Paint, Construction, Plastics, Rubber Chemicals

ATMP
Atmp is a colorless solid.
Atmp is a cement retarder.
Atmp's conjugate bases, such as [N(CH2PO3H)3]3-, have chelating properties.


CAS Number: 6419-19-8
EC Number: 229-146-5
Linear Formula: N[CH2PO(OH)2]3
MDL number: MFCD00002138
Chemical formula: C3H12NO9P3



SYNONYMS:
Phosphonic acid, P,P′,P′′-[nitrilotris(methylene)]tris-, Phosphonic acid, [nitrilotris(methylene)]tri-, Phosphonic acid, [nitrilotris(methylene)]tris-, P,P′,P′′-[Nitrilotris(methylene)]tris[phosphonic acid], Nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid), Tris(methylenephosphonic acid)amine, Aminotri(methylphosphonic acid), Nitrilotri(methylenephosphonic acid), Aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid), Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid), [Nitrilotris(methylene)]triphosphonic acid, (Nitrilotrimethylene)triphosphonic acid, Aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid), Nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid, Tris(phosphonomethyl)amine, Aminotris(methanephosphonic acid), Dowell L 37, α,α′,α′′-Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid), Nitrilo-N,N,N-tris(methylenephosphonic acid), [Nitrilotris(methylene)]tris(phosphonic acid), Nitrilotris(methylphosphonic acid), Dequest 2000, Nitrilo-N,N,N-trimethylenephosphonic acid, Nitrilotrimethanephosphonic acid, Ferrofos 509, Dequest 2001, 1,1,1-Nitrilotris(methylphosphonic acid), Nitrilotris(methanephosphonic acid), NTF, Sequion 20H45, NTMP, ATMP, Sequion OA, NTP-A, Unihib 305, NTP, Defloc NH 05, IC 2000, Nitrilotrimethylenetris(phosphonic acid), NTPH, Briquest 301-50A, ATMP (phosphonic acid), Turpinal D 2, Briquest 301, WSI 3300, WSI 3310, Mayoquest 1320, Chelest PH 320, Cublen AP 1, Dequest 2000EG, Cublen AP 5, Aquacid 1084EX, Aquacid 108, Aminotrismethylene phosphonate, [Bis(phosphonomethyl)amino]methylphosphonic acid, Tris(phosphonomethyl)amine, Nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid), ATMP, NTMP, [Nitrilotris(methylene)]tris(phosphonic acid), 1,1,1-Nitrilotri(methylphosphonic acid), AMINO TRI(METHYLENE PHOSPHONIC ACID), ATMP, ATMP-H, ATMPA, Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid, Aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid), Aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid), Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid), Briquest 301-50A, Cublen AP1, Cublen AP5, NTMP, Nitrilotri(methylenephosphonic acid), Phosphonic acid, [nitrilotris(methylene)]tris-, Tris(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Amine, Tris(methylenephosphonic acid)amine, Uniphos 200, [Nitrilotris(methylene)]trisphosphonic acid, ATMP, Aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid), [Bis(phosphonomethyl)amino]methylphosphonic acid, NTMP, ATMP, Aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid), [Bis(phosphonomethyl)amino]methylphosphonic acid, Beilstein Number:1715724, NITRILOTRIMETHANEPHOSPHONIC ACID, NITRILOTRI(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID), NITRILOTRIS(METHYLENEPHOSPHONIC ACID), NITRILOTRIS(METHYLENE)TRIPHOSPHONIC ACID, TRIS(PHOSPHONOMETHYL)AMINE, Dequest 2000, BRIQUEST 301-50A, ATMP, ATMP, AMINO TRIMETHYLENE PHOSPHONIC ACID (ATMP), ntpo, ATMPA, NitriL, Dequest 2000, NITRILOTRI(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID), (nitrilo, dowelll37, Amino tris, NITRILOTRIMETHANEPHOSPHONIC ACID, NITRILOTRI(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID), NITRILOTRIS(METHYLENEPHOSPHONIC ACID), NITRILOTRIS(METHYLENE)TRIPHOSPHONIC ACID, TRIS(PHOSPHONOMETHYL)AMINE, Dequest 2000, BRIQUEST 301-50A, ATMP,



Atmp is a phosphonoacetic acid.
Atmp is an antiscalant and can be removed form membrane concentrates by iron-coated waste filtration sand.
Atmp is a cement retarder.


Atmp reacts with the aluminum surface to form a coating which is an effective inhibitor of the reaction of evaporated aluminum thin films on glass or silicon with deionized water.
Atmp is a colourless liquid


Atmp or aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) is a phosphonic acid with chemical formula N(CH2PO3H2)3.
Atmp is a colorless solid.
Atmp's conjugate bases, such as [N(CH2PO3H)3]3-, have chelating properties.


Atmp can be synthesized from the Mannich-type reaction of ammonia, formaldehyde, and phosphorous acid, in a manner similar to the Kabachnik–Fields reaction.
Atmp is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.


Atmp is a phosphonoacetic acid.
Atmp is a powerful complexing agent
Atmp is a white or of- white powder or crystlline power,odorless


Atmp is very soluble in N,N-Dimethylformamide.
Atmp is soluble in methanol.
Atmp is sparingly soluble inglacial acetic acid, Very slightly soluble inchloroform.
Atmp is practically insoluble in water.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ATMP:
Atmp is used for power plants, refineries, petrochemicals, fertilizer plant cooling water, oil field injection water system,particularly suitable for hard high-calcium, low concentration multiple systems, such as power plants and high hardness high salinity, bad water quality conditions of the oil pipeline inhibitors,which may decrease the risk of corrosion and scaling of metal equipment and pipeline.


In the textile printing and dyeing industry, Atmp is used as a metal ion chelating agent, metal surface treatment agent.
Atmp is used for the scale prevention of cooling water system, oil pipeline and boiler.
Atmp is used as the scale inhibitor for the oil pipeline with high hardness, high salinity and bad water quality.


Atmp is used as scale inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor for the treatment of cooling water, boiler water, oil field water.
Atmp is used for circulating cooling water of thermal power plant and an oil refinery.
Atmp is used as a powerful complexing agent.


Atmp is used as a potent acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor.
Atmp is a common chelating agent used in synthetic chemistry.
Atmp is used preparation of hexagonal porous three-dimensional structures encapsulating a template, layered structures with intercalated templates or linear polymers.


Atmp is used synthesis of metal-organic frameworks in combination with uranyl nitrate.
Atmp is used preparation of ingredient of anticorrosive protective coatings on the steel surface.
Atmp can also be employed as a scale inhibitor during squeeze treatments in oilfield operations.


Atmp is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Atmp is used in the following products: water softeners, fertilisers, coating products, air care products, washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes and cosmetics and personal care products.


Other release to the environment of Atmp is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Release to the environment of Atmp can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).


Other release to the environment of Atmp is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).


Atmp can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).


Applications of Atmp: Detergents and cleaning agents, Fouling, Inhibition, and Water treatment.
Atmp is used in the following products: water softeners, fertilisers, coating products, cosmetics and personal care products, air care products, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.


Atmp is used in the following areas: building & construction work and agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Atmp is used for the manufacture of: and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Atmp can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and vehicles.


Other release to the environment of Atmp is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Atmp is used in the following products: water softeners, washing & cleaning products, pH regulators and water treatment products, water treatment chemicals, polishes and waxes and paper chemicals and dyes.


Release to the environment of Atmp can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Atmp is used in the following products: water softeners, pH regulators and water treatment products, water treatment chemicals and washing & cleaning products.


Atmp is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment, mining and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Atmp is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products, textile, leather or fur, metals, fabricated metal products, chemicals, machinery and vehicles and furniture.


Release to the environment of Atmp can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Atmp was used to study the mechanism of inhibition of cement hydration by phosphonic acid.
Other release to the environment of Atmp is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).


Release to the environment of Atmp can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures and in processing aids at industrial sites.


-Water treatment agent uses of Atmp:
Atmp, its solid form is crystalline powder, soluble in water, hygroscopic, has excellent chelation, low threshold inhibition and lattice distortion.
Atmp has excellent scale inhibition below 200 ℃, low toxicity, good thermal stability.
Atmp can be dissociated into six positive and negative ions in the water, and can form a stable chelate with a variety of metal ions such as iron, copper, aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, etc.
Atmp has a more preferable scale inhibition effect on carbonate . And Atmp has good synergy with the polyphosphate, polycarboxylate, nitrite.
There are good inhibition when in 40mg/L.



PROPERTIES OF ATMP:
Atmp has good antiscale performance.
Atmp is related structurally to nitrilotriacetic acid.



INSTRUCTIONS OF ATMP:
Atmp is often used with other organic acid, polylactic acid or salt to form organic water treatment agents for circulating cooling water systems under a variety of different water quality conditions.
The amount of Atmp of 1~20mg/L is preferred; in an amount of 20~60mg/L when used as a corrosion inhibitor .
Atmp is acidic, pay attention to labor protection, should avoid contact with eye and skin, once contacted, flush with plenty of water.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ATMP:
Chemical formula: C3H12NO9P3
Molar mass: 299.048 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.33 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 61 g/100 mL
Solubility: Water (Slightly, Heated)
pH: 0.46
Water Solubility: 500g/L at 20℃
pKa: 0.56±0.10 (Predicted)
Color: White
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents.

InChIKey: YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -3.5
CAS DataBase Reference: 6419-19-8 (CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Aminotri(methylene phosphonic acid) (6419-19-8)
Physical state: Solid
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/range: 215 °C (dec.)
Boiling point: 746.2±70.0 °C (Predicted)
Density: 1.3 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25℃
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry, Room Temperature
Form: Solid
BRN: 1715724

Safety and Other Information:
Flammability: No data available
Explosive properties: None
Oxidizing properties: None
Other safety information: No data available
Molecular Weight: 299.05 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -7.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 10
Rotatable Bond Count: 6
Exact Mass: 298.97249195 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 298.97249195 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 176 Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 305
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical Formula and Identification:
Molecular Formula: C3H12NO9P3
CAS RN: 6419-19-8
PubChem Substance ID: 87573804
MDL Number: MFCD00002138

CBNumber: CB3451342
InChIKey: YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 6419-19-8 (CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA UNII: 1Y702GD0FG
EPA Substance Registry System: Aminotri(methylene phosphonic acid) (6419-19-8)
Beilstein Number: 1715724
Physical Properties:
Physical State (20 °C): Liquid
Melting Point: ~215 °C (dec.)
Boiling Point: 746.2±70.0 °C (Predicted)
Density: 1.3 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor Pressure: 0 Pa at 25℃
Storage Temperature: Sealed in dry, Room Temperature
Solubility: Water (Slightly, Heated)

Form: Solid
Color: White
pH: 0.46
Water Solubility: 500g/L at 20℃
BRN: 1715724
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents.
Additional Information:
MDL: MFCD00002138
XlogP3-AA: -7.20 (estimated)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 1.30000 @ 25.00 °C
Boiling Point: 746.20 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg (estimated)
Flash Point: 761.00 °F TCC (405.10 °C) (estimated)

LogP (o/w): -4.630 (estimated)
Soluble in water: 1,000,000 mg/L @ 25 °C (estimated)
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H12NO9P3/c5-14(6,7)1-4(2-15(8,9)10)3-16(11,12)13/h1-3H2,(H2,5,6,7)(H2,8,9,10)(H2,11,12,13)
InChIKey: YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C(N(CP(=O)(O)O)CP(=O)(O)O)P(=O)(O)O
Canonical SMILES: O=P(O)(O)CN(CP(=O)(O)O)CP(=O)(O)O
CAS No.: 6419-19-8
UN No.: 3265
Molecular Formula: C3H12NO9P3
InChIKeys: InChIKey=YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 299.05000
Exact Mass: 299.05
EC Number: 229-146-5
UNII: 1Y702GD0FG
DSSTox ID: DTXSID2027624
HScode: 2931900090

PSA: 205.26000
XLogP3: -7.2
Appearance: Liquid; PelletsLargeCrystals
Density: 1.28 (50% aq.)
Melting Point: 208-210 °C
Boiling Point: 746.2ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 405.1ºC
Refractive Index: 1.610
Water Solubility: 1000 mg/mL at 25 °C
Vapor Pressure: 6.86e-12 mmHg
CAS Number: 6419-19-8
Molecular Weight: 299.050 g/mol
Density: 2.1±0.1 g/cm3

Boiling Point: 746.2±70.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: C3H12NO9P3
Melting Point: ~215 °C (dec.)
Flash Point: 405.1±35.7 °C
Exact Mass: 298.972504
Polar Surface Area (PSA): 205.26000
LogP: -4.63
Vapour Pressure: 0.0±5.4 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction: 1.610
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents.



FIRST AID MEASURES of ATMP:
Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ATMP:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ATMP:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ATMP:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ATMP:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
No metal containers.
Tightly closed.
Dry.
hygroscopic Store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ATMP:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


ATMP.5Na
ATMP•Na4; Phosphonic acid, P,P',P''-[nitrilotris(methylene)]tris-, sodium salt (1:?) ATMP;ATMPA;ATMP(A); Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid; Amino Tri(Methylene Phosphonic Acid); Tris(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Amine; Nitrilotrimethylphosphonic Acid(NTP); Nitrilotrimethylenetris(Phosphonic Acid); cas :20592-85-2
AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is clear to hazy white liquid.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is a water-dispersible film-forming polymer that produces water-resistant films for mascara, nail polish, and liquid makeup applications.


CAS Number: 25133-97-5
Formula:(C5H8O2) (C5H8O2) (C4H6O2)
Molecular Formula: C14H22O6


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is a film former.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer produces water-resistant, breathable, hard and tough films.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer disperses pigments and offers high gloss.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is abrasion resistant and can be removed with soap & water.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is preserved with a blend of methyl paraben, benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is a water-dispersible film-forming polymer that produces water-resistant films for mascara, nail polish, and liquid makeup applications.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is preserved with a blend of methylparaben, benzyl alcohol, and propylene glycol.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer offers high-gloss finishes and can be easily removed with soap and water.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is a water-dispersible film-forming polymer that produces water-resistant films for mascara, nail polish, and liquid makeup applications.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is a water-dispersible film-forming polymer that produces water-resistant films for mascara, nail polish and liquid makeup applications.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is preserved with a blend of methyl paraben, benzyl alcohol, and propylene glycol.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is a film former.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer produces water-resistant, breathable, hard and tough films.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer disperses pigments and offers high gloss.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is abrasion resistant and can be removed with soap & water.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is preserved with a blend of methyl paraben, benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is used in mascara, nail polish and liquid makeup applications.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is preserved with a blend of methylparaben, benzyl alcohol, and propylene glycol.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer keeps container closed when not in use.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer stores products between 10øC (50øF) and 38øC (100øF), with the exception of Avalure UR 450 polymer, which needs to be stored between 35øF (1.7øC) and 80øF (26.7øC) in order to achieve the 1 year shelf life from date of manufacturing.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer provides gentle agitation to prevent settling.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer does not allow liquid products to freeze.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is able to absorb skin secretions, thereby reducing skin shine and providing an improved skin surface for makeup application.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer also imparts a pleasant feel to a cosmetic preparation and helps reduce any feeling of oiliness the product may have.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is incorporated into numerous types of cosmetic formulations including skin cleansers, oil control treatments, makeup, and loose and compressed powders.


When used in conjunction with a variety of other ingredients, including glycerine, cyclomethicone, retinyl palmitate, and vegetable oils, Avalure AC 120 Polymer prolongs the availability of these other ingredients to the skin through a form of time-release activity.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer also helps counteract some negative properties when applied to the skin, or further enhance positive ones.


For example, Avalure AC 120 Polymer reduces the tackiness and greasiness of glycerine while prolonging its availability in the interstitial network of the skin.
When present with retinyl palmitate, Avalure AC 120 Polymer improves the stability of the formulation and increases its skin contact time.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is a Polymers of two or more monomers consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or their simple esters.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is a name given to synthetic copolymers that contain two or more than two monomers like methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, and one of their esters.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer forms a barrier on the skin and results in a very soft and smooth after feel.


Further, Avalure AC 120 Polymer adds water resistance or waterproof quality to formulations.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer has many uses in the world of cosmetics.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is made by combining acrylic acid and methacrylic acid along with one of their esters or salts.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer can be in white powder or beads form and is one of the most commonly produced microplastics.
Microplastics or microbeads are tiny, solid particles of Avalure AC 120 Polymer that are added to cosmetic and skin care products because of their smoothening and exfoliating properties.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is used and applications include: Detergent polymer; for surface coatings; emulsions; paints; paper and leather finishes; water treatment; dispersant and scale inhibitor for oil field water treatment; binder for textiles


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is used thickener for fabric laminates, textile printing pastes; antistat, binder, film-former in cosmetics; thickener, stabilizer for cosmetics, paints, inks, waxes, polishes, detergents, etc.; in food packaging adhesives; in paper paperboard in contact with dry food.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is used in a variety of products such as shampoos, body lotions, nail paints, etc.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is used Cosmetic, Water Treatment, Textiles, Adhesives, Detergent industries.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer comes in the form of white powder or beads. Acrylates copolymer is a film-forming agent that is used in cosmetic and skin care products.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer for skin has benefits such as smoothening and softening.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer forms a film or a barrier on the skin to result in a smooth feel.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer even acts as a thickening agent for improving the texture of formulations.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is most commonly used in eye shadows, mascara, eyebrow pencils, and lipsticks.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is good for hair as it aids in smoothening and detangling the shafts.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is used tough, breathable, abrasion resistant films.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is used in mascara, nail polish and liquid makeup applications.
Recommended Use level: Recommended use level of Avalure AC 120 Polymer is 0.3 to 27 wt% as supplied
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is used as a binder on the skin, Avalure polymers adhere well, are water-resistant, and impart a natural feel.


These film formers accept pigments readily and are compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer is able to absorb skin secretions, thereby reducing skin shine and providing an improved skin surface for makeup application.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer also imparts a pleasant feel to a cosmetic preparation and helps reduce any feeling of oiliness the product may have.


Avalure AC 120 Polymer is incorporated into numerous types of cosmetic formulations including skin cleansers, oil control treatments, makeup, and loose and compressed powders.
When used in conjunction with a variety of other ingredients, including glycerine, cyclomethicone, retinyl palmitate, and vegetable oils, Avalure AC 120


Polymer prolongs the availability of these other ingredients to the skin through a form of time-release activity.
Avalure AC 120 Polymer also helps counteract some negative properties when applied to the skin, or further enhance positive ones.


For example, Avalure AC 120 Polymer reduces the tackiness and greasiness of glycerine while prolonging its availability in the interstitial network of the skin.
When present with retinyl palmitate, Avalure AC 120 Polymer improves the stability of the formulation and increases its skin contact time.



FUNCTIONS OF AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
*Scale Inhibitor
*Acid
*Dispersant
*Stabilizer



WHAT DOES AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Film forming



SAFETY PROFILE OF AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
Additionally, even though Avalure AC 120 Polymer is soluble in water, it is non-biodegradable.
Moreover, being microplastic, Avalure AC 120 Polymer poses a safety hazard to the environment.



FUNCTIONS OF AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
Avalure AC 120 Polymer suggested applications include nail polish, mascara/eyeliner, liquid (face) makeup, sunscreen products, and barrier lotion.



ALTERNATIVES OF AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
*BIOSACCHARIDE GUM4



FUNCTIONS OF AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
*Film Former
*Benefit Claims:
*Gloss,
*Abrasion Resistance,
*Compatibility,
*Film Forming



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
Boiling Point: 99.5ºC at 760 mmHg
Density: 1.10 (30% aq.)
InChI Key: WRQSVSBTUKVOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/2C5H8O2.C4H6O2/c1-4(2)5(6)7-3;1-3-5(6)7-4-2;1-3(2)4(5)6/h1H2,2-3H3;3H,1,4H2,2H3;1H2,2H3,(H,5,6)
Canonical SMILES: CCOC(=O)C=C.CC(=C)C(=O)O.CC(=C)C(=O)OC
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Density: 1.10 (30% aq.)
Boiling Point: 99.5ºC at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: C14H22O6
Molecular Weight: 286.32100
Flash Point: 15.6ºC
Exact Mass: 286.14200
PSA: 89.90000
LogP: 2.11810

Vapour Pressure: 38.2mmHg at 25°C
Molecular Weight: 286.32 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 6
Exact Mass: 286.14163842 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 286.14163842 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 89.9Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 20
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 254
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



FIRST AID MEASURES of AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection in relation to its type
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AVALURE AC 120 POLYMER:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Acrylates copolymer
2-Propenoic acid
2-methyl-, polymer with ethyl 2-propenoate
methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
acrylic acid terpolymer,partial sodium salts
methyl methacrylate/ ethyl acrylate/ methacrylic acid pol.
Acrylic acid-acrylate polymer
polymer with ethyl 2-propenoate
methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
Ethyl acrylate·methacrylic acid·methyl methacrylate copolymer
ethyl prop-2-enoate
methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate
2-methylprop-2-enoic acid
Acrylates copolymer
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-
polymer with ethyl 2-propenoate and methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
acrylic acid terpolymer, partial sodium salts
methyl methacrylate/ ethyl acrylate/ methacrylic acid pol.
Acrylic acid-acrylate polymer
Methacrylic acid,ethyl acrylate,methyl methacrylate polymer
Methacrylic acid,methyl methacrylate,ethyl acrylate polymer
Ethyl acrylate,methyl methacrylate,methacrylic acid polymer
Methyl methacrylate,polymer with ethyl acrylate,methacrylic acid
Acrylates copolymer
Acrylicacrylate copolymer
Acrylic copolymer
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-
polymer with ethyl 2-propenoate
methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
25133-97-5
ethyl prop-2-enoate
methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate
2-methylprop-2-enoic acid
SCHEMBL3360800
WRQSVSBTUKVOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ethylacrylate methyl methacrylate methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid methyl methacrylate ethyl acrylate


AVICEL PH 101
1,9-Nonanedioic acid; n-Nonanedioic acid; Anchoic acid; Lepargylic acid; 1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid; Heptanedicarboxylic acid; Azelainic acid; 1,7-Dicarboxyheptane CAS NO:123-99-9
AVOCADO OIL
Avocado oil is an edible oil extracted from the pulp of avocados, the fruit of Persea americana.
Avocado oil is used as an edible oil both raw and for cooking, where it is noted for its high smoke point.
Avocado oil is also used for lubrication and in cosmetics.

CAS: 8024-32-6
EINECS: 232-428-0

Avocado oil has an exceptionally high smoke point: 250 °C (482 °F) for unrefined oil and 271 °C (520 °F) for refined.
The exact smoke point depends heavily on the quality of refinement and the way the oil is stored.
An edible oil high in unsaturated fatty acids.

A study performed at the University of California, Davis in 2020 determined that a majority of the domestic and imported avocado oil sold in the US is rancid before its expiration date or is adulterated with other oils.
In some cases, the researchers found that bottles labeled as “pure” or “extra virgin” avocado oil contained nearly 100% soybean oil.

Avocado oil is oil pressed from the avocado fruit.
Avocado oil's mild taste and high smoke point make it a popular cooking oil, but you can also consume it raw.
Avocado oil is very similar to olive oil in terms of utility and nutritional value.
Like extra virgin olive oil, cold-pressed avocado oil is unrefined and retains some of the flavor and color of the fruit, leaving it greenish in color.

Avocado oil is also frequently applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer, and can be found in many cosmetics and skin care products.
When produced for external application, the oil is usually refined and bleached, giving Avocado oil a pale yellow color.
Regional differences in avocado crops and different extraction processes can produce variety in taste and, to a lesser extent, nutritional profile.

Avocado oil Chemical Properties
Density: 0.92 g/mL at 20 °C
Refractive index: n20/D1.469
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Odor: bland
EPA Substance Registry System: Avocado oil (8024-32-6)

Properties
Avocado oil is one of few edible oils not derived from seeds; Avocado oil is pressed from the fleshy pulp surrounding the avocado pit.
Unrefined avocado oil from the 'Hass' cultivar has a characteristic flavor, is high in monounsaturated fatty acids, and has a high smoke point (≥250 °C or 482 °F), making it a good oil for frying.
'Hass' cold-pressed avocado oil is a brilliant emerald green when extracted; the color is attributed to high levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids; Avocado oil has been described as having an avocado flavor, with grassy and butter/mushroom-like flavors.
Other varieties may produce oils of slightly different flavor profile; 'Fuerte' has been described as having more mushroom and less avocado flavor.

Avocado oil has a similar monounsaturated fat profile to olive oil.
Avocado oil is naturally low acidic, helping to increase smoke point.
Unrefined avocado oil can be safely heated to 480 °F (249 °C).
Both unrefined and refined avocado oil can safely be used for almost any high-heat cooking, including baking, stir-frying, deep-frying, searing, barbecuing, roasting, and sauteing.
Like all oils, the more refined, the higher the smoke point.
Each 30 mL of avocado oil contains 3.6 mg of Vitamin E and 146.1 mg of beta-sitosterol.
The following table provides information about the composition of avocado oil and how Avocado oil compares with other vegetable oils.

Uses
Avocado oil functions well as a carrier oil for other flavors.
Avocado oil is high in monounsaturated fats and vitamin E, and also enhances the absorption of carotenoids and other nutrients.

Following drying of the avocado flesh to remove as much water as possible (the flesh is about 65% water), oil for cosmetics is usually extracted with solvents at elevated temperatures.
After extraction, Avocado oil is usually refined, bleached, and deodorized, resulting in an odorless yellow oil.
Edible cold-pressed avocado oil is generally unrefined, like extra virgin olive oil, so Avocado oil retains the flavor and color characteristics of the fruit flesh.
avocado oil (unsaponifiable) has excellent penetration and sunscreening properties.

Avocado oil can function as an emollient and as a carrier oil in a cosmetic preparation, helping transport active substances into the skin.
Avocado oil is bactericidal and soothing, particularly to sensitive skin.
There is some research indicating that Avocado oil may mobilize and increase the collagen of connective tissue.
This would keep the skin moist and smooth, and help in the treatment of minor skin conditions.

Avocado oil has also demonstrated sun screening characteristics and has been given the highest ranking by the Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology for sunscreen effectiveness when compared to other naturally derived oils such as peanut, olive, and coconut.
In cosmetic formulations, Avocado oil is also employed to help stabilize oil-in-water emulsions and can be effectively used in cleansing creams, moisturizers, lipsticks, makeup bases, bath oils, sunscreen, and suntan preparations.
Avocado oil enjoys the highest penetration rate among similar oils (corn, soybean, olive, and almond).

Avocado oil consists mostly of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids.
other constituents include palmitic and palmitoleic acids, lecithin, phytosterol, carotinoids, and a high concentration of vitamins A, D, and e.
Avocado oil is obtained from the ripe avocado fruit and is generally expressed from the seed.

Synonyms
AVOCADO OLEUM
AVOCADO OIL
alligatorpearoil
Avocado oil - Quarantine
avocadooilf.perseaamericanamiller
FatsandGlyceridicoils,avocado
lipovala oils,glyceridic,avocado
AVOCADO OIL
AVOCADO OIL 9 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Avocado Oil The avocado is an unusual fruit. Unlike most fruits, it’s rich in healthy fats and is often used to produce oil (1). While avocado oil is not as well known as olive oil, it’s just as delicious. Avocado oil also has numerous benefits, largely related to its content of antioxidants and healthy fats. Here are 9 evidence-based health benefits of avocado oil. 1. Rich in Oleic Acid, a Very Healthy Fat Avocado oil is the natural oil pressed from the pulp of an avocado. Almost 70% of avocado oil consists of heart-healthy oleic acid, a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid (2). This fatty acid is also the main component of olive oil, and believed to be partly responsible for its health benefits (3Trusted Source). Additionally, around 12% of avocado oil is saturated fat and about 13% is polyunsaturated fat. While avocado oil has a high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (13:1), this shouldn’t be of concern as the total amount of omega-6 is relatively low. BOTTOM LINE: The most abundant fatty acid in avocado oil is oleic acid, a fatty acid that provides numerous health benefits. 2. Reduces Cholesterol and Improves Heart Health Several studies in animals have reported benefits for heart health. One rabbit study compared avocado oil to coconut, olive and corn oil. It found that avocado oil has beneficial effects on blood cholesterol levels (4Trusted Source). What’s more, avocado oil and olive oil were found to be the most effective in increasing HDL, the “good” cholesterol. In rats, avocado oil may reduce blood triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels, as well as lower blood pressure (5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source). BOTTOM LINE: A few studies in animals show that avocado oil may benefit heart health, including reduced blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels. 3. High in Lutein, an Antioxidant That has Benefits for The Eyes Avocado oil is a relatively good source of lutein, a carotenoid that’s naturally found in your eyes (7Trusted Source). It functions as an antioxidant that has benefits for eye health (8Trusted Source). Eating plenty of lutein may reduce the risk of cataracts and macular degeneration, which are common age-related eye diseases (9Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source). Your body doesn’t produce lutein, so you must obtain it from your diet (11Trusted Source). BOTTOM LINE: Lutein is a carotenoid found in avocado oil. This nutrient improves eye health and may lower the risk of age-related eye diseases. 4. Enhances the Absorption of Important Nutrients Some nutrients need fat in order to be absorbed by your body. Among these are the carotenoid antioxidants, which are pigments found in many plant foods. However, fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids are typically low in fat. One small study found that adding avocado oil to a salad with carrots, romaine lettuce and spinach, increased the absorption of carotenoids (12Trusted Source). The increase was substantial, or 4.3 to 17.4-fold, when compared to a salad without fat. 5. May Reduce Symptoms of Arthritis Arthritis is a disease that involves painful inflammation of the joints. It’s very common and affects millions of people worldwide. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It is associated with the breakdown of cartilage in joints. Numerous studies have found that extracts from avocado and soybean oil, called avocado/soybean unsaponifiables, may reduce the pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis (13Trusted Source, 14Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source). The extract seems to be especially beneficial for people who have hip and knee osteoarthritis (17Trusted Source). BOTTOM LINE: Multiple studies have reported that a combination of avocado and soybean oil extract may relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis. 6. May Help Prevent Gum Disease Extracts from avocado and soybean oil may not only be beneficial against arthritis. Some evidence suggests that this combination may also help prevent periodontal disease, also called gum disease. This inflammatory disease can include symptoms like red and bleeding gums, bad breath and the breakdown of bone and tissue around teeth (18Trusted Source). In worst case scenarios, it can cause tooth loss. According to a study in bone cells and periodontal tissue, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables may block a protein called IL1B (19Trusted Source). This protein promotes inflammation and is the main driver of tissue destruction and bone loss in gum disease. BOTTOM LINE: Avocado and soybean oil extracts show anti-inflammatory effects by blocking a protein that causes tissue and bone loss. 7. Improves Skin and Enhances Wound Healing The fatty acids in avocado oil appear to be beneficial for your skin. One study in 13 patients found that a cream containing avocado oil and vitamin B12 improved symptoms of psoriasis after 12 weeks of treatment (20Trusted Source). Avocado oil has also been studied for its ability to treat skin injuries, and studies in rats have found that it may accelerate wound healing (21Trusted Source, 22Trusted Source). BOTTOM LINE: One small study in humans found that a vitamin B12 cream containing avocado oil improved symptoms of psoriasis. Studies in rats have found that avocado oil promotes faster healing of wounds. 8. Neutralizes Free Radicals Antioxidants fight cellular damage caused by free radicals, which are waste products of metabolism. High levels of them can lead to oxidative stress, which may contribute to diseases like type 2 diabetes and heart disease (23Trusted Source, 24Trusted Source). By giving electrons to free radicals, antioxidants can neutralize them, preventing them from causing harm. Many types of free radicals exist, but oxygen-derived radicals, known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), are the most concerning. Mitochondria, the cell organs that produce energy, are major sources of ROS (25Trusted Source). According to one study in diabetic rats, avocado oil can protect against the harmful effects of free radicals by entering the mitochondria (26Trusted Source). Once there, it’s able to neutralize free radicals and prevent them from damaging this important cell organ. BOTTOM LINE: In rats, avocado oil is able to enter cell mitochondria and decrease the production of harmful free radicals. 9. Is Very Easy to Use The last one is not a health benefit, but it’s still really important. It’s the fact that avocado oil is highly versatile and easy to incorporate into your diet. For example, it can be consumed cold, but it’s also a safe and healthy cooking oil because its fatty acids are stable at high heat (27Trusted Source). Here are a few ways to add avocado oil to your diet: Add a tablespoon to a smoothie. Drizzle over a salad. Use it as a marinade for grilling meat. Include it when baking. Use it in homemade mayo. Drizzle it over vegetables before roasting. Top hummus off with it. Drizzle it over cold soups, such as gazpacho. Additionally, avocado oil is sometimes used in cosmetics and skin care products (28). BOTTOM LINE: Avocado oil can be used in many ways. It can be added cold to salads or smoothies, and is also great for cooking, grilling or baking. 10. Anything Else? If you want to try avocado oil, make sure to buy a cold-pressed version to reap the full health benefits listed in this article. Lastly, if you’re interested in learning about the health benefits of the avocado fruit itself, then check out this article: 12 Proven Benefits of Avocado. What Are the Benefits of Using Avocado Oil on My Skin? Benefits Research Use Risks and warnings Next steps Why should I use avocado oil? Avocado oil is a great tool for cooking flavorful and healthy meals. It’s an excellent source of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. But have you ever considered using this delicious fruit to soothe and heal your skin? The absorbent oil is thought to have numerous benefits for your skin, like moisturizing dry hands or acting as a natural sunblock. You can apply avocado oil directly to your skin or mix it with your favorite beauty products. Are there benefits to using avocado oil on my skin? The antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in avocado oil help your skin stay smooth, strong, and elastic. You can buy avocado oil in any health or grocery store and use it to: calm itchy skin heal chapped skin replenish dry skin hydrate and moisturize skin shield skin from ultraviolet radiation protect against skin damage Some people may refer to avocado oil as an essential oil, but that’s not entirely accurate. Thick and green-colored, avocado oil is actually considered a carrier oil. Essential oils are highly concentrated lubricants distilled from the aromatic parts of a plant such as the root or leaves. Carrier oils are pressed from the seeds, nuts, or other fatty parts of the fruit, and are used to help dilute essential oils. Essential oils evaporate and have strong scents, whereas carrier oils do not. The main benefits of avocado oil are to soothe and add moisture, so it won’t work as well if you have oily skin. Using avocado oil won’t leave a lot of grease behind. Check out: What are the benefits of rosehip oil? » What the research says Researchers have documented how natural oils like avocado oil can be beneficial for your skin. This works whether you use avocado oil by itself or combine it with another agent like your favorite skin cream. The beta carotene, protein, lecithin, fatty acids, and vitamins A, D, and E found in avocado oil help moisturize and protect your skin from damaging UV rays and also increase collagen metabolismTrusted Source. A 2015 study found that a topical skin cream consisting of avocado, tea tree, emu, and jojoba oils had positive antimicrobial effects. Avocado oil may also help heal wounds. A 2013 study Trusted Sourcefound that the linoleic acid, oleic acid, and other monosaturated fatty acids in avocado oil can speed up wound healing. The results above come from animal studies. More research needs to be done to study these effects of avocado oil on people. Some evidence suggests that avocado oil can help treat skin conditions such as plaque psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune condition that causes thick, scaly, red patches on the skin. A 2001 studyTrusted Source found that avocado oil mixed in vitamin B-12 cream could ease psoriasis symptoms for a longer period than the traditional vitamin D-3 therapy. The researchers theorize that a vitamin B-12 cream containing avocado oil could be used as a long-term tropical treatment for psoriasis. How to use avocado oil on your skin You can use avocado oil in your skincare routine in a variety of ways. You can massage the oil on your skin, rub it on your face like a mask, or add it to your in-shower lotion. It can be used every day or a few times a month without any adverse effects. Not sure where to start? Try using avocado oil in the following ways: As a lotion for chapped skin: Massage a good amount of avocado oil into your skin after you bathe. You can use the avocado oil by itself, or add a few drops to one of your everyday body lotions. As a facial oil moisturizer: Fill 2/3 of a 1-ounce bottle with avocado oil. Pick another nourishing oil like tamanu or emu and use it to fill up the last third of the bottle. Add three to four droplets of your favorite essential oil like lavender or rose. Twist on the cap and shake well. Pour a little of your homemade oil on the palm of your hand, dab your fingers into the oil, and apply it to your face. You can also use the oil as a hand moisturizer. The oil can last up to a year if you keep the bottle out of the sunlight. As a homemade facemask: Cut a ripe avocado into cubes and add a small amount of avocado oil. Use a fork or spoon to mash it into an even paste. Apply the paste to your face and let it set for 10 to 15 minutes. You can wash off the avocado mask with warm water or a face cleanser, depending on your skin type. As a natural anti-aging skin cream: Mix 1/4 cup avocado oil with 2 tablespoons coconut oil, 2 tablespoons beeswax, 1/2 teaspoon vitamin E oil, and 1 tablespoon Shea butter in a glass jar. Put the jar, without its lid, in a pot filled with about four inches of water. Bring to a simmer. Stir the ingredients as they melt in the jar. Once melted, pour the cream into a smaller jar and let it sit until the mixture hardens. Put the lid on the jar and store the cream in a cool place. Check out: Everything you need to know about cocoa butter » Risks and warnings Studies on the side effects of avocado oil are scarce. As with any product, it’s a good idea to do a patch test on your skin first to rule out any allergies. To do this, rub a dime-sized amount of the oil into the inside of your forearm. If you don’t experience any irritation or inflammation within 24 hours, the oil should be safe for you to use. If you’re allergic to avocados, check with your doctor before using avocado oil. What you can do now If you’re ready to incorporate avocado oil into your skincare routine, you won’t have to look too far. Avocado oil is available online for as little as $5 for a small bottle. You can also purchase avocado oil in your local organic food store or at a health store chain like GNC. Upon use, you may feel the benefits of avocado oil almost instantly on your skin. In order to see long-term results, though, you’ll need to use avocado oil consistently over time. What Are the Benefits of Using Avocado Oil on My Skin? Benefits Research Use Risks and warnings Next steps Why should I use avocado oil? Avocado oil is a great tool for cooking flavorful and healthy meals. It’s an excellent source of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. But have you ever considered using this delicious fruit to soothe and heal your skin? The absorbent oil is thought to have numerous benefits for your skin, like moisturizing dry hands or acting as a natural sunblock. You can apply avocado oil directly to your skin or mix it with your favorite beauty products. Are there benefits to using avocado oil on my skin? The antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in avocado oil help your skin stay smooth, strong, and elastic. You can buy avocado oil in any health or grocery store and use it to: calm itchy skin heal chapped skin replenish dry skin hydrate and moisturize skin shield skin from ultraviolet radiation protect against skin damage Some people may refer to avocado oil as an essential oil, but that’s not entirely accurate. Thick and green-colored, avocado oil is actually considered a carrier oil. Essential oils are highly concentrated lubricants distilled from the aromatic parts of a plant such as the root or leaves. Carrier oils are pressed from the seeds, nuts, or other fatty parts of the fruit, and are used to help dilute essential oils. Essential oils evaporate and have strong scents, whereas carrier oils do not. The main benefits of avocado oil are to soothe and add moisture, so it won’t work as well if you have oily skin. Using avocado oil won’t leave a lot of grease behind. Check out: What are the benefits of rosehip oil? » What the research says Researchers have documented how natural oils like avocado oil can be beneficial for your skin. This works whether you use avocado oil by itself or combine it with another agent like your favorite skin cream. The beta carotene, protein, lecithin, fatty acids, and vitamins A, D, and E found in avocado oil help moisturize and protect your skin from damaging UV rays and also increase collagen metabolismTrusted Source. A 2015 study found that a topical skin cream consisting of avocado, tea tree, emu, and jojoba oils had positive antimicrobial effects. Avocado oil may also help heal wounds. A 2013 study Trusted Sourcefound that the linoleic acid, oleic acid, and other monosaturated fatty acids in avocado oil can speed up wound healing. The results above come from animal studies. More research needs to be done to study these effects of avocado oil on people. Some evidence suggests that avocado oil can help treat skin conditions such as plaque psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune condition that causes thick, scaly, red patches on the skin. A 2001 studyTrusted Source found that avocado oil mixed in vitamin B-12 cream could ease psoriasis symptoms for a longer period than the traditional vitamin D-3 therapy. The researchers theorize that a vitamin B-12 cream containing avocado oil could be used as a long-term tropical treatment for psoriasis. How to use avocado oil on your skin You can use avocado oil in your skincare routine in a variety of ways. You can massage the oil on your skin, rub it on your face like a mask, or add it to your in-shower lotion. It can be used every day or a few times a month without any adverse effects. Not sure where to start? Try using avocado oil in the following ways: As a lotion for chapped skin: Massage a good amount of avocado oil into your skin after you bathe. You can use the avocado oil by itself, or add a few drops to one of your everyday body lotions. As a facial oil moisturizer: Fill 2/3 of a 1-ounce bottle with avocado oil. Pick another nourishing oil like tamanu or emu and use it to fill up the last third of the bottle. Add three to four droplets of your favorite essential oil like lavender or rose. Twist on the cap and shake well. Pour a little of your homemade oil on the palm of your hand, dab your fingers into the oil, and apply it to your face. You can also use the oil as a hand moisturizer. The oil can last up to a year if you keep the bottle out of the sunlight. As a homemade facemask: Cut a ripe avocado into cubes and add a small amount of avocado oil. Use a fork or spoon to mash it into an even paste. Apply the paste to your face and let it set for 10 to 15 minutes. You can wash off the avocado mask with warm water or a face cleanser, depending on your skin type. As a natural anti-aging skin cream: Mix 1/4 cup avocado oil with 2 tablespoons coconut oil, 2 tablespoons beeswax, 1/2 teaspoon vitamin E oil, and 1 tablespoon Shea butter in a glass jar. Put the jar, without its lid, in a pot filled with about four inches of water. Bring to a simmer. Stir the ingredients as they melt in the jar. Once melted, pour the cream into a smaller jar and let it sit until the mixture hardens. Put the lid on the jar and store the cream in a cool place. Check out: Everything you need to know about cocoa butter » Risks and warnings Studies on the side effects of avocado oil are scarce. As with any product, it’s a good idea to do a patch test on your skin first to rule out any allergies. To do this, rub a dime-sized amount of the oil into the inside of your forearm. If you don’t experience any irritation or inflammation within 24 hours, the oil should be safe for you to use. If you’re allergic to avocados, check with your doctor before using avocado oil. What you can do now If you’re ready to incorporate avocado oil into your skincare routine, you won’t have to look too far. Avocado oil is available online for as little as $5 for a small bottle. You can also purchase avocado oil in your local organic food store or at a health store chain like GNC. Upon use, you may feel the benefits of avocado oil almost instantly on your skin. In order to see long-term results, though, you’ll need to use avocado oil consistently over time. 10 Proven Benefits of Avocado Oil More real-food diets are emerging that emphasize high-fat, low-carb, whole-food nutrition full of nutrient-dense foods. Foods like pork, macadamia nuts and cashews, eggs, and of course, avocado. Not only is avocado a superfood, full of healthy fats, vital antioxidants, and micronutrients, but like coconut, many different parts of the fruit can be used to maximize its benefits. Enter: avocado oil. Cook with it, add it to bathwater, put it on your hair and bake with it. After reading about the benefits of avocado oil, you’ll want to find any way to use it. 1. Packed with Healthy Fats Each macronutrient seems to get its time to shine. After (and during) the war, carbohydrates (which provided the quickest energy in the form of sugar and were the cheapest to manufacture and purchase) were the focus macro. Protein had a couple of decades of heyday after that, and everyone was reaching for a protein shake or bar. Now, though, fats are finally getting the attention they deserve, and researchers are starting to discover just how essential fats are. Monounsaturated fat is one of the top fats, and the good news is avocado oil is full of it! Nearly 70% of avocado oil is made of monounsaturated fat, specifically oleic acid. If monounsaturated fat were Batman, oleic acid would be Robin. Oleic acid is an omega-9 fatty acid, which is linked to: Reduced risk of coronary heart disease Skin, eye, and dental health Reduced symptoms of arthritis Improved absorption of nutrients in your body Weight loss [*] Sourcing matters. Ensure you're choosing a pure, raw, minimally-processed avocado oil that is certified non-GMO, like FBOMB Premium Avocado Oil. 2. Reduces Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Avocado oil is high in Vitamin E, which is easily absorbed and is essential for your cellular health. Vitamin E coupled with the equally high levels of potassium help to destroy free radicals. What are free radicals? Free radicals are unstable atoms that can damage cells which can inflict damage on your DNA, cause aging and illness [*]. Don’t forget, avocado oil is full of oleic acid. It’s this component that has been shown to support a reduced risk of coronary heart disease by 20-40% [*]. As an added bonus, avocado oil is an anti-inflammatory, which helps the artery walls avoid plaque build-up, reducing the risk of heart disease. 3. Hydrates the Skin Vitamin E, along with the Omega-3s found in avocado oil, helps treat dry skin, sunburn, eczema, and even insect bites [*]. It’s able to penetrate deep into the skin, unlike most lotions or oils. It’s because of this deep absorption that the nutrients in avocado oil may even reduce the appearance of scars [*]. Another thing: The high protein levels, amino acids, and vitamins A and D in avocado oil help reduce wrinkles and/or signs of aging [*]. The added vitamins help produce collagen, which improves skin appearance. 4. Promotes Hair Health and Growth Avocado oil contains a fatty substance called lecithin, which acts as a lubricant. When applied directly to the hair, it protects the follicles from harsh climates and wind damage [*]. The lecithin may support strengthened hair and improved scalp health, allowing your locks to grow longer and fuller. Try avocado oil alone or with essential oils for a delicious smell. 5. Supports Improved Eye Health Avocado oil is high in the antioxidant lutein. Lutein is a vitamin called a carotenoid, which is essential to the health of your eyes [*]. The body can’t produce lutein naturally, but as an essential nutrient, we need to ingest it through the foods we eat. Dietary sources of lutein include leafy green vegetables, zucchini and broccoli, egg yolks, and of course, avocado. This amazing antioxidant may reduce the chances of cataracts or macular degeneration [*] and support sustained eye health. 6. Promotes Tooth and Gum Health Ever heard of periodontitis? Also known as gum disease, this nasty condition begins with bacterial growth in your gums and can progress to extreme inflammation ending in tooth loss [*]. Avocado oil contains extracts (avocado/soybean unsaponifiables) that block one of the main proteins that cause gum disease [*]. 7. May Reduce Inflammation The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis, causes inflammation in the joints. Research has shown that the extracts found in avocado oil (avocado/soybean unsaponifiables) help ease stiffness and pain. So, people suffering from osteoarthritis might see some relief after adding avocado oil to their diet. 8. Bioavailable and Absorbs Easily Eating foods full of vitamins and nutrients is important. Also important is to make sure those vitamins and nutrients are able to be absorbed into your body. Take the carotenoid antioxidant, for example. Its benefits may help reduce the risk of certain cancers [*]. It also contains lutein which, as we now know, may protect eye health. But carotenoid is a high-maintenance antioxidant and requires fat to help it be absorbed into the body. Avocado oil is the whole package with all of its monounsaturated fats! Carotenoid and other nutrients can easily be absorbed into the body with its assistance. 9. Provides Detoxifying Benefits Forget about detoxing your body by drinking lemon juice for a week. Instead, start using avocado oil. It contains magnesium, which removes lead and mercury from your vital organs, both of which can have negative health consequences in higher concentrations [*]. 10. Suppresses Appetite and Supports Weight Loss Full of vitamins, fats, and protein, avocado oil is extremely satiating and can help you feel full longer. This is great for reducing those pesky cravings that have you reaching for a bag of chips or another quick source of low-quality energy. The essential vitamins, antioxidants, and most importantly, healthy fat, may support improved health and digestion, which helps the weight loss process [*]. How to Use Avocado Oil Avocado oil is extremely versatile, as it doesn’t have a strong flavor or odor. Here are all the ways you can use it: Cook with avocado oil Use it in baking Rub it on your skin for a moisturizer Use it on your hair as a conditioning treatment Put a tablespoon in your bathwater Use it as a marinade Put it in a salad dressing Avocado oil has benefits inside and out. Adding it to your diet regularly may decrease your chances of being affected by heart disease, certain cancers, arthritis, macular degeneration, and gum disease. It can also support healthy, beautiful skin, long flowing hair (if you so choose), and the maintenance of a healthy weight. While avocado oil is best known for its uses in cooking, it can also contribute to skin care. The oil is an ingredient in many types of creams, moisturizers, and sunscreens. In this article, we explore the benefits of avocado oil for the skin and describe the best ways to apply it. Eight benefits for the skin Avocado oil is rich in fatty acids and is excellent for moisturizing the skin. Avocado oil is loaded with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A, D, and E. Below are some of the ways it can benefit the skin: 1. Moisturizes and nourishes In addition to vitamin E, avocado oil contains potassium, lecithin, and many other nutrients that can nourish and moisturize the skin. The outermost layer of skin, known as the epidermis, easily absorbs these nutrients, which also help to form new skin. 2. Relieves inflammation from psoriasis and eczema The antioxidants and vitamins in avocado oil may help to heal the dry, irritated, and flaky skin associated with eczema and psoriasis. A person with a skin condition may wish to test a patch of skin first, to ensure that the oil does not trigger or aggravate their symptoms. 3. Prevents and treats acne When left on for short periods of time and rinsed off with warm water, avocado oil can keep skin hydrated without leaving an oily residue. This may reduce the risk of acne. Avocado oil also has anti-inflammatory effects, which can help to reduce the redness and inflammation associated with acne. 4. Accelerates wound healing Avocado oil may help wounds to heal more quickly. One 2013 study found that the essential fatty acids and oleic acid in avocado oil can promote collagen synthesis, which is the process of creating new connective tissue. The essential fatty acids in avocado oil were also found to help reduce inflammation during the healing process. More studies are needed in humans, however, to determine whether avocado oil can be used to treat wounds. 5. Treats sunburned skin The antioxidants in avocado oil may help to ease the symptoms of a sunburn. According to a 2011 review, the vitamin E, beta carotene, vitamin D, protein, lecithin, and essential fatty acids in the oil can support healing and soothe the skin. Other small studies have shown that consuming avocados may help to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. 6. Reduces signs of aging The first signs of aging usually appear on the skin. Some studies have shown that consuming healthful fats, such as those found in avocados, can help the skin to retain its elasticity. However, researchers have yet to address whether applying avocado oil to the skin has the same effect. 7. Improves nail health While some people use avocado oil to heal dry, brittle nails, little scientific evidence confirms this benefit. However, using natural oils to keep the nails and surrounding skin soft may help to reduce breakage. 8. Improves scalp health Applying avocado oil to the scalp as a hot oil mask can help to reduce dandruff and other problems caused by a dry, flaky scalp. How to use The inside of an avocado peel can be used for moisturizing the face. Avocado oil can be massaged into the skin, used in a face mask, or added to lotions, creams, shower gels, or bath oils. It can be used on skin daily without adverse effects. As a facial moisturizer To use avocado as a facial moisturizer, a person can take the inside of an avocado peel and massage it onto their face. Leave the residue on for about 15 minutes, then rinse the face with warm water. Bottled avocado oil can also be used to moisture the face at night. Wash it off the following morning. In the bath Adding a few tablespoons of avocado oil to a bath can leave the whole body feeling soft and help to prevent hot water from drying out the skin. It can also be mixed with a person’s favorite bath oil, such as lavender or aloe vera. As a moisturizer Combine avocado oil with other essential oils and massage the mixture into the skin after a bath. Pat the skin dry with a towel before using the oil. Avocado oil is also effective on its own and can be applied all over the body to keep skin soft. For scalp care A person with a dry scalp may benefit from using avocado oil in a hot oil treatment. To heat the oil, pour 3–5 tablespoons into a small glass jar, and place the jar in a saucepan of recently boiled water. Test the temperature of the oil frequently, to prevent it from getting too hot. When the oil is warm, remove the jar from the water and gently massage the oil into the scalp. The oil can be left overnight and shampooed out in the morning. This may help to reduce dandruff and dry, flaky skin on the scalp. Treating dry, inflamed skin To heal and soften rough, dry skin, mix equal amounts of avocado and olive oils, and apply the mixture to the skin once or twice a day. To give the mixture a scent, try one or two drops of an essential oil, such as lavender. Other health benefits of avocado oil Research suggests that avocado oil can help to prevent several health issues, including diabetes and high cholesterol. A study from 2014 found avocado oil to have as many healthful benefits as olive oil. A 2017 study concluded that avocado oil could reduce the oxidative damage that causes kidney damage in people with type 2 diabetes. The result stems from oleic acid, a “healthy” fat, which is the primary component of the oil. More research is needed in humans, however, before this claim can be fully supported. In addition to fighting kidney damage, oleic acid is known for its ability to lower the risk of developing some cancers, preventing flare-ups of some autoimmune diseases, speeding up cell regeneration to promote healing, aiding in eliminating microbial infections, and reducing inflammation throughout the body. Another study reported that oleic acid may help to reduce inflammation and pain associated with arthritis. A simple trip to the grocery store these days can feel like a mental jigsaw puzzle. Who can keep up with trying to balance our wallets, weight and worries about our food? It’s practically impossible to keep track of the latest health news, fads and recommendations cluttering our consciousness. L
AVOCADO OIL
Avocado oil is an edible oil extracted from the pulp of avocados, the fruit of Persea Americana.
Avocado oil is used as an edible oil both raw and for cooking, where it is noted for its high smoke point.
Avocado oil is a vegetable oil used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and antioxidant properties.


Avocado oil is rich in fatty acids such as oleic acid (up to 66%) and palmitic acid (12 to 24%).
Avocado oil also contains vitamins A, E and D. The avocado comes from the botanical family of the Lauraceae; its name comes from the Aztec word ‘ahuacatkl' in reference to its oval shape.
Avocado Oil is the perfect oil for cooking, offering you versatility and a high smoke point.


We consider Avocado oil a kitchen workhorse.
Avocado oil is naturally refined, meaning we extract the maximum amount of high quality oil from the avocado without applying excess heat or chemicals.
A nutritious, real avocado oil that is full of good fats from avocados.


Every bottle of Chosen Foods Avocado Oil is 100% pure, naturally-refined, non-GMO, and glyphosate residue free.
When you cook at high temperatures, you lock in flavor.
Chosen Foods Avocado Oil can take the heat–up to 500°F.


Chosen Foods Avocado Oil is pure, naturally refined, delicious, and always made from avocados, ripened to perfection.
10 grams of monounsaturated fat from avocado per serving.
For cooking, baking, dressings, and marinades, avocado oil is the kitchen workhorse.


Imbued with a neutral flavor and 500°F smoke point, avocado oil can be used for any purpose, from high-heat sautéing and flame grilling, to dressing mixed greens, grains and pasta salads.
You can find avocado oil and avocado oil dressings at most large grocery stores.
Avocado oil comes from the actual fruit that we eat (yes, avocado is technically a fruit).


Avocado oil's mostly extracted from the green pulp and some from the seed.
There isn't a set definition for avocado oil, nor are there guidelines on how it must be made to be called "avocado oil."
That said, there seem to be two main versions of avocado oil: refined and virgin.


Refined avocado oil is the most neutral and can get very hot—it has a high smoke point at about 500°F.
Virgin avocado oil is more akin to extra-virgin olive oil in that it has a lower smoke point—in the low- to mid-300s—and a more robust (avocado-y) flavor.
Research "healthy fats," and avocados appear on almost every list.


Avocado oil is made when the oil is pressed from the avocado fruit.
Avocado Oil has a mild flavor and aroma and a high smoke point.
Yet, when unrefined, Avocado Oil maintains some of the mild green color of the avocado fruit.


Avocado oil is made up primarily of monounsaturated fats.
These healthy fats are the same type of fats found in olive oil.
They are liquid at room temperature, and according to the American Heart Association, they can help lower bad cholesterol (LDL).


The avocado tree (Persea Americana) is a member of the Lauraceae family and originated in Mexico and Central America.
Avocado Oil is bursting with nutrients such as Amino Acids and Vitamins C, D, E and A, which are all essential for healthy-looking hair and skin.
As one of the richest carrier oils, Avocado Oil helps reduce the appearance of dry skin, fine lines and wrinkles, thus enhancing your natural glow.


Pressed from fresh avocado pulp, which is up to 25 percent fat, refined avocado oil has the highest smoke point of all plant-based cooking oils (510–520 degrees Fahrenheit; unrefined, extra-virgin avocado oil has a lower smoke point).
Avocado oil's more than 50 percent monounsaturated fat, which makes avocado oil less prone to oxidation than polyunsaturated oils, but still liquid at room temperature (unlike saturated fats).


Oil made from avocados—the fruit of the avocado tree (Persea americana)—is the hot new cooking fat.
Avocado oil is an edible oil extracted from the pulp of avocados, the fruit of Persea Americana.
Avocado oil is used as an edible oil both raw and for cooking, where it is noted for its high smoke point.


Avocado oil has an exceptionally high smoke point: 250 °C (482 °F) for unrefined oil and 271 °C (520 °F) for refined.
The exact smoke point of Avocado oil depends on the quality of refinement and the way the oil is stored.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AVOCADO OIL:
Avocado oil can be massaged into the skin, used in a face mask, or added to lotions, creams, shower gels, or bath oils.
Avocado oil can be used on skin daily without adverse effects.
Avocado oil functions well as a carrier oil for other flavors.


Avocado oil is high in monounsaturated fats and vitamin E, and also enhances the absorption of carotenoids and other nutrients.
Following drying of the avocado flesh to remove as much water as possible (the flesh is about 65% water), oil for cosmetics is usually extracted with solvents at elevated temperatures.
After extraction, Avocado oil is usually refined, bleached, and deodorized, resulting in an odorless yellow oil.


Edible cold-pressed avocado oil is generally unrefined, like extra virgin olive oil, so it retains the flavor and color characteristics of the fruit flesh.
Avocado oil is also used for lubrication and in cosmetics.
Avocado oil is known to protect the skin from drying winds and to enhance the hair.


In cosmetics, avocado oil is used for its moisturizing and antioxidant properties.
Avocado oil has gained in popularity and is more commonly used today than it was even a few years ago.


-As a facial moisturizer:
To use avocado as a facial moisturizer, a person can take the inside of an avocado peel and massage it onto their face.
Leave the residue on for about 15 minutes, then rinse the face with warm water.
Bottled avocado oil can also be used to moisture the face at night. Wash it off the following morning.


-In the bath:
Adding a few tablespoons of avocado oil to a bath can leave the whole body feeling soft and help to prevent hot water from drying out the skin.
Avocado oil can also be mixed with a person’s favorite bath oil, such as lavender or aloe vera.


-As a moisturizer:
Combine avocado oil with other essential oils and massage the mixture into the skin after a bath.
Pat the skin dry with a towel before using Avocado oil.
Avocado oil is also effective on its own and can be applied all over the body to keep skin soft.


-For scalp care:
A person with a dry scalp may benefit from using avocado oil in a hot oil treatment.
To heat Avocado oil, pour 3–5 tablespoons into a small glass jar, and place the jar in a saucepan of recently boiled water.
Test the temperature of Avocado oil frequently, to prevent it from getting too hot.

When Avocado oilis warm, remove the jar from the water and gently massage Avocado oil into the scalp.
Avocado oil can be left overnight and shampooed out in the morning.
This may help to reduce dandruff and dry, flaky skin on the scalp.


-Treating dry, inflamed skin:
To heal and soften rough, dry skin, mix equal amounts of Avocado oil and olive oil, and apply the mixture to the skin once or twice a day.
To give the mixture a scent, try one or two drops of an essential oil, such as lavender.



WHAR ARE THE CULINARY USES FOR AVOCADO OIL?
Its high smoke point means that even unrefined, extra-virgin avocado oil is a viable option for high-heat cooking, such as sautéing, roasting, and searing (extra-virgin avocado oil’s smoke point is around 375–400 degrees Fahrenheit—higher than that of many refined oils); though unrefined avocado oil is hardly neutral in flavor: it tastes strongly of—surprise!—avocado.
However, you’ll lose those rich, buttery, and nutty flavors—and also Avocado Oil's vitamin E—with prolonged exposure to high heat.
Unrefined avocado oil adds an herbaceous flavor to no-heat applications, so use avocado oil in vinaigrettes.



CAN YOU FRY WITH AVOCADO OIL?
With its high smoke point, avocado oil is absolutely suitable for frying—the problem is that, like olive oil, avocado oil tends to be on the pricier side, so it’s not likely to be your first choice when filling up the deep-fryer.



HOW HEALTHY IS AVOCADO OIL COMPARED WITH OTHER OILS?
Avocado contains about 12 percent saturated fat, less than coconut oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, extra-virgin olive oil, corn oil, and sunflower seed oil, but more than grapeseed oil, canola oil, safflower oil, and walnut oil. Compared to olive oil, plenty of phytosterols (steroids that lower LDL cholesterol) remain in avocado oil even after long periods of high-heat exposure.



OTHER HEALTH BENEFITS OF AVOCADO OIL:
Research suggests that avocado oil can help to prevent several health issues, including diabetes and high cholesterol.
A study from 2014 found avocado oil to have as many healthful benefits as olive oil.
A 2017 study concluded that avocado oil could reduce the oxidative damage that causes kidney damage in people with type 2 diabetes.

The result stems from oleic acid, a “healthy” fat, which is the primary component of the oil.
More research is needed in humans, however, before this claim can be fully supported.

In addition to fighting kidney damage, oleic acid is known for Avocado oil's ability to lower the risk of developing some cancers, preventing flare-ups of some autoimmune diseases, speeding up cell regeneration to promote healing, aiding in eliminating microbial infections, and reducing inflammation throughout the body.
Another study reported that oleic acid may help to reduce inflammation and pain associated with arthritis.



EXTRACTION PROCESS OF AVOCADO OIL (HOW TO MAKE?):
Avocado oil is extracted by pressing the fruit of Persea Americana. Avocado oil is edible oil.



KNOW CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AVOCADO OIL:
Avocado oil is rich in Vitamin B, K, C AND E, minerals Potassium, Lecithin, zeaxanthin, carotenoids, phytosterol and fatty acids such as oleic acid, Palmitic acid, linoleic acid.



PROPERTIES OF AVOCADO OIL:
Avocado oil is rich heavy oils, green in color, nutty in aroma, sweet and thick, waxy feel to the skin.



BLENDING WELL WITH WHAT?
Avocado oil nicely mixes with other essential oils such as geranium, Ylang ylang oil, frankincense, rosemary, Palmarosa, cedar wood, etc and other carrier oil such as olive oil, Shea butter, baobab, rosehip, and wheat germ oil.



14 MOST PROMISING BENEFITS AND USES OF AVOCADO OIL:
*Avocado oil is used to reduce fines lines and wrinkles.
*Avocado oil rehydrates and nourishes damaged sundried skin so recommended in skin care products such as Lip balm, body butter, etc.
*Avocado oil is used to enhance the absorption of carotenoids and other nutrients.

*Avocado oil is used for skin care as it has a high amount of proteins and contains sterolin and unsaturated fats so it facilitates softening of the skin and reduces age spots (Know more essential oil uses in Age Spots)
*Avocado oil is used for lubrication and in cosmetics.

*Avocado oil is used as an ingredient in other dishes and cooking oil.
*Avocado oil is used in lotions and creams because it regenerates and has moisturizing properties to relieve dry and itchy skin.
*Avocado oil boosts scalp health so it helps to clear scaly skin and stimulate hair growth.

*Avocado oil is used to reduce stretch marks.
*Avocado oil is used in aromatherapy as it is a carrier for other essential oil.
*Avocado Oil is used to heal diaper rashes and facilitate the healing of wounds and burns to skin.

*Avocado oil is used for skin disease treatment such as eczema and psoriasis.
*Avocado oil increases collagen production so helps to keep skin, plump, and decreases the effect of aging.
*Avocado oil has antioxidants such as Vit. A, D & E so it is good for dry or aged skin.



EIGHT BENEFITS OF AVOCADO OIL FOR THE SKIN:
While avocado oil is best known for its uses in cooking, it can also contribute to skin care.
Avocado oil is an ingredient in many types of creams, moisturizers, and sunscreens.

Eight benefits for the skin:
Avocado oil is loaded with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A, D, and E. Below are some of the ways it can benefit the skin:


1. Moisturizes and nourishes:
In addition to vitamin E, avocado oil contains potassium, lecithin, and many other nutrients that can nourish and moisturize the skin.
The outermost layer of skin, known as the epidermis, easily absorbs these nutrients, which also help to form new skin.

2. Relieves inflammation from psoriasis and eczema:
The antioxidants and vitamins in avocado oil may help to heal the dry, irritated, and flaky skin associated with eczema and psoriasis.
A person with a skin condition may wish to test a patch of skin first, to ensure that Avocado oil does not trigger or aggravate their symptoms.


3. Prevents and treats acne:
When left on for short periods of time and rinsed off with warm water, avocado oil can keep skin hydrated without leaving an oily residue.
This may reduce the risk of acne.
Avocado oil also has anti-inflammatory effects, which can help to reduce the redness and inflammation associated with acne.


4. Accelerates wound healing:
Avocado oil may help wounds to heal more quickly.
One 2013 study found that the essential fatty acids and oleic acid in avocado oil can promote collagen synthesis, which is the process of creating new connective tissue.
The essential fatty acids in avocado oil were also found to help reduce inflammation during the healing process.
More studies are needed in humans, however, to determine whether avocado oil can be used to treat wounds.


5. Treats sunburned skin:
The antioxidants in avocado oil may help to ease the symptoms of a sunburn.
According to a 2011 review, the vitamin E, beta carotene, vitamin D, protein, lecithin, and essential fatty acids in Avocado oil can support healing and soothe the skin.
Other small studies have shown that consuming avocados may help to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation.


6. Reduces signs of aging:
The first signs of aging usually appear on the skin.
Some studies have shown that consuming healthful fats, such as those found in avocados, can help the skin to retain its elasticity.
However, researchers have yet to address whether applying avocado oil to the skin has the same effect.


7. Improves nail health:
While some people use avocado oil to heal dry, brittle nails, little scientific evidence confirms this benefit.
However, using natural oils to keep the nails and surrounding skin soft may help to reduce breakage.


8. Improves scalp health:
Applying avocado oil to the scalp as a hot oil mask can help to reduce dandruff and other problems caused by a dry, flaky scalp.



8 EVIDENCE-BASED HEALTH BENEFITS OF AVOCADO OIL:
If you’ve ever had the pleasure of eating an avocado, you know it’s different from other fruits.
Unlike most other fruits, it’s rich in healthy fats and is often used to produce avocado oil.
Though not as well known as olive oil, this oil is just as delicious.
Avocado oil also has numerous health benefits, largely related to its content of antioxidants and healthy fats.


1. Rich in oleic acid, a very healthy fat:
Avocado oil is the natural oil pressed from the pulp of an avocado.
Almost 70% of avocado oil consists of heart-healthy oleic acid, a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid.

This fatty acid is also the main component of olive oil and is believed to be partly responsible for its health benefits.
Additionally, around 12% of avocado oil is saturated fat, and about 13% is polyunsaturated fat.
Avocado oil has a high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (13:1), and we usually want around 3:1 or 2:1 for better health.

But this shouldn’t be a concern, because the total amount of omega-6 is relatively small.
Most research suggests that a diet rich in unsaturated fats is beneficial for health and may reduce the risk of chronic conditions such as heart disease and dementia.


2. Reduces cholesterol and improves heart health:
Avocado oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which are linked with better heart health.
In a small crossover study in 13 subjects, participants were first given either a control meal using butter (25 grams of saturated fat) or a test meal (25 grams of unsaturated fat) with avocado oil.

Over a 240-minute post-meal period, blood samples showed that the test-meal group had significantly lower levels of triglycerides, total and LDL (bad) cholesterol, inflammatory cytokines, and blood sugar compared with the control group.

It found that avocado oil reduced diastolic and systolic blood pressure by 21.2% and 15.5%, respectively, and had similar effects to losartan in reducing blood pressure.
This was comparable to olive oil, another heart-healthy oil.


3. High in lutein, an antioxidant that has benefits for the eyes:
Avocado and its oil are relatively good sources of lutein, a carotenoid and antioxidant that’s naturally found in your eyes.
Research has shown that a diet rich in lutein and another carotenoid called zeaxanthin is essential for eye health and may reduce the risk of cataracts and macular degeneration, which are common age-related eye diseases.
Since your body doesn’t produce lutein on its own, you must obtain it from your diet.
Fortunately, adding avocado and avocado oil to your diet is a great and easy way to support your eye health.


4. Enhances the absorption of important nutrients:
Some nutrients need to be combined with fat to allow your body to absorb them, such as the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
In particular, carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin are poorly absorbed without fat. Unfortunately, many fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids, such as watermelon and tomatoes, are low in fat.

Therefore, adding avocado oil or another type of fat to your meal may help you better absorb these nutrients.
One small study found that adding avocado oil to a salad with carrots, romaine lettuce, and spinach increased the absorption of carotenoids.
The increase was substantial — 4.3- to 17.4-fold — when compared with a salad without fat.

Other studies have shown that olive oil, which has a very similar oleic acid content to avocado oil, is highly effective in increasing the bioavailability of carotenoids.
Therefore, adding avocado oil to a salad, marinade, or other dish may help your body absorb more nutrients.


5. May reduce symptoms of arthritis:
Arthritis is a very common disease that involves painful inflammation of the joints.
It affects millions of people worldwide.

While there are many types of arthritis, the most common type is osteoarthritis, which is associated with the breakdown of cartilage in the joints.
Numerous studies have found that extracts from avocado and soybean oil, called avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), may reduce the pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis.

In particular, ASU seems to be beneficial for people who have hip and knee osteoarthritis.
You can find ASU supplements in most wellness stores and online.
But be sure to speak with a healthcare professional to make sure it’s right for you.


6. Improves skin and enhances wound healing:
Avocado oil is rich in fatty acids and nutrients that may benefit your skin.
Avocado oil’s a good source of vitamins A and E, which are linked to skin membrane health.

One study in 24 people with plaque psoriasis found that a cream containing avocado oil (20%) and vitamin B12 improved symptoms of psoriasis after 12 weeks of treatment.

That said, most of the studies used avocado oil in conjunction with other ingredients, such as B12 and moisturizing agents, so it’s difficult to say whether avocado oil by itself would result in similar findings.

In addition to topical application, consuming a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins A and E, and antioxidants is associated with healthier skin.
It’s best to avoid putting avocado oil directly on any open wounds. Instead, buy products containing avocado oil from reputable companies.


7. Rich in antioxidants:
A diet rich in antioxidants helps fight free radicals, which are unstable compounds that can damage cells over time.
When an imbalance occurs, this can lead to oxidative stress and may contribute to conditions such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer.

By donating an electron to free radicals, antioxidants can neutralize them, preventing them from causing harm.
Fortunately, avocado oil contains a large number of antioxidants to benefit your health, such as carotenoids, tocopherols (forms of vitamin E), and various plant sterols


8. Very easy to use:
Though this is not technically a health benefit, avocado oil is highly versatile and easy to incorporate into your diet.
For example, you can consume it cold, but it’s also a safe and healthy cooking oil because its fatty acids are stable at high heat (up to about 520°F or 271°C).
Here are a few ways to add avocado oil to your diet:

*Add a tablespoon to a smoothie.
*Drizzle it over a salad.
*Use it as a marinade for grilling meat.
*Include it when baking.
*Use it in homemade mayo.
*Drizzle it over vegetables before roasting.
*Top hummus off with it.
*Drizzle it over cold soups such as gazpacho.



WHAT MAKES AVOCADOS SO SPECIAL?
Avocados are quite unique when it comes to cooking oils.
Most plant oils are extracted from the seed of the plant, but avocado oil is extracted from the flesh of the avocado, which is densely packed with around 20 minerals and vitamins.
This allows all the taste and the nutrients to be retained during the process, resulting in a delicious, healthy cooking oil.



TASTE OF AVOCADO OIL:
The taste of an avocado is quite unique, which is probably why it’s so popular around the world.
A smooth, buttery taste means it can go with almost any dish, while studies have shown a myriad of health benefits, from helping with diabetes to lowering the risk of heart attacks.

When it comes to cooking with avocado oil, it is the ultimate cooking tool.
Perfect for gentle heating in a frying pan as well as high heat of up to 255°C, Avocado Oil can also be drizzled over salads and vegetables.
Vegetables, fish, or meat, roasting, baking, or grilling, cooking oil, dressing, or marinades… avocado oil does it all!



HEALTH BENEFITS OF AVOCADO OIL:
An avocado contains more potassium than a banana, more protein than any other fruit, and half the recommended daily allowance of Vitamin K, and a third of Vitamin C.
Studies have shown avocado oil lowers blood pressure and cholesterol, mainly due to their high potassium content, and they are also great for your hair and skin.



WHY HAS AVOCADO OIL BECOME POPULAR?
Avocado oil has recently attracted Paleo folks who need a healthy-fat variation so all their food doesn’t taste like coconut oil.
Currently, most avocado oil is produced in Mexico, but 2016 marked the first large-scale production of avocado oil in the US.



IS AVOCADO OIL HEALTHY?
Avocado oil is high in monounsaturated fat (a.k.a. oleic acid), which is considered more heart healthy than saturated fat due to its shape—zigzag rather than straight—while being slightly more stable than the polyunsaturated fats typically found in vegetable oils.
Avocado Oil’s also a good source of omega-9 fatty acids, the anti-inflammatory antioxidant vitamin E, and lutein (which promotes vision), but you’ll get the most out of avocado oil if you consume it raw, in cold-pressed form, since fats tend to break down with cooking.
Avocado’s essential oils, used in and out of cooking, are thought to aid dry skin and help with skin care overall.



PROPERTIES OF AVOCADO OIL:
Avocado oil is one of few edible oils not derived from seeds; it is pressed from the fleshy pulp surrounding the avocado pit.
Unrefined avocado oil from the 'Hass' cultivar has a characteristic flavor, is high in monounsaturated fatty acids, and has a high smoke point (≥250 °C or 482 °F), making it a good oil for frying.

'Hass' cold-pressed avocado oil is a brilliant emerald green when extracted; the color is attributed to high levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids; it has been described as having an avocado flavor, with grassy and butter/mushroom-like flavors.
Other varieties may produce oils of slightly different flavor profile; 'Fuerte' has been described as having more mushroom and less avocado flavor.

Avocado oil has a similar monounsaturated fat profile to olive oil. Avocado oil is naturally low acidic, helping to increase smoke point.
Unrefined avocado oil can be safely heated to 480 °F (249 °C).
Both unrefined and refined avocado oil can safely be used for almost any high-heat cooking, including baking, stir-frying, deep-frying, searing, barbecuing, roasting, and sauteing.

Like all oils, the more refined, the higher the smoke point.
Each 30 mL of avocado oil contains 3.6 mg of Vitamin E and 146.1 mg of beta-sitosterol.



HEALTH BENEFITS OF AVOCADO OIL:
Avocado oil has recently grown in popularity as more people learn of the benefits of incorporating healthy sources of fat into their diets.
Avocado oil may benefit health in several ways.
It’s a good source of fatty acids known to support and protect the health of the heart.
Avocado oil also provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances, such as carotenoids and vitamin E.
Not only is avocado oil nutritious, but it’s safe for high-heat cooking and can be used in various ways to create delicious and heart-healthy meals.



HIGH IN HEALTH-PROMOTING FATTY ACIDS:
Avocado oil is high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which are fat molecules that can help lower your LDL cholesterol.
Avocado oil is composed of 71% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 13% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and 16% saturated fatty acids (SFA).

Diets rich in monounsaturated fats have been associated with several health benefits, including protecting against conditions like heart disease.
A study that included data on over 93,000 people found people who consumed MUFAs from plant sources had a significantly lower risk of dying from heart disease and cancer.

Other research shows when MUFAs from plant foods replace SFAs, trans fats, or refined carbohydrates, heart disease risk is significantly reduced.
Also, one of the main fats in avocado oil, oleic acid, may help support a healthy body weight by regulating appetite and energy expenditure and reducing abdominal fat.



IS A GOOD SOURCE OF VITAMIN E, AVOCADO OIL:
Vitamin E is a nutrient that performs critical roles in the body.
It functions as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells against oxidative damage that may otherwise lead to disease.
The nutrient is also involved in immune function, cellular communication, and other metabolic processes.

Additionally, vitamin E supports heart health by preventing blood clotting and promoting blood flow.
It also helps prevent oxidative changes to LDL cholesterol.
Oxidative changes to LDL cholesterol play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, or plaque build-up in the arteries, which is the main cause of heart disease.

Though vitamin E is essential to health, most people in the United
States don’t consume enough vitamin E to support overall health.
Study findings suggest around 96% of women and 90% of men in the U.S. have insufficient intake of vitamin E, which could negatively impact health in a number of ways.

Research shows a two-tablespoon serving of avocado oil provides around seven milligrams (mg) of vitamin E, which equates to 47% of the Daily Value (DV).
However, vitamin E levels can vary depending on the processing avocado oil goes through before it reaches grocery store shelves.
Refined avocado oil, which typically undergoes heat treatment, will have lower levels of vitamin E as heat degrades certain compounds found in oils, including vitamins and protective plant compounds.
To ensure you’re purchasing an avocado oil product that provides a higher amount of vitamin E, opt for unrefined, cold-pressed oils.



AVOCADO OIL CONTAINS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PLANT COMPOUNDS:
Avocado oil contains plant compounds that are known to support health, including polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, and carotenoids.
These compounds help protect against oxidative damage and regulate inflammation in the body.
Studies show diets rich in antioxidants, such as carotenoids and polyphenols, could help protect against several health conditions, including heart disease and neurodegenerative diseases.

However, like with vitamin E, the refining process can significantly reduce the antioxidant content of avocado oil.
If you’d like to reap the benefits of the protective substances found in avocado oil, it’s best to purchase unrefined, cold-pressed avocado oil.

*May Support Heart Health:
Avocado oil’s fatty acid profile makes it a smart choice for supporting the health of your heart.
It’s high in monounsaturated fats and contains antioxidants such as polyphenols and vitamin E, which have been shown to reduce heart disease risk.

Using avocado oil in place of saturated fats, like butter, may help reduce heart disease risk factors, such as LDL cholesterol, and help lower inflammation, which can help protect heart health.
One small study that included 13 people with overweight found when participants replaced butter with avocado oil in a high-fat, high-carb meal, post-meal levels of LDL cholesterol levels, total cholesterol, and inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein were reduced.

