2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is again one member of the groups called stearate esters which are obtained by reacting stearic acid with an alkyl group containing alcohol.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a clear, almost colorless (or slightly yellowish) oily liquid (an ester to be precise) that's used as a medium spreading emollient.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate gives skin a nice and smooth after-feel and it's very good at reducing oiliness or greasiness coming from other heavier oils in the formula.

CAS Number: 22047-49-0
EC Number: 244-754-0
Molecular Formula: C26H52O2
Molecular Weight: 396.6899

Synonyms: 22047-49-0 [RN], 244-754-0 [EINECS], 2-ethylhexyl octadecanoate, 2-Ethylhexyl stearate [ACD/IUPAC Name], 2-Ethylhexylstearat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE, Octadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester [ACD/Index Name], Stéarate de 2-éthylhexyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], [22047-49-0], 2-Ethylhexyl stearate, mixture of stearate and palmitate (7:3), 2-Ethylhexyl stearate, mixture of stearate and palmitate (7:3), Technical grade, 2-Ethylhexyloctadecanoate, 2-ETHYLHEXYLSTEARATE, AGN-PC-00L26C, CHEMBL3184927, DSSToxCID27178, DSSToxGSID47178, DSSToxRID82175, ethyl 4-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate, MFCD00072275 [MDL number], SCHEMBL153398, stearic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, octyl ester [ACD/Index Name], octyl octadecanoate, Octyl stearate [ACD/IUPAC Name], Octylstearat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Stéarate d'octyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Stearic acid, octyl ester, 22047-49-0 [RN], 244-754-0 [EINECS], 2-ethylhexyl octadecanoate, 2-Ethylhexyl stearate [ACD/IUPAC Name], 2-Ethylhexylstearat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE, Octadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester [ACD/Index Name], Stéarate de 2-éthylhexyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], [22047-49-0] [RN], 2-Ethylhexyl stearate, mixture of stearate and palmitate (7:3), 2-Ethylhexyloctadecanoate, 2-ETHYLHEXYLSTEARATE, AGN-PC-00L26C, CHEMBL3184927,, DSSToxCID27178, DSSToxGSID47178, DSSToxRID82175, ethyl 4-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate, MFCD00072275 [MDL number], SCHEMBL153398, stearic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, 2-Ethylhexyl stearate, 22047-49-0, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate, Ethylhexyl stearate, Cetiol 868, Octadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, EG3PA2K3K5, DTXSID9047178, Stearic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, C26H52O2, ethyl hexyl stearate, CRODAMOL OS, TEGOSOFT OS, ETHOX EHS, PELEMOL OS, EXCEPARL EH-S, UNII-EG3PA2K3K5, SCHEMBL153398, ?2-ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE, ESTOL 1545, CHEMBL3184927, DTXCID7027178, OPJWPPVYCOPDCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N, ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE [INCI], Tox21_302619, ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE [WHO-DD], MFCD00072275, AKOS015901877, NCGC00256861-01, CAS-22047-49-0, CS-0152204, FT-0756635, E78095, EC 244-754-0, W-110539, Q27277167, OCTADECANOIC ACID, 2-ETHYLHEXYL ESTER, (+/-)-, 2-Ethylhexyl stearate, mixture of stearate and palmitate (4:6)

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is commonly used as an emollient to deliver skin-softening properties and a smooth afterfeel.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a medium spreading emollient for all kind of cosmetic applications.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate or octyl stearate is an ester of stearic acid with octanol.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is again one member of the groups called stearate esters which are obtained by reacting stearic acid with an alkyl group containing alcohol.

Stearate esters all have unique properties of oily nature, but low viscosity and lighter feel.
That’s why they are the choice of solvents in makeup related products.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is obtained from various animal and plant source.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate comes as clear to slightly yellowish liquid.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate, also known as Ethylhexyl Stearate or Octyl Stearate, is a renewable palm derivative with a variety of uses in both personal care and cosmetics manufacturing.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a stearate ester with similar properties to Isopropyl Myristate.
As with all stearate personal care esters, the 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate manufacturing process entails a reaction between 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate and alcohols such as cetyl, butyl, isopropyl or myristyl alcohol.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a fatty acid derived from animal fat.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate acts as a lubricant that softens the skin and gives 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate a smooth appearance.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is excellent liquid emollient and thickening agent for cosmetic formulations.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate provides a soft barrier to the skin to impart moisturization and a smooth feel.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a clear, almost colorless (or slightly yellowish) oily liquid (an ester to be precise) that's used as a medium spreading emollient.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate gives skin a nice and smooth after-feel and it's very good at reducing oiliness or greasiness coming from other heavier oils in the formula.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used an emollient derived from plant oil that prevents water loss
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is also known as Octyl Stearate

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also known as 2-Ethylhexyl stearate or Octyl stearate is a palm derivative which is renewable in nature and is extensively used in personal care industry.
The stearate esters are prepared by the reaction between 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate and alcohol such as isopropyl, ethylhexyl, myistyl alcohol, cetyl, butyl among others.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can be obtained form from animal origin as well as vegetable fats.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is prepared by the reaction between 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate and ethylhexyl alcohol.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a clear ester liquid which is free of suspended matter and is available in colourless liquid form.
Ethylhexyl alcohol possess unique property of low viscosity and oily nature owing to which when applied on skin or lips 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate forms an hydrophobic film.
Thereby, softens the skin and imparts smooth appearance.

With rising consumer concern towards personal health, demand for personal care serices and products are witnessing a substantial growth.
Thereby, boosting the market growth of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate as 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is commonly used ester in personal care products.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is commonly used as an emollient which prevents the water loss.
Hence, is extensively used as emulsion, bath oils and as solvent in cosmetic products.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is widely used in the manufacturing of formulations for skin make up, lipstick, eye liner and other skin care products.
Apart from personal care industry, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also widely used as an intermediate, lubricating agent and surface active agent.

Owing to these properties ethtylhexyl stearate is commonly used in the manufacturing of metal working fluids.
Also, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate offers good thermal stability and hence finds application in aluminium rolling, also is used in manufacturing of ink additives and paints.
Hence, broad spectrum of application provides an opportunistic platform for the robust growth of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate market over the period of time.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a special emollient ester in cosmetic formulations.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a softening, thickening agent, dispersant and solvent.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is often used as a base for skin care agents.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is suitable for use in lotions, sunscreens, hair care, lip care, eye care, antiperspirant and bath oils.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is oil soluble and supplied as a whitish clear liquid.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate, also known as Ethylhexyl Stearate or Octyl Stearate, is a renewable palm derivative that has a variety of uses in both personal care and cosmetic manufacturing.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a stearate ester with similar properties to Isopropyl Myristat.

As with all stearate personal care esters, the 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate manufacturing process causes a reaction between 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate and alcohols such as cetyl, butyl, isopropyl or myristyl alcohol.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate acts as a lubricant that softens the skin and gives 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate a smooth appearance.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate or Octyl stearate, is a date derivative that is renewable in nature and widely used in the personal care industry.
Stearate esters are prepared by the reaction between 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate and alcohol such as isopropyl, ethylhexyl, myistyl alcohol, cetyl, butyl, among others.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can be obtained from vegetable oils as well as from animal origin.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is prepared by the reaction between 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate and ethylhexyl alcohol.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a clear ester liquid with no suspended matter and available in colorless liquid form.
Ethylhexyl alcohol has a unique property of low viscosity and oily nature, as 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate forms a hydrophobic film when applied to the skin or lips.
Thus, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate softens the skin and gives 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate a smooth appearance.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is an excellent moisturizer with low comedogenicity and medium spreading properties.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance while preventing water loss.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is very suitable for use in sun screen formulations.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a renewable palm derivative with a variety of uses in both personal care and industrial applications.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in cosmetic formulations as a solvent, carrying agent, wetting agent, emollient, and used mostly in the formulation of, eye/skin makeup, lipstick and skin care products.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also widely used in metal working fluids, textile auxiliaries and lube & grease.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a chemical compound that belongs to the family of esters.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is commonly used in various industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and plastics.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate, including 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate method of synthesis or extraction, chemical structure, biological activity, biological effects, applications, future perspectives, and challenges.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a low odor product with resistance to extraction by water, oils and solvents.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is the least effective costabilizer on 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate range due to 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate lower oxirane value but is good at reducing viscosity in plastisols and remains liquid down to -20°C.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in cosmetics to provide a barrier between skin and the elements, and to soften and smooth the skin.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and emollient.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate used as plasticizer for natural rubber and synthetic rubber.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate used as release agent.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate used as lubricating agent for process aluminium foil; creates plasticity.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate used in the pharmaceutical industry and in plastics; oil agent of textile; additive for leather.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a light ester with low viscosity (7-10,5 cSt) and emollient properties.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate improves the spreadability of preparations, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate easily absorbed and leaves a non-greasy, non-occlusive protective film on the skin, which feels silky and smooth.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is ideal on makeup formulations such as lipsticks and mascaras.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is an ester of stearic acid and 2-ethylhexanol.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor and a low viscosity.

The chemical formula of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is C26H52O2, and 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate has a molecular weight of 368.64 g/mol.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as an emollient and a solvent.

As an emollient, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate has a softening and smoothing effect on the skin and hair, making them feel less greasy and more comfortable.
As a solvent, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can dissolve other ingredients and help them spread more evenly on the skin or hair.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is considered safe for use in cosmetics, and 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate low toxicity makes 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate an attractive ingredient for a variety of personal care products.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is also known as Octyl stearate, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can be used as a lubricant in all kinds of cosmetic products.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is an IPM alternative.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate has a medium-low lubrication feel.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can be used in products where oiliness is not desired.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate will also reduce the oiliness of other oils.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a cream-type cleansing cosmetic compound containing large amount of oil phase and 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate manufacturing method.
In cosmetics and personal care products, stearate esters are used most frequently in the formulation of eye makeup, skin makeup, lipstick and skin care products.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in personal care applications and and in can lubes.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a palm dervied product made from Stearic Acid and 2-Ethylhexanol.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can be considered a protector of the skin.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is an emollient derived from plant oil.

The lipide prevents water loss and therefore helps the skin to efficiently store moisture.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is acts as a good moisturizer and emollient for skin creams, lotions and sunscreen.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a cationic polymerization that is used in the production of polyvinyl chloride.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate has been shown to be an effective additive for hydrophobic effects, and 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate has very high values for surface methodology.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is also clinically proven to have skin cell penetration properties and can be used as a carrier agent for other ingredients.
The fatty acid portion of this molecule provides hydroxyl groups, which may help with the function of dimethyl fumarate.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also contains a potassium hexafluorophosphate group in 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate structure, which can be used as an emulsifier or dispersant.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is mainly a skin conditioning ingredient and 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate acts primarily as lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance.
In our products, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used as hair conditioner.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate helps to increase the softness and smoothness of hair, reduce tangles and surface roughness.

Use and Benefits of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is also linked to skin’s natural fatty acid content, so 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is ideal for skin preparation.
Moreover, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate imparts the right amount of viscosity to 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate acts as a thickening agent as well.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also forms a film over the skin, a hydrophobic barrier which does not let the moisture pass through and escape from the skin.
And without any greasy feel, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate moisturizes the skin.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also nourishes the skin and provides a protective barrier; moist skin is healthy enough to fight any external inflammation.
After regular application, resultant skin may become softer and smoother.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is most frequently used in skincare products, lipstick, skin makeup, and eye makeup.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a surfactant with a wide variety of applications and can be found, for example, as a solvent in lubricants and lubricant additives, surface treatment agents.
The following consumer products may contain 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate: fabrics, textiles and leather products, detergents, dishwashing liquids, lubricants, oils (excluding food oils) and others.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is often used as an emollient to prevent water loss.
For this reason, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is widely used as a solvent in emulsions, bath oils and cosmetic products.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is widely used in the production of formulations for skin make-up, lipstick, eyeliner and other skin care products.
Besides the personal care industry, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is also used as an intermediate, lubricant and surfactant oris widely used.

Because of these properties, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is widely used in the production of metalworking fluids.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also offers good thermal stability and therefore finds application in aluminum rolling, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is also used in the manufacture of ink additives and paints.
Therefore, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate wide range of applications provides an opportunistic platform for the 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate market to grow strongly over time.

However, with the increasing demand for organic and natural personal care products, various natural-based ingredients are used in the production of personal care products.
Thus, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate limits the market growth of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate.

Moreover, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is derived from animal fat, which is hindering the growth of the 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate market with the increasing adoption of vegan-based products.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also causes mild eye irritation and produces a mild odor, which may affect the adoption of ethyl stearate-based products among consumers.

Usage Areas of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in cosmetic Softener, Dispersant, Solvent and Thickener.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in metalworking lubricant.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is branched chain softener ester specially developed for personal care and pharmaceutical applications.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is non-occlusive with good spreading properties.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is excellent super lubricant in detergent systems and soaps.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is increases hair shine.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in bath oils, skin cleansers, shampoos and conditioners.

Cosmetic use:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in oil-based with low viscosity, high penetration and spreading effect.

Uses at industrial sites:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, metal surface treatment products, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes and pH regulators and water treatment products.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid, as processing aid and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Industry Uses:
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
Surface active agents
Emulsifier
Hydraulic fluids
Intermediate
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Lubricating agent
Other
Solubility enhancer
Surface modifier
Surfactant (surface active agent)

Consumer Uses:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, lubricants and greases, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, plant protection products, polishes and waxes and fertilisers.
Release to the environment of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Other consumer Uses:
Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere
Laundry and dishwashing products
Lubricants and greases
Non-TSCA use
Personal care products
Emulsifier
Hydraulic fluids
Intermediate
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Lubricating agent
Other
Solubility enhancer
Surfactant (surface active agent)

Applications of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate acts as a good moisturizer and emollient in personal care formulations like skin creams, lotions and sunscreens.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is also finds use in color cosmetics like eyebrow pencil, concealer, lipstick etc.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used as an oil component for bath oils, bath emulsions, and as a solvent for active substances in cosmetics.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a variety of resin processing of the lubricant, non-toxic, with water resistance and good thermal stability.
Mainly used for PVC transparent soft and hard extrusion, injection molding, calendering products, the amount of 0.5-1 copies.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate of the modified vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymer, polystyrene, nitrile rubber and other processing performance is also very effective.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can also be used as a lubricant for fabrics, waterproofing agents, lubricants additives, cosmetics base material and so on.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a specialty emollient ester.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a superior emollient, thickening agent, dispersant, and solvent.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate properties allow use as a cleaner or diluent for lipophilic systems; cosmetic emollient and dispersant; plastic additive as external lubricant; industrial lubricant or separator; substitution of mineral, vegetable and selected silicone oils; and pigment binding and dispersing coagent.

Categories: Thickeners / Emulsifiers, Texture Enhancer, Softeners
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is often used as an emollient for 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate skin softening properties and smooth feel.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is often used as the base for skin conditioning agents.
Suitable for use in lotions, sunscreens, hair care, lip care, eye care, antiperspirants, and bath oils.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoates serve as intermediates, surface active agents and lubricants/lubricant additives.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is functions include the following.
CASE: Paint and Ink Additive
Lube and Grease: Oil Base Fluid
Metal Working Fluids: Lubricant with Excellent Adhesion to Metals and Good Thermal Stability. Also Used in Aluminum Rolling
Plastics: Lubricant
Rubber: Processing Agent
Textiles: Oiling Agent
Personal Care: Thickening Agent, Skin Conditioning Agent and Emollient in Skin Care Products
Cosmetics: Used as a Base, a Thickening Agent, a Pigment Wetting Agent, a Dispersant, a Solvent and an Emollient in Skin and Eye Make-Up and in Lipstick.
Personal care products/cosmetics using 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate: Lipstick, eye makeup, skin care and makeup products, moisturizers, anti-wrinkle creams and lotions, anti-aging products, hair conditioners and styling products, baby lotions and eye shadow

Industry Based 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate Applications:
Personal care
Textile
Chemicals

Applications of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate based on functionality:
Lubrication
Processing
Darkening
Distributor

Other Applications:
After sun
Baby Care and Cleaning
Body care
Color Care
Facial Facial
Personal Cleaner
Care Wipes
Self Tanning
Sun protection
Bath, Shower & Soaps
Eye Colour
Face / Neck Skin Care
Face Colour
Facial Cleansers
Hair Conditioners - Rinse off
Lip Colour
Shampoos
Sun Protection
Tanning

Method of Synthesis or Extraction of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can be synthesized by the esterification of stearic acid with 2-ethylhexanol.
The reaction is catalyzed by an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.

The efficiency and yield of this method depend on the reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and reaction time.
The yield of this method is typically high, ranging from 80% to 95%.
However, this method may have environmental and safety considerations, such as the use of hazardous chemicals and the generation of waste.

Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate has a chemical formula of C24H48O2 and a molecular weight of 368.64 g/mol.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint odor.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate has been shown to have various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate acts by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, scavenging free radicals, and disrupting the cell membrane of microorganisms.

Biological Effects of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate has been shown to have potential therapeutic effects on various diseases, such as acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can improve skin hydration, reduce skin irritation, and enhance the penetration of active ingredients.

However, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate may also have potential toxic effects, such as skin sensitization, eye irritation, and reproductive toxicity.
The toxicity of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate depends on the dose, exposure route, and duration.

General Manufacturing Information of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Machinery Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing
Printing Ink Manufacturing
Printing and Related Support Activities
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing

Functions of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
According to Chemiplast, a Belgian researcher, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is used as an oil component for emulsions, bath oils, and as a solvent for active substances in cosmetics.
Stearate esters are used most frequently in the formulation of eye makeup, skin makeup, lipstick and skin care products.

Properties of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is a clear liquid ester that is free of suspended matter, although 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate may also be a waxy solid.
Colorless in its liquid form, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate produces a faint odor.

2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is soluble in many organic solvents, although 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is insoluble in water and 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can also dissolve other substances.
When applied to the skin, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate will leave a thin coating upon drying.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate also reduces the thickness of lipsticks.

Storage of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate at normal temperatures and provide adequate ventilation.
Keep 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate from contacting oxidizing agents and observe all local regulations regarding safe product disposal.

Safety of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
The 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate safety sheet indicates this chemical product is not hazardous.
However, 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate can cause irritation to the eyes or when ingested, although 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate is unlikely to cause skin irritation.
2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate will remain stable under typical handling and working conditions.

Safety Measures/Side Effects:
The CIR Expert Panel notes that the safety of the stearate esters has been assessed in a number of studies.
They have low acute oral toxicity and are essentially non-irritating to the eyes.
At cosmetic use concentrations, the stearate esters were, at most, minimally irritating to skin.

Identifiers of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
CAS No.: 22047-49-0
Chemical Name: 2-ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE
CBNumber: CB8120607
Molecular Formula: C26H52O2
Molecular Weight: 396.69
MDL Number: MFCD00072275

Properties of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
Appearance @ 20°C: Clear to light yellow liquid
Acid value (MGKOH/G): 1 Maximum
Saponification value: 142-156
Iodine value (WIJS): 1 Maximum
Hydroxyl value (MGKOH/G): 3 Maximum
Refractive index @ 25°C: 1.445-1.448
Specific gravity @25°C: 0.850-0.860

Density: 0.86g/cm3
Boiling Point: 438.7ºC at 760mmHg
Molecular Formula: C26H52O2
Molecular Weight: 396.69000
Flash Point: 225.6ºC
Exact Mass: 396.39700
PSA: 26.30000
LogP: 9.15160
Vapour Pressure: 6.79E-08mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction: 1.451

Boiling point: 420.33°C (rough estimate)
Density: 0.8789 (rough estimate)
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
refractive index: 1.4563 (estimate)
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Hexanes (Slightly)
form: Oil
color: Colourless
Specific Gravity: 0.826
InChI: InChI=1S/C26H52O2/c1-4-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-23-26(27)28-24-25(6-3)22-8-5-2/h25H,4-24H2,1-3H3
InChIKey: OPJWPPVYCOPDCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C(OCC(CC)CCCC)(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
LogP: 11.994 (est)

Molecular Weight: 396.7 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 11.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 23
Exact Mass: 396.396730897 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 396.396730897 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 28
Complexity: 314
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related Products of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:
(2'S)-Nicotine 1-Oxide-d4
rac-Nicotine 1-Oxide-d4
1,7-Dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-2-amine
Disulfoton Sulfone
Disulfoton

Names of 2-Ethylhexyl octadecanoate:

IUPAC names:
2-ethylhexyl octadecanoate
2-Ethylhexyl Stearate
2-Ethylhexyl stearate
2-ethylhexyl stearate
2-ethylhexyl stearate
LINCOL 60 LINCOL OS
octadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester
Octadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester + Hexadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester
octyl octadecanoate
Viscostatic E20

cas no 26399-02-0 2-Ethylhexanol oleic acid ester; 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester; Oleic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester; 2-ETHYLHEXYL (9Z)-OCTADEC-9-ENOATE;

cas no 29806-73-3 2-Ethylhexyl hexadecanoate; Hexadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester; Palmitic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester;

SYNONYMS Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt;Tergitol 08;2-Ethylhexylsulfate sodium;Sodium octyl sulfate, iso;Tergitol anionic 08;Propaste 6708;Sodium Ethasulfate [USAN];Sodium (2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate CAS NO:126-92-1

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate; [(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]sulfonic acid; Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester; Arw-7; Tc-ETS; TC-EHS; sipexbos; Niaproof; sulfirol8; tergemist; tergimist; emcold5-10; nci-c50204 cas no :126-92-1

cas no 7659-86-1 Thioglycolic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester; Thioglycolic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester; 2-Ethylhexyl mercaptoacetate;

Ethylhexanol; Octyl Alcohol; 2-EH; 2-Ethylhexanol; 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol; 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol; 2-Ethyl-hexanol-1; Ethylhexyl alcohol; cas no: 104-76-7

2-ETHYLHEXYLAMINE 104-75-6 1-Hexanamine, 2-ethyl- 2-Ethyl-1-hexylamine 2-Ethyl hexylamine 1-Amino-2-ethylhexane 2-Ethylhexanamine 2-ethylhexan-1-amine Hexylamine, 2-ethyl- beta-Ethylhexylamine 1-Amino-2-ethylhexan 3-(aminomethyl)heptane 1-Amino-2-ethylhexan [Czech] LTHNHFOGQMKPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexylamine, 99% Isooctylame 2-Ethyl-1-hexanamine 2-Ethyl-1-aminohexane 1-Hexanamine, 2-ethyl-, (2S)- 2-ethyl-hexylamine 2-ethylhexyl amine Armeen L8D 2-ethyl n-hexylamine 2-ethyl-n-hexylamine mono-2-ethylhexylamine .beta.-Ethylhexylamine CAS No.104-75-6

SYNONYMS 2-Benzothiazolethiol; captax; Rotax; Dermacid; MBT; Mercaptobenzothiazole; Mertax; Nocceler M; Thiotax; 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione; Pennac MBT; Rokon; Sulfadene; Benzothiazolethiol; Bbenzothiazole-2-thiol; 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione; Accelerator M; Vulkacit M; Vulkacit mercapto; CAS NO. 149-30-4

2-Heptanone is a colorless liquid with a strong, sweet odor and has a molecular formula of C7H14O.
2-Heptanone is widely used in industrial applications as a solvent for paints, coatings, adhesives, and inks, due to its high solvency power and relatively low toxicity compared to other ketones.
Additionally, 2-Heptanone is employed in the production of fragrances and flavors, and has potential use as an alternative local anesthetic due to its unique properties.

CAS Number: 110-43-0
EC Number: 203-767-1
Molecular Dormula: C7H14O
Molar Weight: 114.185

Synonyms: 2-HEPTANONE, Heptan-2-one, 110-43-0, Methyl pentyl ketone, Butylacetone, Amyl methyl ketone, Methyl amyl ketone, Methyl n-amyl ketone, n-Amyl methyl ketone, n-Pentyl methyl ketone, Heptanone, Pentyl methyl ketone, Methyl n-pentyl ketone, Ketone, methyl pentyl, Amyl-methyl-cetone, Methyl-amyl-cetone, Ketone C-7, FEMA No. 2544, NSC 7313, CHEMBL18893, CHEBI:5672, DTXSID5021916, 89VVP1B008, NSC-7313, Methyl-n-amylketone, DTXCID601916, 2-Heptanone (natural), FEMA Number 2544, Amyl-methyl-cetone [French], Methyl-amyl-cetone [French], CAS-110-43-0, HSDB 1122, EINECS 203-767-1, UN1110, BRN 1699063, UNII-89VVP1B008, AI3-01230, CCRIS 8809, 1-Methylhexanal, 2-Ketoheptane, heptanone-2, methylpentylketone, 2-heptanal, 2-Oxoheptane, Nat. 2-Heptanone, 2-Heptanone, 98%, 2-Heptanone, 99%, 2-HEPTANONE [MI], EC 203-767-1, n-C5H11COCH3, 2-HEPTANONE [FCC], 2-HEPTANONE [FHFI], 2-HEPTANONE [HSDB], SCHEMBL29364, 4-01-00-03318 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 2-heptanone_GurudeebanSatyavani, SCHEMBL1122991, WLN: 5V1, 2-Heptanone, analytical standard, 2-Heptanone(Methyl Amyl Ketone), NSC7313, 2-Heptanone, natural, 98%, FG, Methyl n-Amyl Ketone Reagent Grade, ZINC1531087, Tox21_202164, Tox21_302935, BBL011381, BDBM50028842, LMFA12000004, MFCD00009513, STL146482, 2-Heptanone, >=98%, FCC, FG, Methyl Amyl Ketone (Fragrance Grade), AKOS000120708, UN 1110, NCGC00249180-01, NCGC00256611-01, NCGC00259713-01, VS-02935, FT-0612484, H0037, EN300-21047, C08380, A802193, Q517266, J-509557, n-Amyl methyl ketone [UN1110] [Flammable liquid], Ick, MAK, hICK, LCK2, fj04c02, KIAA0936, kinase ICK, 2-Heptanal, 2-Heptanon, 2-Heptanone, heptan-2-one, 2-Oxoheptane, 2-Ketoheptane, 1-Methylhexanal, Methyl amyl ketone, Amyl-methyl-cetone, n-Amyl methyl ketone, Methyl n-pentyl ketone, Intestinal cell kinase, Laryngeal cancer kinase 2, amyl-methyl-cetone(french)

2-Heptanone, also known Heptan-2-one, is a ketone with the molecular formula C7H14O.
2-Heptanone is a colorless, water-like liquid with a banana-like, fruity odor.
2-Heptanone has a neutral formal charge, and is only slightly soluble in water.

2-Heptanone is a natural product found in Aloe africana, Zingiber mioga, and other organisms with data available.
2-Heptanone is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

2-Heptanone is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
2-Heptanone is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.

2-Heptanone is listed by the FDA as a "food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption" (21 CFR 172.515), and 2-Heptanone occurs naturally in certain foods (e.g., beer, white bread, butter, various cheeses and potato chips).

The mechanism of action of 2-Heptanone as a pheromone at odorant receptors in rodents has been investigated.
2-Heptanone is present in the urine of stressed rats and believe that 2-Heptanone is used as a means to alert other rats.

Certain species of worms are attracted to 2-Heptanone and bacteria can use this as a means of pathogenesis.
2-Heptanone has also been found to be excreted by honey bees when they bite small pests within the colony such as wax moth larvae and Varroa mites.

Though 2-Heptanone was historically believed to be an alarm pheromone, 2-Heptanone has been shown to act as an anaesthetic on the pests, enabling the honey bee to stun the pest and eject 2-Heptanone from the hive.
The work could lead to the use of 2-Heptanone as an alternative local anaesthetic to lidocaine, which although well established for clinical use, has the disadvantage of provoking allergic reactions in some people.

2-Heptanone was one of the metabolites of n-heptane found in the urine of employees exposed to heptane in shoe and tire factories.
This commonly occurs from exposure to plasticisers.

2-Heptanone can be absorbed through the skin, inhaled and consumed.
Exposure to 2-Heptanone can cause irritation of skin/eyes, respiratory system, headaches, vomiting, and nausea.

In mice 2-H is a urinary component and pheromone.
2-Heptanone has a high affinity for the main olfactory epithelium.
Gaillard et al 2002 found that 2-Heptanone agonizes one specific olfactory receptor, and that that OR only binds 2-H.

2-Heptanone is a colorless liquid with a strong, sweet odor.
2-Heptanone is a member of the ketone family of organic compounds and has a molecular formula of C6H12O.
2-Heptanone is commonly used as a solvent in various industrial applications due to 2-Heptanone unique properties and advantages.

One of the key advantages of 2-Heptanone is its high solvency power.
2-Heptanone is a very effective solvent for many organic compounds, particularly those that are insoluble in water.

This makes 2-Heptanone useful in applications such as paint and coating formulations, adhesives, and inks.
2-Heptanone is also used as a solvent in the production of various chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides.

Another advantage of 2-Heptanone is relatively low toxicity compared to other ketones.
2-Heptanone has a lower vapor pressure and boiling point than other ketones, which means that 2-Heptanone is less likely to vaporize and become a hazard in the workplace.

However, 2-Heptanone is still important to handle with care and use in accordance with appropriate safety protocols.
This includes the use of protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, as well as proper ventilation and storage.

2-Heptanone is also used in the production of fragrances and flavors, as well as in the production of resins and polymers.
2-Heptanone is a useful intermediate in the production of other chemicals and is used as a starting material in the production of other ketones.
2-Heptanone is also used as a fuel additive to improve the combustion efficiency of gasoline.

2-Heptanone has a high solvent activity, slow evaporation rate, low density, low surface tension, and high boiling point.
These properties make 2-Heptanone a very good solvent for cellulosic lacquers, acrylic lacquers, and high-solids coatings.
Because regulations limit the weight of solvent per gallon of coating, formulators favor the use of low-density solvents that help reduce the VOC content of a coating.

2-Heptanone is lower in density than ester, aromatic hydrocarbons, and glycol ether solvents with similar evaporation rates.
The low density and high activity of 2-Heptanone are significant advantages when formulating high-solids coatings to meet VOC guidelines.
2-Heptanone is also used as a polymerization solvent for high solids acrylic resins.

The chemical substances for 2-Heptanone are listed as Inert Ingredients Permitted for Use in Nonfood Use Pesticide Products, and in Food Use Pesticide Products with limitations, under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

Applications of 2-Heptanone:
Auto OEM
Auto refinish
General industrial coatings
Herbicides int
Paints & coatings
Process solvents

Uses of 2-Heptanone:
2-Heptanone is used for the synthesis of industrial solvents and fragrances, such as the components used to make caryophyllum oil.

Micro-amounts are suitable for carnation or other octyl fragrance types, which can be shared with Artemisia or basil, seashell oil in herb fragrance types, the formation of a new head fragrance.
With the spice, fruit flavor can coordinate and good synthesis.

In the food flavor, for the banana type food flavor can increase the milk fat flavor, also suitable for coconut, cream, cheese flavor food flavor.
GB 2760-96 provides for the permitted use of flavorants.

2-Heptanone is mainly used in the preparation of cheese, banana, cream and coconut flavor.
2-Heptanone is used for the synthesis of industrial solvents and fragrances, such as the components used to make caryophyllum oil.

2-Heptanone is widely used in industrial solvent, fiber, medicine, pesticide, perfume chemical industry and other fields
2-Heptanone is used in organic synthesis; Trace suitable for carnation or other octanoaromatic type, in the herb fragrance can be shared with the grass Artemisia or basil, Sea oil, the formation of new head fragrance.

With the spice, fruit flavor can coordinate and good synthesis.
In the food flavor, for the banana type food flavor can increase the milk fat flavor, also suitable for coconut, cream, cheese flavor food flavor; For industrial solvents, fiber, medicine, pesticide, perfume and Chemical Industry.

2-Heptanone is used as a solvent for resins and lacquers, a fragrance for cosmetics, and a flavor for foods.
2-Heptanone is solvent for nitrocellulose lacquers.

2-Heptanone is used in perfumery as constituent of artificial carnation oils; as industrial solvent
2-Heptanone is used as a solvent in metal roll coatings and in synthetic resin finishes and lacquers, as a flavoring agent, and in perfumes.

2-Heptanone can be used in the following industries:
Food & Feed, Pharma & Life Science, Other Industries, Cosmetics & Personal Care

2-Heptanone can be applied as:
Oleochemicals, Fragrances, Food Additives

Consumer Uses:
2-Heptanone is used in the following products: plant protection products, adhesives and sealants, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, cosmetics and personal care products, air care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of 2-Heptanone is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

Other Consumer Uses:
Binder
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Solvent
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Widespread uses by professional workers:
2-Heptanone is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, fertilisers, plant protection products, coating products, cosmetics and personal care products, polishes and waxes, laboratory chemicals and polymers.
2-Heptanone is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing.

2-Heptanone is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles.
Other release to the environment of 2-Heptanone is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Uses at industrial sites:
2-Heptanone is used in the following products: coating products, photo-chemicals, laboratory chemicals and semiconductors.
2-Heptanone is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.

2-Heptanone is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, chemicals and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of 2-Heptanone can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Cleaning agent
Intermediates
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Solvent
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Painting (Solvents)
Plastic Composites Manufacturing

Key attributes of 2-Heptanone:
Excellent solvent activity
High dilution ratio
Inert - Food use with limitations
Inert - Nonfood use
Low density
Low surface tension
Non-HAP
Non-SARA
REACH compliant
Readily Biodegradable
Slow evaporation rate
Urethane grade

Nature of 2-Heptanone:
2-Heptanone is colorless, fragrant, stable liquid.
2-Heptanone is slightly soluble in water.

2-Heptanone is melting Point -35 °c.
2-Heptanone is boiling point 151.5 °c.

2-Heptanone is relative density 0.8166.
2-Heptanone is refractive index 4067.

2-Heptanone is viscosity (25 °c) 0.766MPA.
2-Heptanone is flash point 47.
2-Heptanone is very slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether.

Preparation Method of 2-Heptanone:
The extraction method is obtained by extracting clove oil or cinnamon oil.
2-heptanol method is prepared by dehydrogenation of 2-heptanol.
n-butyl acetoacetate method.

Production Method of 2-Heptanone:
1. Obtained by saponification of ethyl butyl acetoacetate.
Ethyl butyl acetoacetate was added to 5% sodium hydroxide solution and stirred at room temperature for 4H.

The layers were allowed to stand and separated.
The aqueous layer reacts with 50% sulfuric acid, and as the reaction becomes moderate to the release of carbon dioxide, the reaction is slowly heated to boil, distilling from 0.33 to 0.5% of the original total volume.

The distillate was made alkaline with solid sodium hydroxide and then distilled off 80-90%.
The distillate is layered, the ketone is separated into layers, and the water layer is distilled out for one third.

After the ketone is removed from the distilled material, the water layer is further distilled out for one third, which is repeated in this way, the resulting 2-Heptanone was collected as far as possible.
The resulting 2-Heptanone was combined and washed with calcium chloride solution.
After drying, 2-Heptanone was obtained by distillation with a yield of 50-60%.

2. The extraction method is obtained by extracting clove oil or cinnamon oil.

3. 2-heptanol method from 2-heptanol dehydrogenation.
At room temperature with sodium hydroxide saponification of butyl acetyl ethyl acetate, then add sulfuric acid, heating distillation, distillate with sodium hydroxide neutralization, distillation, plus calcium chloride concentrated solution to remove residual ethanol, after drying and distillation.

Manufacturing Methods of 2-Heptanone:
Produced industrially by reductive condensation of acetone with butyraldehyde in one or two steps.

