken down and converted into lipids.
Glucose is also a precursor for the synthesis of other important molecules such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
Glucose living organisms, glucose is converted to several other chemical compounds that are the starting material for various metabolic pathways.

Among them, all other monosaccharides such as fructose (via the polyol pathway),mannose (the epimer of glucose at position 2), galactose (the epimer at position 4), fucose, various uronic acids and the amino sugars are produced from glucose.
In addition to the phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate, which is part of the glycolysis, glucose can be oxidized during its degradation to glucono-1,5-lactone. Glucose is used in some bacteria as a building block in the trehalose or the dextran biosynthesis and in animals as a building block of glycogen.
Glucose can also be converted from bacterial xylose isomerase to fructose.
In addition, glucose metabolites produce all nonessential amino acids, sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, fatty acids, cholesterol and nucleic acids.
Finally, glucose is used as a building block in the glycosylation of proteins to glycoproteins, glycolipids, peptidoglycans, glycosides and other substances (catalyzed by glycosyltransferases) and can be cleaved from them by glycosidases.

Pathology
Diabetes
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body is unable to regulate levels of glucose in the blood either because of a lack of insulin in the body or the failure, by cells in the body, to respond properly to insulin.
Each of these situations can be caused by persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, through pancreatic burnout and insulin resistance.
Glucose pancreas is the organ responsible for the secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates glucose levels, allowing the body's cells to absorb and use glucose.

Without it, glucose cannot enter the cell and therefore cannot be used as fuel for the body's functions.
Glucose the pancreas is exposed to persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas could be damaged, causing a lack of insulin in the body.
Insulin resistance occurs when the pancreas tries to produce more and more insulin in response to persistently elevated blood glucose levels.
Eventually, the rest of the body becomes resistant to the insulin that the pancreas is producing, thereby requiring more insulin to achieve the same blood glucose-lowering effect, and forcing the pancreas to produce even more insulin to compete with the resistance.
This negative spiral contributes to pancreatic burnout, and the disease progression of diabetes.

To monitor the body's response to blood glucose-lowering therapy, glucose levels can be measured.
Blood glucose monitoring can be performed by multiple methods, such as the fasting glucose test which measures the level of glucose in the blood after 8 hours of fasting.
Another test is the 2-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) – for this test, the person has a fasting glucose test done, then drinks a 75-gram glucose drink and is retested.
This test measures the ability of the person's body to process glucose.
Over time the blood glucose levels should decrease as insulin allows it to be taken up by cells and exit the blood stream.

Hypoglycemia management

Glucose, 5% solution for infusions
Individuals with diabetes or other conditions that result in low blood sugar often carry small amounts of sugar in various forms.
One sugar commonly used is glucose, often in the form of glucose tablets (glucose pressed into a tablet shape sometimes with one or more other ingredients as a binder), hard candy, or sugar packet.

Sources

Glucose tablets
Most dietary carbohydrates contain glucose, either as their only building block (as in the polysaccharides starch and glycogen), or together with another monosaccharide (as in the hetero-polysaccharides sucrose and lactose).
Unbounded glucose is one of the main ingredients of honey.
Glucose is extremely abundant and has been isolated from a variety of natural sources across the world, including male cones of the coniferous tree Wollemia nobilis in Rome, the roots of Ilex asprella plants in China, and straws from rice in California.

Commercial production
Glucose is produced industrially from starch by enzymatic hydrolysis using glucose amylase or by the use of acids.
Glucose enzymatic hydrolysis has largely displaced the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis.
Glucose result is glucose syrup (enzymatically with more than 90% glucose in the dry matter) with an annual worldwide production volume of 20 million tonnes (as of 2011).
This is the reason for the former common name "starch sugar".

The amylases most often come from Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis (strain MN-385), which are more thermostable than the originally used enzymes.
Starting in 1982, pullulanases from Aspergillus niger were used in the production of glucose syrup to convert amylopectin to starch (amylose), thereby increasing the yield of glucose.
Glucose reaction is carried out at a pH = 4.6–5.2 and a temperature of 55–60 °C.
Corn syrup has between 20% and 95% glucose in the dry matter.
The Japanese form of the glucose syrup, Mizuame, is made from sweet potato or rice starch.
Maltodextrin contains about 20% glucose.

Many crops can be used as the source of starch.
Maize,rice,wheat,cassava,potato, barley, sweet potato,corn husk and sago are all used in various parts of the world.
In the United States, corn starch (from maize) is used almost exclusively.
Some commercial glucose occurs as a component of invert sugar, a roughly 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose that is produced from sucrose.
In principle, cellulose could be hydrolysed to glucose, but this process is not yet commercially practical.

Conversion to fructose
Main article: isoglucose
In the USA almost exclusively corn (more precisely: corn syrup) is used as glucose source for the production of isoglucose, which is a mixture of glucose and fructose, since fructose has a higher sweetening power — with same physiological calorific value of 374 kilocalories per 100 g.
The annual world production of isoglucose is 8 million tonnes (as of 2011).
When made from corn syrup, the final product is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS).

Commercial usage
Relative sweetness of various sugars in comparison with sucrose
Glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and in the production of glucose-containing foods.
Glucose foods, it is used as a sweetener, humectant, to increase the volume and to create a softer mouthfeel.
Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of alcoholic beverages.

Most soft drinks in the US use HFCS-55 (with a fructose content of 55% in the dry mass), while most other HFCS-sweetened foods in the US use HFCS-42 (with a fructose content of 42% in the dry mass).
Glucose the neighboring country Mexico, on the other hand, cane sugar is used in the soft drink as a sweetener, which has a higher sweetening power.
In addition, glucose syrup is used, inter alia, in the production of confectionery such as candies, toffee and fondant.
Typical chemical reactions of glucose when heated under water-free conditions are the caramelization and, in presence of amino acids, the maillard reaction.

In addition, various organic acids can be biotechnologically produced from glucose, for example by fermentation with Clostridium thermoaceticum to produce acetic acid, with Penicillium notatum for the production of araboascorbic acid, with Rhizopus delemar for the production of fumaric acid, with Aspergillus niger for the production of gluconic acid, with Candida brumptii to produce isocitric acid, with Aspergillus terreus for the production of itaconic acid, with Pseudomonas fluorescens for the production of 2-ketogluconic acid, with Gluconobacter suboxydans for the production of 5-ketogluconic acid, with Aspergillus oryzae for the production of kojic acid, with Lactobacillus delbrueckii for the production of lactic acid, with Lactobacillus brevis for the production of malic acid, with Propionibacter shermanii for the production of propionic acid, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the production of pyruvic acid and with Gluconobacter suboxydans for the production of tartaric acid Potent, bioactive natural products like triptolide that inhibit mammalian transcription via inhibition of the XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH has been recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression.
Recently, glucose has been gaining commercial use as a key component of "kits" containing lactic acid and insulin intended to induce hypoglycemia and hyperlactatemia to combat different cancers and infections.

Analysis
Specifically, when a glucose molecule is to be detected at a certain position in a larger molecule, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography analysis or lectin immunostaining is performed with concanavalin A reporter enzyme conjugate (that binds only glucose or mannose).

Classical qualitative detection reactions
These reactions have only historical significance:

Fehling test
Glucose Fehling test is a classic method for the detection of aldoses.
Due to mutarotation, glucose is always present to a small extent as an open-chain aldehyde.
By adding the Fehling reagents (Fehling (I) solution and Fehling (II) solution), the aldehyde group is oxidized to a carboxylic acid, while the Cu2+ tartrate complex is reduced to Cu+ and forms a brick red precipitate (Cu2O).

Tollens test
Glucose the Tollens test, after addition of ammoniacal AgNO3 to the sample solution, Ag+ is reduced by glucose to elemental silver.

Barfoed test
Glucose Barfoed's test, a solution of dissolved copper acetate, sodium acetate and acetic acid is added to the solution of the sugar to be tested and subsequently heated in a water bath for a few minutes.
Glucose and other monosaccharides rapidly produce a reddish color and reddish brown copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).

Nylander's test
As a reducing sugar, glucose reacts in the Nylander's test.

Other tests
Upon heating a dilute potassium hydroxide solution with glucose to 100 °C, a strong reddish browning and a caramel-like odor develops.
Concentrated sulfuric acid dissolves dry glucose without blackening at room temperature forming sugar sulfuric acid.
Glucose a yeast solution, alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide in the ratio of 2.0454 molecules of glucose to one molecule of CO2.
Glucose forms a black mass with stannous chloride.
Glucose an ammoniacal silver solution, glucose (as well as lactose and dextrin) leads to the deposition of silver.
Glucose an ammoniacal lead acetate solution, white lead glycoside is formed in the presence of glucose, which becomes less soluble on cooking and turns brown.
Glucose an ammoniacal copper solution, yellow copper oxide hydrate is formed with glucose at room temperature, while red copper oxide is formed during boiling (same with dextrin, except for with an ammoniacal copper acetate solution).
With Hager's reagent, glucose forms mercury oxide during boiling.
An alkaline bismuth solution is used to precipitate elemental, black-brown bismuth with glucose.
Glucose boiled in an ammonium molybdate solution turns the solution blue.
A solution with indigo carmine and sodium carbonate destains when boiled with glucose.

Instrumental quantification
Refractometry and polarimetry
In concentrated solutions of glucose with a low proportion of other carbohydrates, its concentration can be determined with a polarimeter.
For sugar mixtures, the concentration can be determined with a refractometer, for example in the Oechsle determination in the course of the production of wine.

Photometric enzymatic methods in solution
Main article: Glucose oxidation reaction
The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) converts glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide while consuming oxygen.
Another enzyme, peroxidase, catalyzes a chromogenic reaction (Trinder reaction) of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine to a purple dye.

Photometric test-strip method
Glucose test-strip method employs the above-mentioned enzymatic conversion of glucose to gluconic acid to form hydrogen peroxide.
Glucose reagents are immobilised on a polymer matrix, the so-called test strip, which assumes a more or less intense color.
This can be measured reflectometrically at 510 nm with the aid of an LED-based handheld photometer.
Glucose allows routine blood sugar determination by laymen.
In addition to the reaction of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine, new chromogenic reactions have been developed that allow photometry at higher wavelengths (550 nm, 750 nm).
Amperometric glucose sensor

Glucose electroanalysis of glucose is also based on the enzymatic reaction mentioned above.
Glucose produced hydrogen peroxide can be amperometrically quantified by anodic oxidation at a potential of 600 mV.
Glucose GOx is immobilised on the electrode surface or in a membrane placed close to the electrode.
Precious metals such as platinum or gold are used in electrodes, as well as carbon nanotube electrodes, which e.g. are doped with boron.
Cu–CuO nanowires are also used as enzyme-free amperometric electrodes.
This way a detection limit of 50 µmol/L has been achieved.
A particularly promising method is the so-called "enzyme wiring".
In this case, the electron flowing during the oxidation is transferred directly from the enzyme via a molecular wire to the electrode.

Other sensory methods
There are a variety of other chemical sensors for measuring glucose.
Given the importance of glucose analysis in the life sciences, numerous optical probes have also been developed for saccharides based on the use of boronic acids, which are particularly useful for intracellular sensory applications where other (optical) methods are not or only conditionally usable.
In addition to the organic boronic acid derivatives, which often bind highly specifically to the 1,2-diol groups of sugars, there are also other probe concepts classified by functional mechanisms which use selective glucose-binding proteins (e.g. concanavalin A) as a receptor.
Furthermore, methods were developed which indirectly detect the glucose concentration via the concentration of metabolised products, e.g. by the consumption of oxygen using fluorescence-optical sensors.
Finally, there are enzyme-based concepts that use the intrinsic absorbance or fluorescence of (fluorescence-labeled) enzymes as reporters.
Copper iodometry
Glucose can be quantified by copper iodometry.

Chromatographic methods
Glucose particular, for the analysis of complex mixtures containing glucose, e.g. in honey, chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are often used in combination with mass spectrometry.
Taking into account the isotope ratios, it is also possible to reliably detect honey adulteration by added sugars with these methods.
Derivatisation using silylation reagents is commonly used.
Also, the proportions of di- and trisaccharides can be quantified.

Glucose vivo analysis
Glucose uptake in cells of organisms is measured with 2-deoxy-D-glucose or fluorodeoxyglucose.
(18F)fluorodeoxyglucose is used as a tracer in positron emission tomography in oncology and neurology,where it is by far the most commonly used diagnostic agent.

So what is glucose, exactly?
Glucose the simplest of the carbohydrates, making it a monosaccharide.
Glucose means it has one sugar.
Glucose not alone.
Other monosaccharides include fructose, galactose, and ribose.

Along with fat, glucose is one of the body’s preferred sources of fuel in the form of carbohydrates.
People get glucose from bread, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.
You need food to create the energy that helps keep you alive.

While glucose is important, like with so many things, it’s best in moderation.
Glucose levels that are unhealthy or out of control can have permanent and serious effects.

How does the body process glucose?
Our body processes glucose multiple times a day, ideally.

When we eat, our body immediately starts working to process glucose.
Enzymes start the breakdown process with help from the pancreas.
Glucose pancreas, which produces hormones including insulin, is an integral part of how our body deals with glucose.
When we eat, our body tips the pancreas off that it needs to release insulin to deal with the rising blood sugar level.

Identifiers
CAS Number:50-99-7
492-62-6 (α-d-glucopyranose)
3DMet:B01203
Abbreviations: Glc
Beilstein Reference: 1281604
ChEBI: CHEBI:4167
ChEMBL:ChEMBL1222250
ChemSpider:5589
EC Number:200-075-1
Gmelin Reference: 83256
IUPHAR/BPS:4536
KEGG:C00031
MeSH: Glucose
PubChem CID:5793
RTECS number:LZ6600000
UNII :
5SL0G7R0OK
5J5I9EB41E (α-d-glucopyranose)

Properties
Chemical formula: C6H12O6
Molar mass: 180.156 g/mol
Appearance: White powder
Density :1.54 g/cm3
Melting point: α-d-Glucose: 146 °C (295 °F; 419 K)
β-d-Glucose: 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K)
Solubility in water: 909 g/L (25 °C (77 °F))
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −101.5×10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment: 8.6827

Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 218.6 J/(K·mol)[1]
Std molar entropy :(So298) 209.2 J/(K·mol)[1]
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −1271 kJ/mol[2]
Heat of combustion, higher value (HHV): 2,805 kJ/mol (670 kcal/mol)

Pharmacology
ATC code: B05CX01 (WHO) V04CA02 (WHO), V06DC01 (WHO)

glucose, also called dextrose, one of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars (monosaccharides).
Glucose (from Greek glykys; “sweet”) has the molecular formula C6H12O6.
Glucose is found in fruits and honey and is the major free sugar circulating in the blood of higher animals.
Glucose is the source of energy in cell function, and the regulation of its metabolism is of great importance (see fermentation; gluconeogenesis).
Molecules of starch, the major energy-reserve carbohydrate of plants, consist of thousands of linear glucose units.
Another major compound composed of glucose is cellulose, which is also linear.
Dextrose is the molecule D-glucose.
A related molecule in animals is glycogen, the reserve carbohydrate in most vertebrate and invertebrate animal cells, as well as those of numerous fungi and protozoans.
See also polysaccharide.

What is glucose?
You may know glucose by another name: blood sugar.
Glucose is key to keeping the mechanisms of the body in top working order.
When our glucose levels are optimal, it often goes unnoticed.
But when they stray from recommended boundaries, you’ll notice the unhealthy effect it has on normal functioning.

Some people, however, can’t rely on their pancreas to jump in and do the work it’s supposed to do.

One way diabetes occurs is when the pancreas doesn’t produce insulin in the way it should.
Glucose this case, people need outside help (insulin injections) to process and regulate glucose in the body.
Another cause of diabetes is insulin resistance, where the liver doesn’t recognize insulin that’s in the body and continues to make inappropriate amounts of glucose.
The liver is an important organ for sugar control, as it helps with glucose storage and makes glucose when necessary.

Glucose the body doesn’t produce enough insulin, it can result in the release of free fatty acids from fat stores.
This can lead to a condition called ketoacidosis.
Ketones, waste products created when the liver breaks down fat, can be toxic in large quantities.

How do you test your glucose?
Testing glucose levels is especially important for people with diabetes.
Most people with the condition are used to dealing with blood sugar checks as part of their daily routine.

One of the most common ways to test glucose at home involves a very simple blood test.
A finger prick, usually using a small needle called a lancet, produces a drop that is put onto a test strip.
The strip is put into a meter, which measures blood sugar levels.
Glucose can usually give you a reading in under 20 seconds.

What Is Glucose?
By Stephanie Watson
Medically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on June 13, 2020
IN THIS ARTICLE
How Your Body Makes Glucose
Energy and Storage
Blood Glucose Levels and Diabetes
Glucose comes from the Greek word for "sweet."
It's a type of sugar you get from foods you eat, and your body uses it for energy.
As it travels through your bloodstream to your cells, it's called blood glucose or blood sugar.

Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose from your blood into the cells for energy and storage.
People with diabetes have higher-than-normal levels of glucose in their blood.
Either they don't have enough insulin to move it through or their cells don't respond to insulin as well as they should.

High blood glucose for a long period of time can damage your kidneys, eyes, and other organs.

How Your Body Makes Glucose
Glucose mainly comes from foods rich in carbohydrates, like bread, potatoes, and fruit.
As you eat, food travels down your esophagus to your stomach. There, acids and enzymes break it down into tiny pieces.
During that process, glucose is released.

Glucose goes into your intestines where it's absorbed. From there, it passes into your bloodstream.
Once in the blood, insulin helps glucose get to your cells.


Energy and Storage
Your body is designed to keep the level of glucose in your blood constant.
Beta cells in your pancreas monitor your blood sugar level every few seconds.
When your blood glucose rises after you eat, the beta cells release insulin into your bloodstream.
Insulin acts like a key, unlocking muscle, fat, and liver cells so glucose can get inside them.

Most of the cells in your body use glucose along with amino acids (the building blocks of protein) and fats for energy.
But it's the main source of fuel for your brain.
Nerve cells and chemical messengers there need it to help them process information.
Without it, your brain wouldn't be able to work well.

After your body has used the energy it needs, the leftover glucose is stored in little bundles called glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Your body can store enough to fuel you for about a day.

After you haven't eaten for a few hours, your blood glucose level drops.
Your pancreas stops churning out insulin. Alpha cells in the pancreas begin to produce a different hormone called glucagon.
Glucose signals the liver to break down stored glycogen and turn it back into glucose.

That travels to your bloodstream to replenish your supply until you're able to eat again.
Your liver can also make its own glucose using a combination of waste products, amino acids, and fats.

Blood Glucose Levels and Diabetes
Your blood sugar level normally rises after you eat.
Then it dips a few hours later as insulin moves glucose into your cells.
Between meals, your blood sugar should be less than 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl).
Glucose is called your fasting blood sugar level.

There are two types of diabetes:
Glucose type 1 diabetes, your body doesn't have enough insulin.
Glucose immune system attacks and destroys cells of the pancreas, where insulin is made.
Glucose type 2 diabetes, the cells don't respond to insulin like they should.
So the pancreas needs to make more and more insulin to move glucose into the cells.
Eventually, the pancreas is damaged and can't make enough insulin to meet the body's needs.
Without enough insulin, glucose can't move into the cells. The blood glucose level stays high.
A level over 200 mg/dl 2 hours after a meal or over 125 mg/dl fasting is high blood glucose, called hyperglycemia.

Too much glucose in your bloodstream for a long period of time can damage the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your organs.
High blood sugar can increase your risk for:

Heart disease, heart attack, and stroke
Kidney disease
Nerve damage
Eye disease called retinopathy
People with diabetes need to test their blood sugar often. Exercise, diet, and medicine can help keep blood glucose in a healthy range and prevent these complications.

Description
Catalogue Number: 346351
Brand Family: Calbiochem®
Synonyms :Dextrose, α-D-Glucose
Product Information
CAS number: 50-99-7
Form :White powder
Hill Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
Chemical formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
Quality Level: MQ100
Physicochemical :Information
Contaminants :Maltose: ≤0.2%; heavy metals: ≤0.001%
Safety :Information according to GHS
RTECS LZ6600000
Storage and Shipping Information
Ship Code: Ambient Temperature Only
Toxicity: Standard Handling
Storage +15°C to +30°C
Do not freeze :Ok to freeze
Special Instructions: Following reconstitution, filter-sterilize and store at room temperature.
Stock solutions are stable for several months at room temperature.


What is a blood glucose test?
A blood glucose test is a blood test that screens for diabetes by measuring the level of glucose (sugar) in a person’s blood.

Who is most at risk for developing diabetes?
The following categories of people are considered "high-risk" candidates for developing diabetes:

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas.
Glucose job is to move glucose from the bloodstream into the cells of tissues.
After you eat, the level of glucose in the blood rises sharply.
The pancreas responds by releasing enough insulin to handle the increased level of glucose — moving the glucose out of the blood and into cells.
This helps return the blood glucose level to its former, lower level.

If a person has diabetes, two situations may cause the blood sugar to increase:

The pancreas does not make enough insulin
The insulin does not work properly
As a result of either of these situations, the blood sugar level remains high, a condition called hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus.
Glucose left undiagnosed and untreated, the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, blood vessels and other organs can be damaged.
Measuring your blood glucose levels allows you and your doctor to know if you have, or are at risk for, developing diabetes.

Much less commonly, the opposite can happen too.
Too low a level of blood sugar, a condition called hypoglycemia, can be caused by the presence of too much insulin or by other hormone disorders or liver disease.

How do I prepare for the plasma glucose level test and how are the results interpreted?
To get an accurate plasma glucose level, you must have fasted (not eaten or had anything to drink except water) for at least 8 hours prior to the test.
When you report to the clinic or laboratory, a small sample of blood will be taken from a vein in your arm.
According to the practice recommendations of the American Diabetes Association, the results of the blood test are interpreted as follows:

Fasting blood glucose level
If your blood glucose level is 70 to 99* mg/dL (3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L). . .
What it means: Your glucose level is within the normal range
If your blood glucose level is 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L). . .
What it means: You have an impaired fasting glucose level (pre-diabetes**) . . .
If your blood glucose level is 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/L ) or higher on more than one testing occasion
What it means: You have diabetes

Glucose is a monosaccharide and is the primary metabolite for energy production in the body.
Complex carbohydrates are ultimately broken down in the digestive system into glucose and other monosaccharides, such as fructose or galactose, prior to absorption in the small intestine; of note, insulin is not required for the uptake of glucose by the intestinal cells.
Glucose is transported into the cells by an active, energy-requiring process that involves a specific transport protein and requires a concurrent uptake of sodium ions.

In the blood circulation, the concentration of glucose is tightly regulated by hormones such as insulin, cortisol, and glucagon, which regulate glucose entry into cells and affect various metabolic processes such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis.

Glucose belongs to the family of carbohydrates.
Glucose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) naturally present in all living beings on Earth and is their most important source of energy.
Glucose is found in high quantities in fruit (including berries), vegetables and honey.
When combined with other monosaccharides, such as fructose, it forms sucrose (table sugar) and lactose.
Two glucose molecules form maltose, a disaccharide resulting from the hydrolysis of cereal starch.
Maltose has slightly less sweetening power than sucrose.
Athletes use it for a quick supply of energy, whereas in bakeries it is useful for the fermentation of leavened dough. Maltose is also found in the germinated cereal grains used to make many types of beer.

Starch consists of a large number of glucose molecules linked to each other in long chains.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of complex chains of starch. Unlike herbivorous mammals, the human body is unable to digest cellulose, so it serves as roughage in our diet.

Glc concentrations in tissues and body fluids are stabilized by many diverse mechanisms, many of which involve the action of specific hormones.
Overall homeostasis is maintained through directing the flux of Glc to or from glycogen stores, balancing glycolysis versus gluconeogenesis, and promoting protein catabolism in times of need.

History
Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf.
Glucose was discovered in grapes by another German chemist – Johann Tobias Lowitz in 1792, and distinguished as being different from cane sugar (sucrose).
Glucose is the term coined by Jean Baptiste Dumas in 1838, which has prevailed in the chemical literature.
Friedrich August Kekulé proposed the term dextrose (from Latin dexter = right), because in aqueous solution of glucose, the plane of linearly polarized light is turned to the right.
In contrast, d-fructose (a ketohexose) and l-glucose turn linearly polarized light to the left.
The earlier notation according to the rotation of the plane of linearly polarized light (d and l-nomenclature) was later abandoned in favor of the d- and l-notation, which refers to the absolute configuration of the asymmetric center farthest from the carbonyl group, and in concordance with the configuration of d- or l-glyceraldehyde.

Since glucose is a basic necessity of many organisms, a correct understanding of its chemical makeup and structure contributed greatly to a general advancement in organic chemistry.
This understanding occurred largely as a result of the investigations of Emil Fischer, a German chemist who received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his findings.
The synthesis of glucose established the structure of organic material and consequently formed the first definitive validation of Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff's theories of chemical kinetics and the arrangements of chemical bonds in carbon-bearing molecules.
Between 1891 and 1894, Fischer established the stereochemical configuration of all the known sugars and correctly predicted the possible isomers, applying Van 't Hoff's theory of asymmetrical carbon atoms.
The names initially referred to the natural substances. Their enantiomers were given the same name with the introduction of systematic nomenclatures, taking into account absolute stereochemistry (e.g. Fischer nomenclature, d/l nomenclature).

For the discovery of the metabolism of glucose Otto Meyerhof received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1922.
Hans von Euler-Chelpin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Arthur Harden in 1929 for their "research on the fermentation of sugar and their share of enzymes in this process".
In 1947, Bernardo Houssay (for his discovery of the role of the pituitary gland in the metabolism of glucose and the derived carbohydrates) as well as Carl and Gerty Cori (for their discovery of the conversion of glycogen from glucose) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
In 1970, Luis Leloir was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of glucose-derived sugar nucleotides in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
Chemical properties
Glucose forms white or colorless solids that are highly soluble in water and acetic acid but poorly soluble in methanol and ethanol.
Glucose melt at 146 °C (295 °F) (α) and 150 °C (302 °F) (β), and decompose starting at 188 °C (370 °F) with release of various volatile products, ultimately leaving a residue of carbon.
Glucose has a dissociation exponent (pK) of 12.16 at 25˚C in methanol and water.

With six carbon atoms, it is classed as a hexose, a subcategory of the monosaccharides. d-Glucose is one of the sixteen aldohexose stereoisomers.
Glucose d-isomer, d-glucose, also known as dextrose, occurs widely in nature, but the l-isomer, l-glucose, does not.
Glucose can be obtained by hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (lactose), cane sugar (sucrose), maltose, cellulose, glycogen, etc. Dextrose is commonly commercially manufactured from cornstarch in the US and Japan, from potato and wheat starch in Europe, and from tapioca starch in tropical areas.
Glucose manufacturing process uses hydrolysis via pressurized steaming at controlled pH in a jet followed by further enzymatic depolymerization.
Unbonded glucose is one of the main ingredients of honey.
All forms of glucose are colorless and easily soluble in water, acetic acid, and several other solvents.
They are only sparingly soluble in methanol and ethanol.

Structure and nomenclature

Mutarotation of glucose.
Glucose is usually present in solid form as a monohydrate with a closed pyran ring (dextrose hydrate).
Glucose aqueous solution, on the other hand, it is an open-chain to a small extent and is present predominantly as α- or β-pyranose, which interconvert (see mutarotation).
From aqueous solutions, the three known forms can be crystallized: α-glucopyranose, β-glucopyranose and β-glucopyranose hydrate.
Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of oligosaccharides such as raffinose and of polysaccharides such as starch and amylopectin, glycogen or cellulose.
The glass transition temperature of glucose is 31 °C and the Gordon–Taylor constant (an experimentally determined constant for the prediction of the glass transition temperature for different mass fractions of a mixture of two substances) is 4.5.

From left to right: Haworth projections and ball-and-stick structures of the α- and β- anomers of D-glucopyranose (top row) and D-glucofuranose (bottom row)
In solutions, the open-chain form of glucose (either "D-" or "L-") exists in equilibrium with several cyclic isomers, each containing a ring of carbons closed by one oxygen atom.
In aqueous solution, however, more than 99% of glucose molecules exist as pyranose forms.
Glucose open-chain form is limited to about 0.25%, and furanose forms exist in negligible amounts.
The terms "glucose" and "D-glucose" are generally used for these cyclic forms as well.
The ring arises from the open-chain form by an intramolecular nucleophilic addition reaction between the aldehyde group (at C-1) and either the C-4 or C-5 hydroxyl group, forming a hemiacetal linkage, −C(OH)H−O−.

Glucose reaction between C-1 and C-5 yields a six-membered heterocyclic system called a pyranose, which is a monosaccharide sugar (hence "-ose") containing a derivatised pyran skeleton.
Glucose (much rarer) reaction between C-1 and C-4 yields a five-membered furanose ring, named after the cyclic ether furan.
In either case, each carbon in the ring has one hydrogen and one hydroxyl attached, except for the last carbon (C-4 or C-5) where the hydroxyl is replaced by the remainder of the open molecule (which is −(C(CH2OH)HOH)−H or −(CHOH)−H respectively).
Glucose ring-closing reaction can give two products, denoted "α-" and "β-" When a glucopyranose molecule is drawn in the Haworth projection, the designation "α-" means that the hydroxyl group attached to C-1 and the −CH2OH group at C-5 lies on opposite sides of the ring's plane (a trans arrangement), while "β-" means that they are on the same side of the plane (a cis arrangement).
Therefore, the open-chain isomer D-glucose gives rise to four distinct cyclic isomers: α-D-glucopyranose, β-D-glucopyranose, α-D-glucofuranose, and β-D-glucofuranose.
These five structures exist in equilibrium and interconvert, and the interconversion is much more rapid with acid catalysis.

Glucose other open-chain isomer L-glucose similarly gives rise to four distinct cyclic forms of L-glucose, each the mirror image of the corresponding D-glucose.

The glucopyranose ring (α or β) can assume several non-planar shapes, analogous to the "chair" and "boat" conformations of cyclohexane.
Similarly, the glucofuranose ring may assume several shapes, analogous to the "envelope" conformations of cyclopentane.

In the solid state, only the glucopyranose forms are observed.

Some derivatives of glucofuranose, such as 1,2-O-isopropylidene-d-glucofuranose are stable and can be obtained pure as crystalline solids.
For example, reaction of α-D-glucose with para-tolylboronic acid H3C−(C6H4)−B(OH)2 reforms the normal pyranose ring to yield the 4-fold ester α-D-glucofuranose-1,2∶3,5-bis(p-tolylboronate).

Mutarotation

Mutarotation: d-glucose molecules exist as cyclic hemiacetals that are epimeric (= diastereomeric) to each other.
Glucoseepimeric ratio α:β is 36:64. In the α-D-glucopyranose (left), the blue-labelled hydroxy group is in the axial position at the anomeric centre, whereas in the β-D-glucopyranose (right) the blue-labelled hydroxy group is in equatorial position at the anomeric centre.
Mutarotation consists of a temporary reversal of the ring-forming reaction, resulting in the open-chain form, followed by a reforming of the ring.
Glucose ring closure step may use a different −OH group than the one recreated by the opening step (thus switching between pyranose and furanose forms), or the new hemiacetal group created on C-1 may have the same or opposite handedness as the original one (thus switching between the α and β forms).
Thus, though the open-chain form is barely detectable in solution, it is an essential component of the equilibrium.

The open-chain form is thermodynamically unstable, and it spontaneously isomerizes to the cyclic forms.
(Although the ring closure reaction could in theory create four- or three-atom rings, these would be highly strained, and are not observed in practice.) In solutions at room temperature, the four cyclic isomers interconvert over a time scale of hours, in a process called mutarotation.
Starting from any proportions, the mixture converges to a stable ratio of α:β 36:64.
Glucose ratio would be α:β 11:89 if it were not for the influence of the anomeric effect.
Mutarotation is considerably slower at temperatures close to 0 °C (32 °F).

Optical activity
Whether in water or the solid form, d-(+)-glucose is dextrorotatory, meaning it will rotate the direction of polarized light clockwise as seen looking toward the light source. The effect is due to the chirality of the molecules, and indeed the mirror-image isomer, l-(−)-glucose, is levorotatory (rotates polarized light counterclockwise) by the same amount.
Glucose strength of the effect is different for each of the five tautomers.

Note that the d- prefix does not refer directly to the optical properties of the compound.
Glucose indicates that the C-5 chiral centre has the same handedness as that of d-glyceraldehyde (which was so labelled because it is dextrorotatory).
The fact that d-glucose is dextrorotatory is a combined effect of its four chiral centres, not just of C-5; and indeed some of the other d-aldohexoses are levorotatory.

Glucose conversion between the two anomers can be observed in a polarimeter since pure α-dglucose has a specific rotation angle of +112.2°·ml/(dm·g), pure β- D- glucose of +17.5°·ml/(dm·g).
When equilibrium has been reached after a certain time due to mutarotation, the angle of rotation is +52.7°·ml/(dm·g).
By adding acid or base, this transformation is much accelerated.
Glucose equilibration takes place via the open-chain aldehyde form.

Isomerisation
In dilute sodium hydroxide or other dilute bases, the monosaccharides mannose, glucose and fructose interconvert (via a Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda–Van Ekenstein transformation), so that a balance between these isomers is formed.
Glucose reaction proceeds via an enediol:

Biochemical properties
Metabolism of common monosaccharides and some biochemical reactions of glucose
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide.
Glucose is also the most widely used aldohexose in most living organisms.
One possible explanation for this is that glucose has a lower tendency than other aldohexoses to react nonspecifically with the amine groups of proteins.
Glucose reaction—glycation—impairs or destroys the function of many proteins, e.g. in glycated hemoglobin.
Glucose's low rate of glycation can be attributed to its having a more stable cyclic form compared to other aldohexoses, which means it spends less time than they do in its reactive open-chain form.
Glucose reason for glucose having the most stable cyclic form of all the aldohexoses is that its hydroxy groups (with the exception of the hydroxy group on the anomeric carbon of d-glucose) are in the equatorial position.
Presumably, glucose is the most abundant natural monosaccharide because it is less glycated with proteins than other monosaccharides.
Another hypothesis is that glucose, being the only d-aldohexose that has all five hydroxy substituents in the equatorial position in the form of β-d-glucose, is more readily accessible to chemical reactions,: 194, 199 for example, for esterification: 363 or acetal formation.
For this reason, d-glucose is also a highly preferred building block in natural polysaccharides (glycans). Polysaccharides that are composed solely of glucose are termed glucans.

D-Glc
D-Glucopyranose
D-Glucopyranoside
D-Glucose
Glc
Glucopyranose
Glucopyranoside
Glucose
2280-44-6
Grape sugar
D-Glcp
Traubenzucker
Glucose solution
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
CHEBI:4167
Corn sugar
a-D-Glucose
Glucopyranose, D-
DSSTox_CID_2910
Glucodin
Goldsugar
Meritose
Vadex
Clintose L
CPC hydrate
Roferose ST
D-glucose (closed ring structure, complete stereochemistry)
Clearsweet 95
Staleydex 95M
Staleydex 111
(+)-Glucose
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
Cerelose 2001
Tabfine 097(HS)
2h-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
D-Glucopyranose, anhydrous
glc-ring
Cartose Cerelose
D-aGlucopyranose
D-glucose-ring
Glucose injection
Glucose 40
Staleydex 130
EINECS 218-914-5
Glc-OH
Meritose 200
nchembio867-comp4
Glucose (JP17)
6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
Anhydrous Glucose ,(S)
Purified glucose (JP17)
Epitope ID:142342
D-(+)-DEXTROSE
DSSTox_RID_76784
DSSTox_RID_82925
DSSTox_GSID_22910
DSSTox_GSID_48729
GTPL4536
CHEMBL1222250
BDBM34103
DTXSID501015215
DTXSID901015217
Tox21_113165
Tox21_200145
AKOS025147374
NSC 287045
CAS-50-99-7
NCGC00166293-01
NCGC00257699-01
CAS-58367-01-4
G0048
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-
C00031
D00009
Q37525

Regulatory process names
Glucose
Glucose
glucose

IUPAC names
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
(3R,4S,5S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
D(+)-Glucose monohydrate
D-Glucose
D-glucose
Dextrose
Glucose
Grape sugar
111688-73-4
162222-91-5
165659-51-8
50-99-7
50933-92-1
5996-10-1
8012-24-6
80206-31-1
8030-23-7

D-Glc
D-Glucopyranose
D-Glucopyranoside
D-Glucose
Glc
Glucopyranose
Glucopyranoside
Glucose
2280-44-6
Grape sugar
D-Glcp
Traubenzucker
Glucose solution
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
Dextrose solution
CHEBI:4167
Corn sugar
Glucopyranose, D-
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
DSSTox_CID_2910
Glucodin
Goldsugar
Meritose
54-17-1
Vadex
Clintose L
CPC hydrate
Roferose ST
Glucose Anhydrous
a-D-Glucose
Clearsweet 95
Staleydex 95M
Staleydex 111
(+)-Glucose
Cerelose 200
rel-(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
Tabfine 097(HS)
2h-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
D-Glucopyranose, anhydrous
Liquid glucose
glc-ring
anhydrous glucose
Cartose Cerelose
D-aGlucopyranose
D-glucose-ring
Glucose injection
Glucose 40
Staleydex 130
EINECS 218-914-5
Glc-OH
Meritose 200
nchembio867-comp4
Dextrose, unspecified
Glucose (JP17)
starbld0000491
6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
Anhydrous Glucose ,(S)
Glucose, unspecified form
Dextrose, unspecified form
Purified glucose (JP17)
Epitope ID:142342
D-(+)-DEXTROSE
DSSTox_RID_76784
DSSTox_RID_82925
DSSTox_GSID_22910
DSSTox_GSID_48729
GTPL4536
CHEMBL1222250
BDBM34103
DTXSID501015215
DTXSID901015217
Tox21_113165
Tox21_200145
AKOS025147374
NSC 287045
CAS-50-99-7
NCGC00166293-01
NCGC00257699-01
BS-48662
CAS-58367-01-4
G0048
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-
C00031
D00009
Q37525
Q23905964
N_FULL/O_FULL_10000000000000_GS_656
D-glucose (closed ring structure, complete stereochemistry)
WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[a2122h-1x_1-5]/1/

GLUCOSE OXIDASE, N° CAS : 9001-37-0 - Glucose oxydase. Nom INCI : GLUCOSE OXIDASE. Nom chimique : Oxidase, glucose. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-601-0. Additif alimentaire : E1102 Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent stabilisant : Améliore les ingrédients ou la stabilité de la formulation et la durée de conservation

GLUCOSE PENTAACETATE. N° CAS : 604-68-2 / 3891-59-6. Nom INCI : GLUCOSE PENTAACETATE. Nom chimique : 2,3,4,5,6-Penta-O-acetyl-D-glucose. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 210-073-2 / 223-439-1. Ses fonctions (INCI): Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion

GLUCURONIC ACID, N° CAS : 576-37-4. Nom INCI : GLUCURONIC ACID. Nom chimique : Glucuronic acid. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 209-401-7. Ses fonctions (INCI). Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques. Agent de chélation : Réagit et forme des complexes avec des ions métalliques qui pourraient affecter la stabilité et / ou l'apparence des produits cosmétiques. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau

Glucose-fructose Syrup, also known as glucose–fructose, isoglucose and glucose–fructose syrup, is a sweetener made from corn starch.
As in the production of conventional corn syrup, the starch is broken down into glucose by enzymes.
To make Glucose-fructose Syrup, the corn syrup is further processed by D-xylose isomerase to convert some of its glucose into fructose.



Fructose Glucose Syrup, High Fructose Corn Syrup, High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS),



Glucose-fructose Syrup was first marketed in the early 1970s by the Clinton Corn Processing Company, together with the Japanese Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, where the enzyme was discovered in 1965.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a highly refined and concentrated solution of fructose, dextrose, maltose and higher saccharides.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is obtained by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of corn or wheat starch.
When Glucose-fructose Syrup is made from corn, it is often called High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS).
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a plant-based sugar, made from grains.


EU starch manufacturers only use conventional (nonGMO) wheat and maize which are almost exclusively domestically produced.
Unlike glucose syrup which contains no fructose, Glucose-fructose Syrup is made up of two simple sugars: glucose and fructose.
Unlike sucrose (white sugar), which has a 50% fructose / 50% glucose content, its fructose content may vary.


The EU, which has a high volume and variety of agricultural crops, produces sugar from beet crops (sucrose) and from grains, for example glucosefructose syrup.
These are used in a number of different drinks and food products, not only for their sweetening properties but also for additional useful properties which make them an important ingredient in certain recipes.


Glucose-fructose Syrup comes in liquid form which makes it easier to mix with products such as drinks, than solid sugars.
Glucose-fructose Syrup can provide texture, volume, taste, glossiness, improved stability and a longer shelf-life for the products to which it is added.
Glucose-fructose Syrup also adds sweetness, at a level somewhere between glucose syrup and sucrose, in accordance with its fructose content.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is a sugar of natural origin.
In the EU Glucose-fructose Syrup is derived from (non-GMO) wheat and maize starch.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a high-quality ingredient produced in EU starch manufacturing plants, employing over 15,000 workers.


Their raw materials are sourced almost exclusively from EU crops.
The average composition of Glucose-fructose Syrup in the EU is 70-80% glucose and 20-30% fructose.
The average consumption of fructose from Glucose-fructose Syrup sources in France is just 2g per person per day (of a daily total of 42g).


Glucose-fructose Syrup is part of the carbohydrates food group.
They have a calorific value of 4 kcal/g.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommends that carbohydrates form 45-60% of our overall energy intake, stating that “enjoyed occasionally and in reasonable quantity, sweetened products are compatible with a balanced diet”.


Scientific studies have examined the effect of Glucose-fructose Syrup consumption on health.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is derived from corn or wheat starch – give food and beverages sweetness, nutritive, sensory and physical properties.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is an aqueous syrup containing glucose, fructose, maltose and oligosaccharides.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is obtained from starch by enzymatic hydrolysis.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a clear and colourless liquid, with low viscosity.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is the purified and condensed natural glucose-fructose syrup, which contains fructose, is obtained after the hydrolysis of corn starch.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is clear, colorless and odorless.
It is the purified and condensed natural glucose-fructose syrup is obtained after the hydrolysis of corn starch.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is clear, colorless and natural.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is a source of fermentable carbohydrates.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a transparent to light yellow liquid that is slightly viscous and has a clean, sweet taste.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a sweet liquid which is made of glucose and fructose.


The content of fructose may vary from 5% to 50%.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a natural sugar found in honey, fruits and some root vegetables.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is extremely user-friendly, as it comes in a handy squeeze bottle.


The anti-drip drop also guarantees Glucose-fructose Syrup will last a long time.
By an enzymatic process, the syrup rich in D-Glucose is isomerized obtaining Glucose-fructose Syrups.
Glucose-fructose Syrups include several products with varying concentrations of glucose and fructose.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is available with varying content of fructose.
Fructose has a higher sweetening power than glucose and a faster-released sweetness profile.
Glucose-Fructose syrup is a natural sweetener, a homogeneous, colorless, viscous odorless liquid with a pure sweet taste.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is obtained from wheat starch by its sequential enzymatic liquification and saccharification to high glucose content with partial isomerization of it into fructose.
The concentration of dry substances in the Glucose-fructose Syrup is 77%, of which the content of fructose for dry substances is 55%, glucose – 38%.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is a natural sweetener, produced fromcorn by successive enzymatic dilution and saccharification ofstarch to a high glucose syrup.
After the part of the glucose has been conversed to a fructose, the syrup is put to purification byion-exchange processes, disinfected on bactericidal filters with the dimension of pores 0,45 um. and concentrated.


Glucose-fructose Syrup contains glucose, fructose, disaccharide- maltose.
Glucose-fructose Syrup doesn't content artificial and synthetic substances as well as food additives.
In the production process Glucose-fructose Syrupnot used a genetically modified raw materialand the final product is of permanent guaranteed quality.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
Thanks to its sweet taste, Glucose-fructose Syrup is used as a sugar substitute.
As a sweetener, Glucose-fructose Syrup is often compared to granulated sugar, but manufacturing advantages of Glucose-fructose Syrup over sugar include that it is cheaper.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is mainly used for processed foods and breakfast cereals.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is designed to be used in the manufacture of
certain products.


Glucose-fructose Syrup has complementary properties to white sugar (sucrose).
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a simple carbohydrate.
Sugars, in common with all foodstuffs, should be consumed in reasonable quantities and as part of a healthy, varied diet and in accordance with the body’s physical demands.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is used jam, halvah, Turkish delight, confectionery, ice cream, desserts, jellies, bakery products, marmalade.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is used Food, Bakery Products and Biscuits, Halvah, Ice Cream, Jam and Marmalade, Jellies.
The main reasons for using Glucose-fructose Syrup in foods and drinks are its sweetness and the ability to blend nicely with other ingredients.