It's important to note studies investigating the effects of avocado oil consumption on heart health are limited.
However, there is more extensive research that shows eating whole avocados and replacing sources of saturated fat with sources of unsaturated fat, like avocado oil, lower heart disease risk factors.

Also, research shows following a diet rich in unsaturated fats, such as avocados, avocado oil, olive oil, nuts, and seeds, and low in saturated fats, helps support overall heart health and reduce heart disease risk.



NUTRITION OF AVOCADO OIL:
Like other processed oils, avocado oil is low in most nutrients. However, unrefined avocado oil does provide a good source of vitamin E.
One-tablespoon serving of avocado oil contains:
Calories: 124
Fat: 14 grams (g)
Saturated Fat: 1.62 g
Unsaturated Fat: 9.88 g
Carbohydrates: 0 g
Fiber: 0 g
Protein: 0 g
Vitamin E: 3.5 mg or 23.5% of the Daily Value (DV)

The content of vitamin E and other protective compounds found in avocado oil can vary depending on the type.
The refining process oils go through can significantly reduce levels of antioxidants, such as vitamin E, carotenoids, and polyphenols.
Though refined avocado oil has a higher smoke point than unrefined avocado oil, choosing an unrefined, cold-pressed avocado oil may offer more nutritional benefits.



IS AVOCADO OIL GOOD FOR YOU?
Yes, avocado oil is a healthy oil.
This isn't surprising, considering all the health benefits of avocados.
About 70% of the fat in avocado oil is monounsaturated, according to a 2019 review in Molecules.

Foods that are rich in monounsaturated fat are generally healthier than saturated fat-rich foods.
The American Heart Association recommends that most of your fats come from monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
According to the National Library of Medicine's resource MedlinePlus, monounsaturated fats help to lower LDL cholesterol—the waxy substance that clogs arteries.
Monounsaturated fats also help in the development of new cells and keeping them healthy.



AVOCADO OIL VS. COCONUT OIL: WHICH IS HEALTHIER?
Both avocado oil and coconut oil are plant-based and have a high smoke point, but which is healthier?
Many methods of cooking utilize oil.
Whether you are baking, stir-frying, sautéing or roasting, chances are your recipe calls for at least a small amount of oil.

Oil enhances the flavor in foods, acts as a heat-transferring agent, can prevent foods from sticking to pots and pans and improves the texture and tenderness of foods.
Hundreds of oils are available on the market—you'll often find an entire aisle dedicated to different types and brands of cooking oil.
But not all oils are created equally; they have different flavor profiles, different smoke points (the temperature at which the oil begins to burn and may become unstable) and different health benefits and risks.

Two oils that have become very popular over the past few years are avocado oil and coconut oil.
Both are plant-based oils with high smoke points, but their nutritional value, benefits and risks are very different.



HOW DOES AVOCADO OIL COMPARE TO OLIVE OIL?
Here's what you get in a 1-tablespoon serving of avocado oil, per the USDA:
Calories: 124
Protein: 0g
Fat: 14g
Saturated fat: 2g
Monounsaturated fat: 10g
Polyunsaturated fat: 2g
Carbohydrate: 0g
Sodium: 0mg

Here's what's in a 1-tablespoon serving of olive oil, per the USDA:
Calories: 119
Protein: 0g
Fat: 14g
Saturated fat: 2g
Monounsaturated fat: 10g
Polyunsaturated fat: 1g
Carbohydrate: 0g
Sodium: <1mg

These side-by-side comparisons show that there's really not a lot of difference between olive oil and avocado oil on the surface.
But looking deeper into their makeup shows some slight differences.
For example, unlike olive oil, avocado oil contains some linolenic acid, according to the same 2019 review in Molecules and a 2023 review in Foods.
This research also suggests that avocado oil is higher in phytosterols than olive oil.

Phytosterols are compounds found in plants that help block the body's absorption of cholesterol.
This isn't to say that avocado oil is better than olive oil.
Olive oil can also tout its own benefits, many of which are similar to avocado oil.



HEALTH BENEFITS OF AVOCADO OIL:
*Heart Helper:
What's even more promising, though, are the findings of a small study of humans, included in the 2019 Molecules review.
After just 6 days of substituting avocado oil for their usual butter, overweight adults improved their total cholesterol and "bad" LDL levels, in addition to some other valuable health measures.

*Good for Skin:
According to a 2018 review in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, avocado oil moisturizes dry or chapped skin.

*Memory and Development Booster

The Bottom Line:
The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends limiting saturated fat to 10% of your daily fat intake.
You can reduce your saturated fat intake by replacing it with an oil, like avocado oil.
Avocado oil is a great all-purpose oil with a fairly neutral flavor profile, which makes it delicious in everything from roasted vegetables to salad dressing.



AVOCADO WAX

Avocado wax is a natural wax obtained from the avocado fruit.
Avocado wax is extracted from the seeds, skin, or pulp of avocados and is composed of a mixture of fatty acids, esters, and alcohols

CAS Number: 97593-31-2
EC Number: 307-022-2

Synonyms: Avocado wax, Persea gratissima wax, Avocado seed wax, Persea americana wax, Avocado oil unsaponifiables, Avocado extract, Avocado lipid, Avocado butter, Avocado fruit wax, Avocado flesh wax, Persea gratissima extract, Persea americana extract, Avocado pulp wax, Avocado fat, Avocado tree wax, Persea gratissima seed oil, Avocado kernel wax, Avocado fruit oil, Avocado fruit fat, Avocado skin wax, Avocado peel wax, Avocado oil wax, Persea americana oil, Avocado flesh oil, Avocado seed oil, Avocado oil derivative, Avocado wax derivative, Persea americana lipid, Avocado pulp oil, Avocado pulp fat, Avocado oil ester, Avocado extract wax, Avocado oil extract, Avocado oil residue, Avocado fruit lipid, Persea gratissima lipid, Avocado kernel oil, Avocado kernel fat, Avocado butter wax, Avocado flesh lipid, Persea americana butter, Avocado fruit extract, Avocado lipid extract, Avocado oil concentrate, Avocado oil unsaponifiable, Avocado seed butter, Avocado peel oil, Avocado fruit butter, Persea gratissima butter, Avocado seed extract, Avocado fruit concentrate, Avocado kernel extract, Avocado peel extract, Avocado tree oil, Avocado kernel lipid, Avocado pulp extract, Avocado oil concentrate wax, Avocado seed concentrate



APPLICATIONS


Avocado wax is widely used in the cosmetics industry for its emollient properties.
Avocado Wax is a key ingredient in lip balms, providing hydration and a smooth texture.
In lotions and creams, avocado wax helps to moisturize and protect the skin.

Avocado Wax is often used in hair care products like conditioners and hair masks to add shine and manageability.
Avocado wax can be found in facial moisturizers, enhancing their hydrating effects.

Avocado Wax is used in body butters to create a rich, nourishing consistency.
Avocado Wax is a popular additive in hand creams for its ability to soften and soothe dry skin.
In the food industry, avocado wax is used to coat fruits and vegetables, extending their shelf life.

Avocado Wax forms a protective barrier on the skin, making it ideal for use in protective creams.
Avocado wax is used in the production of natural candles, providing a clean burn.

Avocado Wax is an ingredient in lipsticks, contributing to a smooth application and moisturizing effect.
Avocado Wax is included in sun care products to enhance their water-resistant properties.

In pharmaceuticals, avocado wax is used as an excipient to stabilize formulations.
Avocado Wax is used in ointments and salves to improve their consistency and spreadability.

Avocado wax is found in nail care products, such as cuticle creams, to nourish and protect the nails.
Avocado Wax is used in massage balms and oils to provide a smooth glide and moisturizing benefits.

The wax is an ingredient in anti-aging products for its skin-conditioning properties.
Avocado wax is used in deodorants to help maintain a solid form and provide moisturizing benefits.
Avocado Wax is used in natural and organic skincare lines as a sustainable and eco-friendly ingredient.

Avocado Wax is incorporated into baby care products, such as diaper creams, for its gentle and protective qualities.
Avocado wax is found in facial masks to enhance their moisturizing and soothing effects.
Avocado Wax is used in beard balms and oils to condition the hair and skin beneath.
In industrial applications, avocado wax is used as a polish for wood and leather goods.

Avocado Wax is included in shoe care products to condition and protect leather.
Avocado wax is used in packaging materials to provide a natural, protective coating.

Avocado wax is used in soap formulations to enhance lather and provide moisturizing properties.
Avocado Wax is included in eyebrow pencils to ensure smooth application and lasting hold.
Avocado Wax is used in eyelash conditioners to nourish and protect lashes.

Avocado wax is an ingredient in blush and highlighters, providing a smooth, blendable texture.
Avocado Wax is used in foundation sticks to help maintain a solid form and smooth application.

The wax is incorporated into hair styling products, such as pomades and waxes, to provide hold and shine.
Avocado wax is used in shaving creams and gels to provide a smooth glide and moisturize the skin.

Avocado wax is found in aftershave balms to soothe and hydrate freshly shaved skin.
Avocado wax is used in lip gloss formulations to provide a glossy finish and hydration.
Avocado wax is used in eye creams to provide a rich, emollient texture that hydrates the delicate skin around the eyes.

Avocado wax is included in body scrubs to help bind the ingredients and provide a moisturizing effect.
Avocado wax is used in foot creams to soften and repair rough, cracked skin.
Avocado wax is an ingredient in natural deodorant sticks, providing a solid form and moisturizing properties.
Avocado wax is used in tattoo aftercare products to moisturize and protect healing skin.

Avocado wax is found in scar treatment products, helping to soften and smooth the appearance of scars.
Avocado wax is used in lip liners to ensure smooth application and long-lasting wear.

Avocado wax is included in hair removal products, such as waxing strips, to help protect and moisturize the skin.
Avocado wax is used in hair serums to provide shine and protect against frizz.
Avocado wax is found in stretch mark creams, helping to hydrate and improve skin elasticity.

Avocado wax is used in hair masks to deeply condition and repair damaged hair.
Avocado wax is included in cuticle oils to nourish and protect the nail bed.
Avocado wax is used in foot balms to provide intense hydration and repair for dry, cracked heels.
Avocado wax is used in wound care products to protect and moisturize healing skin.

The wax is included in anti-chafing creams to provide a protective barrier and reduce friction.
Avocado wax is used in pet care products, such as paw balms, to moisturize and protect pet paws.



DESCRIPTION


Avocado wax is a natural wax obtained from the avocado fruit.
Avocado wax is extracted from the seeds, skin, or pulp of avocados and is composed of a mixture of fatty acids, esters, and alcohols

Avocado wax is derived from the seeds, skin, or pulp of the avocado fruit.
Avocado wax is a natural wax, often used in cosmetics for its emollient properties.
Avocado wax is rich in fatty acids, esters, and long-chain alcohols.

Avocado wax is typically greenish-yellow to light brown in color.
Avocado wax has a smooth, creamy texture and a relatively low melting point.
In skincare products, avocado wax helps to moisturize and protect the skin.

Avocado wax is commonly found in lip balms, lotions, and creams.
The hydrophobic properties of avocado wax make it an excellent barrier against moisture loss.

Avocado wax is biodegradable and environmentally friendly.
Avocado wax can be used as a natural alternative to synthetic waxes in various formulations.

In hair care products, it helps to condition and add shine to the hair.
Avocado wax is also used in the food industry to coat fruits and vegetables, extending their shelf life.
Avocado wax is valued for its ability to form a protective film on the surface of the skin.

Avocado wax is derived from the Persea americana plant, commonly known as the avocado tree.
Avocado wax contains unsaponifiable matter, which contributes to its beneficial properties in skincare.
Avocado wax is often combined with other natural ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

The fatty acid profile of avocado wax includes palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid.
Avocado wax is used in pharmaceuticals as an excipient to provide texture and stability.
Avocado wax is also found in industrial applications, such as in the production of candles and polishes.
The smooth texture of the wax makes it easy to incorporate into various products.

Avocado wax helps to improve the consistency and spreadability of cosmetic formulations.
Its natural origin makes it suitable for use in organic and natural product lines.

The extraction process of avocado wax involves separating the waxy components from the fruit's seed, skin, or pulp.
Avocado wax is a versatile ingredient, compatible with a wide range of other cosmetic and industrial materials.
The use of avocado wax in products can enhance their moisturizing and protective effects.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties

Appearance: Greenish-yellow to light brown solid or semi-solid.
Texture: Smooth and creamy.
Melting Point: Typically ranges between 40-50°C (104-122°F).
Odor: Mild, characteristic odor, somewhat similar to avocados.
Solubility:
Water: Insoluble.
Organic Solvents: Soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, chloroform, and oils.
Density: Approximately 0.9-1.0 g/cm³.
Viscosity: Relatively high viscosity at room temperature, decreasing as temperature increases.
Refractive Index: Typically around 1.45-1.47.


Chemical Properties

Chemical Composition: Composed mainly of fatty acids, esters, and long-chain alcohols.
Fatty Acids:
Palmitic Acid: C16H32O2.
Oleic Acid: C18H34O2.
Linoleic Acid: C18H32O2.
Esters: Esters formed from the reaction of fatty acids and alcohols.
Alcohols: Includes long-chain alcohols such as cetyl alcohol (C16H34O) and stearyl alcohol (C18H38O).
Saponification Value: Reflects the amount of alkali needed to saponify the wax, typically ranging between 90-120 mg KOH/g.
Acid Value: Measures the free fatty acid content, usually below 10 mg KOH/g.
Iodine Value: Indicates the degree of unsaturation, typically around 70-90 g I2/100g.
Hydroxyl Value: Indicates the presence of hydroxyl groups, usually around 90-160 mg KOH/g.
Unsaponifiable Matter: Contains a significant portion of unsaponifiable compounds, including sterols, tocopherols, and hydrocarbons.
Peroxide Value: Reflects the extent of oxidation, typically low in fresh wax, below 10 meq O2/kg.
Shelf Life: Relatively stable under normal storage conditions, with minimal rancidity or oxidation if kept in a cool, dark place.
Flash Point: Generally above 200°C (392°F), indicating low flammability under normal conditions.



FIRST AID


Inhalation

Symptoms:
Inhalation of avocado wax fumes, especially if it has been heated, may cause respiratory irritation.

Immediate Actions:
Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
Loosen any tight clothing to facilitate breathing.

Further Steps:
If the person is not breathing, perform artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen if available.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist or if the person experiences severe respiratory distress.


Skin Contact

Symptoms:
Direct contact with molten or hot avocado wax can cause burns.
Contact with solid wax may cause mild skin irritation.

Immediate Actions:

For solid wax contact: Wash the affected area with soap and water.
For molten wax contact: Cool the burn area with lukewarm running water for at least 10-20 minutes. Do not use ice or very cold water as this may cause further tissue damage.

Further Steps:
Do not attempt to remove solidified wax from the skin if it has cooled and adhered to the skin. Seek medical attention for proper removal and treatment.
Apply sterile dressing to any burn areas.
Seek medical attention for significant burns or if irritation persists.


Eye Contact

Symptoms:
Eye contact with molten or hot avocado wax can cause burns and severe irritation.
Contact with solid wax particles may cause irritation.

Immediate Actions:

For solid wax contact:
Rinse eyes thoroughly with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, keeping the eyelids open.

For molten wax contact:
Flush with lukewarm water and seek immediate medical attention.

Further Steps:
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing during transport to medical facilities if necessary.
Seek medical attention even if irritation seems to subside, to ensure there is no serious damage.


Ingestion

Symptoms:
Ingesting avocado wax is unlikely to cause significant harm, but it may cause gastrointestinal discomfort.

Immediate Actions:
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.

Further Steps:
Give the person a small amount of water or milk to drink, if they are conscious and not vomiting.
Seek medical attention if symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or abdominal discomfort occur.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective clothing, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat, to prevent skin contact and eye irritation.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, when handling powdered forms of avocado wax to prevent inhalation of particles.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination of avocado wax by ensuring that equipment and containers used for handling are clean and free from residues of incompatible materials.
Use dedicated tools and equipment for handling avocado wax to prevent cross-contamination with other substances.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to control exposure to airborne particles and fumes, especially during melting or heating processes.
Avoidance of Heat Exposure:
Avoid prolonged exposure of avocado wax to high temperatures, as it may soften or melt, leading to potential burns and changes in physical properties.


Storage

Container and Packaging:
Store avocado wax in tightly sealed containers made of compatible materials, such as plastic or metal, to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.
Ensure that containers are labeled with the product name, batch number, and relevant safety information.

Temperature and Humidity:
Store avocado wax in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources to prevent melting or softening.
Maintain storage temperatures between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F) to preserve the wax's stability and consistency.
Avoid storing avocado wax in areas with high humidity, as moisture absorption may affect its quality and shelf life.

Protection from Oxidation:
Protect avocado wax from exposure to air and oxidation by keeping containers tightly sealed when not in use.
Consider storing avocado wax under an inert gas atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, to minimize oxidation and extend shelf life.

Separation from Incompatible Materials:
Store avocado wax away from sources of ignition, oxidizing agents, strong acids, and bases to prevent potential chemical reactions or degradation.
Keep avocado wax separate from food items, pharmaceuticals, and other sensitive materials to avoid contamination.


Emergency Procedures

Spill Response:
In case of a spill, contain the area and prevent further spreading of the wax.
Use appropriate absorbent materials, such as sand or commercial absorbents, to soak up spilled wax.
Dispose of contaminated materials according to local regulations and guidelines.

Fire Safety:
Avocado wax is combustible. In the event of a fire, use appropriate firefighting measures, such as dry chemical powder or carbon dioxide extinguishers, to extinguish flames.
Avoid using water as it may spread the fire or cause splattering of molten wax.

First Aid:
In case of exposure or injury, follow the appropriate first aid measures as outlined in the safety data sheet and seek medical attention if necessary.
AXCIDE TCMTB 80
Axcide TCMTB 80 is highly effective against fungi.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is non-lachrymatory and easily dispersed in water.


CAS Number: 21564-17-0
EC Number: 244-445-0
Chemical Composition: 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole
Chemical Formula: C9H6N2S3



SYNONYMS:
[(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl thiocyanate, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, Thiocyanic acid 2-(benzothiazolethio) methyl ester, Casacide,
21564-17-0, Benthiazole, 2-(Thiocyanatomethylthio)benzothiazole, TCMTB, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, Superdavloxan, Alentisan, 2-((Thiocyanatomethyl)thio)benzo[d]thiazole, Ichiban, Sancelant TMB, Delsan 30, Busan, Busan 15, Busan 71, Busan 72, Busan 72A, Busan 1030, Busan 30, Busan 30A, Busan 30I, Busan 70, Busan 30-1, 1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl thiocyanate, KVK 733059, THIOCYANIC ACID, (2-BENZOTHIAZOLYLTHIO)METHYL ESTER, Acticide WB 300, 5GE166YVQV, 2-(Thiocyanatomethylthio)benzo[d]thiazole, DTXSID6032647, 2-(Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate, 2-((Thiocyanatomethyl)thio)benzothiazole, Protector 3L, Benthiazole 30%, 2-[(Thiocyanatomethyl)thio]benzothiazole, Busan 44, Caswell No. 853A, (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate, TCMTB 30%, TCMTB 60%, TCMTB 80%, HSDB 6450, Thiocyanic Acid (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl Ester, EINECS 244-445-0,
AI3-29396-X (USDA), TCMTB (Busan), 2-Benzothiazolylthio methyl thiocyanate, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 035603, 2-Thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole, 80%,
BRN 1213014, (Benzothiazol-2-ylthio)methyl thiocyanate, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 60%, TCMTB [HSDB], Benzothiazole, 2-((thiocyanatomethyl)thio)-, TCMTB [MI], UNII-5GE166YVQV, SCHEMBL54175, 2-Tiocianometiltiobenzotiazolo, Thiocyanic acid, (2-benzothiazolylthio) methyl ester,
BULAB 6009, BUSAN 1118, CHEMBL1903976, DTXCID4012647, Thiocyanic acid, (2-benzothiazolylthio)methyl ester, 30%, Thiocyanic acid, 2-(benzothiazolylthio)methyl ester, 60%, Thiocyanic acid, 2-(benzothiazolylthio)methyl ester, 80%, Tolcide 2230 (Technical Grade), BCP25511, Tox21_301072, 2-Tiocianometiltiobenzotiazolo, 80%, AKOS015915374, AM84757, NCGC00168337-01, NCGC00168337-02, NCGC00254973-01, TS-08836, CAS-21564-17-0, NS00001883, (1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylthio)methyl thiocyanate, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB), N16944, A815476, Q158532, J-014149, (1,3-Benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl thiocyanate #, {[(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]sulfanyl}carbonitrile, 2-(Thiocyanatomethylthio)benzothiazole, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, (1,3-Benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl thiocyanate (2-benzothiazolylthio)methylthiocyanate[qr], 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole,
[(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl thiocyanate, Thiocyanic acid, (2-benzothiazolylthio)methyl ester, 21564-17-0, TCMTB, AI3-29396-X, Alentisan,
Benthiazole, Benthiazole 30%, Benzothiazole, 2-((thiocyanatomethyl)thio)-, (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate, BRN 1213014, Caswell No. 853A,
EINECS 244-445-0, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 035603, Ichiban, Protector 3L, Sancelant TMB, Superdavloxan, 2-((Thiocyanatomethyl)thio)benzothiazole,
2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 60%, 2-Thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole, 80%, 2-Tiocianometiltiobenzotiazolo, 2-Tiocianometiltiobenzotiazolo, 80%,
2-(Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate, UNII-5GE166YVQV, Thiocyanic acid, (2-benzothiazolylthio)methyl ester, 2-[(Thiocyanatomethyl)thio]benzothiazole, Busan 72, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, Busan 15, TCMTB, Busan 72A, KVK 733059, Busan 30I, Busan 30-1, Busan 30, Ichiban, Busan 70, Alentisan,
Busan 71, Busan 30A, Benthiazole, Superdavloxan, Busan 1030, Sancelant TMB, 2-(Thiocyanatomethylthio)benzo[d]thiazole, Delsan 30, Busan 80, Busan 30L,
Nusan, Busan 1118, Busan 30WBA, BN 30, Bulab 6009, Afrotin CRO, Busan 30WB, Ascend, Nu-flow T, Guzafan, Argent 30, Argent, Tolcide 2230, 2-(Thiocyanatomethylthio)-1,3-benzothiazole, Fungicide FDE, Acticide WB 300, (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate, 2-Thiocyanomethylthio)benzthiazole, TCMTB, BUSAN, benthiazole, 2-(THIOCYANOMETHYLTHIO)BENZOTHIAZOLE, TCMTP, Busa 72, busan15, busan30, busan70, busan71, Thiocyanic acid,(2-benzothiazolylthio)methyl ester, 2-[(Thiocyanatomethyl)thio]benzothiazole, Busan 72, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, Busan 15, TCMTB, Busan 72A, KVK 733059, Busan 30I, Busan 30-1, Busan 30, Ichiban, Busan 70, Alentisan, Busan 71, Busan 30A, Benthiazole, Superdavloxan, Busan 1030, Sancelant TMB, 2-(Thiocyanatomethylthio)benzo[d]thiazole, Delsan 30, Busan 80, Busan 30L, Nusan, Busan 1118, Busan 30WBA, BN 30, Bulab 6009, Afrotin CRO, Busan 30WB, Ascend, Nu-flow T, Guzafan, Argent 30, Argent, Tolcide 2230, 2-(Thiocyanatomethylthio)-1,3-benzothiazole, Fungicide FDE, Acticide WB 300, (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzthiazole, 120946-97-6, 6441-45-8, 56532-60-6, 56996-45-3, 64441-45-8, 64441-44-7, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, Thiocyanic acid, (2-benzothiazolylthio) methyl ester, (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate, 2-((Thiocyanatomethyl)thio)benzothiazole, 2-(Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 60%, 2-Thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole, 80%, Alentisan, Benthiazole, Benthiazole 30%, Benzothiazole, 2-((thiocyanatomethyl)thio)- (8CI), Busan, Busan 1030, Busan 15, Busan 30, Busan 30-1, Busan 30A, Busan 30I, Busan 44, Busan 70, Busan 71, Busan 72, Busan 72A, Delsan 30, Ichiban, KVK 733059, Protector 3L, Sancelant TMB, Superdavloxan, TCMTB 30%, TCMTB 60%, TCMTB 80%, Busan 15, Busan 72, Busan 72A, KVK 733059, TCMTB, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 2-[(Thiocyanatomethyl)thio]benzothiazole, Busan, Benthiazole, Alentisan, Busan 1030, Busan 30, Busan 30-1, Busan 30A, Busan 30I, Busan 70, Busan 71, Delsan 30, Ichiban, Sancelant TMB, Superdavloxan, (benzothiazol-2-ylthio)methyl thiocyanate,


Axcide TCMTB 80 is an effective and economical microbicide for preventing fungal attack of skins, hides and timber during processing and subsequent storage.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is a chemical compound classified as a benzothiazole drug Formula: C9H6N2S3.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is an antimicrobial agent used as a substitute for chlorophenols in industrial applications.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is a solvent-based fungicide used in the leather tanning process.
Axcide TCMTB 80 protects wet blues and wet whites against fungal attack.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is highly effective against fungi.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is non-lachrymatory and easily dispersed in water.
Axcide TCMTB 80 does not contain ethoxylated nonyl phenol.
The recommended dosage of Axcide TCMTB 80 is 0.1-0.3% m/m based on hide/skin weight.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is moderately soluble in water, has a low volatility and is not expected to be persistent in soil systems.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is not expected to leach to groundwater.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is a chemical compound classified as a benzothiazole.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is a 80% solution of 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole.
Axcide TCMTB 80 acts as a fungicide.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is non-lachrymatory and highly effective against mold fungi, thermphilic molds, rot and blue sap stain.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is used in dilute form for the preservation of paint formulations.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is a fungicide used as a raw material in formulations.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is an 80% solution of 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiozole.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is highly effective against mould fungi, thermophilic moulds, rot and blue sap stain.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is non-lachrymatory.
Axcide TCMTB 80 has been used in diluted forms for the preservation of leather (Wet Blues and Wet Whites), paint formulations, seeds, water treatment and timber preservation.


Axcide TCMTB 80 belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzothiazoles.
These are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a thiazole ring (a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom).


Axcide TCMTB 80 has a pungent odour.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is a brown Oil.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is a chemical compound classified as a benzothiazole.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is a a soil and seed treatment used to control various fungal and bacterial infections.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is moderately soluble in water, has a low volatility and is not expected to be persistent in soil systems. It is not eexpected to leach to groundwater.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
Axcide TCMTB 80 is used wood preservative, marine biocide, fungicide.
Industrial antimicrobial, Axcide TCMTB 80 is used instead of chlorophenols.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as a wood preservative, marine biocide, and fungicide.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as a contact fungicide for barley, cotton. corn, oats, rice, sorghum. sugar beets, safflower, and wheat.
in seed treatments for cereals, corn, cotton, legumes, rice, sorghum, and sugar beets.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as preservative in paints and leather production.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as a wood preservative, biocide (pulp & paper mills, sewage systems), product preservative and slimicide (paper, leather, paint, carpet, textiles, wallpaper), and seed treatment pesticide.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is specifically recommended for use in chrome tanning and for treatment of timber, bamboo and coconut wood etc to prevent damage and consequent losses caused by microorganisms.


Industrial antimicrobial, Axcide TCMTB 80 is used instead of chlorophenols.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as a wood preservative, marine biocide, and fungicide.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as a contact fungicide for barley, cotton, corn, oats, rice, sorghum, sugar beets, safflower, and wheat.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as preservative in paints and leather production.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as a wood preservative, biocide (pulp & paper mills, sewage systems), product preservative and slimicide (paper, leather, paint, carpet, textiles, wallpaper), and seed treatment pesticide


Axcide TCMTB 80 is an effective and economical bactericide to prevent fungal attack on leather, hides and wood during processing and subsequent storage.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is specially recommended for use in chrome tanning and for treating wood, bamboo and coconut wood etc. to prevent damage and losses caused by microorganisms.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as wideband microbicide, paint fungicide, and paint gallicide.
The active substance, Axcide TCMTB 80, approved in 1980 in the United States.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is used, for example, in leather preservation, for the protection of paper products, in wood preservatives, and against germs in industrial water.


In the US, Axcide TCMTB 80 is used as a fungicide for seed dressing in cereals, safflower, cotton and sugar beet.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is also used when dealing with fungal problems when extracting hydrocarbons via fracking.
Hence, Axcide TCMTB 80 is mainly used in developing countries.


Axcide TCMTB 80 is a wood preservative, marine biocide, contact fungicide, and as preservative in paint.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is a soil and seed treatment used to control various fungal and bacterial infections.
Axcide TCMTB 80 belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzothiazoles.


These are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a thiazole ring (a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom).
Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on Axcide TCMTB 80.
Axcide TCMTB 80 is used in seed treatments for cereals, corn, cotton, legumes, rice, sorghum, and sugar beets.


Axcide TCMTB 80 has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ).
Axcide TCMTB 80 is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives.
Technically Axcide TCMTB 80 is part of the human exposome.



PROPERTIES OF AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
Axcide TCMTB 80 is an oily, flammable, red to brown liquid with a pungent odor that is very slightly soluble in water.
Axcide TCMTB 80 decomposes on heating producing hydrogen cyanide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides.
The degradation products are Axcide TCMTB 80 and 2-benzothiazolesulfonic acid.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
Axcide TCMTB 80 is a viscous reddish liquid and is insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, dimethylformamide, cyclohexanone, benzene, and xylene.
Axcide TCMTB 80 has a specific gravity of 1.38, a boiling point greater than 120℃, and a vapour pressure of about 0.05 torr.
The supplier normally dissolves Axcide TCMTB 80 in a mixture of organic solvents to form a concentrate.
Emulsifiers or surfactants may be added to the concentrate to improve the stability of emulsions formed when the concentrate is diluted withwater.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
*Alkylarylthioethers
*Benzenoids
*Thiazoles
*Heteroaromatic compounds
*Dithioacetals
*Thiocyanates
*Sulfenyl compounds
*Azacyclic compounds
*Organopnictogen compounds
*Organonitrogen compounds
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
*1,3-benzothiazole
*Aryl thioether
*Alkylarylthioether
*Benzenoid
*Azole
*Thioacetal
*Heteroaromatic compound
*Thiazole
*Azacycle
*Thiocyanate
*Thioether
*Sulfenyl compound
*Organosulfur compound
*Organonitrogen compound
*Organic nitrogen compound
*Organopnictogen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound



PROPERTIES OF AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
Axcide TCMTB 80 is an oily, flammable, red to brown liquid with a pungent odor that is very slightly soluble in water.
Axcide TCMTB 80 decomposes on heating producing hydrogen cyanide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides.
The degradation products are Axcide TCMTB 80 and 2-benzothiazolesulfonic acid.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
Appearance: Dark amber, viscous liquid
Assay, % (as active ingredient) : 80 +/- 2
Specific Gravity, g/cm3 @25oC : 1.38 g/cm3
Boiling Point, oC Not applicable
Flash Point, oC > 135 oC (Not flammable)
It is stable under normal storage conditions but decomposes at temperatures above 60ºC.
Chemical Name: 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole
Chemical Formula: C9H6N2S3
Molecular Weight: 238.3
Chemical formula: C9H6N2S3
Molar mass: 238.34 g·mol−1
Appearance: Red to brown liquid with pungent odor
Density: 1.05
Melting point: −10 °C (14 °F; 263 K)
Boiling point: 191 °C (376 °F; 464 K)
Solubility in water: Very slightly soluble (0.125 g/L at 24 °C)
log P: 3.23

Vapor pressure: 9.0×10−6 mmHg
Molecular Weight: 238.4 g/mol
XLogP3: 3.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 237.96931172 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 237.96931172 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 116Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 238
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical Formula: C9H6N2S3
Average Molecular Weight: 238.352
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 237.969310272
IUPAC Name: {[(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]sulfanyl}carbonitrile
Traditional Name: [(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]sulfanylcarbonitrile
CAS Registry Number: Not Available
SMILES: N#CSCSC1=NC2=CC=CC=C2S1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C9H6N2S3/c10-5-12-6-13-9-11-7-3-1-2-4-8(7)14-9/h1-4H,6H2
InChI Key: TUBQDCKAWGHZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CBNumber:CB9752494
Molecular Formula:C9H6N2S3
Molecular Weight:238.35
MDL Number:MFCD00072503
MOL File:21564-17-0.mol
Melting point: Boiling point: >120 °C
Density: d25 1.05 (c = 0.30)
refractive index: 1.5500 (estimate)
Flash point: (open cup): 66°C
storage temp.: 0-6°C
solubility: soluble in Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate
form: Oil
pka: -0.09±0.10(Predicted)
color: Brown to Dark Brown
Odor: pungent odor

Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: 2-(THIOCYANOMETHYLTHIO) BENZOTHIAZOLE
FDA 21 CF: 176.300
CAS DataBase Reference: 21564-17-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 3-4
FDA UNII: 5GE166YVQV
NIST Chemistry Reference: Thiocyanic acid, (2-benzothiazolylthio)methyl ester(21564-17-0)
EPA Substance Registry System: 2-(Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate (21564-17-0)
Molecular Weight:23835
Exact Mass:238.35
EC Number:244-445-0
UNII:5GE166YVQV
ICSC Number:1161
DSSTox ID:DTXSID6032647
Color/Form:Oil|Vivid orange liquid
HScode:29342000
Characteristics:

PSA:115.52000
XLogP3:3.12
Appearance:REDDISH VISCOUS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.
Density:1.4 g/cm3
Melting Point:Boiling Point:>120 °C
Flash Point:199.1±29.3 °C
Refractive Index:1.743
Water Solubility:Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.0033
Storage Conditions:0-6°C
Vapor Pressure:9.0X10-6 mm Hg at 25 deg C
Odor:Pungent
Henrys Law Constant:
Henry's Law constant = 7.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)
Colour: Oil
Odour: Pungent
Melting point/freezing point:
Boiling point or initial boiling point and boiling range: 405.6ºC at 760 mmHg
Lower and upper explosion limit/flammability limit: no data available
Flash point: 199.1ºC
Auto-ignition temperature: no data available
Decomposition temperature: no data available
pH: no data available
Kinematic viscosity: no data available
Solubility: In water, 125 mg/L at 24 deg C
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water:
log Kow = 3.23 at 20 deg C
Vapour pressure: 8.65E-07mmHg at 25°C
Density and/or relative density: 1.47 g/cm3
Relative vapour density: no data available
Particle characteristics: no data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AXCIDE TCMTB 80:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


AXILAT DF 770 DD

Axilat DF 770 DD is a versatile foam control agent designed for use in various applications, particularly cement-based adhesives.
Axilat DF 770 DD exhibits a fine granulation, ensuring easy blending with powders in mortar formulations.
With stability under both acidic and alkaline conditions, Axilat DF 770 DD remains effective across a range of applications.



APPLICATIONS


Axilat DF 770 DD finds application as an APEO-free foam control agent.
Axilat DF 770 DD is particularly well-suited for use in cement-based adhesives.

Axilat DF 770 DD is employed to prevent the formation of excess foam during adhesive formulation.
Its fine granulation facilitates easy blending with various powders in mortar formulations.
Stability under both acidic and alkaline conditions makes it versatile for different applications.

Self-leveling underlayments benefit from the inclusion of Axilat DF 770 DD, ensuring optimal consistency.
In fiber-containing screeds, it aids in maintaining the desired texture during application.
The defoaming action of Axilat DF 770 DD is excellent, contributing to efficient foam removal.
Its fast-acting nature makes it valuable for time-sensitive construction projects.

Axilat DF 770 DD is recommended for use at low dosage levels, ensuring cost-effective formulations.
Axilat DF 770 DD's specific gravity of 0.6 g/cm³ adds to its suitability for various formulations.
Dispersion in water is seamless, allowing for easy incorporation into mortar blends.

Axilat DF 770 DD enhances the stability and longevity of self-leveling underlayments in construction.
Axilat DF 770 DD's very fine granulation improves blending capabilities in adhesive formulations.
Recommended for dosage levels between 0.1% and 0.3%, it provides efficiency in adhesive applications.

The white powder appearance and compatibility with water dispersion make it versatile.
Axilat DF 770 DD contributes to the overall quality of cement-based adhesives by preventing excessive foam formation.

Axilat DF 770 DD's stability is advantageous for applications with varying pH levels.
The efficient defoaming action enhances the quality of cement-based adhesives.
In fiber-reinforced screeds, it aids in achieving the desired consistency while preventing excessive foaming.

Axilat DF 770 DD's fast-acting nature is particularly beneficial for applications with tight timelines.
At low dosage rates, it maintains its effectiveness, contributing to economical adhesive formulations.
Axilat DF 770 DD allows for easy handling and storage, adding to convenience in industrial settings.

Self-leveling underlayments benefit from the inclusion of Axilat DF 770 DD, ensuring a smooth application.
With a shelf life of 12 months, the agent provides longevity and reliability in adhesive manufacturing processes.

Axilat DF 770 DD plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance of self-leveling underlayments by preventing unwanted foam formation.
In the realm of fiber-containing screeds, it contributes to achieving a uniform and desirable texture during the application process.

Axilat DF 770 DD's defoaming action is particularly valuable in formulations where maintaining a smooth and consistent surface is paramount.
Cement-based adhesives benefit from Axilat DF 770 DD's stability under varying pH conditions, ensuring reliable performance.

Its fast-acting properties make it a valuable addition to construction projects that require quick setting times and efficient application.
The very fine granulation of Axilat DF 770 DD ensures that it seamlessly integrates with powders, providing uniform dispersion.

Recommended for use in adhesive formulations, it aids in the prevention of excessive foam, leading to high-quality end products.
Axilat DF 770 DD's compatibility with water dispersion adds versatility, allowing it to be easily incorporated into various mortar blends.
Axilat DF 770 DD's efficiency at low dosage levels not only enhances performance but also contributes to cost-effective formulations.

The specific gravity of 0.6 g/cm³ makes it a lightweight yet impactful component in a range of adhesive applications.
Its stability in both acidic and alkaline conditions makes Axilat DF 770 DD suitable for diverse construction and manufacturing environments.
In fiber-reinforced screeds, it assists in achieving the desired balance between consistency and structural integrity.

Axilat DF 770 DD's application extends to climates with varying temperatures, showcasing its reliability in different environmental conditions.
Axilat DF 770 DD's white powder appearance contributes to the aesthetic aspects of formulations, particularly in visible applications.
Its seamless dispersion in water allows for consistent blending with mortar blends, ensuring uniformity in the final product.
The recommended dosage levels provide a precise and controlled approach to foam control in adhesive manufacturing.

Axilat DF 770 DD's compatibility with various powders and substances underscores its versatility in formulation processes.
Axilat DF 770 DD contributes to the longevity of construction materials by enhancing the stability of self-leveling underlayments.
Its use in cement-based adhesives extends to applications where durability and resistance to environmental factors are critical.

Axilat DF 770 DD's cost-effectiveness, combined with its defoaming efficiency, makes it a preferred choice in adhesive production.
The powder form facilitates easy handling and storage, contributing to efficiency in industrial and construction settings.
Self-leveling underlayments, when fortified with Axilat DF 770 DD, exhibit improved flow characteristics and surface finish.

Its inclusion in fiber-containing screeds ensures that the final product meets both aesthetic and structural requirements.
Axilat DF 770 DD's fast-acting nature is an asset in applications where swift setting and curing times are essential.
Axilat DF 770 DD's application is not limited to specific formulations; it adapts well to a variety of adhesive and construction material contexts.

Axilat DF 770 DD is instrumental in optimizing the performance of fiber-reinforced screeds, ensuring a homogeneous and resilient composition.
In the production of self-leveling underlayments, the agent contributes to the ease of application and the creation of level and smooth surfaces.

The defoaming action of Axilat DF 770 DD is invaluable in preventing air entrapment, promoting uniformity in cement-based adhesives.
Its compatibility with water dispersion facilitates its incorporation into various formulations, offering flexibility in manufacturing processes.

Axilat DF 770 DD's stability under diverse pH conditions makes it a reliable choice for applications where chemical variations are encountered.
In climates with fluctuating temperatures, Axilat DF 770 DD remains effective, ensuring consistent performance in different environmental settings.

The white powder appearance is advantageous in applications where the aesthetics of the final product are of importance.
Recommended for dosage levels between 0.1% and 0.3%, it allows precise control over foam control in adhesive formulations.
Axilat DF 770 DD's fine granulation aids in the even distribution of the agent, enhancing its efficacy in various mortar blends.

Its use in cement-based adhesives extends to projects requiring resilience against structural stresses and environmental factors.
Fast-acting and efficient at low doses, the agent accelerates construction timelines without compromising quality in adhesive applications.

The specific gravity of 0.6 g/cm³ contributes to its versatility, providing an optimal balance between lightweight properties and impactful performance.
In fiber-containing screeds, it facilitates the creation of surfaces that meet both functional and aesthetic requirements.

Axilat DF 770 DD's compatibility with different substances underscores its applicability in a wide range of construction and industrial contexts.
Axilat DF 770 DD's inclusion in mortar blends ensures consistent dispersion and blending, contributing to the overall quality of the final product.

Its stability under acidic and alkaline conditions makes Axilat DF 770 DD suitable for applications where pH variations are prevalent.
The recommended shelf life of 12 months ensures that the agent maintains its effectiveness over extended periods in storage.

Its application in self-leveling underlayments enhances the workability of the material, allowing for precise and efficient installation.
In applications involving fiber-reinforced screeds, it fosters the creation of surfaces with superior strength and dimensional stability.

Axilat DF 770 DD's compatibility with different climates positions it as a reliable choice for construction projects in diverse geographical locations.
Axilat DF 770 DD's fine granulation facilitates its integration into powders, ensuring a smooth and consistent blend in adhesive formulations.
Its versatility extends to various dosage levels, allowing manufacturers to tailor formulations to specific requirements.

Axilat DF 770 DD contributes to the overall cost-effectiveness of adhesive production by optimizing foam control at low concentrations.
Axilat DF 770 DD's use in cement-based adhesives is integral to achieving a balance between workability during application and durability post-curing.
In industrial settings, Axilat DF 770 DD's ease of handling and storage enhances operational efficiency during the formulation and production processes.



DESCRIPTION


Axilat DF 770 DD is a versatile foam control agent designed for use in various applications, particularly cement-based adhesives.
Axilat DF 770 DD exhibits a fine granulation, ensuring easy blending with powders in mortar formulations.
With stability under both acidic and alkaline conditions, Axilat DF 770 DD remains effective across a range of applications.

The defoaming action of Axilat DF 770 DD is excellent, ensuring efficient removal of unwanted foam during the adhesive formulation process.
Fast-acting and efficient at low dosage levels, it contributes to the overall performance of self-leveling underlayments.

Fibre-containing screeds benefit from the inclusion of Axilat DF 770 DD, which aids in maintaining optimal consistency during application.
In the realm of cement-based adhesives, this foam control agent enhances the overall quality by preventing excess foam formation.
The white powder appearance and very fine granulation make Axilat DF 770 DD a practical choice for blending with various adhesive formulations.
Dispersion in water is achieved seamlessly, ensuring easy incorporation into mortar blends for consistent results.

Recommended for use at dosage levels between 0.1% and 0.3%, it provides both efficiency and cost-effectiveness in adhesive applications.
Axilat DF 770 DD's specific gravity of 0.6 g/cm³ adds to its suitability for diverse formulations.

Axilat DF 770 DD contributes to the stability and longevity of self-leveling underlayments in construction projects.
In fiber-reinforced screeds, it aids in achieving the desired consistency while preventing excessive foaming.

The very fine granulation enhances the agent's blending capabilities, ensuring a homogeneous mixture in adhesive formulations.
Axilat DF 770 DD is recommended for its stability, making it a reliable choice for applications with varying pH levels.

Efficient defoaming action makes it a valuable component in the production of cement-based adhesives with enhanced quality.
The fast-acting nature of Axilat DF 770 DD is particularly advantageous in time-sensitive construction projects.
At low dosage rates, Axilat DF 770 DD maintains its effectiveness, contributing to economical adhesive formulations.

The powder form facilitates easy handling and storage, adding to the convenience in various industrial settings.
Self-leveling underlayments benefit from the inclusion of Axilat DF 770 DD, ensuring a smooth and even application.
With a specific gravity of 0.6 g/cm³, it offers a lightweight yet impactful addition to adhesive formulations.

Axilat DF 770 DD's compatibility with water dispersion adds to its versatility and ease of integration into various formulations.
Axilat DF 770 DD's recommended dosage levels ensure precision and control over the foam control process in adhesive production.

Suitable for diverse climates and conditions, it remains effective in both hot and cold environments.
The shelf life of 12 months ensures the longevity and reliability of Axilat DF 770 DD in adhesive manufacturing processes.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: White powder
Oversized Particle: Less than 5% retained on 22 mesh
Dispersion: Disperses in water
Specific Gravity: 0.6 g/cm³
Application Form: Powder
Stability: Stable under acidic and alkaline conditions
Dosage Recommendations:
Self-leveling underlayments: 0.1 – 0.3%
Fiber-containing screeds: 0.1 – 0.3%
Cement-based adhesives: 0.1 – 0.3%
Shelf Life: 12 months
Compatibility:
Compatible with water dispersion.
Compatible with various powders and substances.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area with plenty of water and mild soap.
If irritation or rash occurs, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, rinse eyes gently with water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek medical attention immediately and provide information about the ingested substance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Use as Directed:
Handle Axilat DF 770 DD in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and recommended usage levels.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and protective clothing, when handling the product.

Avoid Inhalation:
Avoid inhaling the powder.
Use in well-ventilated areas or, if necessary, use respiratory protection.

Avoid Eye and Skin Contact:
Avoid contact with eyes and skin.
In case of contact, promptly rinse with water.

Good Hygiene Practices:
Practice good personal hygiene, including washing hands thoroughly after handling the product.

Prevent Dust Formation:
Take measures to prevent the generation of dust during handling.
Use handling equipment designed to minimize dust.


Storage:

Tightly Closed Containers:
Keep containers of Axilat DF 770 DD tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Cool and Dry Storage:
Store the product in a cool, dry place with temperatures between 5°C and 35°C.

Avoid Incompatible Substances:
Store Axilat DF 770 DD away from incompatible substances and conditions.
Segregate from materials that may react with or degrade the product.

Protect from Sunlight:
Protect containers from direct sunlight, as prolonged exposure may affect the stability of the product.

Avoid Physical Damage:
Prevent physical damage to containers during storage and handling to avoid spills or leaks.

Shelf Life:
Adhere to the recommended shelf life of 12 months. Use products within this timeframe for optimal performance.

Avoid Unauthorized Access:
Store in a secure area to prevent unauthorized access or handling by untrained personnel.

Storage in Bulk:
If storing in bulk, follow additional safety and regulatory guidelines for bulk storage of chemical substances.

Check Compatibility:
Ensure that storage containers are compatible with the product to prevent any chemical reactions.

AXILAT DF 770 DD
Axilat DF 770 DD acts as an APEO-free foam control agent.
Axilat DF 770 DD is a mixture of mineral oil and nonionic surfactants on an inert carrier.


Product Type: Defoamers / Anti-foaming Agents > Silicone-free > Surfactants & Fatty Acids


Axilat DF 770 DD is a dry powder defoamer.
Axilat DF 770 DD is suitable for low viscosity systems such as self-leveling and grouting materials.
Axilat DF 770 DD is a dry powder foam suppressor.


Recommended dosage level of Axilat DF 770 DD is 0.1-0.3%.
The shelf life of Axilat DF 770 DD is 12 months.
Axilat DF 770 DD acts as an APEO-free foam control agent.


Axilat DF 770 DD is a mixture of mineral oil and nonionic surfactants on an inert carrier.
Axilat DF 770 DD is stable under acidic and alkaline conditions.
Axilat DF 770 DD exhibits excellent defoaming action and very fine granulation.


Axilat DF 770 DD is fast acting and offers good efficiency at low dosage levels.
Axilat DF 770 DD is a foam control agent based on a mixture of
mineral oil and nonionic surfactants on an inert carrier.


Axilat DF 770 DD is APEO free.
Its hydrophilic group is a nonionic base-hydroxyl and ether base polarity, so Axilat DF 770 DD is highly stable and does not depend on the pH value of the medium and electrolyte.


Axilat DF 770 DD defoaming agent is a rapid defoaming type.
Axilat DF 770 DD is a foam control agent, mineral oil and non-ionic surfactant adsorbed on an inert carrier.
Axilat DF 770 DD does not contain APEO.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AXILAT DF 770 DD:
Axilat DF 770 DD is used in Coatings.
Axilat DF 770 DD is stable under acidic and alkaline conditions.
Axilat DF 770 DD exhibits excellent defoaming action and very fast granulation.


Axilat DF 770 DD offers good efficiency at low dosage levels.
Axilat DF 770 DD is suitable for cement-based adhesives.
Axilat DF 770 DD is used in coatings.


Axilat DF 770 DD has a shelf life of 12 months and is available in Europe & Asia/Pacific regions.
Axilat DF 770 DD is used Powder Anti-Foaming Agent
Axilat DF 770 DD is a defoamer for dry mixtures.
Axilat DF 770 DD is a non-ionic surfactant that is suitable for dry mix mixtures.


-Axilat DF 770 DD can be incorporated into dry mix mortars without modification.
The following are recommended parameters for some typical applications:
Sand/cement based mortar 0.1-0.3%
Gypsum-based mortar 0.1-0.4%
Repair mortar 0.1-0.3%
Joint mortar 0.1-0.3%
Cement-based adhesive 0.1-0.3%


-Application Advice of Axilat DF 770 DD:
Suggested dosage for some typical applications:
Self-leveling underlayments: 0.1 – 0.3%
Fibre-containing screeds: 0.1 – 0.3%
Cement-based adhesives: 0.1 – 0.3% .



ADVANTAGES OF AXILAT DF 770 DD:
*Will not fail in strong acid and alkali environments
*Very easy to mix with powder
*Quick response
*fine particles



PERFORMANCE OF AXILAT DF 770 DD:
-Excellent anti-foaming properties
-Fast defoaming power
-Low dosage also has significant effect
-Stable under acidic or alkaline conditions



ADVANTAGES OF AXILAT DF 770 DD:
*Stable under acidic and alkaline conditions
*Excellent defoaming action
*Fast acting
*Efficient at low dose rates
Very fine Granulation, easily blended with powders



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AXILAT DF 770 DD:
Appearance: White odorless powder
color: White
Relative density: 0.6
22 mesh residue: <5%
Dispersion system: water
Product Type: Defoamers / Anti-foaming Agents > Silicone-free > Surfactants & Fatty Acids
Physical Form: Powder
Appearance: White



FIRST AID MEASURES of AXILAT DF 770 DD:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AXILAT DF 770 DD:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AXILAT DF 770 DD:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AXILAT DF 770 DD:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AXILAT DF 770 DD:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AXILAT DF 770 DD:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

AXILAT DF 770 DD
DESCRIPTION:

Axilat DF 770 DD is a foam control agent based on a mixture of mineral oil and nonionic surfactants on an inert carrier. It is APEO free.
AXILAT DF 770 DD acts as an APEO-free foam control agent.
Axilat DF 770 DD is a mixture of mineral oil and nonionic surfactants on an inert carrier.

Axilat DF 770 DD is stable under acidic and alkaline conditions.
Axilat DF 770 DD exhibits excellent defoaming action and very fast granulation.
Axilat DF 770 DD offers good efficiency at low dosage levels.

Axilat DF 770 DD is suitable for cement-based adhesives.
Recommended dosage level of Axilat DF 770 DD is 0.1-0.3%.
The shelf life of AXILAT DF 770 DD is 12 months.

AXILAT DF 770 DD distributed acts as an APEO-free foam control agent.
AXILAT DF 770 DD is a mixture of mineral oil and nonionic surfactants on an inert carrier.
AXILAT DF 770 DD is stable under acidic and alkaline conditions.

AXILAT DF 770 DD exhibits excellent defoaming action and very fine granulation.
AXILAT DF 770 DD is fast acting and offers good efficiency at low dosage levels.
AXILAT DF 770 DD is used in coatings.
AXILAT DF 770 DD has a shelf life of 12 months and is available in Europe & Asia/Pacific regions.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AXILAT DF 770 DD:
Appearance White powder
Oversized particle retained on 22 mesh < 5 %
Dispersion (aq) Disperses in water
Specific Gravity 0.6
Product Type Defoamers / Anti-foaming Agents > Silicone-free > Surfactants & Fatty Acids
Physical Form Powder
Appearance White
Product Status COMMERCIAL
Geographical Availability Asia / Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe, Western Europe
Applications/ Recommended for Coatings
Delivery Form White Powder
Bulk density [g/cm³] approx. 0,6
Quantity [%] 0,1–0,3

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT AXILAT DF 770 DD:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


AZANIUM ACETATE
Azanium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2.
Azanium acetate is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Azanium acetate is widely used in the chemical analysis, in the pharmaceutical industry, the food sector in preserving foods, and in various other industries too.

CAS Number: 631-61-8
EC Number: 211-162-9
Chemical Formula: C2H7NO2
Molar Mass: 77.083 g·mol−1

Azanium acetate appears as a white crystalline solid.
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.

Immediate steps should be taken to limit Azanium acetate spread to the environment.
Azanium acetate is used in chemical analysis, in pharmaceuticals, in preserving foods, and for other uses.

Azanium acetate is an ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid.
A deliquescent white crystalline solid, Azanium acetate has a relatively low melting point (114℃) for a salt.

Azanium acetate is used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.
Azanium acetate has a role as a food acidity regulator and a buffer.
Azanium acetate is an acetate salt and an ammonium salt.

Azanium acetate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Azanium acetate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Azanium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2.
Azanium acetate is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Azanium acetate is available commercially.

Azanium acetate is a white crystalline solid formed when ammonia reacts with acetic acid.
Azanium acetate is widely used in the chemical analysis, in the pharmaceutical industry, the food sector in preserving foods, and in various other industries too.
Azanium acetate is also used as a buffer in topical personal care and cosmetic products in manufacturing skin lotions, shampoos, conditioners and more.

Azanium acetate or C2H7NO2 appears in the form of a crystalline white solid with a slight acetous odour.
This ammonium salt is derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.

The chemical name of this salt is Azanium acetate while it is even known as the spirit of Mindererus on the aqueous form.
The other names of Azanium acetate include Ammonium acetate and Spirit of Mindererus.

Azanium acetate is extensively used in the preservation of foods; in pharmaceuticals and the chemical analysis procedure.
Azanium acetate works most effectively when used in the form of a food acidity regulator.

However, Azanium acetate is one of the major threats to the atmosphere or the living environment.
Instant measures need to be taken to restricting the spread of this hazardous sale in the environment.

Azanium acetate is widely utilized as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation.
Azanium acetate is the primary source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis.

Azanium acetate is used with distilled water to make a protein precipitating reagent.
Azanium acetate acts as a buffer for electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry of proteins and other molecules and as mobile phases for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Sometimes, Azanium acetate is used as a biodegradable de-icing agent and an acidity regulator in food additives.

Azanium acetate is a salt that has interesting chemical properties and due to this reason, the pharmaceutical industry uses Azanium acetate as an intermediary and raw material in various processes.
Azanium acetate is a salt that forms from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Also, Azanium acetate is useful for applications that require buffer solutions.

The Henry reactions are the most common reactions that use Azanium acetate.
In an aqueous solution, Azanium acetate is a chemical compound that we know by the name spirit of Mindererus or Azanium acetate, which is a white, hygroscopic solid we can derive from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.

Azanium acetate has a variety of applications in molecular biology and chromatography.
Azanium acetate is a useful reagent for the purification and precipitation of DNA and protein.
Azanium acetate can be used in the HPLC and MS analysis of peptides, oligosaccharides, and proteins.

Uses of Azanium acetate:
Azanium acetate is used in explosives, foam rubbers, vinyl plastics, and drugs.
Azanium acetate is also used for preserving meats, dyeing and stripping, determining lead and iron, and separating lead sulfate from other sulfates.

There are large scale uses of Azanium acetate.
Azanium acetate is used in the form of a food acidity regulator.

Azanium acetate is the food additive used for changing or controlling the alkalinity or acidity of foods.
Azanium acetate is also widely used in the form of a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation procedure.

Azanium acetate serves as one of the best sources of ammonia is the Borch reaction during organic synthesis. 
Azanium acetate is used in combination with wholly distilled water for making a kind of protein precipitating reagent.

Azanium acetate even serves in the form of a buffer for ESI or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of molecules and proteins and the form of a mobile phase for HPLC or high-performance liquid chromatography.
Quite rarely though, Azanium acetate is even used in the form of a biodegradable de-icing agent.

Azanium acetate even works best when used as a diuretic.
Azanium acetate tends to be unstable at low pressure, and this is why Azanium acetate is used for substituting cell buffers with different non-explosive salts in the preparation of mass spectrometry samples.

Other important uses of Azanium acetate include:
Azanium acetate is used in the manufacture of explosives.
Azanium acetate is used for making foam rubber.

Azanium acetate is used for preserving meat.Used for manufacturing vinyl plastics.
Azanium acetate is used in different agricultural products.

In analytical chemistry, Azanium acetate is used in the form of a reagent.
Azanium acetate is used as a reagent in different dialysis procedures for the elimination of contaminants through diffusion.
In agricultural chemistry, Azanium acetate, when used as a reagent, helps in determining soil CEC or cation exchange capacity along with the availability of potassium in the soil. 

Azanium acetate is the main precursor to acetamide:
NH4CH3CO2 → CH3C(O)NH2 + H2O

Azanium acetate is also used as a diuretic.

Buffer:
As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, Azanium acetate is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.
Azanium acetate is volatile at low pressures.
Because of this, Azanium acetate has been used to replace cell buffers that contain non-volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry.

Azanium acetate is also popular as a buffer for mobile phases for HPLC with ELSD detection for this reason.
Other volatile salts that have been used for this include ammonium formate.

When dissolving Azanium acetate in pure water, the resulting solution typically has a pH of 7, because the equal amounts of acetate and ammonium neutralize each other.
However, Azanium acetate is a dual component buffer system, which buffers around pH 4.75 ± 1 (acetate) and pH 9.25 ± 1 (ammonium), but Azanium acetate has no significant buffer capacity at pH 7, contrary to common misconception.

Other:
Azanium acetate is a biodegradable de-icing agent.
Azanium acetate is a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation and as a source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis.

Azanium acetate is a protein precipitating reagent in dialysis to remove contaminants via diffusion.
Azanium acetate is a reagent in agricultural chemistry for determination of soil CEC (cation exchange capacity) and determination of available potassium in soil wherein the ammonium ion acts as a replacement cation for potassium.
Azanium acetate is part of Calley's method for lead artifact conservation

Food additive:
Azanium acetate is also used as a food additive as an acidity regulator; INS number 264.
Azanium acetate is approved for usage in Australia and New Zealand.[10]

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Azanium acetate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals and fertilisers.
Azanium acetate is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development, agriculture, forestry and fishing and building & construction work.
Azanium acetate is used for the manufacture of: food products and textile, leather or fur.

Release to the environment of Azanium acetate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Other release to the environment of Azanium acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).

Uses at industrial sites:
Azanium acetate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products and textile treatment products and dyes.
Azanium acetate is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development and building & construction work.

Azanium acetate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, food products and fabricated metal products.
Release to the environment of Azanium acetate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and in the production of articles.

Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Catalyst
Intermediates
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)
Solids separation (precipitating) agent, not otherwise specified
pH regulating agent

Consumer Uses:
Azanium acetate is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Azanium acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

Other Consumer Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Other (specify)
Photosensitive chemicals

Applications of Azanium acetate:
Azanium acetate is widely utilized as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation.
Azanium acetate is the primary source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis.

Azanium acetate is used with distilled water to make a protein precipitating reagent.
Azanium acetate acts as a buffer for electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry of proteins and other molecules and as mobile phases for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Sometimes, Azanium acetate is used as a biodegradable de-icing agent and an acidity regulator in food additives.

Structural Formula of Azanium acetate:
As Azanium acetate salt is constituted of a weak acid and a weak base and is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.
Azanium acetate chemical component is volatile at low pressures because Azanium acetate has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts in preparing the chemical samples.

Production of Azanium acetate:
Azanium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia.
Obtaining crystalline Azanium acetate is difficult on account of Azanium acetate hygroscopic nature.

Two methods can be used for obtaining Azanium acetate, and they are:
Through the saturation of glacial acetic acid or CH3COOH with NH3 or ammonia.
Through the neutralization of acetic acid with (NH4)2CO3 or ammonium carbonate.

These are the two basic methods used for obtaining Azanium acetate, though some new methods have also surfaced in recent years.
Azanium acetate functions in the form of an acetamide precursor.

This results in a reaction that follows like this:
NH4CH3CO2 → CH3C (O) NH2 + H2O

General Manufacturing Information of Azanium acetate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing

Occurrence of Azanium acetate:
In nature, Azanium acetate is not present in a free compound state.
But, ammonium and acetate ions are present in many biochemical processes.

Properties of Azanium acetate:

Physical Properties:
Azanium acetate is a hygroscopic white solid with a slightly acidic odor.
Furthermore, Azanium acetate melting point is 113oC.
Also, Azanium acetate is highly soluble in water and Azanium acetate density in this liquid is 1.17 g/mL-1.

Chemical Properties:
Azanium acetate is a slat of a weak acid (acetic acid) and a weak base (ammonia).
Use this salt with acetic acid to prepare a buffer solution that will regulate Azanium acetate pH.
Nevertheless, Azanium acetate use as a buffering agent is not very extensive because Azanium acetate can be volatile in low pressures.

History of Azanium acetate:
The synonym Spirit of Mindererus is named after R. Minderer, a physician from Augsburg.

Handling and storage of Azanium acetate:

Precautions for safe handling:
Provide adequate ventilation.
When not in use, keep containers tightly closed.

Advice on general occupational hygiene:
Keep away from food, drink and animal feedingstuffs.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in a dry place.
Keep container tightly closed.
Hygroscopic solid.

Incompatible substances or mixtures:
Observe hints for combined storage.

Protect against external exposure, such as:
humidity

Consideration of other advice:
Specific designs for storage rooms or vessels

Recommended storage temperature: 15–25 °C

Specific end use(s):
No information available.

Stability and Reactivity of Azanium acetate:

Reactivity:
Azanium acetate is not reactive under normal ambient conditions.

Chemical stability:
Moisture-sensitive.
Hygroscopic solid.

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reaction with:
Strong oxidiser, Hypochlorites, Gold compound.

Conditions to avoid:
Protect from moisture.

Incompatible materials:
There is no additional information.

First Aid Measures of Azanium acetate:

INHALATION:
Remove victim to fresh air; rinse nose and mouth with water.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

INGESTION:
Induce vomiting immediately. Give large amounts of water.

EYES:
Flush with water for at least 15 min.

SKIN:
Flush with soap and water.

General notes:
Take off contaminated clothing.

Following inhalation:
Provide fresh air.
In all cases of doubt, or when symptoms persist, seek medical advice.

Following skin contact:
Rinse skin with water/shower.

Following eye contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
In all cases of doubt, or when symptoms persist, seek medical advice.

Following ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
Call a doctor if you feel unwell.

Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:
Nausea, Vomiting, Spasms, Circulatory collapse.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
none.

Firefighting measures of Azanium acetate:

Suitable extinguishing media:
co-ordinate firefighting measures to the fire surroundings water, foam, alcohol resistant foam, dry extinguishing powder, ABC-powder.

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
water jet

Special hazards arising from Azanium acetate or mixture:
None.

Hazardous combustion products:

In case of fire may be liberated:
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Advice for firefighters:
In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes.
Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Accidental Release Measures of Azanium acetate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

For non-emergency personnel:
No special measures are necessary.

Environmental precautions:
Keep away from drains, surface and ground water.

Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:

Advice on how to contain a spill:
Covering of drains.
Take up mechanically.

Advice on how to clean up a spill:
Take up mechanically.

Other information relating to spills and releases:
Place in appropriate containers for disposal.
Ventilate affected area.

Preventive Measures of Azanium acetate:
The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting.
The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon Azanium acetate, but also on factors including the form of Azanium acetate, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.
However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.

In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Identifiers of Azanium acetate:
CAS Number: 631-61-8
ChEBI: CHEBI:62947
ChemSpider: 11925
ECHA InfoCard: 100.010.149
EC Number: 211-162-9
PubChem CID: 517165
RTECS number: AF3675000
UNII: RRE756S6Q2
UN number: 3077
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID5023873
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O2.H3N/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);1H3
Key: USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C2H4O2.H3N/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);1H3
Key: USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYAY
SMILES: O=C([O-])C.[N+H4]

Synonyms: Azanium acetate
Linear Formula: CH3CO2NH4
CAS Number: 631-61-8
Molecular Weight: 77.08
EC Number: 211-162-9

CAS number: 631-61-8
EC number: 211-162-9
Grade: ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula: C₂H₇NO₂
Chemical formula: CH₃COONH₄
Molar Mass: 77.08 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 29 00

Properties of Azanium acetate:
Chemical formula: C2H7NO2
Molar mass: 77.083 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid crystals, deliquescent
Odor: Slightly acetic acid like
Density: 1.17 g/cm3 (20 °C)
1.073 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting point: 113 °C (235 °F; 386 K)
Solubility in water: 102 g/100 mL (0 °C)
148 g/100 mL (4 °C)
143 g/100 mL (20 °C)
533 g/100 mL (80 °C)
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol, SO2, acetone, liquid ammonia
Solubility in methanol: 7.89 g/100 mL (15 °C)
131.24 g/100 g (94.2 °C)
Solubility in dimethylformamide: 0.1 g/100 g
Acidity (pKa): 9.9
Basicity (pKb): 33
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -41.1·10−6 cm3/mol
Viscosity: 21

Density: 1.17 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 114 °C
pH value: 6.7 - 7.3 (50 g/l, H₂O, 25 °C)
Vapor pressure: Bulk density: 410 kg/m3
Solubility: 1480 g/l

Color: Colorless
Density: 1.170 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Form: Solid
Grade: Reagent Grade
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents, Strong acids
Melting Point/Range: 113 °C
Purity Percentage: 99.99
Purity Details: ≥99.99%
Solubility in Water: 1.480 g/l (20 °C)
pH-Value: 6.7-7.3 (20 °C)
Storage Temperature: Ambient

Molecular Weight: 77.08 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 77.047678466 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 77.047678466 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 41.1Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Complexity: 25.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Azanium acetate:
Assay (acidimetric): ≥ 98.0 %
Insoluble matter: ≤ 0.005 %
pH-value (5 %; water, 25 °C): 6.7 - 7.3
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.0005 %
Nitrate (NO₃): ≤ 0.001 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.001 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.0002 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.001 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.0002 %
Substances reducing potassium permanganate (as formic acid): ≤ 0.005 %
Residue on ignition (as sulfate): ≤ 0.01 %
Water: ≤ 2.0 %

Appearance of Azanium acetate: complying
Identity (IR): complying
Assay: Min. 97.0 %
pH (5 %, 25 °C): 6.7 - 7.3
Sulfated ash: Max. 0.01 %
Water insoluble matter: Max. 0.005 %
Metal trace analysis (ICP): Max. 100 ppm
Iron (Fe): Max. 5 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb): Max. 5 ppm
Chloride (Cl): Max. 5 ppm
Nitrate (NO3): Max. 0.001 %
Sulfate (SO4): Max. 0.001 %

Structure of Azanium acetate:
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic

Thermochemistry of Azanium acetate:
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −615 kJ/mol[2]

Related Products of Azanium acetate:
Diphenyltin Dichloride
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphite
1,​1'-​Diisooctyl Ester 2,​2'-​[(Dioctylstannylene)​bis(thio)​]​bis-acetic Acid (Technical Grade)
Diphenylsilane-D2
4-ethynyl-α,α-diphenyl-Benzenemethanol

Names of Azanium acetate:

Regulatory process names:
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate

IUPAC names:
acetic acid ammonium salt
Acetic acid, ammonium salt
Acetic Acid, Ammonium Salt, Ammonium ethanoate
Acetic acid; azane
acetic acid; azane
AMMONIUM ACETATE
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium ethanoate
azanium acetate
azanium;acetate

Trade names:
AMMONIUM ACETATE
Ammonium Acetate

Other identifiers:
1066-32-6
631-61-8
8013-61-4
856326-79-9
858824-31-4
92206-38-7

Synonyms of Azanium acetate:
AMMONIUM ACETATE
631-61-8
Acetic acid, ammonium salt
Azanium Acetate
acetic acid ammonium salt
ammoniumacetate
azanium;acetate
ammonium ethanoate
AcONH4
Ammonium acetate-D3
CH3COONH4
CH3CO2NH4
UNII-RRE756S6Q2
HSDB 556
RRE756S6Q2
NH4OAc
AMMONIUM ACETICUM
EINECS 211-162-9
AI3-26540
INS No. 264
DTXSID5023873
CHEBI:62947
EC 211-162-9
ammonia acetate
MFCD00013066
E264
E 264
E-264
AMMONIUM ACETATE (II)
AMMONIUM ACETATE [II]
AMMONIUM ACETATE (MART.)
AMMONIUM ACETATE [MART.]
amoniumacetate
ammonium-acetate
acetic acid amine
ammonium acetate-
ammonia acetate salt
Ammonium Acetate ACS
AAT (CHRIS Code)
AMMONIUM ACETATE [MI]
Ammonium acetate solution, 5M
C2H4O2.H3N
DTXCID203873
AMMONIUM ACETATE [HSDB]
AMMONIUM ACETATE [INCI]
AMMONIUM ACETICUM [HPUS]
AMMONIUM ACETATE [WHO-DD]
USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Acetic acid ammonium salt (1:1)
Ammonium acetate, biochemical grade
C2-H4-O2.H3-N
Acetic acid, ammonium salt (1:1)
NA9079
AKOS015904610
FT-0622306
EN300-31599
211-162-9 [EINECS]
631-61-8 [RN]
Acétate d'ammonium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Acetic acid, ammonium salt [ACD/Index Name]
Ammonium acetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
ammonium ethanoate
Ammoniumacetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
MFCD00013066 [MDL number]
NH4OAc [Formula]
211-162-9MFCD00013066
acetic acid amine
acetic acid ammoniate
AcONH4
ammonia acetate
Ammonium acetatemissing
ammoniumacetate
azanium acetate
azanium and acetate
azanium ethanoate
buffers
E 264
E264
E-264
INS No. 264
OmniPur Ammonium Acetate - CAS 631-61-8 - Calbiochem
OmniPur(R) Ammonium Acetate
AZELAIC ACID
Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring saturated nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid (COOH (CH2)7-COOH).
Azelaic acid is a precursor to diverse industrial products including polymers and plasticizers, as well as being a component of a number of hair and skin conditioners
Azelaic acid is an ingredient with antibacterial, skin cell regulating, anti-inflammatory and skin-lightening magic properties.

CAS Number: 123-99-9
EC Number: 204-669-1
Molecular formula: C9H16O4
Molar mass: 188.22 g/mol

Synonyms: 1,7-dicarboxyheptane, 1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid, 1,9-nonanedioic acid, acide azélaïque, acidum azelaicum, anchoic acid, Azelaic acid, AZELAIC ACID, azelaic acid, Azelainsäure Deutsch, lepargylic acid, n-nonanedioic acid, Nonandisäure Deutsch, Nonanedioic acid, 1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid, 1101094 [Beilstein], 123-99-9 [RN], 204-669-1 [EINECS], Acide azélaïque [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], acide nonanedioïque [French], Acido azelaico [Spanish], anchoic acid, Azalaic Acid, Azelaate [ACD/IUPAC Name], Azelaic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name] [USAN] [Wiki], Azelainic acid, Azelainsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Azelex [Trade name], Finaceae [Trade name], lepargylic acid, MFCD00004432 [MDL number], Nonandisäure [German], Nonanedioic acid [ACD/Index Name], Skinoren [Trade name], 1,7-dicarboxyheptane, 1,9-NONANEDIOIC ACID, 119176-67-9 [RN], acide azelaique [French], Acido azelaico [Spanish], Acidum acelaicum, Acidum azelaicum [Latin], AHI, AZ1, Azelaic acid,, azelaicacid, Azelainsäure [ACD/IUPAC Name], Azelate, DB00548, Emery's L-110, Finacea [Wiki], Heptanedicarboxylic acid, n-nonanedioic acid, Nonandisäure, Nonanedioate, Nonanedioic-D14 Acid, Nonanedionic acid, Skinorem, Water-soluble azelaic acid, Zumilin, азелаиновая кислота, حمض أزيلائيك, 壬二酸, azelaic acid, NONANEDIOIC ACID, 123-99-9, Finacea, Anchoic acid, Azelex, 1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid, Lepargylic acid, Skinoren, 1,9-Nonanedioic acid, Heptanedicarboxylic acid, n-Nonanedioic acid, Emerox 1110, Emerox 1144, acide azelaique, Finevin, Azelainic acid, acidum azelaicum, azelate, Polyazelaic anhydride, Skinorem, 1,7-Dicarboxyheptane, Azelaic acid, technical grade, Emery's L-110, azelaate, Poly(azelaic anhydride), ZK 62498, ZK-62498, UNII-F2VW3D43YT, NSC 19493, Azelaic acid 99%, Azelaic acid, 98%, CHEBI:48131, MFCD00004432, F2VW3D43YT, MLS000069659, 26776-28-3, NSC19493, NSC-19493, NCGC00014993-07, SMR000059164, Acido azelaico, Azalaic Acid, DSSTox_CID_1640, Acide azelaique [French], Acido azelaico [Spanish], Acidum azelaicum [Latin], DSSTox_RID_76254, DSSTox_GSID_21640, heptane-1,7-dicarboxylic acid, Azelaic acid [USAN:INN], Azelaic polyanhydride, Nonanedioic acid, homopolymer, Azelaic, Azelaic acid polyanhydride, CAS-123-99-9, Finacea (TN), Azelex (TN), SR-01000075671, EINECS 204-669-1, Azelaic acid (USAN/INN), BRN 1101094, Azelaicacidtech, Azelainsaeure, Lepargylate, Nonandisaeure, Anchoate, Nonanedioic acid, sodium salt, n-Nonanedioate, AI3-06299, nonanedionic acid, HSDB 7659, 1tuf, azelaic acid group, 1,9-Nonanedioate, SH-441, AGN-191861, Spectrum_000057, ACMC-1BTAP, Opera_ID_740, Polyazelaic Polyanhydride, 1,7-Heptanedicarboxylate, Spectrum2_000995, Spectrum3_000278, Spectrum4_000401, Spectrum5_001304, C9-120-alpha-polymorph, C9-140-alpha-polymorph, C9-180-alpha-polymorph, C9-220-alpha-polymorph, C9-260-alpha-polymorph, C9-298-alpha-polymorph, Epitope ID:187039, A-9800, EC 204-669-1, Nonanedioic acid homopolymer, Lopac-246379, SCHEMBL3887, CHEMBL1238, Lopac0_000051, BSPBio_001756, KBioGR_000662, KBioSS_000437, Nonanedioic acid Azelaic acid, 4-02-00-02055 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 1-O-hexadecyl-2-(8-carboxyoctanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine has functional parent nonanedioic acid, 1-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine has functional parent nonanedioic acid, 1-palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine has functional parent nonanedioic acid, 2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine has functional parent nonanedioic acid, nonanedioic acid monoglycoside has functional parent nonanedioic acid, azelaate is conjugate base of nonanedioic acid, azelaate(2−) is conjugate base of nonanedioic acid

Azelaic Acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid produced by Malassezia furfur and found in whole grain cereals, rye, barley and animal products.
Azelaic acid possesses antibacterial, keratolytic, comedolytic, and anti-oxidant activity.

Azelaic acid is bactericidal against Proprionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis due to Azelaic acid inhibitory effect on the synthesis of microbial cellular proteins.
Azelaic acid exerts its keratolytic and comedolytic effects by reducing the thickness of the stratum corneum and decreasing the number of keratohyalin granules by reducing the amount and distribution of filaggrin in epidermal layers.

Azelaic acid also possesses a direct anti-inflammatory effect due to Azelaic acid scavenger activity of free oxygen radical.
This drug is used topically to reduce inflammation associated with acne and rosacea.

Azelaic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley.
Azelaic acid is also produced by Malassezia furfur, also known as Pityrosporum ovale, which is a species of fungus that is normally found on human skin.

Azelaic acid is effective against a number of skin conditions, such as mild to moderate acne, when applied topically in a cream formulation of 20%.
Azelaic acid works in part by stopping the growth of skin bacteria that cause acne, and by keeping skin pores clear.
Azelaic acid's antimicrobial action may be attributable to inhibition of microbial cellular protein synthesis.

Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring saturated nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid (COOH (CH2)7-COOH).
Azelaic acid possesses a variety of biological actions both in vitro and in vivo.

Interest in the biological activity of Azelaic acid arose originally out of studies of skin surface lipids and the pathogenesis of hypochromia in pityriasis versicolor infection.
Later, Azelaic acid was shown that Pityrosporum can oxidize unsaturated fatty acids to C8-C12 dicarboxylic acids that are cornpetitive inhibitors of tyrosinase in vitro.

Azelaic acid was chosen for further investigation and development of a new topical drug for treating hyperpigmentary disorders for the following reasons: Azelaic acid possesses a middle-range of antityrosinase activity, is inexpensive, and more soluble to be incorporated into a base cream than other dicarboxylic acids.
Azelaic acid is another option for the topical treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris.

Azelaic acid offers effectiveness similar to that of other agents without the systemic side effects of oral antibiotics or the allergic sensitization of topical benzoyl peroxide and with less irritation than tretinoin.
Azelaic acid is less expensive than certain other prescription acne preparations, but Azelaic acid is much more expensive than nonprescription benzoyl peroxide preparations.
Whether Azelaic acid is safe and effective when used in combination with other agents is not known.

Azelaic acid is an organic compound with the formula HOOC(CH2)7COOH.
This saturated dicarboxylic acid exists as a white powder.