General Manufacturing Information of 2-Heptanone:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
Construction
Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing

Handling and Storage of 2-Heptanone:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling 2-Heptanone must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do 2-Heptanone without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Storage
Keep in tightly closed container in a cool and dry place, protected from light.
When stored for more than 24 months, quality should be checked before use.
We believe the above information to be correct but we do not present 2-Heptanone as all inclusive and as such should be used as a guide.

Chemical Reactivity of 2-Heptanone:

Reactivity Profile:
2-Heptanone reacts exothermically with many acids and bases to produce flammable gases (e.g., H2).
The heat may be sufficient to start a fire in the unreacted portion.

Reacts with reducing agents such as hydrides, alkali metals, and nitrides to produce flammable gas and heat.
Incompatible with isocyanates, aldehydes, cyanides, peroxides, and anhydrides.

Incompatible with many oxidizing agents including nitric acid, nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixture, and perchloric acid.
May form peroxides.

Reactivity with Water:
No reaction

Reactivity with Common Materials:
Will attack some forms of plastic.

Stability During Transport:
Stable

Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics:
Not pertinent

Polymerization:
Not pertinent

Inhibitor of Polymerization:
Not pertinent

First Aid Measures of 2-Heptanone:

Eye:
IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids.
Get medical attention immediately.

Skin:
SOAP WASH - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing:
FRESH AIR - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once.
Other measures are usually unnecessary.

Swallow:
MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Fighting of 2-Heptanone:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used.
Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame.
Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto 2-Heptanone.
If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
If this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Hazards of 2-Heptanone:

Flash Point:
117°F O.C. 102°F C.C.

Flammable Limits in Air: 1.11%-7.9%

Fire Extinguishing Agents:
Dry chemical, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used:
Water may be ineffective.

Special Hazards of Combustion Products:
Currently not available

Behavior in Fire:
Currently not available

Auto Ignition Temperature:
740°F

Spillage Disposal of 2-Heptanone:

Personal protection:
Filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of 2-Heptanone.
Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable metal containers as far as possible.

Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Identifiers of 2-Heptanone:
CAS Number: 110-43-0
ChEBI: CHEBI:5672
ChEMBL: ChEMBL18893
ChemSpider: 7760
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.426
KEGG: C08380
PubChem CID: 8051
UNII: 89VVP1B008
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID5021916
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H14O/c1-3-4-5-6-7(2)8/h3-6H2,1-2H3
Key: CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C7H14O/c1-3-4-5-6-7(2)8/h3-6H2,1-2H3
Key: CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYAO
SMILES: O=C(C)CCCCC

Substance: 2-Heptanone
CAS: 110-43-0
EC number: 203-767-1
REACH compliant: Yes
Min. purity / concentration: 100%
Appearance: Liquid
Grades: Cosmetic, Pharma, Technical

IUPAC name: 2-Heptanone
Molecular formula: C7H14O
Molar Weight [g/mol]: 114.185

EC / List no.: 203-767-1
CAS no.: 110-43-0
Mol. formula: C7H14O

Synonyms: Methyl pentyl ketone, 2-Heptanone
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)4COCH3
CAS Number: 110-43-0
Molecular Weight: 114.19
EC Number: 203-767-1

Properties of 2-Heptanone:
Chemical formula: C7H14O
Molar mass: 114.18 g/mol
Appearance: Clear liquid
Odor: banana-like, fruity
Density: 0.8 g/mL
Melting point: −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F; 237.7 K)
Boiling point: 151 °C (304 °F; 424 K)
Solubility in water: 0.4% by wt
Vapor pressure: 3 mmHg (20°C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -80.50·10−6 cm3/mol

Appearance: colorless clear liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity: 0.81400 to 0.81900 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 6.773 to 6.815
Refractive Index: 1.40800 to 1.41500 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: -26.90 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 149.00 to 150.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 151.00 °C. @ 2.60 mm Hg
Acid Value: 2.00 max. KOH/g
Vapor Pressure: 4.732000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 117.00 °F. TCC ( 47.22 °C. )
logP (o/w): 1.980

Formula: C7H14O / CH3(CH2)4COCH3
Molecular mass: 114.18
Boiling point: 151°C
Melting point: -35.5°C
Relative density (water = 1): 0.8
Solubility in water: poor
Vapour pressure, kPa at 25°C: 0.2
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 3.9
Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20°C (air = 1): 1.01
Flash point: 39°C
Auto-ignition temperature: 393°C
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 1-5.5

Molecular Weight: 114.19
XLogP3: 2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 114.104465066
Monoisotopic Mass: 114.104465066
Topological Polar Surface Area: 17.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Complexity: 66.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related Products of 2-Heptanone:
Nivalenol
(R)-Ochratoxin α
Di-N-heptytin Dichloride-D30
Ergosinine
3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

Alternate Chemical Names:
BUTYLACETONE
2-HEPTANONE
2-KETOHEPTANE
METHYL (N-AMYL) KETONE
METHYL AMYL KETONE
METHYL N-AMYL KETONE
METHYL N-PENTYL KETONE
METHYL PENTYL KETONE
METHYLAMYL KETONE
1-METHYLHEXANAL
N-AMYL METHYL KETONE
N-PENTYL METHYL KETONE
2-OXOHEPTANE
PENTYL METHYL KETONE

Names of 2-Heptanone:

Regulatory process names:
2-Heptanone
2-Heptanone (natural)
Amyl methyl ketone
Amyl-methyl-cetone
Butylacetone
Heptan-2-one
Heptan-2-one
heptan-2-one
heptan-2-one; methyl amyl ketone
Ketone C-7
Ketone, methyl pentyl
Methyl amyl ketone
methyl amyl ketone
Methyl n-amyl ketone
Methyl n-pentyl ketone
Methyl pentyl ketone
Methyl-amyl-cetone
n-AMYL METHYL KETONE
n-Amyl methyl ketone
n-Pentyl methyl ketone
Pentyl methyl ketone

Translated names:
2-heptanon (no)
2-heptanon (sv)
2-heptanonas (lt)
2-heptanoni (fi)
eptan-2-one (it)
heptaan-2-on (nl)
Heptaan-2-oon (et)
heptan-2-on (cs)
heptan-2-on (da)
Heptan-2-on (de)
heptan-2-on (hr)
heptan-2-on (no)
heptan-2-on (pl)
heptan-2-on (sl)
heptan-2-on (sv)
heptan-2-ona (es)
heptan-2-ona (ro)
heptan-2-one; méthylamylcétone (fr)
heptan-2-oni (fi)
heptano-2-ona (pt)
heptanons-2 (lv)
heptán-2-on (hu)
heptán-2-ón (sk)
keton metylowo-n-amylowy (pl)
keton metylowo-pentylowy (pl)
methyl(pentyl)keton (cs)
methylpentylketon (da)
Methylpentylketon (de)
metil amil chetone (it)
metil amil keton (sl)
metil amil ketona (ro)
metil-amil-keton (hr)
metil-amil-keton (hu)
metilamilketonas (lt)
metilamilketons (lv)
metyl(pentyl)ketón (sk)
metyloamyloketon (pl)
metylpentylketon (no)
metylpentylketon (sv)
metyyliamyyliketoni (fi)
Metüülamüülketoon (et)
méthyl-n-amylcétone (fr)
επταν-2-όν (el)
метил амил кетон (bg)
хептан-2-oн (bg)

CAS name:
2-Heptanone

IUPAC names:
2-HEPTANONE
2-Heptanone
2-heptanone
2-Heptanoneheptane-2-onheptane-2-oneheptane-2-one methyl amyl ketoneMETHYL AMYL KETONEMethyl N Amyl KetoneMETHYL N-AMYL KETONEMethyl N.A Ketone (2-heptanone)
heptan-2-on
Heptan-2-one
heptan-2-one
Heptan-2-one
heptan-2-one
heptan-2-one methyl amyl ketone
METHYL AMYL KETONE
Methyl Amyl Ketone
Methyl amyl ketone
methyl amyl ketone
Methyl N Amyl Ketone
METHYL N-AMYL KETONE
Methyl N.A Ketone (2-Heptanone)

Preferred IUPAC name:
Heptan-2-one

Trade names:
EH2350PTA-1128(M)
EH2350PTA-2260(M)
EH2350PTA-RAL9002(M)
MAK

Other names:
Amyl methyl ketone
Butyl acetone
Methyl n-amyl ketone
Methyl pentyl ketone

Other identifiers:
110-43-0
606-024-00-3

2-Hexoxyethanol or 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol is a glycol ether that has a chemical formula of C8H18O2.
2-hexoxyethanol is used as solvents in speciality printing inks and coalescing aids in surface coatings, coupling agent, rust remover, adhesives and surface cleaners.
Colorless liquid.

CAS: 112-25-4
MF: C8H18O2
MW: 146.23
EINECS: 203-951-1

Synonyms
2-(hexyloxy)-ethano;N-HEXYLMONOOXYETHYLENE;N-HEXYL CELLOSOLVE;C6E1;ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOHEXYL ETHER;ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONO-N-HEXYL ETHER;ETHYLENE GLYCOL N-HEXYL ETHER;HEXYLGLYCOL
2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol;Ethanol, 2-(hexyloxy)-, 2-(HEXYLOXY)ETHANOL, 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol C6E1 Hexylglycol, Hexyl Cellosolve, Ethylene Glycol Monohexyl Ether, 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol, n-Hexylglycol, Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, Ethylene glycol n-hexyl ether, 2-(Hexyloxy) ethanol, Ethylenglykolmonohexylether, 2-Hexyloxyethanol, 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol, HEXYL GLYCOL, 2-Hexyloxyethanol, Hexoxyethylene glycol, 2-hexyloxyethanol, Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, 2-hexyloxyethanol;112-25-4;Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether;2-Hexyloxyethanol;Ethanol, 2-(hexyloxy)-;2-HEXOXYETHANOL;Hexyl cellosolve;n-Hexyl cellosolve;Glycol monohexyl ether;Cellosolve, N-hexyl-;2-Hexyloxy-1-ethanol;Ethylene glycol n-hexyl ether;DTXSID1026908;7P0O8282NR;Ethylene glycol mono-n-hexyl ether;MFCD00045997;31726-34-8;DTXCID606908;Ethanol, 2-hexyloxy-;2-(hexyloxy)ethan-1-ol;CAS-112-25-4;Ethylene glycol-n-monohexyl ether;HSDB 5569;2-n-(Hexyloxy)ethanol;EINECS 203-951-1;BRN 1734691;Hexylglycol;UNII-7P0O8282NR;2-hexyloxy-ethanol;2-(n-Hexyloxy)ethanol;Ethylenglykolmonohexylether;2-(1-Hexyloxy) ethanol;EC 203-951-1;SCHEMBL24741;4-01-00-02383 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);C6E1;CHEMBL3188016;Tox21_202105;Tox21_300545;AKOS009156771;NCGC00248089-01;NCGC00248089-02;NCGC00254448-01;NCGC00259654-01;LS-13544;FT-0631642;H0343;NS00007590;EN300-114321;F71224;W-109065;Q27268660;Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, BioXtra, >=99.0% (GC)

2-hexoxyethanol is a cleaning agent, or "surfactant," that we use in our products to remove dirt and deposits.
2-hexoxyethanol does this by surrounding dirt particles to loosen them from the surface they're attached to, so they can be rinsed away.
2-hexoxyethanol is an ether that is used in the production of polyester resins.
2-hexoxyethanol is also a solvent and a film-forming polymer.
2-hexoxyethanol has been shown to have genotoxic effects on mammalian cells, with malonic acid as the main metabolite.
The linear calibration curve of 2-hexoxyethanol was developed using fatty acid as the standard and methyl ethyl as the internal standard.
2-hexoxyethanol also has detergent compositions that are used for wastewater treatment.

2-hexoxyethanol Chemical Properties
Melting point: -45.1℃
Boiling point: 98-99°C 0,15mm
Density: 0.888 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
Vapor pressure: 10Pa at 20℃
Refractive index: n20/D 1.431
Fp: 98-99°C/0.15mm
Storage temp.: -15°C
pka: 14.44±0.10(Predicted)
Form: clear liquid
Color: Colorless to Light yellow
Water Solubility: Soluble in alcohol and ether, water (9.46 g/L ).
BRN: 1734691
LogP: 1.97 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 112-25-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: 2-hexoxyethanol (112-25-4)

Uses
2-hexoxyethanol is used by professional workers (widespread uses), consumers, in re-packing or re-formulation, in manufacturing, and at industrial sites.
2-hexoxyethanol is used as high-boiling solvent.
2-hexoxyethanol also serves as an intermediate for neopentanoate and hexyloxyethyl phosphate.
2-hexoxyethanol serves as a coalescing agent in cleaners and latex paints.
2-hexoxyethanol is used as solvents in specialty printing inks and coalescing aids in surface coatings, coupling agent, rust remover, adhesives and surface cleaners.

Other uses of 2-Hexoxyethanol are:
Sealants
Adhesives
Coating products
Finger Paints
Fillers
Anti-freeze products
Plasters
Putties
Lubricants
Modelling Clay
Greases
Automotive care products
Machine wash liquids/detergents
Air fresheners
Fragrances
Other outdoor use

Hazards
According to the European Chemicals Agency, 2-hexoxyethanol is classified as harmful when in contact with skin and when swallowed.
2-hexoxyethanol can also cause skin burns and serious eye damage.
2-Hexoxyethanol was also known to cause kidney injury and depression.
2-hexoxyethanol is also a severe respiratory tract irritant.
2-hexoxyethanol may also have blood effects.
2-hexoxyethanol may enter the body through ingestion, aerosol inhalation, and through the skin.
2-hexoxyethanol may form explosive peroxides.
2-hexoxyethanol can react violently with strong oxidants.
2-hexoxyethanol is classified as a green circle product EPA Safer Choice meaning it is of low concern.

2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a colorless to light yellow liquid with an odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is soluble in water and organic solvents.


CAS Number: 23783-26-8
EC Number: 405-710-8
Molecular Formula: C2H5O6P



alpha.-hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, SCHEMBL560738, 2-hydroxy phosphonoacetic acid, 2-hydroxy phosphono acetic acid, 2-(Hydroperoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)acetic acid, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxy phosphono acetic acid, HPA, HPAA, hydroxyphosphono-aceticaci, 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID, Acetic acid, hydroxyphosphono-, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPA), HYDROXYPHOSPHONEACETICACID, HPA, HPAA, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, HPAA, HPA, Acetic acid,2-hydroxy-2-phosphono-, Glycolic acid,phosphono-, Acetic acid,hydroxyphosphono-, 2-Hydroxy-2-phosphonoacetic acid, 2-Hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, α-Hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, Phosphonoglycolic acid, Hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, Belcor 575, Phosphonohydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic acid, HPPA (scale inhibitor), 115469-15-3, 153733-51-8, HPA, HPAA, hpaa, hexylphosphonate, hexylphosphonic acid, LABOTEST-BB LT00408920, N-HEXYLPHOSPHONIC ACID, hydroxyphosphono-aceticaci, HYDROXYPHOSPHONEACETICACID, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxyphosphonoacetic Acid, 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID, Acetic acid, hydroxyphosphono-, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid, 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPA), 2-Hydroxy Phosphonic Acetic AcidStructure, HPAA, HPA, Acetic Acid, Hydroxyphosphono, Glycolic Acid, Phosphono, Alpha-, hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, 2-Hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, Phosphonogylcolic Acid, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, N-HEXYLPHOSPHONIC ACID, LABOTEST-BB LT00408920, hpaa, n-Hexylphosphonicacid, 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonic Acetic Acid,hexylphosphonic acid, hexylphosphonate, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxy-2-phosphonoacetic acid, HPA, HPAA, 2-Hydroxy phosphonoacetic acid HPAA,HPA, 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic Acid, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, HPA, N-HEXYLPHOSPHONIC ACID, LABOTEST-BB LT00408920, hpaa, n-Hexylphosphonicacid,min.97%, 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonic Acetic Acid, 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic Acid, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID, HPAA, HPA, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid, 2-Hydroxyphosphonocarboxylic Acid, Hydroxyphosphono-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxy-2-phosphono-acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-phosphonoacetic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-phosphono-ethanoic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxyphosphono-, alpha.-Hydroxyl phosphonoacetic acid, alpha.-Hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-phosphono-acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-phosphonoacetic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-phosphono-ethanoic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxyphosphono-, alpha.-hydroxyl phosphonoacetic acid,



2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a white crystals with a phosphorus content of 19.8% and a melting point of 165-167.5 °c.
The pH value of 1% aqueous solution of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is 1, which can be miscible with water in any proportion.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a water-soluble organophosphorus compound.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has applications in various industries such as water treatment, detergents, and textile auxiliaries.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to be hydrolyzed, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safety in use, no toxicity, no pollution.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition ability is 5-8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMP.
When built with low molecular polymers, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition effect is even better.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to be hydrolyzed, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safety in use, no toxicity, no pollution.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition ability is 5-8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMP.
When built with low molecular polymers, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition effect is even better.
The organic corrosion inhibitors of which 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) combines with low molecular weight polymer have excellent performance.


When built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to be hydrolyzed, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safety in use, no toxicity, no pollution.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition ability is 5-8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMP.
When built with low molecular polymers, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition effect is even better.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as cathode corrosion inhibitor in oilfield refill water system in fields such as steel & iron, petrochemcal, power plant and medical industries.
When built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable,hard to be hydrolyzed,hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali,safety in use,no toxicity,no pollution.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.Its corrosion inhibition ability is 5-8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMP.


When built with low molecular polymers,its corrosion inhibition effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to be hydrolyzed, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safety in use, no toxicity, no pollution.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a pale yellow acidic liquid, easily chelating with di- and trivalent ion such as Fe2-, Mg2-, Ca2-, Ba2-, etc.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition ability is 5-8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMP.


When built with low molecular polymers, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has good chemical stability, hard to be hydrolyzed, and hard to be damaged by acid or alkali, safe and reliable to use, non-toxic and pollution-free.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has good chemical stability, hard to be hydrolyzed, and hard to be damaged by acid or alkali, safe and reliable to use, non-toxic and pollution-free.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve the solubility of zinc, with strong inhibition, HPAA has better inhibition performance than HEDP, EDTMP.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) comes in a 1g quantity and should be stored in a cool, dry place away from heat sources or incompatible materials.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can cause eye irritation and skin sensitization; thus, appropriate personal protective equipment must be worn when handling it.


The environmental impact of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is low, but its disposal should follow local regulations to avoid contamination of water bodies or soil.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is an organic corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in cooling water treatment programs.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has low volatility and a high boiling point.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) finds use in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to be hydrolyzed, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safety in use, no toxicity, no pollution.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition ability is 5-8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMP.
When built with low molecular polymers, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has good chemical stability, is not easily hydrolyzed, and is not easily destroyed by acid and alkali.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is safe and reliable to use, non-toxic and pollution-free.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve the solubility of zinc and has a strong corrosion inhibition effect.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition performance is higher than that of HEDP and EDTMP.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to be hydrolyzed, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safety in use, no toxicity, no pollution.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition ability is 5-8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMPA.Na5.
When built with low molecular polymers, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to be hydrolyzed, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safety in use, no toxicity, no pollution.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility. Its corrosion inhibition ability is 5-8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMP.
When built with low molecular polymers, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a highly effective and reliable chemical compound with many beneficial properties.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, meaning it is not easily broken down by acids or bases, making it safe for human use with no toxicity or pollutants.
In addition, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has superior zinc solubility and corrosion-inhibiting abilities that are five to eight times better than HEDP and EDTMP.


When combined with low molecular polymers, the corrosion-inhibiting effect of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can be significantly improved.
All this makes 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) an ideal choice for industrial applications requiring increased safety and efficacy.



USES and APPLICATIONS of 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is used as corrosion inhibitor.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has excellent corrosion inhibition performance, especially in low hardness, low alkalinity, and strong corrosive water, it shows extremely strong corrosion inhibition effect.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has a good chelation with divalent ions.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can be used as a metal ion stabilizer to effectively stabilize Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al3+ plasma in water to reduce corrosion and scaling; HPAA can significantly reduce the deposition of calcium carbonate and silica.


Good scale inhibition performance, but 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has slightly worse scale inhibition performance for calcium sulfate scale.
In order to avoid the decomposition of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) by the oxidizing bactericide, a protective agent can be used, but it is less affected by residual chlorine (0.5-1.0 mg/L) in the cooling water system of intermittent chlorination.


The combined use of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) and zinc salt has obvious synergistic corrosion inhibition effect.
The recommended concentration of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is generally 5 ~ 30mg/L.
Dosing equipment should be resistant to acid corrosion.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as a metal cathode corrosion inhibitor.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is widely used in the corrosion and scale inhibition of circulating cooling water systems in steel, petrochemical, power, medicine and other industries.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is suitable for use as a corrosion inhibitor for low hardness, easily corrodible water quality in southern China.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) The compounding effect with zinc salt is better.
Organic corrosion and scale inhibitors composed of low molecular weight polymers have excellent performance.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is used corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is used water treatment products.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as a cathode corrosion inhibitor in the oilfield refill water system in steel & iron, petrochemical, power plant, and medical industries.


When built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.
As a corrosion inhibitor, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly applied in the cooling water/industrial water system of oilfields, petrochemical plants, and power plants.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is also used for metal surface treatment in steel.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is considered being a mild steel corrosion inhibitor and is mainly used in the water treatment industry.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) shows superior performance in all organic formulations compared to commonly used Phosphonates.


In certain formulations 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can replace Molybdate or its derivatives.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is used cooling water systems / industrial water treatment.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is used metal surface treatment as corrosion inhibitor for steel.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is an environmentally acceptable corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in cooling water systems.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) gives better corrosion protection for carbon steel when used in conjunction with zinc or other phosphonates.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) reduces iron fouling, thus improving heat transfer efficiency and reducing system maintenance costs.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is biodegradable and especially suitable in applications where the molybdate discharge is regulated OR all organic cooling water treatment is desired.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is expected to be susceptible to halogen attack.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as cathode corrosion inhibitor in oilfield refill water system in fields such as steel & iron, petrochemcal, power plant and medical industries.
When built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is primarily used as scale inhibitor in water treatment, pipeline.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has the best corrosion inhibiting ability among phosphonates, suitable for high-corrosion water;
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is compatible with zinc salt;


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has good heat-stability, high temperature resistance is 200 deg.C
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) contents lower phosphorus, lower impact on environment.
The organic corrosion inhibitors of which 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) combines with low molecular weight polymer have excellent performance.


When built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as the cathodic corrosion inhibitor for metals, but also widely used to realize corrosion inhibition and scale inhibition in circulating cooling water system of steel, petrochemical, electric power, pharmaceutical and other industries.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is specially suitable for low hardness and easy-corrosive water quality.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is primarily used as scale inhibitor in water treatment,
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has the best corrosion inhibiting ability among phosphonates, suitable for high-corrosion water


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is compatible with zinc salt; it has good heat-stability, high temperature resistance is 200 deg.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as cathode corrosion inhibitor in oilfield refill water system in fields such as steel & iron, petrochemcal, power plant and medical industries.


When built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is widely used in steel, petrochemical, electric power, pharmaceutical and other industries of circulating cooling water system scale inhibition, corrosion inhibition, suitable for low hardness water quality in southern China.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can be widely used in steel, petrochemical, electric power, the scale inhibition and corrosion inhibition of circulating cooling water system in medicine and other industries are generally compounded with zinc salt to form corrosion inhibitor.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as cathode corrosion inhibitor in circulating cool water systems in fields such as steel & iron, petrochemcal, power plant and medical industries, suitable for low hardness and easily corrosive water quality.


When 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as a cathode corrosion inhibitor for metals, and is widely used in circulating cooling water systems in iron and steel, petrochemical, electric power, medicine and other industries.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is suitable to be used as a corrosion inhibitor for low hardness and easy to corrode water quality in southern China, and has better compound effect with zinc salt.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is widely used in the scale and corrosion inhibition of circulating cooling water systems in steel, petrochemical, electric power, medicine and other industries, and is suitable for low-hardness water quality in southern my country.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can be widely used in steel, petrochemical, electric power, medicine and other industries
The scale and corrosion inhibition of the circulating cooling water system is generally compounded with zinc salt to form a corrosion inhibitor, which is suitable for low-hardness water quality in southern my country and has a scale inhibition effect.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is used as corrosion inhibitor.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has excellent corrosion inhibition performance, especially for low hardness, low alkalinity, strong corrosive water, showing a strong corrosion inhibition.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has a good chelating effect with divalent ions, which can be used as a metal ion stabilizer to effectively stabilize Fe2, Fe3, Mn2 and Al3 plasma in water and reduce corrosion and scaling.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can significantly reduce the deposition of calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide, and has good scale inhibition performance, but the scale inhibition performance of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) on calcium sulfate scale is slightly poor.


In order to avoid the decomposition of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) by the oxidizing bactericide, the protective agent can be used, but the residual chlorine (0.5~1-0 mg/L) is less affected in the intermittent chlorination cooling water system.
The combination of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) and zinc salt has obvious synergistic corrosion inhibition effect.


The recommended concentration of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is generally 5 to 30mg/L.
Acid corrosion resistance shall be provided for each medicine.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is commonly used as a chelating agent for metal ions and a dispersant for calcium carbonate and other mineral scales.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a versatile and reliable compound, making it ideal for cathode corrosion inhibitors in oilfield refill water systems.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has been popularly used in industries such as steel & iron, petrochemical, power plant, and medical fields with superior efficacy.


When combined with zinc salt, the corrosion protection effect of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can be significantly enhanced, making it an even more attractive option for these areas.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as cathode corrosion inhibitor in oilfield re injection water system in fields such as steel & iron, petrochem i cal, power plant and medical industries.


When built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as a cathodic corrosion inhibitor for metals.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is widely used for corrosion and scale inhibition in circulating cooling water systems in steel, petrochemical, electric power, pharmaceutical and other industries.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is suitable for use as a corrosion inhibitor for low-hardness, easily corrosive water in southern my country.
Organic corrosion and scale inhibitor that composed by 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) and low molecular weight polymer has excellent performance.
And effect will be more better when combined with zinc salt.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as cathode corrosion inhibitor in oilfield refill water system in fields such as steel & iron, petrochemical, power plant and medical industries.
When built with zinc salt, the effect is even better.


2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as cathode corrosion inhibitor in oilfield refill water system in fields such as steel & iron, petrochemcal, power plant and medical industries.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as a cathodic corrosion inhibitor for metals.



PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to be hydrolyzed, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safe in use, non-toxic and pollution-free.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility. Its corrosion inhibition efficiency is 5-8 times higher than that of HEDP and EDTMP.
When built with low molecular polymers, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition effect is even better.



PREPARATION OF 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can be obtained by reaction between glyoxylic acid and phosphorus trichloride: C2H2O3+PCl3+3H2O→C2H5O6P+3HCl



FEATURES OF 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a powerful mild steel corrosion inhibitor for all-organic cooling water formulations.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) reduces iron fouling which improves heat transfer efficiency.

Good biodegradability of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) makes it suitable in areas where the molybdenum discharge rate is regulated at very low levels.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can be easily monitored by a standard organophosphonate test kit.



PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is hard to be hydrolyzed and to be destroyed by acid or alkali.
So 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) water treatment chemical is safe to use.

2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) also has no toxicity and no pollution.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s corrosion inhibition ability is 5~8 times better than that of HEDP and EDTMP.

When built with low molecular polymers, its corrosion inhibition effect is even better.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has good chemical stability, hard to be hydrolyzed, and hard to be damaged by acid or alkali, safe and reliable to use, non-toxic and pollution-free.

2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has good chemical stability, hard to be hydrolyzed, and hard to be damaged by acid or alkali, safe and reliable to use, non-toxic and pollution-free.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve the solubility of zinc, with strong inhibition, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid has better inhibition performance than HEDP, EDTMP.

2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is mainly used as the cathodic corrosion inhibitor for metals, but also widely used to realize corrosion inhibition and scale inhibition in circulating cooling water system of steel, petrochemical, electric power, pharmaceutical and other industries.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is specially suitable for low hardness and easy-corrosive water quality.



PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
The 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is present in [HPAA]2- and [HPAA]3- in water at pH 7-9.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) forms a protective film on the metal surface with a chelate formed by Ca2+ and Zn2+.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s solubility product is ZnHPAA

2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has good compatibility and synergy with some commonly used water stabilizers.
For example, when 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is combined with Zn2+, it only needs to add 5-10 mg/L, Zn2+ 1-2mg/L can provide good corrosion inhibition in different water systems.

In addition, the phosphorus content of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) corrosion inhibitor is lower than that of conventional organic phosphorus water stabilizers, and meets the requirements of environmentally friendly “low phosphorus”.
At the same time, its thermal stability is good, and 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can be measured by differential scanning calorimeter up to 160°C.

Even at a high temperature of 200 °C, the decomposition rate is only 8%, so 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) fully meets the requirements of heat exchange equipment in the steel, petrochemical, electric power, medicine, and other industries.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) products have low toxicity, compared with traditional scale inhibition.
Corrosion inhibitors are more acceptable for environmental protection.

Conclusion
In summary, the 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a cathodic corrosion inhibitor widely used in ferrous metals in water treatment and is especially suitable for low-hardness water quality and high-temperature heat exchangers.



PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) has good chemical stability, is not easy to hydrolyze, is not easy to be damaged by acid and alkali, is safe and reliable to use, is non-toxic and pollution-free, can improve the solubility of zinc, has strong corrosion inhibition effect, and its corrosion inhibition performance is 5-8 times higher than HEDP and EDTMP.
The organic corrosion and scale inhibitor composed of low molecular weight polymers has excellent performance.



METHODS FOR PREPARING 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is a good scale inhibitor.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s appearance is a dark brown liquid with a molecular formula of C2H5O6P and a relative molecular mass of 156.03.
The preparation method of 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) generally has the following three methods.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
*Method One:
16.3 parts (0.11 mol/L) 50% aqueous solution of dihydroxyacetic acid (hydrated glyoxylic acid) and 8.2 parts (0.1 mol/L) of phosphorous acid were heated at 98°C-100°C for 24 hours with stirring.
24.5 parts of a 60% aqueous solution of HPAA.
150 parts of this solution were subjected to distillation under reduced pressure (2kPa) to obtain 104 parts of a brown viscous oily liquid.


*Method Two:
From dimethyl phosphite and butyl glyoxylate, under the catalysis of sodium methoxide, according to the ratio of the amount of 1:(0.95-1), react at 25°C-120°C for several hours.
The phosphinyl hydroxy acetate can be used to prepare HPAA in three different routes.

A simpler route is to carry out a saponification reaction of dimethoxyphosphinyl hydroxy acetate with hydrochloric acid under the following conditions: The ratio of the amount of the dimethoxyphosphinyl hydroxy acetate butyl acetate to the hydrochloric acid is 1: (8-15), temperature 90°C-110°C, reaction time 10-20 hours.


*Method Three:
The di-sodium salt of phosphonoformaldehyde is formed by synthesizing dimethoxymethanephosphonic acid and sodium hydroxide solution at 80°C-90°C for 1-3 hours.

Then, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is reacted with hydrocyanic acid at 25°C-30°C for 0.25-3 hours to form a disodium salt of phosphonohydroxyacetonitrile.
Hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid gives 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA).



PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is chemically stable, hard to hydrolyze, hard to be destroyed by acid or alkali, safe in use, and has no toxicity and pollution.
In addition, 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can improve zinc solubility.

2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) performs better than commonly used phosphonates like HEDP and EDTMP (5~8 times better).
Sometimes 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) can even replace molybdate and its derivatives.
The good efficiency at low concentrations enables 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA), usually used at the PPM level.

2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) is water-soluble and can increase Zn solubility.
2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA)'s effect can be further improved when built with Zn salts or polymer.
Phosphorus acid solution reacts with glyoxylic at 100~110℃ for 4~10 hours.

And then input water to prepare 2-Hydroxy Phosphonoacetic Acid (HPAA) aqueous solution.
This reaction can be 1-step forward and starts from PCl3 hydrolysis.
Some research studies use microwave irradiation to replace heating to reduce energy consumption and reaction time.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
Molecular Weight： 172.03100
Exact Mass：156.03
HScode：2931900090
PSA：134.10000
XLogP3：-1.50130
Appearance：Dark brown liquid
Density：2.131 g/cm3
Melting Point：108-110ºC
Boiling Point：557.7ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point：291.1ºC
Refractive Index：1.569
Vapor Pressure：0.000278mmHg at 25°C
Molecular Weight:156.03
XLogP3:-2.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:6

Rotatable Bond Count:2
Exact Mass:155.98237487
Monoisotopic Mass:155.98237487
Topological Polar Surface Area:115
Heavy Atom Count:9
Complexity:156
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:1
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes
Appearance: Liquid
Color: Dark brown
Specific Gravity: @ 25oC 1.32-1.42
pH (1%) solution: < 2
Active Content: Approx. 50%

Solubility: Miscible in water
Appearance: Dark umber liquid
Solid content %: 50.0 min
Total phosphonic acid(as PO43-)%: 25.0 min
Phosphoric acid (as PO43- )%: 1.5 max
Density (20℃) g/cm3: 1.30 min
pH(1% water solution): 3.0 max
Molecular Weight: 156.03 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 155.98237487 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 155.98237487 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 104Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 151

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: Dark umber liquid
Solid content %: 50.0 min
Total phosphonic acid(as PO43-)%: 25.0 min
Phosphoric acid (as PO43- )%: 1.5 max
Density (20℃) g/cm3: 1.30 min
pH(1% water solution): 3.0 max
Appearance: Dark umber liquid
Solid content %: 50.0 min
Phosphorous acid(as PO33-)%: 4.0 max

Density (20℃)g/cm3: 1.30 min
pH(1% solution): 1.0-3.0
Physical State: Not available.
Molecular Formula: C2H5O7P
Molecular Weight: 172.029
Odor: Not available.
pH: Not available.
Boiling Point Range: Not available.
Freezing/Melting Point: Not available.
Flash Point: Not available.
Evaporation Rate: Not available.
Flammability(solid,gas): Please see section 2.
Explosive limits: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not available.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Solubility: Not available.
Relative Density: Not available.

Refractive Index: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
Auto-ignition Temperature: Not available.
Decomposition Temperature: Not available.
Partition Coefficient: Not available.
Appearance: Dark umber liquid
Solid content: % 50.0 min
Total phosphonic acid(as PO43-)%: 25.0 min
Phosphoric acid (as PO43- )%: 1.5 max
Density (20℃) g/cm3: 1.30 min
pH(1% water solution): 3.0 max
CAS: 23783-26-8
4721-24-8
EINECS: 405-710-8
InChI: InChI=1/C6H15O3P/c1-2-3-4-5-6-10(7,8)9/h2-6H2,1H3,(H2,7,8,9)/p-2

Molecular Formula: C2H5O6P
Molar Mass: 156.03
Density: 1.37 (50% aq.)
Boling Point: 557.7±60.0 °C(Predicted)
Flash Point: 135°C
Vapor Presure: 0.000278mmHg at 25°C
pKa: 2.05±0.10(Predicted)
Storage Condition: -20°C
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Density: 1.37 (50% aq.)
Appearance: Dark umber liquid
Solid content %: 50.0 min
Total phosphonic acid(as PO43-)%: 25.0 min
Phosphoric acid (as PO43- )%: 1.5 max
Density (20℃) g/cm3: 1.30 min
pH(1% water solution): 3.0 max



FIRST AID MEASURES of 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
-General Information:
Immediately remove any clothing contaminated by the product.
*Inhalation:
Move person to fresh air.
Obtain medical aid.
*Skin contact:
Immediately flush skin with running water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash clothing before reuse.
Obtain medical aid immediately.
*Eye contact:
Immediately flush open eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes.
Obtain medical aid immediately.
*Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Obtain medical aid immediately.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No further information available.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Wear protective equipment and keep unprotected personnel away.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Prevent further leak or spill if safe to do so.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains, other waterways, or soil.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Prevent further leak or spill if safe to do so.
Vacuum, sweep up, or absorb with inert material and place into a suitable disposal container.
Consult local regulations for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
-Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or chemical foam.
-Advice for firefighters:
As in any fire, wear a NIOSH-approved or equivalent, pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
-Appropriate engineering controls:
Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.
Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash fountain.
-Personal protection:
*Eyes:
safety glasses or goggles with side protection.
A face shield may be appropriate in some workplaces.
*Hands:
Wear gloves
*Skin and body:
Protective clothing
At the minimum, wear a laboratory coat and close-toed footwear.