Interestingly, Glucose-fructose Syrup can be also used in place of additives for food preservation (an effect also observed with table sugar).
This helps to fulfil the needs of consumers when they desire products without additives.
Apart from better stability, Glucose-fructose Syrup can also improve the texture, prevent crystallisation, and help to achieve desired consistency (crispy versus moist).


In Europe, sucrose is still the main caloric sweetener used in the production of food and drinks.
The production of Glucose-fructose Syrup in the EU was regulated by the European Sugar Regime and was limited to 5% of total sugar production.
However, in October 2017 the regime ended, and the production of Glucose-fructose Syrup is estimated to increase from 0,7 to 2,3 million tonnes a year.


As a consequence, in the future, Glucose-fructose Syrup may replace sucrose in certain products, mainly in liquid or semi-solid foods, such as drinks and ice cream.
Glucose-fructose Syrup will continue being used for confectionery, jams and preserves, baked goods, cereal products, dairy products, condiments and canned and packed goods.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is a sweetening ingredient widely used in a variety of food products.
In the US, Glucose-fructose Syrup (or HFCS) is more commonly used than in Europe, typically in soft drinks where the HFCS with fructose content of at least 42% is used.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is used fruit juices, soft drink, energy drink, biscuits, bakery products, cakes, caramel, sauce, ketchup and narghile tobacco
Glucose-fructose Syrup is used fillings bakery products pastries confectionery fruit mixtures ice cream fruit juice and concentrate jam gingerbread
Glucose-fructose Syrup can be used in place of additives for food preservation.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is used as a sweetner in canned fruits, flavoured yogurts, jams and other baked food products.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is used as a sweetener, a replacement for sucrose, and to enhance flavor.
Glucose-fructose Syrup can be used to in the production of beverages, processed fruit, sweet bakery, ice creams, dairy desserts, puddings, yogurts and fermented drinks, as well as sauces and dressings.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is used in functional foods and nutrition applications.
Glucose-Fructose Syrup is used in making jam, halvah, Turkish delight, confectionery, ice cream, jellies, bakery products, marmelade.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is indispensable basic ingredients for every chef.


With Glucose-fructose Syrup you can make numerous desserts and sorbets.
Or you can use Glucose-fructose Syrup as a sweetener for your cocktails.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is used Soft drinks and Sauces.


Glucose-fructose Syrups share many of the applications of glucose syrups.
However, Glucose-fructose Syrup is in the production of soft drinks and sauces that its greatest application is verified.
The use of Glucose-fructose Syrups contributes to the ideal degree of sweetness, helps to optimize production costs and offers consumers more options.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is a substance used as a sugar substitute for making foods.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is several times sweeter than sugar, mixes more easily with the texture of the product and extends its shelf life.
Based on the composition of HPS, Glucose-fructose Syrup is almost identical in physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics to sucrose, and does not contain artificial or synthetic substances, as well as food additives.


The production does not use genetically modified raw materials, and the resulting Glucose-fructose Syrup has consistently guaranteed quality.
Replacing sugar with Glucose-fructose Syrup is possible throughout the group of bakery and confectionery products, and is also widely used in the production of soft drinks, baby food, canned food, in the confectionery and dairy industries.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is an essential component of dietary products for people with diabetes, and for the healthy nutrition of athletes.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is the most popular sugar substitute among many other natural sweeteners.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is widely used all over the world and, in terms of its technological and organoleptic characteristics, competes with cane and beet sugar, therefore it is in great demand in the food industry today.


Glucose-fructose Syrup is used in soft drinks; In baby food; in canned food; in the confectionery industry; and in the dairy industry.
End Uses of Glucose-fructose Syrup: Canned Fruits, Candies, Filling Applications, Jams, Marmalades
Depending on the fructose/glucose ratio, the perceived sweetness will differ.


An increased fructose content will also help to reduce crystallization tendency.
They are ideal for use in fillings of chocolate products, fruit preparations, fruity syrups, fruit juice, ice cream, and other sweet treats.
​Glucose-fructose Syrup is used in the food industry as a part of food products instead of sugar in the production of soft drinks, juices, high-quality bakery products, desserts, dairy products, fruit and berry preserves, fruit fillers, sauces and much more.


As a sweetener, Glucose-fructose Syrup is traditionally used in carbonated drinks, in baking applications – acts as a fermentable sugar, a sweetener and humectant, in breads, buns, rolls and yeast raised donuts – ferments directly without the need for sugar inversion.
In ice cream and other dairy products such as chocolate milk, Glucose-fructose Syrup is effective in enhancing their textural and sparsity properties, especially in chocolate milk.
​

The presence of free fructose in the syrup allows positioning the finished product as a partially dietary product and enhances fruit and other flavors, which significantly reduces the amount of flavors used in the formulations.
The properties of Glucose-fructose Syrup stipulate its use in most sweet foods.


Common uses include baked goods, sodas, yogurts and condiments in such systems, Glucose-fructose Syrup can provide sweetness, moisture retention, texture and flavor enhancing, color stabilization, stability and cost reduction.
Glucose-fructose Syrup also can influence the freezing point, scoopability and dispersing of ice creams.


-Food application of glucose-fructose
Glucose-fructose Syrup, Food Application Syrups with a higher fructose content is used mainly for their sweetening power since this is the sweetest of the elemental sugars.
In addition, Glucose-fructose Syrup has a synergistic effect when mixed with other sweeteners, both natural and artificial.



HEALTH BENEFITS OF GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
*Glucose-fructose Syrup is a good source of carbohydrates.
*Glucose-fructose Syrup helps in producing energy in the body.
*Vegetarian
*Taste Profile
*Glucose-fructose Syrup has a sweet taste.



CHARACTERISTICS OF GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
*Glucose-fructose Syrup has a clear, colorless texture
*Glucose-fructose Syrup provides desired stability of the finished products
*Glucose-fructose Syrup increases brightness in final product
*Glucose-fructose Syrup improves textures
*Glucose-fructose Syrup increases brightness in final product
*Glucose-fructose Syrup prevents microbiological activity
*Glucose-fructose Syrup prolongs the shelf life
*Glucose-fructose Syrup has a non-masking effect
*Glucose-fructose Syrup improves mouth-feel and sweetness, helps to achieve varying levels of caramelized color.



BENEFITS OF GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
*properties similar to honey and invert sugar syrup
*intense sweetener because of high fruit sugar content
*alternative to agave syrup



GENERAL BENEFITS OF GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
*Glucose-fructose Syrup provides a higher and clean, balanced sweetening effect than conventional Glucose Syrups
*Glucose-fructose Syrup enhances fruit flavours in your fruit containing products like jam, fruit preparations and marmalades
*You can create an improved visual appeal and gloss of your end product
*Glucose-fructose Syrup lowers the freezing point, with textural improvements in frozen products
*Extends shelf-life due to humectancy in candy bars and soft baked goods
*Glucose-fructose Syrup is suitable for aerated confectionery like marshmallows and chocolate marshmallows
*Easy, hazzle-free processing
*Kosher and Halal certificates are available upon request



WHAT IS A GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP AND HOW IS GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP MADE?
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a sweet syrup made from starch extracted from grains and vegetables.
Glucose-fructose Syrup has a similar composition to table sugar which is made from sugar cane or beet – they both consist of glucose and fructose, albeit in different proportions.

Table sugar consists of 50% fructose and 50% glucose.
Glucose-fructose Syrup mades in the EU typically contain 20, 30 or 42% of fructose and the rest is glucose.
A fascinating thing about Glucose-fructose Syrup is that when extracting it from starch, the starch producers can regulate the amount of fructose in it to make the syrup as sweet as table sugar or less sweet, if needed.

If the Glucose-fructose Syrup is made to be as sweet as table sugar, it is often used as an alternative.
It is easier to use Glucose-fructose Syrup than table sugar in some foods because these syrups are liquid unlike table sugar, which is crystallised.
Thus, Glucose-fructose Syrup is easier to blend with other ingredients in creams, ice creams, drinks and other liquid or semi-liquid foods.



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE AND GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP?
Just like table sugar (sucrose), glucose – fructose and fructose-glucose syrup are also made up of glucose and fructose.
While table sugar has a fixed proportion of 50% glucose and 50% fructose, the percentage of these molecules in syrups may vary.
If a syrup contains more than 50% of fructose, it is called “fructose-glucose syrup” on the packaging.
If there is less than 50% fructose in it, it is called “glucose-fructose syrup”.
The typical fructose content of such syrups produced in Europe is 20, 30, and 42%.



BEEKEEPING, GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
In apiculture in the United States, Glucose-fructose Syrup is a honey substitute for some managed honey bee colonies during times when nectar is in low supply.
However, when Glucose-fructose Syrup is heated to about 45 °C (113 °F), hydroxymethylfurfural, which is toxic to bees, can form from the breakdown of fructose.

Although some researchers cite honey substitution with Glucose-fructose Syrup as one factor among many for colony collapse disorder, there is no evidence that HFCS is the only cause
Compared to hive honey, both Glucose-fructose Syrup and sucrose caused signs of malnutrition in bees fed with them, apparent in the expression of genes involved in protein metabolism and other processes affecting honey bee health.



ARE GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP, ISOGLUCOSE AND HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP (HFCS) THE SAME THING?
There is a lot of confusion around the terms Glucose-fructose Syrup, isoglucose and high fructose corn syrup which are often used interchangeably.
Glucose-fructose Syrup may be called differently depending on the country and the fructose content.
In Europe, due to ‘isomerisation’ process, Glucose-fructose Syrup with more than 10% fructose is called isoglucose.

In turn, when the fructose content exceeds 50%, the name changes to Fructose-Glucose Syrup to reflect the higher content of fructose.
In the United States, the syrup is produced from a maize starch, usually with either 42% or 55% fructose content, hence it is called High Fructose Corn Syrup.



FOOD, GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
In the U.S., Glucose-fructose Syrup is among the sweeteners that mostly replaced sucrose (table sugar) in the food industry.
Factors contributing to the increased use of Glucose-fructose Syrup in food manufacturing include production quotas of domestic sugar, import tariffs on foreign sugar, and subsidies of U.S. corn, raising the price of sucrose and reducing that of Glucose-fructose Syrup, making it a lower cost for manufacturing among sweetener applications.

In spite of having a 10% greater fructose content, the relative sweetness of Glucose-fructose Syrup, used most commonly in soft drinks, is comparable to that of sucrose.
Glucose-fructose Syrup provides advantages in food and beverage manufacturing, such as simplicity for formulation and stability, enabling processing efficiencies.

Glucose-fructose Syrup is the primary ingredient in most brands of commercial "pancake syrup", as a less expensive substitute for maple syrup.
Assays to detect adulteration of sweetened products with Glucose-fructose Syrup, such as liquid honey, use differential scanning calorimetry and other advanced testing methods.



WHAT ARE GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE?
Glucose is a simple sugar, a so-called monosaccharide, because it is made up of just one sugar unit.
It is found naturally in many foods, and it is used by our bodies as a source of energy to carry out daily activities.
Fructose is also a simple sugar, often referred to as a fruit sugar.

Fructose, as the name suggest, is found in fruits (such as oranges and apples), berries, some root vegetables (such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips, and onions) and honey.
Fructose is the sweetest of all naturally occurring sugars.
Glucose and fructose bound together in equal amounts create another type of sugar – sucrose – a disaccharide commonly known as table sugar.



WHAT IS GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP?
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a sweet liquid made of glucose and fructose.
Unlike sucrose, where 50% of glucose and 50% of fructose are linked together, Glucose-fructose Syrup can have a varying ratio of the two simple sugars, meaning that some extra, unbound glucose or fructose molecules are present.
The fructose content in Glucose-fructose Syrup can range from 5% to over 50%.



HOW IS GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP MADE?
Glucose-fructose Syrup is typically made from starch.
The source of starch depends on the local availability of the raw product used for extraction.
Historically, maize was a preferred choice, while in recent years wheat became a popular source for Glucose-fructose Syrup production.

Starch is a chain of glucose molecules, and the first step in Glucose-fructose Syrup production involves freeing those glucose units.
The linked glucose molecules in starch are cut down (hydrolysed) into free glucose molecules.
Then, with the use of enzymes, some of the glucose is changed into fructose in a process called isomerisation.



WHAT IS THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP?
Glucose-fructose Syrup is a source of carbohydrates, which along with proteins and fats are the foundation of our diet.
The human body uses Glucose-fructose Syrup for energy, development and maintenance.
Glucose-fructose Syrup is nutritionally equivalent to other carbohydrates, containing the same number of 4 kcal per gram, and has the health impact of added sugars.



SAFETY AND MANUFACTURING CONCERNS OF GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
Since 2014, the United States FDA has determined that Glucose-fructose Syrup is safe (GRAS) as an ingredient for food and beverage manufacturing, and there is no evidence that retail HFCS products differ in safety from those containing alternative nutritive sweeteners.



COMMERCE AND CONSUMPTION OF GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
The global market for Glucose-fructose Syrup is expected to grow from $5.9 billion in 2019 to a projected $7.6 billion in 2024.

*China:
Glucose-fructose Syrup in China makes up about 20% of sweetener demand.
Glucose-fructose Syrup has gained popularity due to rising prices of sucrose, while selling for a third the price.
Production was estimated to reach 4,150,000 tonnes in 2017.
About half of total produced Glucose-fructose Syrup is exported to the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and India.


*European Union:
In the European Union (EU), HFCS is known as isoglucose or glucose-fructose syrup (GFS) which has 20–30% fructose content compared to 42% (HFCS 42) and 55% (HFCS 55) in the United States.
While HFCS is produced exclusively with corn in the US, manufacturers in the EU use corn and wheat to produce Glucose-fructose Syrup.

Glucose-fructose Syrup was once subject to a sugar production quota, which was abolished on 1 October 2017, removing the previous production cap of 720,000 tonnes, and allowing production and export without restriction.

Use of Glucose-fructose Syrup in soft drinks is limited in the EU because manufacturers do not have a sufficient supply of GFS containing at least 42% fructose content.
As a result, soft drinks are primarily sweetened by sucrose which has a 50% fructose content.


*Japan:
In Japan, Glucose-fructose Syrup is also referred to as isomerized sugar.
Glucose-fructose Syrup production arose in Japan after government policies created a rise in the price of sugar.
Japanese Glucose-fructose Syrup is manufactured mostly from imported U.S. corn, and the output is regulated by the government.
For the period from 2007 to 2012, Glucose-fructose Syrup had a 27–30% share of the Japanese sweetener market.

Japan consumed approximately 800,000 tonnes of Glucose-fructose Syrup in 2016.
The United States Department of Agriculture states that corn from the United States is what Japan uses to produce their Glucose-fructose Syrup.
Japan imports at a level of 3 million tonnes per year, leading 20 percent of corn imports to be for Glucose-fructose Syrup production.


*Mexico:
Mexico is the largest importer of U.S. Glucose-fructose Syrup.
Glucose-fructose Syrup accounts for about 27 percent of total sweetener consumption, with Mexico importing 983,069 tonnes of HFCS in 2018.
Mexico's soft drink industry is shifting from sugar to Glucose-fructose Syrup which is expected to boost U.S.
Glucose-fructose Syrup exports to Mexico according to a U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service report.


*Philippines:
The Philippines was the largest importer of Chinese HFCS.
Imports of Glucose-fructose Syrup would peak at 373,137 tonnes in 2016.


*United States:
In the United States, Glucose-fructose Syrup was widely used in food manufacturing from the 1970s through the early 21st century, primarily as a replacement for sucrose because its sweetness was similar to sucrose, it improved manufacturing quality, was easier to use, and was cheaper.
Domestic production of Glucose-fructose Syrup increased from 2.2 million tons in 1980 to a peak of 9.5 million tons in 1999.

Although Glucose-fructose Syrup use is about the same as sucrose use in the United States, more than 90% of sweeteners used in global manufacturing is sucrose.
Production of Glucose-fructose Syrup in the United States was 8.3 million tons in 2017.

Glucose-fructose Syrup is easier to handle than granulated sucrose, although some sucrose is transported as solution.
Unlike sucrose, Glucose-fructose Syrup cannot be hydrolyzed, but the free fructose in HFCS may produce hydroxymethylfurfural when stored at high temperatures; these differences are most prominent in acidic beverages.

Soft drink makers such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi continue to use sugar in other nations but transitioned to Glucose-fructose Syrup for U.S. markets in 1980 before completely switching over in 1984.
Consumption of Glucose-fructose Syrup in the U.S. has declined since it peaked at 37.5 lb (17.0 kg) per person in 1999.

The average American consumed approximately 22.1 lb (10.0 kg) of Glucose-fructose Syrup in 2018, versus 40.3 lb (18.3 kg) of refined cane and beet sugar.
This decrease in domestic consumption of Glucose-fructose Syrup resulted in a push in exporting of the product.
In 2014, exports of Glucose-fructose Syrup were valued at $436 million, a decrease of 21% in one year, with Mexico receiving about 75% of the export volume.


*Vietnam:
90% of Vietnam's Glucose-fructose Syrup import comes from China and South Korea.
Imports would total 89,343 tonnes in 2017.
One ton of Glucose-fructose Syrup was priced at $398 in 2017, while one ton of sugar would cost $702.



HEALTH, GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
Nutrition:
Glucose-fructose Syrup is 76% carbohydrates and 24% water, containing no fat, protein, or micronutrients in significant amounts.
In a 100-gram reference amount, Glucose-fructose Syrup supplies 281 calories, while in one tablespoon of 19 grams, it supplies 53 calories.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome:
The role of fructose in metabolic syndrome has been the subject of controversy, but as of 2022, there is no scientific consensus that fructose or Glucose-fructose Syrup has any impact on cardiometabolic markers when substituted for sucrose.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
Appearance: Viscous liquid
Colour: Colourless to yellow
Aroma: Characteristic
Flavour: Swee



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Glucoside is natural ingredients modified by a chemical process called glycosylation.
Glycosylation makes the ingredients (vitamins and compounds from natural extracts) more stable, bio-available, and water-soluble in formulations.
There are many glycosides in the planting and animal world.


For healing methods, important glycosides are: arbutine in the leaves of Bearberries, salicine in willow bark, anthraglucosides in Rhubarb, and refuse trees.
Also, the anthocyans as red and blue dyes of flowers and berries are glycosides.


Again other important glucosides are saponins (triterpenoids).
The name saponins come to foam from their quality in a watery solution strongly (Sapo is in the Latin soap).
Glucoside is a new generation of commercially available, biodegradable surfactants.


Glucoside produces stable foam to enhance the texture and cleansing properties of cosmetics and personal care products.
Glucoside is natural ingredients modified by a chemical process called glycosylation.
Glycosylation makes the ingredients (vitamins and compounds from natural extracts) more stable, bio-available, and water-soluble in formulations.


Some glucosides are perfect emollients that also improve the skin's water contents.
These parts of beauty formulas can moisturize and soften skin and hair.
Glucoside is compounds consisting of a sugar molecule (typically a monosaccharide) attached to a functional group through a glycosidic bond.


A glucoside is a glycoside that is chemically derived from glucose.
Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals.


Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes.
The name was originally given to plant products of this nature, in which the other part of the molecule was, in the greater number of cases, an aromatic aldehydic or phenolic compound (exceptions are Jinigrin and Jalapin or Scammonin).


It has now been extended to include synthetic ethers, such as those obtained by acting on alcoholic glucose solutions with hydrochloric acid, and also the polysaccharoses, e.g. cane sugar, which appear to be ethers also.


Although glucose is the most common sugar present in glucosides, many are known which yield rhamnose or iso-dulcite; these may be termed pentosides. Much attention has been given to the non-sugar parts (aglyca) of the molecules; the constitutions of many have been determined, and the compounds synthesized; and in some cases the preparation of the synthetic glucoside effected.


There are many glycosides in the planting and animal world.
For healing methods, important glycosides are: arbutine in the leaves of Bearberries, salicine in willow bark, anthraglucosides in Rhubarb, and refuse trees.


Also, the anthocyans as red and blue dyes of flowers and berries are glycosides.
Again other important glucosides are saponins (triterpenoids).
The name saponins come to foam from their quality in a watery solution strongly (Sapo is in the Latin soap).


A glucoside is a glycoside that is chemically derived from glucose.
Glucoside is common in plants, but rare in animals.
Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes.


The name of Glucoside was originally given to plant products of this nature, in which the other part of the molecule was, in the greater number of cases, an aromatic aldehydic or phenolic compound (exceptions are Jinigrin and Jalapin or Scammonin).
Glucoside has now been extended to include synthetic ethers, such as those obtained by acting on alcoholic glucose solutions with hydrochloric acid, and also the polysaccharoses, e.g. cane sugar, which appear to be ethers also.


Although glucose is the most common sugar present in glucosides, many are known which yield rhamnose or iso-dulcite; these may be termed pentosides.
Much attention has been given to the non-sugar parts (aglyca) of the molecules; the constitutions of many have been determined, and the compounds synthesized; and in some cases the preparation of the synthetic glucoside effected.


The simplest glucosides are the alkyl ethers which have been obtained by reacting hydrochloric acid on alcoholic glucose solutions.
A better method of preparation is to dissolve solid anhydrous glucose in methanol containing hydrochloric acid.
A mixture of alpha- and beta-methylglucoside results.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLUCOSIDE:
Made from vegetable oils and starch, alkyl glucosides (also called alkylpolyglucosides) are in demand for their performance, mildness, and low ecotoxicity.
Alkylpolyglucosides are a unique class of non-ionic surfactants for broad applications in skin and hair care products.
Those are widely used in consumer products found on virtually every store shelf, ranging from baby shampoos, facial cleansers, and makeup removers.


Alkyl glucosides meet the demand for mild, environmentally green, and powerful ingredients.
Usually derived from sugars, such as glucose derivatives and fatty alcohols, Alkyl Polyglucosides have gained a stellar reputation as high-performance components for cosmetic preparations.


Their organic and eco-friendly nature is another reason why formulators turn to AGPs when creating all-natural vegan cosmetic products.
Glycosylation makes the ingredients (vitamins and compounds from natural extracts) more stable, bio-available, and water-soluble in formulations.
Some glucosides are perfect emollients that also improve the skin's water contents.


These parts of beauty formulas can moisturize and soften skin and hair.
100% naturally derived very mild surfactants, Glucoside is commonly used for their emulsifying, and conditioning properties, and to enhance foaming.
Made from vegetable oils and starch, alkyl glucosides (also called alkylpolyglucosides) are in demand for their performance, mildness, and low ecotoxicity.


Alkylpolyglucosides are a unique class of non-ionic surfactants for broad applications in skin and hair care products.
Those are widely used in consumer products found on virtually every store shelf, ranging from baby shampoos, facial cleansers, and makeup removers.
Alkyl glucosides meet the demand for mild, environmentally green, and powerful ingredients.



SOEM OTHER PLEASING ATTRIBUTES OF GLUCOSIDE:
●Mild surfactants:
Glucoside is a mild and gentle surfactants that lower the surface tension of products it’s added to, helping them remove dirt and oils more effectively from the skin and hair.

●High-foaming properties:
Glucoside was first used in soaps and body cleansers because of its incredible foaming power.
Glucoside lathers easily and thickens while retaining skin moisture, even when used daily.

●Derived from natural sources:
Glucoside is obtained from 100% renewable raw materials through a combination of plant-based alcohol and glucose, making them completely natural and safe for everyday use.

●Superior wetting properties: As a surfactant, Glucoside also improves your aqueous formulation’s ability to spread across different surfaces and lather foam that’s stable and long-lasting.

●Compatible with other surfactants:
Due to their mild nature, Glucoside works incredibly well as co-surfactants.
By reducing the total active requirements of other active ingredients, Glucoside offers cleansing effectiveness, foam volume, and ease of thickening without altering the performance of the final product.



CHEMISTRY OF GLUCOSIDE:
Glucoside surfactants are also known as sugar surfactants.
They are good foaming, solubilising and wetting agents and are well suited to skin cleansing formulations where they are often used as tertiary surfactants (blended with anionic and amphoterics).

While glucosides can be used in shampoos and hair formulations, their use at high levels is not recommended as their chemistry means they tend to tangle and dry the hair.

As glucosides are produced by a polymerisation reaction they don't have an exact chemistry (chain length) so Decyl, Caprylyl/Capryl and Coco Glucoside cross over in their properties.
Due to this, in most formulations there is little benefit in adding more than one glucoside type to each formula.



THE CLASSIFICATION OF GLUCOSIDES:
The classification of glucosides is a matter of some intricacy.
One method based on the chemical constitution of the non-glucose part of the molecules has been proposed that posits four groups:
(I) alkyl derivatives,
(2) benzene derivatives,
(3) styrolene derivatives, and
(4) anthracene derivatives.
A group may also be constructed to include the cyanogenic glucosides, i.e. those containing prussic acid.
Alternate classifications follow a botanical classification, which has several advantages; in particular, plants of allied genera contain similar compounds.


*Ethylene derivatives
These are generally mustard oils, which are characterized by a burning taste; their principal occurrence is in mustard and Tropaeolum seeds.
Sinigrin, or the potassium salt of inyronic acid not only occurs in mustard seed, but also in black pepper and in horseradish root.

Hydrolysis with barium hydroxide, or decomposition by the ferment myrosin, gives glucose, allyl mustard oil and potassium hydroxide.
Sinalbin occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapic acid.
Jalapin or Scammonin occurs in scammony; it hydrolyses to glucose and jalapinolic acid.


*Benzene derivatives
These are generally oxy and oxyaldehydic compounds.


*Benzoic acid derivatives
The benzoyl derivative cellotropin has been used for tuberculosis. Populin, which occurs in the leaves and bark of Populus tremula, is benzoyl salicin.
Benzoyl-beta-D-glucoside is a compound found in the fern Pteris ensiformis.


*Phenol derivatives
There are a number of glucosides found in natural phenols and polyphenols, as, for example, in the flavonoids chemical family.
Arbutin, which occurs in bearberry along with methyl arbutin, hydrolyses to hydroquinone and glucose.

Pharmacologically it acts as a urinary antiseptic and diuretic; Salicin, also termed Saligenin and glucose occurs in the willow.
The enzymes ptyalin and emulsin convert it into glucose and saligenin, ortho-oxybenzylalcohol.
Oxidation gives the aldehyde helicin.



HOW ARE GLUCOSIDE SURFACTANTS MADE?
Alkyl Polyglucoside is a nonionic surfactant, prepared by the glycosylation of starch or monomer glucose with fatty alcohols.
The optimum surface activity is obtained with an alkyl chain of C8 to C16.
If you want to create safe formulations for soaps, shampoos, body washes, creams, lotions, or other personal care items, Alkyl Polyglucosides is your safest bet.

Types Of Glucosides:
You can make many kinds of Alkyl Glucosides by combining different ingredients with the carbon chain alcohol and cyclic glucose.
The most popularly used glucosides in the cosmetic industry include:

●Decyl glucoside
●Coco glucoside
●Lauryl glucoside
●Capryl glucoside

You may remember these names from shampoo labels or body wash products, but how does one type of Alkyl Polyglucoside differ from the other?
At first, they all look the same: a light or pale yellowish liquid with a DP (degree of polymerization) value of 1.3-1.5 and 50% solid content.
However, the main difference between these glucosides is their viscosity and foaming abilities.


1.Decyl Glucoside
Decyl glucoside is a versatile, plant-based surfactant that is produced from coconuts and cornstarch.
The carbon chain length used to make Decyl glucoside is 60% C8-C10 and 40% C12-C14.

By reacting decyl alcohol with cyclic glucose, this substance is drawn out of sugars and fatty acids by a process known as esterification.
With a viscosity level of 1000-2500 (mPa•s, 20℃), Decyl glucoside produces the fastest, wealthiest foam, but the foam also disappears quickly as compared to other Glucosides.

Its low viscosity also enhances the fluidity of your formulation.
Decyl glucoside is a great addition to products that require rich and dense foams, such as:

●Shampoos
●Conditioners
●Shower gels
●Bath oils
●Dermatological liquid soaps
●Hair colors
●Hair straightening products

Apart from its excellent foaming abilities, Decyl glucoside helps skin and hair retain moisture and keeps them healthy.
It also works very well with Cocamidopropyl betaine, which is an amphoteric surfactant with antistatic properties for hair care formulations.

According to the Cosmetics Ingredient Review, Decyl glucoside is safe for use in almost all topical applications or products, specifically in soaps, bubble baths, body washes, and detergents.

Regardless of what kind of product you want to try, Decyl glucoside has a good safety profile for all skin types and is 100% biodegradable - the perfect congenial ingredient to add to your creations if you are concerned about health, wellness, and the environment.


2.Coco Glucoside
When glucose reacts chemically with the fatty alcohols derived from Coconut oil, Coco glucoside: a natural, gentle, and environmentally friendly surfactant is formed.

Coco glucoside has a carbon chain length of 40% C8-C10 and 60% C12-C14.
With a viscosity of 2500-6000 (mPa•s, 20℃), Coco-Glucoside holds the middle ground between the foam stability of Decyl glucoside and Lauryl glucoside.
Sourced from coconut oil, this soothing, raw material has non-greasy, hydrating, and conditioning properties.

When added to skin and hair products, these properties help prevent the skin from drying out and smooth out the hair strands.
Since it is compatible with all other surfactants, you can mix it as a co-surfactant without risking the stability, or the foaming and cleansing capacity of the end product.

With its ultra-gentle cleansing properties, Coco glucoside is well-suited for all skin types and is the perfect addition to mild, natural formulations that are specially intended for sensitive skin.

Coco Glucoside is most commonly used in:
●Shampoos
●Conditioners
●Body washes
●Cleansers
●Hand soaps
●Body scrubs
●Acne treatments
●Facial moisturizers
●Hair dyes
●Baby products


3.Lauryl Glucoside
Lauryl glucoside is another non-ionic surfactant that is used as a foaming agent, viscosity builder, conditioner, and emulsifier.
It is formed by a carbon chain length of C12-C14 with a viscosity level of 2000-4000 (mPa•s, 40℃).
Since it comes from coconut or palm oil, it is biodegradable.

As a mild surfactant and cleansing agent, Lauryl glucoside breaks the surface tension, allowing dirt and oil to be removed easily.
This is one of the many reasons why formulators add Lauryl glucoside to baby cleansing products.
When compared to Coco glucoside and Decyl glucoside, Lauryl glucoside takes more time to foam.

But it also creates the most stable foam.
However, on rare occasions, some people may be allergic to glucosides and may develop irritation after using products containing Lauryl glucoside.
Therefore, it is recommended to always do a patch test before using products with lauryl glucoside.

Lauryl Glucoside is most commonly used in:
●Sunscreens
●Baby cleansing products
●Facial foams
●Cleansers
●Gels
●Hair cleansing products


4.Capryl Glucoside
Capryl glucoside is a highly effective natural and biodegradable surfactant that’s produced by the reaction of glucoside with capric alcohol.
This glucose alkyl ether is made from a carbon chain length of C8-C10 and contains 60% active matter.
It is ECOCERT certified and preservative-free.

Capryl glucoside is a clear to light yellow viscous liquid, which increases the foaming capacity and creates a fine and stable foam in skincare and haircare products.
In addition to being an excellent, gentle cleansing surfactant, Capryl glucoside is also a good solubilizer and emulsifier, allowing essential oils and water to mix.

Due to this dual-purpose, capryl glucoside is one of the easiest ingredients to work with and creates many types of formulations such as:
●Shower gels
●Shampoos
●Liquid hand soaps
●Creams
●Face washes


Conclusion
When you consider making your own cosmetic products, it is important to select natural and wholesome ingredients whenever possible.
You want to make sure that your products are naturally moisturizing and nourishing your skin and hair rather than drying it out or causing irritation.
By incorporating natural glucosides into your personal care products, you not only ensure your own safety but the safety of the environment with safe and eco-friendly formulas.



THE SIMPLEST GLUCOSIDES:
The simplest glucosides are the alkyl ethers which have been obtained by reacting hydrochloric acid on alcoholic glucose solutions.
A better method of preparation is to dissolve solid anhydrous glucose in methanol containing hydrochloric acid.
A mixture of alpha- and beta-methylglucoside results.


*Ethylene derivatives
These are generally mustard oils, which are characterized by a burning taste; their principal occurrence is in mustard and Tropaeolum seeds.
Sinigrin, or the potassium salt of inyronic acid not only occurs in mustard seed, but also in black pepper and in horseradish root.

Hydrolysis with barium hydroxide, or decomposition by the ferment myrosin, gives glucose, allyl mustard oil and potassium hydroxide.
Sinalbin occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapic acid. Jalapin or Scammonin occurs in scammony; it hydrolyses to glucose and jalapinolic acid.


*Benzene derivatives
These are generally oxy and oxyaldehydic compounds.


*Benzoic acid derivatives
The benzoyl derivative cellotropin has been used for tuberculosis. Populin, which occurs in the leaves and bark of Populus tremula, is benzoyl salicin.
Benzoyl-beta-D-glucoside is a compound found in the fern Pteris ensiformis.


*Phenol derivatives
There are a number of glucosides found in natural phenols and polyphenols, as, for example, in the flavonoids chemical family.
Arbutin, which occurs in bearberry along with methyl arbutin, hydrolyses to hydroquinone and glucose.

Pharmacologically it acts as a urinary antiseptic and diuretic; Salicin, also termed Saligenin and glucose occurs in the willow.
The enzymes ptyalin and emulsin convert it into glucose and saligenin, ortho-oxybenzylalcohol.
Oxidation gives the aldehyde helicin


*Styrolene derivatives
This group contains a benzene and also an ethylene group, being derived from styrolene.
Coniferin, C16H22O8, occurs in the cambium of conifer wood.
Emulsin converts it into glucose and coniferyl alcohol, while oxidation gives glycovanillin, which yields with emulsin, glucose and vanillin.

Syringin, which occurs in the bark of Syringa vulgaris, is a methoxyconiferin.
Phloridzus occurs in the root-bark of various fruit trees; it hydrolyses to glucose and phloretin, which is the phloroglucin ester of paraoxyhydratropic acid.

It is related to the pentosides naringin, C27H32O14, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and naringenin, the phioroglucin ester of para-oxycinnamic acid, and hesperidin, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and hesperetin, the phloroglucin ester of meta-oxy-para-methoxycinnamic acid or isoferulic acid, C10H10O4.

Aesculin (C21H24O13), occurring in horse-chestnut and California buckeye, and daphnin, occurring in Daphne alpina, are isomeric; the former hydrolyses to glucose and aesculetin (C9H6O4 — 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin), the latter to glucose and daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin).

Fraxin, occurring in Fraxinus excelsior, and with aesculin, hydrolyses to glucose and fraxetin ( also known as 7,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin)
Flavone or benzo-7-pyrone derivatives are numerous; in many cases they (or the non-sugar part of the molecule) are vegetable dyes.

Quercitrin is a yellow dyestuff found in Quercus velutina; it hydrolyses to rhamnose and quercetin, a dioxy-~3-phenyl-trioxybenzoy-pyrone.a
Rhamnetin, a splitting product of the glucosides of Rhamnus, is monomethyl quercetin; fisetin, from Rhus cotinus, is monoxyquercetin; chrysin is phenyl-dioxybenzo-y-pyrone.

Saponarin, a glucoside found in Saponaria officinalis, is a related compound.
Strophanthin is the name given to two different compounds, g-strophanthin (ouabain) obtained from Strophanthus gratus and k-strophanthin from Stroph. kombé.


*Anthracene derivatives
These are generally substituted anthraquinones; many have medicinal applications, being used as purgatives, while one, ruberythric acid, yields the valuable dyestuff madder, the base of which is alizarin.

Chrysophanic acid, a dioxymethylanthraquinone, occurs in rhubarb, which also contains emodin, a trioxymethylanthraquinone; this substance occurs in combination with rhamnose in Frangula bark.
Arguably the most important cyanogenic glucoside is amygdalin, which occurs in bitter almonds.

The enzyme maltase decomposes it into glucose and mandelic nitrile glucoside; the latter is broken down by emulsin into glucose, benzaldehyde and prussic acid.
Emulsin also decomposes amygdalin directly into these compounds without the intermediate formation of mandelic nitrile glucoside.

Several other glucosides of this nature have been isolated.
The saponins are a group of substances characterized by forming a lather with water; they occur in soap-bark.
Mention may also be made of indican, the glucoside of the indigo plant; this is hydrolysed by the indigo ferment, indimulsiri, to indoxyl and indiglucin



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLUCOSIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLUCOSIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLUCOSIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLUCOSIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLUCOSIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLUCOSIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

GLUTAMINE, N° CAS : 56-85-9, Nom INCI : GLUTAMINE, Nom chimique : (S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-292-1. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Glucuronolactone is a white crystalline powder.
Glucuronolactone neutralizes poisons in the liver and intestines.
Glucuronolactone is a popular ingredient in energy drinks with claims that it detoxifies the body


CAS Number: 32449-92-6
EC Number: 251-053-3
MDL number: MFCD00135622
Chemical formula: C6H8O6



SYNONYMS:
Glucuronic acid-3,6-lactone, EINECS 251-053-3, BRN 0083595, NSC-656, D-Glucuronic acid, g-lactone, UNII-XE4Y3016M9, D-Glucuronic acid, gamma-lactone, D-Glucuronicacid,g-lactone, SCHEMBL28793, 5-18-05-00033 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), GLUCUROLACTONE [MART.], GLUCURONOLACTONE [INCI], D-GLUCURONOLACTONE [MI], GLUCUROLACTONE [WHO-DD], CHEBI:18268, D-glucofuranuronate gamma-lactone, AMY8977, BCP09805, AKOS006341990, KS-1361, gamma-Lactone of D-glucofuranuronic acid, HY-41982, CS-0019952, NS00013683, C02670, D-(+)-Glucuronic acid gamma-lactone, >=99%, D01800, D70547, .GAMMA-LACTONE OF D-GLUCOFURANURONIC ACID, Q28529701, D-(+)-Glucuronic acid gamma-lactone, analytical standard, 00CE759F-D1F9-492E-89F7-B7400A34C72D, D-Glucurone, D-Glucuronic acid, D-Glucuronic acid lactone, D-glucurono-3,6-Lactone, D-Glucuronolactone, Dicurone, glucofuranurono-6,3-Lactone, Glucoxy, Glucurolactone, Glucuron, Glucurone, Glucuronic acid lactone, Glucuronolactone, Glucuronosan, Gluronsan, Glycurone, Guronsan, Reulatt s.s., D-Glucurone, D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone, D-Glucuronic acid-gamma-lactone, D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone, (2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetaldehyde, Glucuronic acid lactone, Glucurone, Glucurolactone (INN), D-glucurono-gamma-lactone, glucurono-γ-lactone, D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone, 32449-92-6, GLUCUROLACTONE, D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone, Glucurono-6,3-lactone, d(+)-glucurono-3,6-lactone, Glucuronosan, Guronsan, Glucurolactone [INN], D-Glucofuranuronic acid, gamma-lactone, Glucuronolactone [JAN], NSC 656, Glucuron, Gluronsan, Glucuronic acid lactone, XE4Y3016M9, Reulatt S.S., MFCD00135622, (R)-2-((2S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-2-hydroxyacetaldehyde, Glucuronolactone (JAN), (2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-oxooxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyacetaldehyde, Glucurolactonum, Glucurolactona, Glucuronolattone, Glucuronolattone [DCIT], gamma-Glukurolakton



Glucuronolactone is most commonly known as a popular component of energy drinks
Glucuronolactone is a normal human metabolite formed from glucose, but is only present in small amounts in the diet
In the body Glucuronolactone exists as in physiological equilibrium with glucuronic acid


Therefore supplementation with Glucuronolactone boosts glucuronic acid and association phase II glucuronidation
Supplementation with Glucuronolactone may improve liver function through its link with glucuronidation
Typical doses of Glucuronolactone in energy drinks and supplements are generally considered to be safe


Glucuronolactone is a glucuronic acid derivative that is converted to L-ascorbic acid in animals and humans.
Glucuronolactone is studied for its effectiveness against canine hepatitis.
Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring solid white compound that has applications for bodybuilding and exercise.


Glucuronolactone is one of the lesser known ingredients, but there is evidence to suggest that it may be useful in increasing both physical and mental performance.
Glucuronolactone is a white crystalline powder.


Glucuronolactone neutralizes poisons in the liver and intestines.
Glucuronolactone is a popular ingredient in energy drinks with claims that it detoxifies the body
Glucuronolactone is a potent detoxification compound naturally found in the human body.


The synthetically produced form of Glucuronolactone is included in energy drinks and dietary supplements to improve overall athletic performance.
Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring metabolite found in almost all connective tissues of the human body.
Glucuronolactone is produced from the breakdown of glucose in the liver and may be found in natural food and drinks such as red wine.


However, the quantities of Glucuronolactone obtained from natural sources are relatively low compared to that taken from energy drinks and dietary supplements.
Thus, to enjoy the benefits of Glucuronolactone, individuals are advised to take dietary supplements containing the compound.


Glucuronolactone is also called Glucuronic acid lactone, Glucurone, Glucurolactone, D-glucurono-gamma-lactone, and glucurono-γ-lactone.
Glucuronolactone's molecular formula is C6H8O6, and its CAS number is 32449-92-6.
The molecular weight of Glucuronolactone is 176.12 g/mol.


Glucuronolactone has a white powder appearance and is soluble in water.
During its metabolism, Glucuronolactone is broken down into glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose.
Studies reveal that Glucuronolactone may also play a vital role in synthesizing Ascorbic Acid or Vitamin C.


Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring chemical compound produced by the metabolism of glucose in the human liver.
Glucuronolactone is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues.
Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums.


Glucuronolactone is present in many energy drinks.
Most of these drinks also contain caffeine, but Glucuronolactone is included because it is purported to fight fatigue and provide a sense of well-being.
Glucuronolactone is a product obtained by the oxidation of glucose.


Glucuronolactone is also added to pre-workout products.
Glucuronolactone is a white crystalline powder.
Glucuronolactone is odourless, slightly bitter.


Glucuronolactone is a substance that is produced when glucose is converted in the liver.
Most typically found in sports performance enhancing or pre-workout products such as energy drinks.
Glucuronolactone is most likely liver protective and promote energy and endurance especially in combination with caffeine.


Glucuronolactone is a prodrug for the compound D-Glucaro-1,4-Lactone.
Glucuronolactone is a normal human metabolite formed from glucose.
Glucuronolactone is in equilibrium with its immediate precursor, glucuronic acid, at physiological pH.


Glucuronic acid is found in plants, mainly in gums.
However, it is combined with other carbohydrates in an aggregated form, so it is not easily bioavailable.
Glucuronic acid is an important component of all animal fibers and connective tissues.


Studies have shown that when humans take Glucuronolactone orally, it is rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and excreted in the form of glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose.
Human metabolic considerations suggest that the body may process small amounts of Glucuronolactone without problems.


However, Glucuronolactone intake from certain energy drinks may be two orders higher than other dietary sources.
The only study using chronic dosing was in rats, and rodents are known to metabolize Glucuronolactone differently than humans.
Glucuronolactone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isosorbide.


These are organic polycyclic compounds containing an isosorbide(1,4-Dianhydrosorbitol) moiety, which consists of two -oxolan-3-ol rings.
Glucuronolactone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isosorbide.
Glucuronolactone is a very mild and mentholic tasting compound.


Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring substance that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues.
Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums. Glucuronolactone is a white solid odorless compound, soluble in hot and cold water.
Glucuronolactone's melting point ranges from 176 to 178 °C.


Glucuronolactone can exist in a monocyclic aldehyde form or in a bicyclic hemiacetal (lactol) form.
Glucuronolactone is a popular ingredient in energy drinks because it has been shown to be effective at increasing energy levels and improving alertness.
Glucuronolactone supplementation also significantly reduces "brain fog" cause by various medical conditions.


Although levels of Glucuronolactone in energy drinks can far exceed those found in the rest of the diet, it is extremely safe and well tolerated.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has concluded that exposure to Glucuronolactone from regular consumption of energy drinks is not a safety concern.
The no-observed-adverse-effect level of Glucuronolactone is 1000 mg/kg/day.


These are organic polycyclic compounds containing an isosorbide(1,4-Dianhydrosorbitol) moiety, which consists of two -oxolan-3-ol rings.
Glucuronolactone is an ingredient used in some energy drinks.
Although levels of Glucuronolactone in energy drinks can far exceed those found in the rest of the diet.


Research into Glucuronolactone is too limited to assert claims about its safety.
According to The Merck Index, Glucuronolactone is used as a detoxicant.
Glucuronolactone is also metabolized to glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose, and humans may also be able to use glucuronolactone as a precursor for ascorbic acid synthesis.