Azelaic acid is found in wheat, rye, and barley.
Azelaic acid is a precursor to diverse industrial products including polymers and plasticizers, as well as being a component of a number of hair and skin conditioners

Azelaic acid has role antibacterial agent.
Azelaic acid has role antineoplastic agent.

Azelaic acid has role dermatologic drug.
Azelaic acid has role plant metabolite.

Azelaic acid is a α,ω-dicarboxylic acid.
Azelaic acid is conjugate acid of azelaate.
Azelaic acid is conjugate acid of azelaate(2−).

Azelaic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and is a white crystalline powder available in various purity grades depending on the final application.
The innovative production process achieves azelaic acid with very high purity and low monocarboxylic content, fundamental features for Azelaic acid use as an intermediate in polymerization processes, typically as an alternative to sebacic acid and adipic acid.

The physiologic effect of azelaic acid is by means of Decreased Protein Synthesis, and Decreased Sebaceous Gland Activity.

Azelaic acid is an ingredient with antibacterial, skin cell regulating, anti-inflammatory and skin-lightening magic properties.
Azelaic acid is especially useful for acne-prone or rosacea-prone skin types (in concentration 10% and up)
Azelaic acid is a prescription drug in the US but can be freely purchased in the EU in an up to 10% concentration.

Azelaic acid is a compound found in wheat, rye and barley that can help treat acne and rosacea because Azelaic acid soothes inflammation.
Azelaic acid treats sunspots and melasma because Azelaic acid blocks the production of abnormal pigmentation

Azelaic acid is also a tyrosinase inhibitor, meaning Azelaic acid can prevent hyperpigmentation because it interferes with melanin production.
Azelaic acid is anti-inflammatory for the acne and Azelaic acid is anti-pigment because it blocks tyrosinase.

Azelaic acid is a more gentle exfoliant than other alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), including glycolic, lactic and mandelic acids

Chemically, azelaic acid is a dicarboxylic acid.
Azelaic acid works on skin as a gentle leave-on exfoliant which helps unclog pores and refine skin's surface.

Azelaic acid also significantly lessens factors in skin that lead to sensitivity and bumps and delivers antioxidant benefits.
Azelaic acid can be derived from grains like barley, wheat, and rye, but it’s the lab-engineered form that is typically used in skincare products because of Azelaic acid stability and effectiveness.

Much of the research on this ingredient has looked at prescription-only topical products with concentrations between 15% and 20%, but there are incredible benefits to be seen even at lower concentrations.

Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring acid found in grains like barley, wheat, and rye.
Today's azelaic acid is synthesized in a lab, though, to ensure Azelaic acid is uniform and stable.

Azelaic acid is an exfoliant that unclogs pores and also reduces pigmentation and the effects of scarring.
Azelaic acid manipulates the most upper layers in the cells which leaves you with a smooth and visibly healthier skin tone.
If you’re looking for a brighter skin tone with visibly improved evenness, skincare including azelaic acid is a great choice.

Azelaic acid isn't an incredibly common skin care ingredient, but Azelaic acid can be found in some over-the-counter anti-aging and skin brightening products in strengths up to 10%.
For treating acne or rosacea, though, a prescription strength of at least 15% is needed.

Azelaic acid is relatively obscure when compared to some of the more trendy and well-known skin care acids like glycolic, lactic, salicylic, and even hyaluronic acid.
But azelaic acid works slightly differently than other skin care acids.

Over-the-counter azelaic acid can help improve minor blackheads, refine the pores, even out skin tone, and brighten the complexion.
Stronger, prescription azelaic acid has even more benefits for the skin.

Topical azelaic acid formulations have been used to address a wide range of physiological maladies including acne, hyperpigmentary dermatoses, hair loss, wrinkling, hyperhidrosis, non-acne inflammatory dermatoses, infectious cutaneous diseases and ichthyosis.
However, the only topical formulations of azelaic acid presently known are dispersions.

Dispersions deliver azelaic acid in an undissolved state.
When applied to the skin, undissolved azelaic acid is not readily absorbed and as a result an excess of azelaic acid must be present to be effective.

The higher the concentration of azelaic acid, the more likely irritation (burning, stinging and redness) to the skin will occur.
What is needed is a completely solubilized topical azelaic acid composition.

Solubilized azelaic acid is much less likely to irritate the skin because azelaic acid in a dissolved state is much more readily absorbed by the need be present in the formulation to be effective thereby lowering the risk of irritation to the skin.
While azelaic acid is somewhat soluble in water, cosmetic oils and alcohols, each of these solvents has serious limitations.

Thus, water only marginally dissolves azelaic acid so that a water and azelaic acid solution would contain a maximum of about .24% by weight (w/w) azelaic acid, not likely enough to be effective.
Azelaic acid has little or no solubility in cosmetic oils.

Alcohols are good solvents but are unsatisfactory because large amounts of alcohol e.g., isopropyl alcohol, in a topical composition has the undesirable side effect of drying the skin.
Indeed, some alcohols e.g., ethyl alcohol, render azelaic acid unstable at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressures resulting in a totally ineffective composition

Azelaic acid is produced by a yeast (Malassezia fur fur, also known as Pityrosporum ovale) that is part of normal skin flora.
Azelaic acid can help in both acne vulgaris and acne rosacea as an antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and comedolytic.

Azelaic acid can also be used for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
One study that compared results of European clinical trials showed azelaic acid 20% cream is as effective as tretinoin 0.05%, benzoyl peroxide 5%, and topical erythromycin 2%.
Azelaic acid is similar to benzoyl peroxide, but there is less evidence of Azelaic acid usefulness.

Dosage:
Recommended dosage is 20% cream for acne vulgaris and 15% gel for acne rosacea, both applied one to two times a day.

Precautions:
Can cause hypopigmentation and some skin irritation but is usually well tolerated.

Topical Azelaic Acid:
The topical application of azelaic acid appears to be extremely effective in papulopustular rosacea.
Initially, Azelaic acid was released in a 20% cream formulation and was shown in this vehicle to be effective in the treatment of mild to moderate rosacea.

A 15% gel formulation of Azelaic acid vastly improved the delivery of Azelaic acid and has been shown to be superior in head-to-head studies to the 20% Azelaic acid cream.
Azelaic acid is equally as effective as metronidazole cream or gel.

In a meta-analysis of five double-blind trials involving topical azelaic acid (cream or gel) for the treatment of rosacea compared with placebo or other topical treatments, four of five studies demonstrated significant decreases in mean inflammatory lesion count and erythema severity after treatment with Azelaic acid compared with placebo, and Azelaic acid was found to be equal to metronidazole in papulopustular rosacea.
However, no significant decrease in the severity of telangiectasia occurred in any treatment group.

Overexpression of cathelicidin peptide LL-37 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of rosacea, and Azelaic acid has been found to inhibit the pathological expression of cathelicidin, as well as the hyperactive protease activity that cleaves cathelicidin into LL-37.
A small, prospective, open-label, interventional study was performed to assess the effects of azelaic acid 15% gel on inflammatory lesions of papulopustular rosacea.
Azelaic acid use was associated with a significant reduction in inflammatory lesions, and these results persisted beyond the active treatment phase.

Chemical peels:

Bleaching agents:
Hydroquinones are the most commonly used bleaching agents; other products include azelaic acid, aloesin, vitamin C, arbutin, licorice extract, glabridin, mequinol (4-hydroxyanisol), melatonin, niacinamide, paper mulberry, soy, vitamin E, kojic acid, α- and β-hydroxy acids, and retinoids and retinoid combination therapy.

Azelaic acid is a prescription medication used to treat mild to moderate acne vulgaris, as well as rosacea.

Azelaic acid comes in a gel, lotion, and cream.
Azelaic acid is sold under the brand names Azelex, Finacea, and Finevin, as well as generic azelaic acid.

Uses of Azelaic acid:
Azelaic acid is used in many pharmaceutical preparations as an active ingredient in acne rosacea, due to Azelaic acid therapeutic effectiveness.
The vegetable origin of azelaic acid makes it particularly suitable also for other important applications such as the synthesis of complex esters.

Uses in Practice:
Topical azelaic acid is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for mild-moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris under the brand name Azelex as 20% cream.
Azelaic acid is also FDA approved for mild-to-moderate papulopustular rosacea under the brand name Finacea as 15% gel and 15% foam.
At this time, azelaic acid is not approved for any other subtype of rosacea.

In clinical studies for azelaic acid gel 15% (Finacea), there was some reduction of erythema noted in patients treated for papulopustular rosacea, but no specific clinical trials were performed to study erythema in rosacea in the absence of papules and pustules.
Azelaic acid is also used off-label for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders, including melasma, due to Azelaic acid inhibition of tyrosinase.

Pharmacokinetics:
Topical azelaic acid has a bioavailability of up to 10% in the epidermis and dermis.
Approximately 4% of azelaic acid cream or gel is absorbed systemically after topical application.

Azelaic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid (HOOC-(CH2)7-COOH) found in many foods, including animal products and whole grains.
Azelaic acid may undergo some beta-oxidation to shorter-chain dicarboxylic acids, but Azelaic acid is predominately excreted in its original form in urine.

The half-life of topical azelaic acid is approximately 12 hours, and the patient should apply Azelaic acid to the area of concern twice daily.
Favorable results are typically seen within 4 weeks in patients with acne vulgaris and within 12 weeks in patients with papulopustular rosacea.

Uses of azelaic acid for acne:

Azelaic acid works by:
Clearing your pores of bacteria that may be causing irritation or breakouts.
Reducing inflammation so acne becomes less visible, less red, and less irritated.
Gently encouraging cell turnover so your skin heals more quickly and scarring is minimized.

Azelaic acid can be used in gel, foam, or cream form.

All forms have the same basic instructions for use:
Wash the affected area thoroughly with warm water and pat dry.
Use a cleanser or mild soap to make sure the area is clean.

Wash your hands before applying the medication.
Apply a small amount of medication to the affected area, rub Azelaic acid in, and let it dry completely.

Once the medication has dried, you can apply cosmetics.
There’s no need to cover or bandage your skin.
Keep in mind that you should avoid using astringents or “deep-cleansing” cleansers while you use azelaic acid.

Some people will need to apply the medication twice per day, but this will vary according to a doctor’s instructions.

Azelaic acid for acne scars:
Some people use azelaic to treat acne scarring in addition to active outbreaks.
Azelaic acid encourages cell turnover, which is a way to reduce how severe scarring appears.

Azelaic acid also prevents what’s known as melanin synthesis, the ability of your skin to produce pigments that can vary your skin’s tone.

If you’ve tried other topical medications to help with scarring or blemishes that’re slow to heal, azelaic acid might help.
More research is needed to understand who this treatment works best for and how effective Azelaic acid can be.

Other uses:
Azelaic acid is also used for other skin conditions, such as hyperpigmentation, rosacea, and skin lightening.

Azelaic acid for hyperpigmentation:
After a breakout, inflammation can result in hyperpigmentation on some areas of your skin.
Azelaic acid stops discolored skin cells from populating.

A pilot study from 2011 showed azelaic acid can treat acne while evening out hyperpigmentation triggered by acne.
Further research on skin of color has also shown that azelaic acid is safe and beneficial for this use.

Azelaic acid for skin lightening:
The same property that makes azelaic acid effective for the treatment of inflammatory hyperpigmentation also enables Azelaic acid to lighten skin that’s discolored by melanin.

Using azelaic acid for skin lightening in patchy or blotchy areas of your skin due to melanin has been found effective, according to an older study.

Azelaic acid for rosacea:
Azelaic acid can reduce inflammation, making it an effective treatment for symptoms of rosacea.
Clinical studies demonstrate that azelaic acid gel can continually improve the appearance of swelling and visible blood vessels caused by rosacea.

According to older research, azelaic acid cream may be as effective as benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin (Retin-A) for the treatment of acne.
While azelaic acid results are similar to those of benzoyl peroxide, it’s also more expensive.

Azelaic acid also works more gently than alpha hydroxy acid, glycolic acid, and salicylic acid.
While these other acids are strong enough to be used on their own in chemical peels, azelaic acid isn’t.

This means that while azelaic acid is less likely to irritate your skin, Azelaic acid also has to be used consistently and given time to take effect.

Takeaway:
Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring acid that’s milder than some more popular acids used to treat acne.
While the results of treatment with azelaic acid might not be obvious right away, there is research that points to this ingredient as effective.

Acne, uneven skin tone, rosacea, and inflammatory skin conditions have all been shown to be effectively treated with azelaic acid.
As with any medication, follow the dosing and application directions from your doctor closely.

Face acids, or skin acids, work by exfoliating, or shedding, the top layer of your skin.
Whenever you exfoliate your skin, new skin cells emerge to take the place of the old ones.
The process helps even out your skin tone and makes Azelaic acid smoother overall.

Many face acids are available OTC at beauty stores and drugstores.

Popular options include:
Alpha hydroxy acids, such as glycolic, lactic, citric, malic, or tartaric acid
Azelaic acid
Kojic acid
Salicylic acid
Vitamin C (in the form of l-ascorbic acid)

Main uses:
Fibres (E.g. Nylon 6,9 - Nylon 5,9 - Nylon 6,69)
Polyester Polyols (Polyurethanes and PUR Hotmelt)
Bioplastics (Polyesters)
Hot Melt Adhesives (Polyamides, Polyester)
Polyamide Hardeners (Epoxy Resins)
Low Temperature Plasticisers (Dioctyl Azelate DOZ)

Azelaic acid can also be used directly in other formulations such as:
Electrolytes for Capacitors
Lithium Complex Greases
Metalworking Fluids, Corrosion Inhibitors
Coating - Powder Resins (GMA)
Engine cooling fluids

Applications of Azelaic acid:
Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring acid found in grains such as barley, wheat, and rye.
Azelaic acid has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which make Azelaic acid effective in the treatment of skin conditions like acne and rosacea.

Azelaic acid can prevent future outbreaks and clean bacteria from your pores that causes acne.
Azelaic acid is applied to your skin and is available in gel, foam, and cream form.

Azelex and Finacea are two brand names for prescription topical preparations.
They contain 15 percent or more of azelaic acid. Some over-the-counter products contain smaller amounts.

Because Azelaic acid takes some time to take effect, azelaic acid by itself isn’t typically a dermatologist’s first choice for treating acne.
Azelaic acid also has some side effects, such as skin burning, dryness, and peeling.

The antibacterial, antiphlogistic and keratolytic azelaic acid is used in acne therapy.
Azelaic acid is also used for treatment of skin pigmentation including melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, particularly in individuals with darker skin types.

Azelaic acid has been recommended as an alternative to hydroquinone.
As a tyrosinase inhibitor, azelaic acid reduces synthesis of melanin.

About 4–8% of the topically applied substance is absorbed systemically.
In animal experiments azelaic acid, even in high doses, is not teratogenic.
However, systematic studies on Azelaic acid use in humans are lacking.

Recommendation:
During pregnancy, azelaic acid should only be used for strict indications on small skin surfaces, e.g. facial acne, preferably not in the first trimester.

Esters of this dicarboxylic acid find applications in lubrication and plasticizers.
In lubricant industries Azelaic acid is used as a thickening agent in lithium complex grease.
With hexamethylenediamine, azelaic acid forms Nylon-6,9, which finds specialized uses as a plastic

Medical:
Azelaic acid is used to treat mild to moderate acne, both comedonal acne and inflammatory acne.
Azelaic acid belongs to a class of medication called dicarboxylic acids.

Azelaic acid works by killing acne bacteria that infect skin pores.
Azelaic acid also decreases the production of keratin, which is a natural substance that promotes the growth of acne bacteria.

Azelaic acid is also used as a topical gel treatment for rosacea, due to Azelaic acid ability to reduce inflammation.
Azelaic acid clears the bumps and swelling caused by rosacea.
The mechanism of action is thought to be through the inhibition of hyperactive protease activity that converts cathelicidin into the antimicrobial skin peptide LL-37.

Acne treatment:
In patients with moderate acne twice daily over 3 month topical 20% Azelaic acid reduced numbers of comedones, papules and pustules.
Along with retinoids Azelaic acid is considered to be effective in improving acne-treatment results.

The studies of latter though were admittedly limited.
In comparative review of effects of topical Azelaic acid, Salicylic acid, Nicotinamide, Sulfur, Zinc, and alpha-hydroxy acid Azelaic acid enjoyed more high-quality evidence of effectiveness than the rest.

Whitening agent:
Azelaic acid has been used for treatment of skin pigmentation including melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, particularly in those with darker skin types.
Azelaic acid has been recommended as an alternative to hydroquinone.

As a tyrosinase inhibitor, azelaic acid reduces synthesis of melanin.
According to one report of 1988 azelaic acid (in combination with zinc sulfate) in vitro showed to be a potent (90% inhibition) 5α-Reductase inhibitor, similar to the hair loss drugs finasteride and dutasteride.
Middle 80s in vitro research evaluating acid's depigmenting (whitening) capability concluded Azelaic acid is effective (cytotoxic to melanocytes) only at high concentrations.

More recent review claimed 20% Azelaic acid being more potent than 4% hydroquinon after period of application for three months without latter's adverse effects and even more effective if applied along with tretinoin for the same period of time.

Brand names:
Brand names for azelaic acid include Dermaz 99, Crema Pella Perfetta (micronized azelaic acid, kojic dipalmitate, and liquorice extract), Azepur99, Azetec99, Azaclear (azelaic acid and niacinamide), AzClear Action, Azelex, White Action cream, Finacea, Finevin, Melazepam, Skinoren, Ezanic, Azelac, Azaderm, (Acnegen, Eziderm, Acnicam, Azelexin in Pakistan)

Topical Antibacterial Agents:

Disorders of Pigmentation:
Azelaic acid has no depigmenting activity on normal skin, solar freckles, senile freckles, lentigines, pigmented seborrheic keratoses, or nevi.
Azelaic acid has some activity against hypermelanosis caused by physical and chemical agents, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, lentigo maligna, and lentigo maligna melanoma.
In melasma, treatment for 24 weeks with azelaic acid 20% cream alone showed similar efficacy to treatment for 8 weeks with clobetasol 0.05% cream followed by 16 weeks with azelaic acid 20% cream (90% vs. 96.7% improvement).

Benefits of Azelaic Acid in Skin Care Products:
Azelaic acid products in concentrations of 10% or less aren’t easy to find, as very few brands have discovered Azelaic acid powerful skincare benefits, perhaps because it’s just such a tricky ingredient to formulate properly.
If not formulated properly, the texture may be grainy, which could be problematic for skin.

If you’re wondering whether to choose a cosmetic azelaic acid skin care product or a prescription version, research has shown that a 10% concentration can still improve many of the visible imperfections some of us struggle with, from bumps to dull, uneven skin tone and various concerns related to aging.

But, there are some stubborn or advanced skin concerns where it’s best to consider one of the prescription products with azelaic acid.
You and your dermatologist can discuss whether a prescription azelaic acid product is right for you, and how to work Azelaic acid into your skincare routine.

The Science Behind Azelaic Acid Skin Care Products:
Researchers have a theory on how azelaic acid works its skin-improving magic.
What's suspected is that azelaic acid works by inhibiting misbehaving elements on and within skin's uppermost layers.

Left unchecked, these troublemakers lead to persistent, visible skin imperfections (like brown patches and post-blemish marks), dull skin tone, and signs of sensitivities.
Azelaic acid seems azelaic acid has a radar-like ability to interrupt or inhibit what's causing skin to act up.
Skin "hears" the message azelaic acid sends and responds favorably, which leads to skin that looks remarkably better, no matter your age, skin type, or concerns.

The ongoing research on azelaic acid led us to formulate our 10% Azelaic Acid Booster.
The azelaic acid within targets a wide range of skin imperfections and is formulated with 0.5% salicylic acid for a bit of a pore-refining nudge.

The 10% Azelaic Acid Booster also contains a soothing complex of brightening plant extracts plus skin-restoring adenosine, an energizing ingredients that visibly reduces signs of aging.
Adding the 10% Azelaic Acid Booster to your routine is easy: Azelaic acid can be applied once or twice daily after cleansing, toning, and exfoliating.

Apply on Azelaic acid own or mix with your favorite serum or moisturizer.
Azelaic acid is fine to apply it to the entire face, or you can target blemished areas as needed.
During the day, finish with a broad-spectrum sunscreen rated SPF 30 or greater.

The booster isn't an azelaic acid cream or azelaic acid gel; instead Azelaic acid is a gel-cream hybrid that's compatible with all skin types and can be used with any of our other products, including our exfoliants, which might lead you to wonder how azelaic acid compares to AHA and BHA exfoliants.

Benefits of Azelaic Acid for Skin:
Azelaic acid is a multifunctional skincare ingredient that tackles a multitude of concerns related to breakouts and inflammation.

Exfoliates gently:
Azelaic acid goes deep within the pores and removes dead skin cells that cause dull skin tone and clogged pores.

Fights acne:
Azelaic acid has antibacterial properties, and according to Fusco, Azelaic acid is reported to be bactericidal to P. acnes, which leads to acne.

Reduces inflammation:
Azelaic acid soothes irritation and helps to improve red bumps caused by inflammation.

Evens skin tone:
Azelaic acid inhibits tyrosinase, which is an enzyme that leads to hyperpigmentation.
Azelaic acid is effective on post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation from acne breakouts and can possibly have an effect on melasma as well.

Treats rosacea:
Azelaic acid could help with pore-clogging, inflammation, and secondary infections caused by rosacea.

Azelaic acid is a so-called carboxylic acid.
It’s not an AHA or BHA but a distant relative to them (all being carboxylic acids).
Azelaic acid can be found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley.

Antibacterial effect → Anti-Acne:
Azelaic acid has a great antibacterial effect.
Azelaic acid works against multiple bacteriaS, acne-causing Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes).
Very few ingredient are proven to work against P. acnes, so this alone makes azelaic acid an awesome choice for acne-prone skin.

For acne treatment, 20% is the standard prescription strength choice.
Comparing 20% azelaic acid to other acne treatments like 0.05% retinoic acid cream, 5% benzoyl peroxide cream or 2% erythromycin ointment azelaic acid had nothing to be ashamed for as Azelaic acid showed similar effectiveness.

There is also a study that showed that 5% azelaic acid is also somewhat effective (about 32% improvement) and Azelaic acid can be made much more effective by combining Azelaic acid with 2% clindamycin (about 64% improvement.)

Regulate the production of skin cells → Anti-Acne:
Azelaic acid also works on the cells that line hair follicles by changing the way they mature and proliferate, which decreases follicular ‘plugging’ and helps prevent blackheads, whiteheads, and inflamed acne lesions.
Azelaic acid helps with healthy skin cell production in the pores that is often problematic in acne and blackhead prone skin, which is nice!

Anti-inflammatory effect → Anti-rosacea, anti-acne:
The third magic property of azelaic acid is that it is proven to ha an e anti-inflammatory effect.
This is cool not only for treating acne, but also for treating rosacea.
15% is the standard prescription strength dose for rosacea treatment.

Skin lightening effect → Anti-PIH, anti-melasma:
Last but not least azelaic acid also shows skin lightening properties.
Azelaic acid seems to be especially effective for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (that often comes with acne) and melasma.

Studies have compared 20% azelaic acid to 2% and 4% Hydroquinone and here again, Azelaic acid has nothing to be ashamed of, azelaic acid showed similar skin lightening properties. (Though interestingly azelaic acid did not seem to be effective for lightening age spots that are called solar lentigines.)

So the bottom line is that azelaic acid can be a game changer (or rather skin changer) especially for acne-prone or rosacea skin types.
It’s antibacterial, can regulate problematic skin cell production in pores, it’s anti-inflammatory and even helps with PIH and melasma.
Azelaic acid really can do a lot.

Azelaic acid keeps pores clear:
Azelaic acid is a comedolytic.
This means Azelaic acid helps break down existing pore blockages (AKA comedones) and keeps new ones from forming.
Clear pores and fewer pore blockages ultimately lead to fewer pimples.

Azelaic acid gently exfoliates:
Azelaic acid is also a keratolytic.
Keratolytics help your skin exfoliate by dissolving old, flaky skin cells.
Azelaic acid is a fairly gentle exfoliant, especially when compared to other acne treatments like topical retinoids.

Azelaic acid reduces acne-causing bacteria:
Azelaic acid kills Propionibacteria acnes, the bacteria that are responsible for inflamed acne breakouts.
This, in turn, reduces redness and inflammation.

Azelaic acid evens out your skin tone:
Another benefit of azelaic acid Azelaic acid is ability to improve post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, or those discolored spots pimples leave behind.
Complexions that are prone to hyperpigmentation will especially benefit from azelaic acid.

Production of Azelaic acid:
Azelaic acid is industrially produced by the ozonolysis of oleic acid.
The side product is nonanoic acid.

Azelaic acid is produced naturally by Malassezia furfur (also known as Pityrosporum ovale), a yeast that lives on normal skin.
The bacterial degradation of nonanoic acid gives azelaic acid.

Biological function of Azelaic acid:
In plants, azelaic acid serves as a "distress flare" involved in defense responses after infection.
Azelaic acid serves as a signal that induces the accumulation of salicylic acid, an important component of a plant's defensive response.

Action Mechanism of Azelaic acid:
The mechanism of action of azelaic acid is not well understood.
However, in vitro, Azelaic acid possesses antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, most likely through microbial cellular protein synthesis inhibition.

Microcomedones and comedones can arise because of hyperkeratinization.
Azelaic acid produces an anticomedonal effect by decreasing the amount of hyperkeratinization.

Biopsies have shown a decrease in stratum corneum thickness, keratohyalin granules, and filaggrin in patients treated with azelaic acid cream.
Azelaic acid also competitively inhibits tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin.

Last, Azelaic acid mechanism of action also includes the inhibition of DNA synthesis and mitochondrial enzymes, thereby inducing direct cytotoxic effects on the melanocyte.
Therefore, azelaic acid is thought to decrease postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Alternatives:
Currently, there are no other known drugs with the same mechanism of action as azelaic acid.
On the other hand, there are many other drugs that can be used in the treatment of acne vulgaris, such as topical and oral retinoids, oral and topical antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, topical dapsone, salicylic acid, photodynamic therapy, lasers, and peels.

Antibiotics develop resistance when not used in combination with benzoyl peroxide and therefore should not be used as monotherapy.
Azelaic acid is an effective monotherapy for acne vulgaris in pregnant women.

Handling and storage of Azelaic acid:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 11: Combustible Solids

Stability and reactivity of Azelaic acid:

Reactivity
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
A range from approx. 15 Kelvin below the flash point is to be rated as critical.
The following applies in general to flammable organic substances and mixtures: in correspondingly fine distribution, when whirled up a dust explosion potential may generally be assumed.

Chemical stability:
Azelaic acid is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Conditions to avoid:
Strong heating.

Incompatible materials:
Bases, Reducing agents, Oxidizing agents

Warnings And Precautions
Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with the use of azelaic acid.
Azelaic acid should be avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reactions to azelaic acid or its components.

Hypopigmentation has been reported with the use of azelaic acid as well.
Skin should be monitored for signs of hypopigmentation, especially in patients with dark complexions.
In addition, contact with the eyes, mouth, and other mucous membranes should be avoided.

First aid measures of Azelaic acid:

General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Firefighting measures of Azelaic acid:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2) Dry powder

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Carbon oxides
Combustible.

Vapors are heavier than air and may spread along floors.
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.

Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental release measures of Azelaic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.

Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.

Clean up affected area.
Avoidgeneration of dusts.

Identifiers of Azelaic acid:
CAS Number: 123-99-9
Beilstein Reference: 1101094
ChEBI: CHEBI:48131
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1238
ChemSpider: 2179
DrugBank: DB00548
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.246
EC Number: 204-669-1
Gmelin Reference: 261342
IUPHAR/BPS: 7484
KEGG: D03034
PubChem CID: 2266
UNII: F2VW3D43YT
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID8021640
InChI: InChI=1S/C9H16O4/c10-8(11)6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9(12)13/h1-7H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)
Key: BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C9H16O4/c10-8(11)6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9(12)13/h1-7H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)
Key: BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYAK
SMILES: O=C(O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O

CAS Number: 123-99-9
EC Number: 204-669-1

Chemical formula: C9H16O4
Molar mass: 188.22 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Density: 1.443 g/mL
Melting point: 109 to 111 °C (228 to 232 °F; 382 to 384 K)
Boiling point: 286 °C (547 °F; 559 K) at 100 mmHg
Solubility in water: 2.14 g/L
Acidity (pKa): 4.550, 5.498

Display Name: Azelaic acid
EC Number: 204-669-1
EC Name: Azelaic acid
CAS Number: 123-99-9
Molecular formula: C9H16O4
IUPAC Name: nonanedioic acid

CAS number: 123-99-9
EC number: 204-669-1
Hill Formula: C₉H₁₆O₄
Chemical formula: HOOC(CH₂)₇COOH
Molar Mass: 188.22 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 13 90

Synonym(s): Nonanedioic acid
Linear Formula: HO2C(CH2)7CO2H

Properties of Azelaic acid:
Chemical formula: C9H16O4
Molar mass: 188.22 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Density: 1.443 g/mL
Melting point: 109 to 111 °C (228 to 232 °F; 382 to 384 K)
Boiling point: 286 °C (547 °F; 559 K) at 100 mmHg
Solubility in water: 2.14 g/L
Acidity (pKa): 4.550, 5.498

vapor density: 6.5 (vs air)
Quality Level: 200
vapor pressure: <1 mmHg ( 20 °C)
Assay: 98%
form: powder
bp: 286 °C/100 mmHg (lit.)
mp: 109-111 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O
InChI: 1S/C9H16O4/c10-8(11)6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9(12)13/h1-7H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)
InChI key: BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Boiling point: 237 °C (20 hPa)
Density: 1.029 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 215 °C
Melting Point: 107 °C
pH value: 3.5 (1 g/l, H₂O)
Vapor pressure: <1 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 2.4 g/l

Specifications of Azelaic acid:
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 90.0 % (a/a)
Identity (IR): passes test

Pharmacology of Azelaic acid:
ATC code: D10AX03 (WHO)
Routes of
administration: Topical
Pharmacokinetics:
Bioavailability: Very low
Biological half-life: 12 h
Legal status:
AU: S2 (Pharmacy Only)
US: ℞-only

Names of Azelaic acid:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Nonanedioic acid
1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid
1,9-Nonanedioic acid
Acide azelaique
Acido azelaico
Acidum azelaicum
Anchoic acid
Azelaic acid
Azelaic acid
azelaic acid
Azelaic acid, technical grade
Azelex
Emerox 1110
Emerox 1144
Finacea
Heptanedicarboxylic acid
Lepargylic acid
Skinoren

CAS name:
Nonanedioic acid

IUPAC names:
1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid
AZELAIC ACID
Azelaic Acid
Azelaic acid
azelaic acid
Azelaic acid
azelaic acid
Azelainsäure
Azeleic Acid
Nonanedioic acid
nonanedioic acid
Nonanedioic acid
Nonanedionic acid

Trade names:
Crodacid DC1195
Ácido Azelaico
AZODICARBONAMIDE
Azodicarbonamide is a strong organic foaming agent of heat decomposition type.
Azodicarbonamide is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.


CAS Number: 123-77-3
EC Number: 204-650-8
Chemical formula: C2H4N4O2


Azodicarbonamide, ADCA, ADA, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics.


Azodicarbonamide was first described by John Bryden in 1959.
The use of Azodicarbonamide, H2N–CO–N=N–CO–NH2 (ADA) for maturing flour was patented in 1959.
Azodicarbonamide is an ingredient used as a whitening agent in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking, approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration.


Azodicarbonamide is a compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide is yellow to orange red.
Azodicarbonamide is odorless.


Azodicarbonamide is crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide is a strong organic foaming agent of heat decomposition type.
The decomposition temperature of Azodicarbonamide range is small.


Azodicarbonamide can be decomposed into N2, CO, CO2.
Azodicarbonamide (ADA) is a chemical substance approved for use as a whitening agent in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking.
Azodicarbonamide, the diamide of azodicarboxylic acid, is an orange-red crystalline solid.


Azodicarbonamide is made industrially by the condensation reaction between hydrazine sulfate and urea under high temperature and pressure, followed by oxidation with NaOCl.
Azodicarbonamide foaming agent appearance for yellow to light yellow powder, the finer particle, the lighter color.


On what basis did FDA approve the use of ADA?
FDA approved the use of Azodicarbonamide as a food additive in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner based on a comprehensive review of safety studies, including multi-year feeding studies.


Azodicarbonamide is a strong organic foaming agent of heat decomposition type.
The decomposition temperature range of Azodicarbonamide is small.
Azodicarbonamide can be decomposed into N2, CO, CO2.


Azodicarbonamide is free from poison, smell and pollution, but it can be decomposed at high temperature (>120°C).
Azodicarbonamide (AC or ADCA) is the most popular chemical blowing agent.
Generally, Azodicarbonamide is orange to pale yellow, crystalline solid with a decomposition temperature of 201~205°C(in air).


Unlike a number of other chemical blowing agents, Azodicarbonamide is self- extinguishing when flame is removed.
The decomposition residues are odorless, non-toxic, non-coloring and non-straining.
The particle size and distribution can be controlled with widely different ranges.


The particle size and distribution is one of the most significant factors.
Azodicarbonamide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.


Azodicarbonamide is a synthetic chemical that exists at ambient temperature as a yellow-orange crystalline solid.
Azodicarbonamide is a orange crystalline powder
Azodicarbonamide is an organic molecular entity.


Azodicarbonamide is a yellow to orange powder. Insoluble in water and common solvents.
Azodicarbonamide is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Azodicarbonamide is nontoxic.
Azodicarbonamide has water insoluble.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AZODICARBONAMIDE:
Azodicarbonamide is used as a foaming agent for producing of various foamed plastics as PVC, EVA, PP, PE, PS etc., artifical leather and plastic products
Azodicarbonamide is used to get good elasticity, homogeneous foamed apertures and high strength of the appropriate production
Azodicarbonamide is used as a blowing agent in plastics.


As a blowing agent, azodicarbonamide allows for plastic polymers to flow more freely.
With the addition of azodicarbonamide into plastics, it allows for bubbles to be formed, allowing for the polymer to become a foam material.
As a food additive, Azodicarbonamide serves as a flour bleaching agent and an improving agent.


Azodicarbonamide doesn’t react in dry flour, but does react in the process of making dough.
When mixed into dough, Azodicarbonamide oxidizes the sulfhydryl (SH) groups and exerts an improving effect.
The oxidation is rapid and almost complete during the mixing of dough for 2.5 min.


Neither further mixing or prolonged resting could give a significant and additional decrease in the –SH content.
Azodicarbonamide is used where a faster maturing agent is required.
Treatment levels ranging from 2 to 45 p.p.m. of azodicarbonamide are required to accomplish maturing, the amount depending on the grade of flour.


If trying to create a more organic product, Azodicarbonamide is best to find a natural substitute for ADA.
Azodicarbonamide has several commercial uses: It is a blowing agent for foaming rubbers and plastics, a bleaching (oxidizing) agent in cereal flours, and a dough conditioner for baking bread.


Azodicarbonamide’s taken as an important processing agent for synthetic materials, widely used in the non-pressurized and pressurized blowing of PVC,PE,PP,synthetic and natural rubber ,etc.
Ordinary Azodicarbonamide decomposes at the temperatures of 200-220℃, to meet the requirements of Rubber and Plastics processing,usually the decomposition temperature is adjusted adding special additives.


Azodicarbonamide is used as a foaming agent for producing of various foamed plastics as PVC, EVA, PP, PE, PS etc., imitation leather and plastic products with high demands and dense, homogeneous apertures.
Azodicarbonamide (ADA) is an ingredient commonly used as a whitening agent in flour and a dough conditioner in bread.


Azodicarbonamide was used to safely replace potassium bromate in the bakery as a flour maturing agent by the FDA since 1962.
The principal end-use of azodicarbonamide (ADA) is as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries.
Azodicarbonamide is used in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural and synthetic rubbers.


Azodicarbonamide has in the past been used in the United Kingdom and Eire (but not other European Union member states) as a flour improver in the bread-making industry, but this use is no longer permitted.
In vitro azodicarbonamide decreases the intracellular pool of deoxyribonucleotide and thymidine phosphorylation.


Azodicarbonamide is used as a blowing agent in plastics.
As a blowing agent, azodicarbonamide allows for plastic polymers to flow more freely.
With the addition of azodicarbonamide into plastics, it allows for bubbles to be form allowing for the polymer to become a foam material.


As a food additive, Azodicarbonamide serves as a flour bleaching agent and an improving agent.
Azodicarbonamide is a commonly used, legal food ingredient in bread, flour and whole wheat flour.
When heated, flour treated with azodicarbonamide can form semicarbazide.


Food grade Azodicarbonamide is used for the purpose of making flour white and strengthening dough in bread.
Due to the functions of bleaching and oxidation, azodicarbonamide is a fast-acting gluten enhancer that strengthens the elasticity and toughness of gluten, and makes a high-strength dough.


Azodicarbonamide works immediately even if the flour is wet.
Azodicarbonamide is used PE, PP, PVC, PS, EVA, ABS, RUBBER.
Azodicarbonamide is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.


Azodicarbonamide is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and polymers.
Release to the environment of Azodicarbonamide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Azodicarbonamide is used in the following products: polymers and laboratory chemicals.


Azodicarbonamide is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Azodicarbonamide is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Azodicarbonamide can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and as processing aid.


Azodicarbonamide is a chemical generally used as a blowing agent in the production of foamed plastics.
Azodicarbonamide can also be used as a food additive to strengthen and enhance the elasticity of the dough.
Azodicarbonamide, or azobisformamide, is a chemical compound being used as a food additive to bleach and increase the shelf life of breads, among other uses.


Azodicarbonamide, is also used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries.
Azodicarbonamide is used in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural and synthetic rubbers.
Azodicarbonamide are primarily blowing agents used in many industries including plastics.


Azodicarbonamide (ADC) has long been used by commercial bakers to strengthen dough.
The recent revelation that Subway bread contains Azodicarbonamide has gotten a lot of attention.
And it should, Azodicarbonamide is an industrial chemical used to make yoga mats, shoe rubber, and synthetic leather.


When bread dough is treated with azodicarbonamide, Azodicarbonamide can break down the gluten and make glutenin and gliadin more immediately available.
Azodicarbonamide is mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural/synthetic rubbers.


Azodicarbonamide is also used as a food additive, such as an aging and bleaching ingredient in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking.
Azodicarbonamide is used as an additive to wheat flour breads and dough to improve the physical properties of the dough and the baking performance.
Azodicarbonamide is also used to optimize the levels of oxidant/re ducing agents in the baking of wheat flour.


Azodicarbonamide is used as blowing and foaming agent for plastics; as maturing and bleaching agent in cereal flour.
Azodicarbonamide is a dough conditioner that exists as a yellow to orange-red crystalline powder practically insoluble in water.
Azodicarbonamide is used in aging and bleaching cereal flour to produce a more manage- able dough and a lighter, more voluminous loaf of bread.


Although there's no reason for it to be in bread, it has, in fact, been used for decades as a dough conditioner.
Azodicarbonamide is used in bread flours and bread as a dough conditioner.
Azodicarbonamide can be used with the oxidizing agent potassium bromate. a typical use level is less than 45 ppm.


-Blowing agent uses of Azodicarbonamide:
The principal use of azodicarbonamide is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent.
The thermal decomposition of azodicarbonamide produces nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.

Azodicarbonamide is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified.
Modification affects the reaction temperatures.
Pure azodicarbonamide generally reacts around 200 °C.

In the plastic, leather, and other industries, modified azodicarbonamide (average decomposition temperature 170 °C) contains additives that accelerate the reaction or react at lower temperatures.
An example of the use of azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent is found in the manufacture of vinyl (PVC) and EVA-PE foams, where it forms bubbles upon breaking down into gas at high temperature.

Vinyl foam is springy and does not slip on smooth surfaces.
Azodicarbonamide is useful for carpet underlay and floor mats.
Commercial yoga mats made of vinyl foam have been available since the 1980s; the first mats were cut from carpet underlay.


-PLASTICS:
*FOAMING AGENT:
The thermal decomposition of azodicarbonamide results in the evolution of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.
Azodicarbonamide is widely used in production of PVC, PP, LDPE, EVA and other plastic foaming articles like window and door gaskets, padded floor mats, gym/exercise mats or shoe soles.
Azodicarbonamide can be pure or modified and modification affects the reaction temperatures.


-ELECTRONICS:
*FORMING RIBBED BATTERY SEPARATORS:
Ribs are formed on a nonwoven mat to produce a battery separator.
The ribs are formed by extruding a foamed polymer onto the nonwoven mat by extruding the foamed polymer through a multi-hole die as the nonwoven mat follows an arc passing over a mat backup plate.
After the ribs have been extruded and the foamed polymer is still soft, the nonwoven mat with the extruded ribs may be passed through a fixed gap such as a pair of calender rolls to produce a battery separator of uniform thickness.


-FOOD:
*BLEACHING AGENT, IMPROVING AGENT
Azodicarbonamide is applied as a flour-maturing agent currently being promoted for use in the baking of commercial breads.
Azodicarbonamide functions as a dual oxidant in the maturation of wheat flour.
Azodicarbonamide not only bleaches flour by oxidizing carotene in fresh flour, but also improves flour strength by oxidizing cysteine.
The increased strength improves the gas retention of dough and elasticity of bakery products.
The main reaction product is biurea, which is stable during baking.
Secondary reaction products include semicarbazide and ethyl carbamate.


-PHOTO:
*BLEACHING AGENT:
Azodicarbonamide appeared useful in a process for bleaching photographically developed silver comprising contacting the developed silver with an aqueous processing solution containing azodicarbonamide as a bleaching agent.


-Azodicarbonamide is an industrial chemical:
Azocarbamide or foam Azodicarbonamide is white or light yellow powder.
During the test, some scientists discovered that Azodicarbonamide turned the flour white and acted as an oxidant.
Some people quickly concluded that Azodicarbonamide should be the standard addition in bread.


-what is azodicarbonamide used for?
Azodicarbonamide is used as a food additive in the food industry to increase the strength and softness of dough and bleach, and improve the appearance of bread.
In the industry, Azodicarbonamide is often used as a foaming agent for a variety of foam plastic foams, yoga mats, rubber soles and other products that increase product elasticity.


-Food additive uses of Azodicarbonamide:
As a food additive, azodicarbonamide is used as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner.
Azodicarbonamide reacts with moist flour as an oxidizing agent.
The main reaction product is biurea, which is stable during baking.
Secondary reaction products include semicarbazide and ethyl carbamate.
Azodicarbonamide is known by the E number E927.
Many restaurants in the US fast food industry removed the additive in response to negative publicity.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF AZODICARBONAMIDE:
Azodicarbonamide is easily ignited and burns rapidly.
Azodicarbonamide is confined samples show a high rate of pressure rise during thermal decomposition, which produces carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
Azodicarbonamide is sensitive to temperatures exceeding 122°F.

Azodicarbonamide may be sensitive to exposure to light.
Stable in bulk when stored for two weeks at temperatures up to 140°F.
Azodicarbonamide is slightly unstable in water suspension (showed1.3% decomposition at 2 mg/mL over a two-week period at room temperature in the light but no decomposition at 41°F over a two-week period in the dark .

Azodicarbonamide reacts with hot water to give nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and ammonia.
Azodicarbonamide decomposes in hot hydrochloric acid. Incompatible with strong acids and bases, and with compounds of metals.



HOW DOES AZODICARBONAMIDE WORK?
Azodicarbonamide itself almost does not work with flour, but when mixed with flour and water to form a dough, it quickly releases active oxygen and oxidizes the sulfhydryl groups of amino acids to disulfide bonds in the molecule of protein.
Therefore Azodicarbonamide improves the elasticity, toughness and uniformity of the dough.
Noodles produced with azodicarbonamide are smooth, soft, white, and resistant to boiling.
Flour with low protein and low gluten content requires an efficient and low-cost dough conditioner.



BLOWING AGENT, AZODICARBONAMIDE:
Azodicarbonamide can also act as a general-purpose blowing agent in the industrial production of rubber and plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and other synthetic materials.
Azodicarbonamide can be used to manufacture rubber soles, artificial leather and yoga mates as it decomposes to gases of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and ammonia which are trapped in the form of tiny bubbles in the polymer during the production process of above industrial uses, that increases the elasticity and strength of the product and makes them in a foamed state.



FUNCTIONS OF AZODICARBONAMIDE:
*Bleaching agent:
Azodicarbonamide makes the bread whiter by reacting with cartonene in the flour.2

*Dough conditioner:
Azodicarbonamide matures flour through oxidation.
When mixed into doughs, Azodicarbonamide oxidized the sulfhydryl (SH) groups and exerts an improving effect.

The main reaction products is biurea, a derivative of urea, which is stable during baking.
Azodicarbonamide-treated flours produce dried and more cohesive doughs than chlorine dioxide-treated flours.
These dried doughs can tolerate higher absorption, show better gas-retention properties and are superior in machining properties.

The bread made from Azodicarbonamide-treated flour is characterized by increased loaf volume and improved grain texture and outside appearance.
Azodicarbonamide does not accelerate the onset of rancidity in flour.
Natural or enrichment vitamins are unaffected by azodicarbonamide.



COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF AZODICARBONAMIDE:
Azodicarbonamide is manufactured by reacting dihydrazine sulfate and urea under higher pressure and high temperature.
The resulting product is combined with sodium chlorate and oxidized, then centrifuged.
Azodicarbonamide is extracted from the resulting slurry, washed, and drained.
Pure azodicarbonamide powder is obtained and then micronized to fine powder particles.



SYNTHESIS OF AZODICARBONAMIDE:
Azodicarbonamide is prepared in two steps via treatment of urea with hydrazine to form biurea, as described in this idealized equation:
2 O=C(NH2)2 + H2N−NH2 → H2N−C(=O)−NH−NH−C(=O)−NH2 + 2 NH3
Oxidation with chlorine or chromic acid yields azodicarbonamide:
H2N−C(=O)−NH−NH−C(=O)−NH2 + Cl2 → H2N−C(=O)−N=N−C(=O)−NH2 + 2 HCl



AZODICARBONAMIDE IS AN INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL:
The primary function of azodicarbonamide is centered on the way it breaks down during processing – it creates tiny bubbles that make things "foamy." Somewhere in the testing procedures, scientists discovered it whitened flour and acted as an oxidizing agent. Bakers, or rather "food scientists" soon concluded that it should be a standard inclusion in bread.



HOW IS AZODICARBONAMIDE MADE?
Commercial Azodicarbonamide can be produced by reacting urea with hydrazine to synthesize biurea, then oxidized with hydrogen peroxide or chlorine.
The following are the two steps manufacturing processes:

N2H4·H2O + 2 OC(NH2)2→H2NC(O)-N(H)-N(H)-C(O)NH2 + 2NH3 + H2O
H2NC(O)-N(H)-N(H)-C(O)NH2 + H2O2→H2NCON=NCONH2 + 2H2O OR H2NC(O)-N(H)-N(H)-C(O)NH2 + Cl2→H2NC(O)-N=N-C(O)NH2 + 2HCl



POTASSIUM BROMATE SUBSTITUTE, AZODICARBONAMIDE:
Other dough conditioners include potassium bromate, potassium iodate, ascorbic acid, and calcium peroxide.
In previous years, one of the most commonly used dough conditioners was potassium bromate in the market.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AZODICARBONAMIDE:
Chemical formula: C2H4N4O2
Molar mass: 116.080 g·mol−1
Appearance: Yellow to orange/red crystalline powder
Melting point:225 °C (437 °F; 498 K) (decomposes)
Melting Point: 195.0°C to 202.0°C
Assay Percent Range: 97%
Molecular Formula: C2H4N4O2
Linear Formula: H2NCON=NCONH2
Beilstein: 03,IV,246
Merck Index: 15,912
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: soluble in hot water.
Other solubilities: insoluble in common solvents, soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, slightly soluble in demethylformamide
Formula Weight: 116.08
Percent Purity: 97%
Chemical Name or Material: Azodicarbonamide, 97%
Melting point: 220-225 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Boiling point: 217.08°C (rough estimate)

Density: 1.65
vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.4164 (estimate)
Flash point: 225 °C
storage temp.: Flammables area
solubility: water: soluble0.033g/L at 20°C
pka: 14.45±0.50(Predicted)
form: Solid
color: Orange-red powder or crystals
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE IN HOT WATER
Merck: 14,919
BRN: 1758709
InChIKey: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N
LogP: -1.148 (est)
FDA 21 CFR: 172.806; 177.1210; 178.3010
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): AZODICARBONAMIDE
CAS DataBase Reference: 123-77-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 5
FDA UNII: 56Z28B9C8O
NIST Chemistry Reference: Diazenedicarboxamide(123-77-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Azodicarbonamide (123-77-3)



FIRST AID MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Rresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AZODICARBONAMIDE:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AZODICARBONAMIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AZODICARBONAMIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Carbamoyliminourea
Azodicarboxamide
Azobisformamide
C,C'-Azodi(formamide)
Diazenedicarboxamide
Azodicarbonamide
azodicarboxylic acid diamide
AZODICARBOXAMIDE
az
Azobisformamide
AC foaming agent
1,1’-azobiscarbamide
Azodicarbamide
Diazene-1,2-dicarboxaMide
AC Blowing agent
DICARBAMOYLDIMIDE
1,1-AZOBISFORMAMIDE
1,1'-Azobisformamide
C,C'-azodi(formamide)
AC Blowing Agent
Blowing Agent ADC
Porofor
Azodicarboxamide
Azobisformamide
C,C'-Azodi(formamide)
Diazenedicarboxamide



AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE )
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.


CAS Number: 123-77-3
EC Number: 204-650-8
E number: E927a (glazing agents, ...)
Chemical formula: C2H4N4O2



Carbamoyliminourea, Azodicarboxamide, Azobisformamide, C,C'-Azodi(formamide), Diazenedicarboxamide, Carbamoyliminourea, Azodicarboxamide, Azobisformamide,
C,C'-Azodi(formamide), Diazenedicarboxamide, Azodicarbonamide, azodicarboxylic acid diamide, AZODICARBOXAMIDE, az, Azobisformamide, AC foaming agent, 1,1’-azobiscarbamide, Azodicarbamide, Diazene-1,2-dicarboxaMide, AC Blowing agent, DICARBAMOYLDIMIDE, 1,1-AZOBISFORMAMIDE, 1,1'-Azobisformamide, C,C'-azodi(formamide), AC Blowing Agent, Blowing Agent ADC, Porofor, Azodicarboxamide, Azobisformamide, C,C'-Azodi(formamide), Diazenedicarboxamide, Evipor, Azodicarbonamide, 1,1'-azobis formamide, 1,1'-azobisformamide, ADCA, Azo-di-karbonamid, Azodicarboxylic Acid Diamide, Azofoam E, Formamide, 1,1'-azobis-, C,C'-azodi(formamide), Diazenedicarboxamide,Azodicarbonamide,ABFA, ADA, ADC, Azobisformamide, 1,1-Azobisformamide Azodicarbonic acid diamide, Azodicarboxamide, Azoformamide, Diazenedicarboxamide, Formamide, 1,1-azobis-,



Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) was first described by John Bryden in 1959.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) was first described by John Bryden in 1959.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ), ADCA, ADA, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ), also known as Diazenedicarboxamide, is a chemical compound used as a food additive, a flour bleaching agent, and a dough conditioner.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ), or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is prepared in two steps via treatment of urea with hydrazine to form biurea.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ), ADCA, ADA, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) was first described by John Bryden in 1959


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics.
The principal use of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ), ADCA, ADA, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a chemical ingredient and an organic molecular entity.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is made by reacting dihydrazine sulfate and urea at high pressure and elevated temperatures.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is the diamide of azodicarboxylic acid.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) appears to be yellow to orange-red in colour and has no odour.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a crystalline powder that is Nontoxic.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide )'s not soluble in water and common solvents but is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide )'s Molecular weight is 116.08 g/mol.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) provides softness and elasticity, and Upon heating, it releases gassy bubbles like nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.


Pure Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) usually reacts at about 200 °C.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics
There is no scientific evidence to suggest Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ), as it is currently used, is a public health or safety concern.
The FDA considers small amounts of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) to be safe and the agency long ago set an allowable level of 45 parts per million in dough.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) was used to improve dough and maintain bread texture.
This came about because of an online petition claiming that the use of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is like eating a “yoga mat sandwich” and calling for the ban of the chemical from food products.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) has two common uses: as a chemical foaming agent in the plastics industry and as a food additive (known as E927) for use as a whitening agent in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking.
The principal use of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent.


The thermal decomposition of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) results in the evolution of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed product.
This process creates materials that are strong, light, spongy and malleable.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in products such as yoga mats and shoe soles — hence the deleterious namesake for its use in food products.
The use of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) in bread baking came about because in centuries past, flour fresh from the mill had to age several months before it could be kneaded into dough and baked in the oven.


It was discovered that Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) caused flour to achieve maturing action without long storage.
The result was commercial bread that renders large batches easier to handle and makes the finished products puffier and tough enough to withstand shipping and storage.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is broadly utilized as a blowing agent for plastics and rubbers.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is utilized in plastics manufacturing procedures such as injection molding, calendaring, extrusion, coatings, slush, and rotational molding.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is also utilized as a blowing agent in the formation of the foamed plastics in the foaming procedure.
Foamed plastics utilization has augmented the strength to weight ratio of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ), advanced electrical and thermal insulation, and decreased material costs.


The effective growth in demand for foamed plastic from industries such as air filters and construction in the next few years is projected to propel the usage of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) as a blowing agent.
Not only has this, the requirement for products, like rubber seals, yoga mats, gymnasium products, and shoes, is projected to augment, which, in turn, is predicted to translate into requirement in the ‘Global Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) Market’.


All the aforementioned aspects are projected to drive the requirement for Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) over the forecast duration.
Furthermore, the Asia Pacific is projected to constitute a large share of the global market throughout the forecast duration.
The market in the region is predicted to enlarge significant growth rate owing to speedy industrialization and urbanization in Asia Pacific.


Growth in the packaging sector in China and India is projected to boost requirement for regional market in these regions in next few years.
Therefore, it is predicted that during the review years the market of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) will augment more efficiently over the near years.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified.
Modification affects the reaction temperatures.
Pure azodicarbonamide generally reacts around 200 °C.


In the plastic, leather, and other industries, modified Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) (average decomposition temperature 170 °C) contains additives that accelerate the reaction or react at lower temperatures.
An example of the use of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) as a blowing agent is found in the manufacture of vinyl (PVC) and EVA-PE foams, where it forms bubbles upon breaking down into gas at high temperature.


Vinyl foam is springy and does not slip on smooth surfaces.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is useful for carpet underlay and floor mats.
Commercial yoga mats made of vinyl foam have been available since the 1980s; the first mats were cut from carpet underlay.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is widely used in the plastic industry, particularly in the production of PVC plastisol foams, as a foaming agent added to increase the porosity of plastics.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in food and photo industry as a bleaching agent.


Besides, Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) has the application in electronics for forming ribbed battery separators.
Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used Various foam rubber products.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries in the expansion of a wide range of polymers.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and polymers.
Release to the environment of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in the following products: polymers and laboratory chemicals.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and as processing aid.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used as flour treatment agent on food; Fast starter for baked food.
The safe and rapid oxidation of wheat flour can be completed at low dosage, so as to improve the physical properties of dough and the tissue structure of high gluten dough.


In industry, Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is applicable to synthetic materials such as polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS and rubber, such as artificial leather, floor leather, wallpaper, sole, etc.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is widely used in the plastic industry, particularly in the production of PVC plastisol foams, as a foaming agent added to increase the porosity of plastics.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in food and photo industry as a bleaching agent.
Besides, Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) has the application in electronics for forming ribbed battery separators.
As a food additive, Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) reacts with moist flour as an oxidizing agent.
The main reaction product is biurea, which is stable during baking.
Secondary reaction products include semicarbazide and ethyl carbamate.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is known by the E number E927A but is not approved to use as food additive in EU.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner (used to make bread softer).
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide )'s widespread use in foamed plastics.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) uses and applications include: Blowing agent for plastics, wire coatings, foamed polyolefins for trimming, upholstery, insulation, sealing, sound deadening in construction, linings, protective padding, flotation devices, sport shoes, protective packaging; flour treatment agent; bleaching agent in cereal flour; maturing agent for flour; chemical foaming agent for ABS, acetal, acrylic, EVA, HDPE, LDPE, PPO, PP, PS, HIPS, flexible PVC, TPE; blowing agent in food-contact rubber articles for repeated use; blowing agent in food-contact foamed plastics; in closure-sealing gaskets for food containers


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified.
The principal use of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent.
The thermal decomposition of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) results in the evolution of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide )'s widespread use in foamed plastics.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified.
Modification affects the reaction temperatures.


Pure Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) generally reacts around 200 °C.
In the plastic, leather, and other industries, modified Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) (average decomposition temperature 170 °C) contains additives that accelerate the reaction or react at lower temperatures.


An example of the use of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) as a blowing agent is found in the manufacture of vinyl (PVC) and EVA-PE foams, where it forms bubbles upon breaking down into gas at high temperature.
Vinyl foam is springy and does not slip on smooth surfaces.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ), also known as Diazenedicarboxamide, is a chemical compound used as a food additive, a flour bleaching agent, and a dough conditioner.
Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is primarily used as a whitening agent in cereal flour as well as a conditioner for dough in bread baking which is driving its market growth.
Furthermore, Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) has many industrial applications, including being a blowing agent for foaming rubbers and plastics; widely-known as a blowing agent in foamed plastics (for instance, yoga mats).


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used as an organic chemical blowing agent to produce polymer foam, which is further used to make rubber compounds, polymer melts, and PVC plastisols which proves to be a significant fuelling factor for the market growth.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used to make products like window gaskets, toys, and shoe soles.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) finds application in many manufacturing processes, including extrusion, injection moulding, coatings, calendering, slush, and rotational moulding.
Hence, owing to all these applications of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is propelling the market’s development.


Application Field of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ): Plastic Auxiliary Agents, Rubber Auxiliary Agents, Leather Auxiliary Agents
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used foaming agent of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, nylon-11, natural rubber and synthetic rubber
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used as foaming agent of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, nylon-11, natural rubber and synthetic rubber.


Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used as a wheat flour treatment agent and a rapid starter for baked goods.
Safe and rapid oxidation of wheat flour can be accomplished at low levels to improve the physical properties of the dough and the desired structure of the high-gluten dough.


A general-purpose foaming agent with a large amount of gas.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is widely used in a variety of synthetic materials such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS, nylon-6 and neoprene, has not yet appeared with competitive products.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) as a yellow powder, used as a blowing agent in the production of plastics and rubber.


-Food additive uses of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ):
As a food additive, Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is used as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) reacts with moist flour as an oxidizing agent.
The main reaction product is biurea, which is stable during baking.

Secondary reaction products include semicarbazide and ethyl carbamate.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is known by the E number E927.
Many restaurants in the US fast food industry removed the additive in response to negative publicity.


-Blowing agent uses of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ):
The principal use of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent.
The thermal decomposition of Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) produces nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.



PROPERTIES OF AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is the foaming agent with the largest gas generation, the most superior performance and the most widely used.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) has the characteristics of stable performance, non flammability, non pollution, non-toxic and tasteless, no corrosion to the mold, no dyeing to the products, adjustable decomposition temperature and no influence on curing.



PROPERTIES OF AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) exists at ambient temperatures as a yellow to orange red crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is slightly soluble in water.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, strong bases, heavy metal salts.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is an efficientexothermic foaming agent generating mostly nitrogen and carbone dioxide gas.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is an electron acceptor so act as an oxidizing agents.



SYNTHESIS OF AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is prepared in two steps via treatment of urea with hydrazine to form biurea, as described in this idealized equation:
2 O=C(NH2)2 + H2N−NH2 → H2N−C(=O)−NH−NH−C(=O)−NH2 + 2 NH3

Oxidation with chlorine or chromic acid yields Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ):
H2N−C(=O)−NH−NH−C(=O)−NH2 + Cl2 → H2N−C(=O)−N=N−C(=O)−NH2 + 2 HCl



PROPERTIES OF AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) is a nitrogenous organic foaming agent for various rubbers such as CR, EPDM, IIR, NBR(NBR/PVC) and SBR, especially for tiny and uniform pored products.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) has a relatively high foaming temperature (200-210℃), which can be effectively reduced by addition of small amount of foaming activators.
Azodicarbonamide ( Azo(bis)formamide ) will not promote abnormal odor of foaming products.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
Chemical formula: C2H4N4O2
Molar mass: 116.080 g·mol−1
Appearance: Yellow to orange/red crystalline powder
Melting point: 225 °C (437 °F; 498 K) (decomposes)
Chemical formula: C2H4N4O2
Molar mass: 116.080 g·mol−1
Appearance: Yellow to orange/red crystalline powder
Melting point:225 °C (437 °F; 498 K) (decomposes)
Melting Point: 195.0°C to 202.0°C
Assay Percent Range: 97%
Molecular Formula: C2H4N4O2
Linear Formula: H2NCON=NCONH2
Beilstein: 03,IV,246
Merck Index: 15,912

Solubility Information:
Solubility in water: soluble in hot water.
Other solubilities: insoluble in common solvents, soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide,
slightly soluble in demethylformamide
Formula Weight: 116.08
Percent Purity: 97%
Chemical Name or Material: Azodicarbonamide, 97%
Melting point: 220-225 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Boiling point: 217.08°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.65
vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.4164 (estimate)
Flash point: 225 °C
storage temp.: Flammables area

solubility: water: soluble0.033g/L at 20°C
pka: 14.45±0.50(Predicted)
form: Solid
color: Orange-red powder or crystals
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE IN HOT WATER
Merck: 14,919
BRN: 1758709
InChIKey: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N
LogP: -1.148 (est)
FDA 21 CFR: 172.806; 177.1210; 178.3010
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): AZODICARBONAMIDE
CAS DataBase Reference: 123-77-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 5
FDA UNII: 56Z28B9C8O
NIST Chemistry Reference: Diazenedicarboxamide(123-77-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Azodicarbonamide (123-77-3)



FIRST AID MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Rresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.




HANDLING and STORAGE of AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.




STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AZODICARBONAMIDE ( AZO(BIS)FORMAMIDE ):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA)
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a light yellow powder, odorless, non-flammable, and self-extinguishing.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is soluble in alkali, insoluble in gasoline, alcohol, benzene, pyridine and water.


CAS Number: 123-77-3
EC Number: 204-650-8
MDL Number: MFCD00007958
Chemical formula: C2H4N4O2


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) appears as a yellow to orange powder.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a synthetic chemical that exists at ambient temperature as a yellow-orange crystalline solid.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is orange crystalline powder


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA)(AC or ADCA) is the most popular chemical blowing agent.
Generally, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is orange to pale yellow, crystalline solid with a decomposition temperature in air of 201~205ºC.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) appears as a yellow to orange powder. Insoluble in water and common solvents.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is an organic molecular entity.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) exists at ambient temperatures as a yellow to orange red crystalline powder.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is slightly soluble in water.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, strong bases, heavy metal salts.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is an efficient exothermic foaming agent generating mostly nitrogen and carbone dioxide gas.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) (or azobisformamide) is a molecule in yellow-orange crystalline form used as a food additive: E927, which is not used in the European Union.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a chemical blowing agent.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a orange crystalline powder
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a synthetic chemical that exists at ambient temperature as a yellow-orange crystalline solid.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA), or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) appears as a yellow to orange powder.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is nontoxic.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) (AC or ADCA) is the most popular chemical blowing agent.


Generally, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is orange to pale yellow, crystalline solid with a decomposition temperature in air of 201~205ºC.
Unlike a number of other chemical blowing agent, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is self- extinguishing when flame is removed.
The decomposition residues of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) are odorless, non-toxic, non-coloring, and non-straining.


The particle size and distribution of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can be controlled with widely different ranges.
The particle size and distribution of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is one of the significant factors.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also known as azodicarbonamide; diazene dicarboxylic acid amide.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA)'s trade name is blowing agent AC or blowing agent ADC.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a white or light yellow powder , non-toxic , odorless, non-flammable, self-extinguishing.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is soluble in alkali, insoluble in gasoline, alcohol, benzene, pyridine and water.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a solid explosive.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can be exploded by impact or friction, heat or other means with rapid decomposition to produce large quantities of gas.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also known as azodicarbonamide; diazinedicarboxamide; trade name is foaming agent AC or foaming agent ADC (Foamer ADC), which is a white or Light yellow powder (as shown in the picture), non-toxic, odorless, non-flammable, and self-extinguishing.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is soluble in alkali, insoluble in gasoline, alcohol, benzene, pyridine and water; the chemical formula is C2H4N4O2, and the molecular formula is NH2CON=NCONH2.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a colorless and odorless, no corrosion to the mold, no dyeing to the products, the decomposition temperature can be adjusted, does not affect the curing and molding speed and other characteristics.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can be foamed under normal pressure or under pressure.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can even foamed evenly and has ideal fine pore structure.
The foaming agent Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is stable in performance, non-flammable, non-polluting.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a white or light yellow powder, non-toxic, odorless, non-flammable, and self-extinguishing.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a white or light yellow powder, non-toxic, odorless, non-flammable, and self-extinguishing.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is soluble in alkali, insoluble in gasoline, alcohol, benzene, pyridine and water; the chemical formula is C2H4N4O2, and the molecular formula is NH2CON=NCONH2.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified.
Modification of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) affects the reaction temperatures.
Pure Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) generally reacts around 200 °C.


In the plastic, leather, and other industries, modified Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) (average decomposition temperature 170 °C) contains additives that accelerate the reaction or react at lower temperatures.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA), ADCA, ADA, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) was first described by John Bryden in 1959.


An example of the use of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) as a blowing agent is found in the manufacture of vinyl (PVC) and EVA-PE foams, where it forms bubbles upon breaking down into gas at high temperature.
Vinyl foam is springy and does not slip on smooth surfaces.


Commercial yoga mats made of vinyl foam have been available since the 1980s; the first mats were cut from carpet underlay.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) has also been identified as a substance for future scientific evaluation with a view to agreeing an OEL, within the priority list of chemicals under the Chemical Agents Directive 98/24/EC (CAD).


No date has been given to start this evaluation for Azodicarbonamide (ADCA).
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA), ADCA, ADA, or azoformamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C₂H₄O₂N₄.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is useful for carpet underlay and floor mats.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can be used as a foaming agent for foaming a variety of foams, such as PVC, EVC, PP, PE, PS and other plastics.
Ultrafine powder is suitable for foaming of plastic products with high requirements on the imitation leather artificial leather and EVA shoe materials and dense and uniform pore size.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can also be used in the food industry to increase the strength and flexibility of the dough, to impart a bleaching effect, and to make the bread look better.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a foaming agent commonly used in industry.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can be used in the production of yoga mats and rubber soles to increase the elasticity of the product.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can also be used in the food industry to increase the strength and flexibility of the dough.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as an additive to wheat flour breads and dough to improve the physical properties of the dough and the baking performance.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also used to optimize the levels of oxidant/re ducing agents in the baking of wheat flour.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as blowing and foaming agent for plastics; as maturing and bleaching agent in cereal flour.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a dough conditioner that exists as a yellow to orange-red crystalline powder practically insoluble in water.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in aging and bleaching cereal flour to produce a more manage- able dough and a lighter, more voluminous loaf of bread.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in bread flours and bread as a dough conditioner.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can be used with the oxidizing agent potassium bromate. a typical use level is less than 45 ppm.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is widely used for foaming of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS resin and rubber
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) widely used on PVC,TPE,EVA injection and extrusion foaming products,and also it applies to the usage of leather and the coating.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in producing inflating agent of foam.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as a blowing agent in PVC,EVA,PP,PE,PS etc. fine powder is applicable to plastic products.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as an additive to wheat flour bread and dough to improve the physical properties of the dough and the baking performance.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also used to optimize the levels of oxidant/reducing agents in the baking of wheat flour.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural/synthetic rubbers.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also used as a food additive, such as an aging and bleaching ingredient in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA), 97%+ Cas 123-77-3 - used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a synthetic chemical that exists at ambient temperature as a yellow-orange crystalline solid. Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural/synthetic rubbers.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also used as a food additive, such as an aging and bleaching ingredient in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used Oil Drilling Auxiliary Agent, Rubber Auxiliary Agents, Plastic Auxiliary Agents, Coating Auxiliary Agents, Textile Auxiliary Agents, Paper Chemicals, Surfactants, Leather Auxiliary Agents.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in the production of yoga mats, rubber soles, shoes etc.,to increase product flexibility
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in the food industry to increase the strength and flexibility of the dough
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used for the foaming of PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS resin and rubber


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as an additive to wheat flour breads and dough to improve the physical properties of the dough and the baking performance.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also used to optimize the levels of oxidant/re ducing agents in the baking of wheat flour.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and polymers.
Release to the environment of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in the following products: polymers and laboratory chemicals.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and as processing aid.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a foaming agent with high gas volume, high performance and wide applications.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, ABS and rubber and other synthetic materials.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is widely used in slippers, soles, insole, plastic wallpaper, ceiling, floor leather, artificial leather, insulation, sound insulation materials such as foam.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is widely used in the plastic industry, particularly in the production of PVC plastisol foams, as a foaming agent added to increase the porosity of plastics.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in food and photo industry as a bleaching agent.


Besides, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) has the application in electronics for forming ribbed battery separators.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as flour treatment agent on food; Fast starter for baked food.
The safe and rapid oxidation of wheat flour can be completed at low dosage, so as to improve the physical properties of dough and the tissue structure of high gluten dough.


In industry, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is applicable to synthetic materials such as polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS and rubber, such as artificial leather, floor leather, wallpaper, sole, etc.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as an additive to wheat flour breads and dough to improve the physical properties of the dough and the baking performance.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also used to optimize the levels of oxidant/reducing agents in the baking of wheat flour.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) (CAS: 123-77-3) is a blowing agent, a foaming additive, for the injection moulding of foam, PVC, PE…
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) has been used as a blowing agent in the manufacture of plastic seals, in metal lids used to close glass jars.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) (CAS: 123-77-3) is known to decompose into semicarbazide (SEM) when heated during the production of expanded gaskets and during the sterilization of sealed glass jars.
Traces of contamination were found in food and Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) was confirmed that infant food was the most significant source of exposure.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as a leavening agent.
Among other things, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is added to flour to improve the dough.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also known as a chemical processing agent for thermoplastics and epoxy resins, its gas yield of 220 ml/g makes Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) very economical.


In addition to food, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also used as a blowing agent to give volume and elasticity to mattresses and yoga mats.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used Wheat flour treating agent; Quick starter for baked goods.
The safe and rapid oxidation of wheat flour can be achieved in low dosage to improve the physical properties of dough and the required organizational structure of high gluten dough.


General purpose foaming agent with large volume of gas.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is widely used in polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, vinyl-vinyl acetate copolymer, polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS, nylon -6 and neoprene rubber Chemicalbook and other synthetic materials, so far there is no competitive products.


In these application areas of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA), polyethylene use accounts for 25-30%, polyvinyl chloride use accounts for 15-20%.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as flour treatment agent on food; Fast starter for baked food.
The safe and rapid oxidation of wheat flour can be completed at low dosage, so as to improve the physical properties of dough and the tissue structure of high gluten dough.


In industry, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is applicable to synthetic materials such as polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS and rubber, such as artificial leather, floor leather, wallpaper, sole, etc.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used in PVC, PE, EVA, ETC. Also can be used in rubber foam products.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA), an organic compound with chemical formula of C2H4N4O2, is a foaming agent commonly used in industry.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can be used in the production of yoga mats, rubber soles, etc. to increase the elasticity of products, and can also be used in the food industry to increase the strength and flexibility of dough.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is a foaming agent commonly used in industry.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can be used in the production of yoga mats and rubber soles to increase the elasticity of the product.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) can also be used in the food industry to increase the strength and flexibility of the dough.


Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural/synthetic rubbers.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is also used as a food additive, such as an aging and bleaching ingredient in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking.


-Blowing agent
The principal use of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent.
The thermal decomposition of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) produces nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.



SYNTHESIS OF AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is prepared in two steps via treatment of urea with hydrazine to form biurea, as described in this idealized equation:
2 O=C(NH2)2 + H2N−NH2 → H2N−C(=O)−NH−NH−C(=O)−NH2 + 2 NH3
Oxidation with chlorine or chromic acid yields Azodicarbonamide (ADCA):
H2N−C(=O)−NH−NH−C(=O)−NH2 + Cl2 → H2N−C(=O)−N=N−C(=O)−NH2 + 2 HCl



PROPERTIES OF AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is the foaming agent with the largest gas generation, the most superior performance and the most widely used.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) has the characteristics of stable performance, non flammability, non pollution, non-toxic and tasteless, no corrosion to the mold, no dyeing to the products, adjustable decomposition temperature and no influence on curing.



FEATURES OF AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
1) Higher melt strength and elasticity
2) Reduce the machine surface precipitation
3) High output and good flowability



REACTION OF AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
Step 1: Mix urea and hydrazine sulfate in a 1:2 molar ratio in a reaction vessel.,
Step 2: Heat the mixture to 100-110°C for 4-6 hours while stirring to form a hydrazine-urea complex.,
Step 3: Cool the mixture to room temperature and add sodium hypochlorite slowly while stirring.,
Step 4: Continue stirring for 3-4 hours at room temperature to complete the oxidation process.,
Step 5: Filter the resulting solution and wash the solid product with water.,
Step 6: Dry the product at 60-70°C to obtain pure Azodicarbonamide (ADCA).



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
Two hours of exposure of SUP-T1 cells to 100 micro Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) induced a 50% reduction of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) prevents the progression of human CD4+ T lymphocytes into the G1 phase of the cell cycle, inhibits their blastogenesis, down-regulates their membrane expression of CD25 and CD69, and decreases their transcription of cytokine genes.

The addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 completely restores T-cell proliferation in the presence of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA).
Furthermore, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) synergizes with cyclosporin A to inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferation.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) inhibits in a dose-dependent manner the responses of purified human CD4+ T lymphocytes stimulated either by monoclonal antibodies against CD3 and CD28 or by allogeneic dendritic cells.

These suppressive effects involve a direct action on the calcium mobilization machinery,
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) (ADA) represents a new compound that inhibits HIV-1 and a broad range of retroviruses by targeting the the nucleocapsid CCHC domains.



FOOD ADDITIVE, AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
As a food additive, Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is used as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) reacts with moist flour as an oxidizing agent.
The main reaction Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is biurea, which is stable during baking.
Secondary reaction products include semicarbazide and ethyl carbamate.
Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is known by the E number E927.