HANDLING and STORAGE of 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
-Precautions for safe handling:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection.
Keep container tightly closed.
Open and handle container with care.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in a tightly-closed container when not in use.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 2-HYDROXY PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID (HPAA):
-Reactivity:
Not available.
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended temperatures and pressures.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
Not available.

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is an antiinflammatory inhibitor of cyclooxygenase activity
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), also known as 2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, is a highly versatile chemical compound that is widely used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture.


CAS-Number: 69-72-7
EC Number: 200-712-3
MDL number: MFCD00002439
Chemical Name: 2 – Hydroxybenzoic Acid
Linear Formula: 2-(HO)C6H4CO2H
Molecular Formula: C7H6O3



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2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a versatile compound with widespread applications, particularly in the fields of skincare, medicine, and the chemical industry.
Known for its use in treating various skin conditions, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) has become a staple ingredient in skincare and personal care products.


With its remarkable attributes, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) has become an essential ingredient in many products.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as salicylic acids.
These are ortho-hydroxylated benzoic acids.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), also known as 2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, is a highly versatile chemical compound that is widely used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), also known as 2-carboxyphenol or 2-hydroxybenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)s.


These are ortho-hydroxylated benzoic acids.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans.
Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid).


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a natural product extract from Willow bark, well known as an antiinflammatory and antinociceptive agent and a close structural relative to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a ubiquitous plant hormone with many regulatory functions involved in local disease resistance mechanisms and systemic acquired resistance.


The antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects produced by 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) and its derivatives in animals are due to inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) enzyme activity and suppression of prostaglandin biosynthesis.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is also of interest as a starting material for the organic synthesis of more elaborate COX suppressors and other chemical structures.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is many organic compounds are found in plants.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) can be made from methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate which is obtained as oil of wintergreen by distillation from the leaves of Gaultheria procunbers.


Oil of wintergreen is 98% methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate.
This oil can be hydrolysed by boiling with aqueous sodium hydroxide for about 30 minutes.
The reaction produces sodium 2-hydroxybenzoate, which can be converted into 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) by adding hydrochloric acid.


Both oil of wintergreen (methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate) and 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)) are widely used as pharmaceuticals.
The manufacture of aspirin from 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is of major importance.
Industrially, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is manufactured at high temperature and pressure from the phenol sodium salt and carbon dioxide, with an annual worldwide production of about 50,000 tonnes.


The alkaline hydrolysis of esters is the basis of saponification (soap making) from natural oils and water cremation – a less environmentally harmful alternative to cremation by heat.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a white solid first isolated from the bark of willow trees (Salix spp.), from which it gets its name.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) also occurs as the free acid or its esters in many plant species.
In an early (1966) biosynthetic process, researchers at Kerr-McGee Oil Industries (now part of Andarko Petroleum) prepared 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) via the microbial degradation of naphthalene.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is now commercially biosynthesized from phenylalanine.
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), a prodrug to 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), is made by an entirely different process.
Curiously, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is also a metabolite of aspirin.


In 2015, J. L. Dangl, S. L. Lebeis, and co-workers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, discovered that native 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) plays a role in determining which microbes are in the root microbiome of Arabidopsis thaliana, a weed that grows in Europe and Asia.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) a type of phenolic acid and a beta-hydroxy acid (BHA).
Beta hydroxy acid is found as a natural compound in plants.
This colourless crystalline organic acid, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), is broadly in use in organic synthesis.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is derived from the metabolism of salicin.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a crystalline organic carboxylic acid and has keratolytic, bacteriostatic and fungicidal properties.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) can be in use as an antiseptic and as a food preservative when consumed in small quantities.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) has a carboxyl group attached to it i.e., COOH.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is odourless and is colourless.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is probably known for its use as an important ingredient in topical anti-acne products.


The salts and esters of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) are salicylates.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.



USES and APPLICATIONS of 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is particularly in use in the pharmaceutical industry.
The most common use of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is in the preparation of an analgesic, aspirin, which is an acetylated derivative of salicylic acid.


Another analgesic formed from 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is methyl salicylate, an esterified product of salicylic acid.
Both of these analgesics are in use to treat headache and other body aches.
Plant Growth Regulation: As a plant growth regulator, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) promotes fruit formation, enhances crop yield, and improves the plant's resistance to diseases.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) exhibits a high standard of purity, ensuring its effectiveness and dependability across various applications.
Plant Cell Culture Test Approval: Through intensive testing, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) has been approved as safe and suitable for plant cell culture applications, meeting stringent quality standards.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s significance spans multiple industries, from its prominent role in skincare and medicine to its applications in the chemical and agricultural sectors.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s diverse properties and applications underscore its versatility and ongoing relevance in various scientific and industrial domains.


In the realm of skincare, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is used for its keratolytic properties, meaning it helps to exfoliate and remove dead skin cells.
This makes 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) an effective ingredient in products designed for acne treatment and prevention, as it can unclog pores and reduce the occurrence of blemishes.


In medicine, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is the precursor to acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin.
Aspirin is widely used for its analgesic (pain-relieving), anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties.
The discovery of these therapeutic effects has positioned 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) as a foundational compound in the development of various pharmaceuticals.


Beyond skincare and medicine, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) has applications in the chemical industry.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) serves as a key intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including fragrances, dyes, and rubber chemicals.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s versatility in chemical processes highlights its importance as a building block for the production of a range of industrial products.
In agriculture, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) and its derivatives are explored for their potential uses in plant growth regulation and stress response.


Research continues to uncover ways in which 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) may contribute to enhancing crop yield and resilience.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H4COOH.
A colorless, bitter-tasting solid, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a precursor to and a metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).


The name is from Latin salix for willow tree, from which it was initially identified and derived.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is an ingredient in some anti-acne products.
Salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is in use in the treatment of wart infections.
The mechanism by which professionals treats warts infection is similar to its keratolytic action.
Firstly, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) dehydrates the skin cells that are affected by warts and thereby it gradually leads to its shedding off from the body.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) also activates the immune reaction of the body towards the viral wart infection by initiating a mild inflammatory reaction.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is one of the major components of anti-dandruff shampoos.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) also helps in clearing away the dead and flaky skin cells from your scalp.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) also in use as a mild antiseptic effect known as a bacteriostatic agent.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) does not kill the existing bacteria and hence not an antibacterial agent but prevent the growth of bacteria wherever applied.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is used as a food preservative, a bactericide, and an antiseptic.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is used in the production of other pharmaceuticals, including 4-aminosalicylic acid, sandulpiride, and landetimide (via salethamide).


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) has long been a key starting material for making acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) is prepared by the esterification of the phenolic hydroxyl group of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) with the acetyl group from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.


ASA is the standard to which all the other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are compared.
In veterinary medicine, this group of drugs is mainly used for treatment of inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders.
Bismuth subsalicylate, a salt of bismuth and 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), "displays anti-inflammatory action (due to salicylic acid) and also acts as an antacid and mild antibiotic".


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is the active ingredient in stomach-relief aids such as Pepto-Bismol and some formulations of Kaopectate.
Other derivatives include methyl salicylate used as a liniment to soothe joint and muscle pain and choline salicylate used topically to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers.


Aminosalicylic acid is used to induce remission in ulcerative colitis, and has been used as an antitubercular agent often administered in association with isoniazid.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), when applied to the skin surface, works by causing the cells of the epidermis to slough off more readily, preventing pores from clogging up, and allowing room for new cell growth.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) inhibits the oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) competitively with NADH and noncompetitively with UDPG.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) also competitively inhibits the transferring of glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid to the phenolic acceptor.


The wound-healing retardation action of salicylates is probably due mainly to its inhibitory action on mucopolysaccharide synthesis.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) and its esters are used as food preservatives, in skin-care products and other cosmetics, and in topical medicines.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is an acid used to treat acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, and warts.


2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves, and also prepared synthetically.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s salts, the salicylates, are used as analgesics.


-Pharmacodynamics:
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) treats acne by causing skin cells to slough off more readily, preventing pores from clogging up.
This effect on skin cells also makes 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) an active ingredient in several shampoos meant to treat dandruff.
Use of straight 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) solution may cause hyperpigmentation on unpretreated skin for those with darker skin types
(Fitzpatrick phototypes IV, V, VI), as well as with the lack of use of a broad spectrum sunblock.

Subsalicylate in combination with bismuth form the popular stomach relief aid known commonly as Pepto-Bismol.
When combined the two key ingredients help control diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, and even gas.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is also very mildly anti-biotic.


-Exfoliating Properties:
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is widely recognized for its excellent exfoliating capabilities.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) effectively removes dead skin cells, unclogs pores, and improves skin complexion.


-Anti-Inflammatory Effects:
With its anti-inflammatory properties, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a perfect solution for acne and other skin conditions.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) reduces redness, swelling, and irritation associated with these conditions.


-Anti-Fungal Activity:
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) possesses potent anti-fungal attributes, making it highly effective in treating conditions like dandruff and other fungal infections.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) controls fungal growth and alleviates related symptoms.


-Pharmaceutical Industry:
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry for topical medications, including skincare applications such as acne treatments, wart removers, and callus removal products.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is also used in oral medications for pain and fever relief.


-Cosmetic Industry:
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a key component in many cosmetic items, especially those focused on skincare.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is commonly found in cleansers, toners, serums, and spot treatments, improving skin texture, unclogging pores, and reducing blemishes.


-Agricultural Industry:
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is highly beneficial in agriculture.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) promotes plant growth, enhances crop yield, and protects plants from diseases.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) can be applied directly to plants or used in seed treatments.


-Medicine:
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) as a medication is commonly used to remove the outer layer of the skin.
As such, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is used to treat warts, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, ringworm, dandruff, and ichthyosis.
Similar to other hydroxy acids, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is an ingredient in many skincare products for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, acanthosis nigricans, ichthyosis, and warts.



METHODS OF PREPARATION OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
There are two most common methods in use for the preparation of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) are as follows –
From Phenol:
When phenol is reacted with sodium hydroxide, it forms sodium phenoxide.
Sodium phenoxide then undergoes distillation and dehydration.

This process is followed by a carboxylation reaction with carbon dioxide, which results in the formation of sodium salicylate i.e., salt of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid).
This salt then further reacted with an acid or hydronium ion or any species that denotes a proton to obtain the 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid).

From Methyl Salicylate:
Methyl salicylate also known as oil of wintergreen is commonly called analgesic in the pharmaceutical industry.
It is in use for the preparation of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid).

In this reaction, methyl salicylate is reacted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to lead to the formation of a sodium salt intermediate of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid).
This acid is named disodium salicylate, which upon undergoing further reaction with sulphuric acid leads to the formation of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid).



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
*Benzoic acids
*Benzoyl derivatives
*1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
*Vinylogous acids
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Organooxygen compounds
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
*Salicylic acid
*Benzoic acid
*Benzoyl
*1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
*Phenol
*Vinylogous acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a colourless, odourless and needle-shaped crystals at room temperature.
The taste of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is acrid.
The boiling point and melting point of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) are 211oC and 315oC respectively.

The 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) molecule has two hydrogen bond donors and three hydrogen bond acceptors.
The flashpoint of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is 157oC.
Due to its lipophilic nature, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s solubility in water is very poor i.e., 1.8 g/L at 25oC.

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is soluble in organic solvents like carbon tetrachloride, benzene, propanol, ethanol and acetone.
The density of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is 1.44 at 20oC.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s vapour pressure is 8.2×105mmHg at 25oC.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a tendency to undergo discolouration when exposed to direct sunlight due to its photochemical degradation.

Upon degradation, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) emits irritating fumes and acrid smelling smoke.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s heat of combustion is3.026mj/mole at 25oC.
The pH of a saturated solution of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is 2.4.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s pka value i.e., dissociation constant is 2.97.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
*Formation of aspirin:
In the pharmaceutical industry, the most important reaction associated with the use of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is the production of aspirin i.e., acetylsalicylic acid.

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is one of the most commonly used analgesics and blood-thinning agent.
In this reaction, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is reacting with acetic anhydride.
It leads to the acetylation of the hydroxyl group present in the 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), thereby resulting in the production of acetylsalicylic acid i.e., aspirin.

Acetic acid is manufactured as a byproduct of this reaction.
This is also present as one of the impurities during large scale production of aspirin.
These impurities must be removed from the resulting product mixture by several refining processes.

*Esterification Reaction:
Since 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is an organic acid, it undergoes a reaction with organic alcohol groups to produce a new organic chemical class alike ester.

When 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is reacting with methanol in an acidic medium preferably sulphuric acid in the presence of heat, a dehydration reaction occurs with the loss of water −OH− ion.
This ion is lost from the carboxylic acid functional group present in the 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) molecule and the H+ ion is lost from the deprotonation of the methanol molecule, resulting in the formation of methyl salicylate (an ester).



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) modulates COX-1 enzymatic activity to decrease the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.
Salicylate may competitively inhibit prostaglandin formation. Salicylate's antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) actions are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.



STRUCTURE OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
The structural formula of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is C6H4(OH)COOH.
The chemical formula can also be written as C7H6O3 in the condensed form.
The IUPAC name of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) has a hydroxyl group i.e., -OH group attached at the ortho position with respect to the carboxylic acid.
This COOH group is present on the benzene ring.
The molecular weight or molar mass of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is 138.12 g/mol.

All carbon atoms present in the benzene ring of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) are sp2 hybridized.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond.

In an aqueous solution, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) dissociates to lose a proton from the carboxylic acid.
The resulting carboxylate ion i.e., −COO− undergoes intermolecular interaction with the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group i.e., -OH.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) leads to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) directly irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 to decrease conversion of arachidonic acid to precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
Salicylate's use in rheumatic diseases is due to it's analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a key ingredient in many skin-care products for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, and warts.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) allows cells of the epidermis to more readily slough off.

Because of its effect on skin cells, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is used in several shampoos used to treat dandruff.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is also used as an active ingredient in gels which remove verrucas (plantar warts).
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) competitively inhibits oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) with nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD) and non-competitively with UDPG.

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) also competitively inhibits the transferring of the glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) to a phenolic acceptor.
Inhibition of mucopoly saccharide synthesis is likely responsible for the slowing of wound healing with salicylates.



PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
Biosynthesis
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) can be synthesized via a phenylalanine-independent pathway.



CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
Commercial vendors prepare sodium salicylate by treating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt of phenol) with carbon dioxide at high pressure (100 atm) and high temperature (115 °C) – a method known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Acidifying the product with sulfuric acid gives 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid):

At the laboratory scale, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) with a strong acid or base; these reactions reverse those chemicals' commercial syntheses.



REACTIONS OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
Upon heating, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) converts to phenyl salicylate:
2 HOC6H4CO2H → C6H5O2C6H4OH + CO2 + H2O

Further heating gives xanthone.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) as its conjugate base is a chelating agent, with an affinity for iron(III).
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) slowly degrades to phenol and carbon dioxide at 200–230 °C:
C6H4OH(CO2H) → C6H5OH + CO2



DIETARY SOURCES OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) occurs in plants as free salicylic acid and its carboxylated esters and phenolic glycosides.
Several studies suggest that humans metabolize 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) in measurable quantities from these plants.
High-salicylate beverages and foods include beer, coffee, tea, numerous fruits and vegetables, sweet potato, nuts, and olive oil.

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, sugar, breads and cereals have low salicylate content.
Some people with sensitivity to dietary salicylates may have symptoms of allergic reaction, such as bronchial asthma, rhinitis, gastrointestinal disorders, or diarrhea, so may need to adopt a low-salicylate diet.



PLANT HORMONE, 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is a phenolic phytohormone, and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, and ion uptake and transport.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is involved in endogenous signaling, mediating plant defense against pathogens.

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) plays a role in the resistance to pathogens (i.e. systemic acquired resistance) by inducing the production of pathogenesis-related proteins and other defensive metabolites.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid)'s defense signaling role is most clearly demonstrated by experiments which do away with it: Delaney et al. 1994, Gaffney et al. 1993, Lawton et al. 1995, and Vernooij et al. 1994 each use Nicotiana tabacum or Arabidopsis expressing nahG, for salicylate hydroxylase.

Pathogen inoculation did not produce the customarily high 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) levels, SAR was not produced, and no PR genes were expressed in systemic leaves.
Indeed, the subjects were more susceptible to virulent – and even normally avirulent – pathogens.

Exogenously, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) can aid plant development via enhanced seed germination, bud flowering, and fruit ripening, though too high of a concentration of salicylic acid can negatively regulate these developmental processes.
The volatile methyl ester of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), methyl salicylate, can also diffuse through the air, facilitating plant-plant communication.

Methyl salicylate is taken up by the stomata of the nearby plant, where it can induce an immune response after being converted back to 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid).



SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
A number of proteins have been identified that interact with SA in plants, especially 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) binding proteins (SABPs) and the NPR genes (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes), which are putative receptors.



HISTORY OF 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
Willow has long been used for medicinal purposes.
Dioscorides, whose writings were highly influential for more than 1,500 years, used 'Itea' (which was possibly a species of willow) as a treatment for 'painful intestinal obstructions,' birth control, for 'those who spit blood,' to remove calluses and corns and, externally, as a 'warm pack for gout.'

William Turner, in 1597, repeated this, saying that willow bark, 'being burnt to ashes, and steeped in vinegar, takes away corns and other like risings in the feet and toes.'
Some of these cures may describe the action of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid), which can be derived from the salicin present in willow.

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) is, however, a modern myth that Hippocrates used willow as a painkiller.
Hippocrates, Galen, Pliny the Elder, and others knew that decoctions containing salicylate could ease pain and reduce fevers.
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) was used in Europe and China to treat these conditions.
This remedy is mentioned in texts from Ancient Egypt, Sumer, and Assyria.

The Cherokee and other Native Americans use an infusion of the bark for fever and other medicinal purposes.
In 2014, archaeologists identified traces of 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) on seventh-century pottery fragments found in east-central Colorado.
The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England, reported in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever.

An extract of willow bark, called salicin, after the Latin name for the white willow (Salix alba), was isolated and named by German chemist Johann Andreas Buchner in 1828.
A larger amount of the substance was isolated in 1829 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist.
Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, was able to convert the substance into a sugar and a second component, which on oxidation becomes 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid).

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) was also isolated from the herb meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839.
Their extract caused digestive problems such as gastric irritation, bleeding, diarrhea, and even death when consumed in high doses.

In 1874 the Scottish physician Thomas MacLagan experimented with salicin as a treatment for acute rheumatism, with considerable success, as he reported in The Lancet in 1876.
Meanwhile, German scientists tried sodium salicylate with less success and more severe side effects.

In 1979, salicylates were found to be involved in induced defenses of tobacco against tobacco mosaic virus.
In 1987, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicyclic Acid) was identified as the long-sought signal that causes thermogenic plants, such as the voodoo lily, Sauromatum guttatum, to produce heat.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
Formula : C7H6O3
Molecular weight : 138,12 g/mol
CAS-No. : 69-72-7
EC-No. : 200-712-3
Physical state: powdercrystalline
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 158 - 160 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 211 °C at 27 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Lower explosion limit: 1,1 %(V)
Flash point 157 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2,4 at 20 °C

CAS number: 69-72-7
Weight Average: 138.1207
Monoisotopic: 138.031694058
InChI Key: YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H6O3/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10/h1-4,8H,(H,9,10)
IUPAC Name: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: salicylic
Chemical Formula: C7H6O3
SMILES: OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 2,25 at 25 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 114 °C
Density: 1,44 g/cm3 at 20 °C

Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical Name : 2 – Hydroxybenzoic Acid
Molecular Formula : C7H6O3
Molecular Weight : 138.1
Description : White / colourless, crystalline powder / acicular crystals
Solubility: Solubility (weight percent):
carbon tetrachloride 0.262 (25 °C);
benzene 0.775 (25 °C); propanol 27.36 (21 °C);
absolute ethanol 34.87 (21 °C); acetone 396 (23 °C)
Appearance: White poder
Storage: Store at RT.

EINECS: 200-712-3
Hazard Codes: Xn
HS Code: 2918211000
Log P: 1.09040
MDL: MFCD00002439
pH: pH of saturated solution: 2.4
PSA: 57.53
Quality Standard: Enterprise Standard
Refractive Index: 1.565
Risk Statements: R22; R36/37/38; R41
CAS No. : 69-72-7
CAS: 69-72-7
MF: C7H6O3
MW: 138.12
EINECS: 200-712-3
Mol File: 69-72-7.mol
Salicylic acid: Chemical Properties

Melting point: 158-161 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 211 °C(lit.)
density: 1.44
vapor density: 4.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 114 °C)
refractive index: 1,565
FEMA: 3985 | 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID
Fp: 157 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: ethanol: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
pka: 2.98(at 25℃)
Iron: 2 ppm (max.) I.P.
Molecular Weight: 138.12 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 138.031694049 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 138.031694049 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 133
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
form: Solid
color: White to off-white
PH Range: Non0 uorescence (2.5) to dark blue 0 uorescence (4.0)
Odor: at 100.00 %. faint phenolic nutty
PH: 3.21(1 mM solution);2.57(10 mM solution);2.02(100 mM solution);
Odor Type: nutty

Water Solubility: 1.8 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
λmax: 210nm, 234nm, 303nm
Merck: 148,332
JECFA Number: 958
Sublimation: 70 ºC
BRN: 774890
Stability: Stable.
InChIKey: YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 2.01
CAS DataBase Reference: 69-72-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-(69-72-7)
EPA Substance Registry System: Salicylic acid (69-72-7)
IUPAC Name: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid
Molecular Weight: 138.12
Molecular Formula: C7H6O3
Canonical SMILES: C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)O)O

InChI: InChI=1S/C7H6O3/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10/h1-4,8H,(H,9,10)
InChIKey: YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Boiling Point: 211 ℃ (20 mmHg)
Melting Point: 154-156 ℃
Flash Point: 157ºC
Purity: > 98 %
Density: 1.44 g/cm3
RTECS: VO0525000
Safety Statements: S26-S37/39
Stability: Stable.
Vapor Density: 4.8
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 114 °C)
Odour: Almost Odourless.
Melting Range: 158.5°C to 161.0°C.
Appearance of Solution/
Clarity & Colour of Solution: Passes test as per B.P./I.P.
Heavy Metals: 20 ppm (max)
Sulphated Ash/Residue on Ignition: 0.1% w/w (I.P./B.P.Limit) / 0.05% w/w (U.S.P. Limit)

Chloride: 125 ppm (max.) I.P./100 ppm (max.) B.P.
Sulphate: 0.02% (max.) I.P./140 ppm U.S.P.
Related Substance: Complies with the B.P. test.
Loss of Drying: 0.5% (max.) B.P.
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 69-72-7
EC number: 200-712-3
Hill Formula: C₇H₆O₃
Chemical formula: HOC₆H₄COOH
Molar Mass: 138.12 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 21 10
Boiling point: 211 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.44 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 157 °C
Ignition temperature: 500 °C

Melting Point: 158 - 160 °C
pH value: 2.4 (H₂O, 20 °C) (saturated solution)
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (114 °C)
Bulk density: 400 - 500 kg/m3
Solubility: 2 g/l
Chemical formula: C7H6O3
Molar mass: 138.122 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless to white crystals
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: ethanol: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
pka: 2.98(at 25℃)
form: Solid
color: White to off-white
PH Range: Non0 uorescence (2.5) to dark blue 0 uorescence (4.0)
Odor: at 100.00 %. faint phenolic nutty
PH: 3.21(1 mM solution);2.57(10 mM solution);2.02(100 mM solution);

Odor Type: nutty
Water Solubility: 1.8 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
λmax: 210nm, 234nm, 303nm
Merck: 148,332
JECFA Number: 958
Sublimation: 70 ºC
BRN: 774890
Stability:: Stable. S
ubstances to be avoided include oxidizing agents, strong bases, iodine, fluorine.
Sensitive to light.
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.443 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: 158.6 °C (317.5 °F; 431.8 K)
Boiling point: 211 °C (412 °F; 484 K) at 20 mmHg
Sublimation conditions: Sublimes at 76 °C

Solubility in water:
1.24 g/L (0 °C)
2.48 g/L (25 °C)
4.14 g/L (40 °C)
17.41 g/L (75 °C)
77.79 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility: Soluble in ether, CCl4, benzene, propanol,
acetone, ethanol, oil of turpentine, toluene
Solubility in benzene:
0.46 g/100 g (11.7 °C)
0.775 g/100 g (25 °C)
0.991 g/100 g (30.5 °C)
2.38 g/100 g (49.4 °C)
4.4 g/100 g (64.2 °C)
InChIKey: YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

LogP: 2.01
CAS DataBase Reference: 69-72-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-(69-72-7)
EPA Substance Registry System: Salicylic acid (69-72-7)
IUPAC: SALICYLICACID
CAS Number: 69-72-7
Molecular Weight: 138.122
Formula: C7H6O3
SMILES: OC(=O)C1=C(O)C=CC=C1
Preferred IUPAC Name: 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID
InChIKey: InChIKey=YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting Point: 158°C
Color: White
pH: 3.6
Boiling Point: 211°C
Formula Weight: 138.12g/mol
Vapor Pressure: 0.3mbar 95

Physical Form: Solid
Thermochemistry:
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −589.9 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): -3.025 MJ/mol
CAS: 69-72-7
MF: C7H6O3
MW: 138.12
EINECS: 200-712-3
Mol File: 69-72-7.mol
Salicylic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 158-161 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 211 °C(lit.)
density: 1.44
vapor density: 4.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 114 °C)
refractive index: 1,565
FEMA: 3985 | 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID
Fp: 157 °C

Solubility in chloroform:
2.22 g/100 mL (25 °C)
2.31 g/100 mL (30.5 °C)
Solubility in methanol:
40.67 g/100 g (−3 °C)
62.48 g/100 g (21 °C)
Solubility in olive oil: 2.43 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in acetone: 39.6 g/100 g (23 °C)
log P: 2.26
Vapor pressure: 10.93 mPa
Acidity (pKa):
2.97 (25 °C)
13.82 (20 °C)
UV-vis (λmax): 210 nm, 234 nm, 303 nm (4 mg/dL in ethanol)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −72.23·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.565 (20 °C)
Dipole moment: 2.65 D
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H6O3/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10/h1-4,8H,(H,9,10)
IUPAC Name: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Traditional IUPAC Name: salicylic
Chemical Formula: C7H6O3
SMILES: OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O
Appearance: white powder (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 158.00 to 161.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 211.00 °C. @ 20.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 336.00 to 337.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 1.000000 mmHg @ 114.00 °C.
Vapor Density: 4.8 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: > 212.00 °F. TCC ( > 100.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 2.260
Soluble in: alcohol
water, 3808 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
water, 2240 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)

CAS number: 69-72-7
EC number: 200-712-3
Hill Formula: C₇H₆O₃
Chemical formula: HOC₆H₄COOH
Molar Mass: 138.12 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 21 10
Boiling point: 211 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.44 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 157 °C
Ignition temperature: 500 °C
Melting Point: 158 - 160 °C
pH value: 2.4 (H₂O, 20 °C) (saturated solution)
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (114 °C)
Bulk density: 400 - 500 kg/m3
Solubility: 2 g/l
CAS number: 69-72-7
Weight Average: 138.1207
Monoisotopic: 138.031694058
InChI Key: YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Store at Room Temperature.
Light sensitive



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYCLIC ACID):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, also known as tartronic acid or hydroxymalonic acid, is a simple organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6O5.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, meaning it contains two carboxylic acid functional groups (-COOH) in its structure.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid gets its name from its chemical structure, which consists of a four-carbon chain with two hydroxyl (-OH) groups and two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

CAS Number: 87-69-4
EC Number: 201-778-2



APPLICATIONS


2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a fascinating organic compound characterized by its distinctive chemical structure.
The chemical formula of 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid, C4H6O5, illustrates a molecule with four carbon atoms, two carboxyl (-COOH) groups, and two hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is classified as a dicarboxylic acid due to the presence of two carboxyl groups in its molecular structure.
Typically, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid exists in the form of white crystalline granules or a fine powder, devoid of any noticeable odor.

The name "2-hydroxybutanedioic acid" reflects its relationship to tartaric acid, another well-known organic acid with a comparable structure.
One of the distinguishing features of 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is its water solubility, and it readily dissolves in polar solvents thanks to its hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups.

Although it contains carboxyl groups, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is considered a weak organic acid with relatively mild acidity compared to strong mineral acids.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid finds applications in various chemical and biochemical processes, although it is not as ubiquitous as some other organic acids.
In nature, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid can be found in certain plants and is formed as a byproduct in certain biological reactions.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is relatively uncomplicated chemically, making it an object of interest in specific chemical research endeavors.
Its hydroxyl and carboxyl groups grant 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid the ability to partake in chemical reactions as both an acid and an alcohol.

Hydrogen bonding capabilities arise from the hydroxyl groups in 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid and its interaction with other molecules.
The molecular weight of 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is approximately 134.09 grams/mol.
While used sparingly, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid has some limited applications in the realms of food and pharmaceutical industries, mostly in research and development contexts.
In culinary applications and common consumer products, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is not a well-known or widely used ingredient.

Its role in taste and aroma is negligible, as it is not typically encountered in everyday foods or beverages.
In chemical terminology, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is often referred to as 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid to underscore its chemical structure.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can contribute to the acidity of a water-based solution when dissolved, albeit to a limited degree.
Its water solubility makes it easily incorporable into various laboratory solutions and experimental setups.

While less renowned than some other organic acids, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid has its niche in chemical research and laboratory work.
Its relatively straightforward structure renders it a valuable model compound for investigating specific chemical reactions and processes.
Due to its mild acidity, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is less reactive and corrosive than potent mineral acids.

Chemists and researchers may encounter 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid in various chemical reactions, particularly those involving organic acids.
In scientific investigations and organic chemistry, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid plays a specific role thanks to its unique structure and chemical properties.
Overall, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid stands as an intriguing compound, offering insights and utility in various scientific pursuits.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is commonly used in the food and beverage industry as an acidity regulator and flavor enhancer.
It finds application in pH control in food processing, helping maintain the desired acidity levels in products like canned vegetables and soft drinks.

Cosmetic products often incorporate 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid for its exfoliating and skin-renewing properties.
In chemical synthesis, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid serves as a versatile reagent and starting material for the preparation of various compounds.

Biotechnology laboratories use 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid in enzymatic assays and biochemical research due to its mild acidity.
Cleaning products may contain 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid as a chelating agent to remove mineral deposits.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is effective in cleaning and descaling metals, including the removal of rust from iron and steel surfaces.

In photography, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid plays a role in developing solutions used for black and white film processing.
Some dental products incorporate 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid for its mild acidic properties in dental treatments.
In pharmaceutical formulations, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is occasionally used for specific medicinal purposes.

Analytical chemistry relies on 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid as a reagent in various chemical tests and analyses.
Laboratories frequently use 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid in chemical research and experiments due to its availability and compatibility.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid can be employed in water treatment as a chemical for pH adjustment and metal removal.
Household cleaning products use it to remove rust stains from various surfaces.

The production of fertilizers may involve 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid as a component in certain formulations.
Buffer solutions in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories rely on 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid as a key component.
In educational settings, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is used for chemistry demonstrations, illustrating acid-base reactions and titrations.
Researchers use 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid in chemical investigations and studies across various fields.

Electroplating processes may employ it to prepare metal surfaces for plating.
The textile industry uses 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid for dyeing and finishing processes.
Pharmaceutical research often involves 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid as a reagen in drug development.

In the paper and pulp industry, it helps control pH levels during processing.
Agriculture applications may include 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid in soil treatments and agricultural chemicals.
Metalworking industries use it for removing scale and rust from metal surfaces

Chemistry laboratories utilize 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid for educational purposes, demonstrating various chemical principles.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is employed in the food industry to adjust and enhance the acidity of various food products, such as jams and jellies.
In the beverage industry, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is used to control the tartness and acidity of fruit juices, soft drinks, and sports drinks

Some pharmaceutical formulations utilize 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid as a pH-adjusting agent to maintain the stability and effectiveness of medications.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is commonly used in the production of effervescent tablets and powders, contributing to their fizziness when dissolved in water.
In the wine industry, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is found naturally in grapes and is important for the fermentation process

2-hydroxybutanedioic acid serves as a key component in the manufacturing of baking powder, where it acts as a leavening agent to make baked goods rise.
In the cleaning and descaling of household appliances such as coffee makers and dishwashers, it helps remove mineral deposits.
The textile and dyeing industry relies on 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid for dye fixation and color fastness in fabrics.
Some personal care products, including shampoos and conditioners, incorporate it for its water-softening properties

In the field of analytical chemistry, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is used as a titrant in acid-base titrations to determine the concentration of other substances.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid plays a role in the preparation of laboratory reagents and solutions used in various scientific experiments.
Water treatment facilities use 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid to prevent the buildup of scale and corrosion in pipes and equipment.
The automotive industry employs 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid in coolant formulations to inhibit rust and corrosion in car engines.

Metalworking operations often use it for pickling and descaling metals before further processing.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is involved in the production of detergents and cleaning agents, aiding in the removal of hard water stains.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is a component of some antifreeze solutions used in radiators to prevent freezing and corrosion.
Horticulturists may use it in soil treatments to adjust pH levels for optimal plant growth.

In the pharmaceutical industry, it can be used as a stabilizing agent in certain drug formulations.
Water softeners for residential and industrial use utilize 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid to remove hardness ions like calcium and magnesium.


Some industries 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid used in:

Food and Beverage Industry:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is utilized as an acidity regulator and flavor enhancer in the food and beverage industry.

pH Control:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid serves as a buffering agent in food processing to maintain or adjust pH levels in products like canned vegetables and soft drinks.

Cosmetic Products:
In cosmetics and skincare products, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid may be used for its exfoliating and skin-renewing properties.

Chemical Synthesis:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid finds applications in chemical synthesis as a starting material or reagent in the preparation of various compounds.

Biotechnology:
In biotechnology, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is employed in enzymatic assays and biochemical research due to its mild acidity.

Cleaning Products:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be used in cleaning products as a chelating agent to bind and remove mineral deposits.

Metal Cleaning:
It is used to clean and descale metals, such as removing rust from iron and steel surfaces.

Photography:
In photography, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in developing solutions for black and white film processing.

Dentistry:
Some dental products use 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid for its mild acidic properties in dental treatments.

Medicine:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is occasionally used in pharmaceutical formulations for specific medicinal purposes.

Chemical Analysis:
In analytical chemistry, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid can serve as a reagent in various chemical tests and analyses.

Laboratory Research:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in laboratories for its availability and compatibility with many chemical reactions.

Water Treatment:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid can be used as a water treatment chemical for pH adjustment and metal removal.

Cleaning Rust Stains:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in household cleaning products to remove rust stains from various surfaces.