Glucuronolactone is a chemical.
Glucuronolactone can be made by the body.
Glucuronolactone is also found in foods and made in laboratories.


Glucuronolactone is a molecule commonly found as a component of energy drink formulations with surprisingly minimal research on it, given its societal usage.
D-glucurono-6,3-lactone is a Glucuronolactone.


Glucuronolactone is functionally related to a D-glucuronic acid
Glucuronolactone is a natural product found in Arabidopsis thaliana, Homo sapiens, and other organisms with data available.
Glucuronolactone Powder contains no fillers.


Glucuronolactone is a well-known nootropic in a practical capsule from.
Glucuronolactone is produced by the metabolization of glucose in the liver and occurs naturally in the body.
Glucuronolactone is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues.


When taken as a supplement, Glucuronolactone is used for improving alertness, avoiding mental fatigue, and may be beneficial in maintaining joint and tendon health.
Glucuronolactone is used in many energy products, including Mettle Energy Drink Powder, which uses 370mg per serving.
Consult a doctor regarding your particular usage and dose.


As a naturally occurring substance, Glucuronolactone is a key component of nearly all connective tissue.
In vitro, Dehydrogenase can metabolize Glucuronolactone to D-Glucaro-1,4-Lactone (G14L).
Glucuronolactone is present in many commercial products as a mixture of active ingredients.


Glucuronolactone is also found in complex supplements along with taurine and caffeine.
Glucuronolactone can also be layered with other pre-workout ingredients like creatine, beta-alanine, and citrulline.
Glucuronolactone is known for body energy and mental focus.
And Glucuronolactone is an ingredient in some concentrated pre-workout supplements, pre-workout supplements, and weight loss proteins.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLUCURONOLACTONE:
Due to its ability to inhibit viral and bacterial beta-glucuronidase, Glucuronolactone has also been used to treat chronic carriers of typhoid bacteria.
Glucuronolactone is indicated that taking one to several grams per day will not cause problems.
Glucuronolactone is a well-know nootropic, which is used to support brain functions such as memory, thinking a concentration.


Glucuronolactone is naturally found in our body, as it is formed in the liver during glucose metabolism.
In addition, Glucuronolactone is also a part of all connective tissues.
Moreover, Glucuronolactone is also found in food in smaller quantities.


However, higher concentrations of this nootropic are usually added to energy drinks and supplements in order to improve sports and mental performance.
Additionally, according to The Merck Index, Glucuronolactone is used as a detoxicant.
The liver uses glucose to create Glucuronolactone, which inhibits the enzyme B-glucuronidase (metabolizes glucuronides), which should cause blood-glucuronide levels to rise.


Glucuronides combines with toxic substances, such as morphine and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, by converting them to water-soluble glucuronide-conjugates which are excreted in the urine.
Higher blood-glucuronides help remove toxins from the body, leading to the claim that energy drinks are detoxifying.


Free glucuronic acid (or its self-ester Glucuronolactone) has less effect on detoxification than glucose, because the body synthesizes UDP-glucuronic acid from glucose.
Therefore, sufficient carbohydrate intake provides enough UDP-glucuronic acid for detoxication, and foods rich in glucose are usually abundant in developed nations.


Glucuronolactone is also metabolized to glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose, and humans may also be able to use Glucuronolactone as a precursor for ascorbic acid synthesis.
Glucuronolactone is frequently used in energy drinks to increase energy levels and improve alertness, and can also be used to reduce "brain fog" caused by various medical conditions.


Glucuronolactone can be used to synthesize Vitamin C in creatures capable of this conversion, which are not humans.
Glucuronolactone is commonly used as an ingredient in "energy" drinks to increase attention and improve athletic performance, but there is no good scientific evidence to support its use.


Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring substance that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues.
Glucuronolactone is sometimes used in energy drinks.
Unfounded claims that Glucuronolactone can be used to reduce "brain fog" are based on research conducted on energy drinks that contain other active ingredients that have been shown to improve cognitive function, such as caffeine.


Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums.
Glucuronolactone is a normal product of glucose breakdown in the liver.
All connective tissues contain Glucuronolactone, as well as many plant gums.


The amounts of Glucuronolactone found in food and those produced in the body, though, are negligible compared to the dosage in energy drinks and supplements.
As a supplement, Glucuronolactone’s available in the powder/capsule form.


Glucuronolactone is advertised as a supplement to enhance athletic performance, detoxify the liver, and reduce mental fatigue.
Glucuronolactone is a molecule commonly found as a component of energy drink formulations with surprisingly minimal research on it, given its societal usage.


Glucuronolactone is most often used to support brain functions such as memory, thinking, and concentration.
In addition, Glucuronolactone is a popular ingredient in energy drinks and nutritional supplements to improve sports performance.
That said, Glucuronolactone's effects will be appreciated not only by athletes, but also by students and people with physically or mentally demanding jobs.


Glucuronides combines with toxic substances, such as morphine and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, by converting them to water-soluble glucuronide-conjugates which are excreted in the urine.
Glucuronolactone is available on a large scale and is intended for use in the chemical, diagnostic, pharmaceutical and related industries.


Glucuronolactone is used to help speed up recovery times after workouts, and to improve overall training performance levels
D-glucurono-gamma-lactone, also called Glucuronolactone, is a naturally occurring solid white compound used in sports and bodybuilding.
Therefore, Glucuronolactone in energy drinks is a common and main application.


Glucuronolactone can help enhance focus and improve athletic performance.
Glucuronolactone is frequently used in energy and alertness drinks.
Glucuronolactone is used Sport Nutrition, Diet Supplements, Pharmaceutical Field, Medical Usage.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OFGLUCURONOLACTONE:
Glucuronolactone is a white solid odorless compound, soluble in hot and cold water. Its melting point ranges from 176 to 178 °C.
Glucuronolactone can exist in a monocyclic aldehyde form or in a bicyclic hemiacetal (lactol) form.



HISTORY OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
It is unknown if Glucuronolactone is safe for human consumption due to a lack of proper human or animal trials. However, Glucuronolactone likely has limited effects on the human body.
Furthermore research on isolated supplements of Glucuronolactone is limited, no warnings appear on the Food and Drug Administration website regarding its potential to cause brain tumors or other maladies.



HOW DOES GLUCURONOLACTONE WORK?
There isn't enough information to know how Glucuronolactone might work as a medicine.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
*Monosaccharides
*Gamma butyrolactones
*Tetrahydrofurans
*Secondary alcohols
*Hemiacetals
*Carboxylic acid esters
*Polyols
*Oxacyclic compounds
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
*Isosorbide
*Gamma butyrolactone
*Monosaccharide
*Tetrahydrofuran
*Carboxylic acid ester
*Hemiacetal
*Lactone
*Secondary alcohol
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Polyol
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Oxacycle
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Carbonyl group
*Organic oxide
*Organic oxygen compound
*Alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound



BENEFITS OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
*a well-known nootropic,
*helps improve concentration and memory,
*one serving contains 500 mg of potassium Glucuronolactone,
*suitable for athletes, students, and people with mentally or physically demanding jobs,
*comes in a practical capsule form,
*suitable for vegans.



GLUCURONOLACTONE MARKET SIZE AND TREND:
The global Glucuronolactone market is worth $388.07 million in 2022, with a compound annual growth rate of 5.46% from 2022 to 2030, and is expected to reach $593.76 million by 2030.
North America has become the world’s largest Glucuronolactone market, accounting for 42.39% of market revenue in 2022.
The United States is the largest consumer country.

North America dominates the Glucuronolactone market as demand for energy drinks and nutritional supplements grows.
Additionally, the increasing geriatric population, desk-working lifestyle, rising food consumption, and rising awareness about the health benefits of antioxidants are helping to drive market growth in this region.

Glucuronolactone is available in liquid, powder, tablet, capsule, and other forms on the market.
In 2022, the Glucuronolactone in powder form market dominated, with the largest market share of 42.25%.
Glucuronolactone's market revenue is around $22.50 million.

This growth is attributed to the increasing health awareness among the public.
Furthermore, the liquidity segment is likely to dominate the market by 2030 due to rising disposable income.
In addition to energy drinks, Glucuronolactone is also involved in dietary supplements, pharmaceuticals, functional foods, cosmetics, and other fields.

In 2022, the pharmaceutical sector dominated the market, accounting for approximately 29.19% of global revenue.
This growth is attributed to the increasing use of Glucuronolactone-based tablets and supplements to treat arthritis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
The energy drinks market will likely dominate by 2030 owing to the emergence of multiple ingredients-constant players in the domestic and international industries.



INGREDIENTS OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
Glucuronolactone, bulking agent (microcrystalline cellulose), anti-caking agent (magnesium stearate), hypromellose capsule.



STRUCTURE OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
Glucuronolactone is a molecule that is commonly found in energy drinks (at around 10-60mg, with variance depending on brand), although in studies 'disassembling' the constituents of energy drinks suggest no significant contribution towards energy.



BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
In vitro, Glucuronolactone can be metabolized by a dehydrogenase into D-Glucaro-1,4-Lactone (G14L), where Glucuronolactone appears to metabolize into a dilactone (d-glucaro-1,4-3,6-dilactone) and then spontaneously degrade into G14L.



METABOLISM OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
Glucuronolactone can be formed when glucuronic acid is degraded in subcritical water interchangeably.



GLUCURONOLACTONE IN ENERGY DRINKS:
IS GLUCURONOLACTONE SUITABLE?
WHY DO BRANDS LIKE TO ADD GLUCURONOLACTONE TO ENERGY DRINKS?
Glucuronolactone’s all up to its benefits.
Glucuronolactone has stimulant properties to help increase energy levels and combat fatigue.

Glucuronolactone enhances physical performance and improves mental alertness.
Some studies suggest that Glucuronolactone may have mood-enhancing effects.
Glucuronolactone is thought to increase dopamine levels in the brain, improving mood and overall well-being.

Glucuronolactone is involved in the body’s natural detoxification processes.
Glucuronolactone eliminates harmful substances, such as drugs, toxins, and pollutants, by aiding in forming glucuronide conjugates that can be easily excreted.

Glucuronolactone can protect the liver from damage caused by toxins and promote its overall function.
Glucuronolactone's antioxidant properties can help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body.

Glucuronolactone's cognitive-enhancing effects improve memory, focus, and concentration.
Because Glucuronolactone has properties of energy improvement, mood enhancement, etc.
Glucuronolactone is suitable in energy drinks.



GLUCURONOLACTONE IN ENERGY DRINKS: IS GLUCURONOLACTONE SAFE?
A submission from the Austrian National Food Authority included ingredient lists for 32 “energy drinks.”
This list is taken from the Austrian Market Beverage Review published in March 1996.
Not all “energy” drinks contain Glucuronolactone.

These drinks contain Glucuronolactone in a regulated concentration range of 2000-2400 mg/L.
Based on the average Austrian consumer’s per capita energy drink intake over a year, it can be estimated that the average daily intake of Glucuronolactone from an energy drink containing 2400 mg/l is 108 mg.

These estimates of energy drink intake can be compared with Glucuronolactone intake from other food sources.
However, only a few foods have been identified as containing Glucuronolactone.
In the United States, the average intake of Glucuronolactone from other food sources among people who eat foods containing Glucuronolactoneis 1.2 mg/day.

Wine is the richest source (up to 20 mg/L).
According to this US estimate, the average consumer consuming two 250 ml cans of energy drinks per day (containing 2400 mg/L) may consume 500 times more Glucuronolactone than other food sources.



WHAT ARE THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF USING GLUCURONOLACTONE?
Glucuronolactone may bring several health benefits to individual users, including the following.
Glucuronolactone may fight mental and physical fatigue.

Several studies show that Glucuronolactone supplementation may be beneficial in improving athletic performance and preventing exhaustion and fatigue following the performance of extraneous exercises.
It is also believed that Glucuronolactone may improve one’s ability to perform daily tasks and improve focus and attention.
Although it may improve energy levels, Glucuronolactone should not be used as a prime energy source.

*Glucuronolactone reduces brain fog.
Brain fogging is characterized by confusion and disorganized thoughts brought about by various factors, including stress.
According to some studies, Glucuronolactone may help reduce brain fog by improving overall mental health and cognitive function.
Some researches also show that persons who take Glucuronolactone have improved reaction time.

*Glucuronolactone supports joint health.
Glucuronolactone is also known to support the healing of joints, tendons, and ligaments following damage brought about by physical activity. It may also help strengthen bones and promote muscle development among bodybuilders.

*Other health benefits
Certain studies also show that Glucuronolactone supplementation may improve cardiovascular health.
Glucuronolactone also works to improve mood among depressive patients.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF GLUCURONOLACTONE?
Glucuronolactone is the γ‐lactone of glucuronic acid.
Glucuronolactone is a normal human metabolite and formed from glucose and glucuronic acid.
Glucuronolactone seems to be found naturally occurring substance produced in small amounts within the body.



STUDIES OF GLUCURONOLACTONE BENEFITS:
Uses of Glucuronolactone as an ingredient outside of the food and beverage industry includes as a performance enhancer and recovery aid.
Several studies have demonstrated that a pre-exercise, energy supplement (containing caffeine with taurine, Glucuronolactone, creatine, and amino acids) can delay fatigue and improve the quality of resistance exercise.
Taurine and Glucuronolactone are often combined with caffeine to form an ‘energy matrix’ in many energy drinks.



PURE POWDERED GLUCURONOLACTONE FORMS AND SPECIFICATIONS:
Glucuronolactone is available for dietary supplement formulations in powder with 99% purity.
It is important to purchase Glucuronolactone powder 99% only from legitimate suppliers to ensure the product is high quality.
Depending on the customer’s preference and suggestion, Glucuronolactone may be purchased in bulk or lesser quantities and packed in paper drums with two layers of polybags inside.

Glucuronolactone application is in energy drinks.
Some historians claim that the use of Glucuronolactone dates back to the early Vietnam War era when it was produced for use by soldiers. In the modern-day world, the compound is included in energy drinks as it is believed to increase energy levels, along with caffeine and taurine.

Along with caffeine and taurine, Glucuronolactone helps increase alertness and boost energy.
Glucuronolactone may also be taken in dietary supplement formulations to improve cognitive functions.

Glucuronolactone, Taurine, and Caffeine are the basic components of stimulant drinks.
Since stimulant drinks increase glucose levels, Glucuronolactone is believed that they may also increase insulin levels in response to hyperglycemia.
This is why the long-term intake of energy drinks in very high quantities is not recommended, as Glucuronolactone may pose risks to individual users.



HOW DOES GLUCURONOLACTONE WORK?
As a Detoxicant, experts say that Glucuronolactone works to help eliminate toxic compounds in body cells.
This is especially beneficial as Glucuronolactone may help prevent rapid cellular deterioration brought about by the accumulation of circulating free radicals.

Glucuronolactone may also help the liver cleanse the blood and eliminate unwanted toxins.
Also, as a component of connective tissues in the body, Glucuronolactone is believed to be important in repairing joints and muscle tears following strains.
Glucuronolactone is also important in producing Vitamin C, making it essential for improved immunity and overall body resistance.

Glucuronolactone in combination with caffeine, beta-alanine, creatine, citrulline and taurine has a possible positive effect in improving aerobic and anaerobic performance.
Glucuronolactone may also help to increase strength and help improve mental performance (reaction time, concentration and memory).



GLUCURONOLACTONE BENEFITS FOR MENTAL PERFORMANCE:
It has been reported that not only does Glucuronolactone help to improve physical performance, there is also evidence to suggests it helps to increase mental performance.
When given an energy drink containing Glucuronolactone, subjects showed significant improvements in reaction time, concentration, and memory.



RECOMMENDED DOSES OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
Doses of 350mg Glucuronolactone have been found to be effective for use as a pre workout supplement.
The effects of Glucuronolactone set in fairly rapidly.

It has been reported that consuming a supplement containing Glucuronolactone 10 minutes before exercise resulted in improved exercise performance.
However, given that Glucuronolactone typically occurs with other ingredients, it is recommended for such supplements to be consumed 30 to 45 minutes before a workout, or as indicated by the manufacturer.



SUPPLEMENTS OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
Since Glucuronolactone is known for physical energy and mental focus, it is an ingredient found in some pre workout supplements, concentrated pre workout supplements, and fat loss proteins.



WHERE DOES GLUCURONOLACTONE COME FROM?
Glucuronolactone naturally occurs in the connective tissue (eg tendons, ligaments, cartilage) of humans and animals, as well as in the gums of plants.
Glucuronolactone is also common ingredient in higher concentrations in energy drinks.



BENEFITS OF GLUCURONOLACTONE:
Glucuronolactone is present in many commercial products as a mixture of active ingredients.
These cocktails have been relatively well studied in relation to both physical and mental performance.

*Glucuronolactone Benefits for Bodybuilding & Endurance:
In physiological trials, Glucuronolactone has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of toxic by-products of intensive exercise as well as other negative effects causing fatigue.
Various studies have investigated products containing Glucuronolactone on physical performance.

When human subjects were given an energy drink containing a combination of Glucuronolactone, caffeine, and taurine, it was found that they experienced improvements in aerobic and anaerobic performance compared to those receiving a control.
When used in a pre workout supplement, Glucuronolactone in combination with the aforementioned ingredients resulted in an increase in total repetitions performed.

This also led to an increase in an anabolic response among supplemented people.
These results were later reproduced and supported by the same group of researchers.
Such results suggest that Glucuronolactone may help to increase strength and lean gains when used in conjunction with weight training.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUCURONOLACTONE:
Molecular Weight: 176.12 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -1.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 176.03208797 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 176.03208797 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 104 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 202
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C6H8O6
Molar mass: 176.124 g·mol−1
Density: 1.76 g/cm3 (30 °C), 1.75 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting point: 176 to 178 °C (349 to 352 °F; 449 to 451 K), 172 - 175 °C
Solubility in water: 26.9 g/100 mL
CAS number: 32449-92-6
EC number: 251-053-3
Hill Formula: C₆H₈O₆
HS Code: 2932 20 90
Chemical Formula: C6H8O6
Average Molecular Weight: 176.1241 g/mol
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 176.032087988 g/mol
IUPAC Name: (3R,3aR,5R,6R,6aR)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2-one
Traditional Name: (3R,3aR,5R,6R,6aR)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-tetrahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]furan-2-one

CAS Registry Number: 32449-92-6
SMILES: O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2C@@HC(=O)O[C@@H]2[C@H]1O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-3-4(12-5(1)9)2(8)6(10)11-3/h1-5,7-9H/t1-,2-,3-,4-,5-/m1/s1
InChI Key: OGLCQHRZUSEXNB-WHDMSYDLSA-N
CAS Number: 32449-92-6
EC Number: 251-053-3
Formula Hill: C₆H₈O₆
Molar Mass: 176.12 g/mol
HS Code: 29322980
Classification: Superior
MDL Number: MFCD00135622
Chemical Formula: C6H8O6
Molecular Weight: 176.13 g/mol
SMILES: C(=O)C@@HO
Melting Point: 177.5 °C
Boiling Point: 403.5 °C
Flash Point: 174.9 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLUCURONOLACTONE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLUCURONOLACTONE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLUCURONOLACTONE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLUCURONOLACTONE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLUCURONOLACTONE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLUCURONOLACTONE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring chemical compound that belongs to the family of carbohydrates.
Glucuronolactone is derived from glucose and is structurally related to glucuronic acid, which is a component of many polysaccharides and proteoglycans in the body.

CAS Number: 32449-92-6
EC Number: 251-053-7

Synonyms: D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone, D-Glucuronic acid lactone, Glucuronic acid lactone, Glucurone, Glucurolactone, Glucuronosan, D-Glucuronolactone, Glucosiduronic acid lactone, Lactonized glucuronic acid, Glucurono-gamma-lactone, D-Glucuronic acid gamma-lactone, Glucuronic acid delta-lactone, D-Glucurono-gamma-lactone, Glucurono-gamma-lactone, D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone, Glucuronic acid delta-lactone



APPLICATIONS


Glucuronolactone is commonly used as an ingredient in energy drinks and dietary supplements to enhance alertness and physical performance.
Glucuronolactone is included in formulations aimed at promoting mental focus and concentration.

Glucuronolactone is utilized in sports nutrition products to support energy metabolism during exercise.
Glucuronolactone is often combined with caffeine and other stimulants to synergistically enhance cognitive and physical performance.

Glucuronolactone is found in pre-workout supplements for its potential to improve endurance and reduce fatigue.
Glucuronolactone is included in formulations targeting recovery after strenuous physical activity.
Glucuronolactone is used in cosmetics and skincare products for its hydrating and moisturizing properties.

Glucuronolactone is added to topical creams and lotions to help maintain skin hydration and elasticity.
In pharmaceuticals, it may be used as an excipient in drug formulations to improve solubility and bioavailability.

Glucuronolactone is studied for its potential antioxidant effects, which could contribute to overall health benefits.
Glucuronolactone is incorporated into detoxification programs and supplements aimed at supporting liver health.

Glucuronolactone is used in functional beverages and health drinks marketed for their detoxifying properties.
Glucuronolactone is researched for its role in combating oxidative stress and inflammation in the body.

In dietary supplements, it may be included to promote overall wellness and vitality.
Glucuronolactone is explored for its potential anti-inflammatory properties in various health conditions.
Glucuronolactone is included in oral health products for its potential benefits to gum health and oral hygiene.

Glucuronolactone is added to nutritional supplements aimed at supporting immune function and resilience.
Glucuronolactone is used in beauty supplements and ingestible skincare products for skin rejuvenation.

Glucuronolactone is investigated for its role in improving joint health and mobility.
Glucuronolactone is utilized in eye health supplements for its antioxidant and protective properties.
Glucuronolactone is included in dietary formulations targeting metabolic health and weight management.

Glucuronolactone is researched for its potential neuroprotective effects in neurological disorders.
Glucuronolactone is explored in anti-aging products for its ability to support cellular health.

Glucuronolactone is included in formulations aimed at promoting hair growth and scalp health.
Glucuronolactone serves a diverse range of applications across nutrition, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and health products, reflecting its broad potential benefits for human health and well-being.

Glucuronolactone is used in dietary supplements targeting cardiovascular health due to its potential to support healthy circulation.
Glucuronolactone is included in formulations aimed at enhancing the body's natural detoxification processes.

Glucuronolactone is explored for its potential to protect against oxidative damage caused by environmental stressors.
Glucuronolactone is added to energy bars and snacks for sustained energy release throughout the day.

Glucuronolactone is utilized in pet supplements for its potential benefits to animal health and vitality.
Glucuronolactone is included in functional foods and beverages for its ability to enhance nutritional value.

Glucuronolactone is researched for its role in improving gastrointestinal health and digestion.
Glucuronolactone is used in dietary aids targeting metabolism and energy balance.

Glucuronolactone is included in beauty drinks and collagen supplements for skin rejuvenation and elasticity.
Glucuronolactone is investigated for its potential to support bone health and mineral absorption.
Glucuronolactone is added to joint health supplements for its potential to maintain cartilage and joint function.

Glucuronolactone is explored in diabetic supplements for its role in glucose metabolism.
Glucuronolactone is utilized in wound healing formulations for its potential to support tissue repair.

Glucuronolactone is added to brain health supplements for its potential cognitive benefits.
Glucuronolactone is researched for its role in reducing the effects of hangovers and supporting liver recovery.

Glucuronolactone is used in cosmetic formulations targeting anti-aging and skin firming effects.
Glucuronolactone is explored in oral care products for its potential benefits to gum health and plaque reduction.

Glucuronolactone is included in eye health supplements for its potential to support vision and eye function.
Glucuronolactone is used in stress relief supplements for its potential calming and mood-balancing effects.
Glucuronolactone is researched in immune support supplements for its potential to strengthen immune responses.

Glucuronolactone is utilized in hair care products for its potential to improve hair strength and shine.
Glucuronolactone is explored for its potential anti-inflammatory effects in conditions like arthritis and joint pain.
Glucuronolactone is added to weight management supplements for its potential to support fat metabolism.

Glucuronolactone is used in detox foot patches and topical detox products for its potential to draw out toxins.
Glucuronolactone continues to be studied for its diverse applications across various health and wellness categories, highlighting its potential benefits in supporting overall health and vitality.

Glucuronolactone has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory effects, though more research is needed.
In sports nutrition, it is used to enhance physical performance and recovery.
As a dietary supplement, glucuronolactone is often combined with other ingredients for synergistic effects.

Glucuronolactone is metabolized in the liver and readily enters systemic circulation to exert its physiological effects.
Glucuronolactone is utilized in pharmaceutical formulations for its role in drug metabolism and efficacy.
Glucuronolactone has a role in maintaining cellular integrity and function, particularly in detoxification pathways.

Glucuronolactone supports the body's natural ability to eliminate waste products and maintain homeostasis.
Glucuronolactone is considered a non-essential nutrient as the body can synthesize it from glucose.
Glucuronolactone has been explored for its potential benefits in improving skin health and appearance.

Glucuronolactone is included in dietary guidelines and regulations to ensure safe consumption levels.
Glucuronolactone serves as a multifaceted compound with diverse roles in metabolism, health, and nutrition.



DESCRIPTION


Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring chemical compound that belongs to the family of carbohydrates.
Glucuronolactone is derived from glucose and is structurally related to glucuronic acid, which is a component of many polysaccharides and proteoglycans in the body.
Glucuronolactone is primarily known for its role as a precursor in the detoxification process in the liver, where it conjugates with various substances to facilitate their excretion in urine.

Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring compound found in the body as a metabolite of glucose.
Glucuronolactone is a lactone form of glucuronic acid, with a chemical structure consisting of a six-membered ring.

Glucuronolactone is integral to the body's detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of harmful substances.
Glucuronolactone is known for its role in conjugating with toxins and drugs to facilitate their elimination via urine.

Glucuronolactone plays a crucial part in the formation of water-soluble glucuronides, which are more easily excreted from the body.
In dietary supplements and energy drinks, glucuronolactone is often touted for its potential to boost energy levels.

Glucuronolactone is believed to support mental alertness and cognitive function due to its involvement in energy metabolism.
Glucuronolactone is sometimes used in cosmetics for its hydrating properties, promoting skin moisture retention.
Chemically, it is classified as a carbohydrate and is closely related to glucuronic acid.

Glucuronolactone has antioxidant properties that may contribute to overall health and well-being.
Glucuronolactone is generally considered safe for consumption in regulated amounts in food and supplements.
Glucuronolactone has a mild, slightly sweet taste and is often added to beverages and nutritional products.

Research suggests that glucuronolactone may help support liver health by aiding in detoxification pathways.
Glucuronolactone is soluble in water, contributing to its bioavailability and effectiveness in physiological processes.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: White crystalline powder.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Slightly sweet.
Solubility: Soluble in water.
Melting Point: Approximately 176-178°C.
Density: Approximately 1.595 g/cm³.
Molecular Weight: Approximately 176.12 g/mol.
pH: Neutral (around pH 7) in aqueous solutions.
Crystallinity: Crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system.
Hygroscopicity: Non-hygroscopic (does not absorb moisture from the air).


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C6H8O6.
Chemical Structure: Lactone form of D-glucuronic acid.
Functional Groups: Contains a lactone group (cyclic ester) and hydroxyl groups (-OH).
Acidity/Basicity: Slightly acidic.
Stability: Stable under normal storage conditions.
Reactivity: Non-reactive under normal conditions; does not undergo significant chemical reactions.
Optical Activity: Not optically active (racemic mixture).
Partition Coefficient (Log P): Not applicable as it is highly soluble in water.
Biodegradability: Generally considered biodegradable in natural environments.
Toxicity: Low acute toxicity; considered safe for consumption in regulated amounts.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If glucuronolactone dust or powder is inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties occur, provide oxygen if available and trained to do so.
Seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen.


Skin Contact:

Remove any contaminated clothing or shoes immediately.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation or redness develops, seek medical advice.
Clean contaminated clothing before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water, holding the eyelids open.
Continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes, ensuring water reaches under the eyelids and over the entire eye surface.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.
Seek medical attention if irritation, pain, or redness persists.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
If a large amount is swallowed or if symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain occur, seek medical attention immediately.
Provide medical personnel with information about the product ingested and its container.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing to minimize skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection (e.g., NIOSH-approved mask) if handling in dusty or aerosol-generating conditions.

Ventilation:
Use in a well-ventilated area to prevent the buildup of dust or vapors.
Ensure adequate ventilation during handling and storage.
Implement local exhaust ventilation if necessary to control airborne concentrations.

Avoidance of Contact:
Minimize direct skin contact and inhalation of dust or vapors.
Use tools or dispensing equipment to minimize exposure during handling.

Handling Procedures:
Handle glucuronolactone with care to prevent spills and minimize dust generation.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.
Wash hands and any exposed skin thoroughly with soap and water after handling.

Static Electricity:
Ground equipment and containers to prevent static discharge, which could ignite dust or vapors.

Compatibility:
Ensure compatibility with other materials and chemicals used in formulations.
Follow compatibility guidelines provided by the manufacturer.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Clean up spills immediately using appropriate absorbent materials.
Avoid generating dust.
Dispose of contaminated materials according to local regulations.

Emergency Procedures:
Familiarize personnel with emergency procedures, including evacuation routes and emergency contacts.
Have spill control measures and appropriate firefighting equipment readily available.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store glucuronolactone in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and sources of heat or ignition.
Maintain storage temperatures as recommended by the manufacturer to ensure product stability.

Temperature Control:

Store in a temperature-controlled environment to prevent degradation or changes in physical properties.

Separation:
Store away from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizers, acids, and bases.

Container Integrity:
Inspect containers regularly for leaks or damage.
Replace damaged containers to prevent spills and exposure.

Labeling:
Ensure containers are properly labeled with the product name, hazard information, handling precautions, and storage requirements.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas to authorized personnel only.
Store in locked cabinets or rooms if necessary.

Shelving and Stacking:
Store containers on shelves or pallets to prevent contact with the ground and facilitate inspection and handling.

Environmental Considerations:
Prevent spills from entering drains, waterways, or soil. Have containment measures in place to capture accidental releases.

Glutamic acid is one of the 20-22 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG.
Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid.
The carboxylate anions and salts of Glutamic acid are known as glutamates.

CAS: 6899-05-4
MF: C5H9NO4
MW: 147.13

Glutamic acid is an optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration.
Glutamic acid has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a ferroptosis inducer and a neurotransmitter.
Glutamic acid is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a glutamic acid and a L-alpha-amino acid.
Glutamic acid is a conjugate acid of a L-glutamate(1-).
Glutamic acid is an enantiomer of a D-glutamic acid.
Glutamic acid is an amino acid used to form proteins.
In the body, Glutamic acid turns into glutamate.
This is a chemical that helps nerve cells in the brain send and receive information from other cells.

Glutamic acid may be involved in learning and memory.
Glutamic acid may help people with hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid) or achlorhydria (no stomach acid).
In neuro science, Glutamic acid is an important neuro transmitter that plays a key role in long-term potentiation and is important for learning and memory.
Glutamic acid is an alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.
Glutamic acid has a role as a fundamental metabolite.
Glutamic acid is an alpha-amino acid and a polar amino acid.
Glutamic acid contains a 2-carboxyethyl group.
Glutamic acid is a conjugate acid of a glutamate(1-).

Glutamic acid is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Glutamic acid is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use.
Glutamic acid is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system.
Glutamic acid serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons.

Glutamic acid's molecular formula is C5H9NO4.
Glutamic acid exists in three optically isomeric forms; the dextrorotatory l-form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.
Glutamic acid's molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH(NH2)−(CH2)2−COOH, with two carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −NH2.
However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure −OOC−CH(NH+3)−(CH2)2−COOH.
Glutamic acid is encoded by the codons GAA or GAG.

The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate −OOC−CH(NH+3)−(CH2)2−COO−.
This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions.
The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation.
This anion creates the savory umami flavor of foods and is found in glutamate flavorings such as MSG.
In Europe Glutamic acid is classified as food additive E620.
In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion −OOC−CH(NH2)−(CH2)2−COO− prevails.
The radical corresponding to glutamate is called glutamyl.

Glutamic acid, also known as L-glutamic acid or as glutamate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid.
These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
Glutamic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals.

Glutamic acid is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid and can be synthesized via alanine or aspartic acid via alpha-ketoglutarate and the action of various transaminases.
Glutamic acid also plays an important role in the body's disposal of excess or waste nitrogen.
Glutamic acid undergoes deamination, an oxidative reaction catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase leading to alpha-ketoglutarate.
In many respects Glutamic acid is a key molecule in cellular metabolism.
Glutamic acid is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system.
At chemical synapses, Glutamic acid is stored in vesicles.

Nerve impulses trigger release of Glutamic acid from the pre-synaptic cell.
In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated.
Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, Glutamic acid is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain.
Glutamic acid transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes.
They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space.
In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells.
This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity.

The mechanisms of cell death include: Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes.
Excitotoxicity due to Glutamic acid occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease.
Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures.
Microinjection of Glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks.
This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to Glutamic acid release and further depolarization.

Glutamic acid was discovered in 1866 when it was extracted from wheat gluten (from where it got its name.
Glutamate has an important role as a food additive and food flavoring agent.
In 1908, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth (a Japanese soup) as glutamic acid.
These crystals, when tasted, reproduced a salty, savory flavor detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed.
Professor Ikeda termed this flavor umami.
He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate.

Chemical Properties
The side chain carboxylic acid functional group has a pKa of 4.1 and therefore exists almost entirely in its negatively charged deprotonated carboxylate form at pH values greater than 4.1; therefore, it is negatively charged at physiological pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.

Uses
Glutamic acid is a moisture binder and an anti-oxidant. glutamic acid is an amino acid manufactured by means of fermentation, generally from a vegetable protein.
Glutamic Acid is an amino acid that is a white crystalline powder of slight solubility in water.
Glutamic acid is monosodium glutamate (msg) which functions as a flavor enhancer in meats.
Glutamic acid also is a nutrient, dietary supplement, and salt substitute.

Metabolism
Glutamic acid is a key compound in cellular metabolism.
In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serve as metabolic fuel for other functional roles in the body.
A key process in amino acid degradation is transamination, in which the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to an α-ketoacid, typically catalysed by a transaminase.

Neurotransmitter
Glutamic acid is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system.
At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles.
Nerve impulses trigger release of Glutamic acid from the pre-synaptic cell.
In the opposing post-synaptic cell, Glutamic acid receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated.
Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, glutamate is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain.
The form of plasticity known as long-term potentiation takes place at glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus, neocortex, and other parts of the brain.
Glutamic acid works not only as a point-to-point transmitter but also through spill-over synaptic crosstalk between synapses in which summation of glutamate released from a neighboring synapse creates extrasynaptic signaling / volume transmission.
Glutamic acid transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes .
They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space.
In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse, and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells.
This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity.

Brain nonsynaptic glutamatergic signaling circuits
Extracellular glutamate in Drosophila brains has been found to regulate postsynaptic glutamate receptor clustering, via a process involving receptor desensitization.
A gene expressed in glial cells actively transports glutamate into the extracellular space, while, in the nucleus accumbens-stimulating group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, this gene was found to reduce extracellular glutamate levels.
This raises the possibility that this extracellular glutamate plays an "endocrine-like" role as part of a larger homeostatic system.

Flavor enhancer
Glutamic acid, being a constituent of protein, is present in every food that contains protein, but it can only be tasted when Glutamic acid is present in an unbound form.
Significant amounts of free glutamic acid are present in a wide variety of foods, including cheese and soy sauce, and is responsible for umami, one of the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste.
Glutamic acid is often used as a food additive and flavour enhancer in the form of its salt, known as monosodium glutamate (MSG).

Nutrient
All meats, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and kombu are excellent sources of glutamic acid.
Some protein-rich plant foods also serve as sources.
Thirty to 35 % of the protein in wheat is glutamic acid.
Ninety-five percent of the dietary glutamate is metabolized by intestinal cells in a first pass.

Plant growth
Auxigro is a plant growth preparation that contains 30 % glutamic acid.

NMR spectroscopy
In recent years, there has been much research into the use of RDCs in NMR spectroscopy.
A glutamic acid derivative, poly-γ- benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG), is often used as an alignment medium to control the scale of the dipolar interactions observed.

Pharmacology
The drug phencyclidine (more commonly known as PCP) antagonizes glutamic acid non-competitively at the NMDA receptor.
For the same reasons, dextromethorphan and ketamine also have strong dissociative and hallucinogenic effects.
Glutamic acid does not easily pass the blood brain barrier, but , instead, is transported by a high-affinity transport system.
Glutamic acid can also be converted into glutamine.

Synonyms
L-glutamic acid
GLUTAMIC ACID
56-86-0
L-glutamate
(2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
(S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
Glutamidex
Glutaminol
H-Glu-OH
glutacid
Aciglut
glutaminic acid
L-Glutaminic acid
Glutamicol
Glutaton
(S)-Glutamic acid
Glusate
L-glu
L-(+)-glutamic acid
D-Glutamiensuur
alpha-aminoglutaric acid
Glutamic acid, L-
Acidum glutamicum
(S)-(+)-Glutamic acid
Acide glutamique
2-Aminoglutaric acid
Acidum glutaminicum
L-2-Aminoglutaric acid
1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
25513-46-6
Acido glutamico
FEMA No. 3285
L-alpha-Aminoglutaric acid
Glutamic acid (H-3)
Glutamate, L-
alpha-Glutamic acid
glut
glutamate
Glutamic acid (VAN)
a-Glutamic acid
L-Glutaminsaeure
Glutamic acid, (S)-
Glutaminic acid (VAN)
CCRIS 7314
L-Acido glutamico
Pentanedioic acid, 2-amino-, (S)-
glu
a-Aminoglutaric acid
Glutamic Acid [USAN:INN]
AI3-18472
L-a-Aminoglutaric acid
Acide glutamique [INN-French]
Acido glutamico [INN-Spanish]
Acidum glutamicum [INN-Latin]
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 374350
NSC 143503
alpha-Aminoglutaric acid (VAN)
Glutamic Acid (L-glutamic acid)
2-Aminopentanedioic acid, (S)-
aminoglutaric acid
EINECS 200-293-7
L-2-amino-pentanedioic acid
UNII-3KX376GY7L
3KX376GY7L
INS NO.620
DTXSID5020659
CHEBI:16015
Gamma-L-Glutamic Acid
INS-620
L-Glutamic acid (9CI)
C5H9NO4
NSC-143503
L(+)-Glutamic acid
E620
Glutamic acid, L-, peptides
DTXCID30659
HSDB 490
E 620
E-620
EC 200-293-7
Sodium Glutamate (L-glutamic Acid)
NCGC00024502-03
L-Glutamic acid (JAN)
(S)-2-AMINO-1,5-PENTANEDIOIC ACID
L-Glutamic acid-13C5
L-GLUTAMIC ACID [JAN]
Acido glutamico (INN-Spanish)
Acidum glutamicum (INN-Latin)
(2S)-2-aminopentanedioate
l glutamic acid
GLUTAMIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH)
GLUTAMIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
.alpha.-Glutamic acid
ALANINE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY)
ALANINE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
6899-05-4
glt
2-Amino-pentanedioic acid
LYSINE ACETATE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY)
LYSINE ACETATE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
GLUTAMIC ACID [USAN]
55443-55-5
MFCD00002634
aminoglutarate
Gulutamine
alpha-Glutamate
a-Glutamate
L-gluatmate
a-Aminoglutarate
L-glutamic-acid
NSC143503
L-Glutamic adid
2-Aminoglutarate
Glutamate, L
1ftj
1xff
(S)-glutamate
Glutamic acid, L
L-a-Aminoglutarate
alpha-Aminoglutarate
Gulutamine (USP)
(L)-glutamic acid
H-Glu
L-Glutamic,(S)
L-(+)-Glutamate
L-alpha-Aminoglutarate
Glutamic acid (USP)
Tocris-0218
[3h]-l-glutamic acid
1ii5
Polyglutamic acid(PGA)
(+)-L-Glutamic acid
(S)-(+)-Glutamate
(S)-Glu
L-[14C(U)]glutamate
(S)-2-Aminopentanedioate
Biomol-NT_000170
D00ENY
GLUTAMIC ACID [MI]
L-Glutamic acid (JP17)
SCHEMBL2202
GLUTAMIC ACID [INN]
L-Glutamic acid, 98.5%
Lopac0_000529
S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
GLUTAMIC ACID [INCI]
GLUTAMIC ACID [VANDF]
L-GLUTAMIC ACID [FCC]
BPBio1_001132
CHEMBL575060
GTPL1369
GLUTAMIC ACID [USP-RS]
GLUTAMIC ACID [WHO-DD]
L-GLUTAMIC ACID [FHFI]
L-Glutamic acid, 99%, FCC
BDBM17657
CHEBI:53374
Glutamic acid, L-(7CI,8CI)
1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate
(C5-H9-N-O4)x-
Glutamic acid, L- (7CI,8CI)
L (+)-glutamic acid, alpha-form
1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylate
138-16-9
L-Glutamic acid, non-animal source
Pentanedioic acid, 2-amino-, (S)
Tox21_113053
HB0383
HSCI1_000269
PDSP1_000128
PDSP1_001539
PDSP2_000127
PDSP2_001523
s6266
AKOS006238837
AKOS015854087
AM81690
CCG-204619
DB00142
LS-2330
SDCCGSBI-0050512.P002
CAS-56-86-0
NCGC00024502-01
NCGC00024502-02
NCGC00024502-04
NCGC00024502-07
(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;H-Glu-OH
AC-11294
DS-13284
HY-14608
LS-71885
(S)-1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
(S)-1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
CS-0003473
G0059
EN300-52632
L-Glutamic acid, BioUltra, >=99.5% (NT)
L-Glutamic acid, tested according to Ph.Eur.
C00025
D00007
L-Glutamic acid, NIST(R)RM 8573, USGS40
M02979
M03872
Glutamic acid, L-; ((S)-(+)-Glutamic acid)
L-Glutamic acid, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
L-Glutamic acid, NIST(R) RM 8574, USGS41
A831210
Glutamic acid, L-; ((S)-(+)-Glutamic acid)
SR-01000597730
J-502415
L-Glutamic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99% (HPLC)
L-Glutamic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=99%
SR-01000597730-1
L-Glutamic acid, >=99%, FCC, natural sourced, FG
Q26995161
F8889-8668
Z756440052
27322E29-9696-49C1-B541-86BEF72DE2F3
Glutamic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
L-Glutamic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Glutamic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
L-Glutamic acid, from non-animal source, meets EP testing specifications, suitable for cell culture, 98.5-100.5%

Glutaric acid dialdehyde; Glutardialdehyde; Glutaral; 1,3-Diformylpropane; 1,5-Pentanedial; 1,5-Pentanedione; Glutaric aldehyde; Glutarol; Gluteraldehyde; Pentanedial; Sonacide; Aldehyd glutarowy; Aldesan; Ucarcide CAS:111-30-8

Glutaric acid dialdehyde; Glutardialdehyde; Glutaral; 1,3-Diformylpropane; 1,5-Pentanedial; 1,5-Pentanedione; Glutaric aldehyde; Glutarol; Gluteraldehyde; Pentanedial; Sonacide; Aldehyd glutarowy; Aldesan; Ucarcide CAS:111-30-8

Glutaraldehyde is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)3(CHO)2.
The molecule consists of a five carbon chain doubly terminated with formyl (CHO) groups.
Glutaraldehyde is usually used as a solution in water, and such solutions exists as a collection of hydrates, cyclic derivatives, and condensation products, several of which interconvert.


CAS Number: 111-30-8
EC Number: 203-854-4
MDL Number: MFCD00007025
Chemical formula: C5H8O2 / OHC(CH2)3CHO


Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.
Glutaraldehyde has a role as a cross-linking reagent, a disinfectant and a fixative.
Glutaraldehyde solution is a light yellow liquid.
Glutaraldehyde mixes with water.


Glutaraldehyde, C5H8O2 or OCH(CH₂)₃CHO, is a transparent oily, liquid with a pungent odor.
Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to sterilize medical and dental equipment.
Glutaraldehyde is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1.06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene.
Monomeric glutaraldehyde can polymerize by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha,beta-unsaturated poly-glutaraldehyde.


This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.
Glutaraldehyde is colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Glutaraldehyde is a clear, viscous colorless liquid.
Glutaraldehyde is a light yellow liquid.


Glutaraldehyde is commercially available in aqueous solutions ranging from 2-50%
Because the molecule has two carbonyl group is reactive to primary amine groups (even as its hydrates), Glutaraldehyde can function as a crosslinking agent for any substance with primary amine groups and develop imine connected links.
Glutaraldehyde is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)3(CHO)2.