WHAT IS THE MAIN USE OF AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA) IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY?
The principal use of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent.
The thermal decomposition of Azodicarbonamide (ADCA) produces nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article, such as flip flops, EVA foams, footwear soles, yoga mats, or foam insulation.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
Chemical formula: C2H4N4O2
Molar mass: 116.080 g·mol−1
Appearance: Yellow to orange/red crystalline powder
Melting point: 225 °C (437 °F; 498 K) (decomposes)
Cas No.:123-77-3
Molecular Formula:C2H4N4O2
Molecular Weight:116.08
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C2H4N4O2 = 116.08
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 123-77-3
Reaxys Registry Number: 1704003
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 3671
Merck Index (14): 919
MDL Number: MFCD00007958
CAS Number: 123-77-3
Molecular Formula: C₂H₄N₄O₂
Appearance: Yellow to Orange Solid
Melting Point: >200°C (dec.)
Molecular Weight: 116.08
Storage: 4°C
Solubility: DMSO (Slightly)
Category: Building Blocks; Miscellaneous;
Physical state: powder

Color: yellow
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: > 200 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not applicable
Flammability (solid, gas): The substance or mixture is a flammable solid with the category1.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: > 200 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: > 90 °C
pH: 7neutral
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,033 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: < 1 at 25 °C
Vapor pressure < 0,01 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,61 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Oxidizing properties: Oxidizing properties (solids)none

Other safety information:
Solubility in other solvents:
Ethanol at 20 °C- insoluble
Ether at 20 °C- slightly soluble
Density: 1.9±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 241.3±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 220-225 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Molecular Formula: C2H4N4O2
Molecular Weight: 116.079
Flash Point: 99.7±22.6 °C
Exact Mass: 116.033424
PSA: 110.90000
LogP: -0.85
Vapour Pressure: 0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction: 1.680
Physical state: orange crystalline powder
Colour: Orange-red crystals
Odour: no data available
Melting point/ freezing point: 220-225\u00baC (dec.)
Boiling point or initial boiling point and boiling range: 284.8\u00baC at 760mmHg
Lower and upper explosion limit / flammability limit: no data available
Flash point: 126\u00baC
Auto-ignition temperature: no data available
Decomposition temperature: 225\u00b0C
pH: no data available
Kinematic viscosity: no data available

Solubility: In water:SOLUBLE IN HOT WATER
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water (log value): log Kow = -1.7
Vapour pressure 7.1 mm Hg at 19\u00b0C ; 10.7 mm Hg at 26.5\u00b0C
Density and/or relative density: 1.65
Relative vapour density: no data available
Particle characteristics: no data available
Appearance: yellow to orange red crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 98.60 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 212.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 284.78 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.003000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 225.00 °F. TCC ( 107.22 °C. )
logP (o/w): -1.148 (est)
Soluble in: water, 1.437e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in: water
Molecular Weight: 116.08
Exact Mass: 116.08
EC Number: 204-650-8
ICSC Number: 0380
UN Number: 3242
DSSTox ID: DTXSID0024553
Color/Form: Orange-red crystals|Yellow powder|Pale yellow crystalline

HScode: 29270000
PSA: 110.90000
XLogP3: -0.85
Appearance: Azodicarbonamide appears as a yellow to orange powder.
Insoluble in water and common solvents.
Soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Nontoxic.
Density: 1.65 g/cm3 @ Temp: 20 °C
Melting Point: 225 °C (decomp)
Boiling Point: 217.08°C (rough estimate)
Flash Point: 225 °C
Refractive Index: 1.4164 (estimate)
Water Solubility: water: soluble 0.033g/L at 20°C
Storage Conditions: Flammables area
Vapor Pressure: 7.1 mm Hg at 66.2 °F ; 10.7 mm Hg at 79.7° F
Form: Solid
Color: Orange-red powder or crystals
The Density of: 1.65
Melting Point: 220-225 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Refractive Index: 1.4164 (estimate)
Store Condition: Flammables area
Flash Point: 225 °C
CAS: 123-77-3

EINECS: 204-650-8
InChI: InChI=1/C2H4N4O2/c3-1(9)5-7-8-6-2(4)10/h(H3,3,5,8,9)(H3,4,6,7,10)
InChIKey: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N
Molecular Formula: C2H4N4O2
Molar Mass: 116.08
Density: 1.65
Melting Point: 220-225°C (dec.)(lit.)
Boling Point: 217.08°C (rough estimate)
Flash Point: 225°C
Water Solubility:SOLUBLE IN HOT WATER
Solubility: water: soluble0.033g/L at 20°C
Vapor Presure: 0Pa at 25℃
Appearance: Solid
Color: Orange-red powder or crystals
Merck: 14,919
BRN: 1758709
pKa: 14.45±0.50(Predicted)
Molecular Formula: C2H4N4O2
NH2CON=NCONH2
C2H4N4O2

Molecular Weight: 116.08 g/mol
IUPAC Name: (E)-carbamoyliminourea
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4N4O2/c3-1(7)5-6-2(4)8/h(H2,3,7)(H2,4,8)/b6-5+
InChI Key: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: C(=O)(N)/N=N/C(=O)N
SMILES: C(=O)(N)N=NC(=O)N
Canonical SMILES: C(=O)(N)N=NC(=O)N
Appearance: Solid powder
Boiling Point: Decomposes
Color/Form: Orange-red crystals
Yellow: powder
Pale yellow crystalline
Density: 1.65 at 68 °F , 1.65 @ 20 °C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.65
Flash Point: 205 °F
Melting Point: 437 °F (decomposes)
Mp: 225 ° (180 °)
225 °C (decomposes)
Other CAS RN: 123-77-3



FIRST AID MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Observe national regulations.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADCA):
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Carbamoyliminourea
Azodicarboxamide
Azobisformamide
C,C'-Azodi(formamide)
Diazenedicarboxamide
1,1'-azobis formamide
1,1'-azobisformamide
ADCA
Azo-di-karbonamid
1,1'-AZOBISFORMAMIDE
1,1-AZOBISFORMAMIDE
Azobisformamide
Azodicarbamide
AZODICARBONAMIDE
AZODICARBOXAMIDE
AZODICARBOXYLIC ACID DIAMIDE
AZOFOAM E
DICARBAMOYLDIMIDE
1,1’-azobiscarbamide
1,1’-azobis-formamid
1,1’-azodiformamide
1,1'-Azodiformamide
abfa
az
azobiscarbonamide
azobiscarboxamide
azodicarboamide
Azodiformamide
celogenaz
Azodicarboxamide
Azodicarbonamide
1,1-Azobisformamide
Dicarbamoyldiimide
Diazenedicarboxamide
1,1'-Azobisformamide
1,1'-Azobis[formamide]
1,1'-Azobiscarbamide
1,1'-Azodiformamide
1500TID
A 9660
AA 110S
ABFA
AC
AC (foaming agent)
AC 1
AC 1000
AC 1000 (blowing agent)
AC 135
AC 150P
AC 170
AC 1C
AC 1L
AC 2F-K3
AC 3
AC 3000
AC 3000H
AC 3C2
AC 3K2
AC 5000
AC 5000 (blowing agent)
AC 902
AC-EFS
AC-K 3
AC-K-F 3
AC-LQ
AC-R
ADC
ADC 21
ADCA
ADK Stab OF 14
AK 2
AW 9
AZ 120
AZ 130
AZ 199
AZ 3050I
AZ 605
AZ Ultra 3050
AZ-H
AZ-HM
AZ-L 25
AZ-VI 25
AZ-VI 8
AZH 25
AZM 2S
AZO AZ 130
Azobis 50C
Azobis CA
Azobis CA 110B
Azobis CA 51C
Azobiscarbonamide
Azobiscarboxamide
Azobul
Azobul B
Azocel
Azodicarbamide
Azodicarbonamide
Azodicarboxylic acid diamide
Azodiformamide
Azoform A
Azoplastone
BX 81
BX 81 (blowing agent)
1,2-Diazenedicarboxamide
Formamide,1,1′-azobis-
Diazenedicarboxamide
Azobiscarbonamide
Azobiscarboxamide
Azodicarbonamide
Azodicarboxamide
Azodiformamide
Δ1,1′-Biurea
Celogen AZ
Lucel ADA
Porofor 505
Porofor ChKhZ 21
Kempore R 125
ChKhZ 21
Genitron AC
Genitron AC 4
Genitron AC 2
1,1′-Azobis[formamide]
Unifoam AZ
Azodicarbamide
Azodicarboxylic acid diamide
Porofor ChKhZ 21r
ChKhZ 21r
Kempore 125
1,1′-Azobiscarbamide
Pinhole AK 2
Ficel EP-A
Celogen AZ 130
Celogen AZ 199
1,1′-Azodiformamide
ABFA
Pinhole ACR 3
Genitron EPC
Unifoam AZH 25
Cellmic C 217
Azocel
Ficel AC
Kempore
Porofor ADC
Genitron AC 3
Cellmic CAP 500
Poramid K 1
Paramid K 1
Cellmic 223
Unifoam AZ-L
Kempore 60/40
Azoplastone
Cellmic CE
Evipor
Vinyfor AC 50S
Nortech MF 1062FA
AZM 2S
Vinyfor AC 3
Unifoam AZH-M
Unifoam AZH
Kempore 200
ADC
Cellmic C
Cellmic CAP
Azoform A
Vinyfor AC 3M
Cellmic C 22
ADCA
Vinyfor AC 1
AW 9
Vinyfor AW 9
Genitron ACSP 4
Vinyfor SW 7
AC 3
Rhenogran ADC/K 50
Azobis CA
Azobis CA 51C
Azobis CA 110B
Vinyfor SW 9
Vinifor AC 3A
Vinifor AC-T
Vinyfor SE 30
Cellmic C 2
Azobis 50C
Cellmic MB 3013
ADK Stab OF 14
Unifoam AZM
Cellmic C 191
AC 1L
AZ-
Unifoam AZS
Vinylol AC
Vinyfor FE 788
S 643
DP 45/1
Cellmic MB 1031A
SO 20
Vinyfor DW 6
AC 1
Porofor KA 9149
Fascom AZ 4ED
Unifoam SO
AZ-HM
Unifoam AZ 40
Vinyfor AC 3C
AA 110S
Azobul
Vinyfor AC-LQ
DP 18/47
AC 1C
Unifoam Z
Unicell D 200
AZ 605
Vinyfor AC 1C
52737-71-0
62494-61-5
62494-62-6
62494-85-
65098-86-4
65098-87-5
72514-45-5
73247-42-4
73905-77-8
81774-20-1
89073-35-8
97707-96-5
131715-26-9
183256-78-2
218433-14-8
221272-72-6
882507-89-3
882523-85-5
885108-45-2
1006730-14-8
1242528-98-8
1349861-61-5
1394903-25-3
2250070-22-3
1,1’-Azobiscarbamide
1,1’-Azobis-Formamid
1,1’-Azodiformamide
1,1'-Azodiformamide
Abfa
az
Dicarbamoyldimide
Azodicarboxamide
az
abfa
chkhz21
chkhz21r
ficelep-a
celogenaz
celosenaz
genitronac
celogenaz199
celogenaz130
Azodiformamide
azodicarboamide
AZODICARBOXAMIDE
Azodicarboxamide
Azodicarbonamide
AC Blowing agent
DICARBAMOYLDIMIDE
azobiscarbonamide
azobiscarboxamide
delta(1,1')-biurea
1,1'-azodiformamide
1,1'-Azodiformamide
1,1'-azodiformamide
1,1-Azobisformamide
1,1'-azobis-formamid
1,1'-azobiscarbamide
Diazenedicarboxamide
1,1'-azobis-formamid
1,1'-azobisformamide
1,1'-azobiscarbamide
diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide
(E)-diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide
(2E)-tetraaz-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxamide
Azodicarbonamide
Azodicarboxamide
123-77-3
Diazenedicarboxamide
Azobisformamide
Azodiformamide
Azobiscarbonamide
Azobiscarboxamide
Azodicarbamide
Azodicarboamide
Celogen AZ
1,1'-Azodiformamide
1,1'-Azobiscarbamide
1,1'-Azobisformamide
Porofor ChKhZ 21
Azodicarboxylic acid diamide
Genitron AC
Yunihomu AZ
Genitron EPC
Celosen AZ
Unifoam AZ
Uniform AZ
Lucel ADA
C,C'-Azodi(formamide)
Porofor ADC/R
Genitron AC 2
Genitron AC 4
Ficel EP-A
Pinhole ACR 3
Pinhole AK 2
Porofor DhKhZ 21
ABFA
Kempore 125
Porofor 505
Porofor ChKhZ 21R
Celogen AZ 130
Celogen AZ 199
Kempore R 125
ChKhz 21
ChKhZ 21r
1,2-Diazenedicarboxamide
Formamide, 1,1'-azobis-
(E)-carbamoyliminourea
NCI-C55981
Diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide
NSC-674447
1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE)
1,1'-Azobis[formamide]
E927a
56Z28B9C8O
NSC-41038
Kempore
Nitropore
(E)-(carbamoylimino)urea
Poramid K 1
DTXCID104553
Unifoam AZH 25
Kempore 60/40
delta(1,1')-Biurea
Porofor-lk 1074
CCRIS 842
HSDB 1097
EINECS 204-650-8
NSC 41038
UN3242
(E)-diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide
DTXSID0024553
NSC 674447
Azoplastone
Vinyfor
Azocel
Evipor
UNII-56Z28B9C8O
AI3-52516
NSC674447
Azoform A
Paramid K1
CAS-123-77-3
(carbamoylimino)urea
Azobis CA 51C
Azobis CA 110B
Formamide,1'-azobis-
Azodicarboxamide, 97%
LN: ZVNUNVZY
.delta.1,1'-Biurea
AZM 2S
EC 204-650-8
.delta.(1,1')-Biurea
AZODICARBONAMIDE [MI]
AZODICARBONAMIDE [FCC]
Azodicarboxamide, 99%, FCC
CHEMBL28517
CHEBI:156571
NSC41038
Tox21_201849
Tox21_303264
BDBM50455377
MFCD00007958
s2430
AKOS006223494
1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE) [HSDB]
NCGC00091844-01
NCGC00091844-02
NCGC00091844-03
NCGC00257169-01
NCGC00259398-01
A0567
AM20080172
Azodicarboxamide, analytical reference material
Azodicarbonamide [UN3242]
EN300-7590294
A805148
J-519624
Diazenedicarboxamide
1,1'-Azobisformamide
1,1'-Azobis[formamide]
1,1'-Azobiscarbamide
1,1'-Azodiformamide
1500TID
A 9660
AA 110S
ABFA; AC
AC (foaming agent)
AC 1
AC 1000
AC 1000 (blowing agent)
AC 135
AC 150P
AC 170
AC 1C
AC 1L
AC 2F-K3
AC 3
AC 3000
AC 3000H
AC 3C2
AC 3K2
AC 5000
AC 5000 (blowing agent)
AC 902
AC-EFS
AC-K 3
AC-K-F 3
AC-LQ
AC-R
ADC
ADC 21
ADCA
ADK Stab OF 14
AK 2
AW 9
AZ 120
AZ 130
AZ 199
AZ 3050I
AZ 605
AZ Ultra 3050
AZ-H
AZ-HM
AZ-L 25
AZ-VI 25
AZ-VI 8
AZH 25
AZM 2S
AZO AZ 130
Azobis 50C
Azobis CA
Azobis CA 110B
Azobis CA 51C
Azobiscarbonamide
Azobiscarboxamide
Azobul
Azobul B
Azocel
Azodicarbamide
Azodicarbonamide
Azodicarboxylic acid diamide
Azodiformamide
Azoform A
Azoplastone
BX 81
BX 81 (blowing agent)
CA 500
CS 4M
Cel-Span 693K
Cellborn DW 6
Cellcom A
Cellcom AC 7000DB
Cellmic 223
Cellmic 523
Cellmic C
Cellmic C 1
Cellmic C 121
Cellmic C 191
Cellmic C 2
Cellmic C 217
Cellmic C 22
Cellmic CA 500
Cellmic CAP
Cellmic CAP 500
Cellmic CE
Cellmic M 257
Cellmic MB 1031A
Cellmic MB 3013
Cellmic RUB
Celogen 125FF
Celogen 725B
Celogen 765A
Celogen AZ
Celogen AZ 120
Celogen AZ 130
Celogen AZ 150
Celogen AZ 199
Celogen AZ 3990
ChKhZ 21
ChKhZ 21r
D 1500
D 200
D 300LN
D 400
DP 18/47
DP 45/1
Daiblow AC
Daiblow AC 2040L
Emarcell BA
Evipor
Excellar S 10
FB 800
FBH 30
FE 788
Fascom AZ 4ED
Ferrocell AZC 13R
Ficel AC
Ficel EP-A
GMA 401
Genitron AC
Genitron AC 2
Genitron AC 3
Genitron AC 4
Genitron ACSP 4
Genitron EPC
HM 80A
Kempore
Kempore 125
Kempore 200
Kempore 60/40
Kempore R 125
Lagocell 20
Lucel ADA
Luvopor 9241
Luvopor ABF 70P-FF
MB 31
Microfine ADC 4075
NSC 41038
NSC 674447
Nortech MF 1062FA
Paramid K 1
Pinhole ACR 3
Pinhole AK
Poramid K 1
Porofor 505
Porofor ADC
Porofor ADC/E-C 2
Porofor ADC/L-C 2
Porofor ADC/M-C 1
Porofor ADC/S-C 2
Porofor ChKhZ 21
Porofor ChKhZ 21r
Porofor KA 9149
Porofor M-C 1
Rhenogran ADC/K 50
S 643
SO 20; SO-G 3
SO-G 3 (foamer)
SOL; Supercell AZ 2D
Supercell K-D
Supercell L-D
Supercell V-D
Tracel DB 170
Tracel DB 201/50PE
Unicell D
Unicell D 1500
Unicell D 200
Unicell D 200A
Unicell D 400
Unicell DK 9
Unifoam 1100
Unifoam AZ
Unifoam AZ 40
Unifoam AZ 50
Unifoam AZ Ultra 3050I
Unifoam AZ Ultra 3220
Unifoam AZ Ultra 7043
Unifoam AZ-L
Unifoam AZ-L 25
Unifoam AZ-MFE 583
Unifoam AZ-T 8
Unifoam AZ-V 45
Unifoam AZ-VI 50
Unifoam AZH
Unifoam AZH 25
Unifoam AZH-M
Unifoam AZM
Unifoam AZS
Unifoam AZSO 20
Unifoam SOL
Unifoam Z
Uniform AZ Ultra 1035
Uquifoam L
VP 600
Vinfom AA 100
Vinfom AA 250H
Vinifor AC 3A
Vinifor AC-T
Vinyfor AC
Vinyfor AC 1
Vinyfor AC 1C
Vinyfor AC 1L
Vinyfor AC 2F
Vinyfor AC 3
Vinyfor AC 3C
Vinyfor AC 3C-K2
Vinyfor AC 3K2
Vinyfor AC 3K7
Vinyfor AC 3M
Vinyfor AC 3M-K2
Vinyfor AC 50S
Vinyfor AC-LQ
Vinyfor AC-R
Vinyfor AW 9
Vinyfor DW 6
Vinyfor FE 788
Vinyfor FZ 80
Vinyfor SE 30
Vinyfor ST 70
Vinyfor SW 7
Vinyfor SW 9
Vinylol AC
Δ1,1'-Biurea



AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR)
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is an orange crystalline.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a synthetic chemical that exists at ambient temperature as a yellow-orange crystalline solid.


CAS Number: 123-77-3
EC Number: 204-650-8
Molecular Formula: C2H4N4O2 / NH2CON=NCONH2



Azodicarbonamide, Azodicarboxamide, 123-77-3, Diazenedicarboxamide, Azobisformamide, Azodiformamide, Azobiscarbonamide, Azobiscarboxamide, Azodicarbamide, Azodicarboamide, Celogen AZ, 1,1'-Azodiformamide, 1,1'-Azobiscarbamide, 1,1'-Azobisformamide, Porofor ChKhZ 21, Azodicarboxylic acid diamide, Genitron AC, Yunihomu AZ, Genitron EPC, Celosen AZ, Unifoam AZ, Uniform AZ, Lucel ADA, C,C'-Azodi(formamide), Porofor ADC/R, Genitron AC 2, Genitron AC 4, Ficel EP-A,
Pinhole ACR 3, Pinhole AK 2, Porofor DhKhZ 21, ABFA, Kempore 125, Porofor 505, Porofor ChKhZ 21R, Celogen AZ 130, Celogen AZ 199, Kempore R 125, ChKhz 21, ChKhZ 21r, 1,2-Diazenedicarboxamide, Formamide, 1,1'-azobis-, (E)-carbamoyliminourea, NCI-C55981, Diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide, NSC-674447, 1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE), 1,1'-Azobis[formamide], E927a, 56Z28B9C8O, NSC-41038, Kempore, Nitropore, (E)-(carbamoylimino)urea, Poramid K 1, DTXCID104553, Unifoam AZH 25, Kempore 60/40, delta(1,1')-Biurea, Porofor-lk 1074 (bayer), CAS-123-77-3, CCRIS 842, HSDB 1097, EINECS 204-650-8, NSC 41038, UN3242, (E)-diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide, DTXSID0024553, NSC 674447, Azoplastone, Vinyfor, Azocel, Evipor, UNII-56Z28B9C8O, AI3-52516, NSC674447, Azoform A, Paramid K1,
(carbamoylimino)urea, Azobis CA 51C, Azobis CA 110B, Formamide,1'-azobis-, Azodicarboxamide, 97%, LN: ZVNUNVZY, .delta.1,1'-Biurea, AZM 2S, EC 204-650-8, .delta.(1,1')-Biurea, AZODICARBONAMIDE [MI], AZODICARBONAMIDE [FCC], Azodicarboxamide, 99%, FCC, CHEMBL28517, CHEBI:156571, NSC41038, Tox21_201849, Tox21_303264, BDBM50455377, MFCD00007958, s2430, AKOS006223494, 1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE) [HSDB], NCGC00091844-01, NCGC00091844-02, NCGC00091844-03, NCGC00257169-01, NCGC00259398-01, A0567, AM20080172, Azodicarboxamide, analytical reference material, Azodicarbonamide [UN3242], EN300-7590294, A805148, J-519624, 1,1'-Azobisformamide, C,C'-azodi(formamide), AC Blowing Agent, Blowing Agent ADC, Porofor, ADC, Azodicarbonamide, Azo dicarboxylic amide,
C,C'-Azodi(formamide), Porofor Blowing Agent, Azodicarbonamide, Diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide, 1,2-Diazenedicarboxamide, 123-77-3, Diazenedicarboxamide, 1,1'-Azobis[formamide], 1,1'-Azobiscarbamide, 1,1'-Azobisformamide, 1,1'-Azodiformamide, 1,2-Diazenedicarboxamide, ADK Stab OF 14, AZ Ultra 3050, Azobis CA, Azobis CA 110B, Azobis CA 51C, Azobiscarbonamide, Azobiscarboxamide, Azobisformamide, Azodicarbamide, AZODICARBONAMID, Azodicarboxamide, Azodicarboxylic acid diamide, Azodiformamide, Azoform A, Azoplastone, C,C'-Azodi(formamid), C,C'-azodi(formamida), C,C'-Azodi(formamide), Cellborn DW 6, Cellcom A,
Cellmic 223, Cellmic C, Cellmic C 1, Cellmic C 121, Cellmic C 191, Cellmic C 2, Cellmic C 217, Cellmic C 22, Cellmic CA 500, Cellmic CAP, Cellmic CAP 500, Cellmic CE, Cellmic M 257, Cellmic MB 1031A, Cellmic MB 3013, Celogen 125FF, Celogen 725B, Celogen 765A, Celogen AZ, Celogen AZ 120, Celogen AZ 130, Celogen AZ 199, Celogen AZ 3990, Daiblow AC, Daiblow AC 2040L, DIAZENEDICARBOXYAMIDE, Emarcell BA, Excellar S 10, Fascom AZ 4ED, Ferrocell AZC 13R, Ficel AC, Ficel EP-A, Formamide, 1,1'-azobis-, Genitron AC, Genitron AC 2, Genitron AC 3, Genitron AC 4, Genitron ACSP 4, Genitron EPC, Genitron EPE, Kempore, Kempore 125, Kempore 200, Kempore 60/40, Kempore R 125, Lagocell 20, Lucel ADA, Luvopor 9241, Luvopor ABF 70P-FF, Nortech MF 1062FA, NSC 41038, NSC 674447,
Paramid K 1, Pinhole ACR 3, Pinhole AK 2, Poramid K 1, Porofor 505, Porofor ADC, Porofor ADC/E-C 2, Porofor ADC/L-C 2, Porofor ADC/M-C 1, Porofor ADC/S-C 2, Porofor ChKhZ 21, Porofor ChKhZ 21r, Porofor KA 9149, Rhenogran ADC/K 50, Supercell AZ 2D, Supercell K-D, Supercell L-D, Supercell V-D, Tracel DB 201/50PE,
UN 3242, Unicell D, Unicell D 1500, Unicell D 200, Unicell D 200A, Unicell D 400, Unifoam 1100, Unifoam AZ, Unifoam AZ 40, Unifoam AZ 50, Unifoam AZ Ultra 3220, Unifoam AZH, Unifoam AZH 25, Unifoam AZH-M, Unifoam AZ-L, Unifoam AZ-L 25, Unifoam AZM, Unifoam AZ-MFE 583, Unifoam AZS, Unifoam AZSO 20, Unifoam AZ-T 8, Unifoam AZ-V 45, Unifoam SOL, Unifoam Z, Vinifor AC 3A, Vinifor AC-T, Vinyfor AC, Vinyfor AC 1, Vinyfor AC 1C, Vinyfor AC 1L, Vinyfor AC 2F,
Vinyfor AC 3, Vinyfor AC 3C, Vinyfor AC 3C-K2, Vinyfor AC 3M, Vinyfor AC 3M-K2, Vinyfor AC 50S, Vinyfor AC-LQ, Vinyfor AC-R, Vinyfor AW 9, Vinyfor DW 6, Vinyfor FE 788, Vinyfor FZ 80, Vinyfor SE 30, Vinyfor SW 7, Vinyfor SW 9, Vinylol AC, ?1,1'-Biurea, Azodicarboamide, delta(1,1')-Biurea, Celosen AZ, EINECS 204-650-8, NCI-C55981, Nitropore, Porofor adc/R, Porofor DhKhZ 21, Uniform AZ, Yunihomu AZ, UNII-56Z28B9C8O, 1006730-14-8, 131715-26-9, 183256-78-2,
218433-14-8, 221272-72-6, 52737-71-0, 62494-61-5, 62494-62-6, 62494-85-3, 65098-86-4, 65098-87-5, 72514-45-5, 73247-42-4, 73905-77-8, 81774-20-1, 882523-85-5, 89073-35-8, 97707-96-5, AZODICARBOXAMIDE, az, Azobisformamide, AC foaming agent, 1,1’-azobiscarbamide, Azodicarbamide, Diazene-1,2-dicarboxaMide, AC Blowing agent, DICARBAMOYLDIMIDE, 1,1-AZOBISFORMAMIDE, 1,2-Diazenedicarboxamide, Formamide,1,1′ azobis-, Diazenedicarboxamide, Azobiscarbonamide, Azobiscarboxamide, Azodicarbonamide, Azodicarboxamide, Azodiformamide, Δ1,1′-Biurea, Celogen AZ, Lucel ADA, Porofor 505, Porofor ChKhZ 21, Kempore R 125, ChKhZ 21, Genitron AC, Genitron AC 4, Genitron AC 2, 1,1′-Azobis[formamide], Unifoam AZ, Azodicarbamide, Azodicarboxylic acid diamide, Porofor ChKhZ 21r, ChKhZ 21r, Kempore 125, 1,1′-Azobiscarbamide, Pinhole AK 2, Ficel EP-A, Celogen AZ 130, Celogen AZ 199, 1,1′-Azodiformamide, ABFA, Pinhole ACR 3, Genitron EPC, Unifoam AZH 25, Cellmic C 217, Azocel, Ficel AC, Kempore, Porofor ADC, Genitron AC 3, Cellmic CAP 500, Poramid K 1, Paramid K 1, Cellmic 223, Unifoam AZ-L, Kempore 60/40, Azoplastone, Cellmic CE, Evipor, Vinyfor AC 50S, Nortech MF 1062FA, AZM 2S, Vinyfor AC 3, Unifoam AZH-M, Unifoam AZH, Kempore 200, ADC, Cellmic C, Cellmic CAP, Azoform A, Vinyfor AC 3M, Cellmic C 22, ADCA, Vinyfor AC 1, AW 9, Vinyfor AW 9, Genitron ACSP 4, Vinyfor SW 7, AC 3, Rhenogran ADC/K 50, Azobis CA, Azobis CA 51C, Azobis CA 110B, Vinyfor SW 9, Vinifor AC 3A, Vinifor AC-T, Vinyfor SE 30, Cellmic C 2, Azobis 50C, Cellmic MB 3013, ADK Stab OF 14, Unifoam AZM, Cellmic C 191, AC 1L, AZ-H, Unifoam AZS, Vinylol AC, Vinyfor FE 788, S 643, DP 45/1, Cellmic MB 1031A, SO 20, Vinyfor DW 6, AC 1, Porofor KA 9149, Fascom AZ 4ED, Unifoam SOL, AZ-HM, Unifoam AZ 40, Vinyfor AC 3C, AA 110S, Azobul, Vinyfor AC-LQ, DP 18/47, AC 1C, Unifoam Z, Unicell D 200, AZ 605, Vinyfor AC 1C, 52737-71-0, 62494-61-5, 62494-62-6, 62494-85-3, 65098-86-4, 65098-87-5, 72514-45-5, 73247-42-4, 73905-77-8, 81774-20-1, 89073-35-8, 97707-96-5, 131715-26-9, 183256-78-2, 218433-14-8, 221272-72-6, 882507-89-3, 882523-85-5, 885108-45-2, 1006730-14-8, 1242528-98-8, 1349861-61-5, 1394903-25-3, 2250070-22-3, 1,1'-Azobisformamide, 1,1'-Azobis(formamide), 1,1'-Azobiscarbamide, 1,1'-Azodiformamide, ABFA, Azobiscarbonamide, Azobiscarboxamide, Azobisformamide, Azodicarbamide, Azodicarboamide, Azodicarbonamide, Azodicarboxamide, Azodicarboxylic acid diamide, Azodiformamide, Celogen AZ, Celogen AZ 130, Celogen AZ 199, Celosen AZ, ChKhZ 21r, ChKhz 21, ChKhz 21R, Diazenedicarboxamide, Ficel EP-A, Formamide, 1,1'-azobis-, Genitron AC, Genitron AC 2, Genitron AC 4, Genitron EPC, Kempore, Kempore 125, Kempore 60/40, Kempore R 125, Lucel ADA, Nitropore, Pinhole ACR 3, Pinhole AK 2, Poramid K 1, Porofor 505, Porofor ChKhZ 21r, Porofor Chkhz 21, Porofor Chkhz 21R, Porofor DhKhZ 21, Porofor adc/R, Porofor-lk 1074 (bayer), Unifoam AZ, Unifoam AZH 25, Uniform AZ, Yunihomu AZ, delta(1,1')-Biurea, UN3242, FerrocellAZC 13R, Ficel AC, Ficel EP-A, Genitron EPC, Genitron EPE, HM 80A, Kempore, Kempore 125, Kempore 200, Kempore 60/40, Kempore R 125, Lagocell 20, Lucel ADA, Luvopor 9241, Luvopor ABF70P-FF, MB 31, NSC 41038, NSC 674447, Nortech MF 1062FA, Paramid K 1, PinholeACR 3, Pinhole AK 2, Poramid K 1, Porofor 505, Porofor ADC, S 643, SO 20, SO-G 3, SO-G 3 (foamer), SOL, Supercell AZ 2D, Supercell K-D, Supercell L-D, SupercellV-D, Tracel DB 201/50PE, Unicell D, Unicell D 1500, Azodicarbonamide (NX-4000), Formamide, 1,1'-azobis- (6CI,8CI), 1,1'-Azobis[formamide], 1,1'-Azobiscarbamide, 1,1'-Azodiformamide, 1500TID, A 9660, AA 110S, ABFA, AC (foaming agent), AC 1000 (blowing agent), AC 170, AC 1C, AC 1L, AC 2F-K3, AC 3000, AC 3C2, AC 3K2, AC-EFS, AC-K 3, AC-K-F 3, AC-LQ, AC-R, ADC, ADC 21, ADK Stab OF 14, AW 9, AZ 120, AZ 130, AZ 199, AZ 3050I, AZ 605, AZ Ultra 3050, AZ-H, AZO AZ 130, Azobis 50C, Azobis CA, Azobul, Azobul B, Azocel, Azodicarbamide, Diazenedicarboxamide(9CI), ADC blowing agent, (1E)-1-aminocarbonyliminourea, (E)-carbamoyliminourea, .delta.(1,1')-biurea, 1,1'-Azobis[formamide], 1,1'-Azodiformamide, ABFA, Azodicarbamide, Azodicarboamide, Azodicarboxamide, Azodicarboxylic acid diamide, Azodiformamide, c,c'-azodi(formamide), Celogen AZ, Celogen az 130, Celogen az 199, Celosen AZ, CHKHZ 21, CHKHZ 21R, Delta(1,1')-biurea, Ficel ep-A, Formamide, 1,1'-azobis-, Genitron AC, Genitron ac 2, Genitron ac 4, Genitron epc, Kempore, Kempore 125, Kempore 60/40, Kempore R 125, Ln: zvnunvzy, Lucel ada, Nitropore, Pinhole acr 3, Pinhole ak 2, Poramid K 1, Porofor 505, Porofor adc/r, Porofor chkhz 21, Porofor chkhz 21r, Porofor dhkhz 21, Unifoam AZ, Unifoam azh 25, Uniform AZ, Yunihomu AZ, AZODICARBONAMIDE, AI3-52516, CCRIS 842, EINECS 204-650-8, HSDB 1097, NCI-C55981, NSC 41038, NSC 674447, POROFOR-LK 1074,



Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a synthetic chemical that exists at ambient temperature as a yellow-orange crystalline solid.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) appears as a yellow-to-orange powder. Insoluble in water and common solvents.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a yellow powder with a specific gravity of 1.65, non-toxic, odorless, flammable.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is the most widely used organic blowing agent.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) has excellent dispersion with high outgassing.


The gases released are non-toxic, odorless and free of contaminants.
The main gas released is nitrogen, which is difficult to escape from the foamed object.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) decomposes at 210–215°C and its decomposition temperature can be reduced to 150–190°C by the addition of catalysts (eg some zinc-containing compounds) to adapt to the requirements of different materials.


The temperature of Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR)'s decomposition can also be reduced by adding organic acids and their salts, urea, carbamylurea, borax, ethanolamine, lead salts, etc.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) can be taken into account as part of the formula.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) blowing agent is the most widely consumed chemical blowing agent, it is widely used in the foaming of PVC, PE, EVA, PP, PS, NR, ABS, Polyamide 66, CR, NBR, IIR, SBR, EPDM, silicone rubber and PVC/NBR mixtures both under normal conditions and under pressure.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is suitable for close pore foaming, normal or high pressure foaming, thin or thick foams.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is stable in particle size, stable in quality and suitable for high and medium class products that have high demands on their appearance and performance.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) appears as a yellow to orange powder. Insoluble in water and common solvents.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a porophore (foaming agent) of thermoplastics and elastomers during casting, extrusion and rotational molding.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR)'s use helps to increase porosity.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) has a light yellow color, there is no smell.
Among all industrial blowing agents, Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is the most economical and most widely applied organic chemical blowing agent.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a type of yellow or light yellow crystal in powder form.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR)'s specific gravity is 1.65 and is nontoxic and odorless.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) decomposes between 200-210℃.
By adding some activating agent to Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) will lower its decomposition temperature down to 150℃ or even lower, which further enlarges its application fields.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) has good dispersibility, large gas yield and nontoxic decomposition products.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is an orange crystalline powder
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is an organic molecular entity.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a yellow to orange powder.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) appears as a yellow to orange powder. Insoluble in water and common solvents.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide. Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is nontoxic.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is an organic molecular entity.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is bleaching agent for flour.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) belongs to the family of Azo Compounds.


These are derivatives ofA diazene(diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g. PhN=NPhA azobenzeneA or diphenyldiazene.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) foaming agent appearance for yellow to light yellow powder,the finer particle, the lighter color.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is insoluble in water and common solvents.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is water insoluble.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) represents yellow powder with unit weight 1.65, is not poisonous, flavourless, goryuch.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is the most widely used organic foaming agent.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) possesses excellent dispersion with high level of gas evolution.


The emitted gases are not poisonous, do not smell and have no pollution.
The main emitted gas is nitrogen which hardly comes out the made foam object.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) decays at 210 - 215 °C, and temperature of its decomposition can be reduced to 150 - 190 °C by addition of catalysts (for example, some zinc - the containing structures) for adaptation to requirements of different materials.


Temperature of Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR)'s decomposition can be also reduced by addition of organic acids and their salts, urea, biurets, borax, ethanolamine, lead salts, etc.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) can be considered as a part of formula.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) foaming agent appearance for yellow to light yellow powder,the finer particle, the lighter color.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR)’s taken as an important processing agent for synthetic materials, widely used in the non-pressurized and pressurized blowing of PVC,PE,PP,synthetic and natural rubber ,etc.


Ordinary Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) decomposes at the temperatures of 200-220℃, to meet the requirements of Rubber and Plastics processing,usually the decomposition temperature is adjusted adding special additives.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a strong organic foaming agent of heat decomposition type.


The decomposition temperature range of Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is small.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) can be decomposed into N2, CO, CO2.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is free from poison, smell and pollution, but it can be decomposed at high temperature (>120°C).


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) has a particularly fine, precisely controlled particle size for reliable performance.
In the presence of activators, Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR)'s addition leads to an earlier and more rapid decomposition as compared to an azodicarbonic acid diamide with a coarser average particle size.


This effect causes a more complete decomposition and leads to whiter foams.
With a gas yield of about 220 to 230 ml/g, Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a cost effective blowing agent with an excellent cost/performance ratio.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a low-dust, organic chemical blowing agent.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a cost-effective additive with an excellent cost/performance ratio.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) possesses a particularly fine, precisely controlled particle size for reliable performance.


In the presence of activators, Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR)'s addition leads to an earlier and more rapid decomposition as compared to an azodicarbonic acid di-amide with a coarser average particle size.
This effect causes a more complete decomposition and leads to whiter foams.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used Catalyst for flexible polyester foams, molded foams, and moisture-cured foams and coatings.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used Good blowing catalyst that does not cause cross-linking.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used as an additive to wheat flour breads and dough to improve the physical properties of the dough and the baking performance.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is also used to optimize the levels of oxidant/reducing agents in the baking of wheat flour.
A blowing or foaming agent, added to increase porosity, Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used in the manufacturing of plastics and rubbers.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is also used as a bleaching and maturing agent in cereal flour (commercial baking) and to produce auto exhaust catalysts.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural/synthetic rubbers.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is also used as a food additive, such as an aging and bleaching ingredient in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is odorless and non-pollutive, and is mainly used for production of closed-cell foam products.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a dough conditioner that exists as a yellow to orange-red crystalline powder practically insoluble in water.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used in aging and bleaching cereal flour to produce a more manage- able dough and a lighter, more voluminous loaf of bread.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used in bread flours and bread as a dough conditioner.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) can be used with the oxidizing agent potassium bromate. a typical use level is less than 45 ppm.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used as an additive to wheat flour breads and dough to improve the physical properties of the dough and the baking performance.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is also used to optimize the levels of oxidant/re ducing agents in the baking of wheat flour.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used as blowing and foaming agent for plastics; as maturing and bleaching agent in cereal flour.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural/synthetic rubbers.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is also used as a food additive, such as an aging and bleaching ingredient in cereal flour and as a dough conditioner in bread baking.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) foaming agent is the most widely consumed chemical foaming agent, and it is widely used when foaming PVC, PE, EVA, PP, PS, NR, ABS, polyamide 66, CR, NBR, IIR, SBR, EPDM, silicone rubber and PVC/NBR of mixes as under normal conditions, and under pressure.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is suitable for foaming with close time, foaming with standard or high pressure, tonkosl or thick foams.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is steady on particle size, steady on quality and is suitable for products of high and middle class which have high requirements to the appearance and work.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used as a foaming agent for producing of various foamed plastics as PVC, EVA, PP, PE, PS etc., imitation leather and plastic products with high demands and dense, homogeneous apertures.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used to get good elasticity, homogeneous foamed apertures and high strength of the appropriate production


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used blowing and foaming agent for PVC, Rubber, EVA and other thermoplastic materials.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used creating foam structure at high and low temperatures.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a low-dust organic chemical blowing agent for the production of polymer foam that is used in polymer melts, rubber compounds and PVC plastisols.


Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is a universally applicable chemical blowing agent based on azodicarbonic acid diamide.
Areas of Applications of Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR): Blowing agents for polymers, Manufacturing of plastics, PVC, Polymers, and Polymer auxiliaries
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is used for the production of polymer foam that is used in polymer melts, rubber compounds and PVC plastisols.



PROPERTIES & BENEFITS OF AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
*small particle size
*excellent cost performance
*leads to whiter foams



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
Azodicarbonamide is confined samples show a high rate of pressure rise during thermal decomposition, which produces carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is sensitive to temperatures exceeding 122°F.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) may be sensitive to exposure to light.

Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is stable in bulk when stored for two weeks at temperatures up to 140°F.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is slightly unstable in water suspension (showed1.3% decomposition at 2 mg/mL over a two-week period at room temperature in the light but no decomposition at 41°F over a two-week period in the dark .

Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) reacts with hot water to give nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and ammonia.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) decomposes in hot hydrochloric acid.
Azodicarbonamide (POROFOR) is incompatible with strong acids and bases, and with compounds of metals.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
Molecular Weight: 116.08 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 116.03342538 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 116.03342538 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 111Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 123
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 1
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Melting point: 220-225 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Boiling point: 217.08°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.65
vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.4164 (estimate)
Flash point: 225 °C
storage temp.: Flammables area

solubility water: soluble0.033g/L at 20°C
pka: 14.45±0.50(Predicted)
form: Solid
color: Orange-red powder or crystals
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE IN HOT WATER
Merck: 14,919
BRN: 1758709
Stability:Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents,
strong acids, strong bases, heavy metal salts.
InChIKey: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N
LogP: -1.148 (est)
FDA 21 CFR: 172.806; 177.1210; 178.3010
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): AZODICARBONAMIDE

CAS DataBase Reference: 123-77-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 5
FDA UNII: 56Z28B9C8O
NIST Chemistry Reference: Diazenedicarboxamide(123-77-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Azodicarbonamide (123-77-3)
Molecular Weight:116.08
Exact Mass:116.08
EC Number:204-650-8
ICSC Number:0380
UN Number:3242
DSSTox ID:DTXSID0024553
Color/Form:Orange-red crystals|Yellow powder|Pale yellow crystalline
HScode:29270000

PSA:110.90000
XLogP3:-0.85
Appearance:
Azodicarbonamide appears as a yellow to orange powder.
Insoluble in water and common solvents.
Soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
Nontoxic.
Density:1.65 g/cm3 @ Temp: 20 °C
Melting Point:225 °C (decomp)
Boiling Point:217.08°C (rough estimate)
Flash Point:225 °C
Refractive Index:1.4164 (estimate)
Water Solubility:water: soluble 0.033g/L at 20°C

Storage Conditions:Flammables area
Vapor Pressure:7.1 mm Hg at 66.2 °F ; 10.7 mm Hg at 79.7° F
Henrys Law Constant:
Henry's Law constant: 8.20X10-13 atm-cu m/mole @ 20 °C /Estimated/
Experimental Properties:
Hydrolyzes at high temperatures to nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
Decomposes in hot hydrochloric acid
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant: 2.00X10-12 cu cm/molecule -sec @ 25 °C
Air and Water Reactions:Water insoluble.
Reactive Group:Amides and Imides
Name: Azodicarbonamide
EINECS: 204-650-8
CAS No.: 123-77-3

Density 1.87 g/cm3
PSA: 110.90000
LogP: 0.99660
Solubility: soluble in hot water
Melting Point: 220-225 ºC (dec.)
Formula: C2H4N4O2
Boiling Point: 284.8 ºC at 760mmHg
Molecular Weight: 116.079
Flash Point: 126 ºC
Transport Information: UN 3242 4.1/PG 2
Appearance: orange crystalline powder
Safety: 22-24-37
Risk Codes: 42-44



FIRST AID MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AZODICARBONAMIDE (POROFOR):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


BAC 50
Zephiran Chloride;Alkylbenzyl-dimethylammonium chloride; Ammonyx; Benirol; Bradophen; Cequartyl; Quaternary ammonium compounds, alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides; Zilkonium chloride; Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; Benzalconio cloruro; Benzalkonii chloridum; Benzalkonium A; Bio-quat; Chlorure de benzalkonium; Cloruro de benzalconio; Quaternium-1; Zephiral; Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride CAS:8001-54-5
BAKUCHIOL OIL
Bakuchiol oil is a natural, plant-derived skincare ingredient that has gained popularity as a potential alternative to retinol.
Bakuchiol oil is derived from the seeds of the Psoralea corylifolia plant, also known as babchi or bakuchi.
Bakuchiol oil has been studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen-boosting properties.

CAS Number: 10309-37-2
Molecular Formula: C18H24O
Molecular Weight: 256.38
EINECS Number: 685-515-4

Bakuchiol, 10309-37-2, (S)-Bakuchiol, (+)-Bakuchiol, Sytenol a, 4-(3-Ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadienyl)phenol, (S)-(+)-Bakuchiol, UNII-OT12HJU3AR, OT12HJU3AR, UP-256, 4-[(1E,3S)-3-ethenyl-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dienyl]phenol, 4-(3,7-Dimethyl-3-vinylocta-1,6-dien-1-yl)phenol, Phenol, 4-[(1E,3S)-3-ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadienyl]-, Phenol, 4-(3-ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadienyl)-, (S-(E))-UP 256, (S,E)-4-(3,7-Dimethyl-3-vinylocta-1,6-dien-1-yl)phenol, (S)-4-(3,7-dimethyl-3-vinylocta-1,6-dien-1-yl)phenol, C18H24O, PHENOL, 4-((1E,3S)-3-ETHENYL-3,7-DIMETHYL-1,6-OCTADIEN-1-YL)-, PHENOL, 4-((1E,3S)-3-ETHENYL-3,7-DIMETHYL-1,6-OCTADIENYL)-, 2197131-28-3, MFCD01707441, NSC671195, Bakuchiol, >=95%, BAKUCHIOL [INCI], Bakuchiol, analytical standard, CHEMBL262344, SCHEMBL9921172, SCHEMBL9928857, P-(3,7-dimethyl-3-vinylocta-trans-1,6-dimethyl) phenol, DTXSID401035664, HY-N0235, BDBM50478311, HB0129, AKOS015961387, CCG-207939, CCG-208650, CS-3749, NSC-671195, AC-13779, AC-33943, AS-67675, A896623, J-000870, Q4849590, 3,5-Dihydroxytoluene (Orcinol monohydrate / anhydride? ), 4-[(1E,3S)-3,7-dimethyl-3-vinyl-octa-1,6-dienyl]phenol, 4-[(1e,3s)-3-ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-1-yl]phenol, 4-[(1E,3S)-3-ethenyl-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-1-yl]phenol

Bakuchiol oil is often promoted as a gentler option for those who may experience sensitivity or irritation with retinol.
However, Bakuchiol oil's essential to note that while bakuchiol has shown promising results in some studies, it may not replicate all the effects of retinol.
Bakuchiol oil is a form of vitamin A commonly used in skincare for its anti-aging and skin-renewing properties.

Bakuchiol oil is extracted from the seeds of the Psoralea Corylifolia plant and is commonly used in lotions, hair care, anti-ageing products and emulsions.
Bakuchiol oil is fast growing in the skincare industry, as it is believed to act as a natural retinol alternative.
Bakuchiol oil is much gentler on the skin and doesn’t cause dryness and irritation that is commonly found with retinol use.

Because Bakuchiol oil is plant-based, Bakuchiol oil is also a clean and natural vegan alternative.
In addition to this, Bakuchiol oil's also reported to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities.
Bakuchiol oil is a vegan skincare ingredient found in the leaves and seeds of the Psoralea corylifolia plant.

Bakuchiol oil is a potent antioxidant, visibly reduces skin discolourations from environmental exposure, and has a pronounced soothing effect on skin.
Bakuchiol oil can also reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, which is why seeing it in more skincare products.
Bakuchiol oil has its roots in Chinese Medicine, and the latest research shows topical application has unique benefits for all skin types.

Bakuchiol oil is an extract from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (nicknamed "babchi"), a plant grown in India that’s been a staple of traditional Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for many years.
Similar to retinoids, bakuchiol appears to stimulate collagen producing receptors in the skin.
The difference is less risk of side effects.

Bakuchiol oil’s sold in serums and creams, many of which combine bakuchiol with other botanicals, like rosehip and seaweed.
Bakuchiol oil works to soothe and help heal skin and has the ability to reduce fine lines and wrinkles.
Bakuchiol oil can also even the skin tone, improving the skins texture.
Individuals with specific skincare concerns or conditions should consult with a dermatologist to determine the most suitable ingredients for their skincare routine.

Bakuchiol oil aids in reducing dark spots, brightening the face, and treating hyperpigmentation.
Bakuchiol oil is often used in skincare products for its potential anti-aging effects.
Bakuchiol oil has been shown to help reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and other signs of aging.

Bakuchiol oil may stimulate collagen production in the skin.
Collagen is a protein that provides structure and elasticity to the skin, and its production tends to decrease with age.
Bakuchiol oil exhibits antioxidant properties, which means it can help neutralize free radicals in the skin.

Free radicals are unstable molecules that can contribute to premature aging and damage to skin cells.
Some studies suggest that Bakuchiol oil may have anti-inflammatory effects, making it potentially beneficial for individuals with sensitive or irritated skin.
Bakuchiol oil has gained popularity as a natural alternative to retinol.

While retinol can be effective, Bakuchiol oil may also cause irritation for some individuals.
Bakuchiol oil is often considered a milder option with similar benefits.
One of the notable advantages of Bakuchiol oil is its potential to be well-tolerated by individuals with sensitive skin, unlike retinol, which can cause irritation in some cases.

Skincare products containing bakuchiol may also include other beneficial ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, peptides, and botanical extracts to enhance overall skin health and hydration.
The oil is obtained from the Bakuchi plant which is native to South Asia.
The Bakuchiol oil is pressed directly from the leaves and has been used in Chinese medicine for generations.

In recent years Bakuchiol oil has been tested and used in Western medicine and cosmetics due to its skin improving qualities.
Bakuchiol oil is a Seed Oil and traditionally used in Ayurveda for treating dermatological conditions.
A plant derived, natural alternative to vitamin A Bakuchiol oil has been found to have both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Cold pressed from the seeds of the Psoralia Corylifolia plant this rich, Bakuchiol oil with it's nutty aroma has a long history in Ayurvedic medicine but is now becoming increasingly more popular in skin care preparations.
Like retinol, Bakuchiol oil helps prevent fine lines and wrinkles while also improving skin firmness and elasticity, Unlike retinol, bakuchiol is natural and vegan.
This powerful ingredient is effective in reversing aging and protecting the skin from further damage.

Bakuchiol oil helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots, while also improving skin texture and tone.
Bakuchiol oil A is also known for its ability to support collagen production, which is essential for maintaining skin elasticity and firmness.
Bakuchiol oil helps to plump up the skin and reduce the appearance of sagging or loose skin, resulting in a more youthful-looking complexion.

Bakuchiol oil is clinically proven to reduce fine lines, stimulate collagen production and boost skin elasticity and reverse aging.
Bakuchiol oil has soothing properties which help to comfort skin and minimise issues associated with sensitivity and reactivity.
Bakuchiol oil is also a potent antioxidant and helps fight signs of ageing, such as fine lines and loss of firmness by targeting free radicals.

Antioxidants also help to protect the skin from pollution and environmental stressors which can cause damage.
Research has shown that bakuchiol has a range of anti-ageing benefits for skin.
Bakuchiol oil can reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, help restore firmness, refine skin texture and even out skin tone.

Bakuchiol oil helps to calm skin making it a good option for those whose skin shows signs of sensitivity.
Bakuchiol oil derives from the seeds and leaves of the Indian Babchi plant (its official name is the Psoralea Corylifolia).
Bakuchiol oil’s been used in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for centuries and has been found to provide anti-oxidant skin protection from daily environmental and lifestyle stress.

Bakuchiol oil also has calming anti-inflammatory and healing antibacterial properties – making it a real find for all-matter of skin ageing concerns including lessened lines, wrinkles and pigmentation too.
Even those with sensitive skin, or those that haven’t got on with retinol in the past, will be able to enjoy the benefits of Bakuchiol oil.
Bakuchiol oil’s even safe to use while pregnant and breastfeeding, unlike retinol.

Bakuchiol oil’s a vegan-ingredient, so great for those that follow a plant-based lifestyle.
Bakuchiol oil is an extract from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (nicknamed "babchi"), a plant grown in India that’s been a staple of traditional Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for many years.
Similar to retinoids, bakuchiol appears to stimulate collagen producing receptors in the skin.

The difference is less risk of side effects.
Bakuchiol oil’s sold in serums and creams, many of which combine bakuchiol with other botanicals, like rosehip and seaweed.
Bakuchiol oil mimics the effects of retinol without the drawbacks, offering a gentle yet effective solution for all skin types.

Bakuchiol oil is extracted from the seeds of the Psoralea corylifolia plant and parts of the plant are widely used in Indian and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of disorders.
Topical application of the Bakuchiol oil shows that it possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties.
But Bakuchiol oil’s main benefit is that the oil has been demonstrated to confer retinol like benefits to the skin – especially for mature skin.

Bakuchiol oil comes from the babchi plant, also called Psoralea corylifolia.
Bakuchiol oil is a natural alternative to retinol (vitamin A) and has the same benefits.
However, unlike retinol, Bakuchiol oil does not have negative effects on the skin, such as irritation.

Bakuchiol oil relieves acne and slows skin aging, tightens skin contours and has an effect on lightening pigment spots.
Thanks to Bakuchiol oil is antibacterial properties, it is gentler than retinol, and is therefore also suitable for people with sensitive skin or skin diseases.
Bakuchiol oil is spoken about as a natural anti-aging active ingredient that is as powerful as Retinol, yet gentler on skin.

Derived from the seeds of the Babchi plant, also called the Psoralea Corylifolia.
Bakuchiol oil has the potential to increase Collagen production* and stimulate cell renewal, helping to minimise signs of aging.
Bakuchiol oil may seem like some new, trendy oil on the skincare block, but it has been around the block for a while. Discovered in 1966, bakuchiol (pronounced bah-koo-chee-all) is a unique compound that’s derived from the seeds and leaves of the bakuchi plant, hence the name “bakuchiol.”

While Bakuchiol oil’s been found in a few other sources like vegetables and animal liver, bakuchiol’s key source is bakuchi plant, making it both vegan and all-natural.
As one of nature’s great skin gifts, bakuchiol oil is great for herbal remedies due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
Bakuchiol oil has been cultivated and used in Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for centuries.

The best qualities of these plants can be found in India and China.
Bakuchiol oil has recently garnered a lot of popularity due to its being a natural and vegan alternative to retinol.
Bakuchiol oil is often referred to as a “retinol-alternative;” and with all the potential side effects that retinol is known for, this makes it a welcome staple in many skincare routines.

Some of the most common side effects include dryness, the potential to cause discomfort, and irritation, which are worsened for sensitive and reactive skin types.
As a result, there was a massive oil hunt from beyond the skincare block to find a safe, effective, plant-based alternative that could provide the benefits of retinol without its undesirable effects and instability.
Since bakuhiol’s initial discovery, our team at 100% PURE has been hard at work to make this plant-based all-star ingredient the ultimate addition to your beauty regimen.

Bakuchiol oil has traditionally been used in Indian and Chinese medicines, but it's rapidly increasing in popularity as people opt for more plant-based ingredients in their skincare routines.
The rise in popularity can also be linked to that of Bakuchiol oil, as it offers many of the same advantages without the potential irritation - making it more suitable for use on sensitive skin.
Bakuchiol oil is a meroterpenoid (a chemical compound having a partial terpenoid structure) in the class terpenophenol.

Bakuchiol oil was first isolated in 1966 by Mehta et al. from Psoralea corylifolia seed and was called Bakuchiol based on the Sanskrit name of the plant, Bakuchi.
Bakuchiol oil is a meroterpene phenol abundant in and mainly obtained from the seeds of the Psoralea corylifolia plant, which is widely used in Indian Ayurveda as well as in Traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases.
Bakuchiol oil has also been isolated from other plants, such as P. grandulosa, P. drupaceae, Ulmus davidiana, Otholobium pubescens, Piper longum and Aerva sangulnolenta Blum.

Even though the first complete synthesis of Bakuchiol oil was described in 1973, its first commercial use in topical applications did not occur until 2007 when it was introduced to the market under the trade name Sytenol A by Sytheon Ltd.
Bakuchiol oil has been reported to have anticancer activity in preclinical models, possibly due to its structural similarity with resveratrol.
One study in rats suggested that Bakuchiol and ethanol extracts of the Chinese medicinal plant Psoralea corylifolia could protect against bone loss.

Bakuchiol oil possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.
Bakuchiol oil isolated from P. corylifolia has shown activity against numerous Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral pathogens.
Bakuchiol oil was able to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans under a range of sucrose concentrations, pH values and in the presence of organic acids in a temperature-dependent manner and also inhibited the growth of cells adhered to a glass surface.

Despite having no structural resemblance to retinol,Bakuchiol oil was found to have retinol functionality through retinol-like regulation of gene expression.
In 2018, a randomized, double-blind, 12-week clinical study with 44 volunteers demonstrated that Bakuchiol oil is comparable with retinol in its ability to improve photoaging (wrinkles, hyperpigmentation) but has a better skin tolerance.
Bakuchiol oil has been found to possess antiandrogenic activity in prostate cancer cells, which inhibited cell proliferation.

Bakuchiol oil is often integrated into both morning and evening anti-age skincare routines, usually paired with hydrating or plumping ingredients such as Hyaluronic Acid.
Bakuchiol oil is one of the most exciting natural skincare ingredients around.
This comprehensive guide will tell everything you need to know before buy or try a Bakuchiol product for face care routine.

Bakuchiol oil is an all-natural, vegan skincare ingredient that is a rich source of antioxidants.
Bakuchiol oil is extracted from the seeds of the Babchi plant (Psoralea corylifolia), a wild plant that is native to the Himalayan region.
Bakuchiol oil has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries due to its various healing properties.

Bakuchiol oil is a powerful antioxidant that has the ability to repair free radical damage caused by daily environmental skin hazards such as UV light, pollution, or pesticides.
Bakuchiol oil can also protect skin from these factors, thus helping to prevent any future damage.
Bakuchiol oil is known for its stability.

Unlike some forms of retinol, which can be sensitive to light and air, Bakuchiol oil tends to be more stable, making it potentially more suitable for various formulations.
Bakuchiol oil is not associated with increased sensitivity to sunlight.
Bakuchiol oil users are often advised to use sunscreen diligently due to its potential to make the skin more susceptible to UV damage.

Bakuchiol oil, on the other hand, does not typically have this photosensitizing effect.
Bakuchiol oil is derived from the seeds of the Psoralea corylifolia plant, which is native to Eastern Asia.
The use of plant-based ingredients in skincare is appealing to those who prefer natural or organic products.

Bakuchiol oil is often considered a cruelty-free alternative to retinol since it is plant-derived and doesn't involve animal testing.
Some formulations containing bakuchiol may also include hydrating ingredients, contributing to improved skin moisture and a smoother complexion.
While Bakuchiol oil is generally well-tolerated, individuals with specific skin conditions or allergies should be cautious and conduct a patch test before incorporating it into their skincare routine.

Bakuchiol oil can be found in various skincare products, including serums, creams, and oils.
Bakuchiol oil has become a popular ingredient in the beauty industry, and many brands incorporate it into their anti-aging and skincare formulations.
Because of the way the pure Bakuchiol oil is extracted directly from the babchi seed, it's an ingredient that has some controversy.

Boiling point: 391℃
Density: 0.963
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.4500 (estimate)
Flash point: 177℃
storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Store in freezer, under -20°C
solubility: Soluble in DMSO (up to 25 mg/ml) or in Ethanol (up to 20 mg/ml)
pka: 10.10±0.26(Predicted)
color: Oil
optical activity: [α]/D +24.0 to +30.0°, c = 0.1 in chloroform
BRN: 3611720
Stability: Stable for 1 year from date of purchase as supplied. Solutions in DMSO or ethanol may be stored at -20°C for up to 1 month.
InChIKey: LFYJSSARVMHQJB-WYMLVPIESA-N
LogP: 5.09 at 20℃ and pH6.31

Bakuchiol oil is a natural active ingredient obtained from the Babchi seeds (psoralea corylifolia plant).
Considered the natural Retinol alternative this ingredient has become increasingly popular in the last few years and is found in many high end brands and as a clean and vegan alternative.
Bakuchiol oil is cold pressed from the seeds of the Psoralea Corylifolia plant.

Bakuchiol oil is brown to dark brown colour, sweet and nutty in aroma and full of essential fatty acids to aid in hair care application and anti-ageing skin care products.
Bakuchiol oil helps prevent moisture loss & absorbs into the lipidic layers of skin easily.
Bakuchiol oil can be added to creams and oils in skin and haircare products with very little odour which makes it easy to formulate with, but it is insoluble in water.

Bakuchiol oil is pronounced ‘back-uh-heel’ and is a powerful, naturally occurring antioxidant that is derived from the psoralea corylifolia plant aka the cute sounding babchi plant.
Bakuchiol oil’s a herb commonly used in Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese medicines to help heal, calm and soothe skin, thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
This long history of skin benefits led scientists in recent years to look at it a little closer.

A clinical trial proved it even effectively speeds up cell turnover helping to diminish potential signs of aging.
While it doesn’t necessarily have the same structural make-up as the skincare junkie fave retinol, Bakuchiol oil’s potent effect on skin is so remarkably similar, it’s now being marketed as natural retinol alternative.
Bakuchiol oil is a relatively new ingredient on the market but it’s one of the only few retinol-like products to be backed by clinical trials that prove it effectively speeds up skin cell regeneration - and we think that's pretty exciting.

Bakuchiol oil functions in a very similar way to a retinol.
In a snapshot- it increases cell turnover which then stimulates collagen production.
This in turn diminishes signs of aging such as fine lines, wrinkles, loose skin and hyperpigmentation.

This is because similarly to retinol, Bakuchiol oil helps to elevate cell behaviour, encouraging the natural shedding of the skin and boosting collagen and elastin production, without the associated side effects (increased sensitivity and redness) of retinol.
Bakuchiol oil is derived from the Babchi plant and has a different chemical structure than retinol.
Though structurally different, Bakuchiol oil is considered a true retinol alternative because clinical studies show that it functions similarly to retinol when applied to the skin.

The upside is that Bakuchiol oil does not cause the same negative side-effects as retinol.
Some of Bakuchiol oil’s most common side-effects include redness, irritation, dryness, sun-sensitivity and peeling.
One of the most concerning side-effects of Bakuchiol oil is that it causes photosensitivity, which means that skin becomes sensitive to sunlight and more susceptible to sun damage.

Bakuchiol oil, pronounced “buh-koo-chee-all”, is a retinol alternative derived from the babchi plant.
Scientifically speaking, Bakuchiol oil’s a meroterpene isolated from the seeds of the babchi plant, also known as psoralea corylifolia.
The babchi plant has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese medicine for its numerous benefits.

However, the seeds are of most interest as they contain significant medicinal properties.
Bakuchiol oil is a cosmetic ingredient that’s considered a true natural retinol alternative, without the irritation, photosensitivity or general concerns associated with traditional retinol products.
Bakuchiol oil is mainly obtained from the seed of Psoralea Corylifolia plant.

Bakuchiol oil is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, commonly used as a remedy for bone fractures, osteomalacia (soft bones) and osteoporosis (a condition where bone strength weakens and is susceptible to fracture), hence the name Bu Gu Zhi in Chinese, which if translated literally, means ‘bone repairing’.
Bakuchiol oil possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacteria properties. Amazingly, despite having no structural resemblance to retinol (vitamin A), Bakuchiol was found to have retinol functionality through retinol-like regulation of gene expression.

In 2018, a randomised, double-blind, 12-week clinical study with 44 volunteers demonstrated that Bakuchiol oil is comparable with retinol in its ability to improve photo-aging, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation but has a much better skin tolerance.
Bakuchiol oil is often credited as the natural alternative to retinol.
Bakuchiol oil is a plant-based ingredient (unlike retinol which is often synthetically produced) that is extracted from the seeds of the babchi plant.

There are two main ingredients that are derived from the babchi plant; both of which we have used in this formula.
The first is babchi or Bakuchiol oil carrier oil which is cold pressed from the seeds; and the other is bakuchiol which is obtained through a proprietary monomolecular extraction process (known by trade name Sytenol A).
The benefits of Bakuchiol oil are very similar to those of retinoids but without the redness, skin irritation and photochemical instability that retinol is associated with.

Bakuchiol oil is known to stimulate collagen production which has the benefit of reducing wrinkles and hyperpigmentation while increasing the skin’s elasticity and resilience.
Bakuchiol oil is also useful in products formulated for acne prone skin as it prevents the process of lipid peroxidation in the skin’s sebum by keeping the acid mantle active.
This reduces the overproduction of bacteria on the skin’s surface and reduces the keratinization of cells.

The 2018 research we mentioned above concluded that Bakuchiol oil is comparable with retinol in its ability to improve photoageing and is better tolerated than retinol.
Bakuchiol oil is often considered a safer option for pregnant or nursing individuals compared to retinol, which is generally advised against during pregnancy.
However, Bakuchiol oil's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before using any skincare products during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Some brands that use Bakuchiol oil in their formulations may emphasize ethical sourcing and sustainable practices.
This can be appealing to consumers who are conscious of the environmental and social impact of the products they use.
Skincare products containing Bakuchiol oil may be formulated with other active ingredients such as niacinamide, vitamin C, or peptides to address multiple skin concerns simultaneously.

Bakuchiol oil has gained recognition globally and is used in skincare products across different regions.
Bakuchiol oil is popularity is partly driven by the growing consumer interest in effective yet natural and plant-derived skincare solutions.
Bakuchiol oil is often praised for its lightweight texture and easy absorption into the skin.

This can contribute to a pleasant user experience, especially for those who prefer non-greasy formulations.
While some studies suggest that Bakuchiol oil can offer benefits similar to retinol, especially in terms of anti-aging effects, it's important to note that the long-term effects and efficacy may vary among individuals.
Continued research is underway to better understand the prolonged use of bakuchiol on the skin.

Some dermatologists recommend Bakuchiol oil for individuals who are unable to tolerate retinol or those looking for a more natural alternative.
However, individual skin types and reactions can vary, so personalized advice is key.

Uses:
Bakuchiol oil is a meroterpen found in the medicinal resinous shrub Psoralea glandulosa. An analogue of Resveratrol (R150000) with antifungal and anti-tumor effects.
Studies have shown that Bakuchiol oil is a potent cytotoxic agent that exhibiting concentration dependent growth inhibition against leukemia cancer cells.
Bakuchiol oil is often included in anti-aging skincare products such as serums, creams, and oils.

Bakuchiol oil is believed to help reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and other signs of aging.
Due to its potential to stimulate collagen production, Bakuchiol oil is included in formulations aimed at improving skin elasticity and firmness.
Bakuchiol oil is lightweight and can be used to provide hydration to the skin.

Bakuchiol oil is often included in moisturizers to help maintain skin moisture levels.
Bakuchiol oil is promoted as a natural alternative to retinol, suitable for individuals who may experience sensitivity or irritation with traditional retinol products.
Bakuchiol oil is considered gentler on the skin, making it suitable for individuals with sensitive skin who may not tolerate certain other active ingredients well.

Some studies suggest that Bakuchiol oil may help improve uneven skin tone, making it a potential ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation or dark spots.
Skincare products may combine Bakuchiol oil with other active ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, vitamin C, or peptides to create comprehensive formulations addressing various skin concerns.
Bakuchiol oil's plant-based origin makes it a preferred choice for brands that focus on cruelty-free and vegan skincare products.

Depending on the formulation, Bakuchiol oil products may be suitable for both day and night use, providing flexibility in incorporating them into a daily skincare routine.
Some individuals use Bakuchiol oil as a preventative measure to address early signs of aging or maintain overall skin health.
Skincare products containing bakuchiol extract should be applied to cleansed face and neck.

Bakuchiol oils in the order of thinnest to thickest, so if bakuchiol product is a lightweight serum it should be applied before moisturiser.
If using bakuchiol in the morning follow with a broad-spectrum SPF rated 30 or greater.
Bakuchiol oil's antioxidant properties make it beneficial in skincare formulations aimed at combating the effects of environmental stressors, such as pollution and UV radiation.

Bakuchiol oil may have anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for individuals with sensitive or inflamed skin conditions.
Bakuchiol oil could be included in products designed to calm and soothe irritated skin.
While research is ongoing, some studies suggest that Bakuchiol oil may have antibacterial properties, making it potentially useful in formulations targeting acne-prone skin.

However, more research is needed to establish its effectiveness in this regard.
Due to its stability and lack of photosensitizing effects, Bakuchiol oil can be incorporated into sunscreen formulations to provide additional antioxidant benefits without increasing sensitivity to sunlight.
Bakuchiol oil may contribute to the maintenance of the skin barrier, helping to keep the skin hydrated and protected.

This makes it a valuable ingredient in products focused on overall skin health.
Bakuchiol oil is often considered versatile and suitable for various skin types, including dry, oily, and combination skin.
Bakuchiol oil is gentler nature makes it potentially well-tolerated by a broad range of users.

Some skincare formulations use encapsulation technology to enhance the stability and delivery of Bakuchiol oil, ensuring its efficacy and penetration into the skin.
In addition to skincare products, Bakuchiol oil may be incorporated into other cosmetic formulations, such as makeup and foundation, to provide added skincare benefits.
Some individuals may choose to use bakuchiol oil directly or create their DIY skincare formulations, such as homemade serums or facial oils.

However, caution should be exercised to ensure proper dilution and compatibility with other ingredients.
Bakuchiol oil may be included in professional skincare treatments offered in dermatology clinics or spas, providing an additional option for individuals seeking professional skincare solutions.
Bakuchiol oil is known for its stability in various formulations.

This quality allows skincare product manufacturers to create products with a longer shelf life without compromising the efficacy of the ingredient.
Bakuchiol oil has gained regulatory approval in various countries for use in cosmetic formulations.
This recognition contributes to its widespread inclusion in skincare products available in different regions.

Some brands that incorporate Bakuchiol oil in their formulations may emphasize sustainable and eco-friendly practices, appealing to consumers who prioritize environmentally conscious products.
The rise of Bakuchiol oil in skincare has led to increased consumer education about alternative ingredients and their potential benefits.
This awareness has contributed to the popularity of bakuchiol-infused products.

Bakuchiol oil's compatibility with other skincare ingredients allows individuals to customize their skincare routines based on their specific needs and concerns.
Bakuchiol oil can be incorporated alongside other active ingredients without concerns about interactions.
Encapsulation technology may be employed to ensure controlled release of bakuchiol on the skin.

This technology can enhance the ingredient's effectiveness and optimize its delivery to target areas.
As Bakuchiol oil gains popularity, users share their experiences through reviews and testimonials.
Reading these firsthand accounts can provide insights into how individuals with different skin types and concerns respond to bakuchiol products.

Skincare brands continually innovate to create unique formulations.
Bakuchiol oil may be combined with novel delivery systems, textures, or product formats to enhance the user experience.
Ongoing research explores potential additional benefits of Bakuchiol oil beyond its established uses.

Scientists are investigating its role in addressing specific skin conditions and enhancing overall skin health.
Bakuchiol oil's inclusion in skincare products aligns with broader beauty and wellness trends, such as a preference for natural ingredients, cruelty-free formulations, and a focus on holistic approaches to skincare.

Safety Profile:
Poison by intravenous andintraperitoneal routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion.
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke andfumes.
BALI SEA SALT
Bali Sea Salt is pure white crystallines, sea salt from the Bali sea.
Bali Sea Salt refers to salt that is harvested from the sea surrounding the Indonesian island of Bali.
The saltwater from the Bali Sea Salt is collected and channeled into shallow ponds or salt pans.

Cas No: BCE3088

Bali Sea Salt The main minerals present in Bali Sea Salt are Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), and Iron (Fe).
The sodium and chlorine elements of Sodium Chloride play a diverse and important role in many physiological processes.

Magnesium stimulates cellular activity which reinvigorates the body and is essential for its nourishment.
Calcium is a co-factor in metabolism of fat and proteins and provides the required alkaline pH; while Iron gives us energy and helps to maintain an overall healthy blood.

Bali Sea Salt is a type of natural sea salt that is produced through the evaporation of seawater.
Bali Sea Salt is known for its distinctive flavor and unique mineral composition.
As the water evaporates under the sun and wind, the salt crystals start to form. The salt is then carefully harvested and undergoes minimal processing, ensuring that it retains its natural characteristics.

The flavor of Bali Sea Salt is often described as mild and slightly sweet, with a subtle hint of brininess.
It is less harsh and more delicate compared to table salt.
The salt crystals can vary in size and shape, ranging from fine to coarse textures.

Bali Sea Salt is commonly used as a finishing salt, sprinkled on top of dishes just before serving to enhance flavors and add a touch of texture.
Bali Sea Salt can be used in various culinary applications, including seasoning grilled meats, roasted vegetables, salads, and desserts.
Its unique flavor and texture make it a popular choice among chefs and food enthusiasts.

In addition to its culinary uses, Bali Sea Salt is sometimes used in natural skincare products, bath salts, and spa treatments.
It is believed to have beneficial properties for exfoliation, relaxation, and rejuvenation.

Salt from Bali is collected on the beaches of the Indian Ocean after the monsoon, then dried in coconut trunks, who created this tiny little crystal pyramid.
The unique and exotic Balinese sea salt is obtained completely naturally by solar evaporation processes without any synthetic ingredients.

Bali Sea Salt contains a variety of minerals that are naturally present in seawater.
These minerals can include potassium, magnesium, calcium, and trace amounts of other elements.
The mineral composition of Bali Sea Salt may vary depending on the specific location and harvesting methods.

Bali Sea Salt is often produced using traditional methods that have been passed down through generations.
The saltwater is collected and carefully channeled into salt pans or ponds.
The process of evaporation, typically aided by sunlight and wind, allows the water to gradually evaporate, leaving behind salt crystals.

The harvesting of Bali Sea Salt is often done by hand.
Skilled salt farmers carefully collect the salt crystals using traditional tools and techniques.
This manual harvesting process helps ensure the quality and integrity of the salt.

Bali Sea Salt is typically unrefined, meaning it undergoes minimal processing.
It is not subjected to heavy refining processes that remove impurities or additives.
This allows the salt to retain its natural flavor, texture, and mineral content.

Bali Sea Salt is highly regarded in gourmet and artisanal cooking.
Its unique flavor profile and texture make it a popular choice among chefs and food enthusiasts who value high-quality ingredients.
It is often used as a finishing salt to enhance the taste and appearance of dishes.

Like other natural sea salts, Bali Sea Salt is sometimes associated with health and wellness benefits.
It is believed to contain trace minerals that can be beneficial for electrolyte balance, hydration, and overall well-being.
However, it's important to note that these benefits are generally attributed to the minerals naturally present in sea salt and should not replace a balanced diet.

Bali Sea Salt is rich in minerals and trace elements.
This unique addition is ideal for ethnic beauty SPA concepts that focus on spiritual and cultural symbols.
In Balinese ceremonies and purification rituals, salty sea water is associated with powerful purifying and sanctifying properties.

The taste of Bali Sea salt is saltier, in part due to its larger crystals and natural trace minerals that add earthy tones.
Bali Sea Salt is harvested through a process called solar evaporation.
Seawater is carefully collected from the Bali Sea and then transferred to shallow ponds or salt pans.

The salt pans are designed in a way that allows the sun and wind to evaporate the water slowly, leaving behind salt crystals.
Many Bali Sea Salt producers follow organic and sustainable practices.
They prioritize using seawater free from pollutants and avoid the use of chemicals or additives during the production process.

This focus on organic and sustainable methods aims to protect the environment and maintain the natural integrity of the salt.
Bali Sea Salt is known for its well-balanced flavor.
Bali Sea Salt has a mild saltiness with subtle sweet and briny notes.

Bali Sea Salt can have varying textures, ranging from fine to coarse.
Finer crystals are often used for table salt or as a finishing touch on delicate dishes, while coarser crystals are ideal for adding a crunchy texture and visual appeal to dishes.

Bali Sea Salt is versatile and can be used in a wide range of culinary applications.
Bali Sea Salt is commonly used as a finishing salt to sprinkle over dishes just before serving, adding a final touch of flavor and texture.
It can also be used during cooking or baking to enhance the overall taste of recipes.

Bali Sea Salt's unique appearance and connection to the island of Bali make it a popular choice for decorative purposes.
It can be used to enhance the visual appeal of food presentations or incorporated into gift sets and gourmet baskets.
Bali Sea Salt holds cultural significance for the island of Bali and is often associated with traditional ceremonies and rituals.

Bali Sea Salt is considered a symbol of purity, balance, and the natural abundance of the surrounding sea.
Some sea salts also have complex flavors and intriguing colors due to traces of clay or iron-rich soil in them.
The subtle flavor differences and sharp bites of larger salt crystals may actually encourage consumers to sprinkle less salt on them.

Their fries and entrees often result in lower total sodium.
Bali Sea Salt is pure white crystalline sea salt obtained from the Bali sea.
The main minerals found in Bali Sea Salt are Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca) and Iron (Fe).

The sodium and chlorine elements of Sodium Chloride play a diverse and important role in many physiological processes.
Magnesium stimulates cellular activity, which invigorates the body and is necessary for its nutrition.
Wind and water combine to form a natural unity that defines the unique crystal character of each grain of salt.

This is a smaller grit that is the result of warm mornings and rainy afternoons.
The work begins in the misty, early morning hours, when the sun is still yawning.
A thin bark is formed, which is taken lightly and inserted into the first of a series of coconut trunks resembling a woody tree.

The condensed brine is collected and poured into outdoor trays and allowed to evaporate and warm in the scorching sun.
After the water evaporates, the salt is crushed and ground without further refining.
Bali Sea Salt is evaporated in closed containers under the tropical sun to reveal an extremely pure and unique white salt.

Quality Bali Sea Saltproduction takes time and attention to detail.
Two weeks of manual scrolling and grading are required to produce each small batch of Bali Sea Salt.
High levels of natural minerals such as magnesium, calcium, iron, potassium, zinc and iodine add to the complexity.

In fact, unrefined sea salt is said to contain up to 84 minerals and trace minerals.
Bali Sea Salt is an exotic salt extract famous for its use in Balinese purification rituals.
The mineral can support beauty and purifying concepts.

Ideal for use in massage and body scrubs, body lotions, shower gels and sports care.
Bali Sea Salt acts as an antioxidant, exfoliant, protective, moisturizing and purifying/detoxifying agent.
Bali Sea Salt is a sea salt obtained from the Bali sea.

Bali Sea Salt contains a mixture of magnesium, potassium, calcium chloride and bromide.
Magnesium fights fluid retention and slows skin aging.
Potassium energizes the body and balances skin moisture.

Uses
Bali Sea Salt is primarily used as a seasoning ingredient in cooking and baking.
It can be used to enhance the flavor of a wide range of dishes, including meats, seafood, vegetables, salads, soups, and sauces.
It adds a natural salty taste and can help bring out the flavors of other ingredients.

Bali Sea Salt is often used as a finishing salt, sprinkled on dishes just before serving to add a final touch of flavor, texture, and visual appeal.
Its coarse texture and unique flavor make it a popular choice for garnishing salads, grilled meats, roasted vegetables, and desserts.

Bali Sea Salt can be incorporated into salt rubs or used as a key ingredient in marinades for meat, poultry, or seafood.
It helps to season and tenderize the ingredients, adding flavor throughout the cooking process.

Bali Sea Salt is suitable for creating brines and pickling solutions.
It can be dissolved in water along with other ingredients to preserve and enhance the flavors of fruits, vegetables, and even certain types of cheese.

Bali Sea Salt is used in salt crust cooking techniques, where food is encased in a layer of salt and then cooked.
This method helps to seal in moisture, infuse flavors, and create a unique presentation for dishes like whole fish, poultry, or vegetables.
In addition to culinary uses, Bali Sea Salt is also utilized in bath salts and spa treatments.

Bali Sea Salt can be added to bathwater for a rejuvenating and therapeutic soak, providing a relaxing experience and potential benefits for the skin.
Bali Sea Salt can be used as a base ingredient to create homemade seasonings and spice blends.
You can mix it with other herbs, spices, or dried ingredients to customize your own unique flavor combinations for grilling, roasting, or seasoning dishes.

Bali Sea Salt can be incorporated into baking recipes, such as bread, cookies, cakes, and pastries.
It adds a subtle touch of saltiness that can enhance the overall flavor profile and balance the sweetness of baked goods.
Bali Sea Salt is often used in making salted caramel sauces, candies, or desserts.

Bali Sea Salt provides a delightful contrast to the sweetness, creating a perfect balance of flavors.
It can also be sprinkled on top of chocolates, caramels, or ice creams to add a touch of savory complexity.
Rimming the glass of cocktails with Bali Sea Salt can elevate the drinking experience.

Bali Sea Salt adds a savory note to the first sip and provides a decorative touch to the presentation.
Margaritas, Bloody Marys, or other savory cocktails can benefit from the addition of a salt rim.
Bali Sea Salt is sometimes used in natural beauty and skincare products.

Bali Sea Salt can be incorporated into homemade scrubs, bath salts, or body polishes for exfoliation and skin detoxification.
It is believed to help remove dead skin cells, promote circulation, and leave the skin feeling smooth and revitalized.