Fertilizer Manufacturing:
In the production of fertilizers, it may be employed as a component in certain formulations.

Buffer Solutions:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is a key component in buffer solutions used in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories.

Chemical Education:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in educational settings to demonstrate acid-base reactions and titrations.

Chemical Research:
Researchers use 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid in chemical investigations and studies.

Electroplating:
In electroplating processes, it can be used to prepare metal surfaces for plating.

Textile Industry:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in the textile industry for dyeing and finishing processes.

Pharmaceutical Research:
Pharmaceutical researchers may use 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid as a reagent in the development of new drugs.

Paper and Pulp Industry:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid can be used to control pH levels in paper and pulp processing.

Agriculture:
In agriculture, it may be employed in soil treatments and as a component in agricultural chemicals.

Metalworking:
In metalworking, it can be used to remove scale and rust from metal surfaces.

Laboratory Demonstrations:
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is used for educational purposes in chemistry laboratory experiments to illustrate chemical principles.



DESCRIPTION


2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, also known as tartronic acid or hydroxymalonic acid, is a simple organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6O5.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, meaning it contains two carboxylic acid functional groups (-COOH) in its structure.
2-hydroxybutanedioic acid gets its name from its chemical structure, which consists of a four-carbon chain with two hydroxyl (-OH) groups and two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C4H6O5
Molar Mass: Approximately 134.09 grams/mol
Chemical Structure: It contains a four-carbon chain with two carboxyl (-COOH) groups and two hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
Functional Groups: It has two carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups, making it a dicarboxylic acid.
Solubility: It is soluble in water and polar solvents due to its hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups.
Acidity: It is a weak organic acid due to the carboxyl groups but has relatively mild acidity compared to strong mineral acids.
Melting Point: Approximately 150-155°C (302-311°F)
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling.


Physical Properties:

Physical State: Typically found as a white crystalline solid.
Odor: Generally odorless.
Taste: Tasteless.
Density: The density of a saturated aqueous solution at 20°C is approximately 1.53 g/cm³.
pH: In solution, it can contribute to acidity, lowering the pH.
Hydrogen Bonding: It can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules due to its hydroxyl groups.
Crystal Structure: Crystals of 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid can exhibit different crystal forms, including monoclinic and orthorhombic.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment:
When handling 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including laboratory gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat to prevent skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use chemical fume hoods or work in well-ventilated areas to minimize exposure to airborne dust and vapors. Avoid inhaling the substance.

Avoid Skin and Eye Contact:
In case of accidental contact with the skin or eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Avoid Ingestion:
Do not ingest 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid. Wash hands thoroughly after handling the compound and before eating, drinking, or using the restroom.

Spills and Leaks:
In the event of a spill, promptly clean up the spilled material using appropriate spill control measures. Wear protective gear and use absorbent materials to contain and absorb the substance.

Chemical Compatibility:
Be aware of the chemical compatibility of 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid with other substances and equipment to avoid unintended reactions or damage.


Storage:

Storage Location:
Store 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and incompatible materials.

Temperature:
Maintain storage temperatures within the specified range, which is typically at or below room temperature. Check the manufacturer's recommendations for precise storage conditions.

Container:
Keep the substance in a tightly sealed container, such as a chemical-resistant glass or plastic container, to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with the name, chemical formula, hazard information, and appropriate handling precautions for easy identification.

Separation:
Store 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid away from incompatible materials, including strong bases, strong acids, and oxidizing agents.

Fire Precautions:
Although it does not have a specific fire hazard, store it away from open flames and potential sources of ignition.

Access Control:
Restrict access to storage areas and ensure that only authorized personnel with proper training handle the substance.



SYNONYMS


Tartronic acid
Hydroxymalonic acid
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Hydroxyethanedicarboxylic acid
Dihydroxybutanedioic acid
2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
α-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Hydroxybutanedioate
Hydroxysuccinate
alpha-Hydroxysuccinic acid
Malic acid, hydroxy-
Hydroxybutanedioate
Malic acid, 2-hydroxy-
2-Hydroxybutanedioate
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Dihydroxysuccinic acid
alpha-Hydroxymalonic acid
Tartronate
2-Hydroxysuccinate
2-Hydroxymalonic acid
Hydroxyethylsuccinic acid
Malonic acid, 2-hydroxy-
2-Hydroxymalic acid
Hydroxysuccinic acid
2-Hydroxybutanedioate
alpha-Hydroxyethanedicarboxylic acid
2-Hydroxyethanedicarboxylic acid
2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
Hydroxymalic acid
Malonic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (S)-
L-Tartronic acid
2-Hydroxymalonic acid
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
L-Malic acid
Hydroxysuccinate
L-Hydroxymalonic acid
L-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Hydroxybutanedioate
Hydroxylmalonic acid
L-2-Hydroxymalonic acid
(S)-Malic acid, hydroxy-
(S)-Malic acid, 2-hydroxy-
(S)-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Hydroxyethylsuccinic acid
Hydroxysuccinic acid (S)-
Hydroxyethanedioic acid
(S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
(S)-2-Hydroxymalonic acid
(S)-2-Hydroxyethanedicarboxylic acid
Malic acid hydroxy-
Hydroxysuccinate
Hydroxyethanedicarboxylic acid
L-alpha-Hydroxymalonic acid
L-2-Hydroxyethanedicarboxylic acid
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanedioate
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (S)-
L-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
(S)-2-Hydroxyethanedicarboxylic acid
L-Malic acid, hydroxy-
Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (S)-
L-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (S)-
(S)-Malic acid, 2-hydroxy-
L-(+)-Tartronic acid
Malonic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (R)-
(S)-Hydroxyethanedioic acid
2-Hydroxyethanedioic acid, (S)-
(R)-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
Malic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (S)-
(S)-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, monosodium salt
(S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid, monosodium salt
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, monosodium salt
(S)-2-Hydroxyethanedicarboxylic acid, monosodium salt
(S)-Hydroxymalonic acid, monosodium salt

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is a colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is an organic salt and an important intermediate for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and daily chemicals.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is an organosulfur compound.

CAS Number: 1562-00-1
Molecular Formula: C2H5NaO4S
Molecular Weight: 148.11
EINECS Number: 216-343-6

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is widely distributed in animal species and in a few red algal species.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can be used as an anionic detergent and has anti-settlement activity against Balanus amphitrite.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is a drug that is used to treat metabolic disorders such as cystinuria and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is also used for the treatment of water-vapor related respiratory problems and cataracts, as well as for the prevention of renal stone formation.
This drug is made through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of taurine in reaction solution with phosphorus pentoxide.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) has been shown to increase locomotor activity in rats by improving their biochemical properties.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) binds to the chloride ion receptor site on the Na+/K+ ATPase, causing an inhibition of the enzyme's function.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate), is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H5NaO4S.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is the sodium salt of isethionic acid.

The chemical structure of isethionic acid includes a hydroxyl group (OH) and a sulfonic acid group (SO3H).
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products, particularly in soap and detergent formulations.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) functions as a surfactant, which means it helps to reduce the surface tension of liquids and allows them to spread more easily.

In skincare products, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can contribute to the formation of a stable lather and enhance the cleansing properties of the product.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate), short chain alkane sulfonate containing hydroxy group, is a water soluble, strongly acidic liquid used in the manufacture of mild, biodegradable and high foaming anionic surfactants which provides gentle cleansing and soft skin feel.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is the trivial name for 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid which is the parent compound of sodium isethionate.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is prepared by the reaction of ethylene oxide with sodium bisulfite solution.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is the sodium salt of 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic acid (isethionic acid), it is used as a hydrophilic head group in washing-active surfactants, known as isethionates (acyloxyethanesulfonates) due to its strong polarity and resistance to multivalent ions.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is being studied as a high production volume chemical in the "High Production Volume (HPV) Chemical Challenge Program" of the US Environmental Protection Ministry EPA.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is an organosulfur compound containing an alkylsulfonic acid located beta to a hydroxy group.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate)s discovery is generally attributed to Heinrich Gustav Magnus, who prepared it by the action of solid sulfur trioxide on ethanol in 1833.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is a white water-soluble solid used in the manufacture of certain surfactants and in the industrial production of taurine.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is most commonly available in the form of its sodium salt (sodium isethionate).
Spectrum Chemical manufactures and distributes fine chemicals with quality can count on including those with CAS number 1562-00-1, Whether call it Isethionic Acid Sodium Salt, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic Acid Sodium Salt or Sodium Isethionate can be assured the Isethionic Acid Sodium Salt products offered by Spectrum, meet or exceed the grade requirements or specifications for each individual product.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is an organosulfur compound containing a short chain alkane sulfonate linked to a hydroxyl group.
Mammals are able to endogenously synthesize 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) via taurine through a possible enzymatic deamination process.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can be found in both human plasma and urine.
Higher plasma levels of 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) have been shown to be protective against type 2 diabetes.

Melting point: 191-194 °C(lit.)
Density: 1762.7[at 20℃]
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear, colorless
form: Fine Powder
color: White
PH: 7.0-11.0 (20g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
BRN: 3633992
Stability: Stable. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.
LogP: -4.6 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 1562-00-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) for synthesis is a high-quality product widely used in various industries.
Known for its superior quality and excellent performance, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is extensively used in the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals for its exceptional properties and wide range of applications.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can have antistatic properties, which are beneficial in hair care products.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) helps reduce static electricity, making hair more manageable and less prone to frizz.
Some surfactants may not perform well in hard water, but 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) tends to be more compatible.
This makes 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) suitable for formulations in areas where hard water is prevalent.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate)'s versatility extends to its compatibility with various formulation types, such as liquid cleansers, solid bars, shampoos, and other personal care products.
In addition to its cleansing properties, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can contribute to a pleasant skin feel in cosmetic formulations, enhancing the overall sensory experience of the product.
As consumer demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products increases, there may be ongoing efforts within the industry to explore and develop more sustainable alternatives or production methods for ingredients like sodium isethionate.

The production of 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) involves the reaction of ethylene oxide with sodium bisulfite.
Understanding the manufacturing process is crucial for ensuring the quality and purity of the final ingredient.
Ongoing research in the cosmetic and personal care industry may lead to the exploration of alternative ingredients with similar or improved properties compared to 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate).

As consumers become more informed about the ingredients in personal care products, there may be an increased emphasis on providing transparent information about the purpose and safety of ingredients like 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate).
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) contributes to the stability of formulations by preventing phase separation or changes in texture over time, enhancing the overall shelf life of the product.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is recognized by its International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) name, which is the standardized system for naming cosmetic ingredients globally.

Formulators may need to consider the compatibility of 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) with different packaging materials to ensure the stability and integrity of the product during storage and use.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is an organosulfur compound containing a short chain alkane sulfonate linked to a hydroxyl group.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is a water-soluble liquid used in the manufacture of mild, biodegradable, and high-foaming anionic surfactants.

These surfactants provide gentle cleansing and a soft skin feel.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) forms a colourless, syrupy, and strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is frequently used in the industrial production of taurine.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) via taurine through a possible enzymatic deamination process.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can be found in both human plasma and urine.
Higher plasma levels of 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) have been shown to be protective against type 2 diabetes.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is an organosulfur compound.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is widely distributed in animal species and in a few red algal species.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can be used as an anionic detergent and has anti-settlement activity against Balanus amphitrite.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is commonly found in shampoos and hair care products.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate)s surfactant properties help in removing oils and dirt from the hair and scalp, contributing to the overall cleansing performance of the product.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is often used in the formulation of syndet bars, which are synthetic detergent bars.

These bars are considered milder than traditional soap bars and are popular for cleansing without causing excessive dryness.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is generally considered to be biodegradable.
Biodegradability is an important consideration in the formulation of personal care products to minimize environmental impact.

In some formulations, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is included in toothpaste.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is foaming and cleansing properties can contribute to the effectiveness of toothpaste in removing plaque and debris from the teeth.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can help to adjust and stabilize the pH of a formulation.

Maintaining the appropriate pH is crucial for the stability and performance of many cosmetic and personal care products.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate), may be subject to regulations and guidelines set by health authorities in different countries.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate)'s important for manufacturers to ensure that their formulations comply with relevant regulations.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is commercially available and is used by cosmetic and personal care product manufacturers worldwide.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is availability contributes to its widespread use in various formulations.
Ongoing research and development in the cosmetic industry may lead to the discovery of new applications or formulations involving 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate), as well as potential improvements in its performance or environmental impact.

Uses:
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is an amphoteric detergent used in detergent bar soaps.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) makes a dense lather in addition to the lather made by the soap.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is mild on the skin, and non-drying.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) works equally well in soft or hard water.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is also an anti-static agent in shampoos.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) works as an amphoteric detergent and can also be used as an intermediate in preparing surfactants derived from fatty acid sulfoalkyl esters (acyloxy ethane sulfonate).

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) increases the formulation's stability, improves the detergency in hard water, and is smooth to the skin.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is used in cleaning/washing agents, disinfectants, cosmetics, surface-active agents, shampoos, and bubble baths.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is used as a key raw material in the manufacturing of Igepon type surfactants which are ethanesulfonated detergent bars.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, pH regulators and water treatment products, polymers and textile treatment products and dyes.
Release to the environment of 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is used in the following products: metal surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, pharmaceuticals, polymers and textile treatment products and dyes.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur and metals.
Release to the environment of 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can also be used as the intermediate of shampoo, paste shampoo & detergent in daily chemical industry.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is used as the pharmaceutical raw materials, the intermediate of fine chemical products.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is a surfactant, so it is frequently used in cleansing products such as facial cleansers, body washes, and hand soaps.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) helps in emulsifying oils and removing dirt from the skin.
Due to its mild cleansing properties, sodium isethionate is used in hair care products, including shampoos and conditioners.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) contributes to the formation of a rich lather and aids in cleaning the hair and scalp.

Syndet bars, short for synthetic detergent bars, often contain sodium isethionate.
These bars are milder than traditional soap bars and are popular for use in sensitive skin products.
In some toothpaste formulations, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) may be included to contribute to the foaming action and cleaning properties.

Its antistatic properties make 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) suitable for use in hair care products designed to reduce static electricity, making hair more manageable.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can be used to adjust and stabilize the pH of formulations.
This is important in maintaining the effectiveness and stability of various cosmetic products.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can act as a stabilizing agent in certain formulations, contributing to the overall stability and shelf life of the product.
The hydroxyl group in 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can contribute to the hydrating properties of formulations, making it suitable for use in moisturizing products.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, making it a versatile component in various formulations.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is often used in baby care products, such as baby shampoos and body washes, to provide a gentle cleansing experience for delicate skin.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can be included in facial cleansers and exfoliating scrubs to help cleanse the face and remove dead skin cells, contributing to a smoother complexion.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is sometimes used in combination with other surfactants to achieve specific performance characteristics.

This synergistic effect allows formulators to tailor the properties of the final product.
In addition to cleansers, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) may be included in creams and lotions to contribute to their emulsifying properties and enhance the spreadability of the product on the skin.
In hair care formulations, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can act as a pH adjuster, helping to maintain the desired pH level for optimal performance of the product.
As consumer demand for sulfate-free products increases, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) can be part of formulations designed to be sulfate-free while still providing effective cleansing.

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate)is generally considered biodegradable, which is an important factor for formulators and consumers concerned about the environmental impact of cosmetic ingredients.
In some formulations, 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) may be included in hand sanitizers to contribute to the cleansing properties of the product.
Ongoing research in the cosmetic industry may lead to the discovery of new applications or improved formulations involving 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate).

Manufacturers need to ensure that products containing 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) comply with relevant regulations and safety guidelines established by health authorities in different regions.
As consumer preferences evolve, sodium isethionate may find new applications in response to trends such as natural and organic formulations, cruelty-free products, and other emerging market demands.

Safety Profile:
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is known for its mildness, but like any cosmetic ingredient, it has the potential to cause irritation in some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate)'s advisable to conduct patch tests before widespread use, especially in products intended for sensitive areas like the face.
Care should be taken to avoid contact with eyes.

If contact occurs, rinsing with plenty of water is recommended.
Eye irritation can be a concern with many surfactants, so formulations containing sodium isethionate should be tested for ocular safety.
While 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) is generally well-tolerated, some people may be allergic or sensitive to specific ingredients.

Manufacturers should list all ingredients on product labels, allowing consumers to identify and avoid products containing substances to which they may be sensitive.
Products containing 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sodium Isethionate) are not intended for ingestion.
Ingesting cosmetic products can be harmful, and precautions should be taken to keep them out of reach of children.

Synonyms:
SODIUM ISETHIONATE
1562-00-1
Isethionic acid sodium salt
Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid sodium salt
Sodium hydroxyethylsulfonate
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monosodium salt
Sodium beta-hydroxyethanesulfonate
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, sodium salt
DTXSID7027413
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:1)
3R36J71C17
Sodium 1-hydroxy-2-ethanesulfonate; Sodium 2-hydroxy-1-ethanesulfonate; Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
Sodium 2-hydroxyethylsulfonate
Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulphonate
HSDB 5838
NSC-124283
Sodium 1-hydroxy-2-ethanesulfonate
Sodium 2-hydroxy-1-ethanesulfonate
C2H5NaO4S
EINECS 216-343-6
MFCD00007534
NSC 124283
sodium;2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
UNII-3R36J71C17
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt
2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate
EC 216-343-6
sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate
Isethionic acid, sodium salt
SCHEMBL125497
CHEMBL172191
DTXCID007413
ISETHIONATE, SODIUM SALT
Sodium 2-Hydroxy-Ethanesulfonate
SODIUM ISETHIONATE [HSDB]
SODIUM ISETHIONATE [INCI]
LADXKQRVAFSPTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Isethionic acid sodium salt, 98%
HY-Y1173
2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid; sodium
Tox21_200227
AKOS015912506
NCGC00257781-01
CAS-1562-00-1
SODIUM 2-HYDROXYETHANESULFONIC ACID
CS-0017163
FT-0627314
H0241
A809723
J-009283
Q1969744
F1905-7166

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is commonly used in skincare products and cosmetic treatments.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a deliquescent crystals that occur naturally as a component in sugarcane.

CAS Number: 79-14-1
EC Number: 201-180-5
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05

Synonyms: glycolic acid, 2-Glycolic acid, Glycolic acid, 79-14-1, Glycollic acid, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxy-, glycolate, Polyglycolide, Caswell No. 470, Kyselina glykolova, alpha-Glycolic acid, Kyselina hydroxyoctova, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, HOCH2COOH, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101, HSDB 5227, NSC 166, Kyselina glykolova [Czech], AI3-15362, Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech], C2H4O3, Glycocide, GlyPure, BRN 1209322, NSC-166, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, EINECS 201-180-5, UNII-0WT12SX38S, MFCD00004312, GlyPure 70, 0WT12SX38S, CCRIS 9474, DTXSID0025363, CHEBI:17497, Glycolic acid-13C2, .alpha.-Glycolic acid, GLYCOLLATE, DTXCID105363, NSC166, EC 201-180-5, 4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), GLYCOLIC-2,2-D2 ACID, GOA, Glycolic acid (MART.), Glycolic acid [MART.], C2H3O3-, glycolicacid, Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, Hydroxyethanoate, a-Hydroxyacetate, hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxyaceticacid, alpha-Hydroxyacetate, a-Glycolic acid, 2-hydroxy acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid, HO-CH2-COOH, Glycolic acid solution, bmse000245, WLN: QV1Q, Glycolic acid [MI], Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI), Glycolic acid [INCI], Glycolic acid [VANDF], Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI), CHEMBL252557, Glycolic acid [WHO-DD], Glycolic acid, Crystal, Reagent, Glycolic acid [HSDB], BCP28762, Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T), STR00936, Tox21_301298, s6272, STL197955, AKOS000118921, Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, CS-W016683, DB03085, HY-W015967, SB83760, CAS-79-14-1, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101, NCGC00160612-01, NCGC00160612-02, NCGC00257533-01, FT-0612572, FT-0669047, G0110, G0196, Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, EN300-19242, Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%, C00160, C03547, D78078, Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Glycolic acid; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID, Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration), Q409373, J-509661, F2191-0224, Glycolic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid, Z104473274, 287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13, Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), InChI=1/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5, Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%, Glycolic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, O7Z

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is derived from sugar cane and belongs to a family of naturally occurring acids that are known for their exfoliating and skin-renewing properties.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation. In textile industry, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid, CH20HCOOH, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is also known as Glycolic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyethanoic acid.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is soluble in water, alcohol and ether.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in various skin-care products.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.

The salts or esters of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid are called glycolates.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in various skin-care products.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in processing and dyeing textiles and Leather.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is also used for cleaning, polishing, and soldering metals.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is widespread in nature.

A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid, or 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, is a weak acid.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is sold commercially as a 70% solution.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is widely used in the skincare and cosmetic industry due to 2-hydroxyethanoic acid ability to exfoliate the skin, promote skin cell turnover, and improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.

These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
This could make 2-hydroxyethanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a potentially toxic compound.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; 2-hydroxyethanoic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, 2-hydroxyethanoic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.

2-hydroxyethanoic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
In humans, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.

Outside of the human body, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on 2-hydroxyethanoic acid pKa).
2-hydroxyethanoic acid works by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells on the surface of the skin, allowing them to be sloughed off more easily.

This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid proton.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can make the skin more sensitive in the sunlight, hence always use sunscreen and protective clothing before you step outdoors.

Plants produce 2-hydroxyethanoic acid during photorespiration.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.
Common side effects of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid include dry skin, erythema (skin redness), burning sensation, itching, skin irritation, and skin rash.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colourless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.
Acute doses of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid on skin or eyes leads to local effects that are typical of a strong acid (e.g. dermal and eye irritation).
Glycolate is a nephrotoxin if consumed orally.

A nephrotoxin is a compound that causes damage to the kidney and kidney tissues.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid's renal toxicity is due to its metabolism to oxalic acid.

2-hydroxyethanoic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Oxalic acid readily precipitates with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate crystals.

Once applied, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to dissolve, revealing the underlying skin.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is thought that this is due to the reduction of calcium ion concentrations in the epidermis and the removal of calcium ions from cell adhesions, leading to desquamation.
Renal tissue injury is caused by widespread deposition of oxalate crystals and the toxic effects of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid does exhibit some inhalation toxicity and can cause respiratory, thymus, and liver damage if present in very high levels over long periods of time.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is also used in adhesives and plastics.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a known inhibitor of tyrosinase.

This can suppress melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
This process can help with various skin concerns, including acne, fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid.

Physician-strength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels can be as low as 2.5.
The process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid works by speeding up cell turnover 2-hydroxyethanoic acid helps dissolve the bonds that hold skin cells together, allowing dead skin cells to slough off more rapidly than they would on their own.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid also stimulates your skin to create more collagen.

Collagen is the protein that gives skin its firmness, plumpness, and elasticity.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is an incredibly popular treatment because of the many benefits 2-hydroxyethanoic acid has for the skin.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid has effective skin-renewing properties, so 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is often used in anti-aging products.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can help smooth fine wrinkles and improve the skin's tone and texture.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a water-soluble alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is derived from sugar cane.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is one of the most well-known and widely used alphahydroxy acids in the skincare industry.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid plumps the skin and helps boost hydration levels.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid provides far greater solubility than silicafluorides or hydrofluosilicic acid.

Electrochemical Energy Systems permits higher concentrations of acid in solution than citric acid for greater neutralizing efficiency while avoiding salting or rust discoloration problems.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid reaches a final pH of 5-6 more quickly than silicafluorides, especially at lower wash temperatures.

High solubility means a lower possibility of damaged fabric—even if it’s ironed while wet.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid fulfills many roles across a wide range of industries, thanks to 2-hydroxyethanoic acid low odor and toxicity, biodegradability, phosphate-free composition, and ability to chelate metal salts.

A glycolate or glycollate is a salt or ester of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid.
(C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzo2-hydroxyethanoic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl 2-hydroxyethanoic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and 2-hydroxyethanoic acid.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid liquid doesn’t cake in storage and measures easily out of automatic dispensing equipment.
Once applied, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.

This allows the stratum corneum to be exfoliated, exposing live skin cells.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Other alpha-hydroxy acids include lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid has the smallest sized molecules of all the alpha-hydroxy acids Because of these super tiny molecules, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid can easily penetrate the skin.

This allows 2-hydroxyethanoic acid to exfoliate the skin more effectively than other AHAs.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of poly2-hydroxyethanoic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.

Many plants make 2-hydroxyethanoic acid during photorespiration.
2-hydroxyethanoic acids role consumes significant amounts of energy.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid penetrates the skin effectively due to its small molecular size, helping to remove dead skin cells and debris from the surface.
This can lead to a smoother, brighter complexion.
The use of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid in skincare products is associated with several benefits, including reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improving skin texture, minimizing the appearance of pores, and fading hyperpigmentation and acne scars.

The concentration of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid in these products can vary, with higher concentrations generally being available in professional treatments.
While 2-hydroxyethanoic acid can benefit many skin types, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with very sensitive or reactive skin.
In 2017 researchers announced a process that employs a novel protein to reduce energy consumption/loss and prevent plants from releasing harmful ammonia.

Sun protection helps prevent sunburn and further skin damage.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be found in a range of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and creams.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be used as part of an acne treatment regimen.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid helps to unclog pores, reduce the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), and promote the shedding of dead skin cells that can contribute to acne.
Dermatologists often use 2-hydroxyethanoic acid in chemical peels, which are cosmetic procedures designed to improve the skin's appearance.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a simple organic compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) on adjacent carbon atoms in its chemical structure.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is known for its exfoliating properties.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is an Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA).
The word acid might scare, but 2-hydroxyethanoic acid usually comes in lower concentrations for at-home use.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid works as an exfoliant to turn over dead skin cells and reveal new skin cells.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid’s also one of the smallest AHAs, meaning that 2-hydroxyethanoic acid can penetrate deeply to give the best results.

Applications of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.

Organic synthesis:
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of poly2-hydroxyethanoic acid and other biocompatible copolymers.

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.

Occurrence:
Plants produce 2-hydroxyethanoic acid during photorespiration.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.

Because photorespiration is a wasteful side reaction in regard to photosynthesis, much effort has been devoted to suppressing its formation.
One process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route; see glycerate pathway.

Uses of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
2-hydroxyethanoic acid acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high 2-hydroxyethanoic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as 2-hydroxyethanoic acid helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of poly2-hydroxyethanoic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
2-hydroxyethanoic acid also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.

However, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be used with hydrochloric or sulfamic acids to prevent iron precipitation in cleaning operations or water flooding.

Regardless of the G skin type, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid also effectively eliminates harmful deposits while minimizing corrosion damage to steel or copper systems.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid reacts more slowly and thus penetrates more deeply into formations before fully reacting.

That characteristic leads to enhanced worm holing, because 2-hydroxyethanoic acid dissolves the equivalent amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as hydrochloric acid without the resulting corrosion.
One of the primary uses of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid in skincare is as an exfoliant.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid helps remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, resulting in a smoother and more radiant complexion.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used to treat acne by unclogging pores, reducing the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), and promoting the shedding of dead skin cells that can contribute to acne.

In addition to over-the-counter products, dermatologists and skincare professionals often use 2-hydroxyethanoic acid in more concentrated forms for in-office treatments like chemical peels and microdermabrasion.
These treatments can provide more immediate and dramatic results but require professional oversight.

Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by 2-hydroxyethanoic acid.
As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise its moisture content is increased.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.

In the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-2-hydroxyethanoic acid) (PLGA).
2-hydroxyethanoic acid reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.,

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is commonly used in anti-aging products to stimulate collagen production, which can improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can help fade dark spots, sunspots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation by promoting even skin tone.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid can improve skin texture, making it feel smoother and look more youthful.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can minimize the appearance of enlarged pores.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in chemical peels, both at home and in dermatologist's offices or skincare clinics.
Chemical peels with 2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be tailored to address various skin concerns, including wrinkles, uneven skin tone, and acne scars.

Poly2-hydroxyethanoic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer 2-hydroxyethanoic acid using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
These peels involve the application of a higher concentration of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid to the skin, followed by exfoliation and skin rejuvenation.

While 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is commonly associated with facial skincare, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid can also be used on other parts of the body to address issues like keratosis pilaris, rough skin on elbows and knees, and body acne.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid may be used to adjust the pH level of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid.

This can help optimize the effectiveness of other active ingredients.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can also act as a humectant, meaning 2-hydroxyethanoic acid can attract and retain moisture in the skin, which is beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin.

However, it's essential to use moisturizers alongside 2-hydroxyethanoic acid products to prevent excessive dryness.
In industrial and household applications, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is sometimes used to remove stains and scale deposits, such as those caused by hard water, rust, or mineral buildup.

When using 2-hydroxyethanoic acid-containing products in your skincare routine, be cautious about mixing them with other active ingredients, especially strong acids like salicylic acid or vitamin C.
Combining certain active ingredients can lead to skin irritation or reduce effectiveness, so it's advisable to consult with a skincare professional for guidance.

In medicine, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid has been used in wound care products to help promote the healing of minor cuts, abrasions, and surgical incisions.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be used to manage keratosis pilaris, a common skin condition characterized by small, rough bumps on the skin, often found on the arms and thighs.

Some over-the-counter products containing 2-hydroxyethanoic acid are used to soften and help remove calluses and corns on the feet.
In some hair care products, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid may be included to help exfoliate the scalp, remove product buildup, and improve hair texture.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid can help repair sun-damaged skin by promoting the shedding of damaged skin cells and stimulating the production of healthier, more youthful-looking skin.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is often used in products designed for sun-damaged or aging skin.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be used to prevent and treat ingrown hairs, particularly in areas prone to razor bumps and irritation, such as the beard area in men.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is sometimes combined with other skincare ingredients like salicylic acid, hyaluronic acid, and retinol to create more comprehensive skincare products that address multiple concerns, such as acne, aging, and hydration.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid (2-hydroxyethanoic acid) reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Preparation of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for 2-hydroxyethanoic acid low cost.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's 2-hydroxyethanoic acids are formic acid-free.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.

Typical Properties of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions, forming coordination complexes.

Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid proton.

History of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
The name "2-hydroxyethanoic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "2-hydroxyethanoic acid" (acide glycolique).

2-hydroxyethanoic acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced 2-hydroxyethanoic acid by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and 2-hydroxyethanoic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzo2-hydroxyethanoic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl 2-hydroxyethanoic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and 2-hydroxyethanoic acid (Glykolsäure).

Safety Profile of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
2-hydroxyethanoic acid can cause skin irritation, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.
This may manifest as redness, burning, itching, or stinging.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid's essential to perform a patch test before using 2-hydroxyethanoic acid products.

2-hydroxyethanoic acid can make the skin more sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
This increased sensitivity can lead to a higher risk of sunburn and skin damage.
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is crucial to use sunscreen and protective clothing when using 2-hydroxyethanoic acid products and avoid excessive sun exposure.

As an exfoliant, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid can cause dryness and peeling, especially when used in high concentrations or too frequently.
This can be managed by using moisturizers and reducing the frequency of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid application.

While rare, some individuals may be allergic or hypersensitive to 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, leading to more severe skin reactions.
In cases where high concentrations of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid are used without proper supervision or inappropriately, chemical burns can occur.
This is more common in professional treatments like chemical peels and should only be administered by trained professionals.

First aid measures of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:

General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show 2-hydroxyethanoic acid safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Immediately call in physician.

If breathing stops:
Immediately apply artificial respiration, if necessary also oxygen.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most), avoid vomiting (risk of perforation).
Call a physician immediately. Do not attempt to neutralise.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Firefighting measures of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2) Dry powder

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Carbon oxides
Combustible.

Vapors are heavier than air and may spread along floors.
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.

Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental release measures of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Handling and storage of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:

Precautions for safe handling:

Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.

Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Stability and reactivity:

Reactivity of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
A range from approx. 15 Kelvin below the flash point is to be rated as critical.

The following applies in general to flammable organic substances and mixtures:
In correspondingly fine distribution, when whirled up a dust explosion potential may generally be assumed.

Chemical stability:
2-hydroxyethanoic acid is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reactions possible with:
Oxidizing agents
Reducing agents

Conditions to avoid:
Strong heating.

Incompatible materials:
Gives off hydrogen by reaction with metals.

Identifiers of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
CAS Number: 79-14-1
ChEBI: CHEBI:17497
ChEMBL: ChEMBL252557
ChemSpider: 737
DrugBank: DB03085
ECHA InfoCard: 100.001.073
EC Number: 201-180-5
KEGG: C00160
PubChem CID: 757
RTECS number: MC5250000
UNII: 0WT12SX38S
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID0025363
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5)
Key: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N check
InChI=1/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5)
Key: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYAR
SMILES: OC(=O)CO

Synonym(s): Hydroxyacetic acid
Linear Formula: HOCH2COOH
CAS Number: 79-14-1
Molecular Weight: 76.05
Beilstein: 1209322
EC Number: 201-180-5
MDL number: MFCD00004312
eCl@ss: 39021303
PubChem Substance ID: 24847624
NACRES: NA.21

Properties of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
Chemical formula: C2H4O3
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or colorless crystals
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 70% solution
Solubility in other solvents: Alcohols, acetone, acetic acid and ethyl acetate
log P: −1.05
Acidity (pKa): 3.83

Quality Level: 200
product line: ReagentPlus®
Assay: 99%
form: solid
mp: 75-80 °C (lit.)
solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
SMILES string: OCC(O)=O
InChI: 1S/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5)
InChI key: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: 2-hydroxyethanoic acid
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105

Specifications of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
Color according to color reference solution Ph.Eur.: colorless liquid
Assay (acidimetric): 69.0 - 74.0 %
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 1.260 - 1.280
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 3 ppm
Refractive index (n 20°/D): 1.410 - 1.415
pH-value: 0.0 - 1.0

Related compounds of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:
Glycolaldehyde
Acetic acid
Glycerol

Related α-hydroxy acids:
Lactic acid

Names of 2-hydroxyethanoic acid:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Hydroxyacetic acid

Other names:
Hydroacetic acid
Glycolic acid

2-ACRYLAMIDE-2-METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID; 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID; 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID; 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANESULPHONIC ACID; 2-ACRYLOYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID; 2-METHYL-2-[(1-OXO-2-PROPENYL)AMINO]-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID; ACRYLAMIDO BUFFER; AMPS; AMPS MONOMER; 1-Propanesulfonicacid,2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-; 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate; 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonicaci; TBAS; 2-Acryloylamino-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid; 2-ACRYLOYLAMIDO-2-; METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID MONOMER ; 2-Acrylamide-2-MethyylPropaneSodiumSulfonate CAS NO:15214-89-8

2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) forms homopolymers and copolymers.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is used mainly either as a co-monomer in the manufacture of polymers or as a chemical reactant in the manufacture of chemical intermediates.
Co-reactants with 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) include aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates, anhydrides, and epoxides.