The molecule consists of a five carbon chain doubly terminated with formyl (CHO) groups.
Glutaraldehyde is usually used as a solution in water, and such solutions exists as a collection of hydrates, cyclic derivatives, and condensation products, several of which interconvert.


Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp, pungent odor.
Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.
Glutaraldehyde has a role as a cross-linking reagent, a disinfectant and a fixative.
Glutaraldehyde solution is a light yellow liquid.


Glutaraldehyde mixes with water.
Glutaraldehyde is a common fixative in biology.
Fixation occurs by crosslinking (creating covalent chemical bonds between proteins in/on cells).
Glutaraldehyde is similar to another common cross-linking fixative, PFA.


1,5 Pentanedial, also known as Glutaraldehyde or glutaral is an organic compound with the formula OCH(CH2)3CHO.
Being non-volatile and bifunctional, Glutaraldehyde is often preferred to the less expensive formaldehyde.
Glutaraldehyde reacts with amines, amides, and thiol groups in proteins.
Glutaraldehyde, C5H8O2 or OCH(CH₂)₃CHO, is a transparent oily, liquid with a pungent odor.


Glutaraldehyde is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1.06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene.
Glutaraldehyde is Colorless to yellowish liquid with a pungent fruity/medicinal odor.
Glutaraldehyde is a 5-25% aqueous solution.
Glutaraldehyde's Physical properties are based on a 25% solution.


Glutaraldehyde is miscible with water, ethanol, benzene, ether, acetone, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, isopropanol, n-hexane and toluene.
Glutaraldehyde is a slightly irritating odor of colorless or yellowish clear liquid, Glutaraldehyde is soluble in water and ether, ethanol and other organic solvents.


The free form of Glutaraldehyde in aqueous solution is not much, a large number of different forms of hydrate, and most of the ring structure of the hydrate form exists.
Glutaraldehyde is active in nature, easy to polymerize and oxidize, and will react with compounds containing active oxygen and nitrogen-containing compounds.


Because Glutaraldehyde has two carbonyl group is reactive to primary amine groups (even as its hydrates), Glutaraldehyde can function as a crosslinking agent for any substance with primary amine groups and develop imine connected link.
Colorless liquid with a pungent odor; Clear, viscous colorless liquid; Light yellow liquid; Colorless or light yellow liquid with a sharp pungent odor; Commercially available in aqueous solutions ranging from 2-50%


Glutaraldehyde is soluble in water and in organic solvents.
Solutions in water are stable for long periods of time.
Glutaraldehyde is colorless or yellowish clear and bright liquid with slight irritating smell, and can be dissolved in organic dissolvent such as water, ether and ethanol.


In water solution, Glutaraldehyde doesn't exist much in free state; instead, Glutaraldehyde makes appearance as hydrates with different forms and most of them are hydrates with annular structure.
Glutaraldehyde is reactive in property, and liable to polymerize and oxidize, which will react with compounds containing active oxygen and nitrogen.


The reaction of Glutaraldehyde with protein is mainly carried out between the carbonyl group of the former and the amino group of the latter.
Among the known aldehydes, Glutaraldehyde is one of the best cross-linking agents for proteins.
Glutaraldehyde has a small influence on the activity of enzyme, and most of enzymes can be fixed under controlled condition, to cross-link without losing their activity.


Contrbuting to its outstanding characteristics,Glutaraldehyde has drawn special concern from people and been put at broad application.
A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.
Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to disinfect medical and dental equipment.
Glutaraldehyde is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1.06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene.


Glutaraldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2.
Glutaraldehyde consists of a five carbon chain doubly terminated with formyl (CHO) groups.
Glutaraldehyde is usually used as a solution in water, and such solutions exists as a collection of hydrates, cyclic derivatives, and condensation products, several of which interconvert.


Because Glutaraldehyde has two carbonyl group is reactive to primary amine groups (even as its hydrates), Glutaraldehyde can function as a crosslinking agent for any substance with primary amine groups and develop imine connected link.
Glutaraldehyde is an extremely versatile disinfectant and biological tissue fixer.
Also know by its IUPAC name Glutaraldehyde, Glutaraldehyde is a clear, pungent, and oily liquid that is miscible in water.


Glutaraldehyde is highly reactive with amines, amides, and thiols present in amino acid side chains, and most of its uses can be attributed to Glutaraldehyde's excellent protein crosslinking abilities.
Glutaraldehyde, an aliphatic dialdehyde, is a highly reactive compound that has been isolated as a water-soluble oil and usually is stored as an aqueous solution to inhibit polymerization.


Unbuffered aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde are stable for long periods of time, have a mildly acid pH, a negligible odor, and are not potently antimicrobial.
When buffered to an alkaline pH of 7.5 to 8.0 with sodium bicarbonate, the Glutaraldehyde is activated; Glutaraldehyde has a strong pungent odor, and Glutaraldehyde's antimicrobial activity is greatly enhanced for periods of up to 14 days
Glutaraldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2.


Glutaraldehyde is colorless or yellowish clear and bright liquid with slight irritating smell, and can be dissolved in organic dissolvent such as water, ether and ethanol.
In water solution, Glutaraldehyde doesn't exist much in free state; instead,it makes appearance as hydrates with different forms.and most of them are hydrates with annular structure.


Glutaraldehyde is reactive in property, and liable to polymerize and oxidize, which will react with compounds containing active oxygen and nitrogen.
The reaction of Glutaraldehyde with protein is mainly carried out between the carbonyl group of the former and the amino group of the latter.
Among the known aldehydes, Glutaraldehyde is one of the best cross-linking agents for proteins.


Glutaraldehyde has a small influence on the activity of enzyme, and most of enzymes can be fixed under controlled condition, to cross-link without losing their activity.
Contrbuting to Glutaraldehyde's outstanding characteristics, Glutaraldehyde has drawn special concern from people and been put at broad application.


Glutaraldehyde, C5H8O2 or OCH(CH₂)₃CHO, is a transparent oily, liquid with a pungent odor.
Glutaraldehyde or Glutaric Aldehyde or 1,5-Pentanodione is a dialdehyde of low irritant power and strong action, of wide antimicrobial spectrum, that works due to Glutaraldehyde's oxidizing and breaking down action on the cell walls.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
Crosslinking rigidifies and deactivates many biological functions, so in this way, Glutaraldehydesolutions are used as biocides and as fixative.
As a disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize surgical instruments.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a cross-linking agent for gelatin, poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyheptapeptides.
Glutaraldehyde is also used as a fixative for electron microscopy and as disinfectants.


Glutaraldehyde provides water resistance to protein and polyhydroxy compounds by reacting through cross linking.
Glutaraldehyde acts as an intermediate for the production of resins, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, photographic films and for stabilization of proteins on agarose beads, activation of polystyrene and glass for immobilization of antibodies and antigens and coupling peptides onto carrier proteins.


Glutaraldehyde is a preservative with biological spectrum including gram +/- bacteria – aerobic, anaerobic and sulfate-reducing, yeast and some fungi.
Glutaraldehyde is used in shampoo, conditioner, shower gel, liquid soap and raw materials.
Glutaraldehyde offers characteristics such as no formaldehyde and high salt tolerance.


Glutaraldehyde offers compatibility with charged-, uncharged surfactants and other preservatives.
Glutaraldehyde is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative.
Glutaraldehyde solution, 25% in water, is primarily for use as a protein cross-linking agent.
In the laboratory, glutaraldehyde solution is commonly used as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and as a disinfectant for medical equipment.


Glutaraldehyde may effectively crosslink amine and hydrazine derivatives to proteins and other amine-containing polymers; biotin hydrazides have been directly coupled to nucleic acids with glutaraldehyde in a reaction that is potentially useful for conjugating fluorescent hydrazides and hydroxylamines to DNA.


Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp, pungent odor.
Glutaraldehyde is used for industrial, laboratory, agricultural, medical, and some household purposes, primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment.
For example, Glutaraldehyde is used in oil and gas recovery operations and pipelines, waste water treatment, x-ray processing, embalming fluid, leather tanning, paper industry, in fogging and cleaning of poultry houses, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of various materials.


Glutaraldehyde may be used in select goods, such as paint and laundry detergent.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy.
Glutaraldehyde is employed as an embalming fluid, is a component of leather tanning solutions, and occurs as an intermediate in the production of certain industrial chemicals.


Glutaraldehyde is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker.
The oligomeric state of proteins can be examined through this application.
A glutaraldehyde solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used for system disinfection and as a preservative for long term storage.
Glutaraldehyde is used in biological electron microscopy as a fixative.


Glutaraldehyde kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins and is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells.
A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilise cell and organelle membrane lipids.
Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedment in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.


Glutaraldehyde is also used in SDS-PAGE to fix proteins and peptides prior to staining.
Typically, a gel is treated with a 5% solution for approximately one half hour, after which Glutaraldehyde must be thoroughly washed to remove the yellow stain brought about by reacting with free tris.
Glutaraldehyde has been a high-level disinfectant for over 50 years.


As a disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde is used to eliminate harmful microorganisms on surgical instruments and has other uses as a fixative or preservative in other parts of a healthcare facility.
Glutaraldehyde is used in hospitals and medical and dental offices in solutions for cold sterilization and automatic processing of x-rays.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a tissue fixative in histology and microscopy, chemical intermediate, embalming fluid, biocide (cosmetics, water treatment, oilfield, and fish farming applications), disinfectant, cross-linking agent, leather tanning agent, gelatine hardening agent, and keratolytic.


Glutaraldehyde is used as an antimicrobial agent in agricultural, food handling, commercial, industrial, residential, public, and medical environments.
Glutaraldehyde is also used as materials preservative (cleansers, adhesives, paper, water based coatings, latex paints, inks, dyes, concrete admixtures, and reverse osmosis membranes) and in industrial processes and water systems treatment (recirculating and waste-water water systems, drilling muds, oil and gas storage systems, paper mills, and metalworking fluids).


Glutaraldehyde is used in a variety of applications, including disinfection and sanitization.
Glutaraldehyde-containing formulations address the needs of a variety of industries due to its strong efficacy across a broad pH range.
Crosslinking rigidifies and deactivates many biological functions, so in this way, Glutaraldehyde solutions are used as biocides and as fixative.


As a disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize surgical instruments.
Glutaraldehyde is used as Disinfectant for surgical instruments that cannot be heat sterilized
Glutaraldehyde is used as A cross-linking and tanning agent
Glutaraldehyde is used as A biocide in metalworking fluids and in oil and gas pipelines


Glutaraldehyde is used as An antimicrobial in water-treatment systems
Glutaraldehyde is used as A slimicide in paper manufacturing
Glutaraldehyde is used as A preservative in cosmetics
Glutaraldehyde is used as A disinfectant in animal housing


Glutaraldehyde is used as A tissue fixative in histology and pathology labs
Glutaraldehyde is used as A hardening agent in the development of X-rays
Glutaraldehyde is used as In embalming solutions
Glutaraldehyde is used as In the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses


Glutaraldehyde is used as In various clinical applications
Glutaraldehyde may be used in select goods, such as paint and laundry detergent.
A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids.
Glutaraldehyde also used for undersea pipes to protect against corrosion.


Another application for treatment of proteins with Glutaraldehyde is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines.
Glutaraldehyde is also used in the treatment of hyperhidrosis under the control of dermatologists.
In people who have frequent sweating but do not respond to aluminum chloride.


Glutaraldehyde solution is an effective agent to treat palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis as an alternative to tannic acid and formaldehyde.
Veterinary uses: Glutaraldehyde diluted with water is often sold as alternative to carbon dioxide gas injection for aquarium plants.
Glutaraldehyde is commonly also used by aquarists in low doses as an algaecide.
Glutaraldehyde is used to disinfect medical and dental equipment.


Glutaraldehyde is also used for industrial water treatment and as a preservative.
Glutaraldehyde is used to reduce degradation in cells, tissues, and entire organisms before further experiments like electron microscopy.
Glutaraldehyde is used to fix specimen before electron microscopy where Glutaraldehyde is employed alone or mixed with polymethanal (paraformaldehyde) as the first of 2 fixations followed by osmium tetroxide.


Glutaraldehyde is used as an amine cross-linker.
Glutaraldehyde is used in SDS-PAGE to fix/crosslink proteins and peptides prior to staining.
Gels are treated with a 5% solution for ~30 min, after which it must be thoroughly washed to remove the yellow stain brought about by reacting with free Tris.


Alternatively, gels can be washed before fixation.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.
At room temperature Glutaraldehyde is a pungent colourless oily liquid and is mainly available as an aqueous solution of 50% concentration.
A Glutaraldehyde solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long term storage.


Glutaraldehyde is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses.
Glutaraldehyde is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative.
Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to sterilize medical and dental equipment.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy.


Glutaraldehyde is employed as an embalming fluid, is a component of leather tanning solutions, and occurs as an intermediate in the production of certain industrial chemicals.
Glutaraldehyde is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative.
Glutaraldehyde is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker.


The oligomeric state of proteins can be examined through this application.
Monomeric Glutaraldehyde can polymerize by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha,beta-unsaturated poly-Glutaraldehyde.
This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.
A Glutaraldehyde solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used for system disinfection and as a preservative for long term storage.


Glutaraldehyde is used in biological electron microscopy as a fixative.
Glutaraldehyde kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins and is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells.
A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilise cell and organelle membrane lipids.


Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedment in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.
Glutaraldehyde is also used in SDS-PAGE to fix proteins and peptides prior to staining.
Typically, a gel is treated with a 5% solution for approximately one half hour, after which it must be thoroughly washed to remove the yellow stain brought about by reacting with free tris.


Glutaraldehyde is claimed that it provides a bioavailable source of carbon for higher plants that is not available to algae.
Glutaraldehyde is used for cross-linking proteins and polyhydroxy materials.
Also Glutaraldehyde is used as a fixative for tissues and as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker.


Glutaraldehyde is also used in coupling reaction of biotin hydrazides to nucleic acids which is useful for conjugating fluorescent hydrazides and hydroxylamines to DNA and for stabilization ofproteins on agarose beads,activation of polystyrene and glass, for immobilization of antibodies and antigens.
Glutaraldehyde is a disinfectant, which is rapidly effective against vegetative forms of Gram-positiveand Gram-negative bacteria.


Glutaraldehyde is used in hospitals and medical and dental offices in solutions for cold sterilization and automatic processing of x-rays.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a tissue fixative in histology and microscopy, chemical intermediate, embalming fluid, biocide (cosmetics, water treatment, oilfield, and fish farming applications), disinfectant, cross-linking agent, leather tanning agent, gelatine hardening agent, and keratolytic.


Glutaraldehyde is used as an antimicrobial agent in agricultural, food handling, commercial, industrial, residential, public, and medical environments.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a fungicide, also used for leather tanning.


Also Glutaraldehyde is used as materials preservative (cleansers, adhesives, paper, water based coatings, latex paints, inks, dyes, concrete admixtures, and reverse osmosis membranes) and in industrial processes and water systems treatment (recirculating and waste-water water systems, drilling muds, oil and gas storage systems, paper mills, and metalworking fluids).
The largest single use of Glutaraldehyde is as an antimicrobial, bactericide, fungicide and a virucide.


Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize hospital and veterinary equipment, and to disinfect surfaces in hospitals, veterinary hospitals, nursing homes, and food processing plants.
Glutaraldehyde is used to prevent bacterial growth in water supplies for washing air, cooler systems, logging ponds, and pulp and paper water systems.


Smaller uses are as an embalming fluid, as a fixative for tissues, for film processing and leather tanning.
Glutaraldehyde is used as bactericide, disinfector, tanning agent, widely used in petroleum development, leather treatment, food, plastics, coatings etc.


Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant, as an intermediate in classical synthesis of pseudopelleterine, as a tanning agent in leather, and in the sterilization of endoscopic instruments, dental and barber equipment, thermometers, rubber or plastic equipment which cannot be heat sterilized.
Glutaraldehyde is used also as embalming fluid, in electron microscopy. Hardener for photographic gelatin.


Glutaraldehyde, Pharmacological agent used for hyperhidrosis and antifungal purposes and for treatment of warts and some bullous diseases as well as herpes infections.
Glutaraldehyde contains 5% sorbitan sesquioleate as emulsifier.
Glutaraldehyde is used as an antimicrobial agent in sugar mills and as a fixing agent in the immobilisation of glucose isomerase enzyme preparations for use in the manufacture of high fructose corn syrup.


Glutaraldehyde is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize surgical instruments.
Glutaraldehyde known as polycycloglutaracetal used as a fertilizer for aquatic plants.


It is claimed that Glutaraldehyde provides a bioavailable source of carbon for higher plants that is not available to algae.
Though not marketed as such due to federal regulations, the biocidal effect of Glutaraldehyde kills most algae at concentrations of 0.5 - 5.0 ppm.
These levels are not harmful to most aquatic fauna and flora.


Adverse reactions have been observed by some aquarists at these concentrations in some aquatic mosses, liverworts, and vascular plants.
Glutaraldehyde is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy.
Glutaraldehyde is used as bactericide, disinfector, tanning agent, widely used in petroleum development, leather treatment, food, plastics, coatings etc.


Glutaraldehyde is also employed as an embalming fluid, is a component of leather tanning solutions, and occurs as an intermediate in the production of certain industrial chemicals.
Crosslinking rigidifies and deactivates many biological functions, so in this way, Glutaraldehyde solutions are used as biocides and as fixative.


Glutaraldehyde is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker.
The oligomeric state of proteins can be examined through this application.
A pungent colorless oily liquid, Glutaraldehyde is used to disinfect medical and dental equipment.
Glutaraldehyde is commonly also used by aquarists in low doses as an algaecide.


Glutaraldehyde is applied as a disinfectant for heat-sensitive medical and dental equipment.
Glutaraldehyde’s biocidal properties are also utilized for industrial water treatment, hydraulic fracking, and as a topical wart treatment.
Glutaraldehyde is a preferred fixing agent for biological tissues, since it is nonvolatile, and is widely used for leather tanning, embalming, creation of toxoid vaccines, or preparing cell specimens for electron microscopy.


Glutaraldehyde is also used to fix certain enzymes during the production of high fructose corn syrup.
Glutaraldehyde is widely used in embalming; in the manufacture of adhesives, sealants, and electrical products; as a cross-linking agent for proteins and polyhydroxy compounds; in microcapsules containing flavoring agents; and as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy, the paper and leather tanning industries, and x-ray film developing solutions.


Glutaraldehyde is also used as a sterilizing agent for plastics, rubber, thermometers, lenses, and other surgical, dental, and hospital equipment.
Glutaraldehyde is an effective sporicidal agent, requiring about 3 h for an almost complete kill of spores as well as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and viruses.


Glutaraldehyde has been used in surgical procedures including colonic anastomoses and dental pulpotomies.
Glutaraldehyde solutions (5-25%) are used clinically to treat skin disorders, including warts, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating of the hands or soles of the feet), herpes simplex, and herpes zoster, and in the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses.


The preservative and antimicrobial properties of Glutaraldehyde have found broad application in cosmetic, toiletry, and chemical specialty products because of Glutaraldehyde's water solubility and usefulness in systems containing secondary or tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, or protonated amines.
Glutaraldehyde solutions often are used as cell and tissue fixatives in biochemical experiments during space-shuttle flights.


Glutaraldehyde diluted with water is often sold as alternative to carbon dioxide gas injection for aquarium plants.
A pungent colorless oily liquid, Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilise medical and dental equipment.
Glutaraldehyde, 2%, solution is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy.


Glutaraldehyde is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative.
Glutaraldehyde is widely used for oil production, medical care, bio-chemical, leather treatment, tanning agents, protein cross-linking agent; in the preparation of heterocyclic compounds; also used for plastics, adhesives, fuels, perfumes, textile, paper making, printing; corrosion prevention of instruments and cosmetics etc.


Glutaraldehyde is used as Disinfectant for surgical instruments that cannot be heat sterilized
Glutaraldehyde is used as A cross-linking and tanning agent
Glutaraldehyde is used as A biocide in metalworking fluids and in oil and gas pipelines
Glutaraldehyde is used as An antimicrobial in water-treatment systems


Glutaraldehyde is used as A slimicide in paper manufacturing
Glutaraldehyde is used as A preservative in cosmetics
Glutaraldehyde is used as A disinfectant in animal housing
Glutaraldehyde is used as A tissue fixative in histology and pathology labs


Glutaraldehyde is used as A hardening agent in the development of X-rays
Glutaraldehyde is used as In embalming solutions
Glutaraldehyde is used as In the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses
Glutaraldehyde is used as In various clinical applications


Glutaraldehyde is used as Disinfectant, biocide, tissue fixative, medicine (wart treatment); component of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) fluid.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a medication, preservative, disinfectant and fixative.
Glutaraldehyde is used to disinfect the surgical instruments as well as other items of hospitals.
Glutaraldehyde which is also utilized as a cold sterilant that can disinfect as well as clean heat-sensitive medical, dental and surgical equipment.


Glutaraldehyde is used for the sectors of chemical Processing, Gas and Oil.
Glutaraldehyde is a sort of corrosion inhibitor that can be used in several industrial and processing applications.
A pungent colorless oily liquid, Glutaraldehyde from our end is used to sterilize medical and dental equipment.
Glutaraldehyde is also used for industrial water treatment and as a preservative.


The use of Glutaraldehyde is particularly recommended in the Biosafety Ruls of the National Health Department and in almost all the Reglamentations on the subject in the work.
Glutaraldehyde is also recommended by almost all the manufacturers of endoscopic instruments, for their disinfection of high level and/or sterilization.


In neutral or slightly alkaline environments, this product develops its peak of efficacy, killing Gram + bacteria, Gram - bacteria, fungus, lipophilic virus, microbacteria, and even bacterial spores.
Moreover, when the product is activated, the medium and the stabilizing and oxidizing additives of it, provides the product longer shelf life to surgical instruments in general, prevents drying and cracking of plastic and rubber materials, as well as the corrosion of the low quality stainless steel materials.


Glutaraldehyde is a potent antimicrobial/sterilant used to disinfect equipment, surfaces, and laundry in the health care and cosmetology industries.
Glutaraldehyde is used in leather treatments, chemical syntheses, x-ray film developers, paper manufacture and paper finishes, and as a preservative in paints and art paints.


Glutaraldehyde is used as an embalming fluid and in many biochemical applications such as tissue fixative in electron microscopy and as an aminereactive homobifunctional crosslinker.
Glutaraldehyde is mainly used in the high performance disinfection and/or sterilization of elements that cannot be disinfected and/or sterilized through conventional ways (vapor, dry heat, radiation, etc.).


-Application Areas of Glutaraldehyde:
*Disinfectant Chemical
*Water Treatment Chemical
*Pharmaceutical Chemical
*Biocides


-Biochemistry:
Glutaraldehyde is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative.
Glutaraldehyde kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins.
Glutaraldehyde is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells.


-Glutaraldehyde is used for industrial, laboratory, agricultural, medical, and some household purposes, primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment.
For example, Glutaraldehyde is used in oil and gas recovery operations and pipelines, waste water treatment, x-ray processing, embalming fluid, leather tanning, paper industry, in fogging and cleaning of poultry houses, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of various materials.


-Material Science:
In material science Glutaraldehyde application areas vary from polymers to metals and biomaterials.
Glutaraldehyde commonly used as fixing agent before characterization of biomaterials for microscopy.
Glutaraldehyde is a powerfull crosslinking agent for many polymers contain primer amine groups.
Crosslinking with Glutaraldehyde can be used for a polymeric mixture or also can we used as interlinking agent between two different polymeric layers, and an interlinking agent to improve the adhesion force between two polymeric coatings.


-Dermatological uses of Glutaraldehyde:
As a medication Glutaraldehyde is used to treat plantar warts.
For this purpose, a 10% w/v solution is used.
Glutaraldehyde dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.


-Medical:
*Clinical uses:
Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant and medication.
Usually applied as a solution, Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.


-Biochemistry:
Glutaraldehyde is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative.
Glutaraldehyde kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells.
A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids.


-Material Science:
In material science glutaraldehyde application areas range from polymers to metals and biomaterials.
Glutaraldehyde is commonly used as fixing agent before characterization of biomaterials for microscopy.
Glutaraldehyde is a powerful crosslinking agent for many polymers containing primer amine groups.
Glutaraldehdye also can be used for an interlinking agent to improve the adhesion force between two polymeric coatings.
Glutaraldehyde is also used to protect against corrosion of undersea pipes.


-Clinical uses of Glutaraldehyde:
Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant and medication.
Applied as a solution, Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.


-Dermatological uses of Glutaraldehyde:
As a medication Glutaraldehyde is used to treat plantar warts.
For this purpose, a 10% w/v solution is used.
Glutaraldehyde dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.
Glutaraldehyde is also used in the treatment of hyperhidrosis under the control of dermatologists.
In people who have frequent sweating but do not respond to aluminum chloride.
Glutaraldehyde solution is an effective agent to treat palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis as an alternative to tannic acid and formaldehyde.


-Use in the Aquarium Hobby:
Glutaraldehyde diluted with water is often sold as alternative to carbon dioxide gas injection for aquarium plants.
Glutaraldehyde is commonly also used by aquarists in low doses as an algaecide.


-Glutaraldehyde is used in the health care field as a chemical disinfectant, and, in x-ray film processing.
Of special interest are the areas where it is used as:
*an ingredient in X-ray developers,
*a tissue fixative in the biochemistry of cells and electron microscopy, and an embalming agent.
*Alkaline glutaraldehyde is widely used in cold sterilization of medical, surgical and dental equipment.


-Glutaraldehyde is used for a number of applications:
*Disinfectant for surgical instruments that cannot be heat sterilized
*A cross-linking and tanning agent
*A biocide in metalworking fluids and in oil and gas pipelines
*An antimicrobial in water-treatment systems
*A slimicide in paper manufacturing
*A preservative in cosmetics
*A disinfectant in animal housing
*A tissue fixative in histology and pathology labs
*A hardening agent in the development of X-rays
*In embalming solutions
*In the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses
*In various clinical applications


-How is Glutaraldehyde Used in Healthcare Facilities?
Glutaraldehyde is used as a cold sterilant to disinfect a variety of heat-sensitive instruments, such as endoscopes, dialysis equipment, and more.
Glutaraldehyde is used as a high-level disinfectant for those surgical instruments that cannot be heat sterilized.


-Glutaraldehyde is used for several applications in healthcare facilities:
*Disinfectant and sterilization of surfaces and equipment
*A tissue fixative in pathology labs
*A hardening agent used to develop X-rays
*For the preparation of grafts



PROPERTIES of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
-Glutaraldehyde is a potent, cross-linking fixative
-bridges larger distances than PFA
-crosslinks are irreversible unlike those of PFA
-larger molecule than methanal from PFA & therefore slower
-penetration into tissue
-causes more autofluorescence than PFA.



PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
PRODUCTION:
Glutaraldehydeis produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of cyclopentene by hydrogen peroxide, which can be achieved in the presence of various tungstic acid-based heteropoly acid catalysts.
This reaction essentially mimics ozonolysis.
Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.


REACTIONS:
Like other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), Glutaraldehyde hydrates in aqueous solution, forming gem-diols.
These diols in turn equilibrate with cyclic hemiacetal.
Monomeric Glutaraldehyde polymerizes by aldol condensation and Michael reactions yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-Glutaraldehyde and related oligomers.
This reaction occurs at alkaline pH values.

A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal and fixative properties of Glutaraldehyde.
Like many other aldehydes, Glutaraldehyde reacts with primary amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins, nucleic acids and polymeric materials.
Being bi-functional, Glutaraldehyde is a crosslinker, which rigidifies macromolecular structures and shuts down their reactivity.
The aldehyde groups in Glutaraldehyde are susceptible to formation of imines by reaction with the amines of lysine and nucleic acids.
The derivatives from aldol condensation of pairs of Glutaraldehyde also undergo imine formation.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of Glutaraldehyde:
*Short-chain aldehydes
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS of Glutaraldehyde:
*Alpha-hydrogen aldehyde
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Short-chain aldehyde
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
Chemical formula: C5H8O2
Molar mass: 100.117
Appearance: Clear liquid
Odor: pungent
Density: 1.06 g/mL
Melting point: −14 °C (7 °F; 259 K)
Boiling point: 187 °C (369 °F; 460 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible, reacts
Vapor pressure: 17 mmHg (20°C)[2]
Molecular Weight: 100.12
XLogP3-AA: -0.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 100.052429494
Monoisotopic Mass: 100.052429494
Topological Polar Surface Area: 34.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 51.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Melting Point: -15 °C
Boiling Point: 189.0±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 66.0±16.8 °C
Molecular Formula: C5H8O2
Molecular Weight: 100.116
Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Physical Form: Liquid
Melting Point: -5°C
Boiling Point: 100°C
Density: 1.060g/cm³
Packaging: Glass Bottle
Vapor Pressure: 16.4mmHg at 20°C
Quantity: 4 L
Assay Percent Range: 24.0 to 26.5 %
Linear Formula: HC(O)(CH2)3CHO
Merck Index: 15, 4508
Formula Weight: 100.12


Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 104.08373g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.08373g/mol
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 25.3
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Physical State: Liquid
Color/Form: Viscous, oily liquid, Colorless
Boiling Point: 239℃
Melting Point: -16℃
Flash Point: 135 °C
Solubility: Miscible with water;
Soluble in water;
Miscible with methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate.
Soluble in ether (25 °C) 11% w/w.
Limited solubility in benzene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, petroleum ether, heptane.
Soluble in alcohols, acetone, and relatively insoluble in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Density: 0.9941 g/cm cu at 20 °C; 0.9858 g/cm cu at 25 °C
Appearance: Colorless to Almost colorless clear liquid
H-Bond Donor: 2
H-Bond Acceptor: 2
Vapor Pressure: 0.00 mmHg;3.90X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C
Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Viscosity: 128 mPa.s at 20 °C
Refractive Index: Index of refraction: 1.4499 at 20 °C
Heat of Vaporization: 82.4 kJ/mol at 25 °C
Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Other Experimental:
Henry's Law constant = 3.1X10-7atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.3X10-11 cu cm/mole-sec at 25 °C (est)
Appearance: colorless clear liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity: 1.00500 to 1.01100 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 8.363 to 8.413

Refractive Index: 1.43000 to 1.43600 @ 20.00 °C.
Boiling Point: 188.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.600000 mmHg @ 30.00 °C.
Flash Point: > 300.00 °F. TCC ( > 148.89 °C. )
logP (o/w): -0.180 (est)
Shelf Life: 12.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage: store under nitrogen.
Storage: refrigerate in tightly sealed containers. store under nitrogen.
Soluble in: alcohol
water, 1.672e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Melting point: -10 °C
Boiling point: 101 °C
Density: 1.06
vapor density: 0.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.0203 hPa at 20 °C
form: Liquid
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 0.918 to 1.123
Odor: Sharp, fruity, medicinal

PH Range: 3.1 - 4.5
Water Solubility: Soluble in water
Min. Purity Spec: ca. 50% in Water, ca. 5.6mol/L
Physical Form (at 20°C): Liquid
Melting Point: -5°C
Boiling Point: 100°C
Density: 1.06
Refractive Index: 1.373
Physical state: liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: characteristic
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: -6 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 100,5 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable


Autoignition temperature: Not applicable
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: > 3,0 at 20 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: at 20 °C soluble
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0,27 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 1,06 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 0,8

Formula: C5H8O2
Formula mass: 100.12
Melting point, °C: -10
Boiling point, °C: 101
Vapor pressure, mmHg: 0.6 (25 C)
Vapor density (air=1): 0.8
Evaporization number: 0.9 (butyl acetate=1)
Critical temperature: 360
Critical pressure: 41.1
Density: 1.014 g/cm3 (20 C)
Solubility in water: Miscible
Surface tension: Refractive index: 1.43 (20 C)
Partition coefficient, pKow: -0.34
Heat of vaporization: 42.5 kJ/mol

Molar mass: 100.117
Appearance: Clear liquid
Odor: pungent
Density: 1.06 g/mL
Melting point: −14 °C (7 °F; 259 K)
Boiling point: 187 °C (369 °F; 460 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible, reacts
Vapor pressure: 17 mmHg (20°C)
Molecular Weight: 100.12
XLogP3-AA: -0.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 100.052429494
Monoisotopic Mass: 100.052429494
Topological Polar Surface Area: 34.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,40 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Latex gloves
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: > 240 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions
Tightly closed.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B: Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLUTARALDEHYDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Pentanedial
Glutaraldehyde
Glutardialdehyde
Glutaric acid dialdehyde
Glutaric aldehyde
Glutaric dialdehyde
1,5-Pentanedial
glutaraldehyde
Pentanedial
Glutaral
111-30-8
Glutaric dialdehyde
Cidex
1,5-Pentanedial
Sonacide
Glutardialdehyde
Pentane-1,5-dial
Glutaric acid dialdehyde
Glutaric aldehyde
Glutaraldehyd
Glutaralum
Glutarol
Ucarcide
Aldesan
Alhydex
Hospex
1,3-Diformylpropane
Gluteraldehyde
1,5-Pentanedione
Aldesen
Novaruca
Sporicidin
Sterihyde L
Aldehyd glutarowy
NCI-C55425
Glutaclean
Sterihyde
Aqucar
Veruca-sep
Relugan GT
Relugan GTW
component of Cidex
Glutarex 28
NSC 13392
Sonacide (TN)
Cidex 7
Ucarcide 250
Relugan GT 50
Sterihyde L (TN)
Coldcide-25 microbiocide
NSC-13392
Glutaral (JAN/USP/INN)
Potentiated acid glutaraldehyde
CHEBI:64276
T3C89M417N
1, 5-Pentanedial
MFCD00007025
NCGC00091110-01
DSSTox_CID_5355
DSSTox_RID_77761
DSSTox_GSID_25355
Glutaraldehyde Solution, 25%
Caswell No. 468
Glutaraldehyde solution
1,3-Diformyl propane
Diswart
Gludesin
Glutarol-1,5-pentanedial
Polyglutaraldehyde
CAS-111-30-8
Poly(glutaraldehyde)
CCRIS 3800
HSDB 949
EINECS 203-856-5
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 043901
Glutaric dialdehyde solution
BRN 0605390
pentandial
Dioxopentane
Glutural
Ucarset
Verucasep
Glutaraldehyde solution, for electron microscopy, ~25% in H2O
Virsal
UNII-T3C89M417N
Glutaral(usan)
glutaric dihydride
GLUTARALDEHYDE, 25% SOLN
Glutaral concentrate
Bactron K31
Ucarcide 225
Glutaraldehyde solution (50% or less)
Pentanedial, homopolymer
pentane-1,5-dialdehyde
Protectol GDA, GT 50
SCHEMBL836
WLN: VH3VH
GLUTARAL [WHO-DD]
EC 203-856-5
GLUTARALDEHYDE [MI]
Pentane-1,5-dial solution
GLUTARALDEHYDE [FCC]
4-01-00-03659 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BIDD:ER0299
Glutaraldehyde Solution, 50%
CHEMBL1235482
DTXSID6025355
AMY3308
Bio1_000462
Bio1_000951
Bio1_001440
Glutaraldehyde solution, 25% w/w
Glutaraldehyde solution, 50% w/w
Glutaraldehyde solution, 70% w/w
NSC13392
STR01121
ZINC1729593
Tox21_111083
Tox21_201742
Tox21_303295
STL281872
AKOS008967285
DB03266
Glutaric dialdehyde, 25%sol. In water
Glutaric dialdehyde, 25% sol. in water
NCGC00091110-02
NCGC00091110-03
NCGC00257231-01
NCGC00259291-01
GLUTARAL CONCENTRATE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Glutaraldehyde solution, 25 wt. % in H2O
Glutaraldehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O
FT-0626730
G0067
G0068
EN300-18037
D01120
Glutaraldehyde solution, for synthesis, 25.0%
Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade II, 25% in H2O
A802339
Q416475
Glutaraldehyde solution, for in vitro diagnostic use
Q-201162
Glutaric dialdehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O, FCC
Z57127529
F2191-0161
Glutaraldehyde solution, SAJ first grade, 20.0-26.0%
Glutaraldehyde solution, technical, ~25% in H2O (2.6 M)
Glutaraldehyde solution, technical, ~50% in H2O (5.6 M)
Glutaraldehyde solution, 1.2 % (w/v) glutaraldehyde in H2O
Glutaraldehyde solution, for electron microscopy, ~50% in H2O
Glutaraldehyde solution, for electron microscopy, ~8% in H2O
Glutaraldehyde solution, 50% in H2O, suitable for photographic applications
Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade I, 25% in H2O, specially purified for use as an electron microscopy fixative
Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade I, 50% in H2O, specially purified for use as an electron microscopy fixative or other sophisticated use
Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade I, 70% in H2O, specially purified for use as an electron microscopy fixative or other sophisticated use
Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade I, 8% in H2O, specially purified for use as an electron microscopy fixative or other sophisticated use
UN2810
glutaraldehyde
Pentanedial
Glutaral
Glutaric dialdehyde
Cidex
Glutardialdehyde
1,5-Pentanedial
Sonacide
Glutaric aldehyde
Pentane-1,5-dial
Glutaraldehyd
Glutaric acid dialdehyde
Glutaralum
Glutarol
Ucarcide
Aldesan
Alhydex
Hospex
1,3-Diformylpropane
Gluteraldehyde
1,5-Pentanedione
Aldesen
Novaruca
Sporicidin
Aldehyd glutarowy
NCI-C55425
Glutaclean
Sterihyde
Aqucar
Veruca-sep
Sterihyde L
Relugan GT
Relugan GTW
component of Cidex
Glutarex 28
NSC 13392
Sonacide (TN)
Cidex 7
Ucarcide 250
UNII-T3C89M417N
Relugan GT 50
Sterihyde L (TN)
Coldcide-25 microbiocide
Glutaral (JAN/USP/INN)
Potentiated acid glutaraldehyde
CHEBI:64276
T3C89M417N
1, 5-Pentanedial
NSC-13392
NCGC00091110-01
DSSTox_CID_5355
DSSTox_RID_77761
DSSTox_GSID_25355
Glutaraldehyde Solution, 25%
Caswell No. 468
Glutaraldehyde solution
1,3-Diformyl propane
Diswart
Gludesin
Glutarol-1,5-pentanedial
Polyglutaraldehyde
Poly(glutaraldehyde)
CCRIS 3800
HSDB 949
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 043901
BRN 0605390
pentandial
Dioxopentane
Glutural
Ucarset
Verucasep
Glutaraldehyde solution, for electron microscopy, ~25% in H2O
Virsal
Glutaral(usan)
glutaric dihydride
GLUTARALDEHYDE, 25% SOLN
Glutaral concentrate
Bactron K31
Ucarcide 225
Glutaraldehyde solution (50% or less)
Glutaraldehyde solution, 25% in water
Pentanedial, homopolymer
pentane-1,5-dialdehyde
Glutaral, INN, USAN
Protectol GDA, GT 50
SCHEMBL836
WLN: VH3VH
BIDD:ER0299
Glutaraldehyde Solution, 50%
CHEMBL1235482
DTXSID6025355
AMY3308
Bio1_000462
Bio1_000951
Bio1_001440
NSC13392
STR01121
ZINC1729593
Tox21_111083
Tox21_201742
Tox21_303295
STL281872
AKOS008967285
DB03266
Glutaric dialdehyde, 25%sol. In water
Glutaric dialdehyde, 25% sol. in water
NCGC00091110-02
NCGC00091110-03
NCGC00257231-01
NCGC00259291-01
Glutaraldehyde solution, 25 wt. % in H2O
Glutaraldehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O
FT-0626730
G0067
G0068
EN300-18037
D01120
Glutaraldehyde solution, for synthesis, 25.0%
Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade II, 25% in H2O
A802339
Q416475
Glutaraldehyde solution, for in vitro diagnostic use
Q-201162
Glutaric dialdehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O, FCC
F2191-0161
Pentanedial
1,5-Pentanedial
5-Oxopentanal
Aldesan
Banicide
Biomate 743
Cidex
Cidex 7
Cidex-Dialyzer
Cidexplus
Cleancide 275
Diglutaric Aldehyde
Eimaldehyde
Floperm 665X1
Formula H
Glu-Cid
Glutaclean
Glutaral
Glutardialdehyde
Glutarex 28
Glutaric Acid Dialdehyde
Glutaric Dialdehyde
Glutohyde
Hospex
KS 02
Kcide 850
Maxicide Plus
Metricide Plus
NSC 13392
Panavirocide
Piror 850
Relugan GT
Relugan GT 50
Relugan GTW
Sonacide
Sporicidin
Sterihyde
Sterihyde L
Sterisol S
Surcide G 50
T 352
Ucarcide 250
Wavicide 01
glutaraldehyde
glutaric dialdehyde
1,5-pentanedione
glutardialdehyde
glutaclean
glutaral
glutaric acid dialdehyde
glutarex 28
pentanedial
Glutaraldehyde Solution BP
Pentanedial
1,5-Pentanedial
glutaraldehyde sol,F. E. M.,~50% in H2O
glutaraldehyde sol,for E. M.,~25% in H2O
glutaraldehyde grade I
glutaraldehyde 50% aqueous solution*photographic
glutaraldehyde grade I 50% aqueous*solution
glutaraldehyde grade I 70% aqueous*solution
Glutaraldehyde, 25% Aqueous Solution
Glutaraldehyde 50% solution
Glutarldehyde
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde disinfectant
1,3-Diformylpropane
1,5-Pentanedial
1,5-Pentanedione
Aldehyd glutarowy
Aldesan
Aldesen
Alhydex
Aqucar
Cidex
Cidex 7
Coldcide-25 microbiocide
component of Cidex
Glutaclean
Glutaral
Glutaraldehyd
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde solution
Glutaralum
Glutardialdehyde
Glutarex 28
Glutaric acid dialdehyde
Glutaric aldehyde
Glutaric dialdehyde
Glutarol
Gluteraldehyde
Hospex
Novaruca
Pentane-1,5-dial
Potentiated acid glutaraldehyde
Relugan GT
Relugan GT 50
Relugan GTW
Sonacide
Sporicidin
Sterihyde
Ucarcide
Ucarcide 250
Veruca-sep
BRN 0605390
CASWELL NO. 468
CCRIS 3800
EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE 043901
HSDB 949
NCI-C55425
NSC 13392
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaric dialdehyde
Pentanedial
1,3-diformylpropane
1,5-Pentanedial
Glutaric Aldehyde
Glutaric Acid Dialdehyde
Alhydex
Cidex
Dioxopentane
Glutaral
Glutardialdehyde
Glutarol
Sporicidin
Ucarcide
Veruca-sep
Gluteraldehyde
1,5-pentanedione
potentiated acid glutaraldehyde
sonacide
Pentane-1,5-dial
Aldesan
Coldcide-25 microbiocide