Due to its appealing appearance and association with Bali, Bali Sea Salt is sometimes used for decorative purposes in food presentations, adding a touch of elegance to dishes. It can also be packaged and offered as part of gourmet gift sets or culinary-themed gifts.
Bali Sea Salt can be infused with various flavors to create unique culinary experiences.

Bali Sea Salt can infuse it with herbs, spices, citrus zest, or even edible flowers.
The infused salt can be used as a finishing touch on dishes to impart subtle, aromatic flavors.
Bali Sea Salt can be combined with other specialty salts, such as smoked salt, truffle salt, or flavored salts, to create gourmet salt blends.

Bali Sea Salt, like any other salt, contains sodium.
Excessive sodium intake can contribute to health issues such as high blood pressure or cardiovascular problems.
It's important to consume salt in moderation and be mindful of overall sodium intake from other sources in your diet.

While allergies to salt are rare, some individuals may have sensitivities or allergies to specific types of salt.
If you have known salt allergies or sensitivities, it's advisable to avoid consuming or using Bali Sea Salt and consult with a healthcare professional for suitable alternatives.

Sensitivity and Skin Irritation
In cosmetic applications, some individuals may experience skin irritation or sensitivity to salt-based products.
It's recommended to perform a patch test before using Bali Sea Salt or salt-infused skincare products on a larger area of the skin.
Discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur and consult a dermatologist if necessary.

Environmental Impact:
Although not a direct hazard to individuals, unsustainable salt harvesting practices can have negative environmental impacts.
When purchasing Bali Sea Salt, it's beneficial to choose products from producers committed to sustainable and responsible harvesting methods.

Synonmys
Balinese Sea Salt
Indonesian Sea Salt
Island Sea Salt
Tropical Sea Salt
Artisanal Sea Salt
Gourmet Sea Salt
Natural Sea Salt
Hand-Harvested Sea Salt
Solar-Evaporated Sea Salt
Locally Sourced Sea Salt
BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is derived from the leaves of the Banaba plant, also known as Lagerstroemia speciosa, which is native to Southeast Asia.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb and is now commonly used as a dietary supplement due to its potential health benefits.


CAS Number: 94586-45-5
EC Number: 302-605-0
Botanical Name: Lagerstroemia speciosa
Scientific Name(s): Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.



SYNONYMS:
Banaba Leaves, Banaba Extract, Banabalean, Corosolic acid, Crape Myrtle, Crepe Myrtle, Extrait de Banaba, Lagerstroemia flos-reginae, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Munchausia speciosa, Myrte de Crêpe, Pride-of-India, Pyinma, Queen's Crape Myrtle, Banaba, Crepe myrtle, Pride of India, Queen's crepe myrtle, Queen's flower, Lagerstroemia speciosa Extract, Banaba Leaf Extract, Banaba Tea Extract, Queen's Flower Extract, Lagerstroemia Extract, Banaba Bark Extract, and Pride of India Extract



Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract comes from the banaba bush, or Lagerstroemia speciosa, an ornamental plant indigenous to Australia, Southeast Asia, and India.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) is a type of crepe myrtle that grows in India, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract's leaves have been used to treat diabetes in folk medicine for centuries.
In addition to their anti-diabetic properties, Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract leaves offer health benefits, such as antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, and anti-obesity effects.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is a medium-sized tree.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is derived from the leaves of the Banaba plant, also known as Lagerstroemia speciosa, which is native to Southeast Asia.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb and is now commonly used as a dietary supplement due to its potential health benefits.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract contains corosolic acid, which is believed to have anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects, as well as potential benefits for weight management and heart health.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is derived from the leaves of the Banaba plant, also known as Lagerstroemia speciosa, which is native to Southeast Asia.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb and is now commonly used as a dietary supplement due to its potential health benefits.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract contains corosolic acid, which is believed to have anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects, as well as potential benefits for weight management and heart health.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract, or Lagerstroemia speciosa, is a tree, which belongs to the genus Lagerstroemia, also known as Crape Myrtle.


The leaves contain more than 40 beneficial compounds, of which corosolic acid and ellagic acid are the prime with potent anti-oxidant activities.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is a brown coloured powder which has traditionally been used in the treatment of many conditions such as diabetes.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is a species of crepe myrtle tree that is native to the Philippines and Southeast Asia.


People use the leaves of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract to make medicine.
Banaba, or Lagerstroemia speciosa, is a tree, which belongs to the genus Lagerstroemia, also known as Crape Myrtle.
The leaves contain more than 40 beneficial compounds, of which corosolic acid and ellagic acid are the prime with potent anti-oxidant activities.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is an herbal remedy extracted from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa, a tree native to Southeast Asia.
Long used in folk medicine, Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is now available in supplement form.
Proponents claim that Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract can promote weight loss and treat a wide range of health problems.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract contains corosolic acid, a substance shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and blood-sugar-lowering properties.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract also contains ellagitannins, a class of compounds that act as antioxidants.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract (Family: Lythraceae) is native to Asia-tropical and subtropical regions.
The phytochemical investigation of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract and fruit revealed that it contained steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, α-amino acids, saponins, starch, alkaloids, carbohydrates, organic acids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins and many other active metabolites.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract possessed many Pharmacological effects included antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastrointestinal, diuretic, thrombolytic, cardiovascular, central nervous, inhibition of TNFα production, xanthine oxidase inhibitition, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects.
The current review discussed the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is also found in other warm climates throughout the world including the temperate regions of the United States, where it is commonly known as crepe myrtle.
In addition to its use as a decorative shrub, the Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract bush has been prized for its medicinal properties.


Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract contains high levels of a plant insuli known as corosolic acid.
Studies have shown that the corosolic acid naturally present in Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may improve blood sugar control in type II diabetics.


The leaves of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract are used as medicine.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract might reduce blood sugar and help the body use insulin more efficiently.


People use Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract for prediabetes, diabetes, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is used for diabetes and weight loss.


-Application of Banaba Leaf Extract:
*Diabetes management:
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is believed to help regulate blood sugar levels and may be useful for people with type 2 diabetes.

*Weight management:
Some studies have suggested that Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may help support weight loss and control appetite.

*Antioxidant properties:
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract is rich in antioxidants, which help protect the body against damage from harmful molecules known as free radicals.

*Heart health:
Some evidence suggests that Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may help improve cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels and improving blood circulation.

*Inflammation:
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce swelling and pain.


-Uses of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract
*Diabetes.
Some early research suggests that taking a particular Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract (Glucosol) for 2 weeks lowers blood sugar by 10% in people with type 2 diabetes.

However, other early research suggests that taking a single dose of corosolic acid, a chemical in Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract, before eating does not improve post-meal sugar tolerance.

*Weight loss.
Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract for these uses.



CLINICAL OVERVIEW OF BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract preparations have been used in Philippine folk medicine for treatment of diabetes; however, reviews of medical literature on the effects of banaba in diabetes have identified few quality clinical trials and some open-label or small studies.
Clinical trial data are lacking to recommend Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract for any indication.



HEALTH BENEFITS OF BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
*Control blood sugar
*Weight management
*Protects liver from disease
*Remedy for relieving viral infection
*As an anti infective agent
*Cures Gout
*Treating poor kidney Health
*Combats digestive issues



OTHER POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may provide other potential benefits, such as:
*Anticancer effects.
Test-tube studies suggest that Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may promote the programmed cell death of lung and liver cancer cells.


*Antibacterial and antiviral potential.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may protect against bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium, as well as viruses like the anti-human rhinovirus (HRV), a cause of the common cold.


*Antithrombotic effect.
Blood clots often lead to high blood pressure and stroke, and Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may help dissolve them.


*Protection against kidney damage.
Antioxidants in Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may protect the kidneys from damage caused by chemotherapy drugs



ORIGIN AND USES OF BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract, or Lagerstroemia speciosa, is a tree native to tropical Southeast Asia.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract belongs to the genus Lagerstroemia, also known as Crape Myrtle.

The tree is widely distributed in India, Malaysia, and the Philippines, where it’s known as Jarul, Pride of India, or Giant Crape Myrtle.
Almost every part of the tree offers medicinal properties.
For example, the bark is often used to treat diarrhea, while its root and fruit extracts are believed to have an analgesic, or pain-relieving, effect.

The leaves contain over 40 beneficial compounds, of which corosolic acid and ellagic acid stand out. Though the leaves offer a variety of benefits, their ability to lower blood sugar levels appears the most potent and sought after.

Summary
Banaba leaves come from the tree of the same name.
They contain over 40 bioactive compounds and offer multiple health benefits, including the ability to lower blood sugar levels.



ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
Antioxidants are compounds that counteract the harmful effects of free radicals.
These effects could otherwise negatively affect DNA, fat, and protein metabolism and promote disease.

Furthermore, antioxidants protect your pancreas from free-radical damage — an additional antidiabetic effect.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract can neutralize free radicals due to their high content of antioxidants like phenols and flavonoids, as well as quercetin and corosolic, gallic, and ellagic acids.

One 15-day study in rats found that 68 mg per pound (150 mg per kg) of body weight of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract neutralized free radicals and other reactive species while regulating levels of antioxidant enzymes.
Still, human studies on the antioxidant effects of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract are lacking.



BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT MAY OFFER ANTI-OBESITY BENEFITS:
Obesity affects about 40–45% of American adults, and it’s a risk factor for chronic disease.
Recent studies have linked Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract with anti-obesity activity, as they may inhibit adipogenesis and lipogenesis — the formation of fat cells and fat molecules, respectively.

Also, polyphenols in the leaves, such as pentagalloylglucose (PGG), may prevent fat cell precursors from transforming into mature fat cells.
However, most research on this topic was conducted in test tubes, so human studies are needed.



BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT MAY REDUCE HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS:
High blood cholesterol is a key risk factor for heart disease — the leading cause of death in America and third leading cause of mortality worldwide.
Human studies suggest that corosolic acid and PGG in Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract may help lower blood cholesterol and triglycerides levels.

In one 10-week study in mice fed a high cholesterol diet, those treated with corosolic acid showed a 32% reduction in blood cholesterol and a 46% reduction in liver cholesterol levels, compared with a control group.

Similarly, a 10-week study in 40 adults with impaired fasting glucose found that a combination of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract and turmeric extracts reduced triglyceride levels by 35% and increased HDL (good) cholesterol levels by 14%.
While these results are promising, research on the direct effects of Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract on blood cholesterol levels is still needed.



HOW DOES BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT WORK?
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract seems to lower blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes, according to very preliminary research.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia Speciosa) Extract might help the body use insulin more efficiently.



POSSIBLE BENEFITS OF BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
Research suggests that banaba leaves have various medicinal properties.

*May help control blood sugar levels
The antidiabetic effect of banaba leaves is one reason why they’re popular.
Researchers attribute this effect to several compounds, namely corosolic acid, ellagitannins, and gallotannins.

Corosolic acid lowers blood sugar levels by increasing insulin sensitivity, enhancing glucose uptake, and inhibiting alpha-glucosidase — an enzyme that helps digest carbs.
That’s why it’s claimed to have an insulin-like effect.

Insulin is the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
In people with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance increases the demand for this hormone.
However, the pancreas may not be able to meet those demands, resulting in high blood sugar levels.

In one study in 31 adults, those who received a capsule containing 10 mg of corosolic acid had lower blood sugar levels for 1–2 hours after performing an oral glucose tolerance test, compared with those in a control group.

In addition to corosolic acid, ellagitannins — namely lagerstroemin, flosin B, and reginin A — also improve blood sugar levels.
They promote glucose uptake by activating glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), a protein that transports glucose from the bloodstream into muscle and fat cells.

Likewise, gallotanins seem to stimulate the transportation of glucose into cells.
It’s even hypothesized that a type of gallotanin called penta-O-galloyl-glucopyranose (PGG) has higher stimulatory activity than corosolic acid and ellagitannins.

While studies have found promising results on the anti-diabetic properties of banaba leaves, most have used a combination of herbs or compounds.
Thus, further studies on the leaves alone are needed to better understand their blood sugar-lowering effects



BENEFITS OF
*Diabetes Management
*Weight Loss
*Anti-oxidant & Anti-microbial
*Boosts Heart Health



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
Product Name: Banaba Extract
CAS Number: 94586-45-5
EC Number: 302-605-0
Botanical Name: Lagerstroemia speciosa
Appearance: Light brown to dark brown powder
Odor: Characteristic herbal odor
Solubility: Soluble in water and ethanol
Molecular Weight: Not applicable
Density: Not applicable
Boiling Point: Not applicable
Melting Point: Not applicable
Molecular Formula: Not applicable
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet): Available from the supplier
Flash Point: Not applicable



FIRST AID MEASURES of BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BANABA (LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA) EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


BARDAC 114
DIDECYL-DIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-decanaminium chloride; quaternium 12; 1-Decanaminium,N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-,chloride; aliquat203; bardac22; bio-dac50-22; btc1010; btco1010; ddac(didecyldimethylammoniumchloride); didecyldimethyl-ammoniuchloride; didecyldimethylammoniumchloride(ddac); dimethyldidecylammoniumchloride; n-decyl-n,n-dimethyl-1-decanaminiuchloride; DIDECYLDIMONIUM CHLORIDE; didecyl dimethyl Ammonium Chloride 50% solution in Toluene; didecyl dimethyl Ammonium Chloride 70% solution; Didecildimethylammonium chloride; BARDAC2280; Bardac(R) 22 CAS NO:7173-51-5
BARDAC 22
BARDAC 22 is a quaternary ammonium compound used as detergent/disinfectant in hospitals, as algicide in swimming pools, and as a fungicide and against termites in wood. 
BARDAC 22 caused contact dermatitis in a hospital employee, also sensitive to glyoxal and bis-(aminopropyl)- laurylamine.
BARDAC 22, also known by its chemical formula C22H48ClN and CAS number 7173-51-5, is a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that belongs to the group of cationic surfactants. 

CAS Number: 7173-51-5
EC Number: 230-525-2
Molecular Formula: C22H48ClN
Molecular Weeight: 362.08

Synonyms: 7173-51-5, Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, Quaternium-12, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminium chloride, Astop, DDAC, Arquad 10, Bardac 22, Britewood Q, Bardac 2250, Bio-Dac, Quaternium-12, Quaternium-12, Odex Q, Quartamin D 10E, Quartamin D 10P, Timbercote 2000, Nissan Cation 2DB, Slaoff 91, Acticide, Aliquat 203, Querton 210CL, Sporekill, KleenGrow, Dodigen 1881, Bardac 2270E, Calgon H 130, Maquat 4480E, Bardac 2280, Britewood XL, Caswell No. 331A, Acticide DDQ, Catiogen DDM, 1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride, Cation DDC, H 130 (molluscicide), Catiogen DDM-PG, Arquad 210-50, Asepas 3, Bio-dac 50-22, Tret-O-Lite XC 507, Septapav KhS 70, Acticide DDQ 40, Microbiocide B 74, Stenquat 1010, Cation DDC 50, Cation DDC-80, Macrotrol MT 200, Arquad 210, Microbiocide N 750, Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, New Des 50, Bardac 2240, BTC 99, DDC 80, K-Sanit BP 80, Kamin RM 2D50A, N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-decanaminium chloride, didecyl(dimethyl)azanium; chloride, BTCO 1010, Arquad 210-50E, Arquad 210-80E, Arquad 210-85E, Fentacare 1021-80, Arquad 210-80, D 10P, Nissan Cation 2DB500E, Nissan Cation 2DB800E, UNII-JXN40O9Y9B, BTC 1010, EINECS 230-525-2, DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUMCHLORIDE, JXN40O9Y9B, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 069149, Didecyldimethylammounium chloride, didecyl dimethylammonium chloride, DTXSID9032537, HSDB 7611, 2DB500E, BTC 2250, AQ 210, MAQUAT 4450-E, DICAPRYLDIMONIUM CHLORIDE, DTXCID7012537, H 130, CHEBI:79935, EC 230-525-2, N,N-DIDECYL-N,N-DIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE, M 21080, DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORID, Dimethyldidecylammonium chloride, N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminium (chloride), 1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (1:1), DDAC-C10; Didecyldimethylammonium-chloride, Quaternium-12 (MART.), Quaternium-12 [MART.], Ammonium, didecyldimethyl-, chloride, C22H48ClN, Dairyland brand chg teat dip, Alfa Bergamon, didecyl(dimethyl)azanium chloride, didecyl(dimethyl)ammonium chloride, OKGO Disinfectant, Surface Disinfectant, Bardac-22, Alfa Bergamon (TN), Calgon H130, Querton 2100L, didecyl(dimethyl)ammonium, Surface Disinfectant Spray, SCHEMBL20265, CHEMBL224987, Chloroqcare Antiseptic Hand Care, bis(decyl)dimethylazanium chloride, Quaternium-12 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, Steri Hand sanitizer without washing, Tox21_300598, MFCD00066262, AKOS015901447, CS-W022921, DIDECYLDIMONIUM CHLORIDE [INCI], HY-W042181, DIDECYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 069149, NCGC00254240-01, CAS-7173-51-5, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminiumchloride, Quaternium-12 [MI], NS00075672, N-Decyl-N pound notN-dimethyldecan-1-aminium chloride, D07822, DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORID [WHO-DD], N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl 1-decanaminium chloride, Quaternium-12, analytical standard, W-104509, N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-ammonium chloride.

BARDAC 22 is commonly abbreviated as DDAC.
BARDAC 22 is an organic molecular entity.

BARDAC 22 is a quaternary ammonium compound used as antiseptic/disinfectant. 
BARDAC 22 causes the disruption of intermolecular interactions and the dissociation of lipid bilayers. 

The bacteriostatic (prevent growth) or bactericide (kill microorganism) activity of DDAC depends on its concentration and the growth phase of the microbial population.
BARDAC 22 is a broad spectrum biocidal against bacteria and fungi and can be used as disinfectant cleaner for linen, recommended for use in hospitals, hotels and industries. 

BARDAC 22 is also used in gynaecology, surgery, ophthalmology, pediatrics, OT, and for the sterilization of surgical instruments, endoscopes and surface disinfection.
In mice this disinfectant was found to cause infertility and birth defects when combined with Alkyl (60% C14, 25% C12, 15% C16) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC).

These studies contradict the older toxicology data set on quaternary ammonia compounds which was reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the EU Commission.
In addition, BARDAC 22, as well as other quaternary ammonia compounds, can lead to the acquisition of resistance by microorganisms when employed in sub-lethal concentrations.

BARDAC 22 is a quaternary ammonium compound belonging to the group of cationic surfactants.
BARDAC 22 is used in disinfectants and detergents. 

BARDAC 22 is both a biocide and a pesticide active substance. 
In addition, BARDAC 22 is contained in products used as plant strengtheners.

The available data indicate “background” levels of DDAC above the currently applicabl default maximum residue level for most commodities. 
Based on the available data the cause can not always be clearly identified. 

BARDAC 22 is noticed, that for citrus fruit and large tropical fruit, for example banana and mango, occasionally especially high residues were reported. 
BARDAC 22 is likely that these fruits received post-harvest treatments with DDAC. 

Very high residues were also observed for fresh herbs. 
These residues can be the result of the use of a plant strengthener, which has meanwhile been withdrawn from the market. 
Disinfection of planting pots or equipment might also have been a source. 

BARDAC 22 residues in milk and ice cream might be due to disinfection of milking equipment, ice cream machines or other equipment. 
BARDAC 22 stands out as a versatile and effective disinfectant/antiseptic, recognized for its prowess in surface sanitization and microbial sterilization. 

BARDAC 22 is a cationic surfactant, meaning it carries a positive charge on the nitrogen atom, which enables it to interact effectively with negatively charged surfaces. 
As an antimicrobial cleaner, BARDAC 22 offers broad-spectrum disinfection capabilities, making it a trusted choice for ensuring hygiene in various environments. 

BARDAC 22 is commonly used as a disinfectant and biocide in various applications due to its broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
BARDAC 22 is widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic agent due to its strong antimicrobial properties. 

BARDAC 22 is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae. 
BARDAC 22 disrupts the cell membranes of microorganisms, leading to their inactivation and eventual death.
This quaternary ammonium compound serves as a hard surface disinfectant, excelling in hospital-grade disinfection protocols. 

BARDAC 22 is used for its potent antimicrobial properties.
BARDAC 22 has several biocidal applications. 

In addition to these applications, sometimes BARDAC 22 is used as plant strengtheners.
BARDAC 22, often abbreviated as DDAC, is a quaternary ammonium compound widely employed for its potent antimicrobial properties. 

BARDAC 22 is a cationic surfactant, meaning it carries a positive charge on the nitrogen atom, which enables it to interact effectively with negatively charged surfaces. 
BARDAC 22 is commonly used as a disinfectant and biocide in various applications due to its broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

BARDAC 22 is utilized in water treatment processes, swimming pool sanitation, and industrial cooling water systems to control microbial growth and biofouling.
BARDAC 22 is added to household and industrial cleaning products, personal care products, and agricultural formulations as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination and spoilage.

BARDAC 22 is used as a wood preservative to protect against fungal decay and insect infestation in timber and wood products.
BARDAC 22 is employed as a textile auxiliary agent for antimicrobial finishing of fabrics to impart antimicrobial properties and inhibit the growth of odor-causing bacteria.

In paper manufacturing, BARDAC 22 is used as a microbiological control agent to prevent microbial growth and biofilm formation in papermaking processes.
BARDAC 22 is used in veterinary medicine for disinfection of animal housing, equipment, and surgical instruments to control the spread of infectious diseases.

BARDAC 22 is approved for use as a food contact surface sanitizer and disinfectant in food processing facilities to maintain hygiene and prevent microbial contamination.
BARDAC 22 is a quaternary ammonium compound used as an antiseptic/disinfectant. 

BARDAC 22 causes disruption of intermolecular interactions and dissociation of lipid bilayers. 
The bacteriostatic (prevents growth) or bactericidal (kills micro-organisms) activity of BARDAC 22 depends on its concentration and the growth phase of the microbial population.

BARDAC 22 is a broad-spectrum biocide against bacteria and fungi, and can be used as a disinfectant laundry cleaner, recommended for use in hospitals, hotels, and industry.
BARDAC 22 is a cationic surfactant of dialkydimethyl quaternary ammonium compounds. 

BARDAC 22 is easily soluble in water and organic solvent. 
BARDAC 22 is light yellow liquid under home temperature, and its chemical character is stable and low irritating.
Didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride has broad spectrum of activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. 

BARDAC 22 can be used as fungicide and mildewcide, and active against enveloped viruses. 
BARDAC 22 has high tolerance to hard water.

Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride maintains efficacy in presence of heavy organic soiling such as blood and protein. 
Good surfactant and wetting properties and BARDAC 22 is worldwide acceptance based on registrations approval and official lists.

BARDAC 22 is a quaternary ammonium compound that has been shown to have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. 
BARDAC 22 has been used in disinfectants and as an active ingredient in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. 

BARDAC 22 is not toxic to humans or animals at concentrations up to 50%.
BARDAC 22 has been shown to be effective against infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. 

BARDAC 22 also has an effect on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. 
BARDAC 22 can be prepared by titration calorimetry or analytical method. 

The preparation of BARDAC 22 can be done using chloroform and benzalkonium chloride or glycol ether.
BARDAC 22 is available in various formulations, including liquid concentrates, ready-to-use solutions, wipes, sprays, and powders. 
These formulations offer flexibility in application and allow for customized disinfection protocols based on specific requirements and surfaces.

BARDAC 22 is used in water treatment applications, such as cooling towers, swimming pools, and spas, to control microbial growth and prevent biofilm formation. 
BARDAC 22 effectively eliminates bacteria, algae, and other microorganisms, helping to maintain water quality and prevent fouling.

BARDAC 22 has demonstrated efficacy against emerging pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria and enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. 
BARDAC 22 is broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity makes it suitable for use in infection control protocols during disease outbreaks.

In veterinary medicine, BARDAC 22 is used for disinfection of animal housing, equipment, and surgical instruments in veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and agricultural settings. 
BARDAC 22 helps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases among animals and ensures a hygienic environment.

BARDAC 22 is approved for use as a sanitizer and disinfectant on food contact surfaces in food processing facilities, restaurants, and food service establishments. 
BARDAC 22 effectively eliminates foodborne pathogens and helps to maintain food safety standards.

BARDAC 22 offers a cost-effective solution for disinfection and sanitation compared to some alternative disinfectants. 
BARDAC 22 is long-lasting residual activity and efficacy at low concentrations contribute to lower overall usage and reduced application frequency, resulting in cost savings for users.

BARDAC 22 is compatible with many commonly used cleaning agents and detergents, including nonionic, anionic, and amphoteric surfactants. 
This compatibility allows for the formulation of integrated cleaning and disinfection products for comprehensive surface hygiene protocols.

Ongoing research and development efforts focus on optimizing the efficacy, safety, and environmental profile of DDAC-based disinfectants. 
This includes exploring novel formulations, improving delivery systems, and addressing concerns related to antimicrobial resistance and environmental impact.

BARDAC 22 is an ideal choice for commercial-grade sanitization, addressing the need for comprehensive microbial control. 
BARDAC 22 is role as an industrial disinfectant is crucial in maintaining a sanitized environment across diverse sectors, ranging from agriculture to manufacturing.

BARDAC 22 is used in diverse roles, functioning as a fungicide for coolants, an antiseptic for wood, and a cleaning disinfectant also used for surface disinfection such as floors, walls, tables, equipment, etc., and also for water disinfection in various applications throughout food and beverage, dairy, poultry, pharmaceutical industries, and institutions. 
In water treatment, BARDAC 22 aids in controlling the growth of algae and bacteria. 

Additionally, BARDAC 22 serves as a preservative in the formulation of various consumer products.
BARDAC 22 is a twin chain quaternary ammonium. 
BARDAC 22 is a modern and safe biocide. 

BARDAC 22 features broad spectrum activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, fungicide and mildewcide, active against enveloped viruses (e.g. Hepatitis B, HIV), tolerance for anionic contaminants, high tolerance to hard water, maintains efficacy in presence of heavy organic soiling such as blood and protein, good surfactant and wetting properties. 
BARDAC 22 has an amine content of approximately 1.5%.

BARDAC 22 is commonly used for surface disinfection in various settings, including healthcare facilities, food processing plants, schools, and households. 
BARDAC 22 is effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), viruses (including influenza and coronaviruses), and fungi.
BARDAC 22 disrupts the cell membranes of microorganisms by interacting with the lipid bilayer, leading to leakage of cellular contents and eventual cell death. 

This mechanism of action makes BARDAC 22 effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, enveloped viruses, and some fungi.
BARDAC 22 exhibits residual antimicrobial activity on treated surfaces, providing continued protection against microbial contamination even after application. 
This residual effect contributes to its efficacy in maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in high-touch areas and critical environments.

BARDAC 22 is compatible with a wide range of materials, including stainless steel, plastics, ceramics, and painted surfaces. 
However, BARDAC 22 is compatibility with certain materials such as natural rubber, certain types of elastomers, and some metals should be verified prior to use to prevent damage or discoloration.

BARDAC 22 is regulated by various government agencies worldwide, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) in the European Union. 
BARDAC 22 is approved for use as a disinfectant, sanitizer, and biocide in various applications, subject to specific usage instructions and concentration limits.

BARDAC 22 is effective as a disinfectant, proper safety precautions should be followed during handling and application. 
Prolonged or repeated exposure to high concentrations of DDAC can cause skin and eye irritation. 

Inhalation of aerosolized BARDAC 22 may also irritate the respiratory tract. 
Therefore, personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection should be worn when handling concentrated solutions of DDAC.

BARDAC 22 is biodegradable under aerobic conditions, but its persistence in aquatic environments and potential toxicity to aquatic organisms have raised concerns about its environmental impact. 
Proper disposal practices and adherence to regulatory guidelines are essential to minimize environmental contamination.

Uses of BARDAC 22:
General purpose disinfectant, sanitizer; mildew preventative in commercial laundries; water treatment in cooling towers and oil field flood waters; wood preservative.
Biocide, Fungicide, Bactericide, Herbicide, Algaecide, Algaecide, Bacteriocide, Fungistat, Microbiocide, Microbiostat disinfectant, Viricide, Tuberculocide, Molluscide, Insecticide: General purpose disinfectant used on hard, nonporous surfaces as a sanitizer; mildew preventative, wood preservative, and to kill algae, phytopathogenic fungi, phytopathogenic bacteria. 
An active ingredient in a large number of disinfectant products registered with USEPA and labeled with a claim to inactivate “avian influenza A” viruses on hard surfaces.

BARDAC 22 is used to treat brood when it is attacked by blight. Brood rot (European or American foulbrood) is an infectious disease of initially uncovered and later covered brood. 
BARDAC 22 is caused by Bacterium pluton, Bacillus alvei, Streptococcus apis. 

BARDAC 22 acts as a broad-spectrum antiseptic by disrupting the nutrition of the foulbrood bacteria, thus preserving the bee colony.
BARDAC 22 is used extensively: concentrations ranging from 0.004% to 0.01% are used in eye drops. 

Higher concentrations are used in hand disinfection products, for the removal of unpleasant odours (from legs, feet, armpits). 
Even higher concentrations are used for a wide range of microbial and viral disinfection. 

BARDAC 22 is also used in gynaecology, surgery, ophthalmology, paediatrics, OT, as well as for the sterilisation of surgical instruments, endoscopes and surface disinfection.
BARDAC 22 is used as a disinfectant, and at the same time as an emulsifier to increase the miscibility of fats with water. 

BARDAC 22 is often used as an additive in emulsions to obtain clear emulsions, e.g. for dilution of fragrance concentrates, for mixing essential oils, or for the addition of water-based extracts to fat-based products. 
BARDAC 22 is also used as a foaming agent and conditioner because its cationic nature makes wool fabrics and hair soft, and is therefore found in shampoos, hair masks and conditioners.

BARDAC 22 is used in ornamental pools and rock gardens to protect them from algae formation and reproduction. 
BARDAC 22 can also be found in some aquarium and aquaculture products. 

Concentrations of 0,5-5 mg/l of active quaternary ammonium are encountered in the treatment of bacterial type fish diseases. 
BARDAC 22 is also used as an algaecide in swimming pools to inhibit water mutilation and algal growth. 
BARDAC 22 is more popular than BAC because it has a lower foaming capacity.

In the wood industry, BARDAC 22 is used as an antiseptic or antiseptic impregnant to protect wood from rotting or fungal decay. 
BARDAC 22 is also used to destroy rot in damaged wood. 
The advantage of using BARDAC 22 is its transparency, i.e. the wood does not discolour, but this is also a disadvantage because when the wood is treated it is not visible where it has been treated.

In the paper industry, BARDAC 22 is used in the preparation of paper to reduce biofouling and at the same time to give strength and anti-static properties to the paper produced.
BARDAC 22 has a wide range of uses due to its effectiveness against moulds, mildews, mosses, fungi and algae, and is used for their control both as a plant protection agent and as a disinfectant for a wide range of surfaces.
BARDAC 22 is used as an antistatic agent, emulsifier and preservative, which helps to make surfaces more hydrophobic, and to make hydrophobic surfaces more easily and uniformly coated with various coatings.

In animal husbandry, BARDAC 22 is used in various veterinary preparations for the treatment of fungal diseases of hooves and horns, for the disinfection of animal housing, and for the treatment of certain skin diseases.
BARDAC 22 is extensively used for disinfection and sanitation in hospitals, clinics, dental offices, and other healthcare facilities. 

BARDAC 22 is employed to clean and disinfect patient rooms, medical equipment, surgical instruments, and high-touch surfaces to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and ensure patient safety.
BARDAC 22 is used for disinfection and sanitization of public transportation vehicles, including buses, trains, airplanes, and taxis. 

BARDAC 22 helps reduce the risk of microbial transmission among passengers and maintain cleanliness in shared transportation spaces.
BARDAC 22 is applied for disinfection of recreational facilities such as gyms, fitness centers, swimming pools, and sports arenas. 

BARDAC 22 helps control the spread of infectious agents among users and ensures a hygienic environment for recreational activities.
BARDAC 22 is utilized in hotels, resorts, cruise ships, and other hospitality establishments for cleaning and disinfection of guest rooms, bathrooms, common areas, and food service areas. It helps maintain cleanliness standards and guest satisfaction.

BARDAC 22 is used for disinfection of classrooms, school buses, playground equipment, and other surfaces in educational settings. 
BARDAC 22 helps prevent the transmission of infectious diseases among students, teachers, and staff members.

BARDAC 22 is employed in research laboratories for disinfection of laboratory benches, equipment, glassware, and biological safety cabinets (BSCs). 
BARDAC 22 helps maintain a sterile environment and prevent cross-contamination during experiments and research activities.

BARDAC 22 is used by municipalities and local authorities for disinfection of public spaces, parks, recreational areas, and high-traffic areas such as sidewalks, benches, and public restrooms. 
BARDAC 22 helps enhance public health and hygiene in community settings.

BARDAC 22 is utilized for disinfection and sanitation during emergency response operations and disaster relief efforts. 
BARDAC 22 helps mitigate the spread of infectious diseases in shelters, evacuation centers, and areas affected by natural disasters or public health emergencies.

BARDAC 22 is applied for disinfection and sanitation in veterinary hospitals, animal shelters, pet grooming facilities, and kennels. 
BARDAC 22 helps prevent the spread of contagious diseases among animals and maintain a clean and safe environment for veterinary care and pet boarding.

BARDAC 22 is used in food production and processing facilities for disinfection of food contact surfaces, equipment, conveyors, and processing areas. 
BARDAC 22 helps ensure food safety and compliance with regulatory standards for sanitation in the food industry.

BARDAC 22 is employed in retail stores, supermarkets, shopping malls, and commercial establishments for disinfection of checkout counters, shopping carts, door handles, and other high-touch surfaces. 
BARDAC 22 helps protect customers and employees from microbial contamination in retail environments.

BARDAC 22 is the third generation of quaternary ammonium compounds, and BARDAC 22 is better than the first and second generation products on ability of killing microorganism. 

BARDAC 22 is used as disinfectant, fungicide and wood preservative agents.
BARDAC 22 is used as moth-proofing agents of textile.

BARDAC 22 can be used compounding with CLO2 when handling hard surface to killing bacteria.
BARDAC 22 is commonly used as a disinfectant for surfaces in healthcare facilities, laboratories, food processing plants, schools, offices, and households. 

BARDAC 22 effectively kills bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms, helping to prevent the spread of infections.
BARDAC 22 is utilized in water treatment applications, such as cooling towers, swimming pools, spas, and municipal water systems, to control microbial growth and prevent biofilm formation. 

BARDAC 22 helps maintain water quality and prevent the spread of waterborne diseases.
BARDAC 22 is employed for disinfection of animal housing, equipment, and surgical instruments in veterinary clinics, animal shelters, farms, and zoos. 

BARDAC 22 helps prevent the transmission of infectious diseases among animals and maintain a hygienic environment.
BARDAC 22 is approved for use as a sanitizer and disinfectant on food contact surfaces in food processing facilities, restaurants, grocery stores, and other food service establishments. 

BARDAC 22 helps ensure food safety by eliminating pathogens that can cause foodborne illnesses.
BARDAC 22 is used in textile processing for antimicrobial finishing of fabrics to impart antimicrobial properties and prevent the growth of odor-causing bacteria. 

BARDAC 22 is commonly applied to textiles used in healthcare settings, sportswear, uniforms, and household textiles.
BARDAC 22 is employed as a wood preservative to protect against fungal decay and insect infestation in timber, lumber, wood products, and building materials. 

BARDAC 22 helps extend the lifespan of wood and prevent deterioration due to microbial activity.
BARDAC 22 is sometimes used in personal care products, such as hand sanitizers, wipes, and antiseptic solutions. BARDAC 22 contributes to the antimicrobial efficacy of these products, helping to kill bacteria and other germs on the skin.

BARDAC 22 may be used in agriculture for disinfection of equipment, tools, and surfaces in animal housing facilities, poultry farms, dairy farms, and greenhouses. 
BARDAC 22 helps control the spread of infectious diseases among livestock and crops.

BARDAC 22 is employed in various industrial settings for disinfection and sanitation purposes, including manufacturing facilities, cleanrooms, pharmaceutical plants, and laboratories. 
BARDAC 22 helps maintain a clean and hygienic environment to meet regulatory requirements and ensure product quality.

Other Uses of BARDAC 22:

Biocidal Uses:
BARDAC 22 is approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, wood preservation.
BARDAC 22 is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: product preservation, preservation for construction materials, preservation for liquid systems, controlling slimes.

Consumer Uses:
BARDAC 22 is used in the following products: biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), washing & cleaning products, plant protection products and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of BARDAC 22 is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
BARDAC 22 is used in the following products: biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), washing & cleaning products, plant protection products and water treatment chemicals.
BARDAC 22 is used in the following areas: mining and health services.

BARDAC 22 is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Other release to the environment of BARDAC 22 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Uses at industrial sites:
BARDAC 22 is used in the following products: biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), washing & cleaning products, plant protection products, water treatment chemicals and oil and gas exploration or production products.
BARDAC 22 is used in the following areas: mining.

BARDAC 22 is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and pulp, paper and paper products.
Release to the environment of BARDAC 22 can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Safety Profile of BARDAC 22:
Direct contact with DDAC can cause irritation to the skin and eyes. 
Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to redness, itching, burning sensation, or even chemical burns. 
BARDAC 22's important to avoid skin contact and wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and goggles, when handling DDAC.

Inhalation of BARDAC 22 vapors or aerosols may irritate the respiratory tract, leading to coughing, shortness of breath, or irritation of the nose and throat. 
Adequate ventilation should be ensured when working with BARDAC 22 to minimize exposure to airborne particles.
Some individuals may develop allergic sensitization or allergic reactions upon exposure to BARDAC 22. 

Symptoms of allergic reactions may include skin rash, hives, or respiratory symptoms such as wheezing or difficulty breathing. 
Sensitized individuals should avoid further contact with BARDAC 22.
BARDAC 22 can be toxic to aquatic organisms if released into water bodies. 

BARDAC 22 may persist in the environment and accumulate in aquatic ecosystems, potentially harming fish, invertebrates, and other aquatic organisms. 
Proper disposal practices and measures to prevent environmental contamination are important to minimize the impact on aquatic life.

Identifiers of BARDAC 22:
CAS Number: 7173-51-5
ChEMBL: ChEMBL224987
ChemSpider: 22027
ECHA InfoCard: 100.027.751
PubChem CID: 23558
UNII: JXN40O9Y9B
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): : DTXSID9032537
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H48N.ClH/c1-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23(3,4)22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-2;/h5-22H2,1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
Key: RUPBZQFQVRMKDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1/C22H48N.ClH/c1-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23(3,4)22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-2;/h5-22H2,1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
Key: RUPBZQFQVRMKDG-REWHXWOFAJ
SMILES: [Cl-].C(CCCCC[N+](C)(CCCCCCCCCC)C)CCCC

Properties of BARDAC 22:
Melting point: 88 °C
Density: 0.87[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.006Pa at 25℃
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: 248g/L in organic solvents at 20 ℃
form: Gel
color: Light Beige to Brown
Viscosity: 24.5mm2/s
Water Solubility: 650mg/L at 25℃
Stability: Hygroscopic
LogP: 2.8 at 20℃

Chemical formula: C22H48ClN
Molar mass: 362.08 g/mol
Appearance: liquid
Density: 0.87 g/cm3 (20 °C)

Pharmacology of BARDAC 22:
ATC code: D08AJ06 (WHO)

Names of BARDAC 22:

IUPAC names:
1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride
Quaternium-12
bis(decyl)dimethylazanium chloride
DDAC
Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride
didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
didecyl(dimethyl)azanium chloride
didecyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride
didecyl-dimethylammonium chloride
didecyl-dimethylazanium chloride
BARDAC 22
BARDAC 22
BARDAC 22
BARDAC 22
BARDAC 22
Didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid
N,N,N-trimethylanilinium chloride
N,N-Didecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride
N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminium chloride
N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-ammonium chloride

Preferred IUPAC name:
N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminium chloride

Regulatory process names:
Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
BARDAC 22
BARDAC 22
BARDAC 22
BARDAC 22(DDAC)

Translated names:
chlorek didecylodimetyloamonium (pl)
Chlorek didecylodimetyloamonu (DDAC) (pl)
chlorure de didécyldiméthylammonium (fr)
Chlorure de didécyldiméthylammonium (DDAC) (fr)
cloreto de didecildimetilamónio (pt)
Cloreto de didecildimetilamónio (DDAC) (pt)
cloruro de didecildimetilamonio (es)
Cloruro de didecildimetilamonio (DDAC) (es)
cloruro di didecildimetilammonio (it)
Cloruro di didecildimetilammonio (DDAC) (it)
Clorură de didecildimetilamoniu (DDAC) (ro)
di(decyl)di(metyl)amónium-chlorid (sk)
didecil-dimetil-ammónium-klorid (DDAC) (hu)
didecildimetilammónium-klorid (hu)
didecildimetilamonij-klorid (hr)
didecildimetilamonija hlorīds (lv)
Didecildimetilamonija hlorīds (DDAC) (lv)
Didecildimetilamonijev klorid (DDAC) (hr)
Didecildimetilamonijev klorid (DDAC) (sl)
didecildimetilamonio chloridas (lt)
Didecildimetilamonio chloridas (DDAC) (lt)
didecildimetilamoniu clorura (ro)
didecilmetilamonijev klorid (sl)
didecyl(dimethyl)amonium-chlorid (cs)
didecyl(dimetyl)amónium-chlorid (DDAC) (sk)
Didecyldimethyl-ammoniumchloride (DDAC) (nl)
BARDAC 22 (DDAC) (mt)
BARDAC 22 (DDAC) (no)
didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid (da)
Didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid (de)
didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid (DDAC) (da)
Didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid (DDAC) (de)
didecyldimethylammoniumchloride (nl)
didecyldimethylamonium-chlorid (DDAC) (cs)
didecyldimetylammoniumklorid (no)
didecyldimetylammoniumklorid (sv)
Didecyldimetylammoniumklorid (DDAC) (sv)
Didekyylidimetyyliammoniumkloridi (DDAC) (fi)
didekyylimetyyliammoniumkloridi (fi)
didetsüüldimetüülammooniumkloriid (et)
Didetsüüldimetüülammooniumkloriid (DDAC) (et)
χλωρίδιο του διδεκυλοδιμεθυλαμμωνίου (el)
Χλωριούχο διδεκυλοδιμεθυλαμμώνιο (DDAC) (el)
дидецилдиметиламониев хлорид (bg)
Дидецилдиметиламониев хлорид (DDAC) (bg)

Trade names:
Bardac
Didecyl dimethylammonium chloride
Quaternium-12

Other names:
DDAC
Dimethyldidecylammonium chloride
1-Decanaminium
N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride
BARDAC 22
Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
BARDAC 22
Ammonium, didecyldimethyl-, chloride

Other identifiers:
126851-24-9
129186-13-6
154765-32-9
1632379-58-8
2923 90 00
2923 90 00
446279-85-2
612-131-00-6
7173-51-5
879292-51-0
Bardac 2270
Didecylmethylpoly(oxethyl) Ammonium Propionate; Bardap(R) 26; Didecylmethylpoly(oxethyl) Ammonium Propionate; N,N-Didecyl-N-methylpoly(oxyethyl)ammoniumpropionate (in ca. 10%Ethylenglycol / ca. 18% Polyethylenglycol); CAS NO:94667-33-1
BARDAC 2270

Bardac 2270 Antimicrobials contain the active substance Didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC). The active is a cationic molecule offering good surfactant properties and can be formulated together with non-ionic and/or amphoteric surfactants. DDAC has broad antimicrobial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and enveloped viruses. High antimicrobial efficacy is maintained even at low temperatures and in the presence of organic soil, such as blood and protein. In formulated products, DDAC is stable over a wide range of pH levels and is used in a number of applications such as food processing, institutional, veterinary, healthcare areas and medical devices. Single-active DDAC products are available at different active concentrations and solvent combinations

CAS NO: 7173-51-5
EC NUMBER: 230-525-2


IUPAC NAMES:
1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride
Bardac 22
bis(decyl)dimethylazanium chloride
DDAC
Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride
didecyl(dimethyl)azanium chloride
didecyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride
didecyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride
didecyl-dimethylazanium chloride
DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid
N,N,N-trimethylanilinium chloride
N,N-Didecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride
N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminium chloride
N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-ammonium chloride

SYNONYMS: 
1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (1:1);230-525-2 [EINECS];3574954 [Beilstein];7173-51-5 [RN];BP6560000;DDAC;DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE;DIDECYLDIMONIUM CHLORIDE;Dimethyldidecylammonium chloride;MFCD00066262 [MDL number];[7173-51-5];126851-24-9 [RN];154765-32-9 [RN];18242-39-2 [RN];1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride;1-Decanaminium,N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-,chloride;20256-56-8 [RN];Aliquat 203;ammonium compounds, quaternary, didecyldimethyl-, chloride;Ammonium, didecyldimethyl-, chloride;Arquad 10;Arquad 210-50;Asto;Astop;Bardac 22;Bardac 2250;Bardac 2270E;Bardac 2280;Bardac-22;Bio-Dac;Bio-dac 50-22;Britewood Q;Calgon H 130;Calgon H130;Chloride [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki];D 10P;Ddac(didecyldimethylammoniumchloride);Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 80% aqueous solution;didecyl dimethylammonium chloride;didecyl(dimethyl)ammonium chloride;didecyl(dimethyl)azanium;didecyl(dimethyl)azanium and chloride;didecyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride;Didecyldimethyl-ammoniuchloride;didecyl-dimethylammonium chloride;didecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride;Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 100 µg/mL in Acetonitrile;didecyldimethylammoniumchloride;didecyl-dimethylazanium chloride;didecyl-dimethyl-azanium chloride;Dodigen 1881;EINECS 230-525-2;H 130 (molluscicide);Maquat 4480E;N,N-didecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride;N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl 1-decanaminium chloride;N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-ammonium chloride;Nissan Cation 2DB;Odex Q;pBTC 1010;Quartamin D 10E;Quartamin D 10P;Quaternium 12;Quaternium-12;Querton 2100L;Querton 210CL;Slaoff 91;Timbercote 2000;Tret-O-Lite XC 507;1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride; Aliquat 203; Arquad 10; Arquad 210-50; Astop; BTC 1010; BTC 99; BTCO 1010; Bardac 22; Bardac 2250; Bardac 2270E; Bardac 2280; Bio-Dac; Bio-dac 50-22; Britewood Q; Calgon H 130; D 10P; DDAC; DDC 80; Dairyland brand chg teat dip; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride; Dimethyldidecylammonium chloride; Dodigen 1881; H 130 (molluscicide); Maquat 4480E; N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-decanaminium chloride; Nissan Cation 2DB; Odex Q; Quartamin D 10E; Quartamin D 10P; Quaternium 12; Quaternium-12; Querton 210CL; Slaoff 91; Timbercote 2000; Tret-O-Lite XC 507; Ammonium, didecyldimethyl-, chloride;

Bardac 2270 is an antiseptic/disinfectant that is used in many biocidal applications. It causes disruption of intermolecular interactions and dissociation of lipid bilayers. It is a broad-spectrum bactericidal and fungicidal and can be used as a disinfectant cleaner for linen, recommended for use in hospitals, hotels and industries. It is also used in gynaecology, surgery, ophthalmology, pediatrics, OT, and for the sterilization of surgical instruments, endoscopes and surface disinfection.

Technical grade
Bardac 2270 is a twin chain quaternary ammonium. It is a modern and safe biocide. It features broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungicide and mildewcide, active against enveloped viruses (e.g. Hepatitis B, HIV), tolerance for anionic contaminants, high tolerance to hard water, maintains efficacy in presence of heavy organic soiling such as blood and protein, good surfactant and wetting properties. It has an amine content of approximately 1.5%.

-Broad-spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
-Fungicide, algaecide and mildewcide.
-Active against enveloped viruses (e.g. Hepatitis B, HIV).
-High tolerance to hard water.
-Maintains efficacy in presence of heavy organic soilings such as blood and protein.
-Good surfactant and wetting properties.

Chemical and Physical properties
Appearance: Pale, clear liquid
Cationic Content: 50.0 – 52.5%
Colour (APHA): <100
Amine value: <2 mg/g
Solubility: Fully soluble in water, low molecular weight alcohols and ketones.
Stability in Application*: Stable in the presence of light, over the pH range 2 - 10 and at up to 120°C.

Use areas:
-Disinfectant and disinfectant cleaner for hospitals, food industry, -industrial kitchens
-Laundry disinfectant.
-Wood treatment (sapstain and decay).
-Water treatment (swimming pools, cooling towers, etc). For the prevention of algae and “slime” in swimming pools, industrial water reservoirs and cooling towers
-Slimicide (paper industry).
-Algaecide / Fungicide (walls, patios, decking, etc). 


Bardac 2270 is a strongly cationic product and therefore incompatible with formulations containing anionic components. It may, however, be used with other cationic or non-ionic compounds. 
Please note that the pH of Bardac 2270 on production is in the range 6.5 – 8.0 (2% aqueous solution) but this may drift downwards with time. Such variation has no effect on the product’s biocidal properties

Bardac 2270 is used for various purposes, such as a fungicide for coolants, an antiseptic for wood, and a disinfectant for cleaning.

IDENTIFICATION: 
Bardac 2270 is a clear, yellow liquid, yellowish powder or colorless crystals. It has a mushroom-like odor. It is moderately soluble in water. Bardac 2270 is a clear yellow liquid with an ethanolic odor.

USE: 
Bardac 2270 is used as an antimicrobial. Applications include commercial and residential where it is used on walls, floors, tables, toilets and fixtures. Solutions are introduced into humidifiers, ultrasonic tanks, reverse osmosis units, cooling systems and water storage tanks. It is used to disinfect eggshells, milking equipment and udders, agricultural tools and vehicles. It is used as a sanitizer for swimming pools, and decorative ponds and fountains. It is a wood preservative. It is used as an algaecide, bactericide, fungicide, fungistat, micro biocide, microbiota disinfectant, viricide, tuberculosis, molluscicide, sanitizer, wood preservative, deodorant, and insecticide. 

Industry Uses
-Pesticide Formulation
-Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
-Surface active agents

Consumer Uses
-Automotive care products
-Cleaning and furnishing care products
-Fuels and related products
-Non-TSCA use
-Personal care products

General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
-All other chemical products and preparation manufacturing.
-Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities.
-Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing.

Bardac 2270 is a quaternary ammonium-based antimicrobial used as a bacteriostat, deodorant, disinfectant and(or) a microbiocide.


Bardac 2270 is a quaternary ammonium compound used as detergent/disinfectant in hospitals, as an algaecide in swimming pools, and as a fungicide and against termites in wood. This compound caused contact dermatitis in a hospital employee, also sensitive to glyoxal and bis-(aminopropyl)- laurylamine.


Use areas
Industrial Processes and Water Systems, Industrial recirculating water systems, cooling water, disposal water, oil field operations, oil field water flood or saltwater disposal, Swimming pools, outside spas, whirlpools, hot tubs, Aquatic Areas Greenhouses/nurseries, golf courses, recreational parks, amusement parks, universities, cemeteries, Wood Treatment, Pressure treatment, double vacuum, and dip/spray surface treatment, Agricultural Premise and Equipment,Hatcheries, swine/poultry/turkey farms, dressing plants, farrowing barns, mushroom farm, citrus farm, animal housing facilities, florists/flower shops, greenhouses, nurseries, Residential and Public Access Premise Homes, mobile homes, cars, trucks, campgrounds, playgrounds, trailers, campers, boats, public facilities, Medical Premise and Equipment Hospitals, health care facilities, medical/dental offices, nursing homes, medical research facilities, autopsy rooms, newborn nurseries, acute care institutions, alternate care institutions, funeral homes, mortuaries, daycare facilities, sick rooms, Commercial Institutional and Industrial Premise and Equipment, Athletic/recreational facilities, exercise facilities, schools, colleges, dressing/locker rooms, transportation terminals, libraries, motel, hotels, barber/beauty salons, health clubs, emergency vehicles, correctional facilities, factories, commercial florists, convenience stores, offices, commercial and institutional laundry mats, Food Handling/Storage Establishments Premises and Equipment, Restaurants, food service establishments, food storage, handling, processing plants/facilities, beverage processing plants, bars, cafeterias, supermarkets, dairies, egg processing plants, institutional kitchens, breweries, fast food operations, rendering plants, school lunchrooms, packing plants

Bardac 2270 is a quaternary ammonium compound used as detergent/disinfectant in hospitals, as an algicide in swimming pools, and as a fungicide and against termites in wood. This compound caused contact dermatitis in a hospital employee, also sensitive to glyoxal and bis-(aminopropyl)- laurylamine.

Bardac 2270 is a fourth-generation quaternary ammonium compound that belongs to the group of cationic surfactants. They break the intermolecular bond and cause disruption of the lipid bilayer. This product has several biocidal applications. In addition to these applications, sometimes Bardac 2270 is used as plant strengtheners. Bardac 2270 is used for surface disinfection such as the floor, walls, tables, equipment, etc. and also for water disinfection in various applications throughout food and beverage, dairy, poultry, pharmaceutical industries and institutions.
Bardac 2270 is a typical quaternary ammonium biocide for indoor and outdoor hard surfaces, utensils, laundry, carpets, swimming pools, decorative ponds, re-circulating cooling water systems, etc. Inhalation exposure to Bardac 2270 is also estimated to be relatively low for various occupational handlers such as in agricultural premises and equipment, food handling/storage premises and equipment, and commercial, institutional and industrial premises and equipment. It is added directly to water to suppress microorganisms; the application rate of Bardac 2270 varies according to its usage, i.e., approximately 2 ppm for swimming pools, compared with 2,400 ppm for hospitals, health care facilities, and athletic/recreational facilities.


Bardac 2270 is used in many types of biocidal products including tableware, carpets, humidifiers, and swimming pools, etc. Bardac 2270 is a representative dialkyl-quaternary ammonium biocide which is included as an active ingredient in many types of products including applications to hard surfaces (floors, tables, toilets, etc.), eating utensils, laundry detergents, carpets, agricultural tools and vehicles, ultrasonic tanks, water storage tanks, swimming pools, cooling water systems, etc. Products containing Didecyldimethylammonium chloride are used for wood preservation and there are also registered uses for fogging agent applications in occupational settings. The content ratio of Bardac 2270 in various end-use products ranges from 0.08~80%.

Bardac 2270 is widely used in oil field sterilization, medicine and sanitation, industrial circulating water sterilization and algae killing, oil field drilling, etc., and its bactericidal effect is better than that of the most widely used dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.

It can be used as a fungicide and bactericide algicide in oilfield water injection and industrial circulating cooling water systems. When used as a bactericide to treat hard surfaces, it can be used in combination with chlorine dioxide.

Bardac 2270 is a kind of wool moth agent, can control insect diseases, in medicine and health and civil use as disinfectant and fungicide.

Bardac 2270 is a cationic surfactant of dialkydimethyl quaternary ammonium compounds. It is easily soluble in water and organic solvent. It is a light yellow liquid under home temperature, and its chemical character is stable.
Bardac 2270 has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It can be used as fungicide and mildewcide, and active against enveloped viruses. It has a high tolerance to hard water.
Bardac 2270 maintains efficacy in presence of heavy organic soilings such as blood and protein. Good surfactant and wetting properties and it is worldwide acceptance based on registration approval and official lists.
Bardac 2270 is a dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compound that is used in numerous products for its bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal properties.

Bardac 2270 is an antiseptic, sterilizing agent that is used in many biocidal applications. It is a broad spectrum bactericide, used as a disinfectant cleaner for its enhanced surfactant for linen, recommended for use in hospitals, hotels and industries. It is also used in gynecology, surgery, ophthalmology, pediatrics, OT, and for the sterilization of surgical instruments, endoscopes and surface disinfection.

Bardac 2270 is the third generation of quaternary ammonium compounds, and it is better than the first and second-generation products on the ability to kill microorganisms. It is mainly used in the following fields:
1.Used as fungicide of injection water of oilfield and industrial circulating cooling water.
2.Used as disinfectant, fungicide and wood preservative agents.
3.Used as moth-proofing agents of textile.
4.It can be used to compound with CLO2 when handling hard surfaces to killing bacteria.

Description:
Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (DDAC) is a kind of cationic surfactant. It is a kind of double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound. It is a light yellow transparent liquid at room temperature. It is easy to dissolve in water and organic solvents. It has stable chemical properties and little irritation. Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (DDAC) is a mothproofing agent for wool products, which can control insect diseases and be used as disinfectant and bactericide in medicine, health and civil use.

Applications:
Bardac 2270 is a mothproofing agent for wool products, which can control insect diseases and be used as a disinfectant and bactericide in medicine, health and civil use. This product is one of the third-generation products of quaternary ammonium bactericide, and its killing ability to microorganisms is significantly higher than that of the first and second-generation products. Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (DDAC) can be used as a bactericide and algaecide in oilfield water injection and industrial circulating cooling water systems. When used for mothproofing of wool fabrics, it can be filled, impregnated or sprayed. When used as a fungicide to treat hard surfaces, it can be used in combination with chlorine dioxide.

Bardac 2270 is a cationic surfactant of dialkydimethyl quaternary ammonium compounds. It is easily soluble in water and organic solvent. It is a light yellow liquid under home temperature, and its chemical character is stable and low irritating.

Bardap 26
baryte; barytine; cawk; heavy spar; Barium sulfate; Sulfuric Acid, Barium Salt (1:1); BARII SULFAS; BARITE; BARIUM (II) SULFATE; BARIUM SULFATE; BARIUM SULPHATE; BARIUM SWALLOW; Baryta white; BARYTE; BARYTES; BLANC FIXE; SULFURIC ACID BARIUM SALT; WHITE REFLECTANCE STANDARD; a15(inorganiccompound); actybaryte; ai3-03611; artificialbarite; artificialheavyspar; ba(sulfate); ba147; bakontal CAS NO:7727-43-7, 13462-86-7
BARITE
SYNONYMS : Barium Dichloride Dihydrate,Barium chL;BariumChlorideGr;BariumChlorideAr;BARIUM CHLORIDE,99%;BARIUM CHLORIDE 2H2O;BARIUM CHLORIDE, 387N;Barium chloride,refined;Barium Chloride 99.995%;Barium Chloride, crystal;Barium Choride Dihydrate CAS NO. 10326-27-9 (Dihydrate)
BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE)
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an organometallic compound with extremely high chemical and thermal stability.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust properties for various metals and their parts.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an efficient lubricant additive


CAS Number: 61790-48-5
EC Number: 263-140-3
Molecular Formula: RSO3Ba



SYNONYMS:
VANPLAST 202, VANPLAST PL, VANPLAST R, sulfonicacids,petroleum,bariumsalts, BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE, sulfonic acids,petroleum, barium salts, sulfonicacids,petroleum,bariumsalts, vanplast pl, oil-solublepetroleum sulfonate, barium salt, vanplast r, barium petroleum sulfonate, vanplast 202



Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a brown or dark brown thick liquid, prepared from nonylene and naphthalene.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) provides the lubricant with good antirust and demulsifying performance, and oil solubility as well.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent oil-soluble anti-rust additive and anti-emulsifier.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is neutral and has a small effect on some acidic additives in oil products.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is refined by the production of white oil-derived scrap, sodium petroleum sulfonate and metathesized by cerium chloride.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is miscible with Oil and Solvent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an organometallic compound with extremely high chemical and thermal stability.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust properties for various metals and their parts.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an efficient lubricant additive
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a sulfonate additive used in lubricating oils.
Sulfonates are multifunctional additives that perform a variety of functions, including detergents, dispersants and anti-wear properties.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate), in particular, contributes to the overall performance of the lubricant in several ways.
In modern industry, lubricants play a vital role, especially in reducing friction, reducing wear and enhancing cooling effects.
However, the function of lubricating oil is not perfect.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also has some problems, such as being easy to oxidize at high temperatures and emulsifying under high pressure.
To overcome these problems, lubricant additives emerged.


Among them, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has become an efficient lubricant additive due to its unique properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an organometallic compound with extremely high chemical and thermal stability.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can keep the performance of lubricating oil stable in high temperature and high pressure environments, effectively reducing friction and wear.


At the same time, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also has good antioxidant and anti-emulsification properties, which can prevent the oxidation and emulsification of lubricating oil in high temperature and high pressure environments, thus extending the service life of lubricating oil.


In addition to its excellent chemical and physical properties, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also has good lubricating properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can effectively reduce the friction coefficient, reduce friction resistance and improve mechanical efficiency.


In addition, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can also enhance the cooling effect of lubricating oil, reduce the temperature of mechanical equipment, and improve its reliability.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a versatile oil-soluble antirust additive used in rust preventive formulations.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust and anti-corrosion properties for ferrous metals.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good oil-soluble stability and excellent demulsibility.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has an alkalinity reserve in the form of barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 with a base value of approximately 45mgKOH/g to neutralize acidic components in lubricant oil.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent rust inhibitor and emulsifier.
Because Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate)'s chemical structure is different from that of basic barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (T705), its base value is smaller than that of basic barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate T705, and it can neutralize some acidic additives in oil products.


It is also small, and Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) will not produce precipitation when preparing a compounding agent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) contains lipophilic non-polar groups and hydrophilic polar groups.
Since most of the metal surfaces are charged, the hydrophilic groups will be adsorbed by various physical and chemical effects on metal surfaces.


During adsorption, the hydrophilic group is directed towards the metal and the lipophilic group is positioned away from the metal.
Since Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is adsorbed on the surface of Chemicalbook metal, on the one hand, the properties of the interface are changed, the energy state of the metal surface tends to be stable, and the corrosion rate is slowed down; on the other hand, the lipophilic group of this product forms a layer of hydrophobicity on the metal surface.


The protective film prevents the movement of charges and substances associated with the corrosion reaction, reducing the reaction rate.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) provides the lubricant with good antirust and demulsifying performance, and oil solubility as well.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a brown or dark brown thick liquid, prepared from nonylene and naphthalene.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) provides the lubricant with good antirust and demulsifying performance, and oil solubility as well.


In addition to its anti-rust properties, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also offers other benefits such as improved lubricity and anti-wear properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can reduce friction and wear on metal surfaces, resulting in improved efficiency and longer equipment life.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an essential additive in lubricating oils, providing effective rust protection and enhancing the performance and durability of metal parts.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a type of sulfonate surfactant that is often used as an additive in lubricating oils and greases.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is part of the family of metal sulfonates and is known for its detergency and dispersant properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is compatible with a wide range of lubricating oils and can be easily mixed into various formulations.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is typically added in small concentrations to achieve the desired level of rust protection.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a highly effective anti-rust additive that provides long-lasting protection against corrosion.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a versatile oil-soluble antirust additive used in rust preventive formulations.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust and anti-corrosion properties for ferrous metals.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good oil-soluble stability and excellent demulsibility.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent antirust and demulsifying agent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a brown or dark brown thick liquid, prepared from nonylene and naphthalene.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) provides the lubricant with good antirust and demulsifying performance, and oil solubility as well.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
Engine Oils: Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is commonly used in engine oils, where its detergent, dispersant, and corrosion inhibition properties help maintain a clean engine and protect against wear.
Industrial Oils: Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) finds application in various industrial lubricants, including hydraulic fluids, gear oils, and metalworking fluids, where detergency, dispersancy, and corrosion protection are essential.


Marine Lubricants: Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used in marine lubricants to provide detergency, dispersancy, and protection against deposits in marine engines and systems.
Specialized Lubricants: Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may be included in specialized lubricants where high detergency and dispersancy are required for specific applications.


It’s important to note that the use of barium-based additives, including Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate), has faced environmental concerns due to the toxicity of barium.
As a result, there has been a shift towards alternative additives with lower environmental impact.


Users should refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations and specifications for optimal usage and be aware of regulatory considerations.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is specially used in the production of anti-rust grease as an indispensable anti-rust additive.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is widely used in various mineral oils and synthetic oils;
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is suited for blending anti-rust oil, gear oil, and oil-based metalworking fluid;
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as a rust inhibitor and anti-emulsifier in anti-wear hydraulic oil; as a rust inhibitor in various greases.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent antirust and demulsifying agent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can serve as antirust additive and emulsion breaker for antiwear hydraulic oils; antirust agent for industrial lubricating agent (such as paper machine oil, rock drill oil, steam turbine oil and circulation oil ) running in damp environment; and antirust agent for lubricating grease as well.


The dosage of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is from 1.0% to 5.0%.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has the excellent anti-humidity, anti-salt spray, anti-brine and water replacement performances.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also has the fine anti-rust performance for the ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has the good oil solubility when heated, and can form the preservative film on the surface of the metal to inhibit its corrosion and wear.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is primarily used in antirust oils such as replacement-type anti-rust oils, inter-process rust oils, seal oils, anti-rust lubricating oils and anti-corrosion grease, etc.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used for blending antirust oils such as replacement-type anti-rust oils, inter-process antirust oils, seal oils, anti-rust lubricating oils and anti-corrosion grease, etc


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) mainly works as a Surface Active Agent, Emulsification & Dispersion of Liquid's, Wetting & Dispersion of Liquid – Solid System, Inhibition of Rust & Corrosion, Dispersion & Wetting of Solids.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is widely used in the manufacture of Soluble Cutting Oils, Emulsifiers of Soluble Cutting Oil, Rust Preventives, Leather Chemicals / Fat Liquor, Metal Treatment Chemicals, Textile Auxiliaries, ore Flotation Chemicals, Inks etc.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used in anti-rust oils, for example, displacement type anti-rust oil, inter-process rust preventative oil, sealing anti-rust oil anti-rust grease, lubricating anti-rust dual-purpose oils or greases.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is suitable for anti-rust agent in anti-rust grease, such as the preparation of replacement type anti-rust oil, anti-rust oil in the process, storage of oil, and lubricating anti-rust oil and anti-rust grease.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a widely used anti-rust additive.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can be used as an anti-rust additive for various lubricants and greases.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can also be used as an anti-emulsifier in lubricants.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can serve as antirust additive and emulsion breaker for antiwear hydraulic oils; antirust agent for industrial lubricating agent (such as paper machine oil, rock drill oil, steam turbine oil and circulation oil) running in damp environment;and antirust agent for lubricating grease as well.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is suit to dose in lubricant oil and grease.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent antirust and demulsifying agent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as antirust agent in various petroleum and synthetic oils and greases; Petroleum ether cleaner.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used water replacement antirust fluid, instrument oil and other antirust oil.
Rust agent, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as paper engine oil, diamond engine oil, turbine oil, hydraulic press and instrument.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used antirust agent for machine oil and other industrial lubricating oils used in water can also be used as Antirust additive for engine fuel.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has an alkalinity reserve in the form of barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 with a base value of approximately 45mgKOH/g to neutralize acidic components in lubricant oil.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has a base value from barium hydroxide, which can result in slight corrosion to copper and some nonferrous metals.
In some extreme-pressure oil formulations, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may slightly affect the oil's extreme-pressure performance.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is well compatible with other functional oil additives and when combined with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), high temperature antioxidant, Antiwear EP Additive and other Lubricant Additive Component, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) increases the rust-preventive performance of the anti-rust fluid products.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good oil solubility,readily adhered to metal surfaces, and forms a protective film, preventing metal from corrosion and rusting.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust property for ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent demulsibility, clean and optimized antirust property, and is used for preparing industrial lubricating oil, lubricating grease, hydraulic oil, water-proof rust-proof oil and various protective oil products.
Since it does not create spots on the metal surface, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an ideal component of a high-grade rust-resistant formulation.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has a base value from barium hydroxide, which can result in slight corrosion to copper and some nonferrous metals.
In some extreme-pressure oil formulations, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may slightly affect the oil's extreme-pressure performance.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is well compatible with other functional oil additives and when combined with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), high temperature antioxidant, Antiwear EP Additive and other Lubricant Additive Component, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) increases the rust-preventive performance of the anti-rust fluid products.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used rust and corrosion inhibitor for various mineral oils, synthetic oil and grease.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent moisture resistance & water displacement properties; it can also prevent black & non-ferrous metals from rustiness.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used in formulations where high level of non-staining rust protection is required.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good oil solubility after heating and forms a protective coating on the metal surface to protect the metals.


Application areas of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) are corrosion inhibitor in mill oils, rust preventatives, coatings and greases, demulsibility, non-staining.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as wetting agent, dispersant and corrosion inhibitor in engine oil, utilized for formulating greases, slushing oils, hydraulic fluids other industry products.


In practical applications, the addition amount of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is usually 0.1%-0.5%.
This low-concentration addition does not increase the viscosity of the lubricant, but can significantly improve the performance of the lubricant.
By using Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) as a lubricating oil additive, the service life of mechanical equipment can be effectively extended, production efficiency improved, and maintenance costs reduced.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a powerful and sophisticated player in lubricant additives
As you rightly mentioned, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) are complex organometallic compounds that play an important role in the world of lubricant additives.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has a variety of benefits, but like any active ingredient, careful consideration is needed for optimal performance and compatibility.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent antirust and demulsifying agent.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can serve as antirust additive and emulsion breaker for antiwear hydraulic oils; antirust agent for industrial lubricating agent (such as paper machine oil, rock drill oil, steam turbine oil and circulation oil) running in damp environment;and antirust agent for lubricating grease as well.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used in lubricating oils to prevent rust and corrosion on metal surfaces.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) forms a protective film on the surface of the metal, preventing moisture and other corrosive elements from coming into contact with the metal.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is commonly used in automotive, industrial, and marine applications where metal parts are exposed to harsh environments.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) works by forming a barrier between the metal surface and the surrounding environment, preventing moisture and other corrosive substances from reaching the metal.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) helps to extend the lifespan of the metal parts and ensures smooth operation of machinery and equipment.


-Application Area of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate):
*Corrosion inhibitor in mill oils
*Rust preventatives, coatings and greases
*Demulsibility
*Non-staining
*Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as wetting agent, dispersant and corrosion inhibitor in engine oil
*Utilized for formulating greases, slushing oils, hydraulic fluids other industry products.


-Applications of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) in lubricants:
*Engine Oils:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is widely used in gasoline and diesel engine oils, particularly those formulated for heavy-duty applications where engine cleanliness and wear resistance are critical.

*Transmission Fluid:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate)'s detergent and dispersing properties help smooth operation and extend the service life of transmissions and gearboxes.

*Greases:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can improve the performance and service life of greases used in a variety of industrial and automotive applications, ensuring efficient lubrication and protection in demanding environments.

*Metalworking Fluids:
In cutting and forming fluids, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) improves lubrication and reduces friction, protecting tools and enhancing machining processes.



ADVANTAGES OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE) IN LUBRICANTS:
*Cleanliness:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) effectively removes and disperses sludge, carbon deposits and other contaminants on the engine surface, keeping it clean and preventing wear.
This means less engine wear, smoother operation, and potentially improved fuel efficiency.

*Dispersion:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) suspends wear particles in the oil, preventing them from settling and causing wear on engine components.
This further extends engine life and minimizes maintenance requirements.

*Antioxidants:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) slow down oil oxidation, which is the primary cause of oil degradation and the formation of harmful acids and sludge.
This extends the life of the lubricant, reduces the need for frequent oil changes, and maintains optimal engine performance.

*Anti-wear:
By forming a protective film on metal surfaces, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) minimizes friction and wear during operation.
This increases engine efficiency, protects critical components, and helps extend the overall life of the engine.

*Corrosion Inhibition:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) protects metal components from rust and corrosion, further extending their service life and protecting the engine from costly damage.



PERFORMANCE PURPOSE OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
The basic properties of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) are similar to those of petroleum barium sulfonate and have certain anti-corrosion properties
*Brine impregnation performance, soluble in silicone oil, in the preparation of ferrous metals and brass
*The antirust oil has good oil solubility, lubricity and wear resistance
*Under wet condition, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good stability and good rust resistance to various metals.



THE KEY POINTS ABOUT BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
1. **Decontamination dispersion:**
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is known for its detergency and dispersing properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) helps keep your engine clean by preventing the formation of deposits, sludge and varnish.
This is critical to maintaining engine efficiency and longevity.

2. **Metal detergency:**
Sulfonates, including those based on barium, have metal cleaning properties.
They neutralize the acidic by-products formed during combustion and protect metal surfaces from corrosion and wear.

3. **Anti-wear performance:**
Although primarily used as a detergent and dispersant, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may contribute to the antiwear properties of the lubricant.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can form a protective film on metal surfaces to reduce friction and wear.

4. **Base enhancement:**
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) increases the total base number (TBN) of the lubricant.
TBN is a measure of a lubricant’s acid-neutralizing ability, which is critical to preventing acid corrosion and keeping the oil alkaline.

5. **Application:**
These sulfonate additives are commonly used in engine oils, hydraulic oils and industrial lubricants.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is particularly effective in applications where detergency, dispersion and anti-wear properties are critical for optimal performance.

6. **Compatibility:**
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is generally compatible with other additives commonly used in lubricant formulations.
However, compatibility should be confirmed within the specific formulation to ensure the desired performance is achieved without adverse effects.

7. **Regulatory Considerations:**
The use of barium-based additives, including barium sulfonate, may be subject to regulatory considerations due to environmental and toxicity concerns associated with barium.
Lubricant manufacturers must comply with regional regulations and specifications.

Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is important to note that the lubricant industry is constantly evolving and formulations may change based on technological advancements, environmental considerations and regulatory requirements.

Lubricant formulators carefully select and balance additives to meet specific performance requirements and industry standards.
The concentration of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) throughout the lubricant formulation is critical to achieve the desired benefits without compromising other properties.



PREPARATION OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
1. Hydrocarbonization process:
(1) Add 1 part of nonene into the nonene dripping tank.

(2) Combine naphthalene (40-60% by weight of nonene), hydrocarbon solvent (50-80% by weight of nonene), and anhydrous aluminum trichloride (2-6% by weight of nonene) %) and hydrochloric acid (0.1 to 0.5% of nonene by weight) are added into the alkylation reactor, stir to mix the materials evenly, and stir for 0.5 to 1 hour.
The temperature in the reactor is controlled between 20 and 60°C.

(3) Add nonene dropwise into the alkylation reaction kettle.
The dropping time is controlled at 2-6 hours, and the temperature is controlled between 25 and 80°C.
During the dripping process of nonene, add equal amounts in three times.
Anhydrous aluminum trichloride, the total amount added three times is the same as the weight of aluminum trichloride added in step (2).

(4) After nonene is added dropwise, continue the reaction at a temperature of 25 to 80°C for 1 to 5 hours to obtain a dinonylnaphthalene hydrocarbonization mixture.

(5) Water washing:
Add water (20-50% by weight of nonene) and nonane (10-30% by weight of nonene) into the hydrocarbonization kettle, and raise the temperature to keep the material temperature in the kettle at 60 ~90℃. Stop stirring after 0.5 to 1 hour, keep warm and settle.
The settling time is more than 4 hours, and a liquid divided into two layers is obtained.

(6) Alkali washing:
Remove the lower water in the hydrocarbonization kettle to obtain the upper hydrocarbonization liquid.
Add liquid caustic soda (weight: 2 to 5% of nonene, concentration: 30%) to this liquid, water ( The weight is nonene 10~30%), and the temperature is maintained between 60~90°C.

Stir for 0.5 to 1 hour, and control the pH value of the material between 13 and 14.
Stop stirring, and the static sedimentation will separate into two layers.
The time is more than 8 hours.

(7) Water washing:
Divide the lower layer of spent alkali water in the hydrocarbonization kettle, add water (20 to 50% of nonene by weight), keep the temperature at 60 to 90°C, and stir for 0.5 to 1 hour.
Stop stirring, keep warm and allow to settle for more than 2 hours.

(8) Separate the wastewater from the middle and lower layers of the hydrocarbonization tank to obtain the hydrocarbonization liquid containing dinonylnaphthalene.


2. Distillation process:
This process is to distill the dinonylnaphthalene hydrocarbonized liquid under reduced pressure.

The distillation step is to first add the dinonylnaphthalene hydrocarbonized liquid into the vacuum distillation kettle, then turn on the vacuum distillation system for distillation.

When the kettle pressure reaches -0.085~-0.095Mpa and the tower top temperature is 105~110°C, After the distillation of nonane is completed, switch the fractions; then start distilling the naphthalene and hydrocarbon solvent fractions.
When the kettle pressure is -0.097~-0.099Mpa and the tower top temperature is 220~240°C, the naphthalene and hydrocarbon solvent fractions have been distilled out portion, there is dinonylnaphthalene in the tower kettle.

At this time, the distillation is completed, and the circulation cooling system is opened.
When the temperature of the material in the kettle drops below 150°C, the bottom liquid is released, and a viscous liquid with a yellow and transparent appearance is obtained - 2 Nonylnaphthalene.


3. Sulfonation process
(1) Add the sulfonated gasoline and dinonylnaphthalene into the sulfonation kettle at a ratio of about 1:1 (weight ratio, generally the difference is 20%), and stir and mix evenly.

(2) Add nicotinic acid into the nicotinic acid dripping tank.
The weight is 1.2 to 1.5 times the weight of dinonylnaphthalene.
Add nicotinic acid dropwise into the sulfonation kettle, start the stirring reaction, and control the temperature in the sulfonation kettle.

Below 45°C, the dripping time of concentrated sulfuric acid is controlled to 3-4 hours.
After the dripping is completed, the reaction continues for 1-2 hours and then settles still for more than 8 hours.

(3) Remove the acid residue from the middle and lower layers of the sulfonation kettle, add the same amount of water as dinonylnaphthalene (weight ratio), stir and wash with water, control the temperature in the kettle at 40-80°C, and the time is 0.5 -1 hour, stop stirring and let stand for more than 4 hours.

(4) Separate the lower layer water in the sulfonation kettle, repeat the water washing process in process (3), and then wash it with water twice to obtain the intermediate dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid gasoline solution.


4. Saponification process
The saponification step is to add barium carbonate into the saponification reaction kettle, and then slowly add the intermediate dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid gasoline solution generated in the sulfonation step.
The added weight of barium carbonate is the second weight of the sulfonation step.

Add 0.15 to 0.30% of the weight of nonylnaphthalene, keep the reaction temperature of the materials in the saponification reactor at 60 to 90°C, and react in the reflux state for 2 to 4 hours.
After static settling, remove the lower layer water and then add it to the saponification reactor.