CAS: 818-61-1
MF: C5H8O3
MW: 116.12
EINECS: 212-454-9

Synonyms
2-(Acryloyloxy)ethanol;2-Hydroxyethylester kyseliny akrylove;2-hydroxyethylesterkyselinyakrylove;2-Propenoicacid,2-hydroxyethylester;beta-Hydroxyethyl acrylate;beta-hydroxyethylacrylate;Bisomer 2HEA;bisomer2hea;2-HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE
;818-61-1;Hydroxyethyl acrylate;2-hydroxyethyl prop-2-enoate;2-Propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester;Ethylene glycol monoacrylate;Bisomer 2HEA;Acrylic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester
;2-hydroxyethylacrylate;2-(Acryloyloxy)ethanol;Ethylene glycol, acrylate;Acrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester;Ethylene glycol, monoacrylate;CCRIS 3431;HSDB 1123;EINECS 212-454-9
;2-Hydroxyethylester kyseliny akrylove;UNII-25GT92NY0C;BRN 0969853;25GT92NY0C;26022-14-0
;DTXSID2022123;MFCD00002865;DTXCID202123;HEA;EC 212-454-9;HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE, 2-;26403-58-7
;MFCD00081878;CAS-818-61-1;2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate(7.56 cp(15.5 degrees c));2-Hydroxyethylester kyseliny akrylove [Czech];hydroxyethylacrylate;hydroxylethyl acrylate
;2-hydroxylethylacrylate;Ethyleen glycol acrylaat;Ethylene glycol acrylate;2-hydroxy-ethyl acrylate;beta-Hydroxyethyl acrylate;Ethandiol-1,2-monoacrylate;2-Hydroxyethyl-2-propenoate
;.beta.-Hydroxyethyl acrylate;SCHEMBL14875;MLS002174257;Acrylic acid hydroxyethyl ester
;CHEMBL1330518;2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate,97.5%;acrylic acid 2-hydroxy-ethyl ester;Tox21_201430
;Tox21_302968;2-propenoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester;2-Propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethylester
;AKOS015856805;2-HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE [HSDB];2-HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE [INCI];CS-W013616
;NCGC00090958-01;NCGC00090958-02;NCGC00256462-01;NCGC00258981-01;LS-13051;SMR001253953
;A0743;NS00006157;2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (stabilized with MEHQ);D78194;2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate, (stabilized with MEHQ);A840207;J-521472;Q27253959;InChI=1/C5H8O3/c1-2-5(7)8-4-3-6/h2,6H,1,3-4H;2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate, 96%, contains 200-650 ppm monomethyl ether hydroquinone as inhibitor

The polymers and chemical intermediates made with 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) find applications in automotive top coatings, architectural coatings, photocure resins, and adhesives.
Globally about half of the 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) produced is used in the production of acrylic enamels for the automotive industry, where a clear topcoat is applied to a pigmented base coat to increase corrosion protection and durability.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is a functional monomer for the manufacture of thermosetting acrylic resins.
A clear colorless liquid.
Less dense than water.
Vapors heavier than air.
Corrosive to tissue.
Flash point 120°F.

May polymerize exothermically if heated or contaminated.
If the polymerization takes place inside a container, the container may rupture violently.
Used to make plastics.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is a monomer that belongs to the class of acrylates.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is used in the synthesis of polymers, such as glycol ethers and polyacrylates.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) has a high molecular weight and low reactivity, which makes it an excellent candidate for use in medical devices.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) has been shown to have anti-bacterial activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens.
The antimicrobial activity may be due to its ability to bind with bacterial membranes, leading to cell death by lysis.

2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) can also form hydrogen bonds with other molecules, which may contribute to its antimicrobial properties.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is an organic chemical and an aliphatic compound.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) has the formula C5H8O3 and the CAS Registry Number 818–61–1.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is REACH registered with an EU number of 212–454–9.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) has dual functionality containing a polymerizable acrylic group and a terminal hydroxy group.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is used to make emulsion polymers along with other monomers and the resultant resins are used in coatings, sealants, adhesives and elastomers and other applications.
The toxicity of the material has been studied and is fairly well understood.

In the manufacture of polymers, 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) can be co-polymerized with acrylic acid, acrylates, methacrylates, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, styrene, butadiene, and the like.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is an acrylate monomer.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) forms homopolymers and copolymers.
Exhibits scratch resistance, weatherability and has low VOC.
Copolymers of 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) can be prepared with acrylic acid and its salts, amides and esters, and with methacrylates, acrylonitrile, maleic acid esters, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, styrene, butadiene, unsaturated polyesters and drying oils, etc.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) readily undergoes addition reactions with a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds.

2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) Chemical Properties
Melting point: -60 °C
Boiling point: 90-92 °C12 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: 1.106 g/mL at 20 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.45(lit.)
Fp: 209 °F
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Form: Oily Liquid
pka: 13.85±0.10(Predicted)
Color: Yellow to brown
Water Solubility: soluble
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
BRN: 969853
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 5 mg/m3
NIOSH: TWA 5 mg/m3
InChIKey: OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.17 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 818-61-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA)(818-61-1)
EPA Substance Registry System: 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) (818-61-1)

2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is a clear colorless liquid.
miscible with water, soluble in general organic solvents.
The commodity generally contains 400ppm of hydroquinone methylether, a polymerization inhibitor.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is a difunctional acrylate monomer with the characteristic high reactivity.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is used in a crylics for coatings, adhesives and UV reacitve oligomers.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) can be used for crosslinking with isocyantes or melamines.
The material is a clear water-white liquid with a mild but pungent ester like odor.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) has a low freezing point.

Uses
As a reactive monomer 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is used as a crosslinking agent for resins, plastics and rubber modifiers.
Further, 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is used in the synthesis of amphilic block copolymers by nitroxide mediated living radical polymerization.
In addition to this, 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is used to prepare tuned poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) by atom transfer radical polymerization.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is an acrylic monomer for use in UV inks, adhesives, lacquers, artificial nails, etc.

The most common use for the material is to be copolymerized with other acrylate and methacrylate monomers to make emulsion and other polymers including hydrogels.
Modification of rubbers and similar compounds is also a use for the material.
The resultant polymers may be used to manufacture pressure-sensitive adhesives.
2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) is mainly used for heat-curing acrylic coating resin, light-curing acrylic coating resin, photosensitive coating resin, water-soluble electroplating coating resin, adhesive, textile treatment agent, ester processing and polymer modifier, polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent In other aspects, 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) has the characteristics of less dosage, but can significantly improve the performance of the product.

Synthesis
There are a number of patents and synthesis papers to produce the material mostly aimed at reducing or removing heavy metals as catalysts.
The traditional manufacturing process calls for the reaction of ethylene oxide with acrylic acid in the presence of a metal catalyst.

DESCRIPTION:

2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) (also known as glycol methacrylate) is the organic compound with the chemical formula H2C\dC(CH3)CO2CH2CH2OH.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerizes.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is a monomer that is used to make various polymers.

CAS Number: 868-77-9
EC Number 212-782-2
Molecular Weight: 130.14
Linear Formula: CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2OH


SYNONYM(S) OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (2-HEMA):
1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate), Glycol methacrylate, HEMA,HEMA; hydroxyethylmethacrylate; glycol methacrylate; glycol monomethacrylate; hydroxyethyl methacrylate; ethylene glycol methacrylate; 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethanol,2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate,glycol methacrylate,HEMA,Historesin,hydroxyethyl methacrylate,2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE,868-77-9,Glycol methacrylate,Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,HEMA,Glycol monomethacrylate,Ethylene glycol methacrylate,2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate,2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol,2-hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate,Mhoromer,Methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester,Monomer MG-1,Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate,2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA),beta-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,NSC 24180,2-Hydroxyethyl methylacrylate,2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester,PHEMA,CCRIS 6879,CHEBI:34288,Ethylene glycol, monomethacrylate,HSDB 5442,12676-48-1,EINECS 212-782-2,UNII-6E1I4IV47V,BRN 1071583,Monomethacrylic ether of ethylene glycol,6E1I4IV47V,DTXSID7022128,PEG-MA,1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methyl)-2-propenoate,NSC-24180,2-hydroxyethylmethylacrylate,ethyleneglycol monomethacrylate,DTXCID202128,.beta.-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (hema),EC 212-782-2,4-02-00-01530 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),NSC24180,2-2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA),MFCD00002863,MFCD00081879,2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (stabilized with MEHQ),Bisomer HEMA,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,ophthalmic grade,hydroxyethylmethacrylate,1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate),hydroxyehtyl methacrylate,hydroxylethyl methacrylate,2-hydroxyetyl methacrylate,2-HEMA,Epitope ID:117123,2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate,2-hydroxyethyl(methacrylate),SCHEMBL14886,WLN: Q2OVY1&U1,2-methacryloyloxyethyl alcohol,BIDD:ER0648,CHEMBL1730239,CHEBI:53709,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 98%,2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylacrylate #,Tox21_200415,AKOS015899920,Methacrylic,Acid 2-Hydroxyethyl Ester,CS-W013439,DS-9647,HY-W012723,NCGC00166101-01,NCGC00166101-02,NCGC00257969-01,CAS-868-77-9,PD167321,SY279104,2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE [HSDB],2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,low acid grade,1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenyl,2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE [WHO-DD],M0085,NS00008941,EN300-98188,D70640,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(hema),technical grade,2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester,Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(5.9cp(30 degrees c)),2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-,2-hydroxiethyl ester,A904584,Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(>200cp(25 degrees c)),Q424799,2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, (stabilized with MEHQ),J-509674,2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, Stabilized with 250 ppm MEHQ,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, embedding medium (for microscopy),InChI=1/C6H10O3/c1-5(2)6(8)9-4-3-7/h7H,1,3-4H2,2H,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, >=99%, contains <=50 ppm monomethyl ether hydroquinone as inhibitor,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, contains <=250 ppm monomethyl ether hydroquinone as inhibitor, 97%


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA), Normal Grade, in the form of a colorless, clear liquid, is an industrial solvent that can be used in automotive coatings and primers.
Because of its vinyl double bond, this product can copolymerize with other monomers to produce copolymers with hydroxy groups.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is an enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) has a role as a polymerisation monomer and an allergen.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is functionally related to an ethylene glycol and a methacrylic acid.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is a hydroxyester compound and a resin monomer used in desensitizing dentin.
By applying 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate locally to sensitive teeth, sensitive areas in the teeth get sealed and block the dentinal tubules at the dentin surface from stimuli that cause pain.
This prevents excitation of the tooth nerve and relieves pain caused by tooth hypersensitivity.




2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is an ester of Methacrylic acid and is used as a raw material component in the synthesis of polymers.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) forms a homopolymer and copolymers.
Copolymers of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) can be prepared with (meth)acrylic acid and its salts, amides, and esters, as well as (meth)acrylates, acrylonitrile, maleic acid esters, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, styrene, butadiene, and other monomers.

2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA), easily entering into the reaction of accession with a wide range of organic and inorganic substances, is used for the synthesis of organic low molecular weight substances.



Clear colorless, easily flowable liquid monomer with a pungent, sweet odor.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) comprises of a polymerizable methacrylate functional group in one end and a reactive hydroxyl group at the other end.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) easily dissolves in water and has relatively low volatility.

2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) copolymerizes readily with a wide variety of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-link sites, and impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance as well as contribute to low odor, color, and volatility.





SYNTHESIS OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (2-HEMA):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate was first synthesized around 1925.
Common methods of synthesis are:[5]
reaction of methacrylic acid with ethylene oxide;
esterification of methacrylic acid with a large excess of ethylene glycol.

Both these methods give also some amount of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
During polymerization of hydroxyethylmethacrylate, it works as crosslinking agent.[5]


PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (2-HEMA):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate is completely miscible with water and ethanol, but its polymer is practically insoluble in common solvents.
Its viscosity is 0.0701 Pa⋅s at 20°C[6] and 0.005 Pa⋅s at 30°C.[3]
During polymerization, it shrinks by approximately 6%.[6]


APPLICATIONS OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (2-HEMA):
Contact lenses[edit]
In 1960, O. Wichterle and D. Lím[7] described its use in synthesis of hydrophilic crosslinked networks, and these results had great importance for manufacture of soft contact lenses.

Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate is hydrophilic: it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight.
Because of this property, it was one of the first materials to be used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses.

Use in 3D printing
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate lends itself well to applications in 3D printing as it cures quickly at room temperature when exposed to UV light in the presence of photoinitiators.
It may be used as a monomeric matrix in which 40nm silica particles are suspended for 3D glass printing.[9]
When combined with a suitable blowing agent such as BOC anhydride it forms a foaming resin which expands when heated.[10]

Other
In electron microscopy, later in light microscopy, hydroxyethylmethacrylate serves as an embedding medium.
When treated with polyisocyanates, polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate makes a crosslinked polymer, an acrylic resin, that is a useful component in some paints.


FEATURES & BENEFITS OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (2-HEMA)
Chemical resistance
Hydraulic stability
Flexibility
Impact resistance
Adhesion
Weatherability


APPLICATIONS AREAS:
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is used in the preparation of solid polymers, acrylic dispersions, and polymer solutions, which are used in various industries.

2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is applied in the production of:
Coating Resins
Automotive coatings
Architectural coatings
Paper coatings
Industrial coatings
Plastics
Hygiene products
Adhesives & Sealants
Textile finishes
Printing inks
Contact lens
Modifiers
Photosensitive materials
Additives for oil production and transportation








CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (2-HEMA):
Chemical formula C6H10O3
Molar mass 130.143 g•mol−1
Appearance Colourless liquid
Density 1.07 g/cm3
Melting point −99 °C (−146 °F; 174 K)[2]
Boiling point 213 °C (415 °F; 486 K)[2]
Solubility in water miscible
log P 0.50[1]
Vapor pressure 0.08 hPa
Molecular Weight
130.14 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
XLogP3
0.5
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
1
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
3
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
130.062994177 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
130.062994177 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
46.5Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
9
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
118
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
CAS number 868-77-9
EC index number 607-124-00-X
EC number 212-782-2
Hill Formula C₆H₁₀O₃
Chemical formula CH₂=C(CH₃)COOCH₂CH₂OH
Molar Mass 130.14 g/mol
HS Code 2916 14 00
Assay (GC, area%) ≥ 97.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C) 1.069 - 1.072
Identity (IR) passes test
Molecular Weight 130
Appearance Colorless transparent liquid
Odor Aromatic odor
Refractive Index (25℃) 1.451
Boiling Point (℃ 760mmHg) 205
Freezing Point (℃ 760mmHg) -12
Flash Point (℃) 107 (Cleveland open-cup flash test)
Viscosity (CP 25℃) 6.1
Solubility Readily soluble in water
Stability&
Reactivity Polymerize under sunlight and heat
Chemical Properties:
Purity
min. 98.0 %
Acid Value
max. 1.0 %
Water content
max. 0.3 %
Color APHA
max. 30
Physical Properties:
Appearance
colorless
Physical form
Liquid
Odor
Aromatic
Molecular weight
130.14 g/mol
Polymer Tg
Tg 25 °C
Tg
- 6 °C
Density
1.073 g/mL at 25°C
Boiling Point
211 °C
Freezing Point
- 12 °C
Flash point
96 °C
Melting Point
- 60 °C
Viscosity
6.8 (mPa.s) at 20 °C
Vapor Point
0.065 hPa
pH
4 (500 g/l in water)
Alternative names:
1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate); Glycol methacrylate; HEMA
Application:
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate is wide applications for drug delivery
CAS number :
868-77-9
Purity :
97%
Molecular weight :
130.14
Molecular Formula :
C 6 H 10 O 3


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (2-HEMA):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) (also known as glycol methacrylate) is the organic compound with the chemical formula H2C\dC(CH3)CO2CH2CH2OH.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerizes.



CAS Number: 868-77-9
EC Number: 212-782-2
MDL number: MFCD00002863
Linear Formula: CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2OH
Chemical formula: C6H10O3



SYNONYMS:
1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate), Glycol methacrylate, HEMA, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, 2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methyl)-2-propenoate, 1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate), 1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenyl, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Bisomer HEMA, Ethylene glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, Glycol methacrylate, Glycol monomethacrylate, GMA, HEMA, Methacrylic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, HEMA, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, glycol methacrylate, glycol monomethacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, β-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, Ethylene glycol methacrylate, Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, Glycol methacrylate, Glycol monomethacrylate, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, Monomer MG-1, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, Mhoromer, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Bisomer HEMA, GMA, HEMA, 1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenyl, NSC 24180, 1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenoate-, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycol methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycol monomethacrylate, hema, ethylene glycol methacrylate, 2-methacryloyloxy ethanol, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, mhoromer, monomer mg-1, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl-2-methyl-2-propenoate, 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, beta-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, glycol methacrylate, HEMA, metacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, methylpropenoic acid, hydroxyethyl ester, 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 2-HEMA, 2-Hydroxyethyl ester, methacrylic acid, 2-Hydroxyethyl-2-methyl-2-propenoate, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid-2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-Methyl-acrylic acid 2-hydroxy-ethyl ester, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, CHINT: Methacrylic (EG)E, Ethylene glycol methacrylate, Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, Glycol methacrylate, Glycol monomethacrylate, HEMA, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, Methacrylate de 2-hydroxyethyle (French), Methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl, Methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Methacrylic acid-(2-hydroxy-ethyl ester), Methylpropenoic acid, hydroxyethyl ester, Phase I REACH Kandidat, ROCRyL(TM) 400 (HEMA-LA), beta-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate



2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is perhaps the most widely studied and used neutral hydrophilic monomer.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is soluble, its homopolymer is water-insoluble but plasticized and swollen in water.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a clear, colourless liquid with a sweet odour which is soluble in water.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is an ester of methacrylic acid used to make the polymer polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, which was one of the first materials to be used successfully in flexible contact lenses.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) copolymerizes readily with a wide range of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups provide improved adhesion to surfaces, hydrophilicity, resistance to corrosion, fogging, and abrasion, incorporate cross-link sites, and reduce odour, colour, and volatility.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) (also known as glycol methacrylate) is the organic compound with the chemical formula H2C\dC(CH3)CO2CH2CH2OH.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerizes.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a monomer that is used to make various polymers.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a neutral hydrophilic monomer useful in UV curing polymer systems & durable high gloss coatings.
Other industrial applications of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) include nails, dental, hydrogels (such as contact lens), UV inks & adhesives.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) provides scratch, solvent & weather resistance, control of hydrophobicity &/or can introduce reactive sites.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is perhaps the most widely studied and used neutral hydrophilic monomer.
This bifunctional monomer, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA), which contains both acrylate and hydroxyl functionality, is produced from the esterification of methacrylic acid by ethylene glycol or from ethylene oxide via a ring-opening process.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is an ester of methacrylic acid, soluble in water and has relatively low volatility.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) copolymerizes easily with a variety of monomers, incorporates cross-link sites, imparts corrosion, fogging and abrasion resistance, and the hydroxyl group improves adhesion.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is also a key raw material for acrylic polyols.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA)'s copolymers can be prepared with (meth)acrylic acid and its salts, amides, and esters, as well as with (meth)acrylates, acrylonitrile, maleic acid esters, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, styrene, butadiene, and other monomers.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is the monomer that is used to make the polymer polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is hydrophobic; however, when the polymer is subjected to water it will swell due to the molecule’s hydrophilic pendant group.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic odour.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is an ester of methacrylic acid.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) easily dissolves in water, relatively low volatility, non-toxic and non-yellowing.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) copolymerizes readily with a wide variety of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-linking sites, and impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance, as well as contribute to low odour, colour, and volatility.
The 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is water soluble, while its homopolymer is water-insoluble but plasticized and swollen in water.



USES and APPLICATIONS of 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers which in turn are used in a range of commercial applications such as adhesives, paint resins, performance products, reactive systems, printing inks, coatings for automotive, appliance, and metal applications and as an intermediate for chemical syntheses.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is the basis for many hydrogel products such as soft contact lenses, as well as polymer binders for controlled drug release, absorbents for body fluids and lubricious coatings.
As a co-monomer with other ester monomers, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) can be used to control hydrophobicity or introduce reactive sites.


Main Applications of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA): Coating compounds, photosensitive resins, contact lens.
Application of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA): Adhesives, Adhesives-PSA, Automotive coatings, Coatings for Plastics, Emulsion Polymers, Metal Coatings, Radiation Cure, and Resins.


2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is a monomer used in the synthesis of various polymers, and the polymer PHEMA of 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate is widely used in the synthesis of dental composite materials.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a well-known biocompatible product of high interest for medical applications in dentistry, bone cements, and biomaterials.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is an ester of Methacrylic Acid and is used as a raw material in the synthesis of polymers.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) can form homopolymers and copolymers.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is used in the preparation of solid polymers, acrylic dispersions, and polymer solutions used in various industries.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is often used to increase the hydrophobicity or surface adhesion of polymers and polymer-based materials such as specialty coatings, resins, adhesives, printing inks, and acrylic plastics.
As a co-monomer with other acrylic ester monomers, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) can be used to control hydrophobicity or introduce reactive sites.


In biomedical applications, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is the basis for many hydrogel products such as soft contact lenses, polymer binders for controlled drug release, absorbents for body fluids, and for lubricious coatings.


The 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is used in certain contact lenses where it has the additional advantage of being rigid and easy to shape with grinding tools when it is dry and then becomes flexible
when it absorbs water.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers for adhesives, printing inks, coatings and metal applications.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is also widely used as reactive diluent and alternative to styrene in unsatured polyester (UPR).
Depending on the physical and chemical structure of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA), it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight.


Because of this property, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) was one of the first materials to be successfully used in the manufacture of flexible contact lenses.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is mainly used for hot curing acrylic coating, UV-curable acrylic materials, photosensitive coating, water soluble plating coating, adhesive, textile treatment agent, ester polymer, modifier polymer, and stem acid water reducing agent, etc.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is used in the manufacture of paint, car paint and primer with resin, polymer resin can be applied to the light, playing board, printing ink, gel (contact lenses) and tinned material coating, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and optical microscope (LM) embedding reagent, samples used for "sensitive antigen sites" of hydration.


2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is mainly used for resin and coating modification.
Plastic industry, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is used in the manufacture of containing active hydroxyl acrylic resin.


-Optical lenses uses of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA):
The main application of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels is the preparation of contact and intraocular lenses used after cataract extraction.
Also, the vision decrement associated with deposit accumulation on 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) contact lenses was assessed.


-Dentistry uses of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA):
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) was found to be highly biocompatible and resorbable for primary teeth endodontic filling.
However, due to its hydrophilicity, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) appeared more useful in dentistry as a bonding reagent between dentine and other types of restorative resions.


-Contact lenses uses of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA):
In 1960, O. Wichterle and D. Lím described its use in synthesis of hydrophilic crosslinked networks, and these results had great importance for manufacture of soft contact lenses.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is hydrophilic: it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight.
Because of this property, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) was one of the first materials to be used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses.


-Use of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) in 3D printing:
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) lends itself well to applications in 3D printing as it cures quickly at room temperature when exposed to UV light in the presence of photoinitiators.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) may be used as a monomeric matrix in which 40nm silica particles are suspended for 3D glass printing.
When combined with a suitable blowing agent such as BOC anhydride 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) forms a foaming resin which expands when heated.


-Other use of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA):
In electron microscopy, later in light microscopy, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) serves as an embedding medium.
When treated with polyisocyanates, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) makes a crosslinked polymer, an acrylic resin, that is a useful component in some paints.



IT IS APPLIED IN THE PRODUCTION OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is applied in the productıon of Coating resins, automotive coatings, architectural coatings,
paper coatings, industrial coatings, Plastics, hygiene products, adhesives and sealants, textile processes, printing inks, contact lenses, modifiers, photosensitive materials, and additives for petroleum production and transportation.



SYNTHESIS OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) was first synthesized around 1925.
Common methods of synthesis are:

*reaction of methacrylic acid with ethylene oxide;
*esterification of methacrylic acid with a large excess of ethylene glycol.

Both these methods give also some amount of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
During polymerization of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA), it works as crosslinking agent.



PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is completely miscible with water and ethanol, but its polymer is practically insoluble in common solvents.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA)'s viscosity is 0.0701 Pa⋅s at 20°C and 0.005 Pa⋅s at 30°C.
During polymerization, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) shrinks by approximately 6%.



FUNCTION OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
*Abrasion Resistance
*Adhesion
*Cross-linker
*Low Color
*Low Odor
*Low Volatility
*Scratch Resistance



PROPERTIES OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
*Chemical resistance
*hydraulic stability
*flexibility
*impact resistance
*adhesion
*weather resistance



PREPARATION OF 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a commercially important and widely used monomer.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is commonly prepared in a one-step reaction from methyl methacrylate or methacrylic acid.

Specifically, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) can be synthesized by the following two methods:
i. the first method involved the transesterification of ethylene glycol1;
ii. the second is the reaction between ethylene oxide and methacrylic acid2.

Several procedures were developed in order to remove the impurities in the production of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA), such as soaking, extraction and ion-exchange.
As the major methacrylic derivative, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) can be polymerized by radical initiators or by various methods (γ-ray, UV, plasma, et. al).

2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA)'s primary –OH group allows the substitution reactions with the monomer or the corresponding polymer.
By adopting various techniques, the grafting of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA)and copolymers prepared with HEMA as a comonomer has been performed with natural polymers such as cellulose, dextran, and starch.

In addition, synthetic polymers, polyethylene, polyurethanes, poly vinylic alcohol, blends of acrylic networks and polyvinylic alcohol, and polyesters also give grafting reactions whose aim is to improve the mechanical and physical properties of the initial products.

2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is inert, water-stable, and nondegradable with high transparency.
Because of its hydroxyethyl pendant groups, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is widely prepared in the form of hydrogel to manufacture soft contact lenses.

Hydrogels generally absorb a large amount of water, and this swelling is responsible for the rubbery and soft properties of hydrogel.
Hydrogels have found applications in environmental, biomedical, food, etc., fields.

The physical properties of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) (e.g., swelling, stiffness, and rheology) can be tuned by varying cross-linking density, incorporating different chemistries through copolymerization, and introducing mesoscopic pores.

Specifically, a reduction in cross-linking density results in a softer, more malleable hydrogel that may be better suited for soft tissue regeneration.
Moreover, copolymerization with acetic acid, methylmethacrylate, or dextran can adjust the permanence, hydrophilicity, and cellular adhesion in vivo.
Finally, the introduction of mesoscopic porogens can facilitate vascular ingrowth, improve cellular attachment, and overcome limited permeability.

Although 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is considered nondegradable (which makes it ideally suited for long-term applications in vivo), degradable pHEMA copolymers have been fabricated by the integration of enzymatically susceptible monomers (e.g., dextran) or cross-linking agents.
These degradable materials show promise for controlled release of pharmaceuticals and proteins.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
CAS Number: 868-77-9
Molecular Weight: 130.14
Beilstein: 1071583
MDL number: MFCD00002863
Physical state: Clear liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Ester-like
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/range: -12 °C (lit.)
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 67 °C at 4.7 hPa (lit.)
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 106 °C - closed cup

Autoignition temperature: 375 °C at 1.024 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity: 6.36 mm2/s at 20 °C, 3.42 mm2/s at 40 °C
Dynamic viscosity: 9 mPa.s at 20 °C
Water solubility: 100 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water log Pow: 0.42 at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.08 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 1.073 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available

Oxidizing properties: None
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical formula: C6H10O3
Molar mass: 130.143 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.07 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: -12 °C
Boiling point: 250 °C (1013 hPa)
Solubility in water: Miscible
log P: 0.50
Vapor pressure: 0.08 hPa (20 °C)
CAS number: 868-77-9
EC index number: 607-124-00-X
EC number: 212-782-2
Hill Formula: C₆H₁₀O₃

HS Code: 2916 14 00
Flash point: 107 °C (Cleveland open-cup flash test)
Refractive Index (25℃): 1.451
Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
Odor: Aromatic odor
Boiling Point (℃ 760mmHg): 205
Freezing Point (℃ 760mmHg): -12
Ignition Temperature (℃): No data
Flammability Limits/ Ranges (vol%): No data
Viscosity (CP 25℃): 6.1
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Stability & Reactivity: Polymerize under sunlight and heat
Substance name: 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
EC no: 212-782-2
CAS no: 868-77-9
Formula: C6H10O3



FIRST AID MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/ shower. Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water
system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,65 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:KCL 720 Camapren®
Splash contact:
Material: Latex gloves
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: 10 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is the organic compound with the formula C6H5OC2H4OH.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a colorless oily liquid.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) can be classified as a glycol ether and a phenol ether.

CAS: 122-99-6
MF: C8H10O2
MW: 138.16
EINECS: 204-589-7

2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a common preservative in vaccine formulations.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is an organic chemical compound, a glycol ether often used in dermatological products such as skin creams and sunscreen.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a colorless oily liquid.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a bactericide (usually used in conjunction with quaternary ammonium compounds).
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is used in many applications such as cosmetics, vaccines and pharmaceuticals as a preservative.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is an aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) has a role as an antiinfective agent and a central nervous system depressant.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a primary alcohol, a glycol ether and an aromatic ether.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is functionally related to a phenol.

2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is an aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) has a role as an antiinfective agent and a central nervous system depressant.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a primary alcohol, a glycol ether and an aromatic ether.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is functionally related to a phenol.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a glycol ether used as a perfume fixative, insect repellent, antiseptic, solvent, preservative, and also as an anesthetic in fish aquaculture.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is an ether alcohol with aromatic properties.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is both naturally found and manufactured synthetically.
Demonstrating antimicrobial ability, phenoxyethanol acts as an effective preservative in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and lubricants.

2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a chemical compound that belongs to the class of polyols.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a colorless liquid with a strong odor and has a molecular weight of 198.22 g/mol.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is used in the production of polyester, polyurethane, and cellulose acetate butyrate.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) also has an anti-oxidant effect that can be utilized in industrial processes such as oxidation polymerization, dyeing, and curing agents.
The synthesis methods for resorcinol bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether include acetaldehyde condensation with glycerol or ethylene oxide followed by hydrolysis.

2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 11-13 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 247 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.102 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 4.8 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.539
FEMA: 4620 | 2-PHENOXYETHANOL
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: soluble, clear, colorless to very faintly yellow
pka: 14.36±0.10(Predicted)
Form: Liquid
Color: Clear colorless
Specific Gravity: 1.109 (20/4℃)
Odor: Faint aromatic odor
PH Range: 7 at 10 g/l at 23 °C
PH: 7 (10g/l, H2O, 23℃)
Explosive limit: 1.4-9.0%(V)
Odor Type: floral
Water Solubility: 30 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,7257
BRN: 1364011
InChIKey: QCDWFXQBSFUVSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.2 at 23℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 122-99-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: 2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) (122-99-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: 2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) (122-99-6)

2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with a faint pleasant odor and burning taste.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a tried-and-tested preservative, which is welltolerated by the skin and has a low allergy risk.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) can be used over a wide pH range.
This means that other preservatives can lose their effectiveness if the product is not within the right pH range.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) does not smell unpleasant or change the color of the product, which can be the case when using natural antimicrobial substances.

Use
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) has germicidal and germistatic properties.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is often used together with quaternary ammonium compounds.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is used as a perfume fixative; an insect repellent; an antiseptic; a solvent for cellulose acetate, dyes, inks, and resins; a preservative for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and lubricants; an anesthetic in fish aquaculture; and in organic synthesis.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is an alternative to formaldehyde-releasing preservatives.
In Japan and the European Union, its concentration in cosmetics is restricted to 1%.

2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a broad-range preservative with fungicidal, bactericidal, insecticidal, and germicidal properties.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) has a relatively low sensitizing factor in leave-on cosmetics.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) can be used in concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 percent, and in combination with other preservatives such as sorbic acid or parabens.
In addition, 2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is used as a solvent for aftershaves, face and hair lotions, shampoos, and skin creams of all types.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) can be obtained from phenol.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) at a 1.0% level acts as a preservative in personal care products.

2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a preservative used in consumer and health care products, including vaccines, pen inks, ear drops, shampoos, skin cleansers, moisturizers, sun care products, and topical medicaments.
The preservative 2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) also contains 2-phenoxyethanol, in combination with methyldibromoglutaronitrile.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is commonly used in cosmetics for its antibacterial and antifungal properties.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is increasingly being used in vaccines as a substitute for thiomersal and is also a component of pen inks and, more rarely, ear drops.
Reactions to 2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) have rarely been reported.

Three cases of CoU induced by phenoxyethanol in cosmetics have been reported.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is used as a single agent and in combination with other preservatives such as 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane (Euxyl K 400) and parabens, or in conjunction with quaternary ammonium compounds.
The possibility of immunological IgE-mediated reaction could not be confirmed because specific IgE against 2-phenoxyethanol was negative.
Antimicrobial preservative; also used topically in treatment of bacterial infections.

Pharmaceutical Applications
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics and topical pharmaceutical formulations at a concentration of 0.5–1.0%; it may also be used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent for vaccines.
Therapeutically, a 2.2% solution or 2.0% cream has been used as a disinfectant for superficial wounds, burns, and minor infections of the skin and mucous membranes.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) has a narrow spectrum of activity and is thus frequently used in combination with other preservatives.

Industrial Uses
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is used as a preservative in cosmetic formulations at a maximum concentration of 1.0%.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is a broad spectrum preservative which has excellent activity against a wide range of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, yeast and mould.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is also used as a solvent and, because of its properties as a solvent, it is used in many blends and mixtures with other preservatives.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is not registered as a food additive in the EU.
Scognamiglio et al. reported that 2-phenoxyethanol is a fragrance ingredient used in many fragrance mixtures (see discussion).
An ester of 2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol), 2-Phenoxyethyl isobutyrate and 2-Phenoxyacetic acid, the main metabolite of 2-Phenoxyethanol, were mentioned in a WHO publication where 43 flavouring agents in food were evaluated (WHO 2003, AR4), however at intakes assessed to be very low in Europe (around 1 µg/kg bw/day).

Production
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is produced by the hydroxyethylation of phenol (Williamson synthesis), for example, in the presence of alkali-metal hydroxides or alkali-metal borohydrides.
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) has a long history of use, with its discovery credited to the German chemist Otto Schott in the early 20th century.
Since then, 2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) has been extensively studied and applied in various industries.

Contact Allergens
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether (Phenoxyethanol) is an aromatic ether-alcohol used mainly as a preservative, mostly with methyldibromoglutaronitrile (in Euxyl K 400) or with parabens.
Sensitization to this molecule is very rare.

Synonyms
2-PHENOXYETHANOL
Phenoxyethanol
122-99-6
Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether
Phenyl cellosolve
Phenoxethol
Ethanol, 2-phenoxy-
Phenoxytol
Ethylene glycol phenyl ether
Phenoxetol
2-Phenoxyethan-1-Ol
Phenoxyethyl alcohol
1-Hydroxy-2-phenoxyethane
Rose ether
Phenylmonoglycol ether
Arosol
Dowanol EP
2-Phenoxyethyl alcohol
Glycol monophenyl ether
2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether
Phenylglycol
Fenyl-cellosolve
2-Fenoxyethanol
Dowanol EPH
2-Phenoxy-ethanol
Emery 6705
Emeressence 1160
Fenylcelosolv
beta-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether
EGMPE
NSC 1864
Fenylcelosolv [Czech]
MFCD00002857
PHE-G
.beta.-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether
2-Fenoxyethanol [Czech]
Fenyl-cellosolve [Czech]
Marlophen P
Plastiazan-41 [Russian]
NSC-1864
Plastiazan-41
Marlophen P 7
Spermicide 741
Tritonyl 45
Ethylan HB 4
Phenoxyethanol [NF]
.beta.-Phenoxyethanol
HSDB 5595
EINECS 204-589-7
9004-78-8
UNII-HIE492ZZ3T
.beta.-Phenoxyethyl alcohol
BRN 1364011
2-Phenoxyethyl--d4 Alcohol
HIE492ZZ3T
AI3-00752()C
CCRIS 9481
Ethylene glycol-monophenyl ether
DTXSID9021976
FEMA NO. 4620
CHEBI:64275
NSC1864
FR 214
Phenoxyethanol (NF)
NCGC00090731-01
NCGC00090731-05
(2-Hydroxyethoxy)benzene
EC 204-589-7
4-06-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
DTXCID401976
Erisept
beta-Phenoxyethanol
CAS-122-99-6
PHE-S
phenylcellosolve
Dalpad A
Phnoxy-2 thanol
Phenoxy -Ethanol
2-phenyloxyethanol
Newpol EFP
2- phenoxyethanol
2-phenoxy ethanol
?-Hydroxyphenetole
2 - phenoxyethanol
2-(phenoxy)ethanol
beta-Hydroxyphenetole
Etanol, 2-fenoxi-
2-phenoxy-1-ethanol
beta-phenoxyethylalcohol
starbld0047047
EPE (CHRIS Code)
2-Phenoxyethanol, 9CI
2-Phenoxyethanol, 99%
ETHANOL,2-PHENOXY
WLN: Q2OR
PHENOXYETHANOL [II]
SCHEMBL15708
2-Phenoxyethanol, >=99%
PHENOXYETHANOL [HSDB]
PHENOXYETHANOL [INCI]
MLS002174254
ethyleneglycol monophenyl ether
Euxyl K 400 (Salt/Mix)
2-PHENOXYETHANOL [MI]
PHENOXYETHANOL [MART.]
PHENOXYETHANOL [USP-RS]
PHENOXYETHANOL [WHO-DD]
2-PHENOXYETHANOL 500ML
CHEMBL1229846
AMY9420

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, is an organic acid with applications in beer production as well as the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is commonly used as a preservative and antioxidant.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid also has uses as a fuel additive, chemical intermediate, acidity regulator, and disinfectant.