GLUTARALDEHYDE %24 Glutaraldehyde %24 the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Glutaraldehyde %24 Skeletal formula of Glutaraldehyde %24 Ball-and-stick model of the Glutaraldehyde %24 molecule Glutaraldehyde %24 Infobox references Glutaraldehyde %24, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative.[3][4][5][6] As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde %24 is applied as a liquid.[3] Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde %24 is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] Glutaraldehyde %24 is a dialdehyde.[8] It works by a number of mechanisms.[7] Glutaraldehyde %24 came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11] Disinfection Glutaraldehyde %24 is used as a disinfectant and medication.[3][4][12] Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.[3] Fixative Glutaraldehyde %24 is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[13] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed] Another application for treatment of proteins with Glutaraldehyde %24 is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[14] In a related application, Glutaraldehyde %24 is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming.[citation needed] Safety Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde %24 is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] As a strong sterilant, Glutaraldehyde %24 is toxic and a strong irritant.[16] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[17] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[17] Mechanism of action A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of Glutaraldehyde %24.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[18] Production and reactions Synthesis of Glutaraldehyde %24 via the Diels-Alder reaction. Glutaraldehyde %24 is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[19] Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), Glutaraldehyde %24 converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species.[clarification needed][20][19] Monomeric Glutaraldehyde %24 polymerizes by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-Glutaraldehyde %24. This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.[medical citation needed] History and culture Glutaraldehyde %24 came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11] A Glutaraldehyde %24 solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long-term storage. It is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses.[21] As a biocide, Glutaraldehyde %24 is a component of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") fluid. It is included in the additive called Alpha 1427.[22] Bacterial growth impairs extraction of oil and gas from these wells. Glutaraldehyde %24 is pumped as a component of the fracturing fluid to inhibit microbial growth.[medical citation needed] Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biological uses and importance of Glutaraldehyde %24. The modern industrial production of the aldehyde involves a two-step synthesis from an interaction of acrolein with vinyl ethyl ether to produce an ethoxy dihydropyran that is then hydrolyzed with water to form Glutaraldehyde %24 and ethanol. Glutaraldehyde %24 is used in three major areas: (1) leather tanning, (2) sterilization and disinfection, and (3) tissue fixation for electron microscopy. This chapter is discusses the latter two of these subjects. Investigation of the effects of a number of fixatives on plant cells from the root tip of Phaseolus vulgaris both at the light- and electron microscopic levels, including Glutaraldehyde %24, osmium tetroxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, potassium dichromate, Clarke's fluid and chromic acid, acetic and water showed that Glutaraldehyde %24 was an excellent general fixative. The chapter discusses the recently introduced Glutaraldehyde %24-containing fixatives. Overview CAS No. 111-30-8 Glutaraldehyde %24, C5H8O2 or OCH(CH₂)₃CHO, is a transparent oily, liquid with a pungent odor. Exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24 may cause the following symptoms: throat and lung irritation, asthma and difficulty breathing, dermatitis, nasal irritation, sneezing, wheezing, burning eyes, and conjunctivitis. Workers may be harmed from exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24. Workers can be exposed to Glutaraldehyde %24 through inhalation or skin contact. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done. Glutaraldehyde %24 is used for a number of applications: NIOSH recommends that employers use Hierarchy of Controls to prevent injuries. If you work in an industry that uses Glutaraldehyde %24, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheet for hazard information. Visit NIOSH’s page on Managing Chemical Safety in the Workplace to learn more about controlling chemical workplace exposures. The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24. Useful search terms for Glutaraldehyde %24 include “glutaric dialdehyde,” and “1,5-pentanedial.” Related NIOSH Resources NIOSHTIC-2 search results on Glutaraldehyde %24 A searchable database of worker safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH. Aldehydes, screening (No. 2539) NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) Selected Publications NIOSH Skin Notation Profiles: Glutaraldehyde %24 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011-149 (2011) NIOSH Glutaraldehyde %24: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-115. Provides information about the adverse health effects of Glutaraldehyde %24, describes how hospital workers can be exposed to Glutaraldehyde %24, and identifies control methods and work practices to prevent or reduce exposure. En Español NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 55: Carcinogenicity of Acetaldehyde and Malonaldehyde, and Mutagenicity of Related Low-Molecular-Weight Aldehydes DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 91-112 Information about the potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde, the chemical reactivity and mutagenicity of nine related aldehydes, and includes guidelines for minimizing can be exposed to Glutaraldehyde %24, and identifies control methods and work practices to prevent or reduce exposure. NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 55: Carcinogenicity of Acetaldehyde and Malonaldehyde, and Mutagenicity of Related Low-Molecular-Weight Aldehydes DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 91-112 Information about the potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde, the chemical reactivity and mutagenicity of nine related aldehydes, and includes guidelines for minimizing occupational exposures. NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS): Glutaraldehyde %24 Includes detailed information about toxic health effects and official exposure recommendations and standards for Glutaraldehyde %24. Related Resources Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ASTDR): Glutaraldehyde %24 ASTDR Toxciological Profile for Glutaraldehyde %24 ASTDR ToxGuide: Glutaraldehyde %24pdf icon FDA-Cleared Sterilants and High Level Disinfectantsexternal icon EPA Chemistry Dashboard: Glutaraldeydeexternal icon EPA: Reducing Ethylene Oxide and Glutaraldehyde %24 Usepdf iconexternal icon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Best Practices for the Safe Use of Glutaraldehyde %24 in Health Careexternal icon OSHA Hospital eTool: Glutaraldehyde %24external icon OSHA Hazard Communicationexternal icon New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheets: Glutaraldehyde %24external icon International Resources European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): Glutaraldehyde %24external icon INCHEM-International Chemical Safety Data Card: Glutaraldehyde %24external icon Gestis Substance Databaseexternal icon OECD Global Portal to Information on Chemical Substancesexternal icon Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Screening Information Data Sets (SIDS): Glutaraldehyde %24external icon Glutaraldehyde %24 has been a high-level disinfectant for over 50 years. As a disinfectant, it is used to eliminate harmful microorganisms on surgical instruments and has other uses as a fixative or preservative in other parts of a healthcare facility. However, it can get into the air from its use as a disinfectant and employees and patients can be exposed to the chemical. Prolonged exposure to employees can become a problem. At CHT we provide solutions to maintain the health of your employees with environmental monitoring to ensure their well-being. We understand it's crucial to keep your employees safe and your healthcare facility compliant. In this article, we discuss the health effects and managing the chemical safety of Glutaraldehyde %24 in the workplace. Glutaraldehyde %24 How is Glutaraldehyde %24 Used in Healthcare Facilities? Glutaraldehyde %24 is used as a cold sterilant to disinfect a variety of heat-sensitive instruments, such as endoscopes, dialysis equipment, and more. It is used as a high-level disinfectant for those surgical instruments that cannot be heat sterilized. Glutaraldehyde %24 is used for several applications in healthcare facilities: There are risks associated with exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24. Occupational Hazards in Healthcare Facilities Glutaraldehyde %24 has been linked with a variety of health effects – ranging from mild to severe – including asthma, breathing difficulties, respiratory irritation, and skin rashes (Pryor, 1984; Crandall, 1987). "Rooms in which Glutaraldehyde %24 disinfection/sterilization is performed should be large enough to ensure the adequate dilution of vapor and should have a minimum air exchange rate of ten air exchanges per hour." [source] PPE protects workers against the hazards of using high-level disinfectants such as Glutaraldehyde %24. Regardless of the type of disinfectant used, facilities should use the proper PPE designed to protect their skin and eyes from contact. One of the earliest indications of the potential antimicrobial activity of Glutaraldehyde %24 came from the results of a survey of sporicidal activity of saturated dialdehydes in a search for an efficient substitute for formaldehyde (Pepper & Lieberman 1962). Further studies by Pepper & Chandler (1963) revealed that Glutaraldehyde %24 in alcoholic solution was superior as a sporicidal agent to both formaldehyde and glyoxal. In their claims for Glutaraldehyde %24 as a chemical sterilizing solution, Stonehill et a/. (1963) pointed out that aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde %24 were mildly acidic and needed to be buffered by suitable alkalinating agents to a pH of 7.5-8.5 for antimicrobial activity. A 2.0% (w/v) Glutaraldehyde %24 buffered to alkaline pH by addition of 0.3‘j/, (w/v) sodium bicarbonate was advocated to provide the minimum concentration and conditions necessary for rapid sporicidal activity. This solution has a greater sporicidal activity than 8% formaldehyde (Table 3). The value of this alkaline solution was later confirmed by Snyder & Cheatle (1965). Subsequently Glutaraldehyde %24 has always been recommended for use as an alkaline solution at pH 7.5-8.5 and towards the end of 1963, a 2% solution (Cidex) was marketed by Ethicon Inc., requiring ‘activation’ with 0.3% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate before use as a chemosterilizer. The time required for sterilization by a chemical agent is based upon the killing time achieved by the agent against a reasonable challenge of spores which are considered to be the most resistant. At the use-dilution of 2%, Glutaraldehyde %24 was capable of killing spores of Bacillus and Clostridium sp. in 3 h (Stonehill et a/. 1963; Borick et al. 1964). Rubbo et a/. (1967) reported a 99.99% kill of spores of B. anthracis and CI. tetani in 15 and 30 min respectively. It was apparent from their results that not all species were equally susceptible and of those organisms tested B. pumilis was the most resistant. Boucher (1974) found that B. subtilis spores were the most resistant to treatment with Glutaraldehyde %24. Using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) sporicidal test and vacuum-dried spores, he found that 10 h was necessary for complete kill. Other work, however, using similar time-survivor measurements and aqueous suspensions of B.subtilis spores, indicated that a 3 h contact period gave approximately a six log drop in viable count (Sierra & Boucher 1971; Kelsey et al. 1974; Forsyth 1975; Miner et al. 1977). Vegetative bacteria are readily susceptible to the action of Glutaraldehyde %24. As shown in Table 4, a 0.02% aqueous alkaline solution is rapidly effective against Gram positive and Gram negative species, whilst a 2% solution is capable of killing many vegetative species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 2 min (Stonehill el al. 1963). McGucken & Woodside (1973) reported a complete kill in 10 min of Esch. coli (2 x lo8 cells/ml) by 100 pg/ml alkaline Glutaraldehyde %24 compared with a 45% kill produced by the unactivated acid solution. In a comparative study of Cidex and Savlon by Leers eta/. (1974) stainless steel penicylinders, neoprene '0' rings and polyvinyl tubing were used as carriers for a range of organisms including Ps.aeruginosa and Mycobacterium smegmatis to simulate in-use conditions for the sterilization of instruments, catheter tubing and anaesthetic equipment. Cidex was effective on all three carriers, whereas Savlon was only partially effective, especially against Ps.aeruginosa and Staph.aureus. The tubercle bacillus has gained a justified reputation for being one of the most difficult species to destroy and its resistance to antibacterial agents is considered to be intermediate between sporulating and non-sporing organisms (Spaulding et al. 1977). Although good tuberculocidal activity has been attributed to Glutaraldehyde %24 (Stonehill et al. 1963; Borick et al. 1964), subsequent studies have shown that it has a slow action against Myco.tuberculosis (Rubbo et al. 1967), being less effective than formaldehyde or iodine (Bergan & Lystad 1971). It has been claimed by Relyveld (1977) that the activity of Glutaraldehyde %24 is equivalent or superior to that of hypochlorite with the exception of its effectiveness against mycobacteria. The picture is somewhat confused by the findings of Collins & Montalbine (1976) that the dialdehyde was rapidly mycobactericidal at room temperature. It must be added that the experimental technique adopted by the latter authors leaves a very considerable doubt about the validity of the conclusions reached. B. Antifingal activity Antifungal activity of Glutaraldehyde %24 was first demonstrated by Stonehill et al. (1963), who reported that growth of Trichophyton interdigitale was inhibited by a 5 min exposure to a 2% alkaline solution and that this solution was more potent than a number of other commercially available preparations tested. A 1% solution is also fungicidal (Dabrowa et al. 1972), but porous surfaces contaminated with Candida albicans and Microsporium gypseum are significantly more difficult to disinfect with Glutaraldehyde %24 than are smooth surfaces (Tadeusiak 1976). Aspergillus niger is more resistant than other fungi to Glutaraldehyde %24 (Rubbo et al. 1967; Gorman & Scott 1977a). In common with a range of other fungal species, however, both mycelial growth and sporulation are inhibited by 0.5% alkaline Glutaraldehyde %24 while spore swelling is entirely halted by a 0.5% solution. Fungicidal activity is also demonstrated (Fig. 1). What Is Glutaraldehyde %24 Used For? Glutaraldehyde %24 has a variety of uses in many industries and occupations. It is most commonly found in the healthcare industry, used to disinfect medical equipment that cannot be heat sterilized. The main uses of Glutaraldehyde %24 include: Glutaraldehyde %24 (C5H8O2) is most often used in a diluted form with solutions ranging from 0.1 to 50 percent Glutaraldehyde %24 in water. It is a colorless, oily liquid and sometimes has an odor of rotten apples. In a vapor state, Glutaraldehyde %24 has a pungent odor, with an odor threshold level of 0.04 parts per million (ppm).Trade names for Glutaraldehyde %24-containing formulations include Cidex®, Sonacide®, Sporicidin®, Hospex®, Omnicide®, Metricide®, Rapicide® and Wavicide®. Exposure Limits OSHA has not established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Glutaraldehyde %24. NIOSH has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for Glutaraldehyde %24 of 0.2 ppm. This is a time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit for up to a 10-hour workday during a 40-hour workweek. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has set a ceiling Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 0.05 ppm. This is the airborne concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the work shift. Does Glutaraldehyde %24 Present a Health Hazard? Glutaraldehyde %24 is an irritant to the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Exposure symptoms might include burning sensation, dermatitis, headache, coughing, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting. Continuous repeated exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24 might intensify the skin and respiratory irritant effects. Anyone with a history of skin or eye disorders might be at an increased risk from exposure. First Aid Eyes: If Glutaraldehyde %24 contacts the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Seek medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with Glutaraldehyde %24. Skin: If Glutaraldehyde %24 contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water for at least 15 minutes. If Glutaraldehyde %24 penetrates clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water for at least 15 minutes. Promptly seek medical attention. Inhalation: If large amounts of Glutaraldehyde %24 are inhaled, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Keep the person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Ingestion: Get medical attention immediately. What Type of Personal Protective Equipment Should Be Used with Glutaraldehyde %24? Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used with engineering and administrative controls to help prevent Glutaraldehyde %24 exposure. Safety goggles should be considered where concentrated Glutaraldehyde %24 is used or where splashing may occur, it is best to use indirect-vented or non-vented goggles, and to avoid goggles with foam padding. Protective clothing should be worn when handling Glutaraldehyde %24. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, Viton™, butyl rubber, natural rubber latex, neoprene and nitrile rubber provide adequate protection from Glutaraldehyde %24 solutions and are compatible materials for gloves and aprons. Respiratory protection: Although an immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) exposure limit has not been established for Glutaraldehyde %24, several respirator manufacturers have issued guidelines. 3M’s respirator selection guide can be found here and while MSA’s can be found here. Air Monitoring Personal monitors, passive-gas monitors and vapor meters can help determine workers' exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24. A: A disinfectant is a chemical or physical agent that is applied to inanimate objects to kill microorganisms. Bleach (sodium hypochlorite), phenolic compounds, and formaldehyde are examples of disinfectants. A sterilant is a chemical or physical process that is applied to inanimate objects to kill all microorganisms as well as spores. Glutaraldehyde %24 and ethylene oxide are examples of sterilants. Q: Where is exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24 most likely? A: Exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24 is most likely in the healthcare industry. It is used in hospitals for cold sterilization of medical supplies and instruments, and also as a disinfectant in urology, endoscopy and dental departments. It is also used as a fixative in X-ray developing solutions. Q: Is Glutaraldehyde %24 considered a fire hazard? A: No, Glutaraldehyde %24 is a non-flammable liquid. Q: What is the recommended protective clothing when handling Glutaraldehyde %24? A: Aprons and other protective clothing made from materials such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, Viton™, butyl rubber, natural rubber latex, neoprene or nitrile rubber can offer protection when handling Glutaraldehyde %24 solutions. Sources OSHA Occupational Chemical Database for Glutaraldehyde %24 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards-Glutaraldehyde %24" National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, “Workplace Safety and Health Topics – Glutaraldehyde %24”

GLUTARIC ACID; 1,5-Pentanedioic acid; 1,3-Propanedicarboxylic acid; Pentanedioic acid; n-Pyrotartaric acid; Pentandioic acid; cas no: 110-94-1

Glutaraldehyde 35% Glutaraldehyde, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative. As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde is applied as a liquid.[3] Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde.[8] It works by a number of mechanisms.[7] Glutaraldehyde came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11] Uses Disinfection Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant and medication.[3][4][12] Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.[3] Fixative Glutaraldehyde is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[13] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed] Another application for treatment of proteins with glutaraldehyde is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[14] In a related application, glutaraldehyde is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming.[citation needed] Wart treatment As a medication it is used to treat plantar warts.[4] For this purpose, a 10% w/v solution is used. It dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.[15] Trade names include Diswart Solution and Glutarol.[citation needed] Safety Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] As a strong sterilant, glutaraldehyde is toxic and a strong irritant.[16] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[17] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[17] Mechanism of action A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of glutaraldehyde.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[18] Production and reactions Synthesis of glutaraldehyde via the Diels-Alder reaction. Glutaraldehyde is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[19] Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), glutaraldehyde converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species General description Glutaraldehyde solution is 35% solution of glutaraldehyde in water. Antibacterial action of 2% solution of alkaline glutaraldehyde against various atypical mycobacteria has been investigated.[8] Related Categories Aldehydes, Biochemicals and Reagents, Building Blocks, C1 to C6, Carbohydrates, Carbohydrates A to Z, Carbohydrates G, Carbonyl Compounds, Chemical Synthesis, Core Bioreagents, Monosaccharide, Organic Building Blocks, Research Essentials Quality Level 200 vapor density 1.05 (vs air) vapor pressure 15 mmHg ( 20 °C) concentration 35 wt. % in H2O refractive index n20/D 1.42 density 1.106 g/mL at 25 °C SMILES string [H]C(CCCC([H])=O)=O InChI 1S/C5H8O2/c6-4-2-1-3-5-7/h4-5H,1-3H2 InChI key SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Application Cross-linking agent for gelatin,[1][2] poly(vinyl alcohol),[3] and polyheptapeptides.[4] Glutaraldehyde may be used in the following studies: • To compose the fixative solution (Glutaraldehyde + Paraformaldehyde + NaPO4) for use in high-resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy studies.[5] • To study the conjugation of goat anti-horseradish peroxidase with alkaline phosphatase by a reported method.[6] • To compose the primary fixative, which is employed to protect the deterioration of cytoplasmic features of yeast cells during permanganate fixation.[7] Packaging 1 L in glass bottle 25 mL in glass bottle Glutaraldehyde Skeletal formula of glutaraldehyde Ball-and-stick model of the glutaraldehyde molecule Names Preferred IUPAC name Pentanedial[1] Other names Glutaraldehyde Glutardialdehyde Glutaric acid dialdehyde Glutaric aldehyde Glutaric dialdehyde 1,5-Pentanedial Identifiers CAS Number 111-30-8 ☑ 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 3365 ☑ DrugBank DB03266 ☑ ECHA InfoCard 100.003.356 KEGG D01120 ☑ PubChem CID 3485 UNII T3C89M417N ☑ CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID6025355 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C5H8O2 Molar mass 100.117 Appearance Clear liquid Odor pungent[2] Density 1.06 g/mL Melting point −14 °C (7 °F; 259 K) Boiling point 187 °C (369 °F; 460 K) Solubility in water Miscible, reacts Vapor pressure 17 mmHg (20°C)[2] Hazards Safety data sheet CAS 111-30-8 GHS pictograms GHS05: CorrosiveGHS06: ToxicGHS08: Health hazardGHS09: Environmental hazard GHS Signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H302, H314, H317, H331, H334, H400 GHS precautionary statements P260, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+312, P330, P302+352, P332+313, P304+340, P305+351+338, P311, P403+233, P405, P351 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 220 Flash point noncombustible[2] Threshold limit value (TLV) 0.2 ppm (0.82 mg/m3) (TWA), 0.05 ppm (STEL) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD35 (median dose) 134 mg/kg (rat, oral); 2,560 mg/kg (rabbit, dermal) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): REL (Recommended) 0.2 ppm (0.8 mg/m3)[2] Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☑ verify (what is ☑☒ ?) Infobox references Glutaraldehyde, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative.[3][4][5][6] As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde is applied as a liquid.[3] Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde.[8] It works by a number of mechanisms.[7] Glutaraldehyde came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$1.35–7.40 per liter of 2% solution.[11] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[12] Uses Disinfection Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant and medication.[3][4][13] Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.[3] Fixative Glutaraldehyde is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[14] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed] Another application for treatment of proteins with glutaraldehyde is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[15] In a related application, glutaraldehyde is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming.[citation needed] Wart treatment As a medication it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] For this purpose, a 10% w/w solution is used. It dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.[16] Trade names include Diswart Solution and Glutarol.[citation needed] Safety Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] As a strong sterilant, glutaraldehyde is toxic and a strong irritant.[17] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[18] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[18] Mechanism of action A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of glutaraldehyde.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[19] Production and reactions Synthesis of glutaraldehyde via the Diels-Alder reaction. Glutaraldehyde is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[20] Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), glutaraldehyde converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species.[clarification needed][21][20] GlutaldehydeHydrateEquilibria.png Monomeric glutaraldehyde polymerizes by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-glutaraldehyde. This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.[medical citation needed] History and culture Glutaraldehyde came into medical use in the 1960s.[22] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$1.35–7.40 per liter of 2% solution.[11] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[23] A glutaraldehyde solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long-term storage. It is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses.[24] As a biocide, glutaraldehyde is a component of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") fluid. It is included in the additive called Alpha 1427.[25] Bacterial growth impairs extraction of oil and gas from these wells. Glutaraldehyde is pumped as a component of the fracturing fluid to inhibit microbial growth.[medical citation needed] Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. Glutaraldehyde is used for industrial, laboratory, agricultural, medical, and some household purposes, primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment. For example, it is used in oil and gas recovery operations and pipelines, waste water treatment, x-ray processing, embalming fluid, leather tanning, paper industry, in fogging and cleaning of poultry houses, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of various materials. It may be used in select goods, such as paint and laundry detergent. CDC-ATSDR Toxic Substances Portal Glutaral is used as an antimicrobial agent in sugar mills and as a fixing agent in the immobilisation of glucose isomerase enzyme preparations for use in the manufacture of high fructose corn syrup A polymerized isomer of glutaraldehyde known as polycycloglutaracetal is a fertilizer for aquatic plants. It is claimed that it provides a bioavailable source of carbon for higher plants that is not available to algae. Though not marketed as such due to federal regulations, the biocidal effect of glutaraldehyde kills most algae at concentrations of 0. 5 - 5. 0 ppm. These levels are not harmful to most aquatic fauna and flora. Adverse reactions have been observed by some aquarists at these concentrations in some aquatic mosses, liverworts, and vascular plants. Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to disinfect medical and dental equipment. It is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative. Glutaraldehyde is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1. 06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene. It is used as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy. It is employed as an embalming fluid, is a component of leather tanning solutions, and occurs as an intermediate in the production of certain industrial chemicals. Glutaraldehyde is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker. The oligomeric state of proteins can be examined through this application. However, it is toxic, causing severe eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, along with headaches, drowsiness and dizziness. It is a main source of occupational asthma among health care providers. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5. It has a role as a cross-linking reagent, a disinfectant and a fixative. Glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde is a commonly used chemical cross-linking agent that forms cross-links between the aldehyde and the e-amine groups of lysine or hydroxylysine in collagen. From: Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, 2018 Related terms: ResinAntibodyProteinFormaldehydeCacodylic AcidElectron MicroscopyParaformaldehydeUranyl Acetate ChEBI EC NUMBER: 203-856-5 Names and Identifiers of GLUTARALDEHYDE Computed Descriptors of GLUTARALDEHYDE IUPAC Name of GLUTARALDEHYDE pentanedial Molecular Formula Molecular Formula C5H8O2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUTARALDEHYDE PHYSICAL STATE: Clear to yellowish liquid MELTING POINT: -14 C BOILING POINT: 187 C SOLUBILITY IN WATER: soluble SOLVENT SOLUBILITY: Soluble in alcohol pH: 3.2 - 4.2 log P: -0.18 VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.6 (mmHg at 25 C) Glutaraldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2. A pungent colorless oily liquid, glutaraldehyde is used to sterilise medical and dental equipment. It is also used for industrial water treatment and as a preservative. It is mainly available as an aqueous solution, and in these solutions the aldehyde groups are hydrated. Glutaraldehyde is a chemical frequently used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent against bacteria and viruses (2% solution), an embalming fluid and tissue fixative, a component of leather tanning solutions, and an intermediate in the production of certain sealants, resins, dyes, and electrical products (HSDB, 1996). For commercial purposes, solutions of 99%, 35%, and 20% are available. Glutaraldehyde is also an atmospheric reaction product of cyclohexene. The annual statewide industrial emissions from facilities reporting under the Air Toxics Hot Spots Act in California based on the most recent inventory were estimated to be 29,603 pounds of glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde can help to eliminate microbial contamination problems. Based on the powerful and unparalleled antimicrobial action of glutaraldehyde, these high-performance antimicrobials provide excellent control over a wide variety of microorganisms. It has antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria, mold, and yeast at low use concentrations (0.01-0.1% active ingredient). It shows excellent compatibility with anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and biocidal activity over a broad pH and temperature range. Glutaraldehyde containing two aldehyde groups, is used as a disinfectant. It is used in sterilizing medical and dental equipment which cannot be heat sterilized. It is used as a fixative for biological tissues and for leather tanning. It is used as a chemical intermediate to produce other compounds. Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily, liquid-chemical with a pungent odor. It is used for a number of applications such as the following: -A cold sterilant in the health care industry -A cross-linking and tanning agent -A biocide in metalworking fluids and in oil and gas pipelines -An antimicrobial in water-treatment systems -A slimicide in paper manufacturing -A preservative in cosmetics -A disinfectant in animal housing -A tissue fixative in histology and pathology labs -A hardening agent in the development of X-rays -In embalming solutions -In the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses -In various clinical applications -In the health care industry, glutaraldehyde is most often used to disinfect equipment that cannot be heat sterilized such as dialysis instruments, surgical instruments, suction bottles, bronchoscopes, endoscopes, and ear, nose, and throat instruments. EC NUMBER: 203-856-5 Names and Identifiers of GLUTARALDEHYDE Computed Descriptors of GLUTARALDEHYDE IUPAC Name of GLUTARALDEHYDE pentanedial Molecular Formula Molecular Formula C5H8O2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUTARALDEHYDE PHYSICAL STATE: Clear to yellowish liquid MELTING POINT: -14 C BOILING POINT: 187 C SOLUBILITY IN WATER: soluble SOLVENT SOLUBILITY: Soluble in alcohol pH: 3.2 - 4.2 log P: -0.18 VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.6 (mmHg at 25 C) Glutaraldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2. A pungent colorless oily liquid, glutaraldehyde is used to sterilise medical and dental equipment. It is also used for industrial water treatment and as a preservative. It is mainly available as an aqueous solution, and in these solutions the aldehyde groups are hydrated. Glutaraldehyde is a chemical frequently used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent against bacteria and viruses (2% solution), an embalming fluid and tissue fixative, a component of leather tanning solutions, and an intermediate in the production of certain sealants, resins, dyes, and electrical products (HSDB, 1996). For commercial purposes, solutions of 99%, 35%, and 20% are available. Glutaraldehyde is also an atmospheric reaction product of cyclohexene. The annual statewide industrial emissions from facilities reporting under the Air Toxics Hot Spots Act in California based on the most recent inventory were estimated to be 29,603 pounds of glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde can help to eliminate microbial contamination problems. Based on the powerful and unparalleled antimicrobial action of glutaraldehyde, these high-performance antimicrobials provide excellent control over a wide variety of microorganisms. It has antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria, mold, and yeast at low use concentrations (0.01-0.1% active ingredient). It shows excellent compatibility with anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and biocidal activity over a broad pH and temperature range. Glutaraldehyde containing two aldehyde groups, is used as a disinfectant. It is used in sterilizing medical and dental equipment which cannot be heat sterilized. It is used as a fixative for biological tissues and for leather tanning. It is used as a chemical intermediate to produce other compounds. Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily, liquid-chemical with a pungent odor.

Glutaraldehyde 50% Glutaraldehyde 50%, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative. As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde 50% is applied as a liquid. Side effects include skin irritation. If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde 50% is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores. Glutaraldehyde 50% is a dialdehyde.[8] Glutaraldehyde 50% works by a number of mechanisms.[7] Glutaraldehyde 50% came into medical use in the 1960s. Glutaraldehyde 50% is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning. Uses of Glutaraldehyde 50% Disinfection of Glutaraldehyde 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% is used as a disinfectant and medication. Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas. Fixative of Glutaraldehyde 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[13] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed] Another application for treatment of proteins with Glutaraldehyde 50% is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[14] In a related application, Glutaraldehyde 50% is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming. Wart treatment of Glutaraldehyde 50% As a medication it is used to treat plantar warts.[4] For this purpose, a 10% w/v solution is used. It dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.[15] Trade names include Diswart Solution and Glutarol. Safety of Glutaraldehyde 50% Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde 50% is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] As a strong sterilant, Glutaraldehyde 50% is toxic and a strong irritant.[16] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[17] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[17] Mechanism of action of Glutaraldehyde 50% A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of Glutaraldehyde 50%.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[18] Production and reactions of Glutaraldehyde 50% Synthesis of Glutaraldehyde 50% via the Diels-Alder reaction. Glutaraldehyde 50% is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[19] Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), Glutaraldehyde 50% converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species. Monomeric Glutaraldehyde 50% polymerizes by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-Glutaraldehyde 50%. This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values. History and culture of Glutaraldehyde 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11] A Glutaraldehyde 50% solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long-term storage. It is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses. As a biocide, Glutaraldehyde 50% is a component of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") fluid. It is included in the additive called Alpha 1427.[22] Bacterial growth impairs extraction of oil and gas from these wells. Glutaraldehyde 50% is pumped as a component of the fracturing fluid to inhibit microbial growth. RESULTS: An outbreak of six patients occurred in April 2002 and one cirrhotic patient was admitted in July 2008. All patients developed a self-limited syndrome of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea within 48 h of uncomplicated endoscopy. One severely ill patient required hospitalization to receive intravenous fluid and antibiotics. After the investigation in April 2002, Glutaraldehyde 50%-induced colitis was diagnosed due to a defect in the endoscope-cleansing procedure. There were no deficiencies in the cleansing procedure in July 2008. Considering the patient's concomitant disease, we postulated that ischemic colitis with cirrhosis-related intestinal inflammation and endotoxemia was the possible diagnosis in this sporadic case. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopists should be aware of this iatrogenic complication in patients presenting with acute rectocolitis, especially in those who have undergone recent endoscopic examination. An outbreak of acute rectocolitis following endoscopy should be considered Glutaraldehyde 50%-induced and should lead to an investigation of cleansing and equipment-disinfection procedures. In the absence of strong evidence of an outbreak, an infectious disease, or contamination of Glutaraldehyde 50%, a sporadic case should be considered ischemic colitis especially in patients with relevant concomitant diseases or predisposing factors. Dermal and intravenous studies in the rat with dilute aqueous Glutaraldehyde 50% solutions (0.075-7.5%) showed that, in dermal tests, approx 5% was absorbed in the rat, and 30-50% in the rabbit. In the intravenous injection tests, approx 12% was absorbed in the rat and approx 33% in the rabbit. There were no significant differences between males and females in the study. The dermal absorption rate constant was low (0.2-2 hr) in each species. The elimination times were long for both intravenous injection (t0.5 for the rat 10 hr, rabbit 15-30 hr) and dermal application (t0.5 for the rat 40-110 hr, rabbit 20-100 hr), possibly due to the binding of Glutaraldehyde 50% to protein and the slow excretion of metabolites. The principal metabolite in both species was CO2 with other metabolites not identified. /It was/ proposed that the metabolism probably involved initial oxidation to corresponding carboxylic acids by aldehyde dehydrogenase, and then further oxidation to CO2. IDENTIFICATION: Glutaraldehyde 50% is a colorless oily liquid with a strong, rotten apple odor. It is very soluble in water. USE: Glutaraldehyde 50% is an antimicrobial chemical commonly used as a disinfectant in hospitals, agriculture and aquaculture, food handling and food storage establishments, and water treatment plants. It is used as a preservative in the manufacture of several consumer products, including cosmetics, cleaners, adhesives, paper, textiles and leathers, paints and coatings, and inks and dyes. Glutaraldehyde 50% is also used as a tissue fixative in laboratories and embalming fluid and in photographic and X-ray development fluids. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used in hydraulic fracturing and off-shore oil operations. EXPOSURE: Workers in hospitals, janitorial services, nursing homes, veterinary hospitals, and commercial and industrial businesses may be exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% by breathing vapors in air or skin contact. General population exposure may occur by breathing in air and skin contact with consumer products containing Glutaraldehyde 50%. Glutaraldehyde 50% is also present in gasoline and diesel engine exhaust. If Glutaraldehyde 50% is released to air, it will be degraded by reaction with other chemicals and light. If released to water or soil, it is expected to bind to soil particles or suspended particles. Glutaraldehyde 50% is not expected to move into air from wet soils or water surfaces, but may move to air from dry soils. Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to be degraded by microorganisms and not build up in aquatic organisms. RISK: Runny nose, headache, facial and eye irritation, respiratory problems, skin irritation, and allergic skin reactions have been reported in medical and agricultural workers exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% liquid or vapor during disinfection and sanitization activities. Asthma has been found in workers repeatedly exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% vapors. Swelling, burning pain, and sensitivity to light can occur with direct eye contact. The risk of death from cancer was not increased with a history of occupational Glutaraldehyde 50% exposure. Eye irritation and skin irritation/sensitization occur with direct skin contact with diluted Glutaraldehyde 50% in laboratory animals. Severe irritation and burns occur with contact to undiluted gluraraldehyde. Stomach lesions, liver damage, and decreased body weight occurred in laboratory animals given repeated moderate doses of Glutaraldehyde 50% in water. Death occurred at high oral doses. Nasal, throat, and lung lesions and decreased body weights were found in laboratory animals repeatedly exposed to low air concentrations of Glutaraldehyde 50%. Birth defects and abortions were observed in laboratory animals at high oral doses that were also toxic to the mothers. Fertility was not affected in laboratory animals given high oral doses prior to mating. Tumors were not induced in laboratory animals given high oral doses in water or exposed to moderate air concentrations for their lifetime. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists determined that Glutaraldehyde 50% is not classifiable as a human carcinogen. The US EPA Carcinogenicity Assessment Review Committee classified Glutaraldehyde 50% as 'Not Likely to be Carcinogenetic to Humans" by any route of exposure, based on the lack tumor induction in several 2-year laboratory animal studies. The potential for Glutaraldehyde 50% to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens. Microscopy/histology. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used as a tissue fixative in histology and electron and light microscopy, generally as a 1.5-6% aqueous solution. Aquaculture. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used, generally in conjunction with wetting agents, to control viruses and other micro-organisms in fish farming. Cosmetics. Glutaraldehyde 50% is allowed as a preservative in cosmetics in Europe at concentrations up to 0.1%. It is not allowed in aerosols and sprays. The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 24 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical Glutaraldehyde 50%. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent Glutaraldehyde 50% in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field. In Australia, it is estimated that Glutaraldehyde 50% is distributed in end-use as follows: 55% as a cold disinfectant in the health care industry, 20% in x-ray film processing, 10% in water treatment, 5% in animal housing, 5% in tanning and 5% in other uses such as toilet disinfection, microscopy, aquaculture and air duct disinfection. In France, 50% is used in disinfection/control, 40% in the photographic industry, 5% in the leather industry and 5% in the paper industry. In Norway, 80% is used in industrial cleaning agents and 14% in photocopying developers. In the UK, Glutaraldehyde 50% is used mainly as a cold disinfectant and as a biocide in off-shore oil operations. Glutaraldehyde 50% is a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used for industrial, laboratory, agricultural, medical, and some household purposes, primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment. For example, it is used in oil and gas recovery operations and pipelines, waste water treatment, x-ray processing, embalming fluid, leather tanning, paper industry, in fogging and cleaning of poultry houses, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of various materials. It may be used in select goods, such as paint and laundry detergent. Usage disinfectant The critical effects /of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposure/ are eye, skin, and respiratory irritation, skin sensitization and occupational asthma. Nose and throat irritation has been observed in humans at vapor concentrations below 0.2 ppm. Occupational asthma has also been reported in workers exposed to dilute solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% ... Contact dermatitis and eye irritation have been reported in workers using Glutaraldehyde 50% solutions, usually 2% or higher. Skin sensitization has been confirmed in workers using dilute solutions. Application restrictions. Use: paint preservative. Maximum application rate of 100 ppm. Use: medical premises disinfection. Maximum application rate of 0.1% of the active ingredient by weight of material being treated. All Glutaraldehyde 50% once-through cooling tower uses, Glutaraldehyde 50% macrofoulant control uses and all critical medical equipment/instrument uses are cancelled. Critical medical equipment use is defined as use of a pesticide in or on any equipment that comes into contact with bodily fluids. Examples of critical medical equipment/instruments include, but are not limited to hemodyalysis tubing, dental instruments. Glutaraldehyde 50% may discolor on exposure to air. It polymerizes on heating. This chemical is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. It polymerizes in the presence of water. Strong oxidizers, strong bases [Note: Alkaline solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% (i.e., activated Glutaraldehyde 50%) react with alcohol, ketones, amines, hydrazines and proteins]. The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, drinking water, and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient Glutaraldehyde 50%. Based on a review of these data and on public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient Glutaraldehyde 50%, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of Glutaraldehyde 50% to make decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration process under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that Glutaraldehyde 50%-containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) confirmatory data needs are addressed; (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted; and (iii) label amendments are made to reflect these measures. ... Based on its evaluation of Glutaraldehyde 50%, the Agency has determined that Glutaraldehyde 50% products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement the risk mitigation measures identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of Glutaraldehyde 50%. If all changes outlined in this document are incorporated into the product labels, then all current risks for Glutaraldehyde 50% will be substantially mitigated for the purposes of this determination. Once an Endangered Species assessment is completed, further changes to these registrations may be necessary as explained in Section III of this document. IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Glutaraldehyde 50% is a colorless liquid. It is registered for pesticide use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. It is used as algaecide, bacteriocide and fungicide. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used as a tissue fixative in histology and electron and light microscopy, generally as a 1.5-6% aqueous solution. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used, generally in conjunction with wetting agents, to control viruses and other micro-organisms in fish farming. Glutaraldehyde 50% is allowed as a preservative in cosmetics in Europe at concentrations up to 0.1%. It is not allowed in aerosols and sprays. Glutaraldehyde 50% is a biocide commonly used in a 2% concentration for cold sterilization of surgical and dental equipment. Biocides, such as Glutaraldehyde 50%, are added to eliminate bacterial growth in fracturing fluids. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Exposure to concentrations < 1 ppm by inhalation or skin contact may cause irritation of the skin and/or mucous membranes. The critical effects of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposure are eye, skin, and respiratory irritation, skin sensitization and occupational asthma. Nose and throat irritation has been observed in humans at vapor concentrations below 0.2 ppm. Occupational asthma has also been reported in workers exposed to dilute solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50%. Contact dermatitis and eye irritation have been reported in workers using Glutaraldehyde 50% solutions, usually 2% or higher. Skin sensitization has been confirmed in workers using dilute solutions. Other symptoms that may be brought on by Glutaraldehyde 50% exposure include heart palpitations and tachycardia. The incidence of death and incidence of cancer deaths in 186 male employees at a Glutaraldehyde 50% production unit were compared to those of US white males and to 29,000 other chemical workers during the period 1959 - 1978. All subjects were observed for 10 yr. The number of deaths was less than expected, as was the incidence of cancer deaths. ANIMAL STUDIES: Glutaraldehyde 50% was corrosive to the skin and eyes of rabbits at high concentrations, with signs of skin irritation evident at 2%, and eye irritation at 0.2%. In an inhalation study where mice were exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% at concentrations of 33 or 133 ppb for 24 hours, the animals exhibited panting and increased grooming, mice that inhaled the highest concentration developed toxic hepatitis. Following a single whole-body inhalation exposure at 1 ppm for 1 day, rats and mice developed coagulation pathology of the upper respiratory tract squamous epithelium. After 4 days of such exposures, inflammatory granulocytic infiltrate into the squamous epithelium and lamina propria with thickened epithelium of the nasal lumen ensued. In those animals inhaling 0.5 or 1 ppm Glutaraldehyde 50% for four days, the nasal passages became obstructed with intraluminal debris; degenerative/hyperplastic erosions with epithelial abscesses extended as far as the nasopharyngeal meatus in the 1-ppm exposure group. A study of male and female rats given Glutaraldehyde 50% in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 50, 250, or 100 ppm through two generations indicated a dose-related decrease in parental water consumption and body weight (attributed to adverse taste) and decrease in offspring (1000-ppm group) body weights. No adverse reproductive effects were observed. In other study there was a significant dose-dependent reduction in the average of maternal body weight gain and a significant increase in the number of stunted (body weight) and malformed fetuses at the 5 mL/mg/day dose level. Early mutagenicity studies were negative, but more recent studies have indicated that Glutaraldehyde 50% is mutagenic in vitro in bacterial assays and tests in mammalian cells. In vivo genotoxicity tests to date have proven negative. Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats and mice were exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% vapor at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 (rats) and 0, 0.062, 0.12, or 0.25 ppm (mice) 6 hr/day, 5 days /week. The incidences of non-neoplastic lesions of the nose were reported to be significantly increased in the 0.50 and 0.75-ppm exposed rats and in the 0.12 and 0.25-ppm exposed male and female mice. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Available chronic toxicity data for Glutaraldehyde 50% indicate that continuous exposure results in measurable effects on coldwater fish at a concentration of 5.1 mg a.i./L. A second study on coldwater fish resulted in measurable effects at 2.5 mg a.i./L. Measurable effects on freshwater invertebrates were noted at concentrations of 8.5 mg/L product and 4.9 mg a.i./L. /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Occluded contact /in rabbit/ with 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% solutions in water. Two products tested: Ucarcide 250 and BASF 50% Glutaraldehyde 50%. Severity of irritation was dependent on the duration of contact. Application of 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% for 60 min caused severe irritation and necrosis; 3 min produced transient minor irritation and some discoloration of the skin. In genetic toxicity studies, Glutaraldehyde 50% was mutagenic with and without S9 metabolic activation in S. typhimurium strains TA100, TA102, and TA104. Glutaraldehyde 50% was mutagenic in mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells in the absence of S9 and induced sister chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with and without S9. No increase in chromosomal aberrations was induced by Glutaraldehyde 50% in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with or without S9 at one laboratory; at another laboratory, chromosomal aberrations were induced in the absence of S9 only. Glutaraldehyde 50% did not induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in germ cells of male /Drosophila/ melanogaster treated as adults by feeding or injection or treated as larvae by feeding. In vivo, Glutaraldehyde 50% induced a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells 36 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection. In a subset of the 36 hr chromosomal aberrations test, there was a small increase in the number of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes, which was judged to be equivocal. Additional short-term (3 day) and subchronic (13 week) micronucleus tests in mice, using the intraperitoneal or inhalation routes, respectively, yielded negative results. Glutaraldehyde 50%'s production and use as a disinfectant, as a cross-linking agent, as a tanning agent for leather and use in the paper and textile industries to improve wet strength and dimensional stability of fibers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a biocide in water treatment, hydraulic fracturing fluids and oil-field applications and as a preservative in cosmetics and personal-care products will result in its direct release to the environment. Glutaraldehyde 50% has been detected in gasoline and diesel engine emissions. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C indicates Glutaraldehyde 50% will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Glutaraldehyde 50% will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 16 hours. Glutaraldehyde 50% may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the atmosphere based upon aqueous photolysis studies. If released to soil, Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure and it has been reported that small amounts of Glutaraldehyde 50% will volatilize to the atmosphere. Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is readily biodegradable. A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil observed a pseudo-first order dissipation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms. If released into water, Glutaraldehyde 50% is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, Glutaraldehyde 50% showed 73% degradation in 28 days indicating that biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. At 25 °C, Glutaraldehyde 50% has measured hydrolysis half-lives of 508-628, 102-394 and 46-63.8 days at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 respectively. The measured half-life for the photolysis of aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposed to natural sunlight was 196 days. Occupational exposure to Glutaraldehyde 50% may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Glutaraldehyde 50% is produced or used. Use and limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with consumer products containing Glutaraldehyde 50%. TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500(2,3) indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Glutaraldehyde 50% from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(2). Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C(4), and it has been reported that small amounts of Glutaraldehyde 50% will volatilize to the atmosphere(4). Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is readily biodegradable(2,3,5). A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil and and initial Glutaraldehyde 50% concentration of 10 ppm observed a pseudo-first order dissipation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms(3). AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500(2,3) indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(2). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is readily biodegradable(2,3,7). In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, Glutaraldehyde 50% showed 73% degradation in 28 days(2). At 25 °C, Glutaraldehyde 50% has measured hydrolysis half-lives of 508-628, 102-394 and 46-63.8 days at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 respectively(2,3). The measured half-life for the photolysis of sterile aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposed to natural sunlight was 196 days(2). ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Glutaraldehyde 50%, which has a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Glutaraldehyde 50% is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.52X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% have an observed photolysis half-life of 196 days when exposed to sunlight(4) suggesting that direct photolysis may occur in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). AEROBIC: Glutaraldehyde 50%, present at 100 mg/L, reached 59% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Using OECD Guideline 301C (Ready biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I)), Glutaraldehyde 50% reached 74% of its theoretical BOD in 28 days and 80% DOC in 15 days with classified the compound as readily biodegradable(2). Glutaraldehyde 50% was found to be readily biodegradable using OECD Guideline 301D (Closed Bottle Test)(2). In a DOC die-away test, glutaradehyde, present at 25 mg/L, showed 83% degradation in 5 days using a sewage inoculum(3). Glutaraldehyde 50%, present at 8.3 mg/L, degraded 60% in 28 days using sewage inoculum in a CO2 evolution test(3). In a closed bottle test, Glutaraldehyde 50% present at 2.0 mg/L, degraded 64% in 28 days using a Polyseed inoculum(3). A higher biodegradability with a short lag time was observed when the Glutaraldehyde 50% concentrations in the test systems were low (<2 mg/L) than when the concentrations were high (>8 mg/L). Since bacterial inhibition for Glutaraldehyde 50% occurs at about 5 mg/L, the lower biodegradation rates observed in studies where high concentrations of Glutaraldehyde 50% were used were likely due to inhibition of the inoculum(3). In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, Glutaraldehyde 50% showed 73% degradation in 28 days(3). The major metabolite of Glutaraldehyde 50% produced by microbes in an aerobic sediment-river water system was carbon dioxide, with glutaric acid formed as an intermediate in the water phase(3). The calculated pseudo-first-order half-life of Glutaraldehyde 50% catabolism in water (based on the loss of the parent compound) under aerobic conditions was 10.6 hours(3). A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil and initial Glutaraldehyde 50% concentration of 10 ppm observed a pseudo-first order biodegradation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms(4). ANAEROBIC: The major metabolites of Glutaraldehyde 50% produced by microbes in an anaerobic sediment-river water system were 1,5-pentanediol with 5-hydroxypentanal formed as an intermediate, and 3-formyl-6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-propanal, a cyclicized dimer of Glutaraldehyde 50%. The calculated pseudo-first-order half-life of Glutaraldehyde 50% catabolism in water (based on the loss of the parent compound) under anaerobic conditions was 7.7 hours(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Glutaraldehyde 50% with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.52X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The measured first-order rate constants of the hydrolysis of Glutaraldehyde 50% at pH 5 and 7 were 0.0014 and 0.0068 per day (at 25 °C), which corresponds to half-lives of 508 and 102 days, respectively(3). At pH 9, the first-order rate constant was measured to be 0.015 per day, corresponding to a half-life of 46 days(4). The only major degradate observed and identified was a cyclized dimer of Glutaraldehyde 50%, 3-formyl-6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-propanal(3). Hydrolysis tests conducted at 40 and 50 °C and pH 9 for 165 hours determined the hydrolysis half-life is >24 hours at 50 °C and >59 hours at 40 °C(4). An hydrolysis test according to OECD Guideline 111 (Hydrolysis as a Function of pH) reported Glutaraldehyde 50% to be hydrolytically stable at pH 4 and pH 7 with decomposition at pH 9(4). At 25 °C, hydrolysis half-lives were 628, 394 and 63.8 days respectively at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9(4). The measured first-order rate constant for the photolysis of sterile aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposed to natural sunlight was 0.0035 per day with a corresponding half life was 196 days(3). The Henry's Law constant for Glutaraldehyde 50% has been experimentally determined to be 3.30X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Glutaraldehyde 50%'s Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg(3), and