Barium hydroxide, stirring reaction, the reaction time is 1 to 3 hours, the reaction temperature of the material is kept at 60 to 90°C, after the reaction is completed, the temperature is heated and dehydrated, and then the base oil is added to the saponification reaction kettle.
The amount of base oil added is related to the sulfonation step.

The added weight of dinonylnaphthalene is roughly the same, and the temperature is raised to distill the gasoline to obtain Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate).

In the saponification step, the weight of barium hydroxide added to the saponification reaction kettle is 0.3 to 0.4 of the weight of dinonylnaphthalene added in the sulfonation step, and the reaction yields alkaline Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate).

In the saponification step, the weight of barium hydroxide added to the saponification reaction kettle is 0.007 to 0.009 of the weight of dinonylnaphthalene added in the sulfonation step, and the reaction yields neutral Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate).


5. Filtration: Filter the materials in the saponification kettle to obtain the neutral (or alkaline) finished product Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate).



PROPERTIES OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
*good oil solubility, forms a protective coating film on the metal surface against rust and corrosion.
*good moisture resistant, salt spray corrosion resistant, water displacement characteristics.
*excellent anti-rust property for ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.



COMPATIBILITY OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may not be compatible with all base oils and other additives.
Consult the lubricant manufacturer or an expert for a proper compatibility assessment to ensure Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) blends seamlessly with existing formulations and does not cause unintended consequences.



KEY COMPONENTS OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
1. **Barium Salt:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a salt of barium, where barium ions are combined with the sulfonic acid groups present in the dinonylnaphthalene structure.

2. **Dinonylnaphthalene Structure:**
– The hydrophobic (water-repelling) portion of the molecule is derived from dinonylnaphthalene, which is a hydrocarbon with a naphthalene ring.
This hydrophobic tail provides compatibility with non-polar substances.

3. **Sulfonic Acid Groups:**
– The sulfonic acid groups in the molecule contribute to its hydrophilic (water-attracting) properties.
These groups make Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) effective in interacting with water-soluble components.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATION OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
1. **Detergency:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) acts as a detergent, helping to keep engine components and machinery clean by preventing the formation of deposits, sludge, and varnish.

2. **Dispersancy:**
– The dispersant properties of this additive assist in keeping solid particles finely dispersed in the lubricating oil.
This prevents the agglomeration of particles and promotes a cleaner system.

3. **Corrosion Inhibition:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may provide corrosion protection by forming a protective film on metal surfaces, safeguarding against rust and corrosion.

4. **Neutralization of Acids:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can neutralize acidic by-products formed during the combustion process, helping to control the acidity of the oil and mitigate corrosive effects.

5. **Oxidative Stability:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may contribute to the oxidative stability of lubricating oils, resisting the formation of oxidation by-products that can degrade the oil over time.



THE FUTURE OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
Research continues to explore potential improvements to Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate):
*Greener formulations:
The development of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) derivatives that reduce environmental impact (possibly using bio-based materials or alternative chemicals) is a focus.

*Enhanced performance:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) blends are optimized for specific applications to maximize benefits such as wear reduction, friction modification and oxidation stability.

*Multifunctional additives:
Research is underway to combine Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) with other functions such as defoaming or extreme pressure protection to create multifunctional additives that meet complex lubrication needs.

in conclusion:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) remains a valuable tool in the lubricant additive arsenal, providing significant benefits to engine performance, cleanliness and longevity.

However, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate)'s effectiveness depends on responsible use, taking into account compatibility, potential disadvantages and environmental impact.

By understanding its benefits and limitations, consulting experts, and making informed choices, you can harness the power of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) to enhance your lubricants and extend their performance potential.
Remember, when it comes to Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) in lubricants, knowledge is power.

In short, barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate, as an efficient lubricant additive, has broad application prospects.
By using barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate as a lubricating oil additive, the performance of lubricating oil can be effectively improved, the service life of mechanical equipment can be extended, and maintenance costs can be reduced.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
Appearance: Tan translucent viscous body; visual inspection.
Density (20 ℃): Kg/m³ not less than 1.0; 1.0 GB/T2540.
Flash point (opening) (℃) not lower than: 165 GB/T3536.
Viscosity (00 ℃) mm²/s not more than: 100-140 GB/T265.
Moisture% not more than: 0.10 GB/T260.
Mechanical mass% not more than: 0.10-0.15 GB/T511.
Barium content% not less than: 11.5-10.5 GB/T225.
Total base number mgKOH/g: 35-55 GB/T7304.
Wet box, grade: 96h GB/T2361; 72h.
Liquid phase corrosion: Rust-free; stainless steel GB/T11143.
Oil solubility: Qualified visual inspection.

Appearance: Clear, dark brown, viscous liquid.
Barium Sulfonate % wt: 50 min.
Barium % wt: 6.0 - 9.0.
H2O Content %: 1.0 max.
Inorganic Salt % wt: 1.0 max.
Density @ 15°C: 0.95 - 1.050.
Viscosity @ 100°C: 80-110.
Flash Point 100°C: 175 min.
Chemical Name: Barium petroleum sulfonate
CAS No.: 61790-48-5
Molecular Formula: RSO3Ba
Appearance: Translucent, semi-solid, or fluid.



FIRST AID MEASURES of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Store at Room Temperature.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


BARIUM HYDROXIDE
Barium dihydroxide; Hydroxyde de baryum; Bariumhydroxid; Hidróxido de bario; Aetzbaryt; barium(II) hydroxide; barium(2+) hydroxide; Barium hydroxide,anhydrous; Caustic baryta; Barium oxide hydrate octahydrate CAS NO:12230-71-
BARIUM PEROXIDE
Barium peroxide, is a grayish-white powder that is slightly soluble in water.
Barium peroxide is a dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact with organic materials and decomposes around 1450°F (787°C).
Barium peroxide is also toxic by ingestion, is a skin irritant, and should be kept cool and dry in storage.

CAS: 1304-29-6
MF: BaO2
MW: 169.33
EINECS: 215-128-4

The four-digit UN identification number is 1449.
The primary uses of barium peroxide are in bleaching, in thermal welding of aluminum, as an oxidizing agent, and in the dyeing of textiles.
A dense offwhitesolid, BaO2, prepared by carefullyheating barium oxide inoxygen; r.d. 4.96; m.p. 450°C.
Barium peroxide is used as a bleaching agent.
Withacids, hydrogen peroxide is formedand the reaction is used in the laboratorypreparation of hydrogen peroxide.
A grayish-white granular solid.
Insoluble in water.
Noncombustible, but accelerates the burning of combustible material.
Mixture with finely divided combustible material may be explosive.
Mixtures with combustible material may be ignited by friction or contact with moisture.

Barium peroxide is a catalyst for the oxidation of organic compounds in wastewater treatment.
In analytical chemistry, Barium peroxide is used to measure the concentration of water vapor in air and to determine the rate of transport properties.
Barium peroxide is also used as a catalyst during x-ray diffraction data analysis.
Barium peroxide has high resistance to antimicrobial agents.
Barium peroxide can be used for tumor treatment and hydrochloric acid production.
Barium peroxide is made from barium salt and hydrogen peroxide, which are reacted together at constant pressure.

Barium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula BaO2.
This white solid (gray when impure) is one of the most common inorganic peroxides, and Barium peroxide was the first peroxide compound discovered.
Being an oxidizer and giving a vivid green colour upon ignition (as do all barium compounds), it finds some use in fireworks; historically, Barium peroxide was also used as a precursor for hydrogen peroxide.
Barium peroxide is a peroxide, containing O2−2 subunits.
The solid is isomorphous to calcium carbide, CaC2.

Barium peroxide is an oxide of barium.
Barium peroxide is used in bleaching and to produce a green color in fireworks.
Barium is a metallic alkaline earth metal with the symbol Ba, and atomic number 56.
Barium peroxide never occurs in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air, but combines with other chemicals such as sulfur or carbon and oxygen to form barium compounds that may be found as minerals.
Barium peroxide appears as a grayish-white granular solid.

Barium peroxide Chemical Properties
Melting point: 450 °C
Boiling point: losesO2 at 800°C
Density: 4,96 g/cm3
Fp: 21 °C
Solubility: reacts with dilute acid solutions
Form: Powder
Specific Gravity: 4.96
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water
Sensitive: Moisture Sensitive
Merck: 14,989
Stability: Stable. Strong oxidizer - contact with combustible material may cause fire. Incompatible with organic materials, combustible materials, reducing agents, most common metals.
LogP: -0.425 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 1304-29-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Barium peroxide (Ba(O2)) (1304-29-6)

Physical properties
Barium peroxide is an iron gray or white powder.
Barium peroxide is slowly decomposed in air, forming the hydroxide and oxygen.
Barium peroxide does not dissolve in water, but can slowly hydrolyze, forming hydrogen peroxide in solution.
Barium peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent and will explode if direct contact with organic matter occurs.
Therefore, barium peroxide is always diluted to form a slurry before usage.
Barium peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent that is used for bleaching.
Barium peroxide contains O22- subunits wherein the oxygen atoms bond to each other as well as to the barium.

Preparation and use
Barium peroxide arises by the reversible reaction of O2 with barium oxide.
The peroxide forms around 500 °C and oxygen is released above 820 °C.

2 BaO + O2 ⇌ 2 BaO2
This reaction is the basis for the now-obsolete Brin process for separating oxygen from the atmosphere.
Other oxides, e.g. Na2O and SrO, behave similarly.
In another obsolete application, barium peroxide was once used to produce hydrogen peroxide via its reaction with sulfuric acid:

BaO2 + H2SO4 → H2O2 + BaSO4
The insoluble barium sulfate is filtered from the mixture.

Uses
Barium peroxide is used as a hydrogen peroxide source and oxygen oxidant, as well as a bleaching agent.
Barium peroxide's main usage has been for making hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, in organic syntheses, fabric printing and dyeing.
Barium peroxide is available commercially, primarily as the oxctahydrate (which is the more stable form of this peroxide).
Barium peroxide is a grayish-white dry powder that makes an excellent bleaching agent that can be stored in paper packages.
Barium peroxide's bleaching qualities are released when mixed with water.
Bleaching animal substances, vegetable fibers and straw; glass decolorizer; manufacture of H2O2 and oxygen; dyeing and printing textiles; with powdered aluminum in welding; in cathodes; in igniter compositions.
Oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.

Production Methods
Barium peroxide, BaO2, was the first-known peroxo compound.
Barium peroxide was used until mid-1900 in the manufacture of oxygen by the Brin process and of hydrogen peroxide by the Thenard reaction.

Barium peroxide is best prepared by reacting barium nitrate with sodium peroxide in a cold solution:
Ba(NO3)2+Na2O2+xH2O→BaO2·xH2O+2NaNO3
The hydrated form is usually the octahydrate.
If the anhydrate is desired, the hydrated peroxide is dried and then sintered at 350°C for 10 min or less:
4BaO2·xH2O+ heat→2BaO+2BaO2+xH2O+O2
About equal amounts of oxide and peroxide form.
The ratio is a function of the time and temperature of heating.
To separate the two forms, the heated mass is plunged into a large volume of water where the hydroxide is formed.
The peroxide is insoluble whereas the hydroxide is soluble, allowing the separation of the two by filtration.
The peroxide is then vacuum dried.

Reactivity Profile
Barium peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent.
Contact with water can produce a temperature and oxygen concentration high enough to ignite organic materials.
Reacts explosively with acetic anhydride due to the formation of acetyl peroxide.
Ignites when mixed with powdered aluminum, powdered magnesium or calcium-silicon alloys.
Wood may ignite with friction from the peroxide.
Decomposes when heated to 700°C to produce barium oxide and pure oxygen.
Forms highly reactive mixtures with fuel-type materials.

Health Hazard
Inhalation causes irritation of mucous membranes, throat, and nose.
Contact with eyes or skin causes severe burns.
Ingestion causes excessive salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, convulsive tremors, slow, hard pulse, and elevated blood pressure; hemorrhages may occur in the stomach, intestines, and kidneys; muscular paralysis may follow.

Synonyms
BARIUM PEROXIDE
1304-29-6
barium(2+);peroxide
Barium dioxide
MFCD00003454
Barium binoxide
Barium superoxide
Barium oxide, per-
Bario (perossido di)
Bariumperoxid
Bariumperoxid [German]
Bariumperoxyde
Bariumperoxyde [Dutch]
Dioxyde de baryum
Dioxyde de baryum [French]
Peroxyde de baryum
Barium peroxide (Ba(O2))
Peroxyde de baryum [French]
HSDB 396
Bario (perossido di) [Italian]
EINECS 215-128-4
UN1449
Bariumsuperoxyd
UNII-T892KY013Y
Barium peroxide, anhydrous
Ba(O2)
T892KY013Y
Barium peroxide [UN1449] [Oxidizer]
BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE
VANPLAST R;VANPLAST PL;VANPLAST 202;BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE;sulfonicacids,petroleum,bariumsalts; Sulfonic acids, petroleum, barium salts; Sulfonic acids, petroleum, barium salts, overbased; EC 263-140-3 CAS NO:61790-48-5
BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC)
DESCRIPTION:
Barium sulfate (synthetic) (or sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it.
The white opaque appearance and its high density are exploited in its main applications.


CAS Number, 7727-43-7
EC Number, 231-784-4


Barium Sulfate (BaSO₄), otherwise known as Blanc Fixe, is a heavy, white insoluble powder that is odorless and tasteless.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) has a strong ability for absorbing X-rays, with X-rays being impermeable to it.

Barium sulfate (synthetic) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water.
The white opaque appearance and its high density are exploited in its main applications.

Precipitated barium sulfate is widely applicable in the industries such as powder coating, paints coating, pigment, paper, plastic, rubber, ink, etc. for its purity, low oil absorption, high burning point, insolubility in water, precise PH value, longer shelf life, non-toxicity and effectiveness.
Precipitated barium sulphate is a synthetic barium sulphate precipitated with specified particle size.
These product can be used effectively for industrial paints, enamels and plastic material.

Barium sulfate (synthetic) is Also known as blanc fixe, this high purity, synthetically-produced barium sulphate product acts as an extender in the production of paints, coatings and plastics.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is completely inert and possesses high resistance to outdoor exposure and other chemicals.
Barium Sulphate precipited has an extremely fine particle size of 0.7 µm and a narrow particle size distribution, ideally-suited for high gloss applications.


USES OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Drilling fluids:
About 80% of the world's barium sulfate production, mostly purified mineral, is consumed as a component of oil well drilling fluid.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) increases the density of the fluid, increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the well and reducing the chance of a blowout.


Radiocontrast agent:
Barium sulfate (synthetic) in suspension is often used medically as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and other diagnostic procedures.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is most often used in imaging of the GI tract during what is colloquially known as a "barium meal".
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is administered orally, or by enema, as a suspension of fine particles in a thick milk-like solution (often with sweetening and flavoring agents added).

Although barium is a heavy metal, and its water-soluble compounds are often highly toxic, the low solubility of barium sulfate protects the patient from absorbing harmful amounts of the metal.
Barium sulfate is also readily removed from the body, unlike Thorotrast, which it replaced.
Due to the relatively high atomic number (Z = 56) of barium, its compounds absorb X-rays more strongly than compounds derived from lighter nuclei.


Pigment:
The majority of synthetic barium sulfate is used as a component of white pigment for paints.
In oil paint, barium sulfate is almost transparent, and is used as a filler or to modify consistency.
One major manufacturer of artists' oil paint sells "permanent white" that contains a mixture of titanium white pigment (TiO2) and barium sulfate.

The combination of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide (ZnS) is the inorganic pigment called lithopone.
In photography it is used as a coating for certain photographic papers.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used as a coating to diffuse light evenly.


Heat-reflecting paint:
Barium sulfate is highly reflective, of both visible and ultraviolet light.
Researchers used it as an ingredient in paint that reflects 98.1% of all solar radiation, thus cooling surfaces to which it has been applied.

This contrasts with commercially available white paints which can only reflect 80 - 90% of the sunlight.
By using hexagonal nanoplatelet boron nitride, the thickness of a coating was reduced to 0.15 mm.


Paper brightener:
A thin layer of barium sulfate called baryta is first coated on the base surface of most photographic paper to increase the reflectiveness of the image, with the first such paper introduced in 1884 in Germany.
The light-sensitive silver halide emulsion is then coated over the baryta layer.
The baryta coating limits the penetration of the emulsion into the fibers of the paper and makes the emulsion more even, resulting in more uniform blacks.

Further coatings may then be present for fixing and protection of the image.
Baryta has also been used to brighten papers intended for ink-jet printing.


Plastics filler:
Barium sulfate is commonly used as a filler for plastics to increase the density of the polymer in vibrational mass damping applications. In polypropylene and polystyrene plastics, it is used as a filler in proportions up to 70%.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) has an effect of increasing acid and alkali resistance and opacity.
Such composites are also used as X-ray shielding materials due to their enhanced radio-opacity.


In cases where machinability and weight are a concern, composites with high mass fraction (70–80%) of barium sulfate may be preferred to the more commonly used steel shields.


Niche uses:
Barium sulfate is used in soil testing.
Tests for soil pH and other qualities of soil use colored indicators, and small particles (usually clay) from the soil can cloud the test mixture and make it hard to see the color of the indicator.
Barium sulfate added to the mixture binds with these particles, making them heavier so they fall to the bottom, leaving a clearer solution.


In colorimetry, barium sulfate is used as a near-perfect diffuser when measuring light sources.
In metal casting, the moulds used are often coated with barium sulfate in order to prevent the molten metal from bonding with the mould.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used in brake linings, anacoustic foams, powder coatings, and root canal filling.

Barium sulfate is an ingredient in the "rubber" pellets used by Chilean police.
This together with silica helps the pellet attain a 96.5 shore A hardness.


Catalyst support:
Barium sulfate is used as a catalyst support when selectively hydrogenating functional groups that are sensitive to overreduction.
With a low surface area, the contact time of the substrate with the catalyst is shorter and thus selectivity is achieved.
Palladium on barium sulfate is also used as a catalyst in the Rosenmund reduction.


Pyrotechnics:
As barium compounds emit a characteristic green light when heated at high temperature, barium salts are often used in green pyrotechnic formulas, although nitrate and chlorate salts are more common.
Barium sulfate is commonly used as a component of "strobe" pyrotechnic compositions.
Copper industry:
As barium sulfate has a high melting point and is insoluble in water, it is used as a release material in casting of copper anode plates.
The anode plates are cast in copper molds, so to avoid the direct contact of the liquid copper with the solid copper mold, a suspension of fine barium sulfate powder in water is used as a coating on the mold surface.
Thus, when the molten copper solidifies in form of an anode plate it can be easily released from its mold.


Radiometric measurements:
Barium sulfate is sometimes used (or else PTFE) to coat the interior of integrating spheres due to the high reflectance of the material and near Lambertian characteristics.


3D printing of firearms:
Barium sulfate is listed as among the acceptable materials by the BATF for the manufacturing of plastics firearms and/or components, to achieve compliance with the U.S. federal requirement that an X-ray machine may be able to accurately depict the shape of the plastic firearm or component.



APPLICATIONS OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Barium sulfate has many commercial applications.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is used to produce fine pigment particles of uniform size, known as “blanc fixe”.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) has been used as a drilling fluid, as a pigment in paints, and as a filler in plastics to improve the resistance against acid and acidity.

Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used in heat-reflecting paint, rubber, glass, and paper manufacturing, as well as in radiometric measurements.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used in medicine clinically as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and other diagnostic procedures and cosmetics as a sunscreen, amongst other applications.


Barium sulfate is added to various types of synthetic resins such as acryl resins as a light-diffusing material, and is thereby effective in diffusing light such as transmitted light and reflected light.

The barium sulfate is used for white plastic raw materials such as for resin pellets and translucent opaque reflection sheet (opalescence sheet).

Barium sulfate (synthetic) is now being developed as an additive (inorganic filler) such as for reflector plates and optical films.


PRODUCTION OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Almost all of the barium consumed commercially is obtained from barite, which is often highly impure.
Barite is processed by thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR), also known as carbothermal reduction (heating with coke) to give barium sulfide:
BaSO4 + 4 C → BaS + 4 CO
In contrast to barium sulfate, barium sulfide is soluble in water and readily converted to the oxide, carbonate, and halides.


To produce highly pure barium sulfate, the sulfide or chloride is treated with sulfuric acid or sulfate salts:
BaS + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2S
Barium sulfate produced in this way is often called blanc fixe, which is French for "permanent white".
Blanc fixe is the form of barium encountered in consumer products, such as paints.


In the laboratory barium sulfate is generated by combining solutions of barium ions and sulfate salts.
Because barium sulfate is the least toxic salt of barium due to its insolubility, wastes containing barium salts are sometimes treated with sodium sulfate to immobilize (detoxify) the barium.
Barium sulfate is one of the most insoluble salts of sulfate.

Its low solubility is exploited in qualitative inorganic analysis as a test for Ba2+ ions, as well as for sulfate.
Untreated raw materials such as natural baryte formed under hydrothermal conditions may contain many impurities, a.o., quartz, or even amorphous silica.


HISTORY OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Barium sulfate is reduced to barium sulfide by carbon.
The accidental discovery of this conversion many centuries ago led to the discovery of the first synthetic phosphor.
The sulfide, unlike the sulfate, is water-soluble.


During the early part of the 20th century, during the Japanese colonization period, hokutolite was found to exist naturally in the Beitou hot-springs area near Taipei City, Taiwan.
Hokutolite is a radioactive mineral composed mostly of PbSO4 and BaSO4, but also containing traces of uranium, thorium and radium.
The Japanese harvested these elements for industrial uses, and also developed dozens of “therapeutic hot-spring baths” in the area


KEY APPLICATIONS OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
• Plastics and polymers
• Adhesives and Sealants
• Oil and Gas
• Pulp and paper
• Textile handling
• Lubricants
• Building & Construction products
• Paint and Coatings
• Rubber
• Floor coverings



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC) :
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Chemical formula, BaSO4
Molar mass, 233.39 g/mol
Appearance, white crystalline
Odor, odorless
Density, 4.49 g/cm3
Melting point, 1,580 °C (2,880 °F; 1,850 K)
Boiling point, 1,600 °C (2,910 °F; 1,870 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water, 0.2448 mg/100 mL (20 °C)
0.285 mg/100 mL (30 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp), 1.0842 × 10−10 (25 °C)
Solubility, insoluble in alcohol, soluble in concentrated, hot sulfuric acid
Magnetic susceptibility (χ), −71.3•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD), 1.636 (alpha)
Structure,
Crystal structure, orthorhombic
Thermochemistry,
Heat capacity (C), 101.7 J/(mol K)
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298), 132 J/(mol•K)
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298), −1465 kJ/mol
Molar Weight
233.38 g/mol
Melting Point
1,580°C
Boiling Point
1,600°C
Density
4.49 g/cm³
Forms
White, Crystalline
Storage
Room Temperature
Density
4.5 Gram per cubic centimeter(g/cm3)
Melting Point
1,580 degree centigrade
Solubility
Insoluble in water
Form
Powder
Molecular Formula
BaSO4
Grade
Industrial Grade
Usage
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is used to help doctors examine the esophagus (tube that connects the mouth and stomach), stomach, and intestine using x-rays or computed tomography.
Density, 4.5
DV50um, 0.5-0.7
Oil Absorption, 13
BaSO4, 98.5
Fe2O3, 0.004
CaO, 0.15
Al2O3, 0.01
Silicate, 0.01
Heavy Metal, 0.01
Salt Soluble, 0.2
Moisture, 0.2
L.O.I, 0.5
Whiteness, 98






Physical Properties:
1. Appearance: Synthetic barium sulfate is a white, odorless powder.
2. Density: Barium sulfate (synthetic) has a relatively high density of around 4.5 grams per cubic centimeter.
3. Melting Point: The melting point of synthetic barium sulfate is approximately 1,580 degree centigrade (2,876 degree fahrenheit).
4. Solubility: Barium sulfate is practically insoluble in water and organic solvents, making it highly resistant to dissolution.

Chemical Properties:
1. Chemical Formula: BaSO4
2. Stability: Synthetic barium sulfate is chemically stable and non reactive under normal conditions.
3. Acid Resistance: Barium sulfate (synthetic) is highly resistant to acids, including strong mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
4. Reactivity: Barium sulfate does not undergo significant chemical reactions with most common chemicals. However, it can react with certain strong reducing agents, such as powdered aluminum and magnesium, at high temperatures.


Other Properties:

1. Radiopacity: Barium sulfate has excellent radiopacity, making it useful as a contrast agent in X ray and CT scans.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is not toxic and does not pose a risk to patients when used in medical imaging.

2. Particle Size and Purity: Synthetic barium sulfate particles can vary in size, typically ranging from nanometers to micrometers.
The purity of the compound depends on the manufacturing process and can be tailored for specific applications.

3. Insolubility: The insolubility of barium sulfate in the gastrointestinal tract makes it an effective agent for imaging studies of the digestive system, such as barium meals or barium enemas.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):

Q: What is synthetic barium sulfate used for?

A: Synthetic barium sulfate has various applications.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is commonly used as a filler in paints, coatings, and plastics to enhance their opacity, brightness, and resistance to weathering.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used as a radiopaque contrast agent in medical imaging, such as X rays and CT scans.
In addition, barium sulfate is utilized in oil well drilling fluids as a weighting agent.

Q: Is synthetic barium sulfate toxic?

A: Synthetic barium sulfate is considered relatively non toxic.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is not absorbed by the body and passes through the gastrointestinal tract without being metabolized.

However, in large amounts, Barium sulfate (synthetic) can cause harm if ingested or inhaled.
It is important to handle Barium sulfate (synthetic) with care, follow safety guidelines, and avoid direct contact or ingestion.

Q: Can synthetic barium sulfate be dissolved in water or other solvents?

A: No, synthetic barium sulfate is practically insoluble in water and organic solvents.
This insolubility is one of its desirable properties, as it allows it to be used as a stable and non reactive substance in various applications.

Q: Does synthetic barium sulfate have any environmental impacts?

A: Barium sulfate is generally considered environmentally inert and does not pose significant environmental risks.
However, as with any chemical substance, it is important to handle and dispose of it properly according to local regulations to prevent contamination of water or soil.

Q: Can synthetic barium sulfate be recycled or reprocessed?

A: Synthetic barium sulfate is not typically recycled or reprocessed due to its low cost and abundance.
After use, Barium sulfate (synthetic) is often disposed of as non hazardous waste following appropriate waste management procedures.

Q: Are there any alternatives to synthetic barium sulfate?

A: Yes, there are alternative materials that can serve similar purposes in various applications.
For example, in the medical field, alternative contrast agents may be used for specific imaging procedures.
In paint and coating industries, other fillers or opacifying agents can be employed.
The choice of alternative depends on the specific requirements and desired properties for a particular application.




BARIUM SULFIDE
BARIUM SULFIDE, N° CAS : 21109-95-5, Nom INCI : BARIUM SULFIDE, Nom chimique : Barium sulphide, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 244-214-4, Dépilatoire : Enlève les poils indésirables
BARIUM SULPHATE

Barium sulphate, commonly known as barite, is a naturally occurring mineral widely recognized for its high density and chemical inertness.
Barium sulphate appears as a white, odorless solid, with a distinctive appearance that sets it apart in various industrial applications.
Barium sulphate is practically insoluble in water, a characteristic that contributes to its stability in a wide range of environments.

CAS Number: 7727-43-7
EC Number: 231-784-4

Barite, Barium sulphate, Blanc fixe, Barytes, Barosperse, Cimbar, Barosperse SD-2, Barotek, Barytite, Lithopone, Barosperse HP, Barium(II) sulfate, Barium salt of sulfuric acid, Barosperse LV, Bolognian phosphorus, Heavy spar, Permanent White, Radiobarite, Thixogel VP, Blanc de baryte, Baryum, Barotrast, Micro Bar, Barytocalcite, Milwhite Baroid, Pine-Baryte, Micromax, Sulphuric acid - barium salt, Precipitated Barium sulphate, Barytes Powder, Barite 200 mesh, Plumbokupferite, Emathlite, Barium sulphate precipitated, Barium sulfuricum, HSDB 960, Pigment White 21, Sulfuric acid - barium salt (1:1), Barium(2+) sulfate, Biterite, White barite, Pigment White 22, Rhodacal B, Barosperse 10M, Barosperse 20M, Barosperse 50M, Barosperse 65M, Barosperse 80M, Blanc de blanc, Barosperse 60M, CCM 7761, Barosperse S-7, Barosperse C-7, Barosperse M-7, Barosperse 14M, Barosperse LCM, Barosperse B-7, Barosperse L-7, Barosperse P-7, Barosperse R-7



APPLICATIONS


Barium sulphate is employed in the production of high-density concrete used in nuclear facilities for its radiation shielding properties.
Its use in friction materials extends to industrial applications, such as heavy machinery brakes and clutches.
Barium sulphate enhances the density and strength of fiberboard, making it a valuable material in the construction industry.

Barium sulphate finds application in the manufacturing of coil coatings, contributing to the protection and aesthetics of metal coils.
In the production of electrostatic powder coatings, it aids in achieving a smooth and durable finish on various surfaces.

Barium sulphate is utilized in the textile industry as a sizing agent, providing stiffness to fabrics in processes like weaving.
Barium sulphate acts as a colorant in pyrotechnics, contributing to the vibrant green hues observed in certain fireworks displays.
Barium sulphate's role in anti-fouling paints for ships helps prevent the attachment of marine organisms, preserving hull integrity.

Barium sulphate is added to molding sands in metal casting processes to improve the molding properties and enhance casting outcomes.
In dentistry, Barium sulphate serves as a radiopaque contrast medium for imaging cavities and dental structures.
Liquid detergents benefit from Barium sulphate as a thickening agent, influencing viscosity for improved performance.

Barium sulphate contributes to the enhancement of ink absorption in specific types of paper, influencing print quality.
Its presence in agricultural soil testing aids in assessing soil properties and nutrient content for effective farming practices.
Barium sulphate is used in oil and gas exploration to increase the density of drilling fluids, ensuring wellbore stability.
Barium sulphate finds application in leather tanning processes, influencing the texture and properties of the final leather product.

Barium sulphate acts as a corrosion inhibitor, protecting metal surfaces in various applications from degradation.
In the production of carbon paper, Barium sulphate acts as a filler, impacting the transfer of ink to receiving sheets.
The ceramics industry benefits from Barium sulphate in glaze formulations, contributing to improved texture and visual effects.

Its addition to liquid fertilizers enhances granulation and handling characteristics in the agricultural sector.
Barium sulphate plays a role in the production of photocopying toner, influencing image development on paper.
Barium sulphate contributes to the brightness and appearance of metal surfaces, finding applications in various industries.
Barium sulphate is used in rubber compounding to enhance processing characteristics and improve the overall properties of rubber.

Barium sulphate is found in wood preservation treatments, improving the resistance of wood against environmental factors.
In the construction industry, it is utilized in certain sealants for improved adhesion and durability.
Barium sulphate may be incorporated into cavity wall insulation materials to enhance thermal performance in construction applications.


Barium sulphate can be used for several purposes:

Medical Imaging:
Barium sulphate is extensively used in medical imaging, particularly in contrast radiography, where it enhances X-ray visibility of the digestive system.

Drilling Fluids:
In the oil and gas industry, Barium sulphate serves as a weighting agent in drilling fluids, helping maintain wellbore stability during drilling operations.

Plastics Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate is employed as a filler in the production of plastics, enhancing their physical properties and contributing to strength and durability.

Paints and Coatings:
Barium sulphate is a common component in paints and coatings, improving opacity and overall performance in various applications.

Rubber Production:
In the rubber industry, Barium sulphate acts as a reinforcing filler, enhancing the strength and wear resistance of rubber products.

Automotive Brake Linings:
Due to its ability to improve friction and heat resistance, it is used in brake linings, contributing to the efficiency and durability of automotive braking systems.

Glass Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate serves as an additive in glass production, influencing the optical and physical properties of certain glass types.

Flame Retardants:
Barium sulphate is utilized as a flame retardant additive in various materials, providing enhanced fire resistance.

Radiation Shielding:
Its high density makes it effective for radiation shielding applications, protecting against ionizing radiation in medical and industrial settings.

Plasticizers:
In the plastics industry, Barium sulphate may be used in the production of plasticizers, contributing to flexibility and other desired properties.

Pharmaceutical Formulations:
Precipitated Barium sulphate, due to its purity, is used in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly in contrast agents for medical imaging.

Cosmetic Products:
Barium sulphate finds applications in cosmetic formulations, contributing to the texture and performance of certain cosmetic and skincare products.

Paper Coating:
Barium sulphate is used in paper coatings, improving printability and enhancing the appearance of printed materials.

Textile Industry:
In textiles, Barium sulphate may be employed as a filler or coating agent to improve certain properties of fabrics.

Electronics Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate can be used in electronics manufacturing processes where its unique properties contribute to specific applications.

Catalyst Support:
In some chemical processes, it may serve as a catalyst support, contributing to the efficiency of certain reactions.

Concrete Additive:
In construction, it may be used as an additive in concrete formulations to improve density and other properties.

Photography:
Barium sulphate has historical use in black and white photography as a coating on photographic paper.

Ceramics Industry:
Barium sulphate can be incorporated into ceramic formulations to modify properties such as density and thermal stability.

Adhesives:
Barium sulphate is used in the production of adhesives, contributing to their performance and durability.

Textile Printing:
In textile printing processes, it may be employed to enhance the quality and appearance of printed designs.

Battery Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate may find application in certain battery technologies where its properties are advantageous.

Metal Surface Treatment:
Barium sulphate can be used in metal surface treatments to improve corrosion resistance and appearance.

Water Treatment:
In water treatment processes, it may be used to clarify water by removing impurities through precipitation.

Powder Coatings:
Barium sulphate is used in the production of powder coatings, contributing to their texture and appearance on various surfaces.

Chemical Synthesis:
Barium sulphate is utilized in chemical synthesis as a reactant or catalyst support in specific reactions.

Epoxy Resins:
Barium sulphate may be incorporated into epoxy resin formulations to enhance properties such as hardness and chemical resistance.

Fuel Additives:
In some formulations, it serves as a fuel additive, impacting combustion characteristics.

Geotechnical Engineering:
Barium sulphate can be used in geotechnical engineering applications for soil stabilization.

Electrostatic Applications:
Due to its electrical insulating properties, it finds use in certain electrostatic applications.

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scans:
Barium sulphate is sometimes used in medical CT scans as a contrast medium to enhance imaging.

Animal Digestive Tract Imaging:
In veterinary medicine, Barium sulphate is employed for imaging the digestive tract in animals.

Electrolyte Production:
Barium sulphate may be used in the production of electrolytes for certain electrochemical applications.

Heat Transfer Fluids:
Barium sulphate can be part of heat transfer fluids in certain industrial processes.

Fertilizer Additives:
In agriculture, it might be used as an additive in fertilizers to enhance specific properties.

Fiberboard Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate is used in the manufacturing of fiberboard to improve density and strength.

Concrete Sealers:
Barium sulphate is found in certain concrete sealers, providing protective and aesthetic benefits.

Textile Dyeing:
In textile dyeing processes, it may be used to modify the characteristics of dyes and improve color fastness.

Inkjet Printing:
Barium sulphate is employed in some inkjet printing formulations to achieve desirable print quality.

Pigment Dispersions:
Barium sulphate is used in the dispersion of pigments to maintain stability in paint formulations.

Anti-corrosion Coatings:
In the coatings industry, Barium sulphate can be part of anti-corrosion coatings for metal surfaces.

Ceramic Glazes:
In the ceramics industry, it is added to glazes to improve their texture and provide specific visual effects.

Agricultural Soil Testing:
Barium sulphate can be utilized in agricultural soil testing to assess soil properties and nutrient content.

Electrostatic Powder Coatings:
Barium sulphate is found in electrostatic powder coatings, providing durability and a smooth finish on surfaces.

Carbon Paper:
In the production of carbon paper, it acts as a filler, influencing the transfer of ink to the receiving sheet.

Corrosion Inhibitors:
Barium sulphate is used in certain formulations as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metal surfaces.

Metal Surface Brightening:
Barium sulphate may contribute to the brightness and appearance of metal surfaces in certain applications.

Fertilizer Production:
In the manufacturing of fertilizers, it is employed to improve granulation and handling characteristics.

Textile Sizing Agents:
Barium sulphate can be used as a sizing agent in textiles, providing stiffness and body to fabrics.

Photocopying:
Barium sulphate is part of the toner in some photocopying processes, influencing image development on paper.

Marble and Stone Polishing:
In the restoration of marble and stone surfaces, Barium sulphate is used in polishing compounds.

Rubber Compounding:
Barium sulphate finds use in rubber compounding to improve processing and enhance the properties of rubber.

Glass Fiber Reinforcements:
Barium sulphate can be incorporated into glass fiber reinforcements to improve strength and stability.

Fuel Cell Electrolytes:
Barium sulphate may be used in certain fuel cell applications as a component of electrolytes.

Magnetic Rubber:
In the production of magnetic rubber, Barium sulphate can serve as a filler to enhance magnetic properties.

Wood Preservation:
Barium sulphate is utilized in wood preservation treatments to improve the resistance of wood against environmental factors.

Construction Sealants:
Barium sulphate is found in some construction sealants, providing adhesion and durability.

Cavity Wall Insulation:
In the construction industry, it may be used as an additive in cavity wall insulation materials for improved thermal performance.



DESCRIPTION


Barium sulphate, commonly known as barite, is a naturally occurring mineral widely recognized for its high density and chemical inertness.
Barium sulphate appears as a white, odorless solid, with a distinctive appearance that sets it apart in various industrial applications.
Barium sulphate is practically insoluble in water, a characteristic that contributes to its stability in a wide range of environments.

As a major source of barium, Barium sulphate is mined and processed for various commercial uses, including those in the medical, industrial, and chemical sectors.
The mineral barite, from which Barium sulphate is derived, often forms in hydrothermal veins and sedimentary rocks.

Due to its radiopacity, Barium sulphate is extensively used in medical imaging, particularly in contrast radiography, aiding in the visualization of the digestive system.
In the industrial realm, it finds applications as a filler in the production of plastics, rubber, and resins, enhancing the physical properties of these materials.

Its opacity and ability to improve the performance of coatings make it a valuable ingredient in the manufacturing of paints and pigments.

Barium sulphate is integral in the oil and gas industry, where it acts as a weighting agent in drilling fluids to control wellbore stability.
Barium sulphate's flame-retardant properties contribute to its use in certain applications, providing an added layer of safety in various products.
Barium sulphate is involved in brake linings for its ability to enhance friction and heat resistance in this critical automotive component.
In the realm of glass production, it serves as an additive, influencing the optical and physical characteristics of certain glass types.

Its chemical inertness makes it suitable for applications where stability and non-reactivity are essential, contributing to its versatility.
Precipitated Barium sulphate, produced through chemical processes, is valued for its purity and consistent properties in various industries.

Barium sulphate plays a crucial role in the formulation of drilling muds, supporting the extraction of oil and gas resources from beneath the Earth's surface.
The unique physical and chemical properties of Barium sulphate make it a preferred choice in industries where high-density materials are required.

Its role in medical diagnostics involves the safe ingestion or administration of Barium sulphate to enhance X-ray contrast, aiding in diagnostic procedures.
The stability of Barium sulphate in diverse chemical environments ensures its reliability in various industrial processes and applications.
As a component in brake linings, it contributes to the durability and performance of braking systems in automotive applications.

Barium sulphate's prevalence in nature and ease of extraction make it an economically viable resource for numerous industries.
In the production of plastics, Barium sulphate acts as a reinforcing filler, improving strength and resistance to wear and tear.
Barium sulphate's use in radiation shielding applications highlights its effectiveness in protecting against ionizing radiation.
The purity and consistent properties of precipitated Barium sulphate contribute to its widespread use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.

Its extensive utilization across diverse sectors underscores its importance as a functional and reliable material in various industrial processes.
Barium sulphate, with its well-defined characteristics, continues to be a valuable resource in the pursuit of technological advancements and industrial innovation.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: BaSO₄
Molecular Weight: 233.39 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Density: 4.50 g/cm³
Melting Point: 1,580°C (2,876°F)
Boiling Point: Decomposes without boiling
Solubility in Water: Practically insoluble
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic
Odor: Odorless
pH: Neutral (7 in aqueous suspension)
Hardness: 3 - 3.5 Mohs
Electrical Conductivity: Insulator
Thermal Conductivity: Low
Magnetic Properties: Non-magnetic
Refractive Index: 1.636
Opacity: High
Opacity to X-rays: High, used as a radiopaque contrast medium
Chemical Stability: Chemically inert
Flame Retardancy: Used as a flame retardant in certain applications
Electrical Insulating Properties: Exhibits electrical insulating characteristics
Hygroscopicity: Generally low
Decomposition: Decomposes at high temperatures



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If Barium sulphate dust is inhaled, immediately move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Seek Medical Attention:
If respiratory irritation persists or if there are concerns about the extent of exposure, seek prompt medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If Barium sulphate comes into contact with the skin, remove contaminated clothing promptly.

Wash Skin:
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation or redness persists, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.


Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist.


Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.

Seek Medical Attention:
Contact a poison control center or seek medical attention immediately.
Provide all relevant information about the substance ingested.


General Advice:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and eye protection, when handling Barium sulphate.

Emergency Procedures:
Be familiar with emergency procedures and have access to emergency contact numbers, including those for poison control centers.

Medical Attention:
If there is any doubt or concern about the severity of exposure, seek medical attention promptly.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety glasses or goggles, and protective clothing, to prevent skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation systems to control airborne dust and minimize inhalation exposure.

Avoiding Dust Generation:
Minimize the generation of dust through handling practices such as avoiding unnecessary agitation and using equipment designed to contain dust.

Avoiding Ingestion:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Barium sulphate.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.


Storage:

Segregation:
Store Barium sulphate away from incompatible substances, especially strong acids and bases, to prevent chemical reactions.

Dry Storage:
Keep the substance in a dry location to prevent the formation of clumps or lumps due to moisture absorption.

Temperature Control:
Store at ambient temperatures, avoiding extremes of heat or cold that could affect the physical properties of the substance.

Avoid Contamination:
Ensure that containers are tightly sealed to prevent contamination.
Store in labeled, dedicated containers.

Separation from Food and Feed:
Store Barium sulphate away from areas where food, feed, or beverages are stored or processed to avoid potential contamination.


Spill and Leak Procedures:


Containment:
In the event of a spill, contain the material to prevent further spread and contact with personnel or the environment.

Clean-up Procedures:
Use appropriate equipment (such as vacuum systems or wet methods) for cleaning up spills to minimize dust generation.

Personal Protective Equipment:
Wear suitable PPE during spill response, including gloves and protective clothing.

Disposal:
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.


Emergency Procedures:

Emergency Contacts:
Keep emergency contact numbers, including those for medical assistance and relevant authorities, readily available.

First Aid:
Be familiar with first aid measures for exposure scenarios and ensure that appropriate first aid supplies are accessible.

Evacuation Procedures:
Understand and follow evacuation procedures in case of emergencies, and participate in regular emergency drills.

Barium Carbonate
Barium Chloride; Barium Dichloride Dihydrate; Barium muriate; Muryate of Barytes; Barium dichloride cas no: 10361-37-2
Barium Chloride
BaCl2;ba0108e;sba0108e;Ba 0108E;SBA 0108E;NCI-C61074;Dichlorobarium;BARIUM CHLORIDE;bariumdichloride;BariumChlorideAcs Cas no: 10361-37-2
Barium Chloride Dihydrate
Barium dihydroxide; Hydroxyde de baryum (French); Bariumhydroxid (German); Hidróxido de bario (Spanish) CAS NO: 22326-55-2
Barium Fluoride
Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid; Amino Tri(Methylene Phosphonic Acid); Tris(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Amine; Nitrilotrimethylphosphonic Acid(NTP); Nitrilotrimethylenetris(Phosphonic Acid); ATMP;ATMPA;AMP CAS NO:6419-19-8
Barium Hydroxide Anhydrous
Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid; Amino Tri(Methylene Phosphonic Acid); Tris(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Amine; Nitrilotrimethylphosphonic Acid(NTP); Nitrilotrimethylenetris(Phosphonic Acid); ATMP;ATMPA;AMP CAS NO:6419-19-8
Barium Hydroxide Monohydrate
Barium Hydroxide Monohydrate; barium dihydroxide; Hydroxyde de baryum; Bariumhydroxid; Hidróxido de bario; CAS NO: 22326-55-2
Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate
Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate; barium dihydroxide; Hydroxyde de baryum; Bariumhydroxid; Hidróxido de bario; CAS NO: 12230-71-6
Barium Nitrate
Zephiran Chloride;Alkylbenzyl-dimethylammonium chloride; Ammonyx; Benirol; Bradophen; Cequartyl; Quaternary ammonium compounds, alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides; Zilkonium chloride; Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; Benzalconio cloruro; Benzalkonii chloridum; Benzalkonium A; Bio-quat; Chlorure de benzalkonium; Cloruro de benzalconio; Quaternium-1; Zephiral; Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride CAS:8001-54-5
Barium Sulfate
AMINES, COCO ALKYLDIMETHYL, N-OXIDES; Barlox(R) 12;COCAMINE OXIDE;COCO DIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE;coconutdimethylamineoxide;alkyl(c10-16)dimethylamine;N,N-Dimethylcocoamino oxide;alkyl(c10-16)dimethylamineoxide;Amine oxides, cocoalkyldimethyl;N-(Cocoalkyl)-dimethylamine oxide;Amines,cocoalkyldimethyl,N-oxides CAS NO:61788-90-7
Barlox 12
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE; ZEPHIRAN CHLORIDE; Hyamine(R) 3500 50%; Bcl-2-like 7 protein; Hyamine(R) 3500 80% NF; alkyl(c14,3%c12,2%c16); Apoptosis regulator BAK; alkyl(60%c14,25%c12,15%c16); sigmacleanwaterbathtreatment; Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer; BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE 17% SOLUTION; BENZYLDIMETHYLALKYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides; C12-C16ALKYLDIMETHYLBENZYLAMMONIUMCHLORIDE; Alkyl,C12-16dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride; alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride(60%c14,; Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 80%; alkyl(c12-c16)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride; alkyl(c14,3%c12,2%c16)dimethylbenzylammonium; benzyl C12-16 alkyldimethylammonium chloride; alkyl(c12-c16)dimethylbenzyl-ammoniuchlorides; benzyl-c12-c16-alkyldimethylammoniumchlorides; Anti-BAK, N-Terminal antibody produced in rabbit; alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride(93%c14,4%c12,; alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride(65%c12,25%c14,; alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride(40%c12,40%c14,; N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-tetradecanaminium chloride; alkyl(c14,3%c12,2%c16)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride; N-Alkyl(C12-16)-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumchloride; Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)-Biotin antibody produced in rabbit; N-Alkyl-(C12-C16)-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride; alkyl*dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride*(93%c14,4%c12,3%c16); alkyl(60%c14,25%c12,15%c16)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride; ANTI-BAK (BH3 DOMAIN SPECIFIC) antibody produced in rabbit; Alkyl(40%C12,50%C14,10%C16)diMethylbenzylaMMoniuM chloride CAS NO:68424-85-1
Barquat 4280 Z


www.ataman-kimya.com
Barquat 4280 Z is a blend of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides and alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides.
When used as an active ingredient in FIFRA1 registered formulations such as hard surface disinfectants, sanitizers and/or certain types of water treatment formulations, this product has been found to provide superior biocidal action against a broad spectrum of microbial organisms such as: bacteria, fungi, viruses, and algae.
This “second” generation quaternary ammonium compound delivers potent germicidal action even in heavy organic soil loads.


BARQUAT 4280-Z
For Formulation Into Antimicrobial Products

Active Ingredients:
n-Alkyl (C14-60%, C16-30%, C12-5%, C18-5%) Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride…..40.0%
n-Alkyl (C12-68%, C14-32%) Dimethyl Ethylbenzyl Ammonium Chloride ........................... 40.0%
* Other Ingredients .................................................................................................................. 20.0%
Total .................................................................................................................................... 100.0%

* Inert Ingredients
Ethyl alcohol: 10%
Water: 10%



n-alkyl (C12—C18) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
CAS No: 68391-01-5
CAS No: 53516-76-0*

*Different CAS numbers are used under different regulations. Please check with your Ataman Kimya contact.



n-alkyl (C12—C14) dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride
CAS No: 85409-23-0


Barquat 4280 Z = ADBAC + ADEBAC




Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride is a quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and algaecide.


Uses
Barquat 4280 is a quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and algaecide.

Uses
Barquat 4280Z is a quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and algaecide.



Typical Properties of Barquat 4280Z

Appearance: Clear, pale yellow to straw liquid
Color, (APHA): 200 Max.
pH, (10% active solution): 6.5-8.3
Flash Point, (Setaflash,°F): 117
Average Molecular Weight: 377
Specific Gravity @ 25°C: 0.94
Density in lbs./gal.: 7.84
Freezing Point,°F: 14
Physical State: Clear, pale yellow to straw liquid with a mild odor.

Congealing may occur during prolongedstorage at low temperatures; this is a reversible on warming with mixing.
Solubility: Freely Soluble in water, lower alcohols, ketones and glycols.



Barquat 4250z and 4280z Actives are blends of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides (ADBAC) and alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides (ADEBAC).
When used as an active ingredient in hard surface disinfectant formulations, these “third generation” quat blends provide good microbicidal efficacy against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and viruses.



Barquat 4280-Z
Lonza Specialty Ingredients
Alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides


OTHER PRODUCTS OF ATAMAN KIMYA THAT MIGHT BE OF INTEREST:

Product Form Regulatory Info.
Amphoterge KJ-2 Capric Imidazoline Dicarboxylate liquid
Amphoterge W* Coco Imidazoline Monocarboxylate liquid
Amphoterge W-2 Coco Imidazoline Dicarboxylate liquid
Amphoterge K-2 Coco Imidazoline Dicarboxylate liquid
Bardac 205 M Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl and Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2050 Mixed Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 208 M Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl and Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2080 Mixed Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2250 Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2270 E Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2280 Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barlox 10S Decyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barlox 12 Lauryl Dimethyl Amine Oxide (30% active) liquid
Barlox 1260 Lauryl Dimethyl Amine Oxide (60% active) liquid
Barlox 12i Isoalkyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barlox 12N Lauryl Dimethyl Amine Oxide (Naturally derived) liquid
Barlox 14 Myristyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barlox 16S Cetyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barlox 18S Octadecyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barquat 1552 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Dialkyl Methyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 4250 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 4250Z Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 4280 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 4280Z Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 50-28 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 80-28 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat MB-50 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat MB-80 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Carboquat H Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Carbonate/Bicarbonate liquid
FMB 1210-5 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride and Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
FMB 1210-8 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride and Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barlox 8S Octyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Hyamine 1622 50% Benzethonium Chloride liquid
Hyamine 1622 Crystals Benzethonium Chloride powder
Hyamine 3500 80% Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
JAQ Powdered Quat Myristyl ammonium chloride powder
Lonzabac 12.100 Tertiary Alkylamine liquid
Lonzabac 12.30 Tertiary Alkylamine liquid
Lonzagard Benzethonium Chloride Benzethonium Chloride USP powder
Uniquat 205M Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl and Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 208M Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl and Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 2250 Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 2280 Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 4250 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 4250-Z Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 4280 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 4280-Z Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 50-65 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat QAC-50 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat QAC-80 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 114 Blend of quaternaries Liquid
Bardac 205 M Blend of quaternaries Liquid
Bardac 205 M(I) Blend of quaternaries Liquid
Bardac 208 M Blend of quaternaries Liquid
Bardac 22 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2280 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2280i Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2240 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2270 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2270E Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardap 26 Didecylmethylpoly(oxyethyl)-ammonium propionate Liquid
Barquat BAC 50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat BAC 80 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat CB50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C18 Liquid
Barquat CB80 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C18 Liquid
Barquat DM50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat DM50EP Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat DM80 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat LB50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12 Liquid
Barquat MB50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat MB80 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat MS100 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C14 Powder
Barquat 4250-Z Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides Liquid
Barquat 4280-Z Alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides Liquid
Lonzabac 12.100 Bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine Liquid
Lonzabac 12.30 Bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine Liquid
Lonzabac BG Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride Liquid
Lonzabac MP Magnesium monoperoxyphthalate 100 % Powder
Spectradyne Chlorhexidine digluconate Liquid
Vantocil IB Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride Liquid
Vantocil TG Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride Liquid
Cosmocil CQ Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride / Polyaminopropyl biguanide Liquid
Dantogard 2000 Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin Liquid
Dantogard Plus Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin + Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate Granules
Dantogard Plus liquid Dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin + Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate Liquid
Isocil 1.5 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Isocil Ultra 1.5 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Isocil 14 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Isocil Ultra 14 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Lonzagard Benzethoniumchloride USP Benzethonium chloride Powder
Lonzaserve ID Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin + 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Omacide IPBC 30 DPG 3-lodopropynylbutylcarbamate Liquid
Proxel GXL 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Liquid
Proxel LV 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Liquid
Proxel AQ 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Liquid
Proxel DMB 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, 2-methyl- [2H] -isothiazol-3-one, MIT Liquid
Proxel BD20 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Liquid
Proxel MB 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, 2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Proxel Press Paste 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Powder / Paste
Sodium Omadine 40 % Sodium pyrithione Liquid
Amphoterge FM * Guanidine, N,N‘‘‘-1,3-propanediylbis-, N-coco alkyl derivatives Liquid
Barlox 10 S * Decyldimethylamine oxide Liquid
Barlox 12 * Cocoalkyldimethylamine oxide Liquid
CarboShield 1000E Didecyl dimethyl ammonium carbonate / bicarbonate Liquid
Lonzabac GA Guanidine, N,N‘‘‘-1,3-propanediylbis-, N-coco alkyl derivatives, diacetates Liquid



Bardac 114: Blend of quaternaries 50% - Liquid- Isopropanol, water / Unique blend for hard surface disinfection
Bardac 205 M: Blend of quaternaries 50% - Liquid- Ethanol, water / Blend of QACs for hard surface disinfection
Bardac 205 M(I): Blend of quaternaries 50 % - Liquid- Isopropanol, water / Blend of QACs for hard surface disinfection
Bardac 208 M: Blend of quaternaries 80% - Liquid- Ethanol, water / Blend of QACs for hard surface disinfection
Bardac 22: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 50% - Liquid- Isopropanol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2280: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 80% - Liquid - Ethanol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2280i: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 80% - Liquid - Isopropanol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2240: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 40% - Liquid- Water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2270: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 70% - Liquid- Isopropanol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2270E: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 70% Liquid - Ethylene glycol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardap 26: Didecylmethylpoly(oxyethyl)-ammonium propionate 70% Liquid - Polyethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol Chloride / free QAC
Barquat BAC 50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 50 % - Liquid- Water /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat BAC 80: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 80 % - Liquid- Water, Ethanol /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat CB50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C18 50% - Liquid- Water/ Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat CB80: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C18 80% - Liquid- Isopropanol, water/ Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat DM50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 50% - Liquid- Water / Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat DM50EP: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 50% - Liquid- Water /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat DM80: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 80% - Liquid- Ethanol, water /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat LB50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12 50% - Liquid- Water /Benzalkonium chloride, low foaming
Barquat MB50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 50% - Liquid- Water/ Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat MB80: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 80% - Liquid- Ethanol, water /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat MS100: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C14 > 98.5% - Powder – Benzalkonium chloride Barquat MS100
Barquat 4250-Z: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides 50% - Liquid- Water / Provides superior biocidal action against a broad spectrum of microbial organisms Barquat 4250-Z
Barquat 4280-Z Alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides 80% - Liquid - Ethanol, water / Provides superior biocidal action against a broad spectrum of microbialorganisms Barquat 4280-Z
Carboquat HE: Didecyldimethylammonium carbonate/bicarbonate 50% Liquid- Propylene glycol,water, methanol / Chloride free QAC
Cosmocil PG: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride /Polyhexanide 20% Liquid Water / Antimicrobial for Healthcare and pharmaceutical applications
Lonzabac 12.100: Bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine 100% Liquid – Tertiary amine with mycobactericidal activity
Lonzabac 12.30: Bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine 30% Liquid - Water /Tertiary amine with mycobactericidal activity
Lonzabac BG: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride 20% Liquid - Water / Broad spectrum, fast-acting bactericide and virucide, non foaming disinfectant
Lonzabac MP: Magnesium monoperoxyphthalate 100% Powder – Oxygen releaser
Spectradyne: Chlorhexidine digluconate 20% Liquid - Water / Antimicrobial for healthcare applications
Vantocil IB: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride: 20% Liquid - Water Broad spectrum, fast-acting bactericide and virucide, non foaming disinfectant
Vantocil TG Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride: 20% Liquid- Water



Preservatives

Cosmocil CQ: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride / Polyaminopropyl biguanide 20% Liquid Water/ Antimicrobial for healthcare and ophthalmic applications Cosmocil CQ
Vantocil TG: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride 20% Liquid Water / Effective preservative, particularly suited for wet wipes Vantocil TG
Dantogard 2000: Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin Proprietary blend Liquid Water / Patented preservative blend with a content of free formaldehyde lower than 0.1% Dantogard 2000
Dantogard Plus: liquid Dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin + Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate / Proprietary blend Liquid Water, butylene glycol / Patented preservative blend Dantogard Plus liquid
Isocil 1.5: 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 1.5% Liquid Water / Broad spectrum non-foaming preservative Isocil 1.5
Isocil Ultra 1.5: 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 1.5% Liquid Water / Broad spectrum non-foaming preservative, copper-free Isocil Ultra 1.5
Isocil 14: 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 14% Liquid Water / Broad spectrum non-foaming preservative, copper-free Isocil 14
Isocil Ultra 14: 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 14% Liquid Water / Broad spectrum non-foaming preservative, dilutable with water, copper-free Isocil Ultra 14
Lonzagard Benzethoniumchloride USP: Benzethonium chloride 100% Powder – Specifications meet USP requirements – Lonzagard Benzethoniumchloride USP
Lonzaserve ID: Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin + 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 71.5% Liquid Water / Cost effective preservative Lonzaserve ID
Omacide IPBC 30: DPG 3-lodopropynylbutylcarbamate 30% Liquid Dipropylene glycol / Broad spectrum fungicide, stable and effective over pH range 2-10 Omacide IPBC 30 DPG
Proxel GXL: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one 20% Liquid / Dipropylene glycol Solution of BIT in DPG to preserve products from spoilage from bacteria, yeasts and fungi Proxel GXL
Proxel LV :1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one 20% Liquid / Dipropylene glycol, water / Low viscosity equivalent to Proxel GXL, with less glycol, allowing lower cost, lower VOC, and easier pumping Proxel LV
Proxel AQ: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one 9.25% Liquid / Water Aqueous solution of BIT, offering low viscosity and zero-VOC Proxel AQ
Proxel DMB: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, 2-methyl- [2H] -isothiazol-3-one, MIT 10% / Liquid Water Aqueous dispersion of BIT, with zero-VOC Proxel DMB
Proxel BD20: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one 20% Liquid / Water Aqueous dispersion of BIT, with zero-VOC Proxel BD20
Proxel MB: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, 2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 5% Liquid / Water Blend to preserve against spoilage of bacteria, yeasts and fungi Proxel MB
Proxel BZ: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, zinc pyrithione 20% Liquid Water / Avoid CLP H208 sensitizing label on end products when dosed at typical use concentrations Proxel BZ
Proxel Press Paste: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one: 80% Powder/paste – BIT paste for development of preservative formulations Proxel Press Paste
Sodium Omadine 40%: Sodium pyrithione 40% Liquid Water


Surfactants
Name Active Ingredients Concentration Form Solvent Remarks Name
Amphoterge FM: Guanidine, N,N‘‘‘-1,3-propanediylbis-, N-coco alkyl derivatives > 98.5% Liquid Isopropanol, water / Cationic surfactant to avoid sticky floor surface
Amphoterge K-2N: Disodium Cocoamphodipropionate 40% Liquid Water, methanol / Excellent detergency properties
Amphoterge KJ-2: Disodium Caproamphodipropionate and Disodium Cocoamphodipropionate 40% Liquid Water, methanol Low foaming, low irritant, high caustic tolerance
Amphoterge W-2: 1H-Imidazol-1-ethanol, 4,5-dihydro-, 2-norcoco alkyl derivs. 50% Liquid – High foaming, low irritant, high caustic tolerance
Barlox 10 S: Decyldimethylamine oxide 30% Liquid Water / Surfactant and multi function additive
Barlox 12: Cocoalkyldimethylamine oxide 30% Liquid Water /Surfactant and multi function additive


Other products ATAMAN KIMYA offers:

Aldo LF: Blend of anti-foaming agents – Liquid – Defoaming agent for aqueous based systems
Bardac LF: Dioctyldimethylammonium chloride 50% Liquid Ethanol, water Low foaming QAC for medical device formulations
CarboShield 1000E: Didecyl dimethyl ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate 50% Liquid Propylene glycol,methanol, water / Corrosion inhibitor Compatible with typical nonionic surfactants
Lonzabac GA Guanidine: N,N‘‘‘-1,3-propanediylbis-, N-coco alkyl derivatives, diacetates 80% Liquid Water, isopropanol




Regulatory process names
(C12-C18) Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride

(C12-C18)Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride

Alkyl (C12-18) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC (C12-18))

Alkyl(C12-C18)benzyldimethylammonium chloride

C12-18-Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides


N-Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C12-C18)

Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides

Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides
This substance is identified by SDA Substance Name: C12-C18 alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and SDA Reporting Number: 16-052-00.


Translated names
Alkil (C12-18) chlorku dimetylobenzyloamonu (ADBAC (C12-18)) (pl)
Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amonijev klorid (ADBAC (C12-18) (hr)
Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amonio chloridas (ADBAC (C12-18)) (lt)
Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzilamonija hlorīds (ADBAC (C12-18)) (lv)
Alkil (C12–16) dimetil-benzil-ammónium-klorid (ADBAC [C12–18]) (hu)
Alkil (C12–18) dimetilbenzil amonijev klorid (ADBAC (C12–18)) (sl)
Alkyl (C12-18) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC (C12-18)) (mt)
Alkyl (C12-18) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC (C12-18)) (no)
alkyl(C12-18)benzyldimetylamónium-chlorid [ADBAC (C12-18)] (sk)
alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchlorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (cs)
alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchlorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (da)
Alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchlorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (de)
Alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride (ADBAC (C12-18)) (nl)
Alkyl(C12-18)dimetylbensylammoniumklorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (sv)
Alkyyli-(C12-18)-dimetyylibentsyyliammoniumkloridi (ADBAC(C12-18)) (fi)
C12–18-alküüldimetüülbensüülammooniumkloriid (ADBAC (C12–18)) (et)
Chlorure d'alkyl(C12-C18)diméthylbenzylammonium [ADBAC (C12-18)] (fr)
Cloreto de alquil(C12-18)dimetilbenzilamónio (ADBAC C12-18) (pt)
Cloruro de C12-18-alquildimetilbencilamonio (ADBAC (C12-18)) (es)
Clorură de alchil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amoniu [ADBAC (C12-18)] (ro)
Composti di ammonio quaternario, benzil- C12-18 -alchildimetil, cloruri (ADBAC (C12-18) (it)
Χλωριούχο αλκυλο(C12-18)διμεθυλοβενζυλαμμώνιο (ADBAC (C12-18)) (el)
Алкил(C12-18)диметилбензиламониев хлорид (ADBAC (C12-18)) (bg)

IUPAC names
ALKYL DIMETHYL BENZYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride
Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride
Benzalkonium Chloride
Benzalkonium chloride
benzyl-dimethyl-tetradecylazanium chloride
C12-C18 alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-C12-18-(evennumbered)-alkyl-1-aminium chloride
N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyltetradecan-1-aminium chloride
Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Alkyl, C12-18, dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride




Regulatory process names
Alkyl (C12-C14) dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammonium chloride (ADEBAC (C12-C14))

Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14-alkyl[(ethylphenyl)methyl]dimethyl, chlorides

Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14-alkyl[(ethylphenyl)methyl]dimethyl, chlorides
Pre-Registration process


Translated names
Alkil (C12-C14) chlorku dimetylo(etylobenzylo)amonu (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (pl)
Alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etil-benzil)-ammónium-klorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (hu)
Alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbenzil)amonija hlorīds (ADEBAC (C12–C14)) (lv)
Alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbenzil)amonijev klorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (sl)
Alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbenzil)amonio chloridas (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (lt)
alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbezil)amonijev klorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (hr)
Alkyl (C12-C14) dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammonium chloride (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (mt)
alkyl (C12-C14) dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammoniumchlorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (cs)
Alkyl (C12-C14) dimetyl(etylbenzyl)ammoniumklorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (no)
alkyl(C12-C14)dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammoniumchlorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (da)
Alkyl(C12-C14)dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammoniumchlorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (de)
Alkyl(C12-C14)dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammoniumchloride (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (nl)
Alkyl(C12-C14)dimetyl(etylbensyl)ammoniumklorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (sv)
alkyl(C12-C14)dimetyl(etylbenzyl)amónium-chlorid [ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (sk)
Alkyyli-(C12-C14)-dimetyyli(etyylibentsyyli)ammoniumkloridi (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (fi)
C(C12-14)-alküüldimetüül(etüülbensüül)ammooniumkloriid (ADEBAC (C12-14)) (et)
Chlorure d'alkyl(C12-C14)diméthyl(éthylbenzyl)ammonium [ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (fr)
Cloreto de alquil(C12-C14)etilbenzilamónio (ADEBAC C12-C14) (pt)
Cloruro de C12-14-alquildimetil(etilbencil)amonio (ADEBAC (C12-14)) (es)
Cloruro di alchil(C12-C14)dimetil(etilbenzil)ammonio (ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (it)
Clorură de alchil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbenzil)amoniu [ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (ro)
Χλωριούχο αλκυλο(C12-C14)διμεθυλο(αιθυλοβενζυλο)αμμώνιο [ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (el)
Алкил(C12-C14) диметил(етилбензил)амониев хлорид (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (bg)

IUPAC names
ADEBAC; C12-14 Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorideEthyl-ADBAC
C12-C18 alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
N-(4-ethylbenzyl)-N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-aminium chloride
Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14-alkyl[(ethylphenyl)methyl]dimethyl, chlorides




BARQUAT CB-80


DESCRIPTION:

Barquat CB-80 Antimicrobials contains the active substance C12-18 Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC).
The active is a cationic molecule offering good surfactant properties and can be formulated together with non-ionic- and/or amphoteric surfactants.
ADBAC has a broad antimicrobial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and enveloped viruses.

CAS No: 68391-01-5
EINECS: 269-919-4
Chemical Composition: N-Alkyl(C12-18)-N,N-dimethyl-N-benzylammonium chloride
Chemical Formula: C23H42ClN
Molecular Weight: 368.03928
BARQUAT CB-80=ALKYLBENZYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE

USES OF BARQUAT CB-80:
Barquat CB-80 is used as bacteriostat, deodorant, disinfectant and sanitizer, for water treatment, as algaecide, sanitizer and secondary oil recovery and as fungicide for wood protection.
High antimicrobial efficacy is maintained across a broad pH-range.
In formulated products, ADBAC is stable around a wide range of pH levels and is used in a number of applications such as food processing, institutional, veterinary, healthcare areas, and medical devices. Single-active C12-18 ADBAC products are available in different active concentrations and solvent combinations.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BARQUAT CB-80:
Function: Anti-Microbial Agent
Chemical Family: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Certifications & Compliance: BPR Supported
End Uses: Disinfectant Products, Biocidal Products
Molecular Formula: C23H42ClN
Molar Mass: 368.03928
Density : 0.98
Boling Point: 100 °C
Solubility: Miscible with water and with ethanol (96 per cent). It froths copiously when shaken.
Appearance: Solution
Color: Clear colorless to faint yellow
Storage Condition: Room Temperature



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BARQUAT CB-80:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

SYNONYMS OF BARQUAT CB-80:
arquad htb 75
alkylbenzyldimethylammoniumchlorides, benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethyl
maquat mc 1416
quaternary ammonium compounds, c12-18 alkylbenzyldimethyl,chlorides
barquat(r) cb-50
quaternaryammonium compounds, benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides
benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethylammonium chlorides
barquat mx
dodigen226
bionol ro 50
benzalkoniumchloridesolution
btc 824
c12-18 alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides quaternary ammonium compds.
barquat(r) mx-80
barquat(r) cb-80
barquat(r) mx-50
n-benzyl-n,n-dimethyltetradecan-1-aminium chloride
barquat(r) 1552
benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides quaternary ammonium compounds
n-alkyl dimethylbenzyl nh4cl
zephiran chloride
benzalkonium chloride 50% pure
benzalkonii chloridum
diaserver zf 226

Barquat DM 50
Basic Chromium Sulphate; Chromium(III) sulfate; Basic chromium sulfate; chromic sulfate cas no: 10101-53-8
BARQUAT DM 50
DESCRIPTION:
Barquat DM 50 Antimicrobial contains the active substance C12-C16 Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC).
The active is a cationic molecule offering good surfactant properties and can be formulated together with non-ionic and/or amphoteric surfactants.
ADBAC has a broad antimicrobial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and enveloped viruses.


CAS No.: 68424-85-1
EINECS(EC#): 270-325-2
Iupac Name:benzyl-dimethyl-tetradecylazanium;chloride
Molecular Weight:368.03928

ADBAC maintains its efficacy across a broad pH-range.
Single-active C12-C16 ADBAC products are available at different active concentrations, C-chain distributions and solvent combinations.


Chemical Composition:
Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride

Barquat DM 50 is used as bacteriostat, deodorant, disinfectant and sanitizer, for water treatment, as algaecide, sanitizer and for secondary oil recovery as well as fungicide for wood protection.

USAGE OF BARQUAT DM 50:
Barquat(R) 50-28 (also known as Benzalkonium Chloride) is a quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and(or) algaecide.
Hyamine(R) has several application fields: disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and algae Control. It can also be used as slime control for pulp and paper and fungicide for wood protection.
Uniquat(R) QAC is a blend of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides selected for performance as a cationic surfactant. It has applications in textile finishing, pulp and paper, sugar refining, water treatment, and household and/or industrial cleaners.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BARQUAT DM 50:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product





SPECIFICATIONS OF BARQUAT DM 50:
Form: liquid
Active ingredient (%): 50
Density. 0.98
Melting point: 60-61 °C
Boiling point: 100 °C
Flash Point: 41 °C
Precise Quality: 367.30100
PSA: 0.00000
logP: 3.96810
Appearance: Clear to light-straw colored liquid
Storage: 2-8°C
Chemical Properties: Liquid
Color/Form:
Free-flowing powder
White crystalline powder
Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride/.
Water Solubility: freely soluble in water
Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions.
StorageTemp: 2-8°C
Molecular Weight: 368.03928g/mol
Molecular Formula: C23H42ClN
Compound Is Canonicalized: True
XLogP3-AA: null
Exact Mass: 367.3005780
Monoisotopic Mass: 367.3005780
Complexity: 265
Rotatable Bond Count: 15
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0
Heavy Atom Count: 25
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Appearance at 20°C clear liquid
Colour (Apha) 200 max.
pH 10% aqueous solution 5.0 - 7.0
Assay (Titration, MW 360) 50.0 - 52.0 %
free Amine + Amine HCl 1.30 % max.
Odour mild
Density 0.98 g/ml
Average Molecular weight 360
Flash Point (Abel Pensky cc) > 100 °C
Surface tension (1% aqueous solution)
30 mN/m
Ionogenicity: cationic
Freeze thaw stability: good
Solubility soluble in water, lower alcohols, ketones and glycols Compatibility compatible with inorganic builders and nonionic surfactants
Setting point < - 0°C
Water 48 – 50 %

SYNONYMS OF BARQUAT DM 50:
Quaternary ammonium compounds,benzyl-C12-14-alkyldimethyl,chlorides
C12-14-alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides
BAS 092-00E
Benzyl-C12-14-alkyldimethylammonium chlorides
Lutensit K-LC
B 50 (surfactant)
B 50
Protectol KLC 50
Protectol KLC 80
Protectol KLC
Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides,benzyl-C12-14-alkyldimethyl
Barquat DM 80
Cation G 50
G 50
G 50 (onium compound)
Dodigen 2808
Sanisol 5B
Acticide BAC 50M
BAC 50m
79177-05-2
445387-60-0;
1097616-29-9;1242175-65-0



Basic Chromium Sulphate
BATYL ALCOHOL, N° CAS : 544-62-7, Nom INCI : BATYL ALCOHOL, Nom chimique : 1,2-Propanediol, 3-(octadecyloxy)-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 208-874-7, Classification : Alcool Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
BAYBERRY EXTRACT
Bayberry extract offers cleansing, astringent and anti-bacterial properties.
Bayberry extract is a medium amber liquid with a characteristic odor.


CAS Number: 84929-34-0
EINECS number(s): 284-518-4
Botanical Name: Morella cerifera
INCI Names: MYRICA CERIFERA BARK EXTRACT
Scientific Name(s): Myrica cerifera and Myrica rubra



SYNONYMS:
Myrica Cerifera (Bayberry) Fruit Extract, Myrica Cerifera Fruit, Bayberry Extract, Myrica cerifera Extract, Wax Myrtle Extract, Candleberry Extract, Southern Bayberry Extract, Tallow Shrub Extract, Myrica Extract, Waxberry Extract, Myrica cerifera Bark Extract



Bayberry extract also is known as wax myrtle plant, candleberry, Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, and yang-mei.
Bayberry extract offers cleansing, astringent and anti-bacterial properties.
Bayberry extract is a medium amber liquid with a characteristic odor.


Bayberry extract is an extract of the fruit of the bayberry, Myricacerifera.
Bayberry extract is the extract of the botanical Myrica Cerifera Bark in a base of propylene glycol.
Bayberry extract is a slightly viscous brown liquid that is soluble in water.


Bayberry extract has been evaluated for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular effects, and has demonstrated activity in cancer and diabetes, with most data derived from animal or in vitro studies.
Because clinical data are lacking, Bayberry extract cannot be recommended for any indication.


Bayberry extract comes from the bluish-white edible berries of a flowering evergreen shrub that’s native to regions in North and Central America.
As with most berries, Bayberry extract is a rich source of antioxidants, some of which research has shown may play a role in helping to minimize bacterial infections.


These antioxidant compounds also have soothing properties and include proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, vitamin C, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins.
In fact, research has shown Bayberry extract can interrupt some of the pathways that drive acne-related inflammation (although it is not an acne treatment).
In terms of anti-aging, Bayberry extract plays a supporting role in helping to inhibit glycation, a process within skin’s surface where proteins improperly crosslink and lead to visible loss of resiliency.


This means the actual content of Bayberry extract is much lower, which gives you an idea how little is needed to get visible results.
Bayberry extract is also referred to as yumberry or Myrica rubra fruit extract.
The bayberry grows as a large evergreen shrub or small tree that is widely distributed throughout the southern and eastern US.


It is known for its small, bluish-white berries.
Plant parts used include the fruits, leaves, bark, and roots.
Geographical location and differing methods of harvesting, processing, and storage result in varying constituents in the juice and extract.


Energize your skin with Sea Fennel to help reduce redness and uneven tone.
Bayberry extract calms dry sensitive skin.
Bayberry extract works to sooth irritation and when combined with kelp it is the catch of the day for your skin.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
Bayberry extract is used Colds, Diarrhea, Nausea.
Sore throat, when Bayberry extract is used as a gargle.
Vaginal discharge, when Bayberry extract is used as a douche.


Skin ulcers and wounds, when Bayberry extract is applied to the skin.
Bayberry extract is used other conditions.
Recommended use level of Bayberry extract is 5-10% in skin care products.


Bayberry extract is used for external use only.
Despite safety concerns, some people take Bayberry extract for head colds, painful and swollen intestines (colitis), diarrhea, and nausea.
In large amounts, Bayberry extract is used to cause vomiting.


Some people also use Bayberry extract to stimulate the circulatory system.
Bayberry extract is sometimes used as a gargle for sore throat, as a douche for vaginal discharge, and as an ointment for skin ulcers and wounds.
In manufacturing, Bayberry extract taken from the berries is used in fragrances and candles.


Bayberry extract is used in creams, lotions, toners, moisturizers, and bath care products to soothe the skin.
Recommended of Bayberry extract for skin and hair care products with use level 5 - 10%
Historically, Bayberry extract has been used in folk medicine for its tonic, stimulant, and astringent properties, but the most popular use of this herb is for making candles.


Bayberry extract has been recommended for sore throats, spongy gums, and jaundice.
Snuffing the powder is supposed to relieve nasal congestion and cure nasal polyps.
Poultices made with the root bark are said to heal ulcers, cuts, bruises, insect bites, and skin inflammations.


Bayberry extract has also been used as an emetic after narcotic poisoning and as a remedy for hemorrhages and excessive menstruation.
The bark of the Bayberry has been used traditionally as an antimicrobial and as astringent remedy with soothing effect on inflamed mucosal tissues.
In folk medicine, Bayberry extract has been used internally as a tea for its tonic and stimulant properties, and in the treatment of diarrhea.


The dried root bark often is used medicinally.
The plant is astringent, which may account for its use in diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome and colitis, as well as its topical use for wound healing. Bayberry extract also has been prepared as a gargle for treatment of sore throat, as mouthwash for spongy gums, or a paste for topical use on sores.


Usage levels of Bayberry extract are typically 0.5–2% where it’s part of a blend.
Bayberry extract is used in shower and bath.


-Traditional/Ethnobotanical uses of Bayberry extract:
Bayberry extract is best known for its berries, from which a wax is derived to make fragrant bayberry candles.
In folk medicine, Bayberry extract has been used as a tea for its tonic and stimulant properties, and for treating diarrhea.

Among Native Americans, the leaves were used to destroy parasitic worms, the leaves and stems were used for treating fever, and the roots were applied as a poultice.
It is also reported to have been used as a charm medicine to exorcise spirits of the dead and to prevent diseases.
The dried root bark often is used medicinally and as a dyeing/tanning agent.


-General uses of Bayberry extract:
Bayberry extract has been used traditionally for many conditions; however, clinical trials are lacking to validate these claims.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have been demonstrated in only 1 small clinical trial and animal data.
Some protective effects on the liver were seen in 1 small study.