CAS Number: 50-21-5
EC Number: 200-018-0
Molecular Formula: C3H6O3
Molar Mass: 90.078 g·mol−1

Synonyms: lactic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, DL-Lactic acid, 50-21-5, 2-hydroxypropionic acid, Milk acid, lactate, Tonsillosan, Racemic lactic acid, Ordinary lactic acid, Ethylidenelactic acid, Lactovagan, Acidum lacticum, 26100-51-6, Milchsaeure, Lactic acid, dl-, Kyselina mlecna, Lacticum acidum, DL-Milchsaeure, Lactic acid USP, (+/-)-Lactic acid, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Aethylidenmilchsaeure, 598-82-3, 1-Hydroxyethanecarboxylic acid, alpha-Hydroxypropionic acid, Lactic acid (natural), (RS)-2-Hydroxypropionsaeure, FEMA No. 2611, Milchsaure, Kyselina 2-hydroxypropanova, Lurex, Propionic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Purac FCC 80, Purac FCC 88, Cheongin samrakhan, FEMA Number 2611, CCRIS 2951, HSDB 800, Cheongin Haewoohwan, Cheongin Haejanghwan, SY-83, 2-Hydroxypropionicacid, (+-)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, Biolac, NSC 367919, Lactic acid, tech grade, Propanoic acid, hydroxy-, Chem-Cast, alpha-Hydroxypropanoic acid, AI3-03130, HIPURE 88, DL- lactic acid, EINECS 200-018-0, EINECS 209-954-4, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 128929, Lactic acid,buffered, NSC-367919, UNII-3B8D35Y7S4, 2-Hydroxy-2-methylacetic acid, BRN 5238667, INS NO.270, DTXSID7023192, (+/-)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid, CHEBI:78320, INS-270, 3B8D35Y7S4, E 270, MFCD00004520, LACTIC ACID (+-), .alpha.-Hydroxypropanoic acid, .alpha.-Hydroxypropionic acid, DTXCID003192, E-270, EC 200-018-0, NCGC00090972-01, 2-hydroxy-propionic acid, (R)-2-Hydroxy-propionic acid;H-D-Lac-OH, C01432, Milchsaure [German], Lactic acid [JAN], Kyselina mlecna [Czech], D(-)-lactic acid, CAS-50-21-5, 2 Hydroxypropanoic Acid, 2 Hydroxypropionic Acid, Kyselina 2-hydroxypropanova [Czech], Lactic acid [USP:JAN], lactasol, 1-Hydroxyethane 1, carboxylic acid, acido lactico, DL-Milchsaure, (2RS)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, L- Lactic acid, Lactate (TN), 4b5w, Propanoic acid, (+-), DL-Lactic Acid, Racemic, LACTIC ACID (II), (.+/-.)-Lactic acid, Lactic acid (7CI,8CI), Lactic acid (JP17/USP), Lactic acid, 85%, FCC, Lactic Acid, Racemic, USP, NCIOpen2_000884, (+-)-LACTIC ACID, DL-LACTIC ACID [MI], LACTIC ACID [WHO-IP], (RS)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid, LACTIC ACID, DL-(II), LACTICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], 1-hydroxyethane carboxylic acid, 33X04XA5AT, DL-Lactic Acid (90per cent), CHEMBL1200559, Lactic acid, natural, >=85%, BDBM23233, L-lactic acid or dl-lactic acid, Lactic Acid, 85 Percent, FCC, LACTIC ACID, DL- [II], DL-Lactic acid, ~90% (T), DL-Lactic acid, AR, >=88%, DL-Lactic acid, LR, >=88%, DL- LACTIC ACID [WHO-DD], LACTIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH), Lactic Acid, 10 Percent Solution, HY-B2227, LACTIC ACID (USP MONOGRAPH), Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- (9CI), Tox21_111049, Tox21_202455, Tox21_303616, BBL027466, NSC367919, STL282744, AKOS000118855, AKOS017278364, Tox21_111049_1, ACIDUM LACTICUM [WHO-IP LATIN], AM87208, DB04398, SB44647, SB44652, Propanoic acid,2-hydroxy-,(.+/-.)-, 2-Hydroxypropionic acid, DL-Lactic acid, NCGC00090972-02, NCGC00090972-03, NCGC00257515-01, NCGC00260004-01, 26811-96-1, Lactic Acid, 85 Percent, Reagent, ACS, CS-0021601, FT-0624390, FT-0625477, FT-0627927,, FT-0696525, FT-0774042, L0226, EN300-19542, Lactic acid, meets USP testing specifications, D00111, F71201, A877374, DL-Lactic acid, SAJ first grade, 85.0-92.0%, Q161249, DL-Lactic acid, JIS special grade, 85.0-92.0%, F2191-0200, Z104474158, BC10F553-5D5D-4388-BB74-378ED4E24908, Lactic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Lactic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, DL-Lactic acid 90%, synthetic, meets the analytical specifications of Ph. Eur., 152-36-3

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was discovered in 1780 by Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who isolated the 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid from sour milk as an impure brown syrup and gave 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid a name based on its origins: 'Mjölksyra'.
The French scientist Frémy produced 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid by fermentation and this gave rise to industrial production in 1881.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is produced by the fermentation of sugar and water or by chemical process and is commercially usually sold as a liquid.
Pure and anhydrous racemic 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a white crystalline solid with a low melting point.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid has two optical forms, L(+) and D(-).
L(+)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the biological isomer as 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is naturally present in the human body.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be produced naturally or synthetically.
Commercial 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is produced naturally by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or lactose.

Wih the addition of lime or chalk, the raw materials are fermented in a fermenter and crude calcium lactate is formed.
The gypsum is separated from the crude calcium lactate, which results in crude 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
The crude 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is purified and concentrated and L(+) 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the result.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, is an organic acid with applications in beer production as well as the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is commonly used as a preservative and antioxidant.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid also has uses as a fuel additive, chemical intermediate, acidity regulator, and disinfectant.

One specific use of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is in I.V solutions, where 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is an electrolyte to help replenish the bodies fluids.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also used in dialysis solutions, which results in a lower incidence of side effects compared to Sodium Acetate which can also be used.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid comes in both R (D-) and S (L+) enantiomers which can be manufactured individually to near perfect optical purity.
This means 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is great in the production of other products which require a specific stereochemistry.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used frequently in the cosmetic industry due to the effect of promoting collagen production, helping to firm the skin against wrinkles and sagging.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can also cause micro peeling, which can help reduce various scars and age spots.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a great solution for people with sensitive or dry skin where exfoliants don’t work.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is an ingredient in processed foods and is used as a decontaminant during meat processing.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is produced commercially by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or lactose, or by chemical synthesis.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, also named ‘milk acid’, is an organic acid with the following chemicalformula: CH3CH(OH)CO2H.
The official name given by the International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is Lactic acid.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be naturally produced, but 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid importanceis correlated with synthetic productions.
Pure 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a colourless andhydroscopic liquid; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be defined a weak acid because of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid partial dissociationin water and the correlated acid dissociation constant (Ka= 1.38 10−4).

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a chiral compound with a carbon chain composed of a central (chiral) atomand two terminal carbon atoms.
A hydroxyl group is attached to the chiral carbon atom while oneof the terminal carbon atoms is part of the carboxylic group and the other atom is part of the methylgroup.

Consequently, two optically active isomeric forms of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid exist: L(+) form, alsonamed (S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, and D(−) form, or (R)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
L(+)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the biological isomer.

Antibacterial mechanism of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid on physiological and morphological properties of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes:
Pathogens could be completely inactivated after exposure to 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid resulted in great leakage of protein of three pathogens.

Bacterial protein bands of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid-treated cells got fainter or disappeared.
Z-Average sizes of pathogens were changed to smaller after 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid treatment.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid caused collapsed or even broken cells with obvious pits and gaps.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is widely used to inhibit the growth of important microbial pathogens, but 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid antibacterial mechanism is not yet fully understood.
The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid on Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes by size measurement, TEM, and SDS-PAGE analysis.

The results indicated that 0.5% 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid could completely inhibit the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis, E. coli and L. monocytogenes cells.
Meanwhile, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid resulted in leakage of proteins of Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria cells, and the amount of leakage after 6 h exposure were up to 11.36, 11.76 and 16.29 μg/mL, respectively.

Fifty strains each of Staphylococcus aureus, beta haemolytic Streptococci, Proteus species, Esch coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were subjected to 2%, 1 % and 0. 1 % 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid in peptorie water.
Minimum inhibitory concentration of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid for all the strains of each of these organisms was 0.1% or 1%.

Depending upon 2-Hydroxypropanoic acids concentration, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid added to peptone water brings down the PH to 2.5-4 which by itself has some inhibitory effect on the microorganisms.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid however, retains 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid inhibitory effect even if the Ph of the peptone water is brought back to 7.3.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a nontoxic and non-sensitizing agent because 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a normal metabolite of the body.
Thus, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be used as a safe and effective antibacterial agent for local application.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is conversion to glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver and release back into the circulation

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is an organic acid occurring naturally in the human body and in fermented foods.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in a wide range of food, beverages, personal care, healthcare, cleaners, feed & pet food and chemical products as a mild acidity regulator with flavour enhancing and antibacterial properties.

The commercial production of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is typically done by fermentation.
Because the L(+) form is preferred for 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid better metabolisation, Jungbunzlauer has chosen to produce pure L(+)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid by traditional fermentation of natural carbohydrates.

L(+)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a colourless to yellowish, nearly odourless, syrupy liquid with a mild acid taste.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is commercially available as aqueous solutions of various concentrations.

These solutions are stable under normal storage conditions.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is non-toxic to humans and the environment, but concentrated solutions of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can cause skin irritation and eye damage.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is readily biodegradable.

Due to the high hygroscopicity of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid concentrated aqueous solutions are usually used - syrupy, colorless, odorless liquids.
Oxidation of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is usually accompanied by decomposition.

Under the action of HNO 3 or O 2 of air in the presence of Cu or Fe, HCOOH, CH 3 COOH, (COOH) 2 , CH 3 CHO, CO 2 and pyruvic acid are formed.
Reduction of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid HI leads to propionic acid, and reduction in the presence of Re-mobile leads to propylene glycol.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid dehydrates to acrylic acid, when heated with HBr, forms 2-bromopropionic acid, when the Ca salt reacts with PCl 5 or SOCl 2 -2-chloropropionyl chloride.
In the presence of mineral acids, self-esterification of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid occurs with the formation of lactone, as well as linear polyesters.

When 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid interacts with alcohols, hydroxy acids RCH 2 CH (OH) COOH are formed, and when 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid salts react with alcohol esters.
The salts and esters of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid are called lactates.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is formed as a result of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid fermentation (with sour milk, sauerkraut, pickling vegetables, ripening cheese, ensiling feed); D- 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is found in tissues of animals, plants, and also in microorganisms.
In industry, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is obtained by hydrolysis of 2-chloropropionic acid and 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid salts (100 ° C) or lactonitrile CH 3 CH (OH) CN (100 ° C, H 2 SO 4 ), followed by the formation of esters, the isolation and hydrolysis of which leads to a high quality.
Other methods of producing 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid are known: the oxidation of propylene with nitrogen oxides (15-20 ° C) followed by treatment with H 2 SO 4 , the interaction of CH 3 CHO with CO (200 ° C, 20 MPa).

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in the food industry, in mordant dyeing, in leather production, in fermentation shops as a bactericidal agent, for the production of medicines, plasticizers.
Ethyl and butyl lactates are used as solvents for cellulose ethers, drying oils, vegetable oils; butyl lactate - as well as a solvent for some synthetic polymers.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is an organic acid.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid has a molecular formula CH3CH(OH)COOH.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is white in the solid state and 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is miscible with water.
When in the dissolved state, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid forms a colorless solution.

Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) due to the presence of a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used as a synthetic intermediate in many organic synthesis industries and in various biochemical industries.
The conjugate base of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is called lactate.

In solution, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can ionize, producing the lactate ion CH3CH(OH)CO−2.
Compared to acetic acid, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acids pKa is 1 unit less, meaning 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is ten times more acidic than acetic acid.
This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is chiral, consisting of two enantiomers.
One is known as l-(+)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid or (S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid and the other, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid mirror image, is d-(−)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid or (R)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.

A mixture of the two in equal amounts is called dl-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, or racemic 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is hygroscopic.

dl-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is miscible with water and with ethanol above 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid melting point, which is around 16, 17 or 18 °C.
d-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid and l-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid have a higher melting point.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid produced by fermentation of milk is often racemic, although certain species of bacteria produce solely (R)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
On the other hand, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid produced by anaerobic respiration in animal muscles has the (S) configuration and is sometimes called "sarcolactic" acid, from the Greek "sarx" for flesh.

In animals, l-lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues.

The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1–2 mM at rest, but can rise to over 20 mM during intense exertion and as high as 25 mM afterward.
In addition to other biological roles, l-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the primary endogenous agonist of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), which is a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).

In industry, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid fermentation is performed by 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid bacteria, which convert simple carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or galactose to 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
These bacteria can also grow in the mouth; the acid they produce is responsible for the tooth decay known as caries.

In medicine, lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer's solution and Hartmann's solution.
These intravenous fluids consist of sodium and potassium cations along with lactate and chloride anions in solution with distilled water, generally in concentrations isotonic with human blood.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is most commonly used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or burns.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a hydroxycarboxylic acid CH3CH(OH)COOH with two stereoisomers (D(-) and L(+)) and 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid has several applications in food, chemical, pharmaceutical and health care industries.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is primarily used for food and pharmaceutical applications, preferentially the L(+) isomer, since 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the only 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid isomer produced in the human body.

Around 20 to 30% of the 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production is used to obtain biopolymers (poly2-Hydroxypropanoic acid).
Other uses of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid include fibers and green solvents.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is fully commercially available and largely (90%) produced by bacteria through anaerobic fermentation of sugars.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can also be commercially produced by chemical synthesis.

The chemical production pathway gives an optical inactive racemic mixture (with the same quantity of L and D isomers), while the anaerobic fermentation pathway mostly yieldsone of the two stereoisomers, depending on the microorganism chosen.
The biotechnological option is widely available due to 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid renewable origin.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be produced via fermentation of sugars from different biomass, such as: starch crops, sugar crops, lignocellulosic materials and also from whey (a residue from cheese production).

The bulk of world production is based on homoplastic fermentation of sugars (from starch or sugar crops) where 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is produced as sole product.
Conventional production systems require the addition of calcium hydroxide to control the fermentation pH.

This procedure results in calcium lactate as final product.
Several steps are required to ultimately obtain and purify 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid: filtration, acidification, carbon adsorption, evaporation, esterification, hydrolysis and distillation.

The conventional process is associated with high costs (due to the complex purification procedure) and poor environmental performance due to the production of large amounts of chemical effluents (e.g. calcium sulphate).
New separation technologies are being developed, such as bipolar electrodialysis with promising results.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, the most fundamental natural ingredient in the dairy industry
In dairy products, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is one of the most common ingredients.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acids purpose is generally as an acid regulator and in terms of flavouring.
The slightly sour taste observed in yogurts, cheeses and other milk products is generally the result of fermentation from 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.

The signature flavour of sourdough bread is also a result of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid during the baking process.
With the addition of this versatile supplement, the product can be acidified with ease to reach proper pH levels, while leaving the natural flavours undisturbed.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, DL- is the racemic isomer of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, the biologically active isoform in humans.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid or lactate is produced during fermentation from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase.
This reaction, in addition to producing 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, also produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that is then used in glycolysis to produce energy source adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid appears as a colorless to yellow odorless syrupy liquid.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.
Used to make cultured dairy products, as a food preservative, and to make chemicals.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar.
The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation.

Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, and has a mild saline taste.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is produced by fermentation of a sugar source, such as corn or beets, and then, by neutralizing the resulting 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid to create a compound having the formula NaC3H5O3.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was one of active ingredients in Phexxi, a non-hormonal contraceptive agent that was approved by the FDA on May 2020.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (chemically, alpha or 2-Hydroxypropionic acid) takes roles in metabolic processes in the body; in red blood and in skeletal muscle tissues as a product of glucose and glycogen metabolism.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is an "alpha hydroxy acid: which has a hydroxyl group on the carbon atom next to the acid group.

If the hydroxy group is on the second carbon next to the acid group, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is called beta-hydroxy acid.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is converted in vivo to pyruvic acid (an alpha keto acid) which occurs as an intermediate product in carbohydrate and protein metabolism in the body.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid occurs as two optical isomers since the central carbon atom is bound to four different groups; a dextro and a levo form ( or an inactive racemic mixture of the two); only the levo form takes part in animal metabolism. 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is present in sour milk and dairy products such as cheese, yogurt, and koumiss, leban, wines.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid causes tooth decay since 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid bacteria operates in the mouth.

Although 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be prepared by chemical synthesis, production of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid by fermentation of glucose and other sugar substances in the presence of alkaline such as lime or calcium carbonate is a less expensive method.
The six-carbon glucose molecule is broken down to two molecules of the three-carbon compounds (2-Hydroxypropanoic acid), during this anaerobic condition.

Synthetic 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used commercially in tanning leather and dyeing wool; as a flavouring agent and preservative in food processing and carbonated beverages; and as a raw material in making plastics, solvents, inks, and lacquers; as a catalyst in numerous chemical processes.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is available as aqueous solutions of various concentrations, usually 22 - 85 percent (pure 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a colourless, crystalline substance.)

Although 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is usually associated with milk and dairy products, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can also be found in many other fermented food products, including confectionery products, jams, frozen desserts, and pickled vegetables.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid bacteria (LAB) are heterogenous group of bacteria which plays a significant role in a variety of fermentation processes.

They ferment food carbohydrates and produce 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid as the main product of fermentation.
In addition, degradation of proteins and lipids and production of various alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters and sulphur compounds contribute to the specific flavour development in different fermented food products.

The main application of LAB is as starter cultures, with an enormous variety of fermented dairy (ie. cheese, yoghurt, fermented milks), meat, fish, fruit, vegetable and cereal products.
Besides, they contribute to the flavour, texture and nutritional value of the fermented foods, and thus they are used as adjunct cultures.

Acceleration of cheese maturation, enhancement of yoghurt texture with the production of exo polysaccharides and control of secondary fermentations in the production of wine are some examples.
The production of bacteriocins and antifungal compounds has lead to the application of bio-protective cultures in certain foods.
Moreover, the well-documented health-promoting properties of certain LAB have lead to the addition of selected strains, in combination with bifidobacteria, as probiotic cultures with various applications in food industry.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is an organic acid generated by microbial fermentation.
Several studies have tested a 2% concentration of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid as a sanitizer, either by itself or in combination with a surface-active agent.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid–based sanitizers interfere with cell membrane permeability and cell functions such as nutrient transport.
These sanitizers are very promising and research is ongoing regarding their uses.

For example, in a recent study, ten commercially available sanitizers were tested for their effectiveness against Listeria monocytogenes on high-density polyethylene cutting boards.
Of all the products tested, which included QACs and sodium hypochlorite, a lactic-based sanitizer was the most effective against biofilm cells.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used since 1990s as a fine chemical (production 60 000–80 000 tons yr−1).
A major share (25 000 tons yr−1) is used as additive in the food industry.

The second main application is as building block for green polymers, solvents, and plasticizers.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is chemically produced by hydrocyanation followed by hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin.

The main drawbacks are the manipulation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), the production of (NH4)2SO4 (1 eq), and the complex purification steps to obtain food-grade 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid because the racemic acid is obtained.
To overcome these difficulties, the anaerobic fermentation from carbohydrates using Lactobacillus delbrueckii is a good alternative because only (S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is obtained in only one step.
The fermentation is performed at 50 °C over 2–8 days with a yield of 85–95% and the product concentration is 100 g l−1.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid bacteria (LAB) play an important role in food, agricultural, and clinical applications.
The general description of the bacteria included in the group is gram-positive, nonsporing, nonrespiring cocci or rods, which produce 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid as the major end product during the fermentation of carbohydrates.

The common agreement is that there is a core group consisting of four genera; Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Streptococcus.
Recent taxonomic revisions have proposed several new genera and the remaining group now comprises the following: Aerococcus, Alloiococcus, Carnobacterium, Dolosigranulum, Enterococcus, Globicatella, Lactococcus, Oenococcus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus, and Weissella.

Their importance is associated mainly with their safe metabolic activity while growing in foods utilising available sugar for the production of organic acids and other metabolites.
Their common occurrence in foods along with their long-lived uses contributes to their natural acceptance as GRAS (Generally Recognised as Safe) for human consumption.

The three main pathways which are involved in the manufacture and development of flavour in fermented food products are as follows:
1) glycolysis (fermentation of sugars)
2) lipolysis (degradation of fat) and
3) proteolysis (degradation of proteins)

Lactate is the main product generated from the metabolism of carbohydrates and a fraction of the intermediate pyruvate can alternatively be converted to diacetyl, acetoin, acetaldehyde or acetic acid (some of which can be important for typical yogurt flavours).
The contribution of LAB to lipolysis is relatively little, but proteolysis is the key biochemical pathway for the development of flavour in fermented foods.

Degradation of such components can be further converted to various alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters and sulphur compounds for specific flavour development in fermented food products.
The genetics of the LAB have been reviewed and complete genome sequences of a great number of LAB have been published since 2001, when the first genome of LAB was sequenced and published.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid Adjunct cultures:
Secondary cultures, or adjunct cultures or adjuncts, are defined as any cultures that are deliberately added at some point of the manufacture of fermented foods, but whose primary role is not acid production.
Adjunct cultures are used in cheese manufacture to balance some of the biodiversity removed by pasteurisation, improved hygiene and the addition of defined-strain starter culture.
These are mainly non-starter LAB which have a significant impact on flavour and accelerate the maturation process.

Extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) are produced by a variety of bacteria and are present as capsular polysaccharides bound to the cell surface, or are released into the growth medium.
These polymers play a major role in the production of yogurt, cheese, fermented cream and milk-based desserts where they contribute to texture, mouth-feel, taste perception and stability of the final products.

In addition, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid has been suggested that these EPSs or fermented milks containing these EPSs are active as prebiotics, cholesterol-lowering and immunomodulants.
EPS-producing strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbreuckii ssp. bulgaricus have been shown to enhance the texture and viscosity of yogurt and to reduce syneresis.
For the production of wine, LAB are involved in the malolactic fermentation, that is a secondary fermentation, which involves the conversion of L-malate to L-lactate and CO2 via malate decarboxylase, also known as the malolactic enzyme, resulting in a reduction of wine acidity, providing microbiological stabilization and modifications of wine aroma.

Antifungal activities of LAB have been reported.
In addition; LAB strains also have the ability to reduce fungal mycotoxins, either by producing anti-mycotoxinogenic metabolites, or by absorbing them.
For LAB to be used as bio-protective starter cultures, they must possess a range of physical and biochemical characteristics, and most importantly, the ability to achieve growth and sufficient production of antimicrobial metabolites, which must be demonstrated in the specific food environment.

Probiotic culture:
LAB are considered as a major group of probiotic bacteria; probiotic has been defined by Fuller as "a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid intestinal microbial balance".
Salminen et al. proposed that probiotics are microbial cell preparations or components of microbial cells that have a beneficial effect on the health and well-being of the host.

Commercial cultures used in food applications include mainly strains of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Propionibacterium spp. Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lb. reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lb. plantarum are the most used LAB in functional foods containing probiotics.
Argentinean Fresco cheese, Cheddar and Gouda are some examples of applications of probiotic LAB, in combination with bifidobacteria, in cheeses.

Apparently, these effects are species and strain specific, and the big challenge is the use of probiotic cultures composed of multiple species.
In addition, LAB, as part of gut microbiota ferment various substrates such as biogenic amines and allergenic compounds into short-chain fatty acids and other organic acids and gases.

In recent years, the genomes of several probiotic species have been sequenced, thus paving the way to the application of ‘omics’ technologies to the investigation of probiotic activities.
Moreover, although recombinant probiotics have been constructed, the industrial application of genetically engineered bacteria is still hampered by legal issues and by a rather negative general public opinion in the food sector.

Conclusion:
LAB are the most commonly used microorganisms for the fermentation and preservation of foods.
Their importance is associated mainly with their safe metabolic activity while growing in foods utilising available sugar for the production of organic acids and other metabolites.

Advances in the genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and biochemistry of LAB have provided new insights and applications for these bacteria.
Bacterial cultures with specific traits have been developed during the last 17 years, since the discovery of the complete genome sequence of Lc. lactis ssp. lactis IL1403 and a variety of commercial starter, functional, bio-protective and probiotic cultures with desirable properties have marketed.

However, the great challenge for food industry is to produce multiple strain cultures with multiple functions for specific products from specific regions of the world.
Also 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a challenge to produce foods, which are similar in sensory characteristics and nutritional value to the traditional products, even with special health-promoting properties, in a standardized, safe and controlled process.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid and Lactate:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a weak acid, which means that 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid only partially dissociates in water.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid dissociates in water resulting in ion lactate and H+.

This is a reversible reaction and the equilibrium is represented below.
CH3CH(OH)CO2H H+ + CH3CH(OH)CO2-Ka= 1.38 x 10-4

Depending on the environmental pH, weak acids such as 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid are either present as the acid in 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid undissociated form at low pH or as the ion salt at higher pH.
The pH at which 50% of the acid is dissociated is called the pKa, which for 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is 3.86.

Under physiological circumstances the pH is generally higher than the pKa, so the majority of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid in the body will be dissociated and present as lactate.
In the undissociated (unionized) form the substrates are able to pass through the lipid membranes, unlike the dissociated (ionized) form which cannot.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid) is one of the large-scale chemical that is produced via fermentation.
The commonly used feedstocks are carbohydrates obtained from different sources like corn starch, sugarcane, or tapioca starch – depending on local availability.

The carbohydrates are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides and then fermented under the absence of oxygen by microorganisms into 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the building block for poly2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, but 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also used in a broad variety of food and cosmetic applications.
Bio-based 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is optically active, and the production of either l-(+)- or d-(–)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be directed with bioengineered microorganisms.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid) ranks among the high-volume chemicals produced microbially, with an annual world production volume in the range of 370 000 MT.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid fermentation is among the oldest industrial fermentations, with industrial production via fermentation starting in the 1880s.

Seventy-five percent of the current world 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production occurs in the fermentation facilities of Galactic, PURAC Corporation, Cargill Incorporated, Archer Daniels Midland Company, and the joint ventures derived from these companies.
Historically, the primary use of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid has been in food for acidulation and preservation, and 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid has been granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status by the FDA.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid also finds uses in leather tanning, cosmetics, pharmaceutical applications, as well as various other niches.

World 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production has expanded 10-fold in the last decade due, in large part, to increased demand for green products derived from 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, including ethyl lactate and poly2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (PLA).
Ethyl lactate can be utilized in a variety of green solvents, and although 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid low human toxicity relative to hydrocarbon alternatives is attractive, price is cited as the primary reason for 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid limited market use.

PLA is a polymer that is considered a green alternative to petroleum-derived plastics due to 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid biodegradability and reduced carbon footprint.
PLA products are on the market in a wide range of applications including packaging, fibers, and foams.
The world’s major producer of PLA is NatureWorks LLC, currently wholly owned by Cargill Incorporated.

The primary cost in the production of PLA and ethyl lactate is the cost of raw material, that is, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
The key parameters that determine the cost of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid are rate, titer, and yield, in both fermentation and downstream product recovery unit operations.

Furthermore, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production accounts for a large fraction of the energy input and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid-derived products.
These carbon costs can be of great concern in the marketing and viability of a green product.

As discussed previously, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production has occurred for over 100 years, with only modest changes to conditions or host organisms.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is produced via fermentation, traditionally carried out by bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, and Enterococcus.

For the recent applications of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid as a green chemical intermediate, for example, for PLA, the cost of production via traditional process is too high.
As a result, a production strain for industrial 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid must fit the following criteria: production of > 100 g l−1 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid at yields near theoretical (0.9 g 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid per gram of dextrose), high chiral purity of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid produced (> 99%) with rates, media, and recovery costs able to meet the above cost targets.
Lowering this production cost holds the potential to expand the market for both 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid and 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid green derivatives.

The primary costs associated with fermentation are the nutrients and sugars required for cell growth and 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production along with the downstream recovery and purification process.
In addition to a sugar source, traditional bacterial lactic fermentations typically require an organic nitrogen source (such as yeast extract or corn steep liquor) along with B vitamin supplementation.

Furthermore, these fermentations require that the pH be maintained in the range of 5–7, well above the pKa of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
Maintaining the pH in this range requires neutralization of the 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid during fermentation, followed by costly downstream steps or acidulation to regenerate free 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
This greatly increases the cost of fermentation.

In 2008, Cargill implemented a new-to-the-world fermentation technology involving genetically modified yeast capable of producing 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid at industrially relevant rates, titers, and yields at pH values ≤ 3.0, which is well below the pKa of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
The low-pH fermentation process results in improved product quality and downstream processing, reduced chemical usage and nutrient costs, and a 35% reduction in the GHG emissions associated with 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production by fermentation.

Additionally, the potential for product loss due to bacteriophage attacks and microbial contamination that can occur in the traditional bacterial process are eliminated or greatly reduced with the low-pH yeast process.
This increased process robustness contributes to reduction in the overall cost of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production and subsequently has helped to grow the market for 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid and 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid derivatives.

Future advances in the low-pH yeast process are expected to lower the cost of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production even more by reducing the cost of the carbon source fermented to 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
To achieve this, low-pH yeasts need to be further developed to efficiently ferment low-cost carbon sources to free 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was estimated by life cycle analysis that through the use of cellulosic feedstocks derived from biomass and the use of wind power to produce 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid and PLA, the overall GHG emissions could be calculated as a net negative

Applications of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:

Pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also employed in pharmaceutical technology to produce water-soluble lactates from otherwise-insoluble active ingredients.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid finds further use in topical preparations and cosmetics to adjust acidity and for 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid disinfectant and keratolytic properties.

Foods:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is found primarily in sour milk products, such as koumiss, laban, yogurt, kefir, and some cottage cheeses.
The casein in fermented milk is coagulated (curdled) by 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also responsible for the sour flavor of sourdough bread.

In lists of nutritional information 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid might be included under the term "carbohydrate" (or "carbohydrate by difference") because this often includes everything other than water, protein, fat, ash, and ethanol.
If this is the case then the calculated food energy may use the standard 4 kilocalories (17 kJ) per gram that is often used for all carbohydrates.

But in some cases 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is ignored in the calculation.
The energy density of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is 362 kilocalories (1,510 kJ) per 100 g.

Some beers (sour beer) purposely contain 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, one such type being Belgian lambics.
Most commonly, this is produced naturally by various strains of bacteria.

These bacteria ferment sugars into acids, unlike the yeast that ferment sugar into ethanol.
After cooling the wort, yeast and bacteria are allowed to “fall” into the open fermenters.

Brewers of more common beer styles would ensure that no such bacteria are allowed to enter the fermenter.
Other sour styles of beer include Berliner weisse, Flanders red and American wild ale.

In winemaking, a bacterial process, natural or controlled, is often used to convert the naturally present malic acid to 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, to reduce the sharpness and for other flavor-related reasons.
This malolactic fermentation is undertaken by 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid bacteria.
While not normally found in significant quantities in fruit, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the primary organic acid in akebia fruit, making up 2.12% of the juice.

As a food additive 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is approved for use in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is listed by 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid INS number 270 or as E number E270.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is an ingredient in processed foods and is used as a decontaminant during meat processing.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is produced commercially by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or lactose, or by chemical synthesis.
Carbohydrate sources include corn, beets, and cane sugar.

Forgery:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid has historically been used to assist with the erasure of inks from official papers to be modified during forgery.

Cleaning products:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in some liquid cleaners as a descaling agent for removing hard water deposits such as calcium carbonate, forming the lactate, Calcium lactate.
Owing to 2-Hydroxypropanoic acids high acidity, such deposits are eliminated very quickly, especially where boiling water is used, as in kettles.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid also is gaining popularity in antibacterial dish detergents and hand soaps replacing Triclosan.

Uses of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used as a solvent and acidulant in the production of foods, drugs, and dyes.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also used as a mordant in woolen goods printing, a soldering flux, a dehairing agent, and a catalyst for phenolic resins.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also used in leather tanning, oil well acidizing, and as a plant growth regulator.

The fastest growing use for 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid use as a monomer for the production of poly2-Hydroxypropanoic acid or polylactide (PLA).
Applications for PLA include containers for the food and beverage industries, films and rigid containers for packaging, and serviceware (cups, plates, utensils).
The PLA polymer can also be spun into fibers and used in apparel, fiberfill (pillows, comforters), carpet, and nonwoven applications such as wipes.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in metal plating, cosmetics, and the textile and leather industry.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in dyeing baths, as mordant in printing woolen goods, solvent for water-insoluble dyes (alcohol-soluble induline, nigrosine, spirit-blue).
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in reducing chromates in mordanting wool.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in manufacturing cheese, confectionery.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in component of babies' milk formulas; acidulant in beverages; for acidulating worts in brewing.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in in preparation of sodium lactate injections.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in ingredient of cosmetics.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in component of spermatocidal jellies.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in for removing Clostridium butyricum in manufacturing of yeast; dehairing, plumping, and decalcifying hides.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in solvent for cellulose formate.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in flux for soft solder.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in manufacturing lactates which are used in food products, in medicine, and as solvents.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in plasticizer, catalyst in the casting of phenolaldehyde resins.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid in Food:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is naturally present in many foodstuffs.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is formed by natural fermentation in products such as cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, sourdough, meat products and pickled vegetables.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also used in a wide range of food applications such as bakery products, beverages, meat products, confectionery, dairy products, salads, dressings, ready meals, etc.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid in food products usually serves as either as a pH regulator or as a preservative.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also used as a flavoring agent.

Meat, Poultry & Fish:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be used in meat, poultry and fish in the form of sodium or potassium lactate to extend shelf life, control pathogenic bacteria (improve food safety), enhance and protect meat flavor, improve water binding capacity and reduce sodium.

Beverages:
Because of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid mild taste, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used as an acidity regulator in beverages such as soft drinks and fruit juices.

Pickled vegetables:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is effective in preventing the spoilage of olives, gherkins, pearl onions and other vegetables preserved in brine.

Salads & dressings:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid may be also used as a preservative in salads and dressings, resulting in products with a milder flavor while maintaining microbial stability and safety.