Glutaric Acid Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type III. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I (Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1. 3. 99. 7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e. g. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs). Babies with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7. 35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Treatment of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria is mainly based on the restriction of lysine intake, supplementation of carnitine, and an intensification of therapy during intercurrent illnesses. The major principle of dietary treatment is to reduce the production of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit) by restriction of natural protein, in general, and of lysine, in particular (PMID: 17465389, 15505398). Production of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be prepared by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to give the mixed potassium carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid.[1] Alternatively hydrolysis, followed by oxidation of dihydropyran gives Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). It can also be prepared from reacting 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to obtain the dinitrile, followed by hydrolysis. Uses of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) 1,5-Pentanediol, a common plasticizer and precursor to polyesters is manufactured by hydrogenation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and its derivatives.[2] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) itself has been used in the production of polymers such as polyester polyols, polyamides. The odd number of carbon atoms (i.e. 5) is useful in decreasing polymer elasticity.[citation needed] Uvitonic acid is obtained by the action of ammonia on Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). Safety Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes.[3] Acute hazards include the fact that this compound may be harmful by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Application of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may be employed as starting reagent in the synthesis of glutaric anhydride. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may be used for the following studies: • Complexation with DL-lysine. Complexes have been reported to possess zwitterionic lysinium ions (positively charged) and semi-glutarate ions (negatively charged).[8] • Synthesis of complexes with L-arginine and L-histidine.[7] • Preparation of glycine-Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) co-crystals. Phase transition studies of these cocrystals have been reported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, polarized Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.[1] General description Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (Pentanedioic Acid) is a linear dicarboxylic acid. It has been prepared by oxidizing cyclopentane, cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone.[9] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a pentanedioic acid. On exposure to X-rays, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) crystals generate two stable free radicals. These free radicals have been investigated by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) technique.[5] Presence of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) in urine and plasma is an indicator of type I Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria (GA-I).[6] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is formed as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.[3] Electron spin resonance spectra of radical (CO2H)CH2CH2CH(CO2H formed in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) crystal after γ-irradiation is reported to remains trapped in it.[2] Polymorphism of Glycine-Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) co-crystals has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.[4] Low-temperature phase transition in glycine-Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) co-crystals studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type 1 (OMIM #231670) due to glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is associated with accumulation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaryl carnitine, and secondary metabolites in body fluids. The clinical picture is variable. Most patients are macrocephalic. The authors selected the Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) cocrystal2 for further evaluation because of the relatively high melting point of the cocrystal and the expected high water solubility of the cocrystal because of the high water solubility of the coformer. A solvent-based Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria Type 1 (OMIM 231670) The metabolism of lysine, hydroxylsine, and tryptophan is disrupted secondary to deficiency in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme. This results in the accumulation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit). Investigation Neuroimaging is characteristic, with frontotemporal atrophy and often subdural effusions or hematomas. This may lead to initial suspicion of child abuse. There is excessive glutaric and 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit) in the urine. Plasma free carnitine is reduced and glutaryl carnitine is elevated. Reduced enzyme activity is demonstrated in fibroblasts. Urine organic acid analysis detects a wide range of compounds. It is an excellent diagnostic test for the organic acidemias involving propionic, methylmalonic, and isovaleric acids. It also detects Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), which is a progressive neurotoxic defect in biomolecule conversion. The fatty acid oxidation defects also result in abnormal compounds in the urine. The presence of succinylacetone is a hallmark of tyrosinemia; similarly, the presence of isoleucine metabolites is a hallmark of maple syrup urine disease. Lactic acid and ketones are also detectable on organic acid analysis but are not always well correlated with plasma levels. Common Name Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Class Small Molecule Description Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type III. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I (Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.g. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs). Babies with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to h ...Read more Mechanism of Toxicity Accumulation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) in the body has been shown to be toxic. The accumulation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) ranging from slightly or intermittently elevated urinary Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) to gross organic aciduria occurs in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type 1 is an autosomal-recessive disorder resulting from a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase which is involved in the metabolism of lysine, hydroxylysine, Uses/Sources This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation. Minimum Risk Level Not Available Health Effects Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least 3 inborn errors of metabolism including: Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria Type I and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria Type III. Clinical Information Acylcarnitine analysis is included in newborn screening blood testing and is utilized for detection of several inborn errors of metabolism, including fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD) and organic acidemias (OA). A limitation of this analytic method is its inability to differentiate between several isomers. Additional testing of 2-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (2OH-GA), 3-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (3OH-GA), Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (GA), methylsuccinic acid (MSA), and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) by LC-MS/MS allows better differentiation among C4-acylcarnitine and glutarylcarnitine/C10-OH isomers. Glutarylcarnitine (C5-DC) is elevated in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type 1 (GA-1), but is not differentiated from C10-OH acylcarnitine. GA-1, is caused by a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and is characterized by bilateral striatal brain injury leading to dystonia, often a result of acute neurologic crises triggered by illness. Individuals with GA-1 typically show elevations of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and 3OH-GA, even in those considered to be "low excretors." Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Class Small Molecule Description Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type III. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I (Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.g. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs). Babies with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to h ...Read more DRUG INTERACTION Acetazolamide The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Acetazolamide. Acetylsalicylic acid The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Acetylsalicylic acid. Acyclovir The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Acyclovir. Adefovir dipivoxil The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Adefovir dipivoxil. Allopurinol The excretion of Allopurinol can be decreased when combined with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). Alprostadil The excretion of Alprostadil can be decreased when combined with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). Aminohippuric acid The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Aminohippuric acid. Aminophenazone The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Aminophenazone. Amoxicillin The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Amoxicillin. Antipyrine The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Antipyrine. A limitation of this analytic method is its inability to differentiate between several isomers. Additional testing of 2-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (2OH-GA), 3-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (3OH-GA), Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (GA), methylsuccinic acid (MSA), and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) by LC-MS/MS allows better differentiation among C4-acylcarnitine and glutarylcarnitine/C10-OH isomers. Glutarylcarnitine (C5-DC) is elevated in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type 1 (GA-1), but is not differentiated from C10-OH acylcarnitine. GA-1, is caused by a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and is characterized by bilateral striatal brain injury leading to dystonia, often a result of acute neurologic crises triggered by illness. Individuals with GA-1 typically show elevations of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and 3OH-GA, even in those considered to be "low excretors." Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia (GA-2), also known as multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), is caused by defects in either the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. This disease can be severe and is often fatal in the first weeks of life, with typical symptoms of hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, metabolic acidosis, dysmorphic features, cardiac defects or arrhythmias, renal cysts, and fatty infiltration of the liver. GA-2 can have a milder presentation, also known as ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria, with Reye-like illnesses in childhood and muscle weakness in childhood and adulthood. In addition to elevations in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), individuals with GA-2 can also show increased EMA, MSA, and 2OH-GA. Reference Values 2-OH Glutaric acid (glutarik asit): < or =25 nmol/mL 3-OH Glutaric acid (glutarik asit): < or =1.5 nmol/mL Glutaric acid (glutarik asit): < or =1.5 nmol/mL Methylsuccinic acid: < or =0.45 nmol/mL Ethylmalonic acid: < or =3.5 nmol/mL Normal levels of EMA in the context of elevated C4 is consistent with a diagnosis of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IBDH) deficiency. Elevation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (GA) and 3-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (3OH-GA) are consistent with a diagnosis of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type 1 (GA-1). Elevation of GA, 2-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (2OH-GA), 3OH-GA, EMA, and MSA are consistent with a diagnosis of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia (GA-2). 2. Kolker S, Christensen E, Leonar JV, et al: Diagnosis and management of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I-revised recommendations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011;34:677-694 3. Frerman FE, Goodman SI: Chapter 103: Defects of electron transfer flavoprotein and electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase: Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia Type II. In Scriver's Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Edited by CR Scriver, AL Beaudet, D Valle, et al. Accessed 8/17/17. Available at Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria Type I 1) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria IIA (GA IIA) is the neonatal form of glutaricaciduria II. This form of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria II is a very rare, X-linked hereditary disorder characterized by large amounts of glutaric and other acids in blood and urine. The disorder is caused by dysfunction of the electron-transferring flavoprotein in the mitochondria. 2) Glutarica aciduria IIB (GA IIB; ethylmalonic adipicaciduria) is the adult form of glutaricaciduria II. This milder form of the disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Acidity of the body tissues (metabolic acidosis), and a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) without an elevated level of ketones in body tissues (ketosis), occur during adulthood. Large amounts of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) in the blood and urine are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria II" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria III is an autosomal recessive genetic condition characterized by accumulation or excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and caused by mutations in the C7ORF10 gene. Symptoms vary and some individuals show no symptoms Goodman SI, Frerman FE. Organic acidemias due to defects in lysine oxidation: 2-ketoadipic acidemia and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al. Eds. The Metabolic Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York, NY; 1995:1451-60. 3.6. Effect of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) on Caspase 3 Transcript and Protein Levels Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to monitor mRNA expression of the apoptotic executioner caspase 3 (Figure 9(a)). The comparative method was used to analyse relative expression levels. Caspase 3 mRNA expression at 6 hours after treatment with 1, 10, 25, and 50 mM GA was upregulated about 1.40-fold, 1.67-fold, and 1.95-fold, respectively, compared to control. Thus GA might induce apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. 4. Discussion Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by high levels of GA, 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit) (3-OHGA), glutaconic acid, and glutaryl-CoA in body fluids as well as degenerative changes in the striatal and frontotemporal cortical neurons. A deficiency of cerebral GCDH activity is attributed to the development of neurological damage in GA I patients. However, the comprehension of the degeneration mechanism in the basal ganglia still remains partial. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2 . Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are water-soluble only to a few percent at room temperature, the water-solubility of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is over 50% (w/w). Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Defects in this metabolic pathway can lead to a disorder called Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria, where toxic byproducts build up and can cause severe encephalopathy. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be prepared by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to give the mixed potassium carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid.[1] Alternatively hydrolysis, followed by oxidation of dihydropyran gives Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). It can also be prepared from reacting 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to obtain the dinitrile, followed by hydrolysis. 1,5-Pentanediol, a common plasticizer and precursor to polyesters is manufactured by hydrogenation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and its derivatives.[2] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) itself has been used in the production of polymers such as polyester polyols, polyamides. The odd number of carbon atoms (i.e. 5) is useful in decreasing polymer elasticity.[citation needed] Uvitonic acid is obtained by the action of ammonia on Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes.[3] Acute hazards include the fact that this compound may be harmful by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption.[3] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (Pentanedioic Acid) is a linear dicarboxylic acid. It has been prepared by oxidizing cyclopentane, cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone.[9] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a pentanedioic acid. On exposure to X-rays, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) crystals generate two stable free radicals. These free radicals have been investigated by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) technique.[5] Presence of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) in urine and plasma is an indicator of type I Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria (GA-I). Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is formed as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.[3] Electron spin resonance spectra of radical (CO2H)CH2CH2CH(CO2H formed in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) crystal after γ-irradiation is reported to remains trapped in it.[2] Polymorphism of Glycine-Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) co-crystals has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.[4] Application of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may be employed as starting reagent in the synthesis of glutaric anhydride.[9] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2 . Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are water-soluble only to a few percent at room temperature, the water-solubility of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is over 50% (w/w). Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) has the lowest melting point among dicarboxylic acids (98 C); it is very soluble in water and the solution in water is a medium strong acid. Short-term exposure to Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the eyes, skin and the respiratory tract.

Glutaric acid is a linear dicarboxylic acid. 
On exposure to X-rays, glutaric acid crystals generate two stable free radicals. 
Glutaric acid is formed as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals. 

CAS Number: 110-94-1
EC Number: 203-817-2
Chemical formula: C5H8O4
Molar mass: 132.12 g/mol

GLUTARIC ACID, Pentanedioic acid, 110-94-1, 1,5-Pentanedioic acid, glutarate, 1,3-Propanedicarboxylic acid, Pentandioic acid, n-Pyrotartaric acid, propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, UNII-H849F7N00B, CHEBI:17859, MFCD00004410, Carboxylic acids, C6-18 and C5-15-di-, NSC9238, H849F7N00B, DSSTox_CID_1654, DSSTox_RID_76266, DSSTox_GSID_21654, CAS-110-94-1, HSDB 5542, NSC 9238, EINECS 203-817-2, BRN 1209725, Glutarsaeure, Pentandioate, AI3-24247, 1czc, 1,5-Pentanedioate, Glutaric acid, 99%, 4lh3, 1,3-Propanedicarboxylate, WLN: QV3VQ, (C4-C6) Dibasic acids, pentanedioate;Glutaric acid, bmse000406, Glutaric Acid and Anhydride, SCHEMBL7414, 4-02-00-01934, Pentanedioic acid Glutaric acid, Carboxylic acids, di-, C4-6, CHEMBL1162495, DTXSID2021654, ZINC388706, NSC-9238, Tox21_202448, Tox21_302871, BDBM50485550, s3152, AKOS000118800, CS-W009536, DB03553, HY-W008820, LS41863, MCULE-4286022994, NCGC00249226-01, NCGC00256456-01, NCGC00259997-01, 68937-69-9, AS-13132, BP-21143, H402, SY029948, FT-0605446, G0069, G0245, C00489, D70283, A802271, Q409622, Glutaric Acid (ca. 50% in Water, ca. 4.3mol/L), J-011915, Q-201163, Z57127454, 78FA13BF-E0C0-4EFC-948C-534CF45044E3, F2191-0242, Glutaric acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Glutaric acid, 1,3-Propanedicarboxylate, 1,5-Pentanedioate, 1,5-Pentanedioic acid, 110-94-1, 1209725, 203-817-2, Acide glutarique, Glutarsäure, hydrogen glutarate, MFCD00004410, n-Pyrotartaric acid, Pentanedioic acid, 1,3-PROPANEDICARBOXYLIC ACID, 111-16-0, 154184-99-3, 19136-99-3, 203-817-2MFCD00004410, 271-678-5, 273-081-5, 4-02-00-01934, 43087-19-0, 68603-87-2, 68937-69-9, 8065-59-6, Glutaric acid (Pentanedioic acid), glutaric acid, reagent, Gua, hydron, Pentandioate, Pentandioic acid, pentanedioate, Pentanedioic-2,2,4,4-d4 Acid, Pentanedioic-3,3-d2 Acid, Pentanedioic-d6 Acid, Propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, Propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid|Pentanedioic acid,Glutaric acid, WLN: QV3VQ

Glutaric acid (Pentanedioic Acid) is a linear dicarboxylic acid.
Glutaric acid has been prepared by oxidizing cyclopentane, cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone.

Glutaric acid is a pentanedioic acid.
On exposure to X-rays, glutaric acid crystals generate two stable free radicals.

These free radicals have been investigated by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) technique.
Presence of glutaric acid in urine and plasma is an indicator of type I glutaric aciduria (GA-I).

Glutaric acid is formed as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.
Electron spin resonance spectra of radical (CO2H)CH2CH2CH(CO2H formed in glutaric acid crystal after γ-irradiation is reported to remains trapped in Glutaric acid.
Polymorphism of Glycine-glutaric acid co-crystals has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.

Glutaric acid is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid.
Glutaric acid is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan.

Glutaric acid may cause irritation to the skin and eyes.
When present in sufficiently high levels, glutaric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin.

An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems.
A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels.

Chronically high levels of glutaric acid are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including glutaric aciduria type I, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and glutaric aciduria type III.
Glutaric aciduria type I (glutaric acidemia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH).

Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.g. glutaric acid, glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs).
Babies with glutaric acidemia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly).

Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1.
GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because glutaric acid, like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine.

Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis.
Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35.

In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy).
These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death.

These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated glutaric aciduria.
Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development.

In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures.
Treatment of glutaric aciduria is mainly based on the restriction of lysine intake, supplementation of carnitine, and an intensification of therapy during intercurrent illnesses.

The major principle of dietary treatment is to reduce the production of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid by restriction of natural protein, in general, and of lysine, in particular.
Glutaric acid has also been found in Escherichia

Glutaric acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid which has simple 5 carbon linear dicarboxylic acid (HO2C−R−CO2H).
The molecular or chemical formula of Glutaric acid is C5H8O4.

When pentanedioic acid is present in a high amount Glutaric acid acts as a metabotoxin and as an acidogen.
Glutaric acid can be synthesized by the following process

The ring-opening of butyrolactone (C4H6O2) with potassium cyanide (KCN) to produce potassium carboxylate-nitrile.
Glutaric acid is hydrolyzed further to diacid.

Oxidizing dihydropyran will produce glutaric acid.
Glutaric acid can also be synthesized by treating 1,3-dibromopropane with potassium or sodium cyanide to produce dinitrile.
Further, Glutaric acid is hydrolysed to obtain glutaric acid.

Glutaric acid is used as the raw material for organic synthesis, pharmaceutical intermediate and synthetic resin.
Glutaric acid serves as a precursor in the production of polyester polyols, polyamides, ester plasticizers and corrosion inhibitors.

Glutaric acid is useful to decrease polymer elasticity and in the synthesis surfactants and metal finishing compounds.
Glutaric acid acts as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.

Glutaric acid, also known as 1,5-pentanedioate or pentanedioic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.

Glutaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Glutaric acid is an odorless tasting compound.

Glutaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as eddoes (Colocasia antiquorum), pitangas (Eugenia uniflora), narrowleaf cattails (Typha angustifolia), chicory leaves (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum), and wax apples (Eugenia javanica).
This could make glutaric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Glutaric acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis and irritable bowel syndrome; glutaric acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric aciduria I, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa lyase deficiency, and short chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency.

Glutaric acid is a dinucleotide phosphate that exists in two forms: the alpha form, which has a high phase transition temperature and is insoluble in water; and the beta form, which has a low phase transition temperature and is soluble in water.
Glutaric acid can be used as an analytical reagent to identify the type of nucleotides present in samples.

Glutaric acid can also be used as an experimental solvent for other compounds that are not soluble in water.
The toxicity of glutaric acid has been studied extensively and found to be low.

This compound does not appear to have any adverse effects on human health or animals at doses up to 1g/kg body weight.
Glutaric acid has been shown to have anti-infectious properties by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
The effectiveness of glutaric acid against infectious diseases appears to depend on Glutaric acid ability to block protein synthesis by inhibiting enzymes such as glutathione reductase

Glutaric acid is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH).
Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are water-soluble only to a few percent at room temperature, the water-solubility of glutaric acid is over 50% (w/w).

Physical Description of Glutaric acid:
Glutaric acid appears as colorless crystals or white solid.

Applications of Glutaric acid:
Glutaric acid may be employed as starting reagent in the synthesis of glutaric anhydride.
Glutaric acid may be used for the following studies:

Complexation with DL-lysine.
Complexes have been reported to possess zwitterionic lysinium ions (positively charged) and semi-glutarate ions (negatively charged).

Synthesis of complexes with L-arginine and L-histidine.
Preparation of glycine-glutaric acid co-crystals.
Phase transition studies of these cocrystals have been reported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, polarized Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.

Glutaric acid is used as the raw material for organic synthesis, pharmaceutical intermediate and synthetic resin.
Glutaric acid serves as a precursor in the production of polyester polyols, polyamides, ester plasticizers and corrosion inhibitors.

Glutaric acid is useful to decrease polymer elasticity and in the synthesis surfactants and metal finishing compounds.
Glutaric acid acts as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.

Uses of Glutaric acid:
We prepare 1, 5-Pentanediol that is a common plasticizer and a precursor to polyesters by hydrogenation of glutamic acid and Glutaric acid derivatives.
In addition, we use glutaric acid itself in the production of polymers such as polyamides, and polyols.

Also, the odd number of the carbon atom that is 5 is very useful in decreasing the polymer elasticity.
Moreover, we get uvitonic acid by the action of ammonia on glutaric acid.

Hydrogenation of glutaric acid and Glutaric acid derivatives produces a placticizers.
Used to produce many polymers such as polyesters, polyamides.

1,5-Pentanediol, a common plasticizer and precursor to polyesters is manufactured by hydrogenation of glutaric acid and Glutaric acid derivatives.
Glutaric acid itself has been used in the production of polymers such as polyester polyols, polyamides.

The odd number of carbon atoms (i.e. 5) is useful in decreasing polymer elasticity.
Uvitonic acid is obtained by the action of ammonia on glutaric acid.
Pyrogallol can be produced from glutaric diester.

Industry Uses:
Adsorbents and absorbents
Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
Intermediates
Plasticizers
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Consumer Uses:
Adhesives and sealants
Water treatment products

Other Uses:
Buffering
Flavouring
Processing aid not otherwise specified
Processing aids and additives

Glutaric Acid Formula and Structure:
The chemical formula of glutaric acid is C3H6(COOH)2.
Glutaric acid is an alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acid that has linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.

In addition, Glutaric acid plays a role as a human metabolite and Daphnia Magna metabolite.
Furthermore, Glutaric acid is the conjugate acid of glutarate(1- ) and glutamate.
Glutaric acid molecular weight is 132.12 g/mol.

Biochemistry of Glutaric acid:
Glutaric acid is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan.
Defects in this metabolic pathway can lead to a disorder called glutaric aciduria, where toxic byproducts build up and can cause severe encephalopathy.

Naturally, the body produces glutaric acid during the metabolism of some amino acids that include tryptophan and lysine.
In addition, defects in this metabolic pathway can lead to a disorder called glutaric aciduria, where toxic byproducts build up and can cause severe encephalopathy.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Glutaric acid:

Human Metabolite Information:

Tissue Locations:
Placenta
Prostate

Cellular Locations:
Cytoplasm

Properties of Glutaric Acid:
Glutaric acid appears as a colorless crystal or white solid.
Also, Glutaric acid boiling point is 303oC or 200oC at 20 mmHg.

On the other hand, Glutaric acid melting point is in between 97.5to98oC.
While the relating ‘linear’ dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are soluble in water only to a few percent at room temperature.

However, glutaric acid is soluble in water and freely soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, and sulfuric acid.
In contrast, Glutaric acid is slightly soluble in petroleum ether.
Glutaric acid has a density of 1.4 g/cm3.

Production of Glutaric acid:
Glutaric acid can be prepared by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to give the mixed potassium carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid.
Alternatively hydrolysis, followed by oxidation of dihydropyran gives glutaric acid.
Glutaric acid can also be prepared from reacting 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to obtain the dinitrile, followed by hydrolysis.

We can produce glutaric acid by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to provide the mixed potassium carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid.

An alternative method is a hydrolysis that is followed by oxidation of dihydropyran that gives glutaric acid.
We can also prepare by reacting 1, 3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to acquire the dinitrile followed by hydrolysis.

Manufacturing Methods of Glutaric acid:
Manufactured from cyclopentanone by oxidative ring fission with hot 50% nitric acid in the presence of vanadium cyanide.
Lab prepn by acid hydrolysis of trimethylene cyanide or of methylenedimalonic ester.

Oxidation of cyclopentanone with 50% nitric acid in the presence of vanadium pentoxide or with air in the presence of a catalyst; by-product in the production of adipic acid from cyclohexane by oxidation with air & nitric acid

General Manufacturing Information of Glutaric acid:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Plastic material and resin manufacturing
Utilities

15,000 cu m/hr offgas containing 10-15% sulfur dioxide & 0.5-2 mg h2s/cu m is scrubbed in 4 successive packed columns @ 35 °c with 40-55 cu m/hr 30% aq glutaric acid.
A composition for neutralizing or destroying a susceptible virus on infected tissue of a living mammal contains an effective concn of glutaric acid in pharmaceutical vehicle as well as paper or cloth coated or impregnated with the virucide.
Glutaric acid may be an essential precursor in the biosynthesis of biotin by a species of agrobacterium.

Solubility of Glutaric acid:
Soluble in water, alcohol, benzene and chloroform.
Slightly soluble in petroleum ether.

Reactivity Profile of Glutaric acid:
Glutarıc Acıd is a carboxylic acid.
Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them.

They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic.
Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat.

Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt.
Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water.

Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions.
The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0.

Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt.
Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt.

Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry.
Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in Glutaric acid to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers.

Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids.

Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides.

Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat.
Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat.

Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents.
These reactions generate heat.

A wide variety of products is possible.
Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions This compound reacts with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.

Safety of Glutaric acid:
Glutaric acid may cause irritation to the skin and eyes.
Acute hazards include the fact that this compound may be harmful by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption.

First Aid of Glutaric acid:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Glutaric acid:
Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.
A water spray may also be used.

Spillage Disposal of Glutaric acid:
Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.
If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.
Then wash away with plenty of water.

Handling and Storage of Glutaric acid:

Nonfire Spill Response:

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.
Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material.

Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.
Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution.
Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should store this chemical at ambient temperatures, and keep Glutaric acid away from oxidizing materials.

Safe Storage of Glutaric acid:
Separated from bases.

Glutaric Acid Health and Safety Hazards:
Glutaric acid can cause irritation to the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin.
The compound has an acute/chronic effects like Glutaric acid is harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption.

Also, when heated to decomposition Glutaric acid may emit acrid smoke, toxic fumes of carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, and irritating fumes.
If someone inhales Glutaric acid then Glutaric acid can also cause sore throat and cough also Glutaric acid touches the skin or eyes then Glutaric acid causes redness and pain in the area.
Glutaric acid ingestion can cause abdominal pain.

Identifiers of Glutaric acid:
CAS Number: 110-94-1
ChEBI: CHEBI:17859
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1162495
ChemSpider: 723
DrugBank: DB03553
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.471
EC Number: 203-817-2
KEGG: C00489
PubChem CID: 743
UNII: H849F7N00B
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2021654
InChI:
InChI=1S/C5H8O4/c6-4(7)2-1-3-5(8)9/h1-3H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9) check
Key: JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N check
InChI=1/C5H8O4/c6-4(7)2-1-3-5(8)9/h1-3H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)
Key: JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYAU
SMILES: C(CC(=O)O)CC(=O)O

Properties of Glutaric acid:
Chemical formula: C5H8O4
Molar mass: 132.12 g/mol
Melting point: 95 to 98 °C (203 to 208 °F; 368 to 371 K)
Boiling point: 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K) /20 mmHg

Molecular Weight: 132.11
XLogP3: -0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 132.04225873
Monoisotopic Mass: 132.04225873
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Complexity: 104
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Physicochemical Information of Glutaric acid:
Boiling point: 302 - 304 °C (1013 hPa) (slow decomposition)
Density: 1.429 g/cm3 (15 °C)
Melting Point: 97.5 - 98 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.022 hPa (18.5 °C)
Solubility: 640 g/l

Specifications of Glutaric acid:
Assay (acidimetric): ≥ 99,0 %(m)
Melting range (lower value): ≥ 95 °C
Melting range (upper value): ≤ 99 °C
Identity (IR): conforms

Names of Glutaric acid:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Pentanedioic acid

Other names:
Glutaric acid
Propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
1,3-Propanedicarboxylic acid
Pentanedioic acid
n-Pyrotartaric acid

GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE is classified as : Emulsifying Surfactant COSING REF No: 76272 Chem/IUPAC Name: Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),.alpha.,.alpha'.,.alpha''.-1,2,3-propanetriyltris[.omega.-hydroxy- (17 mol EO average molar ratio), ester with fatty acids derived from coconut oil GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE is an extra-mild non-ionic surfactant with co-emulsifying and solubilizing properties. Ecological product. It doesn’t need any risk or safety warnings on its label. What Is Glycereth-17 Cocoate? Glycereth-17 cocoate is a slightly soluble liquid or solid that is derived from coconut oil.[1,2] What Does Glycereth-17 Cocoate Do in Our products? Glycereth-17 cocoate is an emulsifier and a surfactant.[3,4] It is often found in foaming hand sanitizers.[5] Why Puracy Uses Glycereth-17 Cocoate We use glycereth-17 cocoate as a cleanser and to keep ingredients from separating. Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care and cleaning product quality standards.[7,8] How Glycereth-17 Cocoate Is Made Glycereth-17 cocoate is an ester of coconut acid and a polyethylene glycol either of glycerin. Glycereth-17 Cocoate Laundry & Cleaning (Home Care), Laundry & Cleaning (Industrial & Institutional Cleaning) Non-Ionic surfactant with emulsifying properties for concentrated formulations. Glycereth-17 Cocoate Personal Care (Hair Care), Personal Care (Skin Care) Mild solubilizer. Category Non-ionic surfactant > Polyether >> Ester Polyether >>> Ester Polyoxyethylene Ether >>>> Polyoxyethylene Glyceryl Esters Properties Appearance (1), liquid to solid. Solubility slightly soluble in water to soluble in water. The solubility increases with the increase of EO number. Stability stable. Easily oxidized. Under strong acid or strong alkali condition, easily hydrolyzed. Risk Solid (or liquid) form: flammable material; irritation, irritation to skin, eye, respiratory system. Harmful products of combustion are CO, CO2 and so on. Contact with strong oxidants, can cause to burn. GHS (Rev.8) label: Ecology may be hazardous to environment. Water body should be given special attention. Biodegradability biodegradable. Characteristics excellent emulsifying, dispersing, solubilizing, lubricating abilities. Performance is related to EO number. Note (1), The by-product 1,4-dioxane is a possible carcinogen. Generally, can be acceptable when concentration of 1,4-dioxane is less than 30ppm or less. (2), Be careful with using in children's products. Further explanation (a), On physical and chemical indexes: firstly, shall be indicated carbon atom distribution; secondly, shall be indicated average molecular weight. (b), Used in cosmetics, should be test for harmful substances or furtherly test for microorganisms, according to local regulations and standards. Major Uses 1, Typical applications Use as emulsifying agent, dispersing agent. Use as solubilizing agent. Use as plasticizer. Use as lubricant. 2, Personal care products Conditioning agent, emulsifying agent, humectant in personal care products. Product members Glycereth-2 Cocoate; Glycereth-5 Cocoate; Glycereth-7 Cocoate; Glycereth-17 Cocoate; Glycereth-20 Cocoate INCI name GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE Alternative names No information available Origin Chemical Definition Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),.alpha.,.alpha'.,.alpha".-1,2,3-propanetriyltris[.omega.-hydroxy(17 mol EO average molar ratio), ester with fatty acids derived from coconut oil INCI function Surfactant, Emulsifying The INCI function describes solely the purpose of a cosmetic ingredient. It does not reveal its actual effects and skin compatibility. You'll find these and other characteristics below. Applications Products application: hard surface cleaners, laundry products, HDLD, HDPD,···. Properties Non-ionic mild surfactant. Ecological and toxicological advantages against typical non-ionic (ethoxylated fatty alcohols). Natural source - Vegetable origin.

GLYCERETH-20, N° CAS : 31694-55-0. Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-20. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

GLYCERETH-26, N° CAS : 31694-55-0, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-26. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

GLYCERETH-31, N° CAS : 31694-55-0, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-31, Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

GLYCERETH-7, N° CAS : 31694-55-0, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 500-075-4, Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

GLYCERETH-7 BENZOATE, N° CAS : 139247-28-2, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7 BENZOATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Solvant : Dissout d'autres substances

GLYCERETH-7 CAPRYLATE/CAPRATE. Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7 CAPRYLATE/CAPRATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Sinergiste de mousse : Améliore la qualité de la mousse produite en augmentant une ou plusieurs des propriétés suivantes: volume, texture et / ou stabilité. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

GLYCERETH-7 COCOATE, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7 COCOATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance.Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

GLYCERETH-7 TRIACETATE, N° CAS : 57569-76-3. Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7 TRIACETATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Solvant : Dissout d'autres substances

GLYCERINE; Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene; cas no: 56-81-5

cas no 56-81-5 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glycerol; Glycerolum; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene;

Glycerin tripalmitate is a white, solid compound with a waxy texture.
Glycerin tripalmitate has a characteristic odor and is odorless.

CAS number: 555-44-2
EC number: 209-008-0



APPLICATIONS


Glycerin tripalmitate is commonly used as a texturizer and stabilizer in the production of margarine and spreads.
Glycerin tripalmitate enhances the smoothness, spreadability, and mouthfeel of food products.
Glycerin tripalmitate acts as an emulsifier in bakery products, helping to blend fat and water-based ingredients.

Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the formulation of confectionery, providing a creamy texture and improving shelf stability.
Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a moisturizing and emollient agent in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and balms.
Glycerin tripalmitate helps prevent moisture loss from the skin, keeping it hydrated and supple.

Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in lipsticks, providing a smooth application and long-lasting wear.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used as a binder in pharmaceutical tablet formulations, ensuring the integrity and strength of the tablets.
Glycerin tripalmitate is employed in solid dosage forms such as capsules, providing controlled release of active ingredients.

Glycerin tripalmitate acts as a lubricant in industrial applications, reducing friction and improving machinery performance.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in metalworking processes to enhance machining operations and reduce wear on cutting tools.

Glycerin tripalmitate finds application as a mold release agent in manufacturing processes, preventing sticking or adhesion.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in the formulation of printing inks, providing smoothness and gloss to the printed surface.

Glycerin tripalmitate acts as a carrier or matrix material in encapsulation processes, protecting and controlling the release of active ingredients.
Glycerin tripalmitate is employed in the production of candles, improving burn time, texture, and fragrance retention.
Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a coating ingredient in paint formulations, enhancing adhesion and durability.

Glycerin tripalmitate finds application as a release agent in the production of rubber and plastic products, facilitating demolding.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in the formulation of polishes and waxes for surfaces such as wood and leather, providing shine and protection.
Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a lubricant and processing aid in the plastic industry, aiding in molding and extrusion processes.

Glycerin tripalmitate acts as an adhesive component in industrial adhesives, providing tackiness and bonding properties.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in animal feed formulations, serving as a concentrated energy source for livestock.

Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the research and development of lipid-based drug delivery systems.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the study of emulsion science and formulation of stable emulsions for various applications.

Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a calibration standard in analytical techniques such as chromatography and spectroscopy.
Glycerin tripalmitate has versatile applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, industrial processes, and research, making it a valuable compound in multiple industries.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used as a plasticizer in the plastic industry, improving flexibility and reducing brittleness in plastic materials.

Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the formulation of adhesives for woodworking and construction purposes.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the production of wax-based coatings for surfaces such as paper, cardboard, and textiles.

Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a conditioning agent in hair care products, providing softness and manageability to the hair.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in the formulation of lip balms, providing hydration and protection to the lips.

Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the production of ointments and creams for pharmaceutical and dermatological use.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the formulation of sunscreen products, enhancing the dispersion of UV filters and improving their efficacy.
Glycerin tripalmitate is employed in the production of pressed powders in the cosmetic industry, providing binding and smoothing properties.

Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a lubricant in the processing of polymers, facilitating extrusion and injection molding.
Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the production of resin-based art materials, providing texture and workability.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used as a film-forming agent in the coating of tablets to improve swallowability and mask unpleasant tastes.

Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the production of solid perfumes, providing a long-lasting fragrance release.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the formulation of stick foundations, providing a creamy texture and smooth application.
Glycerin tripalmitate acts as a suspending agent in oral suspensions, helping to disperse insoluble particles uniformly.
Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the production of suppositories, enhancing their stability and ease of insertion.

Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a lubricant and release agent in the production of rubber goods and molded parts.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in the formulation of personal lubricants, providing smoothness and reducing friction during intimate activities.
Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the production of specialty soaps, contributing to their texture and cleansing properties.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the formulation of wax-based crayons, improving color transfer and durability.

Glycerin tripalmitate acts as a spreading agent in agricultural applications, aiding the uniform distribution of pesticides and fertilizers.
Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the production of biodegradable plastics, contributing to their mechanical and thermal properties.

Glycerin tripalmitate is used in the formulation of pharmaceutical creams and gels for topical drug delivery.
Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the production of flavor and fragrance encapsulation systems, improving stability and release characteristics.
Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a carrier for fat-soluble vitamins and nutraceuticals in food and dietary supplements.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the production of specialty inks, such as those used for gravure printing and flexography.


Glycerin tripalmitate (tripalmitin) has several applications across different industries.
Some of its main applications include:

Food Industry:
Glycerin tripalmitate is used as a food additive and ingredient.
Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a texturizer, stabilizer, and emulsifier in various food products, such as margarine, spreads, baked goods, confectionery, and processed meats.

Cosmetics and Personal Care:
Glycerin tripalmitate is widely used in cosmetics and personal care products.
Glycerin tripalmitate is employed as a thickening agent, emollient, and moisturizer in creams, lotions, balms, lipsticks, and other skincare formulations.

Pharmaceuticals:
Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the pharmaceutical industry.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized as a binder in tablet formulations, helping to hold the active ingredients together and provide cohesive tablets.

Industrial Lubricants:
Glycerin tripalmitate has lubricating properties, making it suitable for use in industrial lubricants, greases, and cutting fluids.
Glycerin tripalmitate helps reduce friction and enhance the performance of machinery and equipment.

Research and Development:
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in research and development activities as a standard reference material.
Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a calibration standard for analytical techniques, such as chromatography and spectroscopy.

Encapsulation:
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in encapsulation processes, where it acts as a carrier or matrix material for encapsulating active ingredients, flavors, or fragrances.
Glycerin tripalmitate helps protect the encapsulated substances and control their release.

Coatings and Inks:
Glycerin tripalmitate can be found in coatings and inks, particularly in the formulation of wax-based coatings and printing inks.
Glycerin tripalmitate imparts gloss, smoothness, and moisture resistance to the coatings and inks.

Industrial Applications:
Glycerin tripalmitate is employed in various industrial applications, including metalworking, lubricant additives, plasticizers, and mold release agents.

Candle Making:
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in candle making as a component of wax formulations.
Glycerin tripalmitate helps improve the texture, burn time, and fragrance retention of candles.

Paints and Coatings:
Glycerin tripalmitate is employed in the formulation of paints and coatings, particularly in oil-based systems.
Glycerin tripalmitate acts as a binder, providing adhesion and durability to the paint film.

Release Agent:
Glycerin tripalmitate is used as a release agent in various manufacturing processes.
Glycerin tripalmitate helps prevent sticking or adhesion of materials to molds, surfaces, or equipment during production.

Polishing and Finishing Products:
Glycerin tripalmitate is found in polishes, waxes, and finishing products for surfaces such as wood, leather, and furniture.
Glycerin tripalmitate enhances the shine, protection, and smoothness of these surfaces.

Industrial Adhesives:
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the formulation of industrial adhesives, providing tackiness and adhesive properties to the products.

Plastic Industry:
Glycerin tripalmitate finds application in the plastic industry as a lubricant, processing aid, and anti-blocking agent during plastic molding and extrusion processes.

Animal Nutrition:
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in animal feed formulations.
Glycerin tripalmitate provides a concentrated source of energy and helps improve the texture and palatability of feed pellets.

Research and Development:
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in various research and development applications, including lipid studies, emulsion science, and drug delivery systems.

Surfactant Systems:
Glycerin tripalmitate can be employed as an ingredient in surfactant systems, where it helps stabilize emulsions and improve the texture of personal care and household cleaning products.

Seed Coating:
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in seed coating formulations to improve the flowability, dispersibility, and adherence of active ingredients onto seeds.



DESCRIPTION


Glycerin tripalmitate is a white, solid compound with a waxy texture.
Glycerin tripalmitate has a characteristic odor and is odorless.

Glycerin tripalmitate has a high melting point, typically around 63-65 degrees Celsius.
Glycerin tripalmitate is insoluble in water.
Glycerin tripalmitate is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, chloroform, and ether.

Glycerin tripalmitate appears as small crystals or flakes.
Glycerin tripalmitate is derived from the esterification of glycerol with three molecules of palmitic acid.
Glycerin tripalmitate is a triglyceride, belonging to the class of neutral lipids.
Glycerin tripalmitate formula of glycerin tripalmitate is C₅₃H₁₀₀O₆.

Glycerin tripalmitate is commonly found in natural fats and oils, particularly palm oil and animal fats.
Glycerin tripalmitate serves as an energy source in living organisms.
Glycerin tripalmitate is used in various industrial applications, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Glycerin tripalmitate acts as an emulsifier, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients.
Glycerin tripalmitate serves as a stabilizer, enhancing the consistency and shelf life of products.

Glycerin tripalmitate functions as a thickening agent, providing viscosity and texture to formulations.
Glycerin tripalmitate is utilized in the production of margarine, spreads, and baked goods, improving their texture and stability.
Glycerin tripalmitate is commonly found in skincare products, providing moisturizing and smoothing properties.
Glycerin tripalmitate contributes to the creamy texture and emollient effects of lotions, creams, and lip balms.

Glycerin tripalmitate is used in the formulation of solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry.
Glycerin tripalmitate acts as a binder, helping to hold tablets together and maintain their integrity.

Glycerin tripalmitate, also known as glycerol tripalmitate or tripalmitin, is a chemical compound classified as a triglyceride.
Glycerin tripalmitate is an ester formed from the esterification of glycerol (glycerin) with three molecules of palmitic acid.
The chemical formula of glycerin tripalmitate is C₅₃H₁₀₀O₆.

Glycerin tripalmitate is a solid substance with a white or off-white color, and it has a melting point of approximately 63-65 degrees Celsius.
Glycerin tripalmitate is primarily found in natural fats and oils, such as palm oil and animal fats.
Glycerin tripalmitate is widely used in various industries, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and research, due to its functional properties as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickening agent.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C₅₃H₁₀₀O₆
Molecular Weight: 853.43 g/mol
Physical State: Solid
Appearance: White or off-white solid
Odor: Odorless
Melting Point: Approximately 63-65 degrees Celsius
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, chloroform, and ether
Density: 0.942 g/cm³
Refractive Index: 1.433-1.437
Viscosity: 6.17 mPa·s at 20 degrees Celsius
Flash Point: >200 degrees Celsius (closed cup)
Autoignition Temperature: Approximately 400 degrees Celsius
pH Value: Not applicable (pH neutral)
Stability: Stable under normal conditions
Flammability: Not flammable
Explosion Limits: Not applicable (non-explosive)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhalation of the compound occurs, remove the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If respiratory symptoms develop, seek medical attention.
Provide artificial respiration if the person is not breathing, and administer oxygen if available.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, promptly remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical advice if irritation or any adverse effects persist.