HOW DOES BAYBERRY EXTRACT WORK?
Bayberry extract contains chemicals called tannins.
These tannins have a drying effect on the skin.



FUNCTIONS OF BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
*Humectant
*Moisturizer
*Anti-inflammatory
*Soothing
*Regeneration booster
*Skin conditioning



CLAIMS OF BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
*Antimicrobials
*Astringents
*bio-based



BENEFITS OF BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
*Anti-Ageing,
*Soothing



CATEGORIES OF BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
*Antioxidant,
*Plant Extracts



BAYBERRY EXTRACT AT A GLANCE:
*Bluish-white edible berries derived from an evergreen shrub
*Potent source of antioxidants
*Helps soothe skin and protect against oxidative damage
*Plays a helpful role in minimizing glycation



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
Botanical Name: Morella cerifera
Part Used: Root bark
Fresh/Dry: Dry
Chemical/IUPAC Name: Extract derived from the bark of the Bayberry plant, commonly known as Myrica cerifera.
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Appearance: Fine brown powder
Solubility: Water-soluble
Extraction Method: Typically extracted using water or ethanol
Main Components: Myricetin, tannins, flavonoids
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
Density: N/A
Molecular Formula: N/A
Molecular Weight: N/A



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


BAYFERROX 318
BAYFERROX 318 = IRON (II,III) OXIDE = IRON OXIDE PIGMENT 318


CAS Number: 1317-61-9
EC Number: 215-277-5
Molecular Formula: Fe3O4
Product Type: Color Pigments


Bayferrox 318 is an iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 318 is a black ore of IRON that forms opaque crystals and exerts strong magnetism.
Bayferrox 318 is manufactured using the Laux-process which stands for high quality and application advantages.


Bayferrox 318 is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 has well-balanced properties concerning dispersibility, applicable heat resistance, shade and tinting strength.
Bayferrox 318 is an iron oxide black pigment in powder form.
Bayferrox 318 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.


Bayferrox 318 is a high performance pigment.
Bayferrox 318 is obtained by heating ferrous sulfate to above 1000℃.
Bayferrox 318 is derived from the action of air, water vapor or carbon dioxide on iron.
Bayferrox 318 is a synthetic iron oxide with the color index name Pigment Black 11 (PBk11).


Bayferrox 318 is manufactured using the Laux process, which leads to products with recognized high quality and application advantages.
Bayferrox 318 is very resistant to color change during high energy dispersion processes.
Bayferrox 318 is Very low proportion of pigment agglomerates due to micronization.
Bayferrox 318 is manufactured using the Laux-process which stands for high quality and application advantages.


Bayferrox 318 is insoluble in acid solution, and is easily oxidized to iron oxide (Fe2O3) in the air in a humid state.
Bayferrox 318 are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes.
Bayferrox 318 should be stored in a dry, ventilated and clean warehouse, lightly packed to prevent moisture and heat, and rain and moisture during transportation.


Bayferrox 318 belongs to the product range of High Performance Pigments and fulfills the higher requirements necessary in the paint and coating industry.
Bayferrox 318 is the resultant of the combined reaction of Iron (Fe) and Oxygen (O2).
Bayferrox 318 are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes.


Bayferrox 318 are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin.
Bayferrox 318 is a by-product from the acid regeneration plant, where in the spent acid from the pickling line is processed to recover and reuse the acid.


As a result of the manufacturing process (Laux-process), which includes a high temperature calcining step, Bayferrox 318 has a higher intrinsic hardness than other precipitated pigments as well as outstanding heat stability.
Bayferrox 318 is insoluble in water, alkaline solution and organic solvents such as ethanol and ether.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 318:
Bayferrox 318 are used as dyes or colorants in a variety of precast concrete components and construction products and materials.
Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre Cement, In Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, and Screed.
Bayferrox 318 can be applied as Inorganic Pigments , Pigments & Dyes.


Bayferrox 318 is anti-corrosive and has inertness to alkali and chemicals which makes its very viable for making of paint, protective coating for steels, cement coloring, NPK Fertilizers, paving tiles.
Bayferrox 318 is used Plastics include thermosetting plastics, thermoplastic coloring and plastic runway, etc
Bayferrox 318 is also applied in the plastic industry in the field of Wood Plastic Composites.


Applications of Bayferrox 318: agriculture, ceramics, concrete vaults, constructions, facade elements, fiber cement, mortar, paving, bricks, tiles, construction materials, plaster, screed, etc.
The main applications for Bayferrox 318 are as follows: Automotive Coating, Coil Coating, Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Floorings, Industrial Coating, Paints & Coatings, Plastic Coating, Powder Coating, Roof tile Coating, Wood Coating.


Bayferrox 318 acts as a preparatory or protective coating that prevents rust formation on the ferrous metal surfaces exposed to humidity and air Payment.
Bayferrox 318 is widely used in many applications due as it is economical as compared to Synthetic Oxides.
Bayferrox 318 belongs to the product range of High Performance Pigments and fulfills the higher requirements necessary in the paint and coating industry.


In addition Bayferrox 318 is also applied in the plastic industry in the field of Wood Plastic Composites.
Bayferrox 318 can be used to color a wide variety of building materials.
Bayferrox 318 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Use of Bayferrox 318: Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs), and inorganic


Applications of Bayferrox 318 includes Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre Cement, In Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Screed.
Recommended use : Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs), inorganic
Bayferrox 318 can be used in the following industries Plastics , Paints & Coatings.


Bayferrox 318 is also suitable for industrial coatings, plastic coatings, roof tile coatings and wood coatings.
Application includes Paint,Coating,Construction Material,Paper
Applications of Bayferrox 318: Coating Pigment, Ink Pigments, Plastic & Rubber, DryPowder; PelletsLargeCrystals, OtherSolid, Pigment in paints, linoleum, ceramic glazes; in coloring glass; as a polishing compound; in the textile industry; in cathodes; as catalyst.


Bayferrox 318 is used as pigments and polishing agents, and can also be used in the manufacture of audio tapes and telecommunication equipment.
Bayferrox 318 directly added to the cement, for a variety of indoor and outdoor cement surface coloring, such as wall, balcony, ceiling and pillars, corridor, roads, parking lots, station, etc., as well as a variety of architectural pottery and glazed pottery, namely the face brick, floor tile, roof tile, panels, terrazzo, Mosaic brick, man-made marble, etc.


Applications of Bayferrox 318 includes Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre CementIn Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Screed.
Applications of Bayferrox 318 includes Automotive Coating, Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Floorings, Industrial CoatingPaints & Coatings, Plastic and Rubber polymers, Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Roof tile Coating, Wood Coating, Wood Plastic Composites.


The main use of Bayferrox 318 is in soft-ferrite, paint, ceramic and glass manufacturing industries.
Bayferrox 318 is used in automotive coating, corrosion protection, decorative paints, floorings and emulsion paints.
Bayferrox 318 is used Building materials include walls, floors and marble, Paint materials include paints, preservatives, spray paint, Mosaic tiles, concrete production tiles, sidewalk tiles, colored tiles, etc.


Applications of Bayferrox 318 includes agriculture, ceramics, concrete vaults, constructions, facade elements, fiber cement, mortar, paving, bricks, tiles, construction materials, plaster, screed, etc.
Applications of Bayferrox 318: Red iron oxide is used for coloring of building, paint, plastic rubber, ink, porcelain, colored asphalt, paper dye, etc.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 318:
Color: Black
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 231.6
Color Index: 77499.0000
Fe3O4 Content [%]53: > 96.5
Loss on ignition at 1000 °C, 0.5 h [%] 5: < 5.0
Moisture content (after production) [%]: < 2.5
Particle shape: spherical
Predominant particle size [µm]: ~ 0.2
Oil absorption [g/100 g]: ~ 21
Tamped density [g/ml]: 0.8 - 1.2
Density [g/ml]: ~ 4.6
XLogP3: -0.48270
Appearance: black powder
Density: 5.15 g/cm3
Melting Point: 1538 °C(lit.)
Flash Point: 7 °C
Refractive Index: 3
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents.
soluble in concentrated mineral acids.
Molecular Weight:233.55
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:2

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:4
Exact Mass:233.800115
Monoisotopic Mass:233.800115
Topological Polar Surface Area:74.6
Heavy Atom Count:7
Complexity:27.9
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:3
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes
Storage Conditions: 2-8°C
Appearance: Solid, powder
Colour: black
Odour: odourless
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: 4 - 8
Concentration: 5 %
Melting point/range: 1,597 °C
Boiling point/boiling range: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper explosion limit / Upper flammability limit: No data available
Lower explosion limit: No data available


Vapour pressure: No data available
Relative vapour density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Density: 4.6 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Bulk density: 300 - 1,000 kg/m³
Water solubility: insoluble
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water: No data available
Ignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: > 80 °C




FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318:
-General advice:
Do not leave the victim unattended.
-If inhaled:
Move the victim to fresh air.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
-In case of skin contact:
No special measures required.
-In case of eye contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
If easy to do, remove contact lens, if worn.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.
-If swallowed:
No special measures required.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318:
-Environmental precautions:
*Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318:
-Suitable extinguishing media:
In case of fire, use water spray (fog), foam, dry chemical or CO₂.
-Unsuitable extinguishing media:
None known.
-Specific extinguishing methods:
Standard procedure for chemical fires.
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 318:
-Components with workplace control parameters:
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
-Engineering measures:
This information is not available.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Hand protection:
Wearing time : < 60 min
Material : Leather gloves
*Eye protection:
Safety glasses.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 318:
-Advice on safe handling:
Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in the application area.
*Hygiene measures:
When using do not eat, drink or smoke.
Wash face, hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
Hygiene measures General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage:
Store in accordance with local regulations.
Store in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials and food and drink.
Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and wellventilated place.
*Recommended storage temperature: < 80 °C
-Further information on storage stability:
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 318:
-Reactivity:
No specific test data related to reactivity available for this product or its ingredients.
-Chemical stability:
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.



SYNONYMS:
CI pigment black 11
Triiron tetraoxide
Black iron oxide pigment, C.I. PB 11
B FE 318
BAYFERROX 318
Iron oxide Pigment 318
Iron oxide (Fe3O4)
Ethiops iron
Ferrosoferric oxide
Triiron tetraoxide
Iron ferrite
MO 7029
Ferriferrous oxide (Fe3O4)
B FE 318
BAYFERROX 318
Iron oxide Pigment 318
Iron(II,III)oxide
Monodispersed magnetite microspheres
Iron(II) diiron(III) oxide
Fe NP NH2,FexOy,Magnetic iron
Bayferrox 318 M
73905-81-4
107720-80-9
118440-50-9
122391-58-6
139660-10-9
144856-04-2
170277-36-8
207621-21-4
208666-79-9
19674-87-0
224310-08-1
253310-51-9
514204-11-6
940941-19-5
942194-22-1
954415-69-1
1402398-17-7
1433983-76-6
1481694-60-3
1643773-71-0
1988696-47-4
2031170-98-4
2367641-45-8
2485759-59-7
Ferrofluid EMG
Ferrofluid EMG 705
Ferrofluid EMG 805
Magnetite (synthetic)
EPT 2000
TM 620
E 335
E 335 (oxide)
MB 22;TMB 105T
Bayferrox Black 318
EPT 1002
Bayferrox 316
Coating-Black 8318M (XA)
Coating-Black 8390 (XA)
Bayferrox 330
Bayferrox 330
BAYFERROX® 306
BAYFERROX® 318 M
IRON OXIDE BLACK
HYROX 318 BLACK
Coating-Black 318 (XA)
Coating-Black 760 (XA)
Coating-Black 8310 (XA)
Iron Oxide Black BK-5599
Iron oxide black pigment, synthetic, C.I. PB 11
Black iron oxide pigment, C.I. PB 11
Iron oxide black, C.I. Pigment Black 11
Iron oxide black
Triiron tetroxide
Iron oxide black
FW 17134
BK 5099
MO 4232
MO 8029
FW 1790
Ferriferrous oxide
MO 4431
BM 611
B 6 (oxide)
B 6
IO Black 318
EFV 100/200
MG-WS
Color MAT 220
Ferrix 8600
Iron oxide
AX 3000
EPP 2000
Bayferrox 8010
TEFV
TEFV 200/300
Z 250
TEFV 250/400
Bayferrox 330
Bayferrox 318
MION 37
MION 46
Bayferrox 306
MG-WMK
KFH-NA
MTA 740
MTA 230
KBN 400
SM 200 (oxide)
SM 200
MTS 010
MG 1306
MG 9300
Tarox BL 500
Tarox BL 200
Tarox BL 100
MG 1300
EC 371 (metal oxide)
EC 301
SPBL
Ferroferric oxide
BL-SP;MAT 230
MAT 305
Tarox EL 100
EPT 5000
SM 350
HR 370H
EMG 900
TTR 840
SM 400 (oxide)
MX 030A
BL 10 (oxide)
BL 400;MTC 01
BL 100
BL 10
S 2
MTC 01 (oxide)
Nanotek Fe3O4
Z 250 (oxide)
MF 100 (ferrite)
MF 100
MTS 305
LP
LH
Ferrofluid EMG 707
MTH 009F
EPT 305
Bayferrox 320
B 2550
EPM 012S1
ABL 205
MAT 206
BK 45
Ferroxide 77
Colortherm 303T
HR 390H
EPM 0045F
ABL 207
BL 100P
MTH 310
MTA 710
EMG 805
W 11
Duploxide 88P
MGR 22
Spherox
Magnox B 353
Dittany B 77499
Ferrotec EMG 705
Tarox Black BL 100
Bayoxide E 8709
SM 350NV
MTS 106
Tarox BL 100P
Bayoxide E 8713H
Bayoxide E 8706
E 8706
Bayoxide E 8710
IRON OXIDE BLACK G2330/TJ779
IRON OXIDE BLACK IOX B 03
Bayferrox 316
Bayferrox 306
Bayferrox 318
Iron Oxide Black 0098
Iron oxide black
Black iron oxide pigment
C.I. PB 11 - 77499

BAYFERROX 318 M
BAYFERROX 318 M = IRON (II,III) OXIDE


CAS Number: 1317-61-9
EC number: 215-277-5
Molecular Formula: Fe3O4




Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a high performance pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M fulfills the higher requirements necessary in the paint and coating industry.


In addition Bayferrox 318 M is also applied in the plastic industry in the field of Wood Plastic Composites.
Bayferrox 318 M has well-balanced properties concerning dispersibility, applicable heat resistance, shade and tinting strength.
Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a high performance pigment.


The micronised Bayferrox 318 M is a black pigment with well-balanced propertiesconceming dispersibility,heat resistance, shade and tinting strength.
Characteristics of Bayferrox 318 M is Optimised synthesis of shade, color strength and heat stability.
Bayferrox 318 M is an iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.


Bayferrox 318 M is manufactured using the Laux-process which stands for high quality and application advantages.
As a result of the manufacturing process (Laux-process), which includes a high temperature calcining step, Bayferrox 318 M has a higher intrinsic hardness than other precipitated pigments as well as outstanding heat stability.
Bayferrox 318 M fulfills the higher requirements necessary in the paint and coating industry.


Bayferrox 318 M has well-balanced properties concerning dispersibility, applicable heat resistance, shade and tinting strength.
Bayferrox 318 M is Very low proportion of pigment agglomerates due to micronization.
Bayferrox 318 M is an iron oxide.|Iron (II,III) oxide (Fe3O4).
Bayferrox 318 M is a black ore of IRON that forms opaque crystals and exerts strong magnetism.


Bayferrox 318 M is obtained by heating ferrous sulfate to above 1000℃.
Bayferrox 318 M is derived from the action of air, water vapor or carbon dioxide on iron.
Bayferrox 318 M are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes.
Bayferrox 318 M is a synthetic iron oxide with the color index name Pigment Black 11 (PBk11).


Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized pigment.
Insoluble in water, alkaline solution and organic solvents such as ethanol and ether.
Bayferrox 318 M is insoluble in acid solution, and is easily oxidized to iron oxide (Fe2O3) in the air in a humid state.
Bayferrox 318 M should be stored in a dry, ventilated and clean warehouse, lightly packed to prevent moisture and heat, and rain and moisture during transportation.


Bayferrox 318 M is very resistant to color change during high energy dispersion processes.
Bayferrox 318 M is the resultant of the combined reaction of Iron (Fe) and Oxygen (O2).
Bayferrox 318 M is a by-product from the acid regeneration plant, where in the spent acid from the pickling line is processed to recover and reuse the acid.


Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a high performance pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized, black iron oxide pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is an inorganic pigment.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 318 M:
Bayferrox 318 M is used in automotive coating, corrosion protection, decorative paints, floorings and emulsion paints.
Bayferrox 318 M is used for Plastics include thermosetting plastics, thermoplastic coloring and plastic runway, etc
Bayferrox 318 M is also applied in the plastic industry in the field of Wood Plastic Composites.


Bayferrox 318 M is used for Coating Pigment, Ink Pigments, Plastic & Rubber, DryPowder; PelletsLargeCrystals, OtherSolid
Pigment in paints, linoleum, ceramic glazes; in coloring glass; as a polishing compound; in the textile industry; in cathodes; as catalyst.
Bayferrox 318 M is also suitable for industrial coatings, plastic coatings, roof tile coatings and wood coatings.
Used as Additive, Corrosion inhibitors, Pigment, Color pigments dyes, Inorganic.


Bayferrox 318 M acts as a preparatory or protective coating that prevents rust formation on the ferrous metal surfaces exposed to humidity and air Payment.
Bayferrox 318 M are used as dyes or colorants in a variety of precast concrete components and construction products and materials.
Bayferrox 318 M is used for coloring of building, paint, plastic rubber, ink, porcelain, colored asphalt, paper dye, etc.


Bayferrox 318 M is used for Building materials include walls, floors and marble, Paint materials include paints, preservatives, spray paint, Mosaic tiles, concrete production tiles, sidewalk tiles, colored tiles, etc.
Bayferrox 318 M is used in Coatings, Powder, Coatings Industrial, Automotive, Architectural.
Bayferrox 318 M can be used in the following industries Plastics , Paints & Coatings and used as Inorganic Pigments , Pigments & Dyes.


Applications of Bayferrox 318 M includes agriculture, ceramics, concrete vaults, constructions, facade elements, fiber cement, mortar, paving, bricks, tiles, construction materials, plaster, screed, etc.
Bayferrox 318 M is used as pigments and polishing agents, and can also be used in the manufacture of audio tapes and telecommunication equipment.


Bayferrox 318 M is widely used in many applications due as it is economical as compared to Synthetic Oxides.
Bayferrox 318 M is anti-corrosive and has inertness to alkali and chemicals which makes its very viable for making of paint, protective coating for steels, cement coloring, NPK Fertilizers, paving tiles.
Bayferrox 318 M can be applied as Inorganic Pigments , Pigments & Dyes.


Bayferrox 318 M is used in Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre CementIn Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Screed.
Bayferrox 318 M is used in Automotive Coating, Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Floorings, Industrial CoatingPaints & Coatings, Plastic and Rubber polymers, Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Roof tile Coating, Wood Coating, Wood Plastic Composites.


Bayferrox 318 M is used in automotive coating, corrosion protection, decorative paints, floorings and emulsion paints.
Bayferrox 318 M is also suitable for industrial coatings, plastic coatings, roof tile coatings and wood coatings.
The main applications for Bayferrox 318 M are as follows: Automotive Coating, Coil Coating, Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Floorings, Industrial Coating, Paints & Coatings, Plastic Coating, Powder Coating, Roof tile Coating, Wood Coating.


The main use of Bayferrox 318 M is in soft-ferrite, paint, ceramic and glass manufacturing industries.
Used in automotive coating, corrosion protection, decorative paints, floorings and emulsion paints.
Bayferrox 318 M is also suitable for industrial coatings, plastic coatings, roof tile coatings and wood coatings.
Bayferrox 318 M is used in Paint, Coating, Construction Material, Paper.


Recommended use of Bayferrox 318 M is Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs), inorganic.
Bayferrox 318 M is used in Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre Cement, In Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Screed.
Bayferrox 318 M can be used in the following industries Plastics , Paints & Coatings.


Bayferrox 318 M are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin.
Bayferrox 318 M are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes.
Use of Bayferrox 318 M: Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs), and inorganic.
Bayferrox 318 M is extensively used in construction.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 318 M:
Density: 4.6 g/ml
pH: 4 - 8
Humidity: Color index: pigment black 11 (77499)
Oil absorbtion: 21 %
Loss on ignition: Fe3O4 content: >96.8 %
water soluble content: <0.7%
XLogP3: -0.48270
Appearance: black powder
Density: 5.15 g/cm3
Melting Point: 1538 °C(lit.)
Flash Point: 7 °C

Refractive Index: 3
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents
Molecular Weight: 233.55
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Exact Mass: 233.800115
Monoisotopic Mass: 233.800115
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 27.9
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Storage Conditions: 2-8°C
APPEARANCE: BLACK POWDER
CONTENT OF Fe3O4: 90% min
pH VALUE: 5-8
DENSITY: 4.5 g/ml
SHADE: CLOSE TO STANDARD
OIL ABSORPTION: 10-20%
RESIDUE ON 320 MESH: 0.3% max
WATER SOLUBLE: 0.3% max
VOLATITE 105 °C: 1.0% max
TINTING STRENGTH: 98-102 %



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-If inhaled:
Move the victim to fresh air.
Get medical attention if symptoms occur.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
-In case of skin contact:
No special measures required.
-In case of eye contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
If easy to do, remove contact lens, if worn.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.
-If swallowed:
No special measures required.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
*Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Suitable extinguishing media:
In case of fire, use water spray (fog), foam, dry chemical or CO₂.
-Unsuitable extinguishing media:
None known.
-Specific extinguishing methods:
Standard procedure for chemical fires.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Engineering measures:
This information is not available.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Hand protection:
Wearing time : < 60 min
Material : Leather gloves
*Eye protection:
Safety glasses.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Advice on safe handling:
Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in the application area.
-Hygiene measures:
When using do not eat, drink or smoke.
Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage:
Store in accordance with local regulations.
Store in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials and food and drink.
Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and wellventilated place.
Electrical installations / working materials must comply with the technological safety standards.
*Recommended storage temperature: < 80 °C
-Further information on storage stability:
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Reactivity:
No specific test data related to reactivity available for this product or its ingredients.
-Chemical stability:
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.



SYNONYMS:
Triiron tetraoxide
Black iron oxide pigment, C.I. PB 11
B FE 318
BAYFERROX 318
BK 45
Ferroxide 77
Colortherm 303T
HR 390H
EPM 0045F
ABL 207
BL 100P
MTH 310
MTA 710
EMG 805
W 11
Duploxide 88P
MGR 22
Spherox
Magnox B 353
Dittany B 77499
Ferrotec EMG 705
Tarox Black BL 100
Bayoxide E 8709
SM 350NV
MTS 106
Tarox BL 100P
Bayoxide E 8713H
Bayoxide E 8706
E 8706
Bayoxide E 8710
Iron oxide Pigment 318
Iron oxide (Fe3O4)
Ethiops iron
Ferrosoferric oxide
Triiron tetraoxide
Iron ferrite
MO 7029
Ferriferrous oxide (Fe3O4)
Iron(II,III)oxide
Monodispersed magnetite microspheres
Iron(II) diiron(III) oxide
Fe NP NH2,FexOy,Magnetic iron
Bayferrox 318 M
Coating-Black 318 (XA)
Coating-Black 760 (XA)
Coating-Black 8310 (XA)
Coating-Black 8318M (XA)
Coating-Black 8390 (XA)
Bayferrox 330
Triiron tetroxide
Iron oxide black
FW 17134
BK 5099
MO 4232
MO 8029
FW 1790
Ferriferrous oxide
MO 4431
BM 611
B 6 (oxide)
B 6
IO Black 318
EFV 100/200
MG-WS
Color MAT 220
Ferrix 8600
Iron oxide
AX 3000
EPP 2000
Bayferrox 8010
TEFV
TEFV 200/300
Z 250
TEFV 250/400
Bayferrox 330
Bayferrox 318
MION 37
MION 46
Bayferrox 306
MG-WMK
Bayferrox 330
BAYFERROX® 306
BAYFERROX® 318 M
IRON OXIDE BLACK
HYROX 318 BLACK
IRON OXIDE BLACK G2330/TJ779
IRON OXIDE BLACK IOX B 03
Bayferrox 316
Bayferrox 306
Bayferrox 318
KFH-NA
MTA 740
MTA 230
KBN 400
SM 200 (oxide)
SM 200
Ferrofluid EMG
Ferrofluid EMG 705
Ferrofluid EMG 805
Magnetite (synthetic)
EPT 2000
TM 620
E 335
E 335 (oxide)
MB 22;TMB 105T
Bayferrox Black 318
EPT 1002
Bayferrox 316
MTS 010
MG 1306
MG 9300
Tarox BL 500
Tarox BL 200
Tarox BL 100
Iron Oxide Black 0098
Iron oxide black
Black iron oxide pigment
C.I. PB 11 - 77499
Iron Oxide Black BK-5599
Iron oxide black pigment, synthetic, C.I. PB 11
Black iron oxide pigment, C.I. PB 11
Iron oxide black, C.I. Pigment Black 11
Iron oxide black
CI pigment black 11
BAYFERROX 4330

Bayferrox 4330 is an iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 4330 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.
Bayferrox 4330 is a trade name for a specific pigment that belongs to the family of iron oxide pigments.

CAS Number: 1317-61-9



APPLICATIONS


Bayferrox 4330 is used in the manufacturing of asphalt shingles, contributing to their black color and UV resistance.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored adhesives and sealants, enhancing their visual appeal.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the coloring of ceramic glazes, allowing for the creation of black ceramic tiles, pottery, and decorative items.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the formulation of black-colored industrial markers and pens.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored rubber floorings, mats, and sports surfaces.

Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in the manufacturing of black-colored rubber gaskets and seals for various industries.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the coloring of black plastics used in electronic devices, appliances, and automotive components.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the formulation of black coatings for metal surfaces to provide corrosion resistance and visual appeal.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored PVC pipes and fittings for plumbing and construction.
Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black synthetic fibers and textiles, including fabrics, carpets, and upholstery.

Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the formulation of black ink for printing banknotes and security documents.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored plastic films used in packaging and agricultural applications.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black automotive parts and components, such as interior trim and exterior body parts.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the production of black-colored coatings for steel structures, bridges, and industrial equipment.

Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the formulation of black inks for ballpoint pens, gel pens, and other writing instruments.
Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black candles, providing an aesthetically pleasing and consistent color.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the manufacturing of black-colored artificial leather and synthetic materials.

Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored electrical cables and wires.
Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black carbon paper and carbon-based copy materials.

Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the formulation of black-colored toners for laser printers and photocopiers.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored magnetic inks used in magnetic stripe cards and bank checks.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black-colored mortar joints in brick and stone masonry.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the manufacturing of black-colored safety equipment and protective gear.

Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored rubber mulch for landscaping and playground surfaces.
Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black automotive tires, providing a visually appealing and uniform black appearance.


Bayferrox 4330, an iron oxide black pigment, has various applications across different industries.
Here are some common applications of Bayferrox 4330:

Construction Materials:
Bayferrox 4330 is used for coloring a wide range of construction materials such as concrete, cement, mortars, bricks, paving stones, tiles, and architectural surfaces.
Bayferrox 4330 provides durable and consistent black coloration, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of these materials.

Coatings and Paints:
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the formulation of coatings and paints, including architectural coatings, industrial coatings, automotive coatings, and protective coatings.
Bayferrox 4330 helps achieve a deep black color with excellent coverage and UV resistance.

Plastics and Masterbatches:
Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in the plastic industry for coloring plastic products and masterbatches.
Bayferrox 4330 imparts a black hue to plastics, including polyolefins, PVC, engineering plastics, and thermosetting plastics, enhancing their visual appeal.

Rubber Products:
Bayferrox 4330 is used for coloring rubber products such as tires, conveyor belts, gaskets, seals, and various rubber components.
Bayferrox 4330 improves the aesthetics and visual consistency of rubber materials.

Paper and Printing Inks:
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the paper industry for coloring paper and paperboard.
Bayferrox 4330 is also used in printing inks, including offset inks, gravure inks, and flexographic inks, providing a strong and deep black color.

Cosmetics:
In the cosmetic industry, Bayferrox 4330 can be employed as a colorant in cosmetic formulations such as foundations, eyeliners, mascaras, and other makeup products where a black pigment is desired.

Art and Crafts:
The pigment is utilized by artists and crafters for various art and craft projects, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, and DIY crafts, where a black color is desired.


In addition to the applications mentioned earlier, Bayferrox 4330, an iron oxide black pigment, has other notable applications. Here are some additional uses:

Inkjet Printing:
Bayferrox 4330 is employed as a colorant in inkjet inks, contributing to the production of high-quality prints with deep black tones.
Bayferrox 4330 helps achieve sharp and well-defined images.

Tinting Systems:
Bayferrox 4330 is incorporated into tinting systems used in the paint and coating industry.
These systems allow for the custom coloration of paints and coatings by blending different pigments, including Bayferrox 4330, to achieve specific shades.

Industrial and Powder Coatings:
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in various industrial coatings and powder coatings, such as those used for metal surfaces, appliances, machinery, and furniture.
Bayferrox 4330 offers excellent adhesion and resistance to abrasion.

Wood Stains:
Bayferrox 4330 is used in wood stain formulations to provide a black or dark tint to wooden surfaces.
Bayferrox 4330 can be employed in interior and exterior wood staining applications.

Colorants for Building Materials:
Bayferrox 4330 is utilized as a colorant in various building materials beyond concrete and cement.
Bayferrox 4330 can be incorporated into products such as grouts, adhesives, renders, and stuccos to achieve black coloration.

Fertilizers:
In some cases, iron oxide black pigments like Bayferrox 4330 are added to fertilizers to impart a dark color, aiding in their visual identification and application control.

Asphalt and Bitumen Products:
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the asphalt and bitumen industry for coloring asphalt mixtures and bitumen-based products.
Bayferrox 4330 helps achieve black coloration and enhances the visual appearance of roads, pavements, and roofing materials.

Magnetic Recording Media:
Bayferrox 4330 is sometimes used in the production of magnetic recording media, such as magnetic tapes and disks, where its magnetic properties contribute to data storage capabilities.


Bayferrox 4330 is extensively used for coloring construction materials, such as concrete, cement, and architectural surfaces.
Bayferrox 4330 imparts a deep and consistent black color to concrete products, including paving stones, tiles, and precast elements.

Bayferrox 4330 enhances the visual appeal of architectural surfaces, providing a sleek and modern aesthetic.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in various coatings and paints, ranging from industrial coatings to automotive finishes.
Bayferrox 4330 contributes to the formulation of black paints and coatings with excellent coverage, durability, and resistance to weathering.

Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the plastic industry to color plastic products, masterbatches, and compounds.
Bayferrox 4330 helps achieve a rich black hue in plastics, such as polyolefins, PVC, and engineering plastics.

Bayferrox 4330 improves the visual consistency and appeal of rubber products, including tires, belts, and seals.
Bayferrox 4330 provides a black coloration that enhances the overall appearance and branding of rubber materials.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the paper industry for coloring paper and paperboard, enabling the production of black-themed products.
Bayferrox 4330 is incorporated into printing inks, including offset, gravure, and flexographic inks, to achieve intense black prints.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed as a colorant in inkjet inks, resulting in high-quality prints with sharp black images.

Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in the formulation of cosmetic products, such as foundations, eyeliners, and mascaras.
Bayferrox 4330 adds a black pigment to cosmetic formulations, enhancing the visual impact and versatility of makeup products.

Bayferrox 4330 finds application in art and crafts projects, where artists and crafters use it to achieve black coloration in their creations.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in tinting systems, allowing for custom coloration of paints and coatings by blending different pigments.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in industrial coatings, providing a durable and attractive black finish to metal surfaces, appliances, and machinery.
Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in powder coatings, offering excellent adhesion and resistance to abrasion in a black color.
Wood stain formulations benefit from the addition of Bayferrox 4330, as it provides a black or dark tint to wooden surfaces.

Bayferrox 4330 is used as a colorant in grouts, adhesives, renders, and stuccos, allowing for black coloration in various building materials.
Bayferrox 4330 can be added to fertilizers to provide a dark color, aiding in visual identification and application control.

Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the asphalt and bitumen industry, coloring asphalt mixtures and bitumen-based products for roads and roofing materials.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of magnetic recording media, such as tapes and disks, due to its magnetic properties.

Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in the formulation of industrial products, where a black pigment is desired for aesthetic or functional purposes.
Its versatility and reliability make Bayferrox 4330 a preferred choice for achieving intense and durable black coloration in a wide range of applications.



DESCRIPTION


Bayferrox 4330 is an iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 4330 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.

Bayferrox 4330 is a trade name for a specific pigment that belongs to the family of iron oxide pigments.
Iron oxide pigments are inorganic compounds that are widely used as colorants in various applications due to their excellent color stability, durability, and chemical resistance. Bayferrox 4330 is a red iron oxide pigment, also known as synthetic iron oxide red.

Iron oxide pigments are commonly used in industries such as construction, coatings, paints, plastics, ceramics, and cosmetics.
They provide vibrant and long-lasting color to a wide range of products.
These pigments have high tinting strength, good dispersibility, and are resistant to fading, UV degradation, and weathering.


Bayferrox 4330 offers excellent color stability and resistance to fading.
Bayferrox 4330 is widely used for coloration in various industries and applications.

Bayferrox 4330 is commonly employed in the production of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4330 imparts a rich black hue to concrete and cement-based products.
Bayferrox 4330 provides durable coloration for architectural surfaces such as paving stones and tiles.

Bayferrox 4330 is also suitable for use in coatings and paints.
Bayferrox 4330 contributes to the formulation of black paints with excellent coverage.

Bayferrox 4330 is often utilized in the production of plastics and masterbatches.
Bayferrox 4330 can be incorporated into plastic products to achieve a deep black color.

Bayferrox 4330 offers good heat stability and compatibility with various plastic polymers.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the coloring of rubber products.

Bayferrox 4330 enhances the visual appeal of rubber components and materials.
Bayferrox 4330 is suitable for use in paper and printing inks.
Bayferrox 4330 imparts a strong black color to paper products and printing applications.

Bayferrox 4330 exhibits excellent lightfastness, ensuring long-lasting color retention.
Bayferrox 4330 is chemically stable and resistant to weathering.

Bayferrox 4330 has a low heavy metal content, meeting stringent regulatory requirements.
Bayferrox 4330 is non-toxic and environmentally friendly.

Bayferrox 4330 is easy to handle and disperse, facilitating efficient manufacturing processes.
Bayferrox 4330 offers consistent quality and reliable performance.

Bayferrox 4330 can be customized and blended with other pigments to achieve desired color effects.
Bayferrox 4330 is a trusted choice for achieving intense and durable black coloration.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: Fe3O4 (Iron(II,III) oxide)
Molecular Weight: Approximately 231.53 g/mol
Appearance: Fine powder
Color: Deep black
Odor: Odorless
Density: 4.9 - 5.1 g/cm³
Melting Point: ~ 1,560 °C
Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents
pH Value (10% suspension): ~ 6-9
Oil Absorption: ~ 12-18 g/100g
Tinting Strength: High
Weather Resistance: Excellent
Lightfastness: Excellent
Heat Stability: Stable at high temperatures
Chemical Stability: Chemically stable under normal conditions
Toxicity: Non-toxic when used as intended
Compatibility: Compatible with various binders and matrix materials
Dispersion: Easy to disperse in different media
Abrasion Resistance: Provides good resistance to abrasion
UV Resistance: Offers high resistance to UV degradation
Magnetic Properties: Non-magnetic
Particle Size Distribution: Controlled and tailored for specific applications
Heavy Metal Content: Low heavy metal content, complying with regulatory requirements
Moisture Sensitivity: Low sensitivity to moisture
Environmental Impact: Environmentally friendly with low environmental impact



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air and ensure they are in a well-ventilated area.
If the person is experiencing difficulty breathing, provide oxygen if available and seek medical attention promptly.
If breathing has stopped, administer artificial respiration and seek immediate medical assistance.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water.
Gently cleanse the skin using mild soap and lukewarm water, ensuring thorough rinsing.
If skin irritation or allergic reactions occur, seek medical advice and show the product's Safety Data Sheet (SDS) to the healthcare professional.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, immediately rinse the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough irrigation.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable.
Seek immediate medical attention, ensuring to bring along the container or label of the product for proper identification.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical professionals.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water, ensuring not to swallow the water.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide the healthcare professional with the product's label or Safety Data Sheet (SDS).


General First Aid:

In all cases, regardless of the route of exposure, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly.
Provide the medical personnel with all relevant information about the product, including its name, composition, and any known hazards.
If assisting someone else, ensure your own safety first before rendering aid.
Keep the affected person calm and reassured during the first aid process.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including safety goggles or glasses, gloves, and protective clothing, to minimize skin and eye contact during handling.

Ventilation:
Use the product in a well-ventilated area or ensure adequate local exhaust ventilation to control airborne dust levels.

Avoid Inhalation:
Avoid breathing in dust or fumes generated during handling. Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask, if necessary.

Hygiene Practices:
Practice good personal hygiene, including thorough handwashing after handling the product.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where the product is handled.

Spill Management:
In the event of a spill, minimize dust generation and contain the spill using appropriate methods, such as vacuuming or sweeping with a damp cloth or mop.
Avoid creating airborne dust.
Dispose of the spilled material according to local regulations.

Static Electricity:
Take precautions to prevent the buildup of static electricity, as it can increase the risk of fire or explosion.
Use grounding devices when transferring or handling the product.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store Bayferrox 4330 in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and incompatible materials.

Temperature:
Maintain storage temperatures within the recommended range specified by the manufacturer.

Moisture Control:
Protect the product from excessive moisture, as it may cause clumping or alteration of its properties.

Fire Safety:
Keep the product away from sources of ignition, open flames, and heat sources.

Packaging Integrity:
Ensure the integrity of the original packaging to prevent spills, contamination, or damage to the product.

Proper Labeling:
Clearly label the containers with the product name, batch number, date of manufacture, and any relevant safety information.

Separate from Incompatible Materials:
Store Bayferrox 4330 away from strong oxidizing agents, acids, and other incompatible substances, as it may react with them.

Accessibility:
Store the product in a designated area that is easily accessible and clearly marked.



SYNONYMS


Iron oxide black
Ferrosoferric oxide
Magnetite
Black iron oxide
Black pigment
Iron(II,III) oxide
Black oxide of iron
Fe3O4
Synthetic black iron oxide
Pigment Black 11
CI Pigment Black 11
C.I. 77499
Ferroxyde Noir
Nero Magnetico
Schwarz Eisenoxid
Eisen(II,III)-oxid Schwarz
Ferroxido de Hierro Negro
Ferrosoferric Oxide Black
Black Magnetic Oxide
Fe3O4 Black Pigment
Iron(II,III) Black Oxide
Synthetic Magnetite
Iron(II,III) Ferrous Ferric Oxide
Fe3O4 Black Powder
Ferroferric Oxide Black
Iron black
Black iron powder
Ferrous ferric oxide
Iron(II,III) black oxide
Fe3O4 pigment
Synthetic magnetite black
Black oxide of iron (II,III)
Black ferric oxide
Iron(II,III) magnetic black
Ferrosoferric black oxide
Magnetite black pigment
Black iron oxide powder
Fe3O4 black coloring
Magnetic iron oxide black
Black iron oxide pigment
Iron(II,III) oxide black
Synthetic black magnetite
Ferroferric black oxide
Black iron trioxide
Magnetic iron black pigment
Black ferric ferrous oxide
Iron(II,III) magnetite black
Fe3O4 black coloring agent
Synthetic iron oxide black
Ferrosoferric oxide black pigment
Ferrous iron oxide black
Fe3O4 black powder
Black magnetic iron pigment
Iron trioxide black
Ferrosoferric oxide black powder
Synthetic black iron oxide pigment
Black magnetic iron(II,III) oxide
Iron(II,III) oxide magnetic black
Ferrosoferric magnetic black
Iron(II,III) oxide black powder
Black ferric ferrous magnetic oxide
Fe3O4 magnetite black pigment
Synthetic black ferric oxide
Magnetic black iron trioxide
Black iron oxide coloring agent
Ferroferric magnetic black oxide
Iron(II,III) oxide black coloring
Fe3O4 black magnetic powder
Black iron magnetic pigment
Synthetic magnetite black powder
Ferrosoferric magnetic black pigment
Iron(II,III) black magnetic oxide
Fe3O4 black coloring powder
Black iron oxide magnetic pigment
Magnetic iron(II,III) oxide black
BAYFERROX 4905
Bayferrox 4905 is a greenish iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4905 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4905 displays a notably reduced oil absorption and excellent dispersibility.

CAS: 51274-00-1
MF: Fe2O3
MW: 159.69
EINECS: 257-098-5

Synonyms
C.I.Pigmentyellow42;Transparentironoxideyellow;RAW UMBER;ROUGE;SIENNA BURNT;SIENNA;NR RED IRON OXIDE;YELLOW FERRIC OXIDE;AC 2544;AZ138;Ariabel Yellow 300407;Bayferrox 3910;Bayferrox 3950;Bayferrox 420;Bayferrox 920;Bayferrox 930;Bayferrox Yellow 420;Burnt Sienna TY;C 7055;CM 3FA70ERH;CWD 8942;Cappoxyt Yellow 4214;Dittany Y 77492;EC 481;GA 7311;Goethite yellow;Iron Oxide Orange Transparent 188VN;Iron Oxide Yellow 214501;Iron Oxide Yellow 420;Iron OxideYellow Transp. 088VN;Iron hydroxide oxideyellow;L 1;L 1916;L 1918;LL 100PD;Mapico Yellow 1050;Mapico Yellow 5;Oxide Yellow 3910;PW 895;PY 42;R 131CN;Sicoflush P Yellow 1916;Sicotrans Gold L 1916;Sicotrans Yellow L 1918;Sicovit Yellow 10;Syn-Ox HTR 820;Synthetic yellow iron oxidepigment;Tarox Yellow Lemon;Timbasol PW 895;TodaColor Y 2;Toda Yellow 48;Unipure LC 182;Unisperse Yellow Oxide M-S;YB 3100;YO 2087;YZ 1688;Yellow YB 3100;Zh 1;Yellow iron oxide;

Bayferrox 4905 by Lanxess is a light yellow iron oxide pigment.
Bayferrox 4905 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 4905 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.
Bayferrox 4905, also known as Yellow Iron oxide is a yellow powder in the form of an alkaline oxide with comparatively stable chemical properties.
Bayferrox 4905 is is insoluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in acids but completely dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
When heated to 80℃, Bayferrox 4905 loses water and converts to red ferric oxide.
Bayferrox 4905 is used in coating, printing ink and paint, and also as a coloring agent for building material, rubber and paper-making.
Bayferrox 4905 is widely used due to its bright and pure colour, good weather proofing and high opacity.
Bayferrox 4905 is manufactured by the precipitation of ferric oxide hydroxide followed by purification through washing, drying and milling.
Bayferrox 4905 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).
Bayferrox 4905 has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.

Bayferrox 4905 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: Room Temperature
Form:Powder
Color: yellow
Water Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Dielectric constant: 1.9(Ambient)
CAS DataBase Reference: 51274-00-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Bayferrox 4905 (51274-00-1)

Uses
Bayferrox 4905 is used in the topical solar composition protecting skin exposed to irradiation of high energy visible light.
Bayferrox 4905 is a high purity precipitated yellow iron oxide produced from specially selected raw materials under very tight process and quality control.
Designed to be used as a food and feed colorant in plastics, rubber and other high-purity applications.
Exhibits color-stability in processing temperatures below 180°C (365°F).
Complies with FDA 21CFR standards covering use in food contact articles and European Commission Directive 2008/128/EC Section E172 for iron oxides and hydroxides.
Offers reliability and consistent quality, stability under exposure to sunlight and UV radiation, and alkali, chemical and weather resistance.
Bayferrox 4905 is used for plastics and rubber applications.

Bayferrox 4905 is used for coloring of manu-marble and waterstone in the construction industry.
Bayferrox 4905 is also used as pigment of watercolors, greasepaint, paint and rubber.
Moreover, Bayferrox 4905 can be used as an intermediate for the manufacture of iron oxide red, iron black and so on.
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about Bayferrox 4905 as the following: it is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
In case of contact with eyes, please rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
Bayferrox 4905 is used in coloring of paint, cement work piece, architecture surface, plastic and rubber, widely used in coloring of scagliola, terrazzo and fabricated rubber products, also used in water color, oil paint and architecture coating and paper.

Bayferrox 4905 is mainly used for paint, cement parts, building surface, plastic, rubber coloring
Inorganic yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4905 is widely used for coloring artificial marble, terrazzo and rubber products.
Bayferrox 4905 is also used in the manufacture of watercolors, oils, paints and architectural coatings.
Bayferrox 4905 can be used to manufacture iron oxide pigment intermediates such as the preparation of iron oxide red, iron oxide black.
BAYFERROX 4920
Bayferrox 4920 is a yellow iron oxide pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.


CAS Number: 51274-00-1
EC number: 257-098-5
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH



C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, Iron Oxide Orange Transparent 188VN, Iron Oxide Yellow Transp. 088VN, Mapico Yellow LL-XLO, Mapico Yellow 5, Iron Oxide Yellow 420,
Iron Yellow, Iron oxide yellow, Yellow iron oxide, Pure Yellow Oxide YO 6087, Mapico Yellow 1050, Zh 1, Cosmetic Yellow, Ariabel Yellow 300407, Iron hydroxide oxide yellow, Bayferrox 420, Pigment Yellow 42, L 1 (pigment), L 1, Toda Color Y 2, Sicotrans Yellow L 1915, Sicotrans Yellow L 1916, Synthetic yellow iron oxide pigment, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214C, Sicoflush L Yellow 1916, Bayferrox 3950, Iron Oxide Yellow 214501, Bayferrox 920, Iron Yellow AZ 138, AZ 138, LL-XLO, Toda Color Yellow 48, Disperse HG 457, Sicotrans Gold L 1916, EC 481, Bayferrox 915, Bayferrox 3920, Bayferrox Yellow 420, YO 2087, Zh 1 (pigment), PW 895, Bayferrox 930, Bayferrox Yellow 3910, Bayferrox Yellow 415, Bayferrox 415, Oxide Yellow 3910, Bayferrox 3910, YB 3100, Yellow YB 3100, Sicovit Yellow 10, C.I. 77492, Mapico Yellow Lemon, Goethite yellow, Sicovit Yellow 10E172, Toda Yellow 48, Tarox Lemon, Tarox Yellow Lemon,
Unisperse Yellow Oxide M-S, L 1916, Sicotrans Yellow L 1918, L 1918, Sicoflush L Yellow 1916C4, Luconyl Yellow 1916, LB 100E172, Y 200M, Xfast Yellow 1916, Unipure LC 182, Bayferrox Yellow 920, Burnt Sienna TY, YZ 1688, Sicoflush P Yellow 1916, Dittany Y 77492, PY 42, Timbasol PW 895, Kobo Yellow WSJ 20EYAMP,
GA 7311, C 7055, Syn-Ox HTR 810, Syn-Ox HTR 820, LL 100PD, Bayferrox Yellow 3920, Tarox TRY 100, SunCROMA Yellow Iron Oxide, S 313, Iron Oxide Yellow 301, Iron Oxide Yellow 311, CWD 8942, Trans Oxide Yellow AC 2544, AC 2544, Bayferrox 3960, R 131CN, CM 3FA70ERH, CM 3F30TRY, R 2087, Y 10M, SunPURO Yellow, Unipure Yellow LC 181, YellowCap 1, Unipure Yellow LC 182, S 920, S 920 (pigment), Unipure Yellow LC 182EM, E 172 Yellow, Bayferrox Yellow 4920, Sicopharm Yellow, Iron Oxide Yellow 313, Tarox YP 1200P, TY 618, G 313M, G 131M, Yellow YP 1200P, YP 1200P, YL 01888D, Chromaflo 888-1810, Bayferrox Yellow 3905, Bayferrox 3905, Puricolor Yellow PYE 42, FZ 1000, 362R, Anchor FY 766, CTD 7201, Iron Yellow S 313, HP 6042, Xeracolor Yellow Oxide, Xeracolour Yellow Oxide, SunPuro Yellow C 33-9001, Ferric oxide, yellow, EMF Color Ochre HL, PS 86 1347, Sicotrans Gelb L 1915, Bayferrox 920C, Bayferrox Ochre 920C,
TANOP 100, SZ 7499, GEH 102, S 920M, WD-TIOY 30E, S 960, S 960 (pigment), Cappoxyt 4214X, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214X, Bayferrox 4905, CI 77492 yellow,
Creasperse Yellow CP 080, Ecosperse Oxide Yellow RA 100CN, Yellow Bayferrox 3920, WS-Y 042, Iron Yellow 313, Y 1003, YLO 1888D, YP 75FL, Cameleon Yellow, Bayferrox 4910, YLO 3288D, Bayferrox 4960, Bayferrox 3290, MF 5050 Yellow, Transparent Yellow Oxide 1852, R 132CN, Colanyl Oxide Yellow R 132CN, Colanyl R 132CN, Bayferrox Yellow L 3920, KH 70401, NX 512 Yellow, BTY 101W, Tarox LL 100HP, LL 100HP, G 313, Colortherm Yellow 20, SM 8810, Bayferrox, C.I. 77492,
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, CathayCoat Yellow, CathayCoat Yellow Iron Oxide, CathayPure Yellow, CathayPure Yellow Iron oxide, Colortherm, FerroTint Yellow, FerroTint Yellow Iron Oxide, Ferroxon Yellow, GEH, Iron oxide yellow, Iron(III)oxide hydroxide, Lavanya Sooraj / Yellow Iron Oxide, Piirox GC913,
Piirox® A920, Piirox® I913, Piirox® K910M, Spectrum Yellow, Spectrum Yellow Iron Oxide, Sumicos Yellow 2213C, TAROX IRON OXIDE LEMON, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100DK, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100HP, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100P, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-50, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-XLO, TAROX IRON OXIDE OCHER 1P, TAROX IRON OXIDE STN-1, TAROX IRON OXIDE YM1100, Yellow Pigment G-2, Yellow iron oxide, Yellow iron oxide 313, Yellow pigment G-1, iron hydroxide oxide, iron hydroxide oxide yellow, ossido di ferro giallo, ossido di ferro giallo sintetico, synthetic yellow iron oxide,



Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment that can be mixed directly into concrete to create colored concrete.
Unlike methods that apply to the surface, the surface does not become glossy or fade due to strong wind, rain, or seawater.
Bayferrox 4920 is possible to create colored concrete while maintaining a very natural feel, that is, the texture of concrete.


Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).
This pigment, Bayferrox 4920, has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.


Bayferrox 4920 is darker and somewhat redder compared to Bayferrox 4910.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 4920:
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered to customers in powder form and can be used for coloring various building materials, paints and coatings, plastics, papers and other fields.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Agriculture, Artifical Turf, Asphalt, Automotive Coating, Ceramic, Ceramic Stains, Coil Coating, Colored Plastics, Concrete Masonry Blocks, Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, Construction material, Corrosion Protection, and Decorative Paints.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Paint, Coating, Construction Material, Paper.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Emulsion Paints, Facade Elements, Fertilizers, Fibre Cement, Floorings, Foundry, Foundry Sands, In Situ Concrete, Industrial Coating, Laminate, Masterbatches, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paints & Coatings, Paper Manufacture, Paper industry, Paving Stones, Plaster, and Plastic- and Rubberpolymers.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Powder Coating, Roofing Felts, Roof tile Coating, Sand-lime Bricks, and Screed.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.



MAIN FEATURE OF BAYFERROX 4920:
*Type of yellow pigment
*Delivery form Powder



WHY ID BAYFERROX 4920 GOOD TO USE BAYFERROX INORGANIC PIGMENTS?
Bayferrox 4920 inorganic pigments are highly suitable for concrete coloring, with the following properties:

1. Good dispersibility:
Bayferrox 4920 is a pigment that mixes well with fine cement powder and is easily dispersed in concrete and mortar.

2. Must be alkali resistant:
Bayferrox 4920 does not react in any way to the strong alkalinity of cement, so there will be no discoloration or fading.

3. Light resistance and weather resistance:
Bayferrox 4920 is stable (light resistance) against sunlight and ultraviolet rays, and stable (weather resistance) against all conditions in the natural environment such as rain, wind, and temperature, so it will not change color or fade.

4. Excellent safety:
Test results have confirmed that Bayferrox 4920 is non-toxic and does not meet the classification criteria for hazards and hazards, and the environmental impact information has confirmed that it has no impact on fish, etc.


5.Do not significantly reduce the physical properties of concrete
Bayferrox 4920 does not react with cement and has no practical effect on the strength of concrete.
There is less decrease in workability and Bayferrox 4920 is easier to use.

6. High quality and concentration
Manufactured using unique manufacturing methods and quality control, ensuring consistently high quality.
Also, because Bayferrox 4920 has high coloring power, the amount added can be reduced.



INDUSTRIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
*Paints and Coatings,
*Construction,
*Automotive and Transportation,
*Building and Construction,
*Electrical and Electronics,
*Consumer Goods



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 4920:
Type: Yellow pigment
Delivery form: Powder
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH
Colour Index: Pigment yellow 42 (77492)
CAS Number: 51274-00-1
REACH registration no: 01-2119457554-33-0000
Product Type: Color Pigments
Color: Yellow
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000
REACH: 01-2119457554-33
CAS (CAS Number): 51274-00-1
Packaging Format: BFX

CAS-Number: 51274-00-1
APPEARANCE: Yellow
MELTING POINT: 1565 °C
TYPES: Non-Micronised
water soluble salt: <0.5%
Screen residue (0.045mm screen mesh): 0.05%
pH value: 4.0-7.0
α-FeOOH content: >99.1%
Loss after calcination at 1000 degrees Celsius for half an hour: <15%
Humidity (after processing): <1.0%
particle shape: Rod-shaped
Main particle size: 0.1-0.8µm
Oil absorption: 32g/100g
compacted density: 0.4g/ml

density: 4.0g/ml
Melting point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Room Temperature
form: Powder
color: yellow
Water Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538°C
Flash Point: >230°F
Density: 5.24
Appearance: pieces
Hazard Statements: Xi
Density: 5.24 g/cm3
PSA: N/A
LogP: N/A
Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Formula: Fe2O3.H2O

Boiling Point: N/A
PSA: 0.00000
XLogP3: 0.00000
Appearance: pieces
Density: 5.24
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Flash Point: >230°F
APPEARANCE: DARK YELLOW POWDER
CONTENT OF Fe2O3: 86% min
pH VALUE: 3-7
SHADE: CLOSE TO STANDARD
OIL ABSORPTION: 25-35%
RESIDUE ON 320 MESH: 0.3% max
WATER SOLUBLE: 0.3% max
VOLATITE: 105 °C 1.0% max
TINTING STRENGTH: 98-102 %



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



BAYFERROX 4920
Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.


CAS Number: 51274-00-1
EC number: 257-098-5


Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide inorganic pigment with a color index of Pigment Yellow 42.
Bayferrox 4920 has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are excellent light and weather resistance, good tinting strength, and Color consistency.


Bayferrox 4920's appearance is yellow powder.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.


Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).


This pigment, Bayferrox 4920, has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.


Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4920, also known as Yellow Iron oxide is a yellow powder in the form of an alkaline oxide with comparatively stable chemical properties.
Bayferrox 4920 is insoluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in acids but completely dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid. When heated to 80℃,

Bayferrox 4920 loses water and converts to red ferric oxide.
Bayferrox 4920 is a yellow powder.
Bayferrox 4920 is Non flammable.
Suggested storage of Bayferrox 4920: Store in clean, dry area at ambient temps.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 4920:
Bayferrox 4920 is used in coloring of paint, cement work piece, architecture surface, plastic and rubber, widely used in coloring of scagliola, terrazzo and fabricated rubber products, also used in water color, oil paint and architecture coating and paper.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Pigment in paints, plastics, rubber products; colorant in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food-grade polymers, foods.


Bayferrox 4920 is used in tiles, building materials, anti-corrosion coatings, decorative coatings, latex paints, fiber cement boards, fertilizers, floor coatings, on-site concrete, industrial coatings, laminates, masterbatch, mortar, paper industry, acoustic walls, cobblestones, plaster, plastics With rubber polymers, plastic coatings, plastic products, powder coatings, lime sand bricks, wood coatings, wood-plastic composite materials and other fields.


Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.
Bayferrox 4920 is widely used in automotive coatings, ceramic glazes, coil coatings, colored plastics, concrete bricks, and concrete roofs.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Concrete Masonry Blocks, Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre Cement, In Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Sand-lime Bricks, and Screed.
Bayferrox 4920 is used in the topical solar composition protecting skin exposed to irradiation of high energy visible light.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Agriculture, Architectural coatings, Automotive Coating, Colored Plastics, Concrete Masonry Blocks, Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, and Construction material.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Facade Elements, Fertilizers, and Fibre Cement.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Floorings, In Situ Concrete, Industrial Coating, Industrial Paints, Laminate, Masterbatches, and Mortar.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Noise Barriers, Paper Manufacture, Paving Stones, Plaster, Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Roof tile Coating, Sand-lime Bricks, and Screed, Wood Coating, and Wood Plastic Composites.


Bayferrox 4920 is used in coating, printing ink and paint, and also as a coloring agent for building material, rubber and paper-making.
Bayferrox 4920 is widely used due to its bright and pure colour, good weather proofing and high opacity.
Bayferrox 4920 is manufactured by the precipitation of ferric oxide hydroxide followed by purification through washing, drying and milling.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Antihyperparathyriod.



INDUSTRIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
*Paints & Coatings,
*Construction,
*Automotive & Transportation,
*Building & Construction,
*Electrical & Electronics,
*Consumer Goods
*Product Groups
*Pigments & Dyes



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 4920:
Type: Yellow pigment
Delivery form: Powder
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH
Colour Index: Pigment yellow 42 (77492)
CAS Number: 51274-00-1
REACH registration no: 01-2119457554-33-0000
Product Type: Color Pigments
Color: Yellow
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000
REACH: 01-2119457554-33
CAS (CAS Number): 51274-00-1
Packaging Format: BFX
CAS-Number: 51274-00-1
APPEARANCE: Yellow
MELTING POINT: 1565 °C
TYPES: Non-Micronised

water soluble salt: <0.5%
Screen residue (0.045mm screen mesh): 0.05%
pH value: 4.0-7.0
α-FeOOH content: >99.1%
Loss after calcination at 1000 degrees Celsius for half an hour: <15%
Humidity (after processing): <1.0%
particle shape: Rod-shaped
Main particle size: 0.1-0.8µm
Oil absorption: 32g/100g
compacted density: 0.4g/ml
density: 4.0g/ml
Melting point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Room Temperature
form: Powder
color: yellow
Water Solubility: 1.65μg/L

Melting Point: 1538°C
Flash Point: >230°F
Density: 5.24
Appearance: pieces
Hazard Statements: Xi
Density: 5.24 g/cm3
PSA: N/A
LogP: N/A
Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Formula: Fe2O3.H2O
Boiling Point: N/A
PSA: 0.00000
XLogP3: 0.00000
Appearance: pieces
Density: 5.24
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Flash Point: >230°F



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42
Iron Oxide Orange Transparent 188VN
Iron Oxide Yellow Transp. 088VN
Mapico Yellow LL-XLO
Mapico Yellow 5
Iron Oxide Yellow 420
Iron Yellow
Iron oxide yellow
Yellow iron oxide
Pure Yellow Oxide YO 6087
Mapico Yellow 1050
Zh 1
Cosmetic Yellow
Ariabel Yellow 300407
Iron hydroxide oxide yellow
Bayferrox 420
Pigment Yellow 42
L 1 (pigment)
L 1
Toda Color Y 2
Sicotrans Yellow L 1915
Sicotrans Yellow L 1916
Synthetic yellow iron oxide pigment
Cappoxyt Yellow 4214
Cappoxyt Yellow 4214C
Sicoflush L Yellow 1916
Bayferrox 3950
Iron Oxide Yellow 214501
Bayferrox 920
Iron Yellow AZ 138
AZ 138
LL-XLO
Toda Color Yellow 48
Disperse HG 457
Sicotrans Gold L 1916
EC 481
Bayferrox 915
Bayferrox 3920
Bayferrox Yellow 420
YO 2087
Zh 1 (pigment)
PW 895
Bayferrox 930
Bayferrox Yellow 3910
Bayferrox Yellow 415
Bayferrox 415
Oxide Yellow 3910
Bayferrox 3910
YB 3100
Yellow YB 3100
Sicovit Yellow 10
C.I. 77492
Mapico Yellow Lemon
Goethite yellow
Sicovit Yellow 10E172
Toda Yellow 48
Tarox Lemon
Tarox Yellow Lemon
Unisperse Yellow Oxide M-S
L 1916
Sicotrans Yellow L 1918
L 1918
Sicoflush L Yellow 1916C4
Luconyl Yellow 1916
LB 100E172
Y 200M
Xfast Yellow 1916
Unipure LC 182
Bayferrox Yellow 920
Burnt Sienna TY
YZ 1688
Sicoflush P Yellow 1916
Dittany Y 77492
PY 42
Timbasol PW 895
Kobo Yellow WSJ 20EYAMP
GA 7311
C 7055
Syn-Ox HTR 810
Syn-Ox HTR 820
LL 100PD
Bayferrox Yellow 3920
Tarox TRY 100
SunCROMA Yellow Iron Oxide
S 313
Iron Oxide Yellow 301
Iron Oxide Yellow 311
CWD 8942
Trans Oxide Yellow AC 2544
AC 2544
Bayferrox 3960
R 131CN
CM 3FA70ERH
CM 3F30TRY
R 2087
Y 10M
SunPURO Yellow
Unipure Yellow LC 181
YellowCap 1
Unipure Yellow LC 182
S 920
S 920 (pigment)
Unipure Yellow LC 182EM
E 172 Yellow
Bayferrox Yellow 4920
Sicopharm Yellow
Iron Oxide Yellow 313
Tarox YP 1200P
TY 618
G 313M
G 131M
Yellow YP 1200P
YP 1200P
YL 01888D
Chromaflo 888-1810
Bayferrox Yellow 3905
Bayferrox 3905
Puricolor Yellow PYE 42
FZ 1000
362R
Anchor FY 766
CTD 7201
Iron Yellow S 313
HP 6042
Xeracolor Yellow Oxide
Xeracolour Yellow Oxide
SunPuro Yellow C 33-9001
Ferric oxide, yellow
EMF Color Ochre HL
PS 86-1347
Sicotrans Gelb L 1915
Bayferrox 920C
Bayferrox Ochre 920C
TANOP 100
SZ 7499
GEH 102
S 920M
WD-TIOY 30E
S 960
S 960 (pigment)
Cappoxyt 4214X
Cappoxyt Yellow 4214X
Bayferrox 4905
CI 77492 yellow
Creasperse Yellow CP 080
Ecosperse Oxide Yellow RA 100CN
Yellow Bayferrox 3920
WS-Y 042
Iron Yellow 313
Y 1003
YLO 1888D
YP 75FL
Cameleon Yellow
Bayferrox 4910
YLO 3288D
Bayferrox 4960
Bayferrox 3290
MF 5050 Yellow
Transparent Yellow Oxide 1852
R 132CN
Colanyl Oxide Yellow R 132CN
Colanyl R 132CN
Bayferrox Yellow L 3920
KH 70401
NX 512 Yellow
BTY 101W
Tarox LL 100HP
LL 100HP
G 313
Colortherm Yellow 20
SM 8810
Bayferrox
C.I. 77492
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42
CathayCoat Yellow
CathayCoat Yellow Iron Oxide
CathayPure Yellow
CathayPure Yellow Iron oxide
Colortherm
FerroTint Yellow
FerroTint Yellow Iron Oxide
Ferroxon Yellow
GEH
Iron oxide yellow
Iron(III)oxide hydroxide
Lavanya Sooraj / Yellow Iron Oxide
Piirox GC913
Piirox® A920
Piirox® I913
Piirox® K910M
Spectrum Yellow
Spectrum Yellow Iron Oxide
Sumicos Yellow 2213C
TAROX IRON OXIDE LEMON
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100DK
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100HP
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100P
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-50
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-XLO
TAROX IRON OXIDE OCHER 1P
TAROX IRON OXIDE STN-1
TAROX IRON OXIDE YM1100
Yellow Pigment G-2
Yellow iron oxide
Yellow iron oxide 313
Yellow pigment G-1
iron hydroxide oxide
iron hydroxide oxide yellow
ossido di ferro giallo
ossido di ferro giallo sintetico
synthetic yellow iron oxide


BAYFERROX 4920
DESCRIPTION:
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.

CAS (CAS Number) : 51274-00-1
EC number: 257-098-5


Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).
This pigment has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.
Bayferrox 4920 is darker and somewhat redder compared to Bayferrox® 4910


Bayferrox 4920 by Lanxess is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.

Bayferrox 4920 LO is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.


PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF BAYFERROX 4920:
Automotive Coating
Laminate
Architectural coatings
Industrial Paints
Industrial Coating
Corrosion Protection
Plastic Coating
Fertilizers
Paper Manufacture
Emulsion Paints
Decorative Paints
Floorings
Roof tile Coating
Plastic products
Wood Plastic Composites
Colored Plastics
Masterbatches
Paving Stones
Noise Barriers
Facade Elements
Fibre Cement
Construction material
Screed
Mortar
Concrete Roofing Tiles
In Situ Concrete
Concrete Masonry Blocks
Sand-lime Bricks
Plaster
Wood Coating









CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:

Brand
BAYFERROX®
Product Type
Color Pigments
Color
Yellow
Delivery Form
Powder
Molar weight
89
Color Index
77492.0000
REACH
01-2119457554-33
CAS (CAS Number)
51274-00-1
APPEARANCE DARK YELLOW POWDER
CONTENT OF Fe 2 O 3 86% min
pH VALUE 3-7
SHADE CLOSE TO STANDARD
OIL ABSORPTION 25-35%
RESIDUE ON 320 MESH 0.3% max
WATER SOLUBLE 0.3% max
VOLATITE 105 °C 1.0% max
TINTING STRENGTH 98-102 %


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BAYFERROX 4920:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


BAYFERROX 4920
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.


CAS Number: 51274-00-1
EC number: 257-098-5
Chemical class Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH



SYNONYMS:
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, Iron Oxide Orange Transparent 188VN, Iron Oxide Yellow Transp. 088VN, Mapico Yellow LL-XLO, Mapico Yellow 5, Iron Oxide Yellow 420,
Iron Yellow, Iron oxide yellow, Yellow iron oxide, Pure Yellow Oxide YO 6087, Mapico Yellow 1050, Zh 1, Cosmetic Yellow, Ariabel Yellow 300407, Iron hydroxide oxide yellow, Bayferrox 420, Pigment Yellow 42, L 1 (pigment), L 1, Toda Color Y 2, Sicotrans Yellow L 1915, Sicotrans Yellow L 1916, Synthetic yellow iron oxide pigment, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214C, Sicoflush L Yellow 1916, Bayferrox 3950, Iron Oxide Yellow 214501, Bayferrox 920, Iron Yellow AZ 138, AZ 138, LL-XLO, Toda Color Yellow 48, Disperse HG 457, Sicotrans Gold L 1916, EC 481, Bayferrox 915, Bayferrox 3920, Bayferrox Yellow 420, YO 2087, Zh 1 (pigment), PW 895, Bayferrox 930, Bayferrox Yellow 3910, Bayferrox Yellow 415, Bayferrox 415, Oxide Yellow 3910, Bayferrox 3910, YB 3100, Yellow YB 3100, Sicovit Yellow 10, C.I. 77492, Mapico Yellow Lemon, Goethite yellow, Sicovit Yellow 10E172, Toda Yellow 48, Tarox Lemon, Tarox Yellow Lemon,
Unisperse Yellow Oxide M-S, L 1916, Sicotrans Yellow L 1918, L 1918, Sicoflush L Yellow 1916C4, Luconyl Yellow 1916, LB 100E172, Y 200M, Xfast Yellow 1916, Unipure LC 182, Bayferrox Yellow 920, Burnt Sienna TY, YZ 1688, Sicoflush P Yellow 1916, Dittany Y 77492, PY 42, Timbasol PW 895, Kobo Yellow WSJ 20EYAMP,
GA 7311, C 7055, Syn-Ox HTR 810, Syn-Ox HTR 820, LL 100PD, Bayferrox Yellow 3920, Tarox TRY 100, SunCROMA Yellow Iron Oxide, S 313, Iron Oxide Yellow 301, Iron Oxide Yellow 311, CWD 8942, Trans Oxide Yellow AC 2544, AC 2544, Bayferrox 3960, R 131CN, CM 3FA70ERH, CM 3F30TRY, R 2087, Y 10M, SunPURO Yellow, Unipure Yellow LC 181, YellowCap 1, Unipure Yellow LC 182, S 920, S 920 (pigment), Unipure Yellow LC 182EM, E 172 Yellow, Bayferrox Yellow 4920, Sicopharm Yellow, Iron Oxide Yellow 313, Tarox YP 1200P, TY 618, G 313M, G 131M, Yellow YP 1200P, YP 1200P, YL 01888D, Chromaflo 888-1810, Bayferrox Yellow 3905, Bayferrox 3905, Puricolor Yellow PYE 42, FZ 1000, 362R, Anchor FY 766, CTD 7201, Iron Yellow S 313, HP 6042, Xeracolor Yellow Oxide, Xeracolour Yellow Oxide, SunPuro Yellow C 33-9001, Ferric oxide, yellow, EMF Color Ochre HL, PS 86 1347, Sicotrans Gelb L 1915, Bayferrox 920C, Bayferrox Ochre 920C,
TANOP 100, SZ 7499, GEH 102, S 920M, WD-TIOY 30E, S 960, S 960 (pigment), Cappoxyt 4214X, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214X, Bayferrox 4905, CI 77492 yellow,
Creasperse Yellow CP 080, Ecosperse Oxide Yellow RA 100CN, Yellow Bayferrox 3920, WS-Y 042, Iron Yellow 313, Y 1003, YLO 1888D, YP 75FL, Cameleon Yellow, Bayferrox 4910, YLO 3288D, Bayferrox 4960, Bayferrox 3290, MF 5050 Yellow, Transparent Yellow Oxide 1852, R 132CN, Colanyl Oxide Yellow R 132CN, Colanyl R 132CN, Bayferrox Yellow L 3920, KH 70401, NX 512 Yellow, BTY 101W, Tarox LL 100HP, LL 100HP, G 313, Colortherm Yellow 20, SM 8810, Bayferrox, C.I. 77492,
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, CathayCoat Yellow, CathayCoat Yellow Iron Oxide, CathayPure Yellow, CathayPure Yellow Iron oxide, Colortherm, FerroTint Yellow, FerroTint Yellow Iron Oxide, Ferroxon Yellow, GEH, Iron oxide yellow, Iron(III)oxide hydroxide, Lavanya Sooraj / Yellow Iron Oxide, Piirox GC913,
Piirox® A920, Piirox® I913, Piirox® K910M, Spectrum Yellow, Spectrum Yellow Iron Oxide, Sumicos Yellow 2213C, TAROX IRON OXIDE LEMON, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100DK, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100HP, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100P, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-50, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-XLO, TAROX IRON OXIDE OCHER 1P, TAROX IRON OXIDE STN-1, TAROX IRON OXIDE YM1100, Yellow Pigment G-2, Yellow iron oxide, Yellow iron oxide 313, Yellow pigment G-1, iron hydroxide oxide, iron hydroxide oxide yellow, ossido di ferro giallo, ossido di ferro giallo sintetico, synthetic yellow iron oxide,



Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).


Bayferrox 4920 has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.
It is darker and somewhat redder compared to Bayferrox 4920.


Bayferrox 4920 is a finely milled iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.


Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 4920:
Bayferrox 4920 is used Agriculture, Artifical Turf, Asphalt, and Automotive Coating.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Ceramic, Ceramic Stains, Coil Coating, Colored Plastics, Concrete Masonry Blocks, and Concrete Roofing Tiles.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Construction, Construction material, Corrosion Protection, and Decorative Paints.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Emulsion Paints, Facade Elements, Fertilizers, Fibre Cement, Floorings, Foundry, and Foundry Sands.
Bayferrox 4920 is used in Situ Concrete, Industrial Coating, Laminate, Masterbatches, Mortar, and Noise Barriers.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Paints & Coatings, Paper Manufacture, Paper industry, Paving Stones, Plaster, and Plastic- and Rubberpolymers.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Powder Coating, Roofing Felts, Roof tile Coating, Sand-lime Bricks, and Screed.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Agriculture, Artifical Turf, Asphalt, Automotive Coating, Ceramic, and Ceramic Stains.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Coil Coating, Colored Plastics, Concrete Masonry Blocks, Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, and Construction material.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Facade Elements, Fertilizers, and Fibre Cement.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Floorings, Foundry, Foundry Sands, In Situ Concrete, Industrial Coating, and Laminate.
Bayferrox 4920 is used in many types of paints, including antirust paint, water-soluble indoor/outdoor paints and oil-based paints.


Bayferrox 4920 is used for dyeing construction materials, such as mosaic bricks, for concrete bricks, pavement, colorful tiles, roofing tiles and man-made marble.
Bayferrox 4920 is used colors for ceramic body.


Bayferrox 4920 is used in paper industry, esp. rice paper.
Bayferrox 4920 is used for surface coloration of plastic epoxy floor, color for pitch.
Bayferrox 4920 is used as a more fade-resistant dye for plastics.


Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.



KEY FEATURES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.



INDUSTRIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
*Paints and Coatings,
*Construction,
*Automotive and Transportation,
*Building and Construction,
*Electrical and Electronics,
*Consumer Goods



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 4920:
Type: Yellow pigment
Delivery form: Powder
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH
Colour Index: Pigment yellow 42 (77492)
CAS Number: 51274-00-1
REACH registration no: 01-2119457554-33-0000
Product Type: Color Pigments
Color: Yellow
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000
REACH: 01-2119457554-33
CAS (CAS Number): 51274-00-1
Packaging Format: BFX

CAS-Number: 51274-00-1
APPEARANCE: Yellow
MELTING POINT: 1565 °C
TYPES: Non-Micronised
water soluble salt: <0.5%
Screen residue (0.045mm screen mesh): 0.05%
pH value: 4.0-7.0
α-FeOOH content: >99.1%
Loss after calcination at 1000 degrees Celsius for half an hour: <15%
Humidity (after processing): <1.0%
particle shape: Rod-shaped
Main particle size: 0.1-0.8µm
Oil absorption: 32g/100g
compacted density: 0.4g/ml

density: 4.0g/ml
Melting point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Room Temperature
form: Powder
color: yellow
Water Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538°C
Flash Point: >230°F
Density: 5.24
Appearance: pieces
Hazard Statements: Xi
Density: 5.24 g/cm3
PSA: N/A
LogP: N/A
Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Formula: Fe2O3.H2O

Boiling Point: N/A
PSA: 0.00000
XLogP3: 0.00000
Appearance: pieces
Density: 5.24
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Flash Point: >230°F
APPEARANCE: DARK YELLOW POWDER
CONTENT OF Fe2O3: 86% min
pH VALUE: 3-7
SHADE: CLOSE TO STANDARD
OIL ABSORPTION: 25-35%
RESIDUE ON 320 MESH: 0.3% max
WATER SOLUBLE: 0.3% max
VOLATITE: 105 °C 1.0% max
TINTING STRENGTH: 98-102 %



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


BAYFERROX 4920
DESCRIPTION:
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).

CAS: 51274-00-1
IUPAC name: Iron(3+) Hydroxide Oxidandiide

Bayferrox 4920 has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.
Bayferrox 4920 is darker and somewhat redder compared to Bayferrox 4910.

Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.


APPLICATIONS OF BAYFERROX 4920:
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Architectural coatings
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Automotive Coating
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Colored Plastics

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Concrete Masonry Block
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Concrete Roofing Tiles
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Construction material

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Corrosion Protection
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Decorative Paints
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Emulsion Paints

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Facade Elements
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Fertilizers
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Fibre Cement

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Floorings
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in In Situ Concrete
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Industrial Coating

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Industrial Paints
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Laminate
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Masterbatches

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Mortar
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Noise Barriers
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Paper Manufacture

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Paving Stones
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Plaster
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Plastic Coating

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Plastic products
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Roof tile Coating
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Sand-lime Bricks

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Screed
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Wood Coating
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Wood Plastic Composites



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BAYFERROX 4920:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000
Type: Yellow pigment
Delivery form: Powder
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide a - FeOOH
CAS-No.: 51274-00-1
Fe2O3 [%]: 86
SiO2 + Al2O3 [%]: 0.6
Loss on heating at 1000°C, ½ h [%]: 15.0
Water-soluble salts [%]: 0.5
Water content (ex works) [%]: 1.0
Oil absorption [g/100g] approx.: 32
Particle shape: acicular
Predominant particle size[µm]: 0.1× 0.8
Tamped apparent density [g/cm3]: approx. 0.4
Density [g/cm3] approx.: 4.0
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Appearance: Lemon Yellow To Brown Powder.
Formula: Fe2O3
Molecular Mass: 159.69
Exact Mass: 165.85400
Logp: -0.36140



BAYFERROX 920
Bayferrox 920 is in a granular form that is virtually dust-free and exhibits good free-flowing properties.
Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
When Bayferrox 920 is heated to 80°C, it loses water and turns into red ferric oxide.

CAS Number: 51274-00-1
Molecular Formula: FeH3O3
Molecular Weight: 106.86702
EC Number: 257-098-5

Bayferrox 920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 920s low viscosity makes it especially suitable for highly concentrated paste systems.
Bayferrox 920 by Lanxess is used in automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.

Bayferrox 920 form of delivery is powder.
Only high purity selected raw materials are used in the manufacturing process of Bayferrox 920.

Bayferrox 920 meets all the requirements of the cosmetic industry or for coloring cigarette butt papers.
Because Bayferrox 920 comes into direct contact with human skin, certain legal requirements must be met and a high level of protection provided.

The Z Classes of the Bayferrox series are subject to specific testing procedures and meet high dermatological standards.
Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 920 is delivered in powder form and can be applied to color a wide variety of building materials.

It should be noted that the packaging medium of Bayferrox 920 may have a much shorter shelf life than Bayferrox 920.
All recommendations and warnings on the packaging must be strictly followed.
Deviations from storage conditions can cause undesirable changes in the surface of packaging materials.

Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment and they succumb to aging, which can compromise their abilities.
Bayferrox 920 is delivered in a granular form that is virtually dust-free and exhibits good free-flowing properties.

Bayferrox 920 can be used in a wide variety of applications and has a good price/performance ratio.
The Bayferrox 920 specifications of this delivery form are specifically designed for the coloring of concrete materials.
The production of Bayferrox 920 is based on the well-known Bayferrox pigments, which exhibit high tinting strength, lightness and tinting properties.

Bayferrox 920 has been specially developed for the coloring of impregnated and pressed laminate paper and meets high requirements.
Bayferrox 920 is tested on laminated paper and packed in water recyclable bags.

In this way, dust formation in the production process can be prevented.
Bayferrox 920 is a yellow powder in the form of alkaline oxide with relatively stable chemical properties.
Bayferrox 920 is insoluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in acids, completely soluble in concentrated form.

Bayferrox 920 is used as a coloring agent in coating, printing ink and paint, as well as in construction material, rubber and papermaking.
Bayferrox 920 is widely used because of its bright and pure color, good weather resistance and high opacity.

Bayferrox 920 is produced by precipitation of ferric oxide hydroxide followed by purification by washing, drying.
Bayferrox 920 are construction elements produced with synthetic and water-based paints, construction chemicals, plastic, rubber and cement.
Bayferrox 920 is produced in Bayferrox standards and with an innovative technology.

Bayferrox 920 is a micronized, yellow iron oxide pigment.
Bayferrox 920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 920's low viscosity makes it particularly suitable for highly concentrated paste systems.

Bayferrox 920 is used in automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastics.
Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide pigment that is supplied in powder form and can be applied to color a wide variety of buildings.

Bayferrox 920 is specifically a red iron oxide pigment.
The exact shade of red can vary based on the formulation and manufacturing process.
Bayferrox 920 pigments are available in various shades of red, yellow, brown, and black, allowing for a wide range of color options.

APPEARANCE: Powder
Product Type: Color Pigments
Color: Yellow
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000

Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 920 pigment granules are the result of a special manufacturing process.
Bayferrox 920 is free-flowing, which allows it to be easily discharged from silos, paper bags and bulk bags.

Because of Bayferrox 920s dust free character, storage and metering are clean.
Bayferrox 920 properties of this modern delivery form were designed especially for coloring of concrete materials.
The production is based on the well known Bayferrox 920 pigments which show high tinting strength, light fastness and excellent weather stability.

Bayferrox 920 also known as Pigment yellow 42 is yellow powder in the form of an alkaline oxide with comparatively stable chemical properties.
Bayferrox 920 is slightly soluble in acids but completely dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Bayferrox 920 is used in coating, printing ink and paint, and also as a coloring agent for building material, rubber and paper-making.

Bayferrox 920 widely used due to its bright and pure colour, good weather proofing and high opacity.
It is manufactured by the precipitation of ferric oxide hydroxide followed by purification through washing, drying and milling.
Bayferrox 920 is a brand name for an iron oxide pigment that is produced by the company LANXESS.

Bayferrox 920 are synthetic compounds that are used to color a wide range of materials, including paints, coatings, plastics, ceramics, and construction materials.
These pigments are known for their durability, stability, and consistent color properties.
Bayferrox 920 is specifically a red iron oxide pigment.

The "920" in the name might refer to a specific formulation or variation of red iron oxide pigment produced by LANXESS.
The "Bayferrox" part of the name is a brand used by LANXESS for their line of iron oxide pigments.
Bayferrox 920 are commonly used in various applications due to their ability to provide stable and vibrant coloration.

In construction, Bayferrox 920 can be used to color concrete, mortar, and other building materials.
In the manufacturing of paints and coatings, iron oxide pigments like Bayferrox 920 can be used to achieve a range of red shades.

Bayferrox 920 are known for their stability and resistance to light, heat, and chemicals.
This makes them suitable for applications where color retention over time is important.
Bayferrox 920 are generally considered non-toxic and safe for use in various applications, including those that come into contact with food or are used in sensitive environments.

The particle size of Bayferrox 920 can influence properties like color intensity and dispersion.
Manufacturers offer a range of particle sizes tailored to different applications.
Bayferrox 920 are synthetically produced through controlled precipitation or thermal decomposition of iron salts.

This process allows for precise control over color and other properties.
Bayferrox 920, including Bayferrox 920, typically comply with various industry standards and regulations, such as those related to environmental impact, safety, and toxicity.

Uses
Bayferrox 920 is also used in paints, enamels, Porcelain Enamels, concrete colorants, plastics, rubber, and paper where permanent yellow is required.
Bayferrox 920 has excellent hiding power, absorbs ultraviolet light, is compatible with a broad range of vehicles, disperses well in aqueous and solvent systems, does not contain heavy metals.

Bayferrox 920, other applications are in Primers, Wood Primers, Dry Distemper, Cement Paints, Adhesives, Cement Flooring, Vinyl Flooring, Designer Tiles, Paving blocks, Cement Colours , Mosaic Tiles, Ceramics, Plastics (Plastics Asphalt), PVC, Rubber products ,Paper, Crayons, Leather, Glazes, Dadoes, Plaster works.
Bayferrox 920 is used elastomers , Textile, Inks, Fibre, Glass Polishing, Metal Polishing, Rouge Polishing, Optical Lens etc.

Bayferrox 920 commonly used to color concrete, bricks, pavers, tiles, and other construction materials.
These pigments are UV-stable and can withstand harsh weather conditions.
Bayferrox 920 are used in paints and coatings for both indoor and outdoor applications.

Bayferrox 920 are added to plastics and polymers to achieve desired colors in a variety of plastic products.
Bayferrox 920 used in the production of ceramic tiles, pottery, and other ceramic products.
Bayferrox 920 are used in printing inks, including offset, flexographic, and gravure inks.

Iron oxide pigments like Bayferrox 920 are commonly used to color concrete for various construction projects, including sidewalks, pavements, curbs, and architectural elements.
They provide long-lasting color that resists fading from exposure to sunlight and weather conditions.
Bayferrox 920 is used to color clay bricks, pavers, and other masonry products, enhancing their aesthetic appeal.

Roofing tiles and shingles can be colored with Bayferrox 920 to achieve desired hues that complement building designs.
Bayferrox 920 is used in paints for exterior and interior surfaces of buildings, offering a wide range of red shades that resist fading over time.
Bayferrox 920 find applications in industrial coatings for equipment, machinery, and infrastructure where durability and color stability are essential.

Bayferrox 920 can be used in automotive paints, providing vibrant colors for vehicle exteriors.
Bayferrox 920 are added to plastics and polymers to achieve a variety of colors in plastic products, including toys, packaging, consumer goods, and automotive components.

Bayferrox 920 is used to color ceramic tiles for walls, floors, and decorative applications.
Bayferrox 920 is used by artists and artisans to color clay and glazes for pottery, ceramics, and art projects.
Bayferrox 920 is used in various types of printing inks, including offset, flexographic, and gravure inks, for applications such as packaging, labels, and publications.

Bayferrox 920 can be used in wood stains and coatings to achieve consistent color on wood surfaces, such as furniture, decks, and outdoor structures.
Bayferrox 920 is used by artists, crafters, and hobbyists to add color to paints, pigments, and other artistic materials.

Bayferrox 920 can be used in dyeing and coloring textiles, providing a range of red hues.
In cosmetic products like makeup, Bayferrox 920 can be used to color lipsticks, eyeshadows, and other cosmetics.

Safety
Fine particles of Bayferrox 920 can become airborne during handling and processing.
Prolonged inhalation of these particles, especially in excessive amounts, can potentially irritate the respiratory system.
Proper ventilation and respiratory protection should be used when working with dusty or aerosolized pigments.

Direct contact with Bayferrox 920, particularly in powder form, can cause skin irritation, redness, and dermatitis.
Bayferrox 920's important to use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles when handling pigments.
While ingestion of small amounts of Bayferrox 920 is unlikely to cause harm, ingesting larger quantities can lead to stomach upset, nausea, or gastrointestinal discomfort.

Bayferrox 920 are not flammable on their own.
However, if dispersed in air as fine dust, they can potentially pose a dust explosion hazard under certain conditions.
Preventing dust buildup and controlling ignition sources are important for minimizing this risk.

Environmental Impact
Bayferrox 920 are generally considered to have low environmental impact.
They are stable compounds and are often used in industries where environmental considerations are important.
However, excessive release of pigment dust into the environment can contribute to air and water pollution.

Synonyms
Ferric oxide Yellow
Ferric oxide, yellow
Bayferrox 920
51274-00-1
UNII-EX438O2MRT
Iron hydroxide oxide yellow
Ferric oxide, yellow [NF]
Iron Oxide Yellow
EX438O2MRT
CCRIS 4378
EINECS 257-098-5
iron(3+);oxygen(2-);hydroxide;hydrate
Ferrox
EC 257-098-5
MAPICO YELLOW
IRON OXIDE,YELLOW
FERRIC OXIDE,YELLOW
HYDRATED FERRIC-OXIDE
FERRIC OXIDE, HYDRATED
INS NO.172(III)
INS-172(III)
FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW [II]
FERRIC OXYHYDROXIDE HYDRATE
HYDRATED IRON (III) OXIDE
IRON OXIDE,YELLOW [VANDF]
CI 77492 [INCI]
E-172(III)
SYNTHETIC YELLOW IRON OXIDE
FERRIC OXIDE,YELLOW [VANDF]
FERRIC OXIDE, HYDRATED [II]
FERRIC OXIDE (HYDRATE) [NF]
AKOS032950036
IRON(III) OXIDE-HYDROXIDE MONOHYDRATE
CI(1975) NO. 77492
Q27277405
105478-30-6
BDO (1,4-BUTANEDIOL)

BDO (1,4-butanediol), often abbreviated as BDO, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H10O2.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a faint, characteristic odor.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a diol molecule, meaning it contains two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a versatile intermediate chemical that is widely used in various industries.

CAS Number: 110-63-4
EC Number: 203-786-5

Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester



APPLICATIONS


BDO (1,4-butanediol) is primarily used as a precursor in the production of tetrahydrofuran (THF).
THF is a solvent widely used in chemical synthesis, polymer processing, and pharmaceutical formulations.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is also a key intermediate in the synthesis of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL).

GBL is utilized in the production of pharmaceuticals, polymers, and agricultural chemicals.
Additionally, 1,4-butanediol is employed in the manufacture of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) resins.

PBT resins are used in automotive components, electrical appliances, and consumer goods.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent in various applications, including coatings, inks, and cleaning agents.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is valued for its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances and its low volatility.
In the pharmaceutical industry, 1,4-butanediol is utilized as a solvent for drug formulations and as a chemical intermediate.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is also used in the synthesis of certain medications and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a key component in the production of polyurethane elastomers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
Polyurethane elastomers are used in the manufacture of seals, gaskets, and flexible foams.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in applications such as footwear, automotive parts, and medical devices.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) acts as a chain extender and crosslinker in polyurethane polymerization reactions, enhancing mechanical properties.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is utilized in the production of adhesives and sealants for bonding various substrates.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and fine chemicals for diverse applications.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) undergoes chemical reactions such as esterification, etherification, and oxidation to produce derivatives with specific properties.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed as a plasticizer in the production of flexible PVC (polyvinyl chloride) materials.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) improves the flexibility, durability, and processing characteristics of PVC products.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the formulation of personal care products such as cosmetics, hair care products, and skincare formulations.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent, humectant, or viscosity modifier in cosmetic formulations.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is utilized in the synthesis of specialty resins, coatings, and specialty chemicals.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the production of specialty polyesters, polyols, and epoxy resins.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the synthesis of specialty lubricants and hydraulic fluids.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) plays a critical role in various industries, serving as a versatile chemical intermediate with diverse applications.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the production of printing inks and toners for the printing industry.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent for dispersing pigments and resins in ink formulations.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the formulation of specialty coatings for automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) enhances the adhesion, durability, and corrosion resistance of coatings.
In the electronics industry, 1,4-butanediol is used in the production of circuit boards and electronic components.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent for cleaning electronic equipment and removing flux residues.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is utilized in the synthesis of specialty polymers such as polyesters and polyurethanes.

These polymers find applications in fibers, films, and molded parts for various industries.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the production of plasticizers for PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and other polymer materials.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) improves the flexibility and processability of PVC products.

In the textile industry, 1,4-butanediol is used as a dyeing auxiliary and leveling agent in textile dyeing processes.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) helps to achieve uniform dye penetration and color consistency in textile products.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the formulation of hydraulic fluids and brake fluids for automotive and industrial applications.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a viscosity modifier and anti-corrosion agent in hydraulic systems.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the production of fuel additives and lubricant additives for improving engine performance and longevity.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) enhances fuel combustion efficiency and reduces engine wear and friction.

In the construction industry, 1,4-butanediol is used in the formulation of concrete admixtures and construction sealants.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) improves the workability, strength, and durability of concrete mixes.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the synthesis of specialty chemicals such as flavors, fragrances, and pharmaceutical intermediates.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a starting material for the production of fine chemicals with specific functional groups and properties.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the formulation of adhesives and sealants for construction, automotive, and aerospace applications.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) provides bonding strength, flexibility, and weather resistance to adhesive and sealant formulations.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the production of food additives and flavor enhancers for the food industry.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent, carrier, or flavor modifier in food formulations.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a versatile chemical with a wide range of applications across multiple industries, contributing to its importance and utility.



DESCRIPTION


BDO (1,4-butanediol), often abbreviated as BDO, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H10O2.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a faint, characteristic odor.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a diol molecule, meaning it contains two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a versatile intermediate chemical that is widely used in various industries.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is primarily used as a precursor in the production of other chemicals.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) undergoes chemical reactions to form derivatives such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), which have numerous industrial applications.

In addition to its role as a chemical intermediate, 1,4-butanediol is also used as a solvent in various applications such as coatings, inks, and cleaning agents.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is valued for its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances and its low volatility.

Furthermore, 1,4-butanediol is utilized in the manufacture of polyurethane elastomers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which are widely used in the production of flexible foams, coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) acts as a chain extender and crosslinker in the polymerization process, contributing to the mechanical properties and durability of polyurethane materials.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a colorless and odorless liquid.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) has a molecular formula of C4H10O2.
The chemical structure of 1,4-butanediol consists of four carbon atoms arranged in a straight chain with two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is miscible with water, ethanol, and many organic solvents.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) has a relatively high boiling point of approximately 235 degrees Celsius and a low freezing point of around -74 degrees Celsius.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a diol molecule, meaning it contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to adjacent carbon atoms.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is produced industrially through the catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride or the hydrolysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF).
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used as a precursor in the synthesis of various chemicals such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is commonly employed as a solvent in formulations for coatings, inks, and cleaning agents due to its excellent solvency properties.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is also utilized as a chemical intermediate in the production of polyurethane elastomers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
BDO (1,4-butanediol) acts as a chain extender and crosslinker in polyurethane polymerization reactions, contributing to the mechanical properties and durability of polyurethane materials.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is valued for its low volatility and ability to dissolve a wide range of substances.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) undergoes various chemical reactions including esterification, etherification, and oxidation, which expand its range of applications.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is considered toxic and should be handled with care to avoid skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion.
The chemical industry is the primary consumer of 1,4-butanediol, where it serves as a key intermediate in the production of numerous products.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is also used in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of certain medications and drug formulations.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is classified as a controlled substance in some jurisdictions due to its potential misuse in the illicit production of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a central nervous system depressant.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) has a relatively low flashpoint and should be stored and handled away from ignition sources and open flames.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is soluble in polar and nonpolar solvents, making it versatile for various applications in different industries.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is hygroscopic and may absorb moisture from the air over time, affecting its properties and stability.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is transported and stored in sealed containers to prevent contamination and evaporation.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is commonly used in research laboratories and industrial settings as a versatile chemical reagent.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C4H10O2
Molecular Weight: Approximately 90.12 grams per mole
Physical State: Liquid at room temperature
Color: Colorless
Odor: Faint, characteristic odor
Taste: Sweet taste
Solubility in Water: Miscible
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Soluble in most organic solvents
Melting Point: Approximately -69 °C
Boiling Point: Approximately 235 °C
Density: Approximately 1.017 g/cm³
pH: Neutral
Viscosity: Relatively high viscosity
Refractive Index: Approximately 1.445
Flash Point: Approximately 121 °C (closed cup)
Autoignition Temperature: Approximately 315 °C
Vapor Pressure: Approximately 0.03 mmHg at 25 °C
Heat of Combustion: Approximately -2592 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization: Approximately 66.3 kJ/mol
Specific Heat Capacity: Approximately 2.51 J/g°C
Surface Tension: Approximately 54.8 mN/m at 20 °C
Dielectric Constant: Approximately 32 at 20 °C
Hygroscopicity: Low
Flammability: Non-flammable under normal conditions
Toxicity: Considered toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
Allow the person to rest in a well-ventilated area.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide oxygen if the person has difficulty breathing.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash the affected area with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Rinse skin thoroughly to remove any traces of the substance.
If irritation, redness, or rash develops, seek medical advice.
Apply a soothing moisturizer or barrier cream to the affected area to help alleviate discomfort.


Eye Contact:

Flush eyes with lukewarm water, keeping eyelids open, for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, pain, or redness persists.
Protect the unaffected eye to prevent contamination.


Ingestion:

Rinse mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention immediately and provide information on the ingested substance.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.


General Advice:

Keep affected person calm and reassure them.
If seeking medical attention, provide the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or product label information to healthcare providers.
If the substance has entered the respiratory tract, monitor for signs of respiratory distress and administer CPR if necessary.
Do not administer any medications unless directed by medical personnel.
If exposed to large quantities or experiencing severe symptoms, seek emergency medical assistance immediately.
Be prepared to provide information on the specific product, concentration, and duration of exposure when seeking medical advice.
If transporting an affected individual to a medical facility, ensure proper ventilation and monitor their condition closely.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves, safety glasses, and a lab coat, when handling 1,4-butanediol to prevent skin contact and eye irritation.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if handling in powdered form or in poorly ventilated areas to prevent inhalation of dust particles.

Ventilation:
Handle 1,4-butanediol in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to minimize exposure to airborne particles and vapors.
Ensure adequate ventilation in storage areas to prevent the accumulation of vapors and maintain air quality.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination of 1,4-butanediol by keeping containers tightly closed when not in use.
Do not allow the substance to come into contact with incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents or bases, to avoid hazardous reactions.

Safe Handling Practices:
Avoid generating dust or aerosols when handling 1,4-butanediol.
Use appropriate handling tools, such as scoops or spatulas, to minimize skin contact and prevent spills.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling 1,4-butanediol to prevent accidental ingestion.

Emergency Procedures:
Familiarize yourself and other personnel with emergency procedures in case of spills, leaks, or exposure incidents.
Have appropriate spill control measures, absorbent materials, and personal protective equipment readily available.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store 1,4-butanediol in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat, moisture, and direct sunlight.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Temperature and Humidity:
Maintain storage temperature within the recommended range (typically room temperature) to ensure stability and minimize degradation.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures or fluctuations, as this may affect the quality and shelf life of the product.

Compatibility:
Store 1,4-butanediol away from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents, alkalis, and reducing agents, to prevent hazardous reactions.
Segregate 1,4-butanediol from other chemicals to avoid cross-contamination and potential hazards.

Labeling and Identification:
Clearly label storage containers with the product name, hazard warnings, handling instructions, and date of receipt.
Ensure proper identification and labeling of 1,4-butanediol to prevent confusion and facilitate safe handling and storage.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas containing 1,4-butanediol to authorized personnel only.
Implement appropriate security measures, such as locked cabinets or storage rooms, to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.

Spill Containment and Cleanup:
Have spill containment kits, absorbent materials, and personal protective equipment readily available for spill cleanup.
Follow established spill cleanup procedures and disposal guidelines to minimize environmental impact and ensure safety.

Regulatory Compliance:
Store and handle 1,4-butanediol in compliance with local regulations, codes, and guidelines governing the storage and handling of hazardous substances.
Maintain accurate records of storage conditions, inventory levels, and handling procedures for regulatory compliance and safety auditing purposes.
BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT
Bearberry Leaf Extract is found in the maquis.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a slightly viscous brown liquid that is soluble in water.


Cas Number: 84776-10-3
EC Number: 283-934-3
INCI Name: Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi Leaf Extract
Botanical Name: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi
Chem/IUPAC Name: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract



SYNONYMS:
arbutin, Arctostaphylos uva ursi, mountain cranberry, uva ursi, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, Uva Ursi Extract, Bear Grape Extract, Arctostaphylos Extract, Bearberry Extract, Arbutin Extract, Arctostaphylos Leaf Powder, Bearberry Leaf Powder



Bearberry Leaf Extract is a hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi in Propylene Glycol.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a slightly viscous brown liquid that is soluble in water.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a hairy plant with red berries in small grains.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is 1-3 meters high.
Bearberry Leaf Extract has leaves in all seasons.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is found in the maquis.


Bearberry Leaf Extract's branches are reddish brown.
Bearberry Leaf Extract's leaves are similar to boxwood leaves.
Bearberry Leaf Extract contains Hydrochinone.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is collected and dried in the autumn months.
Bearberry Leaf Extract's flowers are in pink bunches.
Leaves of Bearberry Leaf Extract are used in home remedies.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is a prized botanical ingredient in cosmetics for its multitude of skincare benefits.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a little plant with nice red berries that lives in the North and is also called bearberry or kinnikinnick.
As for skincare Bearberry Leaf Extract is interesting because it contains the well-known skin lightening agent arbutin.


The leaves contain 5-15% percent of Bearberry Leaf Extract and might be able to help fading brown spots on the skin.
Yes, it has a super cute name, but there’s more to Bearberry Leaf Extract than just that!
It has been having a moment in K-beauty thanks to the huge range of Bearberry Leaf Extract skin benefits, particularly in the world of anti-ageing.


Bearberry Leaf Extract comes from a shrub that produces red berries - who would have thought something so small would be so fantastic?
Bearberry Leaf Extract contains something called arbutin, which is where all of the magic comes from.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is an essential cosmetic raw material for skin care.


Bearberry Leaf Extract, derived from the plant, is a key ingredient in innovative and effective skincare products.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is particularly known for its intense moisturizing and antioxidant properties, making it ideal for anti-aging and reparative skincare lines.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is an extract of the leaves of the bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva ursi.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is made from the leaves of the bearberry plant.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is astringent in cosmetic preparations and skin care products.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Packed with antioxidants, Bearberry Leaf Extract shields the skin from environmental stressors, preventing premature aging and promoting a youthful complexion.
Its natural astringent properties help tighten pores and regulate oil production, making Bearberry Leaf Extract ideal for acne-prone skin.


Additionally, Bearberry Leaf Extract is renowned for its skin-brightening effects, helping to reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation.
Bearberry Leaf Extract embodies nature's bounty, offering gentle yet effective skincare solutions for healthier, more radiant skin.
Bearberry Leaf Extract acts as an astringent, and antibacterial, circulatory stimulant and skin lightening active.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is used in shampoo and skin care.
Using Bearberry Leaf Extract in your products not only supports skin health, but also helps to reduce the visible signs of ageing.
Ideal for creams, lotions and serums, Bearberry Leaf Extract offers a range of benefits that make it an essential ingredient in the development of skincare products.


With its ability to strengthen the skin barrier and deeply moisturize the skin, Bearberry Leaf Extract is a preferred choice for formulations aimed at restoring skin elasticity and protecting against environmental aggressors.
Bearberry Leaf Extract's anti-inflammatory properties also help to soothe irritated or sensitive skin.


Bearberry Leaf Extract can be used in a variety of ways in skin care and hair cosmetics.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a skin brightening botanical extract rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, including vitamin A, manganese, iron, silicon, and selenium.


Formulator shop Bearberry Leaf Extract is rich in beta arbutin which has skin lightening properties, β-Arbutin is said to demonstrate whitening effects by reducing the production of melanin pigments by working directly on tyrosinase in melanocytes.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is water soluble, add to water phase.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is reputed to have antibacterial and antioxidant properties that may be beneficial for cleansing the skin and improving its appearance and a safe alternative to hydroquinone.
Usage rate of Bearberry Leaf Extract is 0.5-10%.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is also used as a lightening agent to fade freckles or skin discoloration which may be caused by sun damage or hormonal conditions.
Bearberry Leaf Extract has antioxidant properties, and there is a small amount of research showing it can have dark spot fading properties.


-The suggested uses of bearberry include:
*Urinary tract infection and inflammation
*Bladder inflammation (cystitis)
*Enlarged prostate
*Bronchitis


-MEDICINE uses of Bearberry Leaf Extract:
Due to the antibacterial properties Bearberry Leaf Extract contains, it helps to regulate the immune system of individuals and to delay aging.
Bearberry Leaf Extract creates a natural diuretic effect for people with urinary problems, leading to more regular functioning of the kidneys and the removal of toxins in the body.

Bearberry Leaf Extract for people with disease like migraine are shown as the most important medicine.
In some regions, Bearberry Leaf Extract is burned and its smoke is said to take people's headaches.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used in the treatment of diseases such as urinary tract inflammation.

The active ingredients in the currant plant
eliminate the risk of miscarriage during pregnancy . Bearberry Leaf Extract also plays an effective role in reducing the pains faced by expectant mothers during pregnancy .

This plant, which Bearberry Leaf Extract is widely used in medicine, acts as an ointment in the treatment of wounds and rashes that occur in the body.
Bearberry Leaf Extract helps prevent blood loss by providing blood to clot.

Scientists state that Bearberry Leaf Extract should be used in the treatment of diseases such as vaginitis and chronic diarrhea .
Bearberry Leaf Extract plays an effective role in the treatment of bronchitis disease.


-COSMETIC uses of Bearberry Leaf Extract:
*HAIR CARE:
Bearberry Leaf Extract nourishes hair.
Bearberry Leaf Extract adds sparkle to hair.

*SKIN CARE:
Bearberry Leaf Extract refreshes skin cells.
Bearberry Leaf Extract repairs damaged cells.
Bearberry Leaf Extract causes scars and scars on the skin.


-FOOD uses of Bearberry Leaf Extract:
Bearberry Leaf Extract gives aroma to food and beverages.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used as a food supplement.


-VETERINARY MEDICINE uses of Bearberry Leaf Extract:
Bearberry Leaf Extract helps digestion
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used as an anti-inflammatory.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used as antibacterial.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used as a pain reliever.



ORIGIN OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Europe and the rest of the world.
Organic goods are preferred.
Please note that this product contains biological ingredients whose biodegradability cannot be tested.
Such ingredients were therefore not taken into account in the assessment.



WHAT IS BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT, AND WHAT IS BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT USED FOR?
Bearberry Leaf Extract is the common name for Arctostaphylos uva ursi, an evergreen plant that grows in the alpine forests of North America, Europe, and Asia.

Bearberry leaves have been used by the indigenous people of America for centuries to treat urinary tract infections.
The name bearberry comes from the sour but edible berries of the plant that bears are known to be fond of.
Only the Bearberry Leaf Extract are used for medicinal purposes.

Studies indicate that Bearberry Leaf Extract may have antimicrobial, astringent, and antioxidant properties.
The therapeutic properties of Bearberry Leaf Extract come from the active substances the leaves contain, including arbutin, tannins, and hydroquinone.

Bearberry Leaf Extract supplements are available over the counter (OTC) as dried leaves, powder, or liquid extracts that can be taken orally.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is possibly effective for mild urinary tract inflammation, but there is little scientific evidence to support any of its other uses.



CLAIMS OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
*Antimicrobials
*Lightening / Whitening Agents
*Astringents



WHAT IS BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT USED FOR?
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a versatile ingredient in cosmetics, offering a range of benefits for skin health and beauty.
Bearberry Leaf Extract's anti-inflammatory properties soothe irritated skin, while its antimicrobial effects help combat acne.

Bearberry Leaf Extract's skin-brightening abilities reduce dark spots and hyperpigmentation, promoting a more even complexion.
Additionally, its astringent qualities tighten pores and regulate oil production, making Bearberry Leaf Extract ideal for oily skin.
Bearberry Leaf Extract also moisturizes the skin, leaving it soft and hydrated.



ORIGIN OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Bearberry Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the bearberry plant through a careful extraction process.
The leaves are harvested and subjected to methods like solvent extraction or maceration, which Bearberry Leaf Extract the beneficial compounds from the plant material.

These compounds include arbutin, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to Bearberry Leaf Extract's skincare properties.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is then refined and purified for use in cosmetic formulations.



WHAT DOES BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Antimicrobial
*Antioxidant
*Astringent
*Humectant
*Moisturising
*Skin conditioning



SAFETY PROFILE OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Bearberry Leaf Extract is considered safe for cosmetic use when formulated appropriately.
However, individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before widespread application.
As with any skincare ingredient, Bearberry Leaf Extract is crucial to use products within recommended concentrations and follow usage guidelines.
While adverse reactions are rare, consulting a dermatologist is advisable, especially for those with skin sensitivities or allergies.



ALTERNATIVES OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
*ASCORBIC ACID



THE BENEFITS OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT FOR SKIN:
You may have noticed we’re fans of Bearberry Leaf Extract for skin.
The main reason is Bearberry Leaf Extract's amazing anti-ageing properties.

One of the key components of cracking the anti-ageing code is steering clear of pigmentation.
If you’ll allow us to get a bit geeky for a second, arbutin breaks down into hydroquinone, which disrupts the enzyme that produces dark spots - talk about an underrated hero!

Bearberry Leaf Extract is a renowned skin-lightening ingredient.
In a nutshell, Bearberry Leaf Extract in skin care halts melanin production.

As a powerful antioxidant, Bearberry Leaf Extract fights free radicals which, put simply, are unstable atoms that damage the cells and break down collagen.
Collagen is what gives your skin a gorgeous, plump and youthful glow.

So yes, it is kind of important.
Free radicals on the other hand, are absolutely not.
Hence, having a team of antioxidant soldiers in the form of arbutin is going to make a world of difference.

Because it protects skin cells from free radicals which helps collagen production, Bearberry Leaf Extract in skin care plumps fine lines and wrinkles.
Bearberry Leaf Extract allows the body to produce collagen at its optimum level, so you can soak up all of those complements with your youthful-looking skin!

As a bonus to evening out the skin tone, reducing melanin and slowing the signs of ageing, Bearberry Leaf Extract in skincare is also anti-inflammatory, helping to heal irritated skin and fade scars.



INCLUDING BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT IN SKINCARE:
We’re going to guess you’re pretty impressed by the skin brightening and anti-ageing talents of arbutin in skin care by now - we sure are!
Finding products that are packed with the good stuff is going to seriously transform your skincare routine.


While we’re on the brightening train going full steam ahead, the Brightening Eye Serum revives tired eyes by lightening pigmentation.
Because the only bags we want are designer, this eye serum will keep dark circles away thanks to the magic of Bearberry Leaf Extract.

If you’re looking for the plumping benefits of Bearberry Leaf Extract, you really can’t go past the Golden Anti-Ageing Serum.
Yes, Bearberry Leaf Extract looks incredible, but there’s more to this serum than meets the eye (it’s not just a pretty face!).

The peptides and antioxidants reduce fine lines and wrinkles, all the while nourishing the skin.
Arbutin in skincare fights free radicals for firmer skin, which is a major win.

Bearberry Leaf Extract may go by many names, but its brightening and anti-ageing properties work just as well, no matter what you call it!
To find out more about the magic of this little berry, chat to one of our skincare experts!



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Product name: Bear Grape Extract / Bearberry Extract
Botanical Name: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi
Pearl Name: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract
Cas No: 84776-10-3
Einecs No: 283-934-3
Part Used: Leaf
Harvest time: Spring Summer
Product Form: Powder
Production Method: extraction
Solubility: Soluble in water
Viscosity: Low
Solubility: good in water
Liquid extract: grams (g) or milliliters (ml) are similar
Vegan
pH: 3.9-7.2
Density: 1.03-1.06
Refractometry: 1.28-1.43



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


BEESWAX
DESCRIPTION:
Beeswax (also known as cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.
The wax is formed into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees, which discard it in or at the hive.
The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey storage and larval and pupal protection within the beehive.


Beeswax is a natural wax that worker bees secrete from glands under their abdomen.
The substance is produced as waxy scales that form thin sheets.
Beeswax can be chewed up by the worker bee and molded into any shape they choose.

Bees produce beeswax mainly to create honeycomb cells for storing honey and protecting eggs and larvae.
The wax acts as a valuable barrier to water and keeps out cold.
Beeswax has a chemical makeup comprising various long-chain alcohols and fatty acid esters.

Beeswax is a product made from the honeycomb of the honeybee and other bees.
The mixing of pollen oils into honeycomb wax turns the white wax into a yellow or brown color.
Beeswax is used for high cholesterol, pain, fungal skin infections, and other conditions.

But there is no good scientific research to support these uses.
In foods and beverages, white beeswax and beeswax absolute (yellow beeswax treated with alcohol) are used as stiffening agents.
In manufacturing, yellow and white beeswax are used as thickeners, emulsifiers, and as stiffening agents in cosmetics.

Beeswax absolute is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes.
White beeswax and beeswax absolute are also used to polish pills.


Beeswax is a substance made by honeybees.
Beeswax has many useful properties, not only for the success of the hive but also as a natural ingredient for consumer products.
Beeswax can be used for household items, but there are also biological benefits.

Bees play an important role in keeping our world functioning.
With the amount of pollination that they do, they contribute to various animal and plant species' survival, including our own.
Not only that, bee products are now an integral part of consumer products.
These products are growing in popularity, and help bring attention to all the work honeybees do for nature and people.

Besides growing in demand as a natural alternative to plastics and synthetic chemicals, beeswax is an important material used for building the beehive.
It is made to store food and house the young bee larvae.
Beeswax is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are formed into long carbon chains.
This structure makes beeswax easy to sculpt once it’s been harvested and cleaned.

Worker bees make beeswax by turning their nectar and honey stores into compounds.
They work together and use their small bodies to make the product.
Those compounds are secreted from special glands on the bee's abdomen.

A lot of work goes into making beeswax.
Young worker bees spend most of their time making beeswax.
Bees use six pounds of honey to make one pound of wax.
The young worker bees cluster together to raise their body temperatures, which helps to make the wax easier to work with.


Beeswax is one of the natural waxes that have been used as a support ingredient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
Although Beeswax has well-known healing properties, Beeswax remains a secondary and poorly valued product, particularly in South American countries' apiarian production.
In Latin America, for example, the apiarian activity can be traced back to stingless bees in pre-Columbian times.

Then, with the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century, honey bees (Apis mellifera iberian and A. m. mellifera) were introduced, which were joined afterward by other breeds such as A. m. ligustica and A. m. scutellata.
Over the years, honey has been the main product from the apiarian farmers, being beeswax a secondary product, mainly used for the regular renewal procedure of the hives.
Nowadays, beeswax's cosmetic and pharmaceutical use is found at the level of small laboratories and small businesses.

Unlike other hive products, beeswax is a substance produced 100% by worker bees.
They produce what are called wax scales thanks to specific glands located on their abdomen.
Mixed with saliva, the wax scales take on a more homogeneous and smoother appearance, which then serves as a polishing, protective and softening agent.
Like propolis or royal jelly, beeswax plays an important role in maintaining the good health of the hive and protecting it from external aggression.


Chemically, beeswax consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols.
Beeswax has been used since prehistory as the first plastic, as a lubricant and waterproofing agent, in lost wax casting of metals and glass, as a polish for wood and leather, for making candles, as an ingredient in cosmetics and as an artistic medium in encaustic painting.

Beeswax is edible, having similarly negligible toxicity to plant waxes, and is approved for food use in most countries and in the European Union under the E number E901.
However, due to its inability to be broken down by the human digestive system, Beeswax has insignificant nutritional value

PRODUCTION OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax is formed by worker bees, which secrete it from eight wax-producing mirror glands on the inner sides of the sternites (the ventral shield or plate of each segment of the body) on abdominal segments 4 to 7.
The sizes of these wax glands depend on the age of the worker, and after many daily flights, these glands gradually begin to atrophy.

The new wax is initially glass-clear and colorless, becoming opaque after chewing and being contaminated with pollen by the hive worker bees, becoming progressively yellower or browner by incorporation of pollen oils and propolis.
The wax scales are about three millimetres (0.12 in) across and 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) thick, and about 1100 are needed to make a gram of wax.
Worker bees use the beeswax to build honeycomb cells.
For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hive must be 33 to 36 °C (91 to 97 °F).

The book Beeswax Production, Harvesting, Processing and Products suggests one kilogram (2.2 lb) of beeswax is sufficient to store 22 kg (49 lb) of honey.
Another study estimated that one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax can store 24 to 30 kg (53 to 66 lb) of honey.

Sugars from honey are metabolized into beeswax in wax-gland-associated fat cells.
The amount of honey used by bees to produce wax has not been accurately determined, but according to Whitcomb's 1946 experiment, 6.66 to 8.80 kg (14.7 to 19.4 lb) of honey yields one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax.

PROCESSING OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax as a product for human use may come from cappings cut off the cells in the process of extraction, from old comb that is scrapped, or from unwanted burr comb and brace comb removed from a hive.
Its color varies from nearly white to brownish, but most often is a shade of yellow, depending on purity, the region, and the type of flowers gathered by the bees.
The wax from the brood comb of the honey bee hive tends to be darker than wax from the honeycomb because impurities accumulate more quickly in the brood comb.

Due to the impurities, the wax must be rendered before further use.
The leftovers are called slumgum, and is derived from old breeding rubbish (pupa casings, cocoons, shed larva skins, etc.), bee droppings, propolis, and general rubbish.
The wax may be clarified further by heating in water.
As with petroleum waxes, it may be softened by dilution with mineral oil or vegetable oil to make it more workable at room temperature.


HISTORY OF BEESWAX:
While we discovered the benefits and properties of beehive products relatively recently, they were commonly used across the different civilisations which preceded us.
The first traces of the use of beeswax have been found in Turkey, where it was discovered on pottery shards dating to seven thousand years ago.
Other discoveries also lead us to believe that beeswax was used traditionally during pre-Neolithic then Neolithic periods.


In the present day, beeswax has many uses.
Beeswax is often found in the cosmetics sector, where it serves as a protective and softening agent. Beeswax is also used to make candles, as well as being used as a food additive.
Zero waste proponents also use Beeswax to create “bee-wrap”, an alternative to plastic containers for preserving food in a more ecological way.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has a very rich composition: Beeswax contains over 300 different molecules!
Beeswax mainly contains alcohol esters, fatty acids and sugars, as well as a significant quantity of vitamin A.
Produced at the heart of the hive, Beeswax also contains traces of propolis, pollen and other elements.


When Beeswax is produced by bees, beeswax is white, but it progressively takes on a darker tint from contact with the pollen and propolis found in the hive.
Beeswax is a valued substance in industry, as Beeswax is very easy to work with.
Malleable at room temperature, Beeswax becomes liquid when it is melted.
Beeswax can also be kept for a long time, and its different properties make it a popular ingredient.

BENEFITS OF BEESWAX FOR THE SKIN AND HAIR:
The softening, emulsifying and protective properties of beeswax are particularly valuable for helping to nourish the skin and contribute to naturally maintaining its elasticity and flexibility.

Rich in fatty acids, Beeswax is widely found in the formulation of cosmetic treatments intended for dry skin and mature skin.
Beeswax is also a key ingredient in lip balms and hand creams.
Applied on the skin, Beeswax gives instant comfort thanks to its softening action and provides lasting protection against external aggression such as the cold or wind.

In addition to being recommended in facial and body treatments, beeswax can also be used on the hair to nourish ends and facilitate styling, in association with other ingredients.
To enjoy the benefits of beeswax, we have integrated it in some of our cosmetic products.
You can therefore find Beeswax alongside other hive products in our hand cream, our lip balm and even our moisturising day cream for normal skin.















PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax is a fragrant solid at room temperature.
The colors are light yellow, medium yellow, or dark brown and white.
Beeswax is a tough wax formed from a mixture of several chemical compounds.

Beeswax has a relatively low melting point range of 62 to 64 °C (144 to 147 °F).
If beeswax is heated above 85 °C (185 °F) discoloration occurs.
The flash point of beeswax is 204.4 °C (400 °F).


Triacontanyl palmitate, a wax ester, is a major component of beeswax.
When natural beeswax is cold, it is brittle, and its fracture is dry and granular.
At room temperature (conventionally taken as about 20 °C (68 °F)), it is tenacious and it softens further at human body temperature (37 °C (99 °F)).

Beeswax is an inert material with high plasticity at a relatively low temperature (around 32ºC).
Its melting point is not constant since the composition varies slightly depending on its origin.
Typical values are between (62 °C to 65 °C).

Its relative density at 15 ºC is reported between 0.958 g/cm3 to 0.970 g/cm3, while its thermal conductivity is approximately 0.25 W/m.K.
Beeswax is also known that the viscosity at 100 °C is less than 20 mPa.
The boiling point is unknown and has a flash point at temperatures higher than 180 °C.

PHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES OF BEESWAX:
Sterols present in beeswax are therapeutically beneficial compounds effective in lowering cholesterol levels.
The incorporation of sterols into different foods may be convenient.
Beeswax is used for delicate skin care in cosmetology, especially when it is dry.
Beeswax cleans the epidermis and softens and nourishes the dermis, thus preventing skin aging.

Products that contain beeswax soften the skin.
White wax typically enters the composition of nourishing, astringent, cleansing creams and skin masks.
The therapeutic properties of beeswax were already known in antiquity.

In his famous "Canon of medicine," Avicenna cites several medicine formulas whose composition includes beeswax.
In addition, archeological evidence of beeswax ointments has been found from as early as the 16th century.

Nowadays, beeswax continues to occupy a prominent place in medicine preparations.
According to Pharmacopoeia, plasters, ointments and creams should be prepared in pharmacies with a beeswax base.
In addition, the white wax is included in the composition of creams, astringents, cleaning, whitening, and facial masks.

In the United States, chewing gum (combs wax) is attributed to have specific valuable properties, among others, to activate the secretion of saliva and gastric juice, eliminate dental stones, and reduce nicotine concentrations in smokers.
Recently, beeswax has been used to encapsulate drugs and flavors.


BEESWAX PURIFICATION:
As found in combs, beeswax is yellow and has a particular smell similar to honey.
Its purification is carried out through several procedures reported in the literature.
The purification procedure consists in melting beeswax in a water bath at a temperature higher than 60 ºC.

Then beeswax is bleached through a variety of methods, among them: exposition to the sun, through diatomaceous earth and activated carbon, or with sulfuric acid.
The molten beeswax is then poured on a vessel and partially submerged in temperate water while slowly mixing, and the impurities are scraped off the surface.
The purified beeswax is white and translucent and has thin edges.

BEESWAX FORMULATION FOR CREAMS AND OINTMENTS:

In general, to obtain a dermo-cosmetic cream, the components of each phase must be mixed separately at a temperature close to 60 ºC, then incorporated one phase into the other under mixing, cool, and homogenize.
However, the preparation is more straightforward for ointments as a single phase.
The procedure consists basically in melting the beeswax at a temperature higher than 65 ºC and adding the formulation components.

In this sense, the cream or ointment components must be chosen according to the objective pursued with the application on the skin.
Thus, beeswax can be used as a component in moisturizing creams for burns, stretch marks, wrinkles, cellulite, lip balms, and even sunscreen formulations


CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BEESWAX:
An approximate chemical formula for beeswax is C15H31COOC30H61.
Its main constituents are palmitate, palmitoleate, and oleate esters of long-chain (30–32 carbons) aliphatic alcohols, with the ratio of triacontanyl palmitate CH3(CH2)29O-CO-(CH2)14CH3 to cerotic acid CH3(CH2)24COOH, the two principal constituents, being 6:1.
Beeswax can be classified generally into European and Oriental types.

The saponification value is lower (3–5) for European beeswax, and higher (8–9) for Oriental types.
The analytical characterization can be done by high-temperature gas chromatography.





Production of Beeswax:
In 2020, world production of beeswax was 62,116 tonnes, led by India with 38% of the total.

USES OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has numerous uses.
The wax has over 300 natural compounds in it, and has a pleasant scent.
This makes it a popular material to use in human goods.

Candles:
Beeswax burns more beautifully than any other wax.
It exudes a faint, natural fragrance of honey and pollen.
When candles are made with the proper size of wicking, they are smokeless, dripless, and burn with a bright flame.
The aroma can be accentuated when mixed with essential oils.

Pure beeswax candles can clean the air by releasing negative ions into the air.
These negative ions can bind with toxins and help remove them from the air.
Beeswax candles are often especially helpful for those with asthma or allergies and they are effective at removing common allergens like dust and dander from the air.

Whilst beeswax candles are more expensive than paraffin wax ones, they burn more slowly so they last much longer.

Prevents Rust:
Coat things like hand tools, cast iron pieces and shovels to prevent them from rusting out.
You can even rub the wax on the wooden handle of your shovel to help protect against wear and tear.
Beeswax also prevents bronze items from getting tarnished.

Cheese Waxing:
Beeswax is the best natural cover for cheeses.
It works well for sealing because it has a low melting point.

Waxed Thread:
Plain thread can be rubbed against a cube of wax, coating the thread in the wax.
The wax on the thread provides lubrication that can make sewing easier.

Coating Nails & Screws:
Nails and screws coated with beeswax help not splinter the wood.

Wood Lubricant:
Rub the wax on sliding glass doors, windows or drawers that tend to stick to restore smooth movement.
Beeswax is also a fantastic lubricant for oiling very old furniture joints.

Envelope Seal:
Traditionally beeswax was used as an envelope seal.
This use would be great for an invitation to traditional events such as weddings.

Waterproof Shoes and Boots:
Rub the beeswax over the entire shoe.
Next, use a blow dryer to melt the wax all over the shoe then let set for about 5 minutes before wearing!

DIY Shoe Polish:
Restore leather products such as boots, shoes, wallets, bags, and more with this basic shoe polish formula.

Beeswax For Hair:
Beeswax is used as a remedy for dry hair, to help start and maintain dreadlocks and as a wax for a man’s beard or mustache.

Grease Cookie Sheets:
If you have a block of wax, you can simply rub it over your pans and use it in place of butter or oil. (Beeswax is edible so this is perfectly safe.)
It works best if you warm the sheet a bit first.
Over time the pan will take on a permanent coat of wax, eliminating the need to grease every time.

Furniture Polish:
To make beeswax furniture polish melt 1 T. of grated beeswax, stir in 3 T. of coconut oil until melted.
When this cools and hardens, use a clean cloth to rub it onto your wood furniture.
Then using another cloth, buff the furniture until all residue is removed.

Reusable Food Wrap:
An alternative to plastic wrap…..make your own beeswax coated cotton material.
The warmth of your hands allows you to mould the beeswax to whatever shape you want and it stays there.
When refrigerated it forms a firm cover to protect your leftovers.

Care For Wooden Utensils:
Make spoon (or board) butter out of mineral oil and natural beeswax.
Smooth it into your spoons, spatulas, boards and bowls.
Let them sit for a couple of hours, then rub down with a clean cloth and return them to normal use.

Cosmetics:
Beeswax is often added to creams, lotions, soaps, and lipstick.
This is because it can improve skin's softness and hydration, and has antibiotic properties.
This ingredient is increasingly seen in skincare items, as a natural alternative that is safe for sensitive skin.

Food coverings:
Beeswax has become an alternative coating to other kinds of wax for candies, fruits, nuts, and coffee beans to name a few.
You can find natural beeswax covers in the grocery store, which are reusable alternatives to plastic wrap.
Beeswax is thus becoming more popular among people who are switching to sustainable lifestyles.

Polish:
Beeswax has been used in furniture and shoe polish, but there are many technical uses for beeswax.
Beeswax is also been used to care for leather products.
The different types of compounds found in beeswax make it a versatile product.

Candles:
Beeswax can be used as candle wax.
Beeswax is naturally scented and makes for nice, natural candles.
Candles made with beeswax were once popular.
Now people have moved on to easier, more sustainable waves for candles.

Honeybees are powerhouses capable of making all sorts of wonderful things.
Buying local is a great way to support your area's bees.
You can also check to see that your bee products are sustainably sourced.
These actions may benefit both your surrounding environment and local economy.


Candle-making has long involved the use of beeswax, which burns readily and cleanly, and this material was traditionally prescribed for the making of the Paschal candle or "Easter candle".
Beeswax candles are purported to be superior to other wax candles, because they burn brighter and longer, do not bend, and burn cleaner.
Beeswax is further recommended for the making of other candles used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church.
Beeswax is also the candle constituent of choice in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Refined beeswax plays a prominent role in art materials both as a binder in encaustic paint and as a stabilizer in oil paint to add body.

Beeswax is an ingredient in surgical bone wax, which is used during surgery to control bleeding from bone surfaces; shoe polish and furniture polish can both use beeswax as a component, dissolved in turpentine or sometimes blended with linseed oil or tung oil; modeling waxes can also use beeswax as a component; pure beeswax can also be used as an organic surfboard wax.
Beeswax blended with pine rosin is used for waxing, and can serve as an adhesive to attach reed plates to the structure inside a squeezebox.
Beeswax can also be used to make Cutler's resin, an adhesive used to glue handles onto cutlery knives.

Beeswax is used in Eastern Europe in egg decoration; it is used for writing, via resist dyeing, on batik eggs (as in pysanky) and for making beaded eggs.
Beeswax is used by percussionists to make a surface on tambourines for thumb rolls.
Beeswax can also be used as a metal injection moulding binder component along with other polymeric binder materials.


Beeswax was formerly used in the manufacture of phonograph cylinders.
Beeswax may still be used to seal formal legal or royal decree and academic parchments such as placing an awarding stamp imprimatur of the university upon completion of postgraduate degrees.

Purified and bleached beeswax is used in the production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
The three main types of beeswax products are yellow, white, and beeswax absolute.
Yellow beeswax is the crude product obtained from the honeycomb, white beeswax is bleached or filtered yellow beeswax, and beeswax absolute is yellow beeswax treated with alcohol.

In food preparation, Beeswax is used as a coating for cheese; by sealing out the air, protection is given against spoilage (mold growth).
Beeswax may also be used as a food additive E901, in small quantities acting as a glazing agent, which serves to prevent water loss, or used to provide surface protection for some fruits.

Soft gelatin capsules and tablet coatings may also use E901.
Beeswax is also a common ingredient of natural chewing gum.
The wax monoesters in beeswax are poorly hydrolysed in the guts of humans and other mammals, so they have insignificant nutritional value.
Some birds, such as honeyguides, can digest beeswax.
Beeswax is the main diet of wax moth larvae.

The use of beeswax in skin care and cosmetics has been increasing.
A German study found beeswax to be superior to similar barrier creams (usually mineral oil-based creams such as petroleum jelly), when used according to its protocol.
Beeswax is used in lip balm, lip gloss, hand creams, salves, and moisturizers; and in cosmetics such as eye shadow, blush, and eye liner.
Beeswax is also an important ingredient in moustache wax and hair pomades, which make hair look sleek and shiny.

In oil spill control, beeswax is processed to create Petroleum Remediation Product (PRP).
Beeswax is used to absorb oil or petroleum-based pollutants from water.



Beeswax has played an essential role in history and popular tradition for many years.
Historically, beeswax has been used for candle manufacture; beeswax also was used in letter envelopes seals, sculpture making, and sealing coffins, among other applications.
Due to beeswax characteristics, properties and benefits, beeswax is used in both handcrafted and industrial products.
Industry uses beeswax as an insulating and hydrophobic component of numerous products.
For example, beeswax is used in electrical cables to isolate copper from moisture, in electronic circuits, to protect leather, in the preparation of varnishes, inks, matches, and protective waxes for cuttings.

Beeswax goes into the composition of ointments and creams as a fat base and thickener.
The major use in this field is depilating wax, a mixture of beeswax and resins.
Beeswax has anti-inflammatory and healing properties and is thus widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Beeswax is used to cover sewing cords in shoe production, paperboards, and even in some cultures to produce dried meat.
Beeswax is also used in shoe polishes and creams to protect cans from acidic attacks from fruit juices and other corrosive agents.
Beeswax is used to make models for pieces in jewelry and sculpture modeling due to its malleability.

Beeswax in some Asia and African countries is used to create batik fabrics and manufacture small metal ornaments through the molten wax method.
Companies such as Stockmar and Filana use beeswax to make wax crayons.
Additionally, candelilla wax has been proposed in beeswax crayon formulations.
Stockmar also manufactures modeling beeswax.







HISTORICAL USES OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax was among the first plastics to be used, alongside other natural polymers such as gutta-percha, horn, tortoiseshell, and shellac.
For thousands of years, beeswax has had a wide variety of applications; it has been found in the tombs of Egypt, in wrecked Viking ships, and in Roman ruins.
Beeswax never goes bad and can be heated and reused.

Historically, it has been used:
• As candles - the oldest intact beeswax candles north of the Alps were found in the Alamannic graveyard of Oberflacht, Germany, dating to 6th/7th century AD
• In the manufacture of cosmetics
• As a modelling material in the lost-wax casting process, or cire perdue
• For wax tablets used for a variety of writing purposes
• In encaustic paintings such as the Fayum mummy portraits
• In bow making
• To strengthen and preserve sewing thread, cordage, shoe laces, etc.
• As a component of sealing wax
• To strengthen and to forestall splitting and cracking of wind instrument reeds
• To form the mouthpieces of a didgeridoo, and the frets on the Philippine kutiyapi – a type of boat lute
• As a sealant or lubricant for bullets in cap and ball firearms
• To stabilize the military explosive Torpex – before being replaced by a petroleum-based product
• In producing Javanese batik
• As an ancient form of dental tooth filling
• As the joint filler in the slate bed of pool and billiard tables.





BENEFITS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has numerous benefits for honeybees and their hives.
This material plays an important role in the honeybee colony's function and health.

The good news is that it's also useful to humans.
Beeswax has been shown to have multiple therapeutic properties.
The natural components of beeswax also give it healing properties.

Beeswax products are used on the exterior of your skin.
Unlike honey, it's not meant to be consumed.
Some of these include:

• Healing bruises
• Reducing inflammation
• Treating burns
There is a long history in European and Asian usage of beeswax in traditional medicine.
More modern researchers are studying the antimicrobial properties of beeswax, and some studies have shown a reduction of the effect of salmonella and staphylococcus.

Another benefit of beeswax is its low irritant content.
This makes it popular in cosmetics and makeup.
Because of beeswax's softening and protective properties, it's safe for many skin types.

All natural:
Coming from the honeycomb of the honeybee, beeswax is a completely all-natural substance straight from Mother Nature.
Honeybees consume honey and pollen to produce the wax.
Beeswax takes about eight pounds of honey to produce just one pound of beeswax.

Antibacterial:
Like honey, beeswax has antibacterial properties helping keep things clean and reducing risks of contamination.
This makes Beeswax a common ingredient in skin treatments, salves, and more.

Antifungal:
Beeswax is also thought to have antifungal properties preventing the growth of yeasts and other fungi.

Edible:
While it wouldn’t provide you with many nutrients, beeswax is non-toxic and safe if ingested which is one of the reasons Beeswax makes an excellent lip balm.

Better even when burned:
Unlike candles made from other wax, beeswax candles burn brighter and cleaner as they emit negative ions that are known to help purify the air.
Beeswax also smells great when burned without any added chemicals or scents, as it’s naturally aromatic from the honey and flower nectar that’s found in the honeycomb.


Waterproof:
Beeswax has been used throughout history as a sealant and waterproofing agent for items like belts, tents, and shoes.
By rubbing beeswax onto a surface like leather or canvas and then heating it, the wax seeps into the materials’ fibers and blocks water from passing through.

Moisturising:
A common ingredient in lotions, salves, and balms, beeswax helps lock in moisture making it a great defense against dry skin, lips, or hair.


Eco-friendly:
Since beeswax comes directly from bees and is non-toxic, beeswax is completely environmentally friendly and an important ingredient in a range of eco-friendly products.
Also, we use beeswax to make our beeswax wraps and beeswax food bags.

Never goes bad:
Propolis in Beeswax:
Beeswax contains a natural, powerful protective substance called propolis, which shields beeswax from ever going bad.
Made by the bees by combining tree resin with wax flakes and pollen, propolis is used to used fix and strengthen the beehive while protecting the hive with an antiseptic barrier – the name propolis comes from the Greek meaning “defense of the city.”
These protective qualities are so effective that unspoiled beeswax has even been found in ancient tombs.
That said, it is possible for commercial or homemade beeswax products that also include other ingredients to go bad.

Beeswax and its beneficial properties:
With so many beneficial properties, beeswax is a healthy and harmless alternative to plastic for storing food.
Beeswax wraps use the natural power of beeswax to protect and store your food in a safe way as a plastic wrap alternative.
Since beeswax is waterproof, it keeps unwanted moisture out of food while trapping the food’s natural moisture in.

Meanwhile, its antibacterial and antifungal properties keep bacteria and germs at bay while the fact that it’s all-natural and nontoxic means that, unlike chemical-filled plastics, it’s safe to have close to your food.
Many people even use beeswax to seal fresh cheeses for aging – you can’t get much closer than that.




COLLECTION OF BEESWAX
To make good beeswax candles, it is important to ensure that the best beeswax is obtained.
The beekeepers collect honey and beeswax simultaneously.
They first begin by emptying the frames of the beehive that are covered with beeswax in the form of cappings and then they scratch off all the beeswax to collect the sweet old honey and move on to the next step.

The wax obtained from the beehive is first boiled and then filtered to eliminate any sort of impurities.
After ensuring that the best batch of beeswax has been obtained, the candle-making process begins.


COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BEESWAX:
Does harvesting beeswax harm the bees?:
Bees work hard to make beeswax for their colony, not for humans.
When we take it without concern for sustainability, this heavily impacts the bee colony.
They may not be able to create enough food for winter if the honeycomb is plundered.

It is possible to harvest surplus beeswax without overworking the bees.
Excess wax collection allows the bees to build fresh honeycomb that is free from disease and best for nurturing future bee generations.

What is beeswax used for?:
Beeswax has a wide range of uses, including candle-making, environmentally-friendly food wrap, and skincare products.
Beeswax is also good for conditioning wood, rust prevention, and unsticking zippers.

Are bees killed for beeswax?:
Beeswax removal from a hive does not kill any bees.
When beekeepers use sustainable practices, they only take excess wax that won’t strain the colony.

Is beeswax the same as honey?:
Beeswax and honey are not the same, but they often go hand in hand.
Bees produce honey as a food source for the colony, while beeswax is used to construct honeycomb and other parts of the hive, like queen cells.
To extract honey from a beehive, you’ll also need to take the honeycomb.


WHAT IS BEESWAX AND WHY DO BEES MAKE IT?
Whether you’re a beekeeper or simply a curious person, you may wonder about honeybees and their intricate and remarkable behaviors.
You’re probably familiar with honey, but that doesn’t mean you understand other bee products.
Beeswax is an incredible substance, and it serves a few different purposes within a beehive.
Although you may not understand much about it at the moment, it’s beneficial to know what beeswax is and why bees make it.

WHAT IS BEESWAX?
Many people wonder what beeswax actually is—in simple terms, it’s what bees use to build the insides of their hives.
Because bees love to build nice homes for themselves, you can think of beeswax as bricks and concrete for bees.

There are many more things to learn about beeswax, from its purposes to how bees make it.
Explore everything you need to know about this spectacular bee product.

WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
You may or may not be familiar with the honey-making process; either way, you might not know that beeswax comes directly from bees.
That’s right—they make the substance with their bodies and use it for various purposes and tasks around their homes inside the hives.
Whether you know quite a bit or only a little about bees, you’re probably interested in how exactly bees make beeswax; discover the intriguing process of making beeswax.

HOW AND WHY DO BEES MAKE IT?
The process begins in a field full of nectar-rich trees, plants, or flowers.
Bees forage local plants for nectar and pollen to make a few different products for their hives.
With that said, a bee’s diet consists mostly of honey, which is why the colony makes as much as it possibly can during the spring, summer, and early fall seasons.

However, the colony can’t possibly eat all of the honey they make right away.
Therefore, the bees need a place to put their surplus and save it for later.
Because honey never spoils, it’s the perfect substance to save throughout the winter so the colony can survive.

This leads to the need for beeswax.
Believe it or not, bees use honey to create beeswax, which they then use to build combs to store their surplus honey.

Interestingly, honeybees have special wax-producing glands on their abdomens, which converts the honey they eat into wax.
The wax exits their bodies through small pores, and it appears as small transparent flakes on their abdomens.
You may be wondering why beeswax has a yellowish color—it’s because the wax must go through another process before it becomes usable.

Bees transfer these wax flakes to their mouths and chew on them.
Their saliva helps soften the wax, and it’s also responsible for the color change you see in the finished product.
Once they have soft, flexible wax, the bees can use it to build the honeycombs you see within their hives.





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BEESWAX:
Wax content type Percentage
Hydrocarbons 14%
Monoesters 35%
Diesters 14%
Triesters 3%
Hydroxy monoesters 4%
Hydroxy polyesters 8%
Acid esters 1%
Acid polyesters 2%
Free fatty acids 12%
Free fatty alcohols 1%
Unidentified 6%


BEESWAX WHITE
EINECS 275-286-5; beeswax synthetic CAS NO:71243-51-1
BEHENETH-10
docosanol; ethoxylated, 10 mol EO (average molar ratio); nikkol BB-10 cas no: 26636-40-8
BEHENETH-25
Beheneth-25 methacrylate; UNII-108R05PWG6; Polyethylene glycol (25) behenyl ether methacrylate cas no:115047-92-2
BEHENIC ACID
Behenic acid is a major component of ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic acid is so named from the Persian month Bahman, when the roots of this tree were harvested.
Behenic acid is also present in some other oils and oil-bearing plants, including rapeseed (canola) and peanut oil and skins.

CAS Number: 112-85-6
Molecular Formula: C22H44O2
Molecular Weight: 340.58
EINECS Number: 204-010-8

Synonyms: Docosanoic acid, Behenic acid, 112-85-6, 1-Docosanoic acid, N-DOCOSANOIC ACID, Hydrofol Acid 560, Hydrofol 2022-55, Glycon B-70, Docosoic acid, Hystrene 5522, Hystrene 9022, Glycon B 70, Prifrac 2989, Behensaeure, Docosansaeure, Dokosansaeure, Docosanic acid, CHEBI:28941, HSDB 5578, Edenor C 22-85R, EINECS 204-010-8, NSC 32364, UNII-H390488X0A, CRODACID B, ORISTAR BA, AI3-52709, C22:0, NSC-32364, H390488X0A, EXL 5, PRIFRAC 2987, NAA 22S, NAA 222S, DTXSID3026930, Docosanoic acid (Chunks or pellets or flakes), EC 204-010-8, NSC32364, MFCD00002807, FA 22:0, B 95, CH3-(CH2)20-COOH, CH3-[CH2]20-COOH, n-Docosanoate, 1-Docosanoate, docosanoyl alcohol, fatty acid 22:0, Behenic acid, 99%, Prifac 2987, Behenic Acid, Technical, Docosanoic acid, ?99%, BEHENIC ACID [MI], SCHEMBL6579, EXL-5, Behenic acid; Docosanoic acid, DOCOSANOIC ACID [HSDB], DTXCID306930, CHEMBL1173474, AGP-103, Behenic acid, analytical standard, BBL025601, BDBM50488776, LMFA01010022, s5381, STL146320, AKOS005720830, CCG-267927, CS-W013765, HY-W013049, NCGC00475914-02, AS-54401, B-95, B1248, B1747, D0963, FT-0745232, NS00005465, C08281, P50011, A854667, Q422590, W-108636, BEHENIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BORAGE SEED OIL), E2AAC59F-4B8D-460C-9C6E-E4E82C905122, 08O

Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic acid (also docosanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic acid consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.

Behenic acid is estimated that one ton of peanut skins contains 13 pounds (5.9 kg) of behenic acid.
As a dietary oil, behenic acid is poorly absorbed.
In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.

Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various compounds.
Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic acid was used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.

Behenic acid was also used in fabrication of metallic Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films.
Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
Behenic acid is an important constituent of the behen oil extracted from the seeds of the Ben-oil tree, and it is so named from the Persian month Bahman when the roots of this tree were harvested.

Behenic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID:32033212 ).
Behenic acid is a fatty acid that is used as a thickener, cleansing agent, and opacifier in cosmetics.
Also known as Behenic acid, this ingredient may be plant-derived or synthetic.

Behenic acid’s a major component of moringa oil and is also found in peanut oil.
The saturated nature of this long-chain (more than 20 carbon molecules) wax-like fatty acid is what gives it opacifying and texture-enhancing properties.
Behenic acid is sometimes used as an alternative to stearic acid, a decision dependent on desired aesthetics.

Despite this being a saturated fatty acid, its lower molecular weight and affinity for skin enable it to enhance the penetration of other ingredients without posing a risk of irritation.
Although also categorized as a surfactant (cleansing agent) behenic acid is typically used with pure surfactants to create fatty acid-enhanced oil-gel textures that can capably yet gently remove excess oil and long-wearing, more tenacious ingredients.
Usage levels of behenic acid in cosmetics range from 0.024–22%.

Products like lipstick that may lead to incidental ingestion may contain up to 14% behenic acid.
All of these amounts are considered safe for skin.
Behenic acid, also known as docosanoate, C22:0 or 1-docosanoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids.

These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms.
Behenic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral.
In appearance, it consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 80 °C and boiling point of 306 °C.

Behenic acid is a major component of Ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the Ben-oil tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic acid is also found in canola oil and peanut oil.
As a dietary oil, behenic acid is poorly absorbed.

In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising (LDL) saturated fatty acid in humans and is therefore not a suitable substitute for palmitic acid in manufactured triacylglycerols.
Behenic acid is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic acid is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.

Behenic acid amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles.
Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is derived from the oil extracts of plants and used as a component of conditioning agents.
Behenic acid is also a part of a novel complex of lipophilic ingredients developed for the treatment of dry skin.

The properties of behenic acid were studied in comparison to others fatty acids and it was found that behenic acid does not inhibit the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 enzyme.
The high levels of behenic acid in patients with low-grade glial tumors is an important indicator of the persistence of tissue integrity and tissue resistance.
Therefore, behenic acid levels can be a prognostic factor in glial tumors.

Behenic acid is a fatty acid that has been used as a fluorescence probe for the detection of water vapor.
Behenic acid has shown to have antibacterial efficacy against bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Behenic acid is also known to inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids in rat liver microsomes and to have biological properties such as the ability to induce hepatic steatosis.

This fatty acid is found in some lichens and can be purified from them using an analytical method involving constant-pressure liquid chromatography.
Behenic acid is also found in behen oil, which is produced by pressing nuts from the seed of the beech tree.
Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Behenic acid is poorly absorbed, and a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.
Behenic acid is made of white free flowing flakes with a characteristic odor.

Behenic acid is ideal for use in personal care products.
Behenic acid is a major component of ben oil (Moringa oleifera) and can also be found in peanut oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil.
Present in various animal fats, though in smaller quantities compared to vegetable oils.

Behenic acid is used in moisturizers, lotions, and creams for its emollient properties.
Behenic acid helps to soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective barrier that reduces water loss.
Commonly found in conditioners and hair treatments, behenic acid helps to improve hair texture, making it smoother and more manageable.

Included in facial and body cleansers for its ability to enhance the product's texture and provide a smooth application.
Behenic acid is used as an emulsifier in pharmaceutical formulations to ensure the even distribution of active ingredients in creams, ointments, and lotions.
Helps to increase the viscosity of topical formulations, providing a desirable consistency.

Behenic acid and its derivatives are used in the formulation of industrial lubricants and greases due to their high melting point and stability.
Utilized in the production of surfactants and detergents for their ability to reduce surface tension and improve cleaning efficiency.
Behenic acid is used as a plasticizer in the manufacturing of plastics to improve their flexibility and durability.

Employed as a food additive and preservative due to its anti-oxidative properties, though its use in this industry is limited compared to other applications.
Behenic acid is highly effective at providing long-lasting moisture to the skin and hair.
Helps to smooth rough skin and improve the texture of hair.

Enhances the stability of emulsions in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
Generally considered safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.

However, as with any ingredient, Behenic acid should be used within recommended concentrations to avoid skin irritation.
Behenic acid is biodegradable and does not pose significant environmental risks when used in household and personal care products.

Melting point: 72-80 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 306°C 60mm
Density d4100: 0.8221
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index: nD100 1.4270
Flash point: 306°C/60mm
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: chloroform: soluble50mg/mL, clear
form: Crystalline Powder
pka: 4.78±0.10(Predicted)
color: White to slightly yellow
Odor: faint odor
Water Solubility: Soluble in DMF (~3 mg/ml), hot methanol, water (0.15 mg/ml at 25°C), chloroform, and ethanol (2.18 mg/ml at 25°C).
Merck: 14,1023
BRN: 1792887
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents.
InChIKey: UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.121-9.91 at 25℃

Behenic acid, also known as docosanoic acid, is a long-chain saturated fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms.
Behenic acid has the chemical formula CH3(CH2)20COOH and is commonly found in various natural sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats.
Behenic acid is used in anti-aging creams and serums to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by providing deep hydration and improving skin elasticity.

Included in lip balms and lipsticks for its ability to create a smooth, protective layer that prevents moisture loss and protects lips from environmental damage.
Found in shaving creams and gels to provide a smooth glide, reducing irritation and leaving the skin feeling soft and moisturized.
Behenic acid is used in medicated creams and ointments to treat conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dry skin by providing a moisturizing barrier and reducing inflammation.

Employed in the coating of pharmaceutical capsules to improve their stability and control the release of active ingredients.
Behenic acid is used in metalworking fluids to enhance lubrication and cooling during machining processes, extending the life of tools and improving the quality of finished products.
Behenic acid is used in the production of textile finishes and softeners to improve the feel and durability of fabrics.

Acts as a processing aid in the manufacture of plastics and rubber, improving their flexibility, smoothness, and overall performance.
Behenic acid is sometimes included in nutraceutical products for its potential health benefits, including improving cardiovascular health and providing energy.
Behenic acid is used in some food preservation applications due to its antioxidant properties, which help to extend the shelf life of food products.

Behenic acid's long hydrocarbon chain makes it hydrophobic, which contributes to its excellent emollient properties.
The carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end of the molecule allows it to interact with other ingredients in formulations, enhancing stability and texture.
Behenic acid can be derived from natural sources through extraction and purification processes, or it can be synthesized through chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons and carboxylation.

Various derivatives of behenic acid, such as behenyl alcohol and behenamide, are used in formulations to provide similar benefits with different physical and chemical properties tailored to specific applications.
Behenic acid is often sourced from renewable vegetable oils, such as moringa oil and peanut oil, making it a sustainable choice for formulators focused on eco-friendly ingredients.
As a naturally occurring fatty acid, behenic acid is biodegradable and breaks down into harmless components in the environment, minimizing its ecological impact.

Advances in green chemistry are enabling more sustainable and efficient methods for extracting and synthesizing behenic acid, reducing the environmental footprint of its production.
Ongoing research is focused on enhancing the properties of behenic acid through novel formulation techniques, such as encapsulation and nano-emulsion, to improve its delivery and efficacy in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
Studies are exploring the potential health benefits of behenic acid, particularly its role in improving skin barrier function, reducing inflammation, and providing long-lasting hydration.

Behenic acid is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, it consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.
Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms.

Thus, Behenic acid is an SOS TAG and is analogous to POP, POSt, and StOSt.
However, Behenic acid has a melting point of 56°C and can act as a seed for the crystallization of the cocoa butter TAG into the beta (V) form.
With such a high melting point, Behenic acid crystals survive melting of the chocolate and provide seeds for subsequent crystallization into the stable form.

Behenic acid is used to synthesize behenyl behenate, a hydrating agent present in many skin and hair care formulations.
Diet rich in behenic acid was found to increase serum LDL cholesterol levels in human participants.
On the contrary, structured triacylglycerols containing behenic acid tend to reduce fat deposition in rats.

Capranin, a behenic acid-containing triacylglycerol, is a low-calorie fat substitute used for candy making.
Behenic acid is a linear straight-chain 22 carbon saturated fatty acid.
Behenic acid occurs naturally in behen oil which is extracted from seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).

Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic acid consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 74-78°C and boiling point of 306°C.
Behenic acid is a major component of Ben oil, also known as behen oil or Moringa oil, which is extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera and is used in cosmetics.

The name “behenic” derives from the Persian mount Bahman, where the seeds of this tree were harvested.
Behenic acid belongs to the group of saturated fatty acids (no double bond, so its shorthand notation is 22:0).
Behenic acid is also a member of the group called very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), from 20 carbon atoms onwards.

Uses:
Behenic acid is a long-chain fatty acid used in product formulations to form a viscous emulsion.
Behenic acid is considered a non-comedogenic raw material.
Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Behenic acid is a long-chain fatty acid,it has the following purposes: Waxes, textiles, pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers, and personal care products, lubricants, esters, chemical synthesis, and specialties.
Commercially, behenic acid is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.
Its amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles. Reduction of behenic acid yields behenyl alcohol.
Behenic acid is a natural product with one of the highest concentrations of behenic acid, and is used in hair conditioners.

Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Acts as an emollient, providing long-lasting moisture and improving skin softness and smoothness.

Helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by providing deep hydration and improving skin elasticity.
Forms a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss and protect lips from environmental damage.
Provides a smooth glide, reducing irritation and leaving the skin feeling soft and moisturized.

Improves hair texture, making it smoother and more manageable.
Adds shine and reduces frizz by coating the hair shaft and locking in moisture.
Behenic acid enhances the texture, making the product easier to apply and leaving the skin feeling smooth.

Behenic acid s used in treatments for conditions like eczema and psoriasis due to its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties.
Enhances the efficacy and application of topical anesthetics.
Improves the stability of pharmaceutical capsules and controls the release of active ingredients.

Behenic acid enhances lubrication and cooling during machining processes, improving tool life and product quality.
Provides stability and high melting point, making it suitable for high-temperature applications.
Improves the feel and durability of fabrics.

Behenic acid enhances the flexibility, smoothness, and overall performance of plastics and rubber.
Behenic acid is used in the production of detergents and cleaning agents to reduce surface tension and improve cleaning efficiency.
Used in some food preservation applications due to its antioxidant properties, extending the shelf life of food products.

Behenic acid included in health supplements for its potential cardiovascular benefits and energy-providing properties.
Enhancing the delivery and efficacy of behenic acid in various applications.
Exploring more eco-friendly extraction and synthesis methods to reduce environmental impact.

Behenic acid is used in moisturizers, creams, and lotions to provide deep hydration and improve skin texture.
Behenic acid forms a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and enhancing softness.
Found in anti-aging products for its ability to smooth fine lines and wrinkles by improving skin elasticity and firmness.

Supports the skin's natural barrier function, making it suitable for products aimed at repairing dry or damaged skin.
Adds moisture and improves the manageability of hair by smoothing the cuticles and reducing frizz.
Provides intensive hydration and helps strengthen hair shafts, reducing breakage and improving overall hair health.

Behenic acid acts as a conditioning agent to soften and protect lips from chapping and environmental damage.
Enhances the texture and feel of lipsticks, providing a smooth application and long-lasting color.
Provides a lubricating effect for a smooth shave, while moisturizing the skin and reducing irritation.

Behenic acid's soothing properties make it suitable for topical treatments of inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.
Included in formulations for wound healing, dermatitis treatments, and medicated ointments.
Enhances the stability and shelf life of pharmaceutical capsules, ensuring the controlled release of active ingredients.

Behenic acid is used as a lubricant additive to improve cutting and machining processes by reducing friction and heat buildup.
Provides viscosity and stability, enhancing the performance of industrial machinery in various operating conditions.
Softens fabrics and reduces static electricity, improving the feel and comfort of textiles.

Behenic acid acts as a plasticizer in plastics and rubber manufacturing, enhancing flexibility, durability, and processing efficiency.
Behenic acid is used in formulations for detergents and cleaning products to improve solubility and dispersal of active ingredients, enhancing cleaning performance.
Behenic acid is used as an antioxidant to preserve food products and extend shelf life.

Included in dietary supplements for its potential health benefits, such as supporting cardiovascular health and energy metabolism.
Research is exploring the use of behenic acid in advanced materials such as bio-based polymers, coatings, and biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility and functional properties.
Focus on sustainable sourcing and production methods to reduce environmental impact and promote eco-friendly formulations.

Safety Profile:
Behenic acid, especially in its pure form, can potentially cause skin irritation or sensitization in individuals with sensitive skin or allergies.
Behenic acid is recommended to use products containing behenic acid within recommended concentrations and discontinue use if irritation occurs.
Direct contact with behenic acid may cause eye irritation.

In case of accidental contact, flush eyes thoroughly with water and seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Inhalation of behenic acid dust or aerosols may cause respiratory irritation, particularly in high concentrations or prolonged exposure.
Adequate ventilation should be ensured when handling powders or aerosolized forms of behenic acid.

While not typically a concern in normal use scenarios, ingestion of large quantities of behenic acid may cause gastrointestinal irritation.
Behenic acid is important to handle behenic acid-containing products according to safety guidelines to prevent accidental ingestion.

Behenic acid is biodegradable and not considered hazardous to the environment under normal use conditions.
However, as with any chemical substance, spills or large-scale releases into the environment should be avoided to prevent potential ecological impact.


BEHENIC ACID (DOCOSANOIC ACID)
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a fatty acid that has been used as a fluorescence probe for the detection of water vapor.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) has shown to have antibacterial efficacy against bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also known to inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids in rat liver microsomes and to have biological properties such as the ability to induce hepatic steatosis.

CAS: 112-85-6
MF: C22H44O2
MW: 340.58
EINECS: 204-010-8

Synonyms
N-DOCOSANOIC ACID;BEHENIC ACID;CARBOXYLIC ACID C22;Hydrofol acid;Iron(III) arsenite, pentahydrate;Iron(III) o-arsenite, pentahydrate;Docosanoic acid, 85%, tech.;1-Docosanoic acid;Docosanoic acid;Behenic acid;112-85-6;1-Docosanoic acid;N-DOCOSANOIC ACID;Hydrofol Acid 560;Hydrofol 2022-55;Glycon B-70;Docosoic acid;Hystrene 5522;Hystrene 9022;Glycon B 70;Prifrac 2989;Behensaeure;Docosansaeure;Dokosansaeure;Docosanic acid;CHEBI:28941;HSDB