Confectionery:
Formulating hard-boiled candy, fruit gums and other confectionery products with 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid results in a mild acid taste, improved quality, reduced stickiness and longer shelf life.

Dairy:
The natural presence of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid in dairy products, combined with the dairy flavor and good antimicrobial action of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, makes 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid an excellent acidification agent for many dairy products.

Baked Goods:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a natural sourdough acid, which gives the bread 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid characteristic flavor, and therefore 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be used for direct acidification in the production of sourdough.

Savory Flavors:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used to enhance a broad range of savory flavors.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acids natural occurrence in meat and dairy products makes 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid an attractive way to enhance savory flavors.

Pharmaceutical:
The primary functions for the pharmaceutical applications are: pH-regulation, metal sequestration, chiral intermediate and as a natural body constituent in pharmaceutical products.

Biomaterials:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a valuable component in biomaterials such as resorbable screws, sutures and medical devices.

Detergents:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid well known for 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid descaling properties and is widely applied in household cleaning products.
Also, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used as a natural anti-bacterial agent in disinfecting products.

Technical:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in a wide variety of industrial processes where acidity is required and where 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid properties offer specific benefits.
Examples are the manufacture of leather and textile products and computer disks, as well as car coating.

Animal Feed:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a commonly used additive in animal nutrition.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid has health promoting properties, thus enhancing the performance of farm animals.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be used as an additive in food and/or drinking water.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid in biodegradable plastics

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the principal building block for Poly 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (PLA).
PLA is a biobased and bio-degradable polymer that can be used for producing renewable and compostable plastics.

Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Intermediate
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Process regulators
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Consumer Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Intermediate
Preservative
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Petroleum Production and Refining
Soldering
Farming (Pesticides)
Leather Tanning and Processing
Fur Dressing and Dyeing
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)

Biology of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
l-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is the primary endogenous agonist of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).

Exercise and lactate:
During power exercises such as sprinting, when the rate of demand for energy is high, glucose is broken down and oxidized to pyruvate, and lactate is then produced from the pyruvate faster than the body can process it, causing lactate concentrations to rise.
The production of lactate is beneficial for NAD+ regeneration (pyruvate is reduced to lactate while NADH is oxidized to NAD+), which is used up in oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during production of pyruvate from glucose, and this ensures that energy production is maintained and exercise can continue.
During intense exercise, the respiratory chain cannot keep up with the amount of hydrogen ions that join to form NADH, and cannot regenerate NAD+ quickly enough.

The resulting lactate can be used in two ways:
Oxidation back to pyruvate by well-oxygenated muscle cells, heart cells, and brain cells
Pyruvate is then directly used to fuel the Krebs cycle

Conversion to glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver and release back into circulation; see Cori cycle
If blood glucose concentrations are high, the glucose can be used to build up the liver's glycogen stores.

However, lactate is continually formed even at rest and during moderate exercise.
Some causes of this are metabolism in red blood cells that lack mitochondria, and limitations resulting from the enzyme activity that occurs in muscle fibers having high glycolytic capacity.

In 2004, Robergs et al. maintained that 2-Hydroxypropanoic acidosis during exercise is a "construct" or myth, pointing out that part of the H+ comes from ATP hydrolysis (ATP4− + H2O → ADP3− + HPO2− 4 + H+), and that reducing pyruvate to lactate (pyruvate− + NADH + H+ → lactate− + NAD+) actually consumes H+.
Lindinger et al. countered that they had ignored the causative factors of the increase in [H+].

After all, the production of lactate− from a neutral molecule must increase [H+] to maintain electroneutrality.
The point of Robergs's paper, however, was that lactate− is produced from pyruvate−, which has the same charge.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is pyruvate− production from neutral glucose that generates H+:
C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP3− + 2 HPO2−4 → 2 CH3COCO−2 + 2 H+ + 2 NADH + 2 ATP4− + 2 H2O

Subsequent lactate− production absorbs these protons:
2 CH3COCO−2 + 2 H+ + 2 NADH → 2 CH3CH(OH)CO−2 + 2 NAD+

Overall:
C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP3− + 2 HPO2−4 → 2 CH3COCO−2 + 2 H+ + 2 NADH + 2 ATP4− + 2 H2O→ 2 CH3CH(OH)CO−2 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ATP4− + 2 H2O
Although the reaction glucose → 2 lactate− + 2 H+ releases two H+ when viewed on 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid own, the H+ are absorbed in the production of ATP.

On the other hand, the absorbed acidity is released during subsequent hydrolysis of ATP: ATP4− + H2O → ADP3− + HPO2−4 + H+.
So once the use of ATP is included, the overall reaction is C6H12O6 → 2 CH3COCO−2 + 2 H+.
The generation of CO2 during respiration also causes an increase in [H+].

Metabolism of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
Although glucose is usually assumed to be the main energy source for living tissues, there are some indications that 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is lactate, and not glucose, that is preferentially metabolized by neurons in the brain of several mammalian species (the notable ones being mice, rats, and humans).
According to the lactate-shuttle hypothesis, glial cells are responsible for transforming glucose into lactate, and for providing lactate to the neurons.
Because of this local metabolic activity of glial cells, the extracellular fluid immediately surrounding neurons strongly differs in composition from the blood or cerebrospinal fluid, being much richer with lactate, as was found in microdialysis studies.

Some evidence suggests that lactate is important at early stages of development for brain metabolism in prenatal and early postnatal subjects, with lactate at these stages having higher concentrations in body liquids, and being utilized by the brain preferentially over glucose.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was also hypothesized that lactate may exert a strong action over GABAergic networks in the developing brain, making them more inhibitory than 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was previously assumed,acting either through better support of metabolites, or alterations in base intracellular pH levels, or both.

Studies of brain slices of mice show that β-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, and pyruvate act as oxidative energy substrates, causing an increase in the NAD(P)H oxidation phase, that glucose was insufficient as an energy carrier during intense synaptic activity and, finally, that lactate can be an efficient energy substrate capable of sustaining and enhancing brain aerobic energy metabolism in vitro.
The study "provides novel data on biphasic NAD(P)H fluorescence transients, an important physiological response to neural activation that has been reproduced in many studies and that is believed to originate predominately from activity-induced concentration changes to the cellular NADH pools."

Lactate can also serve as an important source of energy for other organs, including the heart and liver.
During physical activity, up to 60% of the heart muscle's energy turnover rate derives from lactate oxidation.

Blood testing:
Blood tests for lactate are performed to determine the status of the acid base homeostasis in the body.
Blood sampling for this purpose is often arterial (even if 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is more difficult than venipuncture), because lactate levels differ substantially between arterial and venous, and the arterial level is more representative for this purpose.

Polymer precursor:
Two molecules of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid can be dehydrated to the lactone lactide.
In the presence of catalysts lactide polymerize to either atactic or syndiotactic polylactide (PLA), which are biodegradable polyesters.
PLA is an example of a plastic that is not derived from petrochemicals.

Production of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is produced industrially by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates, or by chemical synthesis from acetaldehyde.
In 2009, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was produced predominantly (70–90%) by fermentation.

Production of racemic 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid consisting of a 1:1 mixture of d and l stereoisomers, or of mixtures with up to 99.9% l-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, is possible by microbial fermentation.
Industrial scale production of d-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid by fermentation is possible, but much more challenging.

As a starting material for industrial production of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, almost any carbohydrate source containing C5 and C6 sugars can be used.
Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar, and beet juice are frequently used.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid producing bacteria can be divided in two classes: homofermentative bacteria like Lactobacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis, producing two moles of lactate from one mole of glucose, and heterofermentative species producing one mole of lactate from one mole of glucose as well as carbon dioxide and acetic acid/ethanol.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was the first organic acid produced with microbes, carried out in 1880.
In the twenty-first century, synthetic processes for the production of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (e.g., from lactonitrile) are competitive at the same costs as biological processes; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid production is divided about equally between the two processes.
The major supply of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid in Europe is produced by fermentation using strains of L. bulgaricus when whey is used as the substrate, and other lactobacilli when different substrates are used.

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administrating (FDA), 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) additive for miscellaneous or general purpose uses.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was one of the earliest organic acids used in foods.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used by the food industry in a number of ways:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used in packing Spanish olives, where 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid inhibits spoilage and further fermentation.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid aids in the stabilization of dried-egg powder.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid improves the taste of certain pickles when added to vinegar.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is used to acidify the grape juice (must) in winemaking.
In frozen confections, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid imparts a milky tart taste and does not mask other natural flavors.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also used in the production of the emulsifiers calcium and sodium stearoyl lactylates, which function as dough conditioners.
The sodium and potassium salts of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid have significant antimicrobial properties, including in meat products against toxin production by Clostridium botulinum, and against Listeria monocytogenes in chicken, beef, and smoked salmon

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is present in many foods both naturally and as a product of in situ fermentation, as in sauerkraut, yogurt, and many other fermented foods.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is also a principal metabolic intermediate in most living organisms.

Sodium and potassium lactates are produced commercially by neutralization of natural or synthetic 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (FDA 184.1768, 1639).
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid to be used as a food additive can be obtained either by fermentation of carbohydrates or by a chemical procedure involving formation of lactonitrile from acetaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide and subsequent hydrolysis (FDA 184.1061).

The microbiological and chemical procedures to obtain 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid are very competitive, with similar production costs.
One method of biosynthesis in common use starts with glucose and produces pyruvate, which can be converted to both the l(+) and d(−) isomers using a stereospecific lactate dehydrogenase; however, only the l(+) form is produced commercially.

The racemic mixture is always obtained by chemical synthesis.
Synthetic 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is free of the contaminants normally found in the product obtained by fermentation, and so 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is completely colorless and probably more stable.

2-Hydroxypropanoic acid and its salts are highly hygroscopic, and therefore are usually handled in concentrated solutions (60–80% by weight) rather than in solid form.
These solutions are colorless and odorless, and have a mild saline taste

Chemical production:
Racemic 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is synthesized industrially by reacting acetaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide and hydrolysing the resultant lactonitrile.
When hydrolysis is performed by hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride forms as a by-product; the Japanese company Musashino is one of the last big manufacturers of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid by this route.
Synthesis of both racemic and enantiopure 2-Hydroxypropanoic acids is also possible from other starting materials (vinyl acetate, glycerol, etc.) by application of catalytic procedures.

General Manufacturing Information of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing

History of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first person to isolate 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid in 1780 from sour milk.
The name reflects the lact- combining form derived from the Latin word lac, which means milk.

In 1808, Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovered that 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (actually l-lactate) also is produced in muscles during exertion.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acids structure was established by Johannes Wislicenus in 1873.

In 1856, the role of Lactobacillus in the synthesis of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid was discovered by Louis Pasteur.
This pathway was used commercially by the German pharmacy Boehringer Ingelheim in 1895.
In 2006, global production of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid reached 275,000 tonnes with an average annual growth of 10%.

Identifiers of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
CAS Number:
50-21-5
79-33-4 (l)
10326-41-7 (d)

3DMet: B01180
Beilstein Reference: 1720251
ChEBI: CHEBI:422
ChEMBL: ChEMBL330546
ChemSpider: 96860
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.017
EC Number: 200-018-0
E number: E270 (preservatives)
Gmelin Reference: 362717
IUPHAR/BPS: 2932
KEGG: C00186
PubChem CID: 612
RTECS number: OD2800000

UNII:
3B8D35Y7S4
F9S9FFU82N (l)
3Q6M5SET7W (d)

UN number: 3265
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID7023192
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H6O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1
Key: JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-REOHCLBHSA-N
SMILES: CC(O)C(=O)O

Properties of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
Chemical formula: C3H6O3
Molar mass: 90.078 g·mol−1
Melting point: 18 °C (64 °F; 291 K)
Boiling point: 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K) at 15 mmHg
Solubility in water: Miscible
Acidity (pKa): 3.86, 15.1

Boiling point: 122 °C (20 hPa)
Density: 1.21 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 18 °C
pH value: 2.8 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.1 hPa (25 °C)

Molecular Weight: 90.08 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 90.031694049 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 90.031694049 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 59.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
Assay (alkalimetric): 88.0 - 92.0 %
Assay (stereochemical purity of (S)-lactic acid): ≥ 95.0 %
Identity (IR-spectrum): passes test
Identity (pH): passes test
Identity (Density): passes test
Identity (Lactat): passes test
Identity (assay): passes test
Appearance: clear, oily liquid, not more intense in color than reference solution Y₆
Ether-insoluble substances: passes test
Citric, oxalic and Phosphoric acids: passes test
Density (d 20/20): 1.20 - 1.21
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.2 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 200 ppm
As (Arsenic): ≤ 3 ppm
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 200 ppm
Fe (Iron): ≤ 10 ppm
Hg (Mercury): ≤ 1 ppm
Pb (Lead): ≤ 2 ppm
Ethanol: ≤ 5000 ppm
Acetic acid: ≤ 5000 ppm
Methanol: ≤ 50 ppm
Other residual solvents (ICH Q3C): excluded by manufacturing process
Sugars and other reducing substances: passes test
Sulfated ash (600 °C): ≤ 0.10 %
Total aerobic microbial count (TAMC): ≤ 10²
Total combined yeasts/moulds count (TYMC): ≤ 10²
Bacterial endotoxins: ≤ 5 I.U./g

Thermochemistry of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): 1361.9 kJ/mol, 325.5 kcal/mol, 15.1 kJ/g, 3.61 kcal/g

Pharmacology of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
ATC code: G01AD01 (WHO) QP53AG02 (WHO)

Related compounds of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
Propionaldehyde
Acrolein
Sodium lactate
Ethyl lactate

Other anions:
Lactate
Related carboxylic acids:
Acetic acid
Glycolic acid
Propionic acid
3-Hydroxypropanoic acid
Malonic acid
Butyric acid
Hydroxybutyric acid

Some examples of lactates (salts or esters of lactic acid) are:
Ammonium Lactate (NH4C3H5O3, CAS RN: 515-98-0): clear to yellow, syrupy liquid used in in electroplating, in finishing leather and as humectant for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics.
Butyl Lactate (CH3CHOHCOOC4H9, CAS RN:138-22-7): a clear liquid: nontoxic, miscible with many solvents; used as a solvent for varnish, lacquers, resins and gums, used in making paints, inks, dry cleaning fluid, flavoring and as a chemical intermediate.
Calcium Lactate Pentahydrate [Ca(C3H5O3)2·5H2O, CAS RN: 814-80-2] : white crystals; soluble in water; used as a calcium source; administered orally in the treatment of calcium deficiency; as a blood coagulant.
Ethyl Lactate (CH3CHOHCOOC2H5, CAS RN: 97-64-3): clear liquid with mild odur; boiling point 154 C; miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters, and hydrocarbons as well as with water; used in pharmaceutical preparations, feed additive, as a flavoring ( odor description: sweet butter, coconut, fruity, creamy dairy, butterscotch) and as a solvent for cellulose compounds such as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, and cellulose ethers.
Magnesium Lactate Trihydrate [Mg(C3H5O3)2·3H2O, CAS RN: 18917-93-6 ]: white crystals with bitter taste; soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol; used in medicine and as an electrolyte replenisher.
Manganese Lactate Trihydrate [Mn(C3H5O3)2·3H2O]: pale red crystals; insoluble in water and alcohol; used in medicine.
Mercuric Lactate [Hg(C3H5O3)2]: poisonous white powder that decomposes when heated; soluble in water; used in medicine.
Methyl Lactate (CH3CHCHCOOCH3): clear liquid with mild odur; boiling point 145 C; miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters, and hydrocarbons as well as with water; used in pharmaceutical preparations, feed additive, as a flavoring and as a solvent for cellulose compounds such as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, and cellulose ethers.
Sodium Lactate (CH3CHOHCOONa, CAS RN: 72-17-3) clear to yellow, hygroscopic syrupy liquid; soluble in water; melting point 17 C; used in medicine, in antifreeze, and hygroscopic agent and as a corrosion inhibitor.
Zinc Lactate (Zn(C3H5O3)2·2H2O, CAS RN: 16039-53-5): white crystals; used as an additive in toothpaste and food; preparation of drugs.

Names of 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid:

Preferred IUPAC name:
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid

Other names:
Lactic acid
Milk acid

2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is the monomer used to make the polymer poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide).
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is water-soluble (highly hydrophilic), non-immunogenic and non-toxic, and resides in the blood circulation well.


CAS Number: 27813-02-1 / 923-26-2
EC Number: 248-666-3
Chemical formula: C7H12O3


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) appears as white liquid with a light unpleasant odor.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) may float or sink in water.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a crystals or white crystalline solid.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is an enoate ester that is the 1-methacryloyl derivative of propane-1,2-diol.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) has a role as a polymerisation monomer.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is functionally related to a propane-1,2-diol and a methacrylic acid.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a chemical substance with the chemical formula C7H12O3.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is soluble in general organic solvents, still soluble in water.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a colorless liquid.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a clear, colorless liquid with a light unpleasant odor with molecular formula C7H12O3.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) may float or sink in water.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) contains small amounts of methacrylic acid and propylene oxide.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) copolymerizes readily with a wide range of monomers.
The hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-link sites, impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance, color, and volatility.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is the monomer used to make the polymer poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide).


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is water-soluble (highly hydrophilic), non-immunogenic and non-toxic, and resides in the blood circulation well.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic odour.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is an ester of methacrylic acid.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a single functional group monomer.
As a special acrylic ester, 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a colorless and transparent liquid with two functional groups: carbon-carbon double bond and hydroxyl group.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is relatively non-volatile, non-toxic and non-yellowing.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) compared to HEMA is more suitable when a better water resistance is required, together with a better shrinkage resistance.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) copolymerizes readily with a wide variety of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-linking sites, and impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance, as well as contribute to low odour, colour, and volatility.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a methacrylic hydroxy monomer and is clear liquid in appearance.


The properties are extremely active, the curing rate is slightly lower than HPA, skin irritation and toxicity is lower than the range of HPA, application is quite extensive, usually used to improve 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) adhesion to polar substrates, is the most commonly used single functional group monomer.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is non-toxic and non-yellowing monomer.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is suitable for use in paints.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a hydroxy functional monomer used to make acrylic polyols and other hydrophilic polymers.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic odour.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is relatively non-volatile, non-toxic and non-yellowing.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) copolymerizes readily with a wide variety of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-linking sites, and impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance, as well as contribute to low odour, colour, and volatility.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) monomer for special polymers.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used extensively in the production of acrylic polyols for automotive OEM and refinish coatings as well as industrial coatings.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) has another character that has low proportion in the chedirection or formula, its functionis remarkable.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is an enolate, a 1-methacryloyl derivative of propane-1,2-diol.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) has the role of a polymerizing monomer.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) has a molecular weight (av) 144g/mol, a diester (PGDMA) of 0.2% max., and a colour number of 10 Pt/Co max.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a hydrophobic hydroxyl-bearing monomer that is particularly useful in the production of vacuum impregnated sealants for cast aluminum compositions and is also widely used in the production of flexible, UV-curable photopolymer printing plates.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent, sweet odor.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) contains low levels of a polymerization inhibitor along with small amounts of methacrylic acid, and propylene oxide.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a clear colorless liquid.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a white liquid with a light unpleasant odor. May float or sink in water.
The boiling point of 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is 96°C (1.33kPa), 57°C (66.7Pa), the relative density is 1.066 (25/16°C), the refractive index is 1.4470, and the flash point is 96°C.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a functional monomer for the preparation of hot solid acrylic coatings, styrene-butadiene latex modifiers, acrylic modified polyurethane coating ,water-soluble plating coatings , adhesives ,textile finishing agent ,paper coating , photosensitive paint and polyurethane vinyl resin modified agent.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is an enoate ester that is the 1-methacryloyl derivative of propane-1,2-diol.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) has a role as a polymerisation monomer.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is functionally related to a propane-1,2-diol and a methacrylic acid.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is non-toxic and non-yellowing.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is soluble in general organic solvents, still soluble in water.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a colorless liquid.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is Hydroxypropyl methacrylate.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is non-toxic and non-yellowing monomer.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is white liquid with a light unpleasant odor.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) may float or sink in water.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is an ester of methacrylic acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a monofunctional methacrylic monomer used in UV-curable inks/coatings, in the manufacture of thermosetting acrylic polyols, butadiene styrene rubber latex modifier, acrylic acid modified polyester coating, adhesives, printing inks, caprolactone monomers, coatings for automotive, water-soluble electroplate coating binder, textile treatment agent, fiber finishing agent, paper coating, appliances, sealants, Napp printing plates, photoprepolymer printing plates, detergent lubricating-oil additives, binders and metals applications.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used as active diluent and crosslinking agent in radiation curing system, and can also be used as resin crosslinking agent, plastic and rubber modifier.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used Acrylic resin, acrylic paint, textile adhesive and decontamination lubricant additive.


Application of 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) such as artificial fingernail (acrylic nail) applications, dental composites adhesives, dental prosthetics, or for any application that would result in implantation or prolonged contact within the human body need a specific grade.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) can be copolymerized with other acrylic monomers to produce acrylic resins containing active hydroxyl groups.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also used as an adhesive for synthetic textiles and as an additive for decontamination lubricating oil.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers for adhesives, inks, and coatings for automotive, appliance and metal applications.


The added hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-link sites, and impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) can be used as a modifier for the production of thermosetting coatings, adhesives, fiber treatment agents and synthetic resin copolymers, and can also be used as one of the main cross-linking functional group monomers used in acrylic resins.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also extensively used in the production of flexible, UV curable photopolymer printing plates.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used Monomer for acrylic resins, nonwoven fabric binders, detergent lubricating-oil additives.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is mainly used in the manufacture are active groups of hydroxyl acrylic resin.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used in reactive diluent and cross-linking agent in the UV curing system.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is particularly useful as a hydrophobic hydroxy monomer in the manufacture of sealants for vacuum impregnation of cast aluminum components.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also widely used in the production of flexible UV-curable photopolymer printing plates.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is mainly used for hot curing acrylic coating, UV-curable acrylic materials, photosensitive coating, water soluble plating coating, adhesive, textile treatment agent, ester polymer, modifier polymer, and stem acid water reducing agent, etc.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is mainly used for hot curing acrylic coatings, UV-curable acrylic materials, photosensitive coating, water soluble plating coating, adhesive, textile treatment agent, ester polymer modifier polymer processing and stem acid water reducing agent, etc.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) has the advantages of indeed can significantly improve product performance characteristics with less usage amount.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used Dental composites, Napp printing plates, Photoprepolymer printing plates, Sealants, and UV-curable inks and coatings
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is a monofunctional methacrylic monomer used in UV-curable inks and coatings.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used Methacrylic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) can be copolymerized with acrylic acid and ester, acrolein, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, styrene and many other monomers.


Application of 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA): Auto Refinish Coating, Auto/Trans OEM Coating, Circuit Board Coating, General Industrial Adhesive, General Industrial Coating, Industrial Composite, Industrial Sealant, Leather/Fabric Coating, Printing - Litho/Offset/Heatset Inks, Resin Producer, Transportation Coatings, UV Coatings


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) can be used to treat the fiber, improve the water resistance, solvent resistance, wrinkle resistance and water resistance of the fiber.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) can also be used to make thermosetting coating with excellent performance, synthetic rubber, lubricating oil additive, etc.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) can be used as active diluent and crosslinker in radiation curing system, resin crosslinker, plastic and rubber modifier.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used monomer for acrylic resins, nonwoven fabric binders, detergent lubricating-oil additives.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also used as a co-monomer in styrene based unsaturated polyesters, PMMA based acrylic resins and vinyl ester formulations in anchor bolts and chemical fixings.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also extensively used in the production of flexible, UV curable photopolymer printing plates.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also used as reactive diluent and alternative to styrene in unsatured polyester (UPR).
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used as active diluent and crosslinking agent in radiation curing system, also as resin crosslinking agent, plastic and rubber modifier.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) may also be used in the production of emulsion polymers in combination with other commodity methacrylates and acrylates, notably for textile coatings and textile sizes.
In the aspect of adhesive, copolymerization with vinyl monomers can improve adhesive strength.


In paper processing, acrylic emulsion used for coating can improve 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA)'s water resistance and strength.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is particularly useful as a hydrophobic hydroxy monomer in the production of vacuum impregnation sealants for cast aluminium components.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used Appliance Paint, Building Coating, Car Paint, Paper Coating, Rubber Coating
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is mainly employed to fabricate acrylic resin, acrylic coatings, textile agent, adhesive and the additive of decontaminating and lubricant.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used as a co-monomer in styrene based unsaturated polyesters, PMMA based acrylic resins as well as vinyl ester formulations in anchor bolts and chemical fixings.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used in acrylic polyol synthesis to introduce hydroxyl functionality, used for automotive and industrial coatings.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used in the manufacturing of thermosetting acrylic coating,acrylic acid modified polyester coating, water-soluble electroplate coating binder, paper coating, photosensitive coating agent, etc.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used comonomer in paint resins and plastics.


Applications of 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA): Acrylic Resins, Adhesives & Sealants, Architectural Coatings ,Automotive & Industrial Coatings, Composites, Polyester Resins, Polyurethane Dispersions, UV Cured Systems, and Wood & Leather Finishes.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used in emulsion and resin by aqueous or solvent, taking use of its hydrophilic property and corsslinking property.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers for adhesives, printing inks, coatings and metal applications.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is widely used in the production of polyhydroxyacrylic acid for automotive coatings and refinish coatings as well as for industrial coatings.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also an active raw material to occur chemical syntheses and prone to bring addition reactions with a wide variety of organic inorganic compounds.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers for adhesives, printing inks, coatings and metal applications.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is non-toxic, non-yellowing and can also be used as a comonomer in styrenic unsaturated polyester, polymethylmethacrylate acrylic and vinyl ester formulations for anchor bolts and chemical bonding.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) can also be blended with other commercial methacrylates and acrylates to produce emulsion polymers, especially fabric coatings and fabric sizing.


Thus, 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is frequently used as macromolecular carrier for low molecular weight drugs (especially anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents) to enhance therapeutic efficacy and limit side effects.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also used as a scaffold for iBodies, polymer-based antibody mimetics.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also used as reactive diluent and alternative to styrene in unsatured polyester (UPR).
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used as a replacement for styrene or MMA in unsaturated polyesters, PMMA based acrylic resins and vinyl ester formulations for applications such as gel coats, 2k peroxide cure flooring and composites.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also used as a capping agent in urethane methacrylate oligomers for various applications including chemical anchors, structural and anaerobic adhesives.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used Modifying agent of glass fiber,binder and lube.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA)-drug conjugate preferably accumulates in tumor tissues via the passive-targeting process (or so-called EPR effect).
Due to its favorable characteristics, 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) polymers and copolymers are also commonly used to produce synthetic biocompatible medical materials such as hydrogels.


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is used for automotive and industrial coatings, Reactive diluent for unsaturated polyesters, PMMA based acrylic resins, Vinyl ester formulations for anchor bolts and chemical fixings, Acrylic emulsion polymers, Vacuum impregnation sealants for cast aluminium components, and Photopolymer printing plates


2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) used in the preparation of solid and emulsion polymers, acrylic dispersions in combination with other (meth) acrylates, which are used in various industries, especially for textile coatings and dressings.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is widely used in the production of acrylic polyols for automotive components, refurbishment coatings, and industrial coatings.


Applications of 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA): Acrylic Resins, Adhesives & Sealants, Architectural Coatings, Automotive & Industrial Coatings, Composites, Polyester Resins, Polyurethane Dispersions, UV Cured Systems, and Wood & Leather Finishes
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is also used as a comonomer in styrene-based unsaturated polyesters, PMMA-based acrylic resins, and vinyl ester formulations in anchor bolts and chemical anchors.



PRODUCTION OF 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) monomer is manufactured by reacting methacrylic acid with propylene oxide.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate polymerization:
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA)may polymerize when hot or when exposed to ultraviolet light and free-radical catalysts



USER OF 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
*Acrylic polyols for automotive and industrial coatings
*Reactive diluent for unsaturated polyesters
*PMMA based acrylic resins
*Vinyl ester formulations for anchor bolts and chemical fixings
*Acrylic emulsion polymers
*Vacuum impregnation sealants for cast aluminium components
*Photopolymer printing plates



BENEFITS OF 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
*Adhesion
*Hardness
*Heat Stability
*High Tg
*Hydrophobic
*Hydroxyl Functional
*Low Viscosity
*Multi Functional
*Reactive Diluent
*UV Stable
*Water Resistance



FEATURES OF 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
*Hydroxyl functional monomer
*Hydrophobic
*Non toxic
*Non yellowing
*REACH compliant



PRODUCTION METHOD OF 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) is derived from the reaction of methacrylic acid and propylene oxide.



POLYMERIZATION OF 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) may polymerize when hot and burst container.
2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (HPMA) may polymerize ... when exposed to ultraviolet light and free-radical catalysts.



MARKET OF 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
*Adhesives
*Coatings-Industrial
*Coatings-Transportation
-Composites
*Industrial Processing & Specialty
*Printing Ink
*Sealants



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
Formula: C7H12O3
Formula Weight: 144.17
CAS #: 27813-02-1
Boiling Point: 70°C/1mmHg
Specific Gravity @25°C: 1.028
Solubility in Water: 13%
Appearance: White odorless crystals
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 70 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Appearance: Clear liquid, free of particles
Water content, % (mass): 0.1 max
Inhibitor (MEHQ) content, ppm (mass): 200 - 300
Acid number, mgKOH/g: 1.0 max.
Colour number, Pt/Co: 10 max
Assay, % (mass): 97.0 min
Diester (PGDMA), % (mass): 0.2 max
Molecular weight (av), g/mol: 144
PSA: 46.53000
XLogP3: 0.48650
Appearance: Crystals or white crystalline solid.
Density: 1.066 g/cm3 @ Temp: 25 °C
Melting Point: -89 °C
Boiling Point: 96 °C
Flash Point: 206 °F
Refractive Index: 1.447
Water Solubility: less than 1 mg/mL at 73° F
Storage Conditions: 0-6ºC
Vapor Pressure: 0.05 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Vapor Density: >1 (vs air)Odor: Slight acrylic odor

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: ca.1,002 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particl characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Molecular Weight: 144.17 g/mol
XLogP3: 1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 144.078644241 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 144.078644241 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10

Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 140
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Empirical Formula: C7H12O3
CAS No.: 27813-02-1
Color: max.30 (Pt-Co)
Stabilization: 200±20ppm MEHQ
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Molecular weight: 144.7 g/mol
Density: 1.066 g/cm3 (25ºC)
Refractive index: 1.447(25ºC)
Boiling point: 92ºC
Flashpoint: 96ºC
Solubility: Soluble in : Organic Solvent, Water

Melting point: -58°C
Boiling point: 57 °C/0.5 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.066 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: >1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.05 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.447(lit.)
Flash point: 206 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: 107g/l
form: Liquid
color: Clear
Specific Gravity: 1.066
PH: 6 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Viscosity: 8.88mm2/s
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
BRN: 1752228
InChIKey: GNSFRPWPOGYVLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.97 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105
CAS DataBase Reference: 27813-02-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA UNII: UKW89XAX2X
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (27813-02-1)



FIRST AID MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C
Handle under nitrogen, protect from moisture.
Store under nitrogen.
Heat- and airsensitive.
Moisture sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE (HPMA):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)-2-methylprop-2-enamide
N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate
27813-02-1
923-26-2
2-Hydroxypropylmethacrylate
HPMA
Acryester HP
beta-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate
2-Hydroxypropyl 2-methylacrylate
2-hydroxypropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate
25703-79-1
2-Hydroxypropyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxypropyl ester
Propylene glycol monomethacrylate
2-HPMA
METHACRYLIC ACID, 2-HYDROXYPROPYL ESTER
CHEBI:53440
2HPMA
methacrylic acid 2-hydroxypropyl ester
V9B8S034AW
2-hydroxy-n-propyl methacrylate
2-hydroxy-3-propyl methacrylate
DTXSID1029629
.beta.-hydroxypropyl methacrylate
DSSTox_CID_5934
EINECS 213-090-3
BRN 1752228
UNII-V9B8S034AW
BLEMMER P
2-hydroxyproyl methacrylate
Epitope ID:131322
DSSTox_RID_77971
DSSTox_RID_78619
DSSTox_GSID_25934
DSSTox_GSID_27936
SCHEMBL19017
DTXCID805934
CHEMBL1873783
1,2-Propanediol, 1-methacrylate
2-Hydroxypropyl 2-methylacrylate #
CBA81302
Tox21_200694
Tox21_201232
Tox21_202531
AKOS015899917
CS-W011008
HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE [INCI]
NCGC00090806-01
NCGC00090806-02
NCGC00090806-03
NCGC00258248-01
NCGC00258784-01
NCGC00260080-01
AS-59279
CAS-923-26-2
CAS-25703-79-1
CAS-27813-02-1
FT-0694519
M0512
Hydroxypropyl methacrylate, mixture of isomers
D93082
2-Propenoic acid,2-methyl-,2-hydroxypropyl ester
W-100292
Q27124054
HPMA, 2-HPMA
HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE
METHACRYLIC ACID 2-HYDROXYPROPYL ESTER
methacrylic acid, monoester with propane-1,2-diol
rocryl410
Photomer 2317
2-Hydroxypropyl meth
Dimethicone 9006-65-9
Hydroxy propyl ethacrylate
2-HYDROXYPROYL METHACRYLATE
2-HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE

2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE = N,N′-ETHYLENEUREA = ETHYLENEUREA


CAS Number: 120-93-4
EC Number: 204-436-4
MDL number: MFCD00005257
Molecular Formula: C3H6N2O


2-Imidazolidinone is a member of ureas and an imidazolidinone.
2-Imidazolidinone is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
2-Imidazolidinone is white to off-white solid


2-Imidazolidinone is a metabolite of ethylenethiourea (ETU), a decomposition product of the ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides.
2-Imidazolidinone is an organic compound that is used in the synthesis of glycol ethers.
2-Imidazolidinone has also been shown to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduce light emission.
2-Imidazolidinone is a structural analog of imidazolidinones, which are known to possess antiinflammatory activity.


2-Imidazolidinone can be synthesized by reacting trifluoroacetic acid with an aromatic hydroxyl group and two nitrogen atoms.
The major metabolic pathways for 2-Imidazolidinone include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation with glucuronic acid.
2-Imidazolidinone reacts with water molecules to form hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen gas.
This reaction is catalyzed.


2-Imidazolidinone is a metabolite of ethylenethiourea (ETU), a decomposition product of the ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides.
2-Imidazolidinone is a largely obsolete insecticide.
2-Imidazolidinone is a metabolite of ethylenethiourea (ETU), a decomposition product of the ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides.



USES and APPLICATIONS of 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
Cosmetic Uses of 2-Imidazolidinone: fragrance, and perfuming agents
2-Imidazolidinone is used as formaldehyde capture agent, fine chemicals intermediates, also used in the preparation of resin and the preparation of plasticizers, paint, adhesives, etc
2-Imidazolidinone is used as formaldehyde capture agent to remove formaldehyde remaining in fabrics after finishing with 2D-resin, KB resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin, etc.


2-Imidazolidinone is also used as an intermediate for fine chemicals, used to make resins, plasticizers, paints, adhesives, etc.
2-Imidazolidinone is used as a formaldehyde capture agent, an intermediate for fine chemicals, and also used to make resins and formulate plasticizers, spray paints, adhesives, etc.
2-Imidazolidinone is used to synthesize chiral microporous materials prepared from achiral precursors.
2-Imidazolidinone is used to prepare aryl and heteroaryl N-acylurea through microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reaction.


2-Imidazolidinone is used to synthesize a highly water-soluble peptide based on human neutrophil elastase inhibitors.
2-Imidazolidinone formed by cyanoacetylation reaction used to synthesize antibacterial heterocyclic rings.
2-Imidazolidinone is used for Pd-catalyzed reaction to form C- N bonds with heteroaromatic toluene sulfonate; used to activate the oxidative amidation reaction of alkenes.


2-Imidazolidinone is mainly used in various kinds of formaldehyde removing reagent eg. For resinous product, 2-Imidazolidinone is used high effect formaldehyde removing detergent, long-term formaldehyde dissolution intermediate, formaldehyde removing for , leather, rubber, textile coating, and photocatolyst etc, In addition, it can be used in textile anti – crease finish, anti tearing finish.
2-Imidazolidinone is used as a raw material, it can be used in pharmaceutics industrial such as azlocillin sodium, anti-schistosomiasis, pesticide etc.


In pharmaceutical industry, 2-Imidazolidinone can be used as many kinds of antibiotics intermediate such as Mezlocillin, Azlocillin.
2-Imidazolidinone also can be used as intermediate of medicine for snail fever and basic material for 3G penicillin
2-Imidazolidinone serves mainly as a formaldehyde scavenger and chemical building block.
Apart from the textile industry 2-Imidazolidinone is used in construction and coatings industry applications.


2-Imidazolidinone is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
2-Imidazolidinone is used in the following products: inks and toners.
Other release to the environment of 2-Imidazolidinone is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Other release to the environment of 2-Imidazolidinone is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
2-Imidazolidinone can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).


2-Imidazolidinone widespread uses by professional workers.
2-Imidazolidinone is used in the following products: inks and toners. 2-Imidazolidinone is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction.
2-Imidazolidinone is used as thiadiazole pharmaceutical intermediate
2-Imidazolidinone can be used as reactant for synthesis of Chiral microporous materials from achiral precursors.


2-Imidazolidinone is mainly used in various kinds of formaldehyde removing reagent, eg.: for resinous products, high effect formaldelhyde removing detergent, long-term formaldehyde dissolution intermediate, formaldehyde removing for rubber, leather, textile, coating, and photocatolyst etc.
In addtion, 2-Imidazolidinone can be used in textile anti-crease finish, anti tearing finish.
In pharmaceutical industry, 2-Imidazolidinone can be used as many kinds of antibiotics intermediate, such as Mezlocillin, Azlocillin.


2-Imidazolidinone also can be used as intermediated of medicine for snail fever and basic material for 3G penicillin.
In biological industry, 2-Imidazolidinone can be used for producing growth regulator for plants, disinfectant, inhibitors, herbicide etc.
E 1546 (OTTO) 2-Imidazolidinone, 96% Cas 120-93-4 - used as Aryl and heteroaryl N-acylureas via microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed carbonylation.
E 1546 (OTTO)2-Imidazolidinone, 96% Cas 120-93-4 - used as a highly water-soluble peptide based human neutrophil elastase inhibitor.
2-Imidazolidinone, 96% Cas 120-93-4 - used as Chiral microporous materials from achiral precursors.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
2-Imidazolidinone is obtained by a hot pressing reaction of ethylenediamine and carbon dioxide.
Ethylenediamine, urea and water can also be condensed to make the product.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C3H6N2O = 86.09
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
Molecular Weight: 86.09
XLogP3: -1.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 86.048012819
Monoisotopic Mass: 86.048012819
Topological Polar Surface Area: 41.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6

Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 63.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance Form: solid
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available

pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 129 - 132 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Density: No data available

Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

ΔfG°: 71.47 kJ/mol
ΔfH°gas: -86.51 kJ/mol
ΔfusH°: [3.80; 13.20] kJ/mol
ΔsubH°: [83.70; 96.60] kJ/mol
ΔvapH°: 40.60 kJ/mol
IE: [8.90; 9.55] eV
log10WS: -0.10
logPoct/wat: -0.701
McVol: 63.800 ml/mol
Pc: 6852.77 kPa
Tboil: 452.91 K
Tc: 696.51 K
Tfus: 416.99 K
Ttriple: [346.60; 404.80]K
Vc: 0.227 m3/kmol


Molecular Formula: C3H6N2O
Molar Mass: 86.09
Density: 1.1530 (rough estimate)
Melting Point: 129-132 °C (lit.)
Boling Point: 158.75°C (rough estimate)
Flash Point: 265°C
Water Solubility: soluble
Vapor Presure: 0.002Pa at 20℃
Appearance: White needle crystal
Color: White to off-white
Merck: 14,4914
BRN: 106252

pKa: 14.58±0.20(Predicted)
Storage Condition: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Refractive Index: 1.5110 (estimate)
Appearance: white powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 131.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 358.70 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 397.00 °F. TCC ( 202.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): -1.230 (est)
Soluble in: water, 2.646e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Melting point: 129-132 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 158.75°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.1530 (rough estimate)
vapor pressure: 0.002Pa at 20℃
refractive index: 1.5110 (estimate)
Flash point: 265°C
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
form: Powder or Crystalline Powder
pka: 14.58±0.20(Predicted)
color: White to off-white
Water Solubility: soluble
Merck: 14,4914
BRN: 106252
LogP: -1.16 at 25℃



FIRST AID MEASURES of 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Nature of decomposition products not known.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
2-Imidazolidone
imidazolidin-2-one
120-93-4
2-Imidazolidinone
ETHYLENEUREA
imidazolidinone
Ethylene urea
N,N'-Ethyleneurea
2-Oxoimidazolidine
1,3-Ethyleneurea
Imidazolid-2-one
Monoethyleneurea
2-Oxomidazolidine
Urea, 1,3-ethylene-
SD 6073
2-imidazolidinon
Urea, N,N'-(1,2-ethanediyl)-
NSC 21314
CHEBI:37001
Urea,3-ethylene-
NSC-21314
WLN: T5MVMTJ
2K48456N55
Urea,N'-(1,2-ethanediyl)-
HSDB 4021
EINECS 204-436-4
imidazolidone
2-imidazolinone
AI3-22151
imidazolin-2-one
UNII-2K48456N55
Imidazoliden-2-one
2-oxo-imidazolidine
MFCD00005257
2-Imidazolidone, 96%
DSSTox_CID_602
EC 204-436-4
ETHYLENEUREA
DSSTox_RID_75683
DSSTox_GSID_20602
CHEMBL12034
IMIDAZOLIDINONE
2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE
DTXSID0020602
NSC3338
NSC-3338
NSC21314
ZINC1666720
Tox21_200783
AKOS000121325
7-Benzyloxy-1H-indole-3-carboxylicacid
NCGC00248832-01
NCGC00258337-01
AS-13128
BP-21148
CAS-120-93-4
DB-021217
DB-021218
AM20080146
CS-0075560
FT-0626340
FT-0668259
I0005
EN300-21266
D71145
2-Imidazolidinon 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
A804620
2-Imidazolidone, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
Q-200290
Q2813813
F0001-0335
Z104494954
Ethylenurea
Ethyleneurea
Imidazolidone
Ethylene urea
2-Imidazolidone
1,3-Ethyleneurea
Imidazolid-2-one
1,3-ethylene-ure
2-Imidazaolidone
2-Imidazolidinone
2-oxomidazolidine
Imidazolidin-2-on
2-Oxoimidazolidine
Imidazoliden-2-one
imidazolidin-2-one
Ethyleneurea hemihydrate
2-Imidazolidinone, Pract.
2-Imidazolidone hemihydrate
2-IMIDAZOLIDINON
2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE
2-IMIDAZOLIDONE
3-IMIDAZOLIDINONE
ETHYLENEUREA
N,N'-ETHYLENEUREA
1,3-ethylene-ure
1,3-Ethyleneurea
2-Oxoimidazolidine
2-oxomidazolidine
Ethylenurea
Imidazolid-2-one
Imidazoliden-2-one
Imidazolidin-2-on
imidazolidine-2-one
Imidazoline-2-one
n,n\’-(1,2-ethanediyl)-ure
N,N-Ethylenurea
SD 6073
sd6073
2-Imidazolidone
2-Imidazolidinone
ETHYLENEUREA
Ethylene urea
Monoethyleneurea
N,N'-Ethyleneurea
2-Oxoimidazolidine
imidazolidin-2-one
1,3-Ethyleneurea
2-Oxomidazolidine
2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE
IMIDAZOLIDIN-2-ONE
ETHYLENEUREA
Imidazolidone
idone
Ethylenurea
1,3-ethylene-ure
2-Oxoimidazolidine
sd6073
SD 6073
2-Imidazolidinone, Pract.
Ethyleneurea hemihydrate
2-Imidazolidone
2-Imidazolidinone
Ethyleneurea
2-Imidazaolidone
Imidazolidone
Ethylene urea
imidazolidin-2-one
1,3-Ethyleneurea
2-Imidazolidone
2-Oxoimidazolidine
CY 100
Ethyleneurea
Imidazolidinone
N,N’-Ethyleneurea
NSC 21314
NSC 3338
SD 6073
N,N’-(1,2-Ethanediyl)urea
2-Imidazolidinone, Pract.
Ethyleneurea hemihydrate
2-Imidazolidone
2-Imidazolidinone
Ethyleneurea
2-Imidazaolidone
Imidazolidone
Ethylene urea
imidazolidin-2-one
urea - ethene (1:1)
1,3-(ethane-1,2-diyl)urea
2-Imidazolidinone
2-Oxoimidazolidine
ethylene urea
Ethyleneurea
Ethylenurea
Imidazolid-2-one
imidazolidin-2-one
Imidazolidinone
Imidazolidone
MFCD00005257
N,N'-ethyleneurea
N,N-Ethylenurea
oxoimidazolidine
SD 6073
urea,ethylene
imidazolidinone
2-Imidazolidinone
urea,ethylene
1,3-(ethane-1,2-diyl)urea
Ethyleneurea
N,N'-ethyleneurea
Imidazolidin-2-one
N,N-Ethylenurea
Ethylenurea
Ethylene urea
2-IMIDAZOLIDONE
2-Oxoimidazolidine
Imidazolid-2-one
Imidazolidone
Ethylene urea
Imidazolidin-2-one
2-Imidazolidinone
120-93-4
2-Imidazolidinone (Ethylene urea)
2-Imidazolidinone
1,3-Ethyleneurea
2-Imidazolidon
2-imidazolidona
2-Imidazolidone
2-Oxoimidazolidine
Ethyleneurea
IMIDAZOLID-2-ONE
Imidazolidinone
N,N'-AETHYLENHARNSTOFF
N,N'-Ethyleneurea
NSC 21314
NSC 3338
Urea, ethylene-
Urea, N,N'-(1,2-ethanediyl)-
EINECS 204-436-4
Urea, 1,3-ethylene-
UNII-2K48456N55
2-oxomidazolidine
monoethyleneurea
imidazolidin-2-one
76895-63-1

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H4(NH)SC=S.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a beige or light yellow powder with a faint odor.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.


CAS Number: 149-30-4
EC Number: 205-736-8
MDL number: MFCD00005781
Chemical formula: C7H5NS2
Molecular Formula: C7H5NS2 / C6H4SNCSH


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is slightly odorous, bitter taste, non-toxic, specific gravity 1.42-1.52, initial melting point above 170℃, easily soluble in ethyl acetate in the dilute solution of ester, acetone, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is soluble in ethanol, insoluble in benzene, insoluble in water and gasoline.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a beige or light yellow powder with a faint odor.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has a pale yellow to tan crystalline powder with a disagreeable odor.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a pale yellow powder or granule.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has an unpleasant smell.
The melting point of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is above 173.0°C.


The relative density of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is 1.41 to 1.48.
2-mercaptobenzothiazole is poorly soluble in water and n-hexane.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is easily soluble in acetone.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is soluble in ethanol.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is slightly soluble in benzene.
2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is acidic.


Vulcanization promotes strong.
The vulcanization curve is relatively flat.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole also can be added to silver cyanide baths.


2-mercaptobenzothiazole is a pale yellow to tan crystalline powder with a disagreeable odor.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a member of benzothiazoles and an aryl thiol.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a natural product found in Bos taurus with data available.
2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is an important variety of thiazole rubber vulcanization accelerators.
At the same time, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is also an important auxiliary agent for oxidation and corrosion resistance.


In addition, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole is also a reagent for chemical analysis.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is low in toxicity and has a stimulating effect on skin and mucous membranes.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is one of the effective corrosion inhibitors for copper or copper alloys.


When the cooling system contains copper equipment and the raw water contains a certain amount of copper ions, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole can be added.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can prevent corrosion of copper.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is an intermediate of the herbicide mefenacet and is also a rubber accelerator and an intermediate thereof.



USES and APPLICATIONS of 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is mainly used for manufacturing tires, inner tubes, tape, rubber shoes, and other industrial rubber products.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is one of the effective corrosion inhibitors for copper or copper alloys.
When copper equipment and raw water contain a certain amount of copper ions in the cooling system, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can be added to prevent copper corrosion.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is an intermediate of the herbicide benzothiazole, as well as a rubber promoter and intermediate.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is widely used in various rubbers.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has a rapid promoting effect on natural rubber and synthetic rubber usually vulcanized with sulfur.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is often used in combination with other accelerator systems, such as dithiocarbamate and tellurium dithiocarbamate, as accelerators for butyl rubber.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used in combination with tribasic lead succinate, it can be used for light colored and water resistant chlorosulfonated polyethylene adhesive.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is easily dispersed and non polluting in rubber.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is an intermediate of promoters MZ, DM, NS, DIBS, CA, DZ, NOBS, MDB, etc.
For water treatment, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole's sodium salt is generally used.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is easy to be oxidized in water, such as chlorine, chloramine and chromate.
When chlorine is used as a bactericide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole should be added first, and then the bactericide should be added to prevent it from being oxidized and losing its slow release effect.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can be made into an alkaline solution and used in conjunction with other water treatment agents.
The mass concentration used of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is usually 1-10mg/L.
When the pH value is below about 7, the minimum dose is 2mg/L.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used as an additive for bright sulfate copper plating, it has good leveling effect and can also be used as a brightener for cyanide silver plating.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used for tire manufacturing, rubber belt, rubber overshoes and other industrial rubber products accelerator currently and a medium fast primary accelerator.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole imparts excellent aging properties when used both alone and in combination with DM, TMTD and many other basic accelerators for higher activity. Its accelerative temperature is low and easily be dispersed with lower pollution.
ainly used in the manufacture of tires, tubes, foot wear rubber belts and hoses etc.


A white solid, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used in the sulfur vulcanization of rubber.
Using 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, rubber vulcanizes with less sulfur and at milder temperatures, both factors give a stronger product.
In polymerization, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole finds use as a radical polymerization inhibitor, chain transfer agent, reforming agent, and additive for photoinitiators.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has also been used in the past in the gold-mining industry for the froth flotation of gold from ore residue as part of the extraction process.
Sodium salt is used as a biocide and preservative in adhesives (especially based on latex, starch, casein, and animal glues), paper, textiles.


Often found together with sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate as e.g. Vancide 51.
Zinc salt is used as a secondary accelerator in latex foam vulcanization.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can be added to oil-based hydraulic fluids, heat-transfer fluids (oils, antifreezes), cutting fluids and other mixtures as a corrosion inhibitor, effective for copper and copper alloys.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used for tire manufacturing, rubber belt, rubber overshoes and other industrial rubber products accelerator currently and a medium fast primary accelerator.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is also used in veterinary dermatology.


In electroplating 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used as a brightener for copper sulfate baths, at about 50-100 milligrams/liter.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is an intermediate of the herbicide benzothiazide, as well as a rubber accelerator and its intermediate.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a general-purpose vulcanization accelerator widely used in various rubbers.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has a rapid promotion effect on natural rubber and synthetic rubber usually vulcanized with sulfur.
However, the use of zinc oxide, fatty acid and other activation is required.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is often used in combination with other accelerator systems, such as dithiothiuram and tellurium dithiocarbamate can be used as an accelerator for butyl rubber.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used in combination with a tribasic lead maleate chemicalbook, can be used for light colors.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is water-resistant chlorosulfonated polyethylene compound.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is often used in combination with dithiocarbamate in latex, and can be vulcanized at room temperature when used with diethyldithiocarbamate diethylamine.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is easy to disperse in rubber and does not pollute.
However, due to its bitter taste, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is not suitable for food contact rubber products.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole with 1-amino-4-nitroanthraquinone and potassium carbonate in dimethyl Reflux in formamide for 3h to prepare dye-dispersed brilliant red S-GL.


This dye is used for dyeing polyester and its blended fabrics.
When 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used as an electroplating additive, it is also called acid copper plating brightener M, and it is used as a spreading brightener in bright copper plating with copper sulfate as the main salt.


In addition, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is also used to prepare pesticide fungicides, nitrogen fertilizer synergists, oil removal and lubrication additives, organic anti-ashing agents in photographic chemistry, metal corrosion inhibitors, etc.
In addition, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a reagent for chemical analysis.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has low toxicity and has a stimulating effect on the skin and mucous membranes.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (Benzothiazole-2-thiol, 2-MBT, Mercapto-2-benzothiazole) is an exceptionally potent inhibitor of banana polyphenoloxidase and can significantly delay the onset of substrate oxidation at concentrations as low as 100 nM.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) has been used in the synthesis of MBT functionalized mesoporous silica which can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solution.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can also be used as a: Reference compound in photocatalytic activity tests under UV or visible light irradiation.


Starting material for the synthesis of conjugates of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used for antitubercular activity studies.
Starting material for the synthesis of 4-thiazolidinones.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole MBT(M) (Refined) is a fast and nonpolluting accelerator suitable for rubbers and latex.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole's available as either as a light yellow powder or granule and can achieve good cold vulcanization when used together with secondary accelerator such as TMTD, TETD or DPG.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can impart anti-aging properties to vulcanized rubbers and is mainly used in the manufacturing of tires, adhesive tapes, rubber overshoes and other rubber products.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used Mining - Salts & Metals, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Rubber Additives, Accelerators, Polymers.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is a general-purpose vulcanization accelerator and is widely used in various rubbers.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has a vulcanization-promoting effect on natural rubber and synthetic rubber which is usually vulcanized with sulfur.


However, activation of zinc oxide, fatty acid, etc. is required before use. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is often used in combination with other accelerator systems.
For example, in combination with dithiothiuram and bismuth dithiocarbamate, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can be used as a vulcanization accelerator for butyl rubber.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can be used together with tribasic cis-butyl succinate for use in light-colored, water-resistant chlorosulfonated polyethylene compounds.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is often used in combination with dithiocarbamate in latex.


When used in combination with diethyldithiocarbamate diethylamine, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can be vulcanized at room temperature.
2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is easily dispersed and not contaminated in rubber.
However, due to its bitter taste, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is not suitable for rubber products that come into contact with food.


The dye S-GL was prepared by refluxing 2-mercaptobenzothiazole with 1-amino-4-nitroindole and potassium carbonate in dimethylformamide for 3 h.
This dye is used for the dyeing of polyester and its blended fabrics.
When 2 mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is used as an electroplating additive, it is also called an acid copper plating brightener.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used as a paving brightener when bright copper plating with copper sulfate as the main salt.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is mainly used as a brightener for bright copper sulfate.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has a good leveling effect.


2-Mercaptobenzothiazole can also be used as a brightener for cyanide silver plating.
After adding 0.5 g/L, the cathode polarization was increased.
Thereby, the silver ion crystals are aligned to form a bright silver plating layer.


In addition, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole is also used in the preparation of pesticide fungicides, nitrogen fertilizer synergists, cut-off oils and lubricant additives, organic anti-ashing agents in photographic chemistry, metal corrosion inhibitors, and the like.



PROPERTIES OF 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is Light yellow or off-white powder, granules.
The relative density of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is 1.42(20%), the specific gravity is 1.49±0.03, the melting point is above 180.02~181.7℃
(For the industrial products, it is above 170.0℃).

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole will burn when meet with naked flame, the flash point is 515～520℃.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is easily soluble in acetic ether, acetone, soluble in dichloromethane, diethyl ether, some other organic solvent and alkali carbonate solution.

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is slightly soluble in benzene. Insoluble in water and gasoline.
Lower explosion limit of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is 21g/m3.
The storage stability period of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is two years.



WHERE IS 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE FOUND?
You are most likely to contact 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole when using, wearing, or handling natural or synthetic rubber products at work or at home.
Work shoes and athletic shoes are often made with rubber components that contain mercaptobenzothiazole or related substances.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole may be used as anti-corrosion agent in cooling oils, drilling and cutting oils, antifreeze, and fungicides.



STRUCTURE OF 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
The molecule is planar with a C=S double bond, so the name mercaptobenzothiazole is a misnomer, a more appropriate name could be benzothiazoline-2-thione.
Solution measurements by NMR spectroscopy could not measure the presence of the thiol tautomer that the name implies, instead it exists as a thione/dithiocarbamate and the hydrogen appears on the nitrogen in the solid state, gas-phase, and in solution.

Theory indicates that the thione tautomer is about 39 kJ/mol lower in energy than the thiol, and a hydrogen-bonded dimer of the thione has even lower energy.
At alkaline pH greater than 7 the deprotonated thiolate form is most abundant.
A protonated form could not be observed in the pH range 2-11.



SYNTHESIS OF 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole has been produced by many methods.
The industrial route entails the high temperature reaction of aniline and carbon disulfide in the presence of sulfur, which proceeds by this idealized equation:
C6H5NH2 + CS2 + S → C6H4(NH)SC=S + H2S

The traditional route is the reaction of 2-aminothiophenol and carbon disulfide:
C6H4(NH2)SH + CS2 → C6H4(NH)SC=S + H2S
This method was developed by the discoverer of the compound, A. W. Hoffmann.

Other routes developed by Hoffmann include the reactions of carbon disulfide with 2-aminophenol and of sodium hydrosulfide with chlorobenzothiazole.
Further synthetic advances were reported in the 1920s that included demonstration that phenyldithiocarbamates pyrolyze to benzothiazole derivative.



REACTIONS OF 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is insoluble in water but dissolves upon the addition of base, reflecting deprotonation.
Treatment with Raney nickel results in monodesulfurization, giving benzothiazole:

C6H4(NH)SC=S + Ni → C6H4(N)SCH + NiS
The benzo ring undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution at the position para to nitrogen.

Oxidation gives mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide.
This disulfide reacts with amines to give sulfenamide derivatives such 2-morpholinodithiobenzothiazole.
These compounds are used in sulphur vulcanization, where they act as accelerators.



WHAT IS 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE AND WHERE IS 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE FOUND?
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is used as an additive to rubber products such as shoes, gloves, undergarments, swimwear, clothing, condoms, diaphragms, medical devices, toys, tires and tubes.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is also used in cutting oils, antifreeze mixtures, greases, adhesives, photographic film emulsions, detergents, and in veterinary products such as tick and flea powders and sprays.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
Chemical formula: C7H5NS2
Molar mass: 167.24 g·mol−1
Appearance: white solid
Melting point: 177–181 °C (351–358 °F; 450–454 K)
Molecular Weight: 167.3 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 166.98634151 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 166.98634151 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 69.4Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 158
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Physical state: crystalline
Color: light yellow
Odor: pungent
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 177 - 181 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: > 260 °C Decomposes on heating.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Lower explosion limit: 15 %(V)
Flash point: 200 °C - closed cup - ISO 1523
Autoignition temperature: does not ignite
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,118 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 2,42 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,42 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available

Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Dissociation constant: 7,03 at 20,5 °C
CAS number: 149-30-4
EC index number: 613-108-00-3
EC number: 205-736-8
Hill Formula: C₇H₅N S₂
Molar Mass: 167.25 g/mol
HS Code: 2934 20 20
Boiling point: >260 °C decomposes
Density: 1.42 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 15 %(V)
Flash point: 200 °C
Ignition temperature: 465 °C
Melting Point: 177 - 181 °C
pH value: 7 (0.12 g/l, H₂O, 25 °C)
Vapor pressure: Bulk density: 390 kg/m3
Solubility: 0.12 g/l
Appearance: Light yellow or off-white powder or granule
Initial Melting Point（℃≥）: 170

Molecular Formula: C7H5NS2
Molecular Weight: 167.25
Melting Point: 185°F / 85°C
Boiling Point: N/A
Flash Point: 500°F / 260°C
Appearance: pale yellow to tan crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in: water, 120 mg/L @ 24C (exp)
Melting Point: 172.0°C to 182.0°C
Color: Yellow
Flash Point: 243°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Beilstein: 27, II, 233
Merck Index: 15, 5935
Solubility Information: yellow solution
Formula Weight: 167.24
Percent Purity: 97%
Physical Form: Powder
Chemical Name or Material: 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, 98%
Molecular Weight： 167.25100
Exact Mass： 167.25
EC Number： 205-736-8
HScode： 29342020

PSA： 79.93000
XLogP3： 2.58500
Appearance： 2-mercaptobenzothiazole is a pale yellow to tan crystalline powder with a disagreeable odor.
Density： 1.42 g/cm3
Melting Point： 180.2-181.7 °C
Boiling Point： 305ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point： 243ºC (dec.)
Refractive Index： 1.783
Water Solubility： Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 0.01 (very poor)
Storage Conditions： Store in a tightly closed container.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.
Vapor Pressure： 0.000844mmHg at 25°C
Explosive limit： vol% in air: 15
Odor： Disagreeable odor
Taste： Bitter taste
Molecular Weight:167.3
XLogP3:2.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:2
Exact Mass:166.98634151
Monoisotopic Mass:166.98634151
Topological Polar Surface Area:69.4
Heavy Atom Count:10
Complexity:158
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes

Appearance :Powder
Physical State :Solid
Storage :Store at room temperature
Melting Point :177-181° C (lit.)
Boiling Point :>260° C (dec.)
Density :1.42 g/cm3 at 20° C
Appearance: complying
Identity (IR): complying
Assay (alkalimetric): Min. 98 %
Melting point: 178 - 181 °C
Colour of the solution: complying
Clearness of the solution: complying
Boiling Point/Range: No data available
Color: Light Yellow
Density: 1.42 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flashpoint: 200 °C
Form: Powder
Grade: Indicators
Incompatible Materials: Oxidizing agents
Lower Explosion Limit: No data available
Melting Point/Range: 180-182 °C
Partition Coefficient: 2.42.7
Purity Percentage: 99.00
Purity Details: >=99.00%
Solubility in Water: 0.118 g/l (25 °C)
Upper Explosion Limit: No data available
Vapor Pressure: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
pH-Value: No data available
Storage Temperature: Ambient



FIRST AID MEASURES of 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
1,3-Benzothiazole-2(3H)-thione
Mercapto-2-benzothiazole; 2-MBT
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
149-30-4
2-Benzothiazolethiol
Benzo[d]thiazole-2(3H)-thione
Captax
Benzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol
Benzothiazolethiol
MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE
1,3-Benzothiazole-2-thiol
2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione
Benzothiazole-2-thiol
118090-09-8
Dermacid
2-MBT
Sulfadene
Kaptax
Mertax
Thiotax
Rokon
Rotax
Accelerator M
Vulkacit M
Ekagom G
Accel M
Mebetizole
Mebithizol
Kaptaks
Nuodeb 84
Soxinol M
Vulkacit Mercapto
Pneumax MBT
2-Mercaptobenzthiazole
Royal MBT
Mercaptobenzothiazol
Mercaptobenzthiazole
Vulkacit Mercapto/C
2-Mercptobenzothiazole
Pennac mbt powder
Benzothiazole-2-thione
2-Benzothiazolinethione
mebetizol
MBT
Nuodex 84
Usaf gy-3
Nocceler M
Usaf xr-29
Benzothiazole, mercapto-
1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl hydrosulfide
2-Benzothiazolyl mercaptan
2-Merkaptobenzotiazol
2-Merkaptobenzthiazol
AG 63
benzothiazolyl mercaptan
Perkacit MBT
2-thiobenzothiazole
3H-1,3-benzothiazole-2-thione
2-Benzothiazolethiol(9CI)
Mercaptobenzothiazole (VAN)
C7H5NS2
Caswell No. 541
2-sulfanyl-1,3-benzothiazole
pennac mbt
CHEBI:34292
Thiot ax
NCI-C56519
Accelerator mercapto
CCRIS 891
DTXSID1020807
2-Sulfanylbenzothiazole
HSDB 4025
2-Mercaptobenzothioazole
2-mercapto-benzothiazole
captax, zinc salt
NSC 2041
EINECS 205-736-8
captax, sodium salt
MFCD00005781
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051701
UNII-5RLR54Z22K
AI3-00985
5RLR54Z22K
NSC2041
1,3-benzothiazole-2(3H)-thione
NSC-2041
NCGC00091643-07
NCGC00091643-08
EC 205-736-8
DTXCID90807
2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione, potassium salt
CAS-149-30-4
captax, potassium salt
2-Mercapto benzothiazole
captax, lead(+2) salt
captax, cobalt(+2) salt
captax, copper(+2) salt
captax, silver(+1) salt
captax, bismuth(+3) salt
captax, mercury (+2) salt
Drmacid
Sanceler M
Wobezit M
Nonflex NB
Oricel M
Captax MBT
Nocceler M-P
Sanceler M-G
2-Benzotiazoletiol
MBT, captax
2-benzothiazolthiol
benzothiazol-2-thiol
2-mercaptobenzotiazol
mercapto-benzothiazole
2-Benzothiazolethione
2-Benzotiazolinetiona
Vulkacit Mercapto/MG
2-mercaptobenzothiazol
Aero Promoter 412
2-mercapto-benzthiazole
Spectrum_001669
SpecPlus_000728
Vulkacit Mercapto MG/C
Aero 407
Vulkafil ZN 94TT01
155-04-4
57948-09-1
Spectrum2_001666
Spectrum3_001665
Spectrum4_000628
Spectrum5_001400
2(3H-Benzothiazolethione
1,3-benzotiazol-2-tiol
Mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-
2 (3H)-Benzotiazoltiona
2(3H)-Benzothiazoletione
2-mercaptano Benzotiazolil
1,3-benzotiazol-2-tiona
benzo[d]thiazole-2-thione
13-Benzothiazole-2-thiol
2-mercapto-1H-benzotiazol
Epitope ID:116044
Benzothiazole, 2-mercapto-
1 3-Benzothiazole-2-thiol
2-Benzothiazolethiol (8CI)
2-Mercapto-1H-benzothiazole
SCHEMBL23237
1 3-Benzothiazole-2-thione
1,3-Benzothiazole-2-thione
BSPBio_003449
KBioGR_001216
KBioSS_002149
BIDD:ER0373
DivK1c_006824
SPECTRUM1504225
2-MercaptobenzothiazoleDermacid
SPBio_001851
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, 97%
2-Sulphanyl-1,3-benzothiazole
CHEMBL111654
RU 3
155-04-4 (zinc salt)
MBT (vulcanization accelerator)
WLN: T56 BN DSJ CSH
2,3-Dihidrobenzotiazol-2-tiona
Vulkacit M, vulkacit merkapto/c
Benz-1 3-thiazolidine-2-thione
KBio1_001768
KBio2_002149
KBio2_004717
KBio2_007285
KBio3_002669
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT)
7778-70-3 (potassium salt)
C7-H5-N-S2
LS-61
2 3-Dihydrobenzothiazole-2-thione
2-Benzothiazolinethione (6CI7CI)
AMY23224
MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE [HSDB]
2-Benzothiazolinethione (6CI 7CI)
Tox21_113450
Tox21_400016
1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl hydrosulphide
2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE [MI]
BDBM50444459
c1019
CCG-39092
DT 402
STK499589
MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE [WHO-DD]
2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE [IARC]
AKOS000119128
AKOS002337495
1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl hydrosulfide #
CS-W017829
DB11496
FS-1801
HY-W017113
4162-43-0 (copper(+2) salt)
NCGC00091643-01
NCGC00091643-02
NCGC00091643-04
NCGC00091643-05
NCGC00091643-06
NCGC00091643-09
NCGC00091643-10
NCGC00091643-12
AC-11606
2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE [GREEN BOOK]
FT-0612758
FT-0699702
M0055
M0247
EN300-21479
D70518
F71266
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, technical, >=90% (T)
AB00053232-04
A808877
A927195
AE-641/31369054
Mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-
(2-Benzothiazolethiol)
Mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-
(2-Benzothiazolthiol)
Q904160
Q-200294
BRD-K55160477-001-02-1
BRD-K55160477-001-03-9
F3066-0005
Z104499140
27157-85-3
XO9
2-Benzothiazolethiol, MBT
2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione
2-Benzothiazolethiol
Accel M
Accelerator M
Benzothiazole, mercapto-
Benzothiazolethiol
Captax
Dermacid
Ekagom G
Kaptaks
Kaptax
Mebetizole
Mebithizol
Mercaptobenzothiazol
Mercaptobenzothiazole
Mercaptobenzthiazole
Mertax
MBT
Nuodeb 84
Pneumax MBT
Rotax
Royal MBT
Soxinol M
Thiotax
Vulkacit M
Vulkacit Mercapto
Vulkacit Mercapto/C
2-Benzothiazolinethione
2-Mercaptobenzthiazole
2-MBT
AG 63
Sulfadene
USAF GY-3
USAF XR-29
2-Mercptobenzothiazole
2-Merkaptobenzotiazol
2-Merkaptobenzthiazol
NCI-C56519
Pennac mbt powder
Rokon
Benzothiazole-2-thione
2-Benzothiazolyl mercaptan
Nocceler M
Accelerator Mercapto
Perkacit MBT
Benzothiazole, 2-mercapto-
1,3-Benzothiazole-2-thione
Benzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT)
benzothiazole-2-thiol
2-Thiocarbamidothiophenol
2-Benzothiazolethiol
2-Benzothiazolthiol
2-MBT
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
MBT
Mercapto(2-)Benzothiazole
Mercaptobenzothiazole
2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione
2-Benzothiazolethiol
2-Benzothiazolinethione
Captax
MBT
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
2-Mercaptobenzthiazole
Mertax
Nuodeb 84
Rotax
Royal MBT
Thiotax
Mercaptobenzothiazole
Pneumax MBT
Mercaptobenzthiazole
Soxinol M
Vulkacit Mercapto
Ekagom G
Vulkacit M
Kaptax
Dermacid
Accelerator M
Kaptaks
2-MBT
Mebetizole
Mebithizol
Vulkacit Mercapto/C
Accel M
2-Benzothiazolyl mercaptan
Nocceler M
MBT (vulcanization accelerator)
Aero Promoter 412
Sanceler M
Vulkacit Mercapto/MG
2,3-Dihydrobenzothiazole-2-thione
Mebetizol
Wobezit M
Nonflex NB
Benz-1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione
1,3-Benzothiazole-2-thione
Vulkafil ZN 94TT01
2-Sulfanylbenzothiazole
Nocceler M-P
Perkacit MBT
1,3-Benzothiazole-2-thiol
NSC 2041
Vulkacit Mercapto MG/C
Aero 407
Sanceler M-G
Benzothiazolethiol
Benzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol
2-Mercapto-1H-benzothiazole
Oricel M
RU 3
Captax MBT
DT 402
OCID
M 2
M 2 (rust inhibitor)
accelerator MBT
NB
Rubator MBT
MBT-2
Accelerant M
Rhenogran MBT 80
MBT 80
2,3-Dihydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2-thione
2-Mercaptobenzo[d]thiazole
Rhenogran MBT
1321-08-0
4464-58-8
12640-90-3
55199-93-4
81605-65-4
112242-83-8
119170-41-1
885216-62-6
2213445-86-2
MBT
Mercaptobenzothiazole
2-Benzothiazolethione
2-Benzothiazolethiol
Benzothiazole-2-thione
2-Benzothiazolethiol
Mercapto-2 benzothiazole
Benzothiazole-2-thiol
Benzo[d]thiazole-2(3H)-thione
MBT