Eye Contact:

If the compound comes into contact with the eyes, rinse them gently with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring to remove any contact lenses if present and easy to do so.
Seek immediate medical attention and continue rinsing the eyes during transport to the medical facility.


Ingestion:

If glycerin tripalmitate is ingested accidentally, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water and give the affected person a small amount of water to drink if they are conscious and able to swallow.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide the medical staff with as much information as possible.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
When handling glycerin tripalmitate, it is advisable to wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize the risk of exposure.
This may include gloves, safety goggles or glasses, and protective clothing.

Ventilation:
Ensure that the handling area is well-ventilated to prevent the accumulation of vapors or dust.
Use local exhaust ventilation or mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Avoid Direct Contact:
Avoid direct contact with the compound.
If handling in powder form, minimize the generation of dust by using appropriate handling techniques, such as closed systems or dust collection equipment.

Good Hygiene Practices:
Practice good hygiene measures, such as washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling.
Avoid touching the face, eyes, or mouth with contaminated hands.

Avoid Incompatible Materials:
Keep glycerin tripalmitate away from strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and alkalis, as they may react with or degrade the compound.

Static Electricity:
Take precautions to prevent the buildup of static electricity, as it may result in ignition or fire hazards.
Use grounding techniques and avoid frictional activities.


Storage:

Store in a Cool, Dry Place:
Store glycerin tripalmitate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and sources of heat.
Maintain storage temperatures below 40 degrees Celsius.

Fire Protection:
Keep the compound away from potential ignition sources, such as open flames, sparks, and heat-generating equipment.
Follow appropriate fire protection measures in the storage area.

Chemical Compatibility:
Store glycerin tripalmitate separately from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and alkalis, to prevent reactions or degradation.

Container Selection:
Store the compound in tightly sealed containers made of suitable materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or stainless steel, to prevent leakage or contamination.

Labeling:
Ensure proper labeling of containers with the correct product name, hazards, and handling instructions.
This helps prevent confusion and ensures safe storage and handling.

Accessibility:
Store glycerin tripalmitate in a location that is only accessible to authorized personnel who are trained in its handling and aware of the associated hazards.

Spill and Leak Response:
Develop and implement procedures for spill and leak response, including containment measures and appropriate clean-up methods.
Dispose of waste material in accordance with local regulations.

Inventory Control:
Maintain proper inventory control to monitor storage conditions, expiration dates, and quantities of glycerin tripalmitate to minimize the risk of degradation or stock depletion.



SYNONYMS


Tripalmitin
Glyceryl Tripalmitate
Triglyceride Palmitin
Palmitic Acid Triglyceride
Glycerol Tripalmitate
Glycerol Palmitate
Glyceryl Palmitate Triester
Triglycerol Palmitate
Palmitoyl Glycerol
1,2,3-Tri-palmitoyl-glycerol
Glyceryl Tris(palmitate)
Triglyceride of Palmitic Acid
Palmitoyl Glycerin
1,2,3-Tri-palmitin
Glycerol Palmitate Triester
Glycerin Palmitate Triester
Tris(palmitoyl) Glycerol
Triglyceride C16
Tripalmitin Glyceride
Glycerin Palmitin
Glycerol Ester of Palmitic Acid
Palmitin
Palmitin Triglyceride
Glycerol Palmitic Acid Ester
Triglycerol Ester of Palmitic Acid
Palmitic Triglyceride
Tri-palmitoyl Glycerol
Palmitic Acid Glycerol Ester
Glyceryl Tripalmitate Palmitate
Glycerol Trihexadecanoate
Triglycerol Palmitate Ester
Glycerol Triester of Palmitic Acid
Glycerol Triglyceride Palmitate
Palmitoyl Glycerol Triester
Glycerol Tripalmitin
Tripalmitoyl Glycerol
Glyceryl Tri-palmitate
Triglycerol Palmitic Acid Ester
Glycerol Palmitic Acid Triester
Palmitoyl Glycerol Tri-palmitate
Glycerol Ester of Hexadecanoic Acid
Tri-palmitin Glyceride
Glycerol Esters of Palmitic Acid
Triglyceride Palmitate Ester
Glycerol 1,2,3-Tripalmitate
Palmitic Triglycerol
Tripalmitin Glyceride
Glycerol Tripalmitoyl Ester
Palmitic Acid Glycerol Triester
Glycerol Palmitic Triester
Tris(palmitoyl) Glycerol Ester
Glyceryl Palmitate Triglyceride
Triglyceride of Hexadecanoic Acid
Glycerol Tripalmitoylglycerol
Glycerin Tri-palmitoyl Ester
Palmitoyl Glycerol Palmitate
Triglyceride Palmitic Acid Triester
Glycerol Hexadecanoate Ester
Glycerol 1,2,3-Trihexadecanoate
Trihexadecanoyl Glycerol

SYNONYMS Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene;CAS NO. 56-81-5

Glycerine; Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene cas no: 56-81-5

Glycerine Monostearate Glycerine monostearate is composed of primary and auxiliary emulsifiers for a wide variety of personal care formulas. It is supplied as cream flakes. Glycerine monostearate is an emulsifier for a wide variety of personal care applications. Product: Cerasynt Stearates Industries: Personal Care Form: White to off-white flakes Use level: 0.25 - 3.0% Features & Benefits Nonionic auxiliary emulsifier Emulsion stabilizer Biodegradable 100% Natural Vegan suitable Impurities and other Glycerine monostearate risks According to a report in the International Journal of Toxicology by the cosmetic industry’s own Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) committee, impurities found in various PEG compounds include ethylene oxide; 1,4-dioxane; polycyclic aromatic compounds; and heavy metals such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and arsenic. Many of these impurities are linked to cancer. PEG compounds often contain small amounts of ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide (found in PEG-4, PEG-7, PEG4-dilaurate, and PEG 100) is highly toxic — even in small doses — and was used in World War I nerve gas. Exposure to ethylene glycol during its production, processing and clinical use has been linked to increased incidents of leukemia as well as several types of cancer. Finally, there is 1,4-dioxane (found in PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG-32, PEG-75, PEG-150, PEG-14M, and PEG-20M), which, on top of being a known carcinogen, may also combine with atmospheric oxygen to form explosive peroxides — not exactly something you want going on your skin. Even though responsible manufacturers do make efforts to remove these impurities (1,4-dioxane that can be removed from cosmetics through vacuum stripping during processing without an unreasonable increase in raw material cost), the cosmetic and personal care product industry has shown little interest in doing so. Surprisingly, PEG compounds are also used by natural cosmetics companies. Properties Chemical formula C21H42O4 Molar mass 358.563 g·mol−1 Appearance White solid Density 1.03 g/cm3 Melting point (Mix) 57–65 °C (135–149 °F) (1-) 81 °C (178 °F) [1] (2-) 73–74 °C (163–165 °F) Solubility in water Insoluble If you find Glycerine monostearate in your cosmetics… Although you might find conflicting information online regarding Polyethylene Glycol, PEGs family and their chemical relatives, it is something to pay attention to when choosing cosmetic and personal care products. If you have sensitive or damaged skin it might be a good idea to avoid products containing PEGs. Using CosmEthics app you can easy add PEGs to personal alerts. In our last blog post we wrote about vegan ingredients. Natural glycols are a good alternative to PEGs, for example natural vegetable glycerin can be used as both moisturiser and emulsifier. CosmEthics vegan list can help you find products that use vegetable glycerin as wetting agent. At present, there is not enough information shown on product labels to enable you to determine whether PEG compounds are contaminated. But if you must buy a product containing PEGs just make sure that your PEGs are coming from a respected brand. Glyceryl stearate and Glycerine monostearate is a combination of two emulsifying ingredients. The stabilising effect of both means that the product remains blended and will not separate. Description Glyceryl stearate is a solid and waxy compound. It is made by reacting glycerine (a soap by-product) with stearic acid (a naturally occurring, vegetable fatty acid). Glycerine monostearate is an off-white, solid ester of polyethylene glycol (a binder and a softener) and stearic acid. Applications Ideal for styling creams/lotions, conditioners, body care, facial care, sun care Related Applications Personal Care Cosmetics Hair Care Skin Care Sun Care Related Benefits Personal Care Natural Vegan Suitable Related Functions Personal Care Emulsifiers Glyceryl Stearate. Glycerine monostearate ester acts as an emulsion stabilizer and non-ionic auxiliary emulsifier. Glycerine monostearate ester is suggested for use in creams and lotions, conditioners and styling creams/lotions, body care, face and body washes, facial care, after-sun, self-tanning, and sunscreen applications. The Cerasynt esters range provides a variety of emulsifiers to meet formulation requirements. PROPERTIES Auxiliary emulsifiers. APPLICATIONS A wide variety of personal care formulas. Glycerine monostearate is a premium quality nonionic stabilizer and emulsifier. Manufactured using the highest quality raw materials for batch-to-batch reproducibility. What Is Glycerine monostearate? Glycerine monostearate and Glycerine monostearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glycerine monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glycerine monostearate is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glycerine monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glycerine monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is Glycerine monostearate used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glycerine monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glycerine monostearate, and Glycerine monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glycerine monostearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glycerine monostearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glycerine monostearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. What Is Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate is esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glycerine monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glycerine monostearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glycerine monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glycerine monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glycerine monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glycerine monostearate, and Glycerine monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Glycerine monostearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Functions of Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (Source). It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Chemically, Glycerine monostearate is used to stabilize products, decrease water evaporation, make products freeze-resistant, and keep them from forming surface crusts. Description: Glycerine monostearate SE (self-emulsifying as it contains a small amount 3-6% of potassium stearate) is the monoester of glycerin and stearic acid. Vegetable origin. It is an emulsifier with a HLB value of 5.8 and thus useful for making water-in-oil emulsions. It can also be used as a co-emulsifier and thickener for oil- in-water formulations. Off-white flakes, bland odor. Soluble in oil. CAS: 123-94-4 INCI Name: Glycerine monostearate Properties: Emulsifies water and oil phase, acts as stabilizer and thickener in o/w formulations, widely used in a variety of different cosmetic formulations. Use: Add to oil/emulsifier phase of formulas, melts at 55°C/130°F. Use level: 1-10%. For external use only. Applications: Moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments, antiperspirant, hair care and sunscreen. Glycerine monostearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it's a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. Glycerine monostearate, also known as Glycerine monostearate, or GMS, is EcoCert certified. Glycerine monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester from stearic acid (glycerin and stearic acid) which offers skin conditioning, moisturization and hydration due to the glycerin component. Functions as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, and formulation stabilizer, where it also imparts a softer, smoother, feel to your emulsions. Glycerine monostearate is one of the best choices, for thickening and stabilizing, to use in combination with the lactylates, where it also functions as an emollient, and gives the emulsion more smoothness. Glycerine monostearate is the end result of reaction between glycerin and stearic acid. We all know what glycerin is and does (generally vegetable based humectant), and stearic acid is a fatty acid compound extracted from a variety of vegetable, animal, and oil sources such as palm kernel and soy. The end result of the reaction with glycerin and stearic acid is a cream-colored, waxy like substance. Details A super common, waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together, gives body to creams and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth. Chemically speaking, it is the attachment of a glycerin molecule to the fatty acid called stearic acid. It can be produced from most vegetable oils (in oils three fatty acid molecules are attached to glycerin instead of just one like here) in a pretty simple, "green" process that is similar to soap making. It's readily biodegradable. NAMELY Glycerol stearate is used as a non-ionic emulsifier or emollient in cosmetic products. It is widely used in moisturizers and is also found in hair care products for its antistatic properties. It can be derived from palm, olive or rapeseed oil... It is authorized in bio. Its functions (INCI) Emollient : Softens and softens the skin Emulsifying : Promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil) This ingredient is present in 11.81% of cosmetics. Hand cream (46.51%) Moisturizing cream box (46.15%) Anti-aging night face cream (45.88%) Anti-aging hand cream (43.75%) Mascara (42.73%) Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. Glycerine monostearate is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying CAS Number 31566-31-1 EINECS/ELINCS No: 250-705-4 COSING REF No: 34103 INN Name: Glycerine monostearate PHARMACEUTICAL EUROPEAN NAME: glyceroli monostearas Chem/IUPAC Name: Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate Learn all about Glycerine monostearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses Glycerine monostearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glycerine monostearate? Glycerine monostearate, also called Glycerine monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glycerine monostearate Do in Our products? Glycerine monostearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, Glycerine monostearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items. Why Puracy Uses Glycerine monostearate We use Glycerine monostearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that Glycerine monostearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that Glycerine monostearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[11] How Glycerine monostearate Is Made Glycerine monostearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glycerine monostearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains Glycerine monostearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate Glycerine monostearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most GMS used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% GMS. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of GMS available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU). Glycerine monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.[3] It takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic. Chemically it is the glycerol ester of stearic acid. Structure, synthesis, and occurrence Glycerine monostearate exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-Glycerine monostearate and 2-Glycerine monostearate. Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar. Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol. Glycerine monostearate occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase. It is present at very low levels in certain seed oils. Uses Glycerine monostearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant. It is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.[5] Glycerine monostearate is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food. It is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture. It is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread. What Is It? Glycerine monostearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glycerine monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glycerine monostearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glycerine monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glycerine monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glycerine monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glycerine monostearate, and Glycerine monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glycerine monostearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl Stearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glycerine monostearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. Glycerine monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. Glycerine monostearate is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying Learn all about Glycerine monostearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses Glycerine monostearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glycerine monostearate? Glycerine monostearate, also called Glycerine monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glycerine monostearate Do in Our products? Glycerine monostearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, Glycerine monostearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items.[2,3] Why Puracy Uses Glycerine monostearate We use Glycerine monostearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that Glycerine monostearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that Glycerine monostearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards. How Glycerine monostearate Is Made Glycerine monostearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glycerine monostearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains Glycerine monostearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate. Glyceryl stearate (Glycerine monostearate) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. Glycerine monostearate (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most Glycerine monostearate used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% Glycerine monostearate. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of Glycerine monostearate available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU). Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate is created by the esterification of glycerin and stearic acid. Glycerine monostearate creates an excellent emulsion and when used in combination with other emulsifiers, creates a stable lotion. Characteristics An interesting characteristic of Glycerine monostearate is the ability to make the oils which are combined in the emulsion non greasy, so for example Sunflower can be combined, without adding greasiness to the final product, allowing creams and lotions to be produced which carry the properties of the oil without the greasiness. Glycerine monostearate can be used to pearlise shower gel, shampoo and hand wash if added in combination with glycerine. How to use Heat the Glycerine monostearate to 60c - 70c within the oil stage of your formulations. Ensure the Glycerine monostearate is fully dissolved into your oil stage (use agitation if required) in order to minimise the risk of graininess in your final formulation. Precautions At pure usage levels it can cause irritation to the skin. When blending always take the following precautions: Use gloves (disposable are ideal) Take care when handling hot oils Wear eye protection Work in a well ventilated room Keep ingredients and hot oils away from children If ingested, seek immediate medical advice If contact made with eyes, rinse immediately with clean warm water and seek medical advice if in any doubt. Safety First In addition to our precautions and general safety information, we always recommend keeping a first aid kit nearby. You are working with hot water and oils, accidents can happen, so always be prepared! Is Glycerine monostearate Safe? Toxicity The safety of PEG compounds has been called into question in recent years. The questioning of the safety of this ingredient is due to toxicity concerns that result from impurities found in PEG compounds. The impurities of concern are ethylene oxide and 1,4 dioxane, both are by-products of the manufacturing process. Both 1,4 dioxane and ethylene oxide have been suggested to be linked with breast and uterine cancers. While these impurities may have been a concern previously, ingredient manufacturers and improved processes have eliminated the risk of impurities in the final product. The level of impurities that were found initially in PEG manufacturing was low in comparison to the levels proposed to be linked to cancers. Longitudinal studies or studies over a long period of use of PEG compounds have not found any significant toxicity or any significant impact on reproductive health. When applied topically, Glycerine monostearate is not believed to pose significant dangers to human health. It doesn’t penetrate deeply into the skin and isn’t thought to have bioaccumulation concerns when used topically. Irritation Through research, PEG compounds have exhibited evidence that they are non-irritating ingredients to the eyes or the skin. This research used highly concentrated forms of the ingredient, concentrations that would not be found in your skincare products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel found PEG compounds to be non-photosensitizing and non-irritating at concentrations up to 100%. However, despite the evidence suggesting that PEG compounds are non-irritating, some research has indicated that irritation can occur when the skin is broken or already irritated. In a study that was trialing the use of PEG containing antimicrobial cream on burn patients, some patients experienced kidney toxicity. The concentration of PEG compounds was identified to be the culprit. Given that there was no evidence of toxicity in any study of PEGs and intact skin, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel amended their safety guidelines to exclude the use of PEG containing products on broken or damaged skin. Is Glycerine monostearate Vegan? Depending on the source of the stearic acid used to make Glycerine monostearate, it may be vegan. Most of the time, stearic acid is derived from plants. However, it can also be derived from animal origin. If it is of animal origin, the product has to comply with animal by-product regulation. Check with the brand you are thinking of using to determine whether their Glycerine monostearate is derived from a plant or animal source. Why Is Glycerine monostearate Used? Emulsifier Glycerine monostearate is included in skincare and beauty products for a variety of reasons, ranging from making the skin softer to helping product formulations better keep their original consistency. As an emollient, Glycerine monostearate is included within skincare product formulations to give the skin a softer feel. It achieves this through strengthening the skin’s moisture barrier by forming a thin fatty layer on the skin’s surface, which prevents moisture loss and increases overall hydration. This moisturizing effect increases the hydration of skin cells, which in turn makes the skin softer and boosts skin health. Texture Another use for Glycerine monostearate has to do with its emulsification properties. Emulsifiers are valued in the skincare and personal care industries because of their ability to mix water and oils. Without this ability, the oils in many formulations would begin to separate from the water molecules, thus undermining product texture and consistency. Glycerine monostearate is also used to help to cleanse through mixing oil and dirt so that it can be rinsed away. Surfactant Lastly, Glycerine monostearate can also act as a surfactant, when used in body and facial cleansers. Surfactants disrupt surface tension, helping to mix water and oil. This characteristic helps the ingredient cleanse the skin by mixing oil with water, lifting dirt trapped inside the skin’s oils, and rinsing it away from the skin. What Types of Products Contain Glycerine monostearate? There are many products in the skin and personal care industry that are formulated with Glycerine monostearate because of its benefits to formulations and its relative safety. Facial cleansers, shampoos, lotions, and face creams have all been known to contain this ingredient. If you’ve had problems with this ingredient before, or if your doctor has advised you to stay away from Glycerine monostearate, it’s vital to read ingredient labels for any personal care product as it has many applications. What are PEGs? You have probably noticed that many of cosmetics and personal care products you use have different types of PEGs among ingredients. PEG, which is the abbreviation of polyethylene glycol, is not a definitive chemical entity in itself, but rather a mixture of compounds, of polymers that have been bonded together. Polyethylene is the most common form of plastic, and when combined with glycol, it becomes a thick and sticky liquid. PEGs are almost often followed by a number, for example PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG 100 and so on. This number represents the approximate molecular weight of that compound. Typically, cosmetics use PEGs with smaller molecular weights. The lower the molecular weight, the easier it is for the compound to penetrate the skin. Often, PEGs are connected to another molecule. You might see, for example, Glycerine monostearate as an ingredient. This means that the polyethylene glycol polymer with an approximate molecular weight of 100 is attached chemically to stearic acid. In cosmetics, PEGs function in three ways: as emollients (which help soften and lubricate the skin), as emulsifiers (which help water-based and oil-based ingredients mix properly), and as vehicles that help deliver other ingredients deeper into the skin. What effect do Glycerine monostearate have on your skin? Polyethylene glycol compounds have not received a lot of attention from consumer groups but they should. The most important thing to know about PEGs is that they have a penetration enhancing effect, the magnitude of which is dependent upon a variety of variables. These include: both the structure and molecular weight of the PEG, other chemical constituents in the formula, and, most importantly, the overall health of the skin. PEGs of all sizes may penetrate through injured skin with compromised barrier function. So it is very important to avoid products with PEGs if your skin is not in best condition. Skin penetration enhancing effects have been shown with PEG-2 and PEG-9 stearate. This penetration enhancing effect is important for three reasons: 1) If your skin care product contains a bunch of other undesirable ingredients, PEGs will make it easier for them to get down deep into your skin. 2) By altering the surface tension of the skin, PEGs may upset the natural moisture balance. 3) Glycerine monostearate are not always pure, but often come contaminated with a host of toxic impurities. Emulsifiers Emulsifiers are used to aid the incorporation and stabilization of air bubbles in the batter, especially in the presence of fats or oils. The most commonly used emulsifiers for this purpose are glycerol monostearate (Glycerine monostearate) and polyglycerol esters, with the former being the more effective of the two on a weight-for-weight basis. Both emulsifiers are commonly used in a paste form, i.e., dispersed in water with other ingredients which promote gel stability. Emulsifiers like Glycerine monostearate may exist in a number of forms when dispersed in water and it is important it is in the active alpha-gel form when used for cake making. Without Glycerine monostearate the egg protein will largely stabilize the air bubbles and the sponge will have a reasonable volume, but often with an area of coarse open-cell structure in the crumb. The addition of a small level of Glycerine monostearate somewhat unexpe

GLYCEROL FORMAL N° CAS : 4740-78-7 Nom INCI : GLYCEROL FORMAL Nom chimique : 1,3-Dioxolane-4-methanol N° EINECS/ELINCS : 225-248-9 Ses fonctions (INCI) Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. α,α'-Glycerol formal ?,α'glycerol formal 1,3-Dioxan-5-ol [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1,3-Dioxan-5-ol [German] [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1,3-Dioxan-5-ol [French] [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1,3-Formalglycerol 225-248-9 [EINECS] 4740-78-7 [RN] 5-m-Dioxanol a,a'-Formaldehyde Glycerol a,a'-Methylene Glycerin Glycerol Formal GLYCEROL FORMAL, α,α' "1,3-DIOXAN-5-OL" [1,3]Dioxan-5-ol 1,3-dioxan-5-ol 98% 5-Hydroxy-1,3-dioxane 5-Hydroxy-m-dioxane C4H8O3 [Formula] EINECS 225-248-9 glycerol formal (=1,3-dioxan-5-ol) glycerol formal, 99+%, mixture of isomers, stabilized Glycerol formal, α,α' GLYCEROL-A,β-FORMAL m-Dioxan-5-ol MFCD00003218 [MDL number] MFCD00014645 [MDL number] MFCD10039829 ST5409435 UNII-3L7GR2604E

SYNONYMS Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol;Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene; CAS NO:56-81-5

SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester;CAS NO. 123-94-4,

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a broadly antimicrobial fatty acid monoester, killing bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is an organic compound that belongs to the class of monoglycerides, specifically a monoglyceride ester.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a fatty acid monoglyceride, which richly exists in coconut oil, palm oil, and human milk.

CAS Number: 27215-38-9
Molecular Formula: C15H30O4
Molecular Weight: 274.4
EINECS Number: 248-337-4

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is composed of glycerol (also known as glycerin) and lauric acid.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) (abbreviated GML; also called Monolaurin, glyceryl laurate, and 1-lauroyl-glycerol) is a monoglyceride.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is the mono-ester formed from glycerol and lauric acid.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is chemical formula is C15H30O4.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is found in coconut oil and may be similar to other monoglycerides found in human breast milk.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) can be ingested in coconut oil and the human body converts it into monolaurin.
Furthermore, coconut oil, coconut cream, grated coconut and others products are sources of lauric acid and, consequently, monolaurin.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring fatty acid widely utilized in food, cosmetics, and homeopathic supplements.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a potent antimicrobial agent that targets a range of bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses but select findings suggest that Glycerol monolaurate (GML) also has immunomodulatory functions.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring fatty acid which is commonly used in food, cosmetics, and homoeopathic supplements.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is considered as an effective antibacterial drug that kills a variety of bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.
This offering is a naturally occurring fatty acid molecule and antibacterial agent which acts as an ingredient in several goods, including deodorants, lotions, and cosmetics.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) GML is highly effective food preservative and emulsifier.

The said product is also widely accessible as a homoeopathic supplement.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring surfactant that has potential use as an additive to tampons and wound dressings to reduce the incidence of certain bacterial toxin-mediated illnesses.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) emulsifier for sale is a versatile ingredient that has many applications in the food industry.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) can be used as an emulsifier, antimicrobial, texture enhancer, flavor enhancer, and clean-label ingredient and is found in a wide range of products, including baked goods, dairy products, and beverages.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s versatility makes it an ideal ingredient for many different types of foods, and its natural properties make it a safe and healthy choice.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is an advanced food emulsifiers preservatives nowadays, exists in breast milk naturally ,and it is recognized as a fine food emulsifier internationally.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a safe, effective, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is LD50> 10g/kg, is a non-toxic food additive.
In April 2005, Chinese Ministry of Health approved that GML can be used in all kinds of food, and no dosage limit, it can be added according to actual needs.

The biggest advantage of Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is the "not preservatives, but more than preservative".
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is bacteriostatic effect will not change with the change of pH value supose pH value is within the scope of 4 ~ 8.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is antibacterial spectrum was wide, it has strong interaction in the common bacteria, fungi, yeast in food, and also can inhibit variety of viruses and protozoa.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is an antimicrobial agent that has potent activity against gram-positive bacteria.
This study examines GML antibacterial activity in comparison to lauric acid, in broth cultures compared to biofilm cultures, and against a wide range of gram-positive, gram-negative, and non-gram staining bacteria.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) 90% min is an advanced food emulsifiers preservatives nowadays, exists in breast milk naturally .

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) it is recognized as a fine food emulsifier internationally.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a safe, effective, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.
In April 2005, Chinese Ministry of Health approved that GML can be used in all kinds of food, and no dosage limit, it can be added according to actual needs.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) (GB15612-95 (GML-90)) is in the form of milky white beads or powder.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has a monoglyceride content of 90-95%.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) can be used to prevent dough from aging, provide foaming stability, and improve texture, stability, and taste.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) can be used in breads, flour products, peanut butter, and beverages.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) Glycerol Laurate E471 (GML) CAS No.:142-18-7 is not merely an excellent emulsifier,but also a safe and efficient antibacterial agent with wide spectrum and it is also not limited by pH value.
In the condition of neutral or slightly alkaline conditions,it still has a good antibacterial effect.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a compound that has gained significant attention in recent years.
As more and more people are following gluten-free diets, there is a growing concern whether or not GML is gluten-free.
In this article, will delve into the world of Glycerol monolaurate (GML) and gluten, exploring the chemical composition of Glycerol monolaurate (GML), its common uses, the concept of gluten-free, and the connection between GML and gluten.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML), also known as dodecanoic acid monoglyceride, is an esterophilic nonionic surfactant that is naturally found in breast milk, coconut oil, and American sylvestris.
The food emulsifier has an HLB value of 5.2 and is a safe, efficient and broad-spectrum bacteriostatic agent with dual functions of emulsifying and antiseptic.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used as a surfactant, preservative and emulsifier in food, besides it can be used in cosmetics and medicines.

This study obtained to optimize Glycerol monolaurate (GML) synthesis from glycerol and lauric acid. It consisted of two steps, dealumination of zeolite Y catalyst and optimization of GML synthesis.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML), is glyceryl laurate or 1-lauroyl-glycerol, is a monoglyceride.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is shortly termed as GML.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is the mono-ester derived from glycerol and lauric acid.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is also widely known as monolaurin.
Chemical formula of Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is C15H30O4.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring fatty acid that has wide range of application in food, cosmetics, personal care and homeopathic supplements.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a broadspectrum antimicrobial agent that has effective reaction against the grampositive bacteria and targets a variety of bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a type of lipophilicity nonionic surfactant, which naturally exists in breast milk and palmetto, a type of palm tree.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) well-known as a good food emulsifier and also a safe and efficient antibacterial agent.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has a glycerol molecule attached to a single lauric acid molecule through an ester linkage.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is typically a white to light yellowish solid or a waxy substance.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is soluble in fats and oils but has limited solubility in water.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is known for its antimicrobial properties. It exhibits inhibitory effects against various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
This makes it useful in applications where microbial contamination needs to be controlled.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is commonly used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in the food and cosmetic industries.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) helps improve the texture and shelf life of certain products by preventing the separation of water and oil phases.
Due to its antimicrobial properties, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is utilized in food preservation to inhibit the growth of bacteria and extend the shelf life of certain food products, especially those prone to microbial spoilage.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is found in various personal care products, such as creams, lotions, and cosmetics, where it serves as an emulsifier and stabilizing agent.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has been studied for its potential applications in medicine.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has shown promise in inhibiting the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and viruses, making it a subject of interest in the development of antimicrobial agents.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is available as a dietary supplement and is sometimes marketed for its potential health benefits, including immune system support.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a broadly antimicrobial fatty acid monoester, killing bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a 1-monoglyceride and a dodecanoate ester.

Melting point: 50 °C
storage temp.: −20°C
LogP: 4.029 (est)
FDA UNII: Y98611C087

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a kind of broad antibiotic, which is safe, efficient and extensive.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) can inhibit some kinds of virus and a lot of bacteria and bioplasm.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is better than pentadiene carboxylic acid, benzene carboxylic acid and P-hydroxy benzoic acid ester.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is insoluble in water and has emulsifying and lubricating properties.
Widely used in food, cosmetics, textiles, leather, and other industries.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) antiviral mechanism is that lauric acid can cause viral membrane protein leakage, monolaurate can be inserted into the membrane of the virus, both of which lead to reduced or loss of replication.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is commonly said that monoglyceride destroys the membrane structure of the virus and inhibits its ability to replicate, that is, it leaves the virus in a half-dead resting state, in which the non-replicating virus acts as an antigen and stimulates the production of corresponding antibodies in animals.
Several studies have illustrated that GML is ≥ 200 times more effective in bactericidal activities or several chemical reactions than lauric acid.

Some cliquey reports and findings have illuminated that Glycerol monolaurate (GML) also has immunomodulatory functions.
A few detailed researches have shed light on an astonishing research which reveals that the widely used anti-microbial agent Glycerol monolaurate (GML) also alters the lipid dynamics of human T cells, leading to their defective signaling and function.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is chemical having potent antimicrobial properties and so has a wide range of applications pharmaceutical or healthcare sectors for medical and sterilizing purposes.

Along with this, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a well-known food emulsifier thus, witnessing demand of product from food or dietary sectors.
In recent years, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is also being majorly used to make a number of cosmetics and beauty care products, due to its antibacterial, antifungal, etc. properties.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a fascinating compound that occurs naturally in coconuts and breast milk.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a monoester of lauric acid and glycerol, which gives it unique properties and makes it highly versatile in various industries.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is composed of a glycerol molecule esterified with a single lauric acid molecule.
This means that GML consists of one Glycerol monolaurate (GML) and one lauric acid molecule bonded together.

This unique molecular structure is what gives Glycerol monolaurate (GML) its distinct properties and makes it an excellent emulsifier and preservative.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used as an emulsifier, it helps blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and stable mixture.
This property is highly valued in the food and cosmetic industries, where Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is extensively used to improve the texture and stability of various products.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s antimicrobial properties make it an effective preservative.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has the ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi, making it an ideal choice for extending the shelf life of food and cosmetic products.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) interacts with lipids, and its antimicrobial properties are attributed to its ability to disrupt the lipid bilayers of microbial cell membranes.

This disruption can lead to the inhibition of microbial growth.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) acts as a stabilizing agent in certain food products, preventing the separation of oil and water phases.
This property is particularly useful in emulsified products like salad dressings and mayonnaise.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML), is naturally found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) derived from these sources is sometimes preferred for products marketed as natural or organic.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may have antiviral properties, making it a subject of interest in the development of interventions against certain viruses.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has been studied in the context of viral infections, including those caused by enveloped viruses.
Some studies have explored the anti-inflammatory effects of Glycerol monolaurate (GML).
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may modulate immune responses and inflammatory processes, making it potentially relevant in conditions associated with inflammation.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is employed as a preservative in certain food products, helping to inhibit the growth of spoilage microorganisms and extending the product's shelf life.
Due to its emulsifying and stabilizing properties, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is utilized in skin care products. It may contribute to the overall texture and stability of creams and lotions.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) can be compatible with other food additives, such as antioxidants and preservatives, enhancing its effectiveness in food preservation.

Some studies have explored Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s potential in modulating the immune system, making it an area of interest in immunology research.
The regulatory status of Glycerol monolaurate (GML) varies by region, and it is important for manufacturers to comply with local regulations and safety standards when using Glycerol monolaurate (GML) in food, cosmetics, or other products.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has demonstrated antifungal properties in some studies.

This makes it relevant in inhibiting the growth of certain fungi, extending its potential applications to products where fungal contamination is a concern.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is sometimes incorporated into animal feed as an antimicrobial agent to help control microbial growth and improve feed hygiene.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is effective in stabilizing water-in-oil emulsions, a property that finds application in various food and cosmetic formulations.

In some applications, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may exhibit synergistic effects when combined with other antimicrobial agents.
This can enhance its overall effectiveness in inhibiting microbial growth.
Some research suggests that Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may influence biofilm formation, a consideration in environments where microbial biofilms can lead to contamination or product spoilage.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is generally considered biodegradable, contributing to its environmentally friendly profile compared to some synthetic additives.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s surfactant properties make it suitable for use in certain detergent formulations, contributing to emulsification and stabilization.
In addition to its use in cosmetics, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be found in topical formulations for its potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects on the skin.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has been explored in encapsulation technologies, where it can be used to encapsulate and deliver bioactive compounds in a controlled manner.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, it's essential to be aware that some microorganisms may develop resistance over time, highlighting the importance of responsible and judicious use.
Some studies have investigated the impact of Glycerol monolaurate (GML) on gut health.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may influence the gut microbiota and potentially offer benefits in maintaining a balanced microbial environment.
Ongoing research explores the therapeutic potential of Glycerol monolaurate (GML) in various health conditions, including its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties.

Uses:
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a monoglyceride emulsifier produced by the esterification of glycerin and lauric acid.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has a melting point of 56°c, a maximum iodine value of 0.5, and a saponification value of 200–206.
In a highly purified form, it shows antimicrobial properties against microorganisms with the exception of gram-negative organisms.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is effective against gram-negative organisms when formulated with bha or edta.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used in baked goods, whipped toppings, frosting, glazes, and cheese products.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is most commonly used as a surfactant in cosmetics, such as deodorants.

As a food additive Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is also used as an emulsifier or preservative.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is also marketed as a dietary supplement.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) exists in breast milk, having the ability of resist pathogenic microbe inflection, extensively be applied in the infant milk powder, rice flour etc.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is explored in the development of medical and health products due to its potential antimicrobial properties.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may find applications in wound care and other medical formulations.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has been studied for its impact on biofilm formation.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may serve as an anti-biofilm agent, which is important in preventing the formation of bacterial biofilms in various settings.
Some research suggests that GML exhibits anti-inflammatory effects.
This property may be relevant in formulations aimed at addressing inflammatory conditions.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s antimicrobial properties make it a potential ingredient in oral care products, such as toothpaste and mouthwash, for its role in inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is investigated for its biomedical applications, including its use in biomaterials and coatings to prevent microbial contamination and biofilm formation on medical devices.

In food packaging materials, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be incorporated to provide antimicrobial protection, helping to prevent the growth of spoilage microorganisms and enhance the safety of packaged food.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML), as a dietary supplement, may be considered for its potential role in supporting the immune system and overall health.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is sometimes included in formulations aimed at dietary management.

In the oil and gas industry, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be explored for its antimicrobial properties to control microbial growth in various processes and equipment.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s properties may be harnessed in anti-corrosion formulations to inhibit microbial-induced corrosion in certain industrial settings.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used in the beverage industry to prevent microbial contamination and enhance the shelf life of beverages, such as juices and sports drinks.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be incorporated into pet care products, such as shampoos and grooming items, for its emulsifying and stabilizing properties.
In agriculture, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be explored for its potential role in plant protection, controlling microbial growth in certain agricultural formulations.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s biodegradable nature may be considered in environmental remediation efforts, where it could potentially contribute to the management of microbial populations in contaminated environments.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) mechanism is that lauric acid can cause viral membrane protein leakage, monolaurate can be inserted into the membrane of the virus, both of which lead to reduced or loss of replication.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is commonly said that monoglyceride destroys the membrane structure of the virus and inhibits its ability to replicate, that is, it leaves the virus in a half-dead resting state, in which the non-replicating virus acts as an antigen and stimulates the production of corresponding antibodies in animals.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used in baked product extensively, having the function for increase the quality of rice and flour production.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) in capsule form as a dietary supplement.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is sold as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain foods.
The United States Food and Drug Administration categorizes it as generally recognized as safe.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used as an emulsifier in sanitarian foods and other foods such as bread, cake, streamed bread and moon-cake.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used in meat product, dairy product, spicy products and fruit and vegetable for make the time of preservation longer.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) 90% is used to improve the texture and uniformity of baked goods like cakes, bread, and pastries.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is often used to increase the stability of dairy products such as cheese, cream, and ice cream.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) plays a significant role in the food industry, where it is widely used as a food additive and preservative.
In addition to its applications in the food industry, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is also utilized in the production of cosmetics and personal care products.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) can be found in items such as lotions, creams, and soaps, where it acts as an emulsifier, helping to blend different ingredients together and create stable formulations.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) even finds its way into animal feeds. Its antimicrobial properties make it a valuable additive in animal nutrition, helping to protect animals from harmful bacteria and fungi that can affect their health and well-being.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used as an emulsifier to create uniformity and to keep the product from separating.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used to improve the texture and mouthfeel of snack foods, such as cookies, crackers, and candy.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used in sports drinks and protein shakes to prevent separation and improve the mouthfeel.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used in salad dressings, mayonnaise, and sauces to improve the emulsification and texture.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is used as an antimicrobial agent in food products to inhibit the growth of spoilage microorganisms, extending the shelf life of items like baked goods, dairy products, and beverages.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) acts as an emulsifier and stabilizer in food products, particularly in items where oil and water need to be combined and maintained in a stable state, such as salad dressings and mayonnaise.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is utilized in cosmetics and personal care products as an emulsifying agent to blend water and oil-based ingredients, enhancing product stability and texture.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) helps stabilize formulations, preventing separation of components and maintaining product integrity.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is added to animal feed as an antimicrobial agent to control microbial growth and improve the hygiene of the feed, contributing to animal health.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is explored for use in pharmaceuticals and drug delivery systems, particularly in encapsulation technologies where it can encapsulate and release bioactive compounds.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be found in topical formulations, such as creams and lotions, for its potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects on the skin.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s surfactant properties make it suitable for use in certain detergent formulations, contributing to emulsification and stabilization.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is available as a dietary supplement, marketed for its potential health benefits, including immune system support.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s potential therapeutic applications, including its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be explored for its antimicrobial properties in water treatment processes to control bacterial contamination.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is generally considered biodegradable, contributing to its use in formulations where environmental considerations are important.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is involved in encapsulation technologies, where it can be utilized to encapsulate and deliver bioactive compounds in controlled-release systems.
Ongoing studies investigate Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s impact on gut health, influencing the gut microbiota and potentially offering benefits in maintaining a balanced microbial environment.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has been studied for its potential antiviral properties.

Research suggests Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may have inhibitory effects on certain viruses, making it a subject of interest in antiviral formulations.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is utilized as a food additive in various food products.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may serve multiple functions, including emulsification, stabilization, and as an antimicrobial agent for food preservation.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be included in the formulation of functional foods, where its potential health benefits, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, can contribute to the overall functionality of the product.
Due to its antimicrobial properties, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may find application in air fresheners and deodorizers to inhibit the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is investigated for its potential use in biomedical coatings to prevent microbial contamination on surfaces of medical devices and implants.

In the oil and gas industry, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be explored for its ability to control microbial growth in oilfield processes, pipelines, and equipment.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is studied for its potential use in the poultry industry to control bacterial contamination and improve hygiene in poultry feed and processing.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be considered in the plastic industry for its potential antimicrobial properties, contributing to the development of antimicrobial plastics in various applications.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s antimicrobial properties may be explored in pesticide formulations to enhance their efficacy and control microbial populations in agricultural settings.
In industrial applications such as metalworking, Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be considered for its potential use in metalworking fluids to inhibit microbial growth and prevent degradation.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) can be used in the textile industry as an antimicrobial agent, contributing to the development of textiles with enhanced resistance to microbial growth and odors.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may be incorporated into anti-acne formulations in skincare products due to its antimicrobial properties, potentially aiding in the control of acne-causing bacteria.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s emulsifying properties make it suitable for use in water-based coatings, contributing to stability and performance in various coating applications.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s stability and antimicrobial properties may be explored in heat transfer fluids, contributing to the prevention of microbial contamination in industrial heat exchange systems.

Safety Profile:
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes, especially in its pure form or at high concentrations.
Direct contact with the skin or eyes should be avoided, and appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, should be used.
Inhalation of Glycerol monolaurate (GML) dust or vapors may lead to respiratory irritation.

Adequate ventilation is important in areas where GML is handled to minimize the risk of inhalation exposure.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is generally regarded as safe for consumption in regulated amounts, ingesting large quantities could lead to gastrointestinal discomfort.
Ingestion should be avoided, and Glycerol monolaurate (GML)-containing products should be used according to recommended guidelines.

Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Glycerol monolaurate (GML), and exposure could lead to allergic reactions.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s important to be aware of any known allergies or sensitivities when using products containing Glycerol monolaurate (GML).

Environmental Impact:
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is considered biodegradable, but large spills or improper disposal could have environmental consequences.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)'s important to follow proper waste disposal procedures in accordance with local regulations.
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) may release products that could be harmful.

Synonyms:
Monolaurin
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
142-18-7
1-Monolaurin
Glyceryl monolaurate
Lauricidin
GLYCERYL LAURATE
1-Glyceryl laurate
Glycerol 1-laurate
27215-38-9
1-Monolauroyl-rac-glycerol
1-Monododecanoylglycerol
Glycerol monolaurate (GML)
Laurin, 1-mono-
Glycerin 1-monolaurate
Glycerol 1-monolaurate
Lauric acid 1-monoglyceride
Dodecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl laurate
Glyceryl monododecanoate
1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol
DL-alpha-Laurin
Glycerides, C12-18
.alpha.-monolaurin
67701-26-2
3-Dodecanoyloxy-1,2-propanediol
(+-)-Glyceryl 1-monododecanoate
Dodecanoic acid alpha-monoglyceride
glyceryl 1-laurate
Glycerin monolaurate
(+-)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
Dodecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
Glycerol .alpha.-monolaurate
WR963Y5QYW
40738-26-9
DTXSID5041275
CHEBI:75543
Lauric acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
1-Monolaurin;1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol
Lauric acid, monoester with glycerol
Dodecanoic acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
NSC698570
NSC-698570
NCGC00164528-01
alpha-Monolaurin
1-monolauroylglycerol
DTXCID3021275
Glucerol alpha-monolaurate
Monolauroylglycerin
CAS-142-18-7
Lauric acid alpha-monoglyceride
C15H30O4
EINECS 205-526-6
UNII-WR963Y5QYW
Lauricidin R
Cithrol GML
rac-1-monolaurin
MG 12:0
Hodag GML
Glycerox L 8
Lauricidin 802
Lauricidin 812
1-dodecanoylglycerol
EINECS 266-944-2
Grindtek ML 90
Dimodan ML 90
Imwitor 312
Sunsoft 750
Sunsoft 757
Monomuls 90L12
rac-1-lauroylglycerol
Aldo MLD-K-FG
Glycerol 1-dodecanoate
Tegin L 90
rac-1-dodecanoylglycerol
AI3-03482
SDA 16-001-00
rac-1-monolauroylglycerol
Glycerol alpha-monolaurate
Poem M 300
EC 205-526-6
EC 266-944-2
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) (VAN)
Glycerol .alpha.-dodecanoate
SCHEMBL16042
MLS004773952
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl laurate #
CHEMBL510533
CHEBI:75539
GLYCEROL 1-MONODODECANOATE
1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol, >=99%
UNII-Y98611C087
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-dodecanoate
MAG 12:0
NSC 4837
rac-2,3-dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
EINECS 248-337-4
Tox21_112159
Tox21_300759
MFCD00037815
(.+/-.)-Glyceryl 1-monododecanoate
AKOS016005827
Dodecanoic acid,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
NCGC00164528-02
NCGC00164528-03
NCGC00164528-04
NCGC00254663-01
5-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-2-PYRIMIDINAMINE
AS-60593
NCI60_035284
SMR001254002
(+/-)-GLYCERYL 1-MONODODECANOATE
(.+/-.)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
HY-121620
FT-0625428
FT-0626744
FT-0774814
G0081
M 300
Y98611C087
(+/-)-2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL DODECANOATE
H10813
L-1475
A885218
Q2113676

as no 123-94-4 Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester;

DESCRIPTION:

1-monostearoylglycerol is a 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.
Glycerol monostearate (GMS) has a role as an algal metabolite and a Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite.
Glycerol monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is the glycerol ester of stearic acid .


CAS: 123-94-4
European Community (EC) Number: 250-705-4
IUPAC Name: 2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
Molecular Formula: C21H42O4



Glycerol monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.
Glycerol monostearate takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Chemically it is the glycerol ester of stearic acid.
Glycerol monostearate is also used as hydration powder in exercise formulas


Glycerol monostearate (GMS) is commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.
Glyceryl monostearate is a natural product found in Aristolochia cucurbitifolia, Lobelia longisepala, and other organisms with data available.


Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is an effective emulsifier used in the baking industry available in the form of small beads, flakes, or powders.
In addition to emulsification, Glycerol monostearate (GMS) is a thickening agent and a stabilizer.
In baking, Glycerol monostearate (GMS) is used to improve dough quality and stabilize fat/protein emulsions.



Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is a waxy ingredient that is obtained from coconuts, palm kernels, or olives.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is usually pale yellow or white in color.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used in skin care and cosmetic products because of its great moisturizing properties.

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) traps moisture on the skin and hair to prevent dehydration and damage.
Moreover, Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) also binds other ingredients together in a formulation.
Further, this ingredient is mildly comedogenic and may cause acne on some skin types.
The chemical formula of Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is C21H42O4.



Glyceryl monostearate is a self emulsifying wax.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is located in dozens of personal care products, including moisturizers, eye cream, sunscreen, makeup and hand creams.
Direct Chems provide Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) SE which is self emulsifying in pearl form and can be used as a viscosity enhancer adding emollient properties which makes skin softer and supple.


Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) also acts as a fast penetrating emollient which helps retain hydration, lubricate, condition and soften skin.
They slow loss of moisture so is ideal when adding to natural formulations.
The presence of Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) enables other ingredients in the formulation to continue functioning effectively in order to excel their beneficial properties by extending shelf life, preventing products from freezing and developing crusts on the surface.
One important factor is Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) allows oils to be added to products but decreases the greasiness so the final product is a smooth, creamy texture.


STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS, AND OCCURRENCE OF GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-glycerol monostearate and 2-glycerol monostearate.
Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar.

Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is present at very low levels in certain seed oils




ORIGIN OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
The first known emulsifier was egg yolk, often used to disperse liquid oil into an acidic aqueous phase.
Mono- and diglycerides were first synthesized in 1853 and were extensively used in shortening and margarine formulations by the 1930s.


COMPOSITION OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is a non-ionic ester of glycerol and stearic acid.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is soluble in ethanol at 122°F (50°C) but immiscible with water.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) often consists of a mixture of mono, di, and triesters of fatty acids occurring in food oils and fats.
They may contain small amounts of free fatty acids and glycerol.



COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is produced either through heating oils/fats with excess glycerol or by direct esterification of glycerol (of animal or plant sources) with stearic acid.
The proportion of monoester formed is dependent on the proportion of glycerol and reaction temperature range of 86-140°F (60-80°C).
Further purification is carried out by high vacuum distillation.



FUNCTION OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
The ratio of hydrophilic to lipophilic moieties, called hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is used in classifying emulsions.
HLB values range from 0-20 with lower values indicating dominant lipophilic character while higher values indicate hydrophilic character.
GMS has a HLB value of 3.8, making it lipophilic and suitable for uses in w/o emulsions, such as batters and doughs, dairy and other products.

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used in a paste form, i.e. mixed with water and other ingredients to improve gel stability.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is an unsaturated monoglyceride and offers better stability than other unsaturated monoglycerides, such as oleic acid.

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used in the baking industry to:
Help in the formation and maintenance of uniform dispersions of immiscible solvents.
Stabilize emulsions via displacing proteins from oil, wax or solvent surfaces.


Improve bread texture, and retard staling due to its complexation with starch amylopectin
Improve aeration of doughs and batters.


APPLICATIONS OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has been used in the following applications:
To improve the physical and rheological properties of the batter and thus better-quality cakes
In breads such as pain courant Français, Friss búzakenyér, naan and roti

In sponge cakes and pancakes for aeration.
Dairy products such as cream, whipped cream, ice cream, cream powder, imitation creams, etc.
Fruit/vegetable spreads, jams, jellies, marmalades



Application in plastics industry:

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used As a lubricant, anti-static agent, non-toxic plasticizer, anti-aging in the production of polymers, plastics and packaging films.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) Can improve the flexibility, plasticity and anit-static properties.

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) Is used e.g. in the manufacturing of of polypropylene-caps to provide a slip/lubricant effect in addition to anti-static effect.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) In agriculture plastic films as anti fogging agent.

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used as a process aid in production of expanded polyethylene to improve gas
exchange.


PRODUCT BENEFITS OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) Reduces the friction during the extrusion process, giving a uniform cell size distribution and is improving the gas exchange.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is compatible with anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants and has exceptional electrolyte tolerance.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has effects of emulsification, dispersion, foaming, defoaming, starch antiaging.


Product dosing:
We strongly recommend testing of your own system under the actual conditions of processing and end-use prior to full scale testing.
Exact loading must be determined by composition of the specific polymer system.


Other applications:

Cosmetic uses, as a co-emulsifier of emulsions, to modify viscosity and improve stability.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used As an emulsifier in the production of foods, including ice cream, chewing gum, toffee, shortening, margarine, starch etc.

Anti-aging agent for starch.
Protective coating for hygroscopic powders.











USES OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) provides multiple benefits for the skin and hair.
This is why Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used in thousands of cosmetic, skin care, and hair care products such as skin cleansers, foundations, eyeliners, and shampoos.

Skin care:
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is a humectant that draws water to the top most layer of the skin and binds it there to provide intense hydration.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) also acts as a thickener to maintain the texture and spreadability of the products

Hair care:
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used to bring luster and shine to the shafts by bringing back the lost water content.
This ingredient also has foaming properties that make it a great choice for products such as shampoos


Cosmetic products:
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) acts as a surfactant.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is a good preservative that keeps cosmetic products from going bad by increasing their shelf life.
Cosmetics with Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) do not dry easily and provide hydration to the skin


Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) is a mixture of monoacylgcerols, mostly monosteroylglycerol, together with quantities of di-and triacylglycerols.
In the Ph.Eur, Glyceryl monostearate is distinguished into different grades, namely Type I, II and III depending on their fatty acid composition.
When supplied as an excipient, Glyceryl monostearate occurs as a hard, waxy mass or greasy powder, flakes or beads.


APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS OR TECHNOLOGY:
Glyceryl monostearate is principally used as an emollient, mild emulsifying agent, solubilizing agent, stabilizing agent, and tablet and capsule lubricant.
Owing to its lipid nature as well as the availability of many different grades, Glyceryl monostearate exhibits thickening, emulsifying and protective properties, making it a versatile excipient across multiple applications and dosage forms.

A summary of the different applications of Glyceryl monostearate in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications is outlined below:
• Formulation stabilizer (for water-in-oil emulsions containing polar and nonpolar ingredients)
• Dispersant for pigments in oils or solids in fats
• Solvent and co-solvent for phospholipids, such as lecithin
• Hot melt granulation excipient
• Matrix former for sustained-release tablets
• Lubricant for tablets
• Suppository base
• Hydrophobic agent in tablet coatings (prevents tablet sticking)

Incidences of polymorph formation when Glyceryl monostearate is used in product formulation are an important consideration.
Generally, the α-form tends to disperse easily and foams, rendering it useful as an emulsifying agent.
The β-form, being more stable, is suitable for use in sustained-release matrices.


Note that Glyceryl monostearate is not an efficient emulsifier.
Its usefulness resides in the fact that it is a useful emollient and co-emulsifier.
It is readily emulsified by common emulsifying agents and by the incorporation of other fatty materials into the formulation.

When added to creams, Glyceryl monostearate imparts to creams smoothness, and fineness, while improving the formulation stability.

About Glyceryl Monostearate – Self-emulsifying
Self-emulsifying Glyceryl monostearate is a grade of Glyceryl monostearate to which an emulsifying agent has been added.
A specification for self-emulsifying Glyceryl monostearate was previously included in the Ph.Eur (it still remains in the B.P).
This material is mainly used as an emulsifying agent for oils, fats, solvents, and waxes.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Thickening agent
• Emulsifier
• Preservant
• Surfactant
• Moisturizer
• Dispersant
• Emollient
• Lubricant
• Anti-caking agent


AREAS OF APPLICATIONS
• Food manufacturing and beverage industry
• Textile industry
• Plastic industry
• Pharmaceuticals
• Cosmetics
• Personal care products



PRODUCT FEATURES
• Eco-friendly
• Water insoluble
• High Efficiency
• Non-toxic
• Cost competitive








SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product




CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Molecular Weight
358.6 g/mol
XLogP3
7.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
4
Rotatable Bond Count
20
Exact Mass
358.30830982 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
358.30830982 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
66.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count
25
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
281
Isotope Atom Count
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Physical form, Solid, powder
Appearance, White or whitish, waxy solid
HLB Value, 3 (IMWITOR® 900 K)
Flash point, 240oC
Melting point, 55-60 oC
Boiling point, 238-240 oC
Relative density, 1.03 g/ml
Solubility, Insoluble in water
Melting point, 78-81 °C
Boiling point, 410.96°C (rough estimate)
Density, 0.9700
refractive index, 1.4400 (estimate)
storage temp., Sealed in dry,Store in freezer, under -20°C
solubility, Soluble in hot ethanol, ether, chloroform, hot acetone, mineral oil, and fixed oils. Practically insoluble in water, but may be dispersed in water with the aid of a small amount of soap or other surfactant.
form, Powder
color, Pure-white or cream-colored, wax-like solid
Odor, faint odor
Water Solubility, Soluble in hot organic solvents.Soluble in hot water. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in aliphatic solvents.
Content of monoester (%):, Min. 95
Colour (Hazen):, Max. 190
Iodine value (gI2/100g):, Max. 3.0
Melting range (°C):, 60.0 - 70.0
Free acid (stearic acid) (%):, Max. 2.5
Free glycerol (%):, Max. 1.2
Water (%):, Max. 0.3
Arsenic (ppm):, Max. 1
Heavy metals (Pb, ppm):, Max. 5




SYNONYMS OF GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
glyceryl monostearate
monostearin
Glyceryl monostearate
123-94-4
Monostearin
GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE
31566-31-1
Glyceryl stearate
Tegin
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol
1-MONOSTEARIN
Glycerin 1-monostearate
Stearin, 1-mono-
Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride
2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
Glycerol 1-monostearate
1-Glyceryl stearate
Glycerin 1-stearate
Sandin EU
1-Monostearoylglycerol
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
Aldo MSD
Aldo MSLG
Glyceryl 1-monostearate
Stearoylglycerol
Glycerol 1-stearate
alpha-Monostearin
Tegin 55G
Emerest 2407
Aldo 33
Aldo 75
Glycerin monostearate
Arlacel 165
3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol
Cerasynt SD
Stearin, mono-
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
.alpha.-Monostearin
Monoglyceryl stearate
Glycerol alpha-monostearate
Cefatin
Dermagine
Monelgin
Sedetine
Admul
Orbon
Citomulgan M
Drewmulse V
Cerasynt S
Drewmulse TP
Tegin 515
Cerasynt SE
Cerasynt WM
Cyclochem GMS
Drumulse AA
Protachem GMS
Witconol MS
Witconol MST
FEMA No. 2527
Glyceryl stearates
Monostearate (glyceride)
Unimate GMS
Glyceryl monooctadecanoate
Ogeen M
Emcol CA
Emcol MSK
Hodag GMS
Ogeen GRB
Ogeen MAV
Aldo MS
Aldo HMS
Armostat 801
Kessco 40
Stearic monoglyceride
Abracol S.L.G.
Arlacel 161
Arlacel 169
Imwitor 191
Imwitor 900K
NSC 3875
11099-07-3
Atmul 67
Atmul 84
Starfol GMS 450
Starfol GMS 600
Starfol GMS 900
Cerasynt 1000-D
Emerest 2401
Aldo-28
Aldo-72
Atmos 150
Atmul 124
Estol 603
Ogeen 515
Tegin 503
Grocor 5500
Grocor 6000
Glycerol stearate, pure
Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride
Cremophor gmsk
Glyceryl 1-octadecanoate
Cerasynt-sd
Lonzest gms
Cutina gms
Lipo GMS 410
Lipo GMS 450
Lipo GMS 600
glycerol stearate
1-MONOSTEAROYL-rac-GLYCEROL
Nikkol mgs-a
Glyceryl monopalmitostearate
USAF KE-7
1-octadecanoyl-rac-glycerol
EMUL P.7
EINECS 204-664-4
EINECS 245-121-1
UNII-230OU9XXE4
Stearic acid, monoester with glycerol
Glycerol .alpha.-monostearate
Glyceroli monostearas
Glycerol monostearate, purified
Imwitor 491
Sorbon mg-100
22610-63-5
Cithrol gms 0400
UNII-258491E1RZ
NSC3875
Stearic acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
(1)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
MONOSTEARIN (L)
NSC-3875
1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol
EINECS 250-705-4
1,2,3-Propanetriol monooctadecanoate
Octadecanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
GLYCERYL 1-STEARATE
1-O-Octadecanoyl-2n-glycerol
AI3-00966
MG(18:0/0:0/0:0)[rac]
230OU9XXE4
DTXSID7029160
CHEBI:75555
EC 250-705-4
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE 40-50
Octadecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
258491E1RZ
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90per cent)
83138-62-9
NCGC00164529-01
(+/-)-2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL OCTADECANOATE
DTXCID909160
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (A+/-)-
MFCD00036186
Celinhol - A
CAS-123-94-4
Myvaplex 600
rac-Glycerol 1-stearate
C21H42O4
1-Monooctadecanoyl-rac-glycerol
Celinhol-A
Glyceryl monostearate [JAN:NF]
MG 18:0
(+/-)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol; 1-Monostearin
Eastman 600
1-O-stearoylglycerol
1-octadecanoylglycerol
85666-92-8
rac-octadecanoylglycerol
glycerol 1-octadecanoate
rac-glyceryl monostearate
Glycerol .alpha.-sterate
rac-1-monostearoylglycerol
DSSTox_CID_9160
Monoglycerides, c16-18
(+-)-1-stearoylglycerol
SCHEMBL4488
(+-)-glyceryl monostearate
Geleol mono and diglycerides
DSSTox_RID_78757
DSSTox_GSID_29304
Glycerol monostearate (GMS)
(+-)-1-monostearoylglycerol
(+-)-1-octadecanoylglycerol
Glycerides, C16-18 mono-
Glycerol monostearate 40-55
GLYCERYL STEARATE (II)
CHEMBL255696
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate #
DTXSID7027968
CHEBI:75557
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90%)
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (II)
Glyceryl monostearate (JP17/NF)
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol, >=99%
MAG 18:0
EINECS 238-880-5
EINECS 293-208-8
Tox21_112160
Tox21_202573
Tox21_301104
LMGL01010003
rac-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
AKOS015901589
Tox21_112160_1
DB11250
(+-)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
NCGC00164529-02
NCGC00164529-03
NCGC00164529-04
NCGC00255004-01
NCGC00260122-01
Octadecanoic acid,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester
BS-50505
CAS-11099-07-3
FT-0626740
FT-0626748
FT-0674656
G0085
Octadecanoic acid, 2.3-dihydroxypropyl ester
D01947
EC 293-208-8
F71433
S-7950
A890632
A903419
SR-01000944874
Q-201168
Q5572563
SR-01000944874-1
W-110285
()-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol; 1-Monostearin
342394-34-7
InChI=1/C21H42O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-21(24)25-19-20(23)18-22/h20,22-23H,2-19H2,1H

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Glycerol Monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier and thickener.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is derived from glycerol (glycerin) and stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid.

CAS Number: 123-94-4
Molecular Formula: C21H42O4
Molecular Weight: 358.56
EINECS Number: 204-664-4

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), also called monstearin or glyceryl stearate, is a hard, waxy mass, powder or flake ingredient, which is typically white.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is derived from vegetable oils.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS)e is often used as an emulsifier.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is found in dozens of personal care products, such as moisturizers, eye cream, sunscreen, makeup, hand cream, and other products.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used in foods as a thickener.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), also known as glyceryl monostearate or mono-and diglycerides of fatty acids (E471 when used as a food additive), is a chemical compound commonly used in various industries, including the food industry and cosmetics.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) appears as a white or slightly yellowish waxy solid or powder at room temperature.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a long chain molecule typically occurring in the body as a by-product of the breakdown of fats.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is one of the panels of serum metabolic biomarkers for detecting and diagnosing cancer, especial ovarian cancer.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used in the development of drug delivery vehicles such as nanoparticles and microemulsions.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can also be used as an emulsifying agent, which allows the suspension of pharmaceuticals in a biodegradable form.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is an effective emulsifier used in the baking industry available in the form of small beads, flakes, or powders.
In addition to emulsification, GMS is a thickening agent and a stabilizer.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Chemically it is the glycerol ester of stearic acid.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used as hydration powder in exercise formulas.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-glycerol monostearate and 2-glycerol monostearate.
Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a fatty acid ester seen in food, cosmetics, and beauty products (hair and skin) for various uses, including as a: thickening agent, emulsifier, anti-sticking agent, dispersing agent, solvent, greasing agent, and perfume dilutant.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a Glyceryl Ester; Glyceryl Monostearate specifically occurs naturally in the body and fatty foods and is formed during the breakdown of fats in the body.
When applied topically, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) constituent makes Glyceryl Stearate a fast-penetrating emollient that helps create a protective barrier on the skin's surface.
This helps retain hydration and slow the loss of moisture.

This reduced rate of water evaporation helps to lubricate, condition, soften, and smooth the skin.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS)s protective properties extend to its antioxidant qualities, which help protect the skin against damage caused by free radicals.
When added to natural formulations, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) has stabilizing effects on the final product, which means it helps the other ingredients in the formulation continue functioning effectively to exhibit their beneficial properties.

In this way, it helps to balance the product’s pH value and thereby prevents the product from becoming overly acidic or alkaline.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) also helps increase shelf life, prevents products from freezing or from developing crusts on their surfaces, and it helps lessen the greasy nature of some oils that may be added to cosmetics formulations.
In formulations that are oil-based, the thickening properties of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) help to scale down the need for co-emulsifiers and, in emulsions with big water phases, Glyceryl Stearate can help develop liquid crystal phases as well as crystalline gel phases.

As an opacifier, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) makes transparent or translucent preparations opaque, thus protecting them from or increasing their resistance to being penetrated by visible light.
This also helps to boost or balance the appearance of pigments and improve the final product's density for a luxuriously smooth and creamy texture.
Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is present at very low levels in certain seed oils.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a non-ionic ester of glycerol and stearic acid.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is soluble in ethanol at 122°F (50°C) but immiscible with water.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) often consists of a mixture of mono, di, and triesters of fatty acids occurring in food oils and fats.
They may contain small amounts of free fatty acids and glycerol.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is produced either through heating oils/fats with excess glycerol or by direct esterification of glycerol (of animal or plant sources) with stearic acid.
The proportion of monoester formed is dependent on the proportion of glycerol and reaction temperature range of 86-140°F (60-80°C).
Further purification is carried out by high vacuum distillation.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a self emulsifying wax. It is located in dozens of personal care products, including moisturizers, eye cream, sunscreen, makeup and hand creams.
Direct Chems provide Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) SE which is self emulsifying in pearl form and can be used as a viscosity enhancer adding emollient properties which makes skin softer and supple.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Chemically Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is the glycerol ester of stearic acid.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-glycerol monostearate and 2-glycerol monostearate.

Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar.
Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is present at very low levels in certain seed oils.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a
protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can also be used as an additive in plastic, where GMS works as an antistatic and antifogging agent.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) also acts as a fast penetrating emollient which helps retain hydration, lubricate, condition and soften skin.
They slow loss of moisture so is ideal when adding to natural formulations.

The presence of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) enables other ingredients in the formulation to continue functioning effectively in order to excel their beneficial properties by extending shelf life, preventing products from freezing and developing crusts on the surface.
One important factor is Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) allows oils to be added to products but decreases the greasiness so the final product is a smooth, creamy texture.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), commonly known as GMS, is an organic molecule used as an emulsifier.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a glycerol ester of stearic acid.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) occurs naturally in the body as a by-product of the breakdown of fats, and is also found in fatty foods.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anti-caking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used in cosmetics and hair care products.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is often used as an emulsifier, helping to combine ingredients that would normally not mix well, such as oil and water.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS)'s used in products like salad dressings, mayonnaise, and creamy sauces to prevent separation and improve texture.
In baked goods like bread, cakes, and pastries, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can improve the texture, crumb structure, and moisture retention.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) helps create a softer and more tender texture in these products.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can stabilize foams and whipped products, enhancing the volume and stability of products like whipped cream, meringues, and ice creams.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS)can be used to prevent the formation of ice crystals in ice cream and frozen desserts, resulting in a smoother and creamier texture.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used in reduced-fat or low-fat products to mimic some of the texture and mouthfeel lost when fat is reduced.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can improve the quality of cake mixes by helping to disperse ingredients evenly and enhance the overall texture.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used to stabilize and emulsify flavor oils in beverages, helping to create a consistent flavor experience.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used in some candies and confections to improve texture, prevent crystallization, and provide a smoother mouthfeel.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a white or yellowish white, hard waxy mass or unctuous powder or flakes; odourless or slight, agreeable, fatty odour.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) should be kept in a tightly closed container, protected from light.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) may contain a suitable antioxidant.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a mixture of mono-, di- and triglycerides of stearic and palmitic acids.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) contains not less than the equivalent of 35.0% of monoglycerides, calculated as C20H40O4, and not morethan the equivalent of 6.0% of free glycerol.
Fatty acid esters, such as Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and more particularly ‘high-mono GMS’ containing more than 95% monoester; GMS is in accordance with most food contact regulations.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a high-quality and high-efficiency edible emulsifier, which has the functions of emulsification, dispersion, stabilization, foaming, defoaming and starch anti-aging.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is widely used the the manufacturing of ice cream, peanut butter, cake gel, bread and cakes.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), commonly referred to as GMS, is an odorless white flake with a sweet flavor profile.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is produced by combining glycerin and stearic acid and has a minimum of 40% Monoglyceride content.
The primary application for Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is to act as an emulsifier in foods such as breads, cakes, biscuits, margarine, shortening, peanut butter, among a wide range of other consumable goods that require an overall improvement in volume, texture, and consistency.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is often added to food and beverage formulations to thicken the composition of a recipe in addition to preventing the product from drying out.

In addition to food and beverage manufacturing, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) finds use for industrial applications.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is an internationally recognized non-toxic, harmless and safe food ingredient used in various food processing.
In addition, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) has a wider range of applications in the plastics industry, mainly used as mold release agents, plasticizers, antistatic additives, anti-shrinkage agents for plastic foam products, and internal lubricants in compound lead salt stabilizers.

In the production of PVC pipes and profiles, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used as an internal lubricant instead of stearic acid, which reduces the surface precipitation of PVC products and acts as a plasticizer.
In recent years, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) has been well used in the PVC pipe and profile industry.

Melting point: 78-81 °C
Boiling point: 476.9±25.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 0.9678 g/cm3
FEMA: 2527 | GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE
storage temp.: -20°C
solubility: Chloroform (Slightly)
form: Solid
pka: 13.16±0.20(Predicted)
color: White to Off-White
Odor: at 100.00 %. mild fatty waxy
Odor Type: fatty
JECFA Number: 918
Merck: 4489
BRN: 1728685
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB): 5.5
InChIKey: VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 7.23

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is widely used as an emulsifying agent in the food industry.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) helps mix ingredients that would otherwise separate, such as oil and water.
This property is particularly valuable in the production of various food products, including ice cream, salad dressings, and baked goods, where it can improve texture and stability.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can act as a stabilizer, helping to prevent the crystallization of fats and oils in certain products.
This is especially important in frozen desserts like ice cream, where it enhances creaminess and prevents the formation of ice crystals.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can also function as a thickening agent in food products, giving them a desirable texture or mouthfeel.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is often used in cake batters, pudding, and other desserts to improve consistency.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is utilized in cosmetics and personal care products, such as creams, lotions, and cosmetics, as an emulsifier, thickener, and moisturizing agent.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) helps create stable and creamy formulations.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can serve as a binding agent in tablet production, helping to hold the active ingredients together and improve the tablet's disintegration properties.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used as a processing aid in the production of plastics and rubber, where it can act as a lubricant, release agent, and antistatic agent.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used as a softening agent for textiles and fabrics, improving their texture and feel.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) may be incorporated into paint and coating formulations to modify their rheological properties and improve their spreadability.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in candle manufacturing as a wax additive to improve the candle's burn time and texture.
Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) is a mixture of monoacylgcerols, mostly monosteroylglycerol, together with quantities of di-and triacylglycerols.

In the Ph.Eur, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is distinguished into different grades, namely Type I, II and III depending on their fatty acid composition.
When supplied as an excipient, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) occurs as a hard, waxy mass or greasy powder, flakes or beads.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in a paste form, i.e. mixed with water and other ingredients to improve gel stability.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is an unsaturated monoglyceride and offers better stability than other unsaturated monoglycerides, such as oleic acid.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a single-tailed lipidic monoglyceride commonly used as a nontoxic food additive.
In this study, we have investigated Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), specifically its self-assembling properties and subsequent application in drug delivery.

Results from in silico modeling, corroborated by complementary small-angle neutron scattering, demonstrated vesicle formation; associated phase transitions were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry; dynamic light scattering revealed particle size alterations that occurred in the transition region.
Spherical morphology of unilamellar vesicles was visualized using transmission electron microscopy imaging.
Further, hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug loading in GMS vesicles and their amenability to surface modification for hepatic targeting have, in this study, been both predicted through molecular simulation study and demonstrated experimentally.

The influence of hepatotropic ligands on the stability of drug-loaded Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) vesicles vis-à-vis cholesterol has also been investigated; the resulting GMS based drug delivery vehicle, its properties enhanced through surface decoration, is envisaged to achieve targeted delivery of its payload to hepatocytes.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anti-caking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used in cosmetics and hair care products.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) objective of the present investigation was to study the spontaneous self-assembling behavior of stearic acid in the presence of its monoglyceride and to evaluate its potential to be used as drug delivery vehicle.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) interesting feature of this system lies in spontaneous formation of vesicles on hydration of molten mixture of stearic acid (SA) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS) without using any solvent.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) 1H NMR spectrum of a sample was devoid of signals from fatty acid side chain protons, suggesting that upon interaction between SA and GMS, it adopts an orientation in which fatty acid side chains exists in hydrophobic domains separated from hydrophilic headgroup.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is composed of naturally occuring lipid ingredients glycerol and stearic acid.
Fragrance ingredient, skin-conditioning agent - emollient, surfactant - emulsifying agent, emollient, and emulsifying Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), C21H42O4, also known as monostearin, is a mixture of variable proportions of glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monopalmitate , and glyceryl esters of fatty acids present in commercial stearic acid.

Glyceryl Stearate, also referred to as Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), is a fatty acid derived from vegetable oil, Soy Oil, or Palm Kernel Oil; however, it is also naturally occurring in the human body.
This wax-like substance appears white or cream in color and is produced when Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) undergo esterification.
Traditionally, it is used in formulations for its emulsifying properties.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) also contains Sodium Stearate and/or Potassium Stearate.
The “SE” of Glyceryl Stearate SE stands for “Self-Emulsifying,” as it is a self-emulsifying form of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS).
While the names Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and mono- and diglycerides are used for a variety of esters of long-chain fatty acids, the esters fall into two distinct grades.

40–55 percent monoglycerides The PhEur 6.0 describes Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) 40–55 as a mixture of monoacylglycerols, mostly monostearoylglycerol, together with quantities of di- and triacylglycerols.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) contains 40–55% of monoacylglycerols, 30–45% of diacylglycerols, and 5–15% of triacylglycerols.
This PhEur grade corresponds to mono- and di-glycerides USP– NF, which has similar specifications (not less than 40% monoglycerides).

90 percent monoglycerides The USP32–NF27 describes Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) as consisting of not less than 90% of monoglycerides of saturated fatty acids, chiefly glyceryl monostearate (C21H42O4) and glyceryl monopalmitate (C19H38O4).
The commercial products are mixtures of variable proportions of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and glyceryl monopalmitate.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a white to cream-colored, wax-like solid in the form of beads, flakes, or powder.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is waxy to the touch and has a slight fatty odor and taste.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is an emulsifier that helps form neutral, stable emulsions.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also a solvent, humectant, and consistency regulator in water-in-oil and oil-in-water formulations.

In addition, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used as a skin lubricant and imparts a pleasant skin feel.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a mixture of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of palmitic and stearic acids, and is made from glycerin and stearic fatty acids.
Derived for cosmetic use from palm kernel or soy oil, it is also found in the human body.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is very mild with a low skin-irritation profile; however, a slight risk of irritation exists if products contain poor quality glyceryl stearate.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also known as monostearin, is a mixture of variable proportions of glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monopalmitate, and glyceryl esters of fatty acids present in commercial stearic acid.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) prepared by glycerolysis of certain fats or oils that are derived from edible sources or by esterification, with glycerin, of stearic acid that is derived from edible sources.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and Glyceryl StearatejSE are the esterification products of glycerine and stearic acid.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) contains excess stearic acid reacted with potassium hydroxide to produce a self-emulsifying product.
Both Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and Glyceryl Stearate/SE are white to creamcolored wax-like solids.

Either ingredient may contain mono-, di-, and triglyceride impurities and fatty acid impurities.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and Glyceryl StearateISE are widely used in cosmetic formulations as emollients, auxiliary emulsifiers, viscosifiers, stabilizers, bases, and surfactants.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in more than 1200 cosmetic formulations at concentrations of rO.1-50%; Glyceryl Stearate/ SE is used in over 200 cosmetic products at concentrations of z 0.1-50%.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also widely used in foods as a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is an antistalant and dough conditioner in breads and is also used in pharmaceutical bases.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) has been granted regulatory status as GRAS ingredient, an indirect food additive, a direct food additive, and as an OTC substance.
In acute oral toxicity studies in rats, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and Glyceryl Stearate/SE were nontoxic or mildly toxic.

In chronic studies, 15-25% Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) in the diet of rats for three consecutive generations had no adverse effects.
Rats fed a diet containing 25% Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) for two years developed renal calcifications.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and Glyceryl Stearate/SE at concentrations of up to 100% were reported to be mildly irritating or nonirritating to the skin of rabbits.

In subchronic and chronic dermal toxicity tests, 4-5% Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) was nontoxic to rabbits but did cause moderate irritation (slight to moderate erythema, edema, atonia, desquamation, and/or fissuring).
In seven guinea pig sensitization studies, it was concluded that neither Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) nor Glyceryl Stearate/SE was capable of inducing sensitization.
In primary eye irritation studies, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and Glyceryl Stearate/SE at concentrations up to 100% were mildly irritating or nonirritating when instilled in the eyes of rabbits.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), fed to mice in doses of 50-100 mg/day or 1.5% in the diet until they died, did not induce significant brain or gastric tumor formation, respectively.
Five percent Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) did not promote the carcinogenicity of DMBA in mouse skin.
Single and Repeated Insult Patch Tests used to evaluate human skin irritation and sensitization potential of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and Glyceryl Stearate/SE showed both ingredients to be nonse'3ritizing and nonirritating.

Products containing 2% Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) were nonphototoxic anu ionphotoallergic.
Worker experience shows that Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) and Glyceryl Stearate/SE are nonirritating to human skin.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS), a nonionic amphiphilic monoglyceride of glycerol and stearic acid is widely used as emulsifier in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and textile industry.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-glycerol monostearate and 2-glycerol monostearate.
Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar.
Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol.

Uses
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is self-emulsifying glyceryl stearate.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) provides a stable, uniform oil-in-water emulsion.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in the development of drug delivery vehicles such as nanoparticles and microemulsions.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.
In industry, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used as an emulsifier.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) also occurs naturally in the body as a fat metabolite, and is present in foods with high fat content.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) pharmaceuticals, Glycerin monostearate is used as a protective coating for hygroscopic powders, and a solidifier and control release agen.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is widely used in the food industry as an emulsifying agent to create stable mixtures of ingredients that would otherwise separate, such as oil and water.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is commonly found in salad dressings, sauces, and mayonnaise.
In frozen desserts like ice cream, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) helps prevent the crystallization of fats, improving the texture and preventing the formation of ice crystals.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can thicken food products, providing a desirable texture in items like puddings, custards, and soups.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in baked goods like bread, cakes, and cookies to improve texture, moisture retention, and shelf life.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is added to dairy products such as yogurt and cream to enhance creaminess and consistency.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be found in chocolates and candies to prevent fat bloom and ensure a smooth texture.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) commonly known as GMS, is an organic molecule used as an emulsifier.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a colorless, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a glycerol ester of stearic acid.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) occurs naturally in the body as a by-product of the breakdown of fats, and is also found in fatty foods.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anti-caking, and preservative agent, an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes and solvents, a
protective coating for hygroscopic powders, a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals, and a resin lubricant.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used in cosmetics and hair care products.GMS is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream its smooth texture.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can, therefore, be used in all plastics employed for food packaging fatty amine polyglycol ethers (e.g., cocoamine + 2 EO) fatty acid diethanolamides (e.g., coconut fatty acid diethanolamide) fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers (can be used as internal antistats and viscosity modifiers in PVC plastisols or as external antistats in mold release formulations for green tires)

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used as an emulsifier, resin lubricant, opacifier, emollient, bodying agent in a variety of cosmetic formulations for skincare and haircare.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used as a thickening, anti-caking and preservative agent.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also useful for preventing ice creams from drying out or being too sweet.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is further used as a foaming agent for the foam-mat drying of papaya.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also used as an anti-staling agent in bread.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in cosmetics and personal care products, including creams, lotions, and makeup, to create stable emulsions and improve product consistency.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used as both emulsifier and stabilizer in the food industry. It is commercially available in powder or bead forms.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a food additive with a distinctive odor, white or sometimes beige in color and known in the food industry with the food code e 471.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is a highly effective emulsifier in emulsifying the oil-water phase.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is also effective in extending the stratification and shelf life of food products.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is especially used in the bread and bakery products and pastry industry, in the oil industry.
Apart from the food industry, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) finds use in the cosmetics, detergent, plastic and pharmaceutical industries.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), which is involved in the formulations of ice cream, starchy products, dairy products, chewing gum, chocolate and other food products.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used as a softener in textile products and as a lubricant in plastic products.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used as an emulsifier in ice cream, GMS prevents the development of coarse ice crystals and gives a smooth texture.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), which ensures the formation of stable emulsions that do not break down during freezing, improves the shelf life by keeping the ice cream firm and dry without hardening.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) for bakery products such as bread and cake; It causes soft, moist, good pore structure in the product, gives white shine and volume to the products, retains moisture, delays spongy structure and staleness, and increases the shelf life of the product.
With the use of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), the amount of egg yolk used in the products decreases and thus reduces the cost.

In chocolate products, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) provides a good oil dispersion even at high temperatures, reduces stickiness and separation during production and storage, improves texture and consistency, reduces sugar crystallization, reduces the loss of flowering and product-specific shine, prevents products such as caramel and nougat from precipitation on the tooth, It provides better dispersion and stabilization and acts as a plasticizer in chewing gums.
In margarine products, on the other hand, it reduces the tension between oil and water interfaces, which leads to the formation of stable emulsions.

When used with soy lecithin, the solubility of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is increased.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS), which leads to a better mouthfeel in the product and increases its spreadability, emulsifies the water in margarine and stabilizes the water in the oil.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is widely used in cosmetics.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is an emulsifying and solubilizing ingredient, dispersing agent, emollient, formula stabilizer, and surface-action agent.
Employed in baby creams, face masks, foundation, and hand lotions, it is often derived from hydrogenated soybean oil.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) has little or no G toxicity.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is prepared by the reaction of glycerin with triglycerides from animal or vegetable sources, producing a mixture of monoglycerides and diglycerides.
The diglycerides may be further reacted to produce the 90% monoglyceride grade.

Another process involves reaction of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) with stearoyl chloride.
The starting materials are not pure substances and therefore the products obtained from the processes contain a mixture of esters, including palmitate and oleate.
Consequently, the composition, and therefore the physical properties, of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) may vary considerably depending on the manufacturer.

The many varieties of Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) are used as nonionic emulsifiers, stabilizers, emollients, and plasticizers in a variety of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) acts as an effective stabilizer, that is, as a mutual solvent for polar and nonpolar compounds that may form water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) has moisturizing properties, making it suitable for skincare products, lip balms, and hair conditioners.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can thicken formulations, providing a luxurious and creamy texture in products like body lotions and shower gels.
In pharmaceutical tablets and capsules, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) serves as a binding agent to hold the active ingredients together and improve tablet disintegration properties.
In the manufacturing of plastics and rubber, Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) acts as a processing aid, lubricant, and antistatic agent.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in the textile industry as a softening agent for fabrics, enhancing their texture and feel.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be incorporated into paint and coating formulations to modify rheological properties and improve spreadability.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in candle production as a wax additive to improve burn time and candle texture.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used as a binding agent in tablet production, helping to hold the active ingredients together and improve tablet disintegration properties.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can also be used as an additive in plastic, where Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) works as an antistatic and antifogging agent.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used in tablet coating formulations to provide a smooth and consistent coating on pharmaceutical tablets, making them easier to swallow and improving their appearance.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is found in some toothpaste formulations as a thickening and stabilizing agent to provide the desired texture and consistency.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in the pet food industry as an emulsifier and stabilizer in various pet food products, including wet and dry pet foods.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be employed in the paper industry as a paper coating additive to improve printability, reduce dusting, and enhance the paper's surface properties.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used as a slip agent to reduce friction between layers of film and improve the film's handling and processing characteristics.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) may be added to adhesive formulations to improve their tackiness and adhesion properties, making them more effective in bonding various materials.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can serve as a base material for suppositories in pharmaceutical applications, helping to solidify and shape the suppository for rectal administration.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) can be used as a component of metalworking fluids to provide lubrication and cooling properties in machining processes.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) may be used as a component in lubricants to reduce friction and wear in machinery.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is added to shoe polish formulations to enhance the shine and water resistance of leather shoes.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is used in some pyrotechnic compositions to control the burning rate of fireworks and produce specific effects.

Safety Profile:
Concentrated or prolonged contact with Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) may cause skin and eye irritation in some individuals.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) is advisable to wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and safety goggles, when handling Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) in its concentrated form.

Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) powder or dust can lead to respiratory irritation.
Adequate ventilation is important when working with powdered GMS.
Although rare, some individuals may have allergies or sensitivities to Glycerol Monostearate (GMS).

Allergic reactions could include skin rashes or other symptoms.
Glycerol Monostearate (GMS) itself is not flammable, but it can release flammable gases (siloxanes) if subjected to high temperatures or open flames.

Therefore, it should be stored away from heat sources and open flames.
To minimize hazards, follow safe handling practices, such as wearing appropriate PPE, avoiding contact with eyes and skin, and taking measures to prevent inhalation of dust or powder during handling.

Synonyms:
Glyceryl monostearate
123-94-4
Monostearin
GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE
31566-31-1
Glyceryl stearate
Tegin
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol
1-MONOSTEARIN
Glycerin 1-monostearate
Stearin, 1-mono-
Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride
2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
Glycerol 1-monostearate
1-Glyceryl stearate
Glycerin 1-stearate
Sandin EU
1-Monostearoylglycerol
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
Aldo MSD
Aldo MSLG
Glyceryl 1-monostearate
Stearoylglycerol
Glycerol 1-stearate
alpha-Monostearin
Tegin 55G
Emerest 2407
Aldo 33
Aldo 75
Arlacel 165
3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol
Cerasynt SD
Stearin, mono-
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
.alpha.-Monostearin
Monoglyceryl stearate
Glycerol alpha-monostearate
Cefatin
Dermagine
Monelgin
Sedetine
Admul
Orbon
Citomulgan M
Drewmulse V
Cerasynt S
Drewmulse TP
Tegin 515
Cerasynt SE
Cerasynt WM
Cyclochem GMS
Drumulse AA
Protachem GMS
Witconol MS
Witconol MST
FEMA No. 2527
Glyceryl stearates
Monostearate (glyceride)
Unimate GMS
Glyceryl monooctadecanoate
Ogeen M
Emcol CA
Emcol MSK
Hodag GMS
Ogeen GRB
Ogeen MAV
Aldo MS
Aldo HMS
Armostat 801
Kessco 40
Stearic monoglyceride
Abracol S.L.G.
Arlacel 161
Arlacel 169
Imwitor 191
Imwitor 900K
NSC 3875
11099-07-3
Atmul 67
Atmul 84
Starfol GMS 450
Starfol GMS 600
Starfol GMS 900
Cerasynt 1000-D
Emerest 2401
Aldo-28
Aldo-72
Atmos 150
Atmul 124
Estol 603
Ogeen 515
Tegin 503
Grocor 5500
Grocor 6000
Glycerol stearate, pure
Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride
Cremophor gmsk
Glyceryl 1-octadecanoate
Cerasynt-sd
Lonzest gms
Cutina gms
Lipo GMS 410
Lipo GMS 450
Lipo GMS 600
glycerol stearate
1-MONOSTEAROYL-rac-GLYCEROL
Nikkol mgs-a
Glyceryl monopalmitostearate
USAF KE-7
1-octadecanoyl-rac-glycerol
EMUL P.7
EINECS 204-664-4
EINECS 245-121-1
UNII-230OU9XXE4
Stearic acid, monoester with glycerol
Glycerol .alpha.-monostearate
Glyceroli monostearas
Glycerol monostearate, purified
Imwitor 491
Sorbon mg-100
22610-63-5
Cithrol gms 0400
UNII-258491E1RZ
NSC3875
Stearic acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
(1)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
MONOSTEARIN (L)
C21H42O4
NSC-3875
1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol
EINECS 250-705-4
1,2,3-Propanetriol monooctadecanoate
Octadecanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
GLYCERYL 1-STEARATE
1-O-Octadecanoyl-2n-glycerol
AI3-00966
MG(18:0/0:0/0:0)[rac]
230OU9XXE4
DTXSID7029160
CHEBI:75555
EC 250-705-4
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE 40-50
Octadecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
258491E1RZ
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90per cent)
83138-62-9
NCGC00164529-01
(+/-)-2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL OCTADECANOATE
DTXCID909160
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (A+/-)-
MFCD00036186
Celinhol - A
CAS-123-94-4
GMS
Myvaplex 600
rac-Glycerol 1-stearate
1-Monooctadecanoyl-rac-glycerol
Celinhol-A
Glyceryl monostearate [JAN:NF]
MG 18:0
(+/-)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol; 1-Monostearin
Eastman 600
1-O-stearoylglycerol
1-octadecanoylglycerol
85666-92-8
rac-octadecanoylglycerol
glycerol 1-octadecanoate
rac-glyceryl monostearate
Glycerol .alpha.-sterate
rac-1-monostearoylglycerol
DSSTox_CID_9160
Monoglycerides, c16-18
(+-)-1-stearoylglycerol
SCHEMBL4488
(+-)-glyceryl monostearate
Geleol mono and diglycerides
DSSTox_RID_78757
DSSTox_GSID_29304
Glycerol monostearate (GMS)
(+-)-1-monostearoylglycerol
(+-)-1-octadecanoylglycerol
Glycerides, C16-18 mono-
Glycerol monostearate 40-55
GLYCERYL STEARATE (II)
CHEMBL255696
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate #
DTXSID7027968
CHEBI:75557
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90%)
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (II)
Glyceryl monostearate (JP17/NF)
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol, >=99%
MAG 18:0
EINECS 238-880-5
EINECS 293-208-8
Tox21_112160
Tox21_202573
Tox21_301104
LMGL01010003
rac-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
AKOS015901589
Tox21_112160_1
DB11250
(+-)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
NCGC00164529-02
NCGC00164529-03
NCGC00164529-04
NCGC00255004-01
NCGC00260122-01
Octadecanoic acid,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester
BS-50505
CAS-11099-07-3
FT-0626740
FT-0626748
FT-0674656
G0085
Octadecanoic acid, 2.3-dihydroxypropyl ester
D01947
EC 293-208-8
F71433
S-7950
A890632
A903419
SR-01000944874
Q-201168
Q5572563
SR-01000944874-1
W-110285
()-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol; 1-Monostearin
342394-34-7
InChI=1/C21H42O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-21(24)25-19-20(23)18-22/h20,22-23H,2-19H2,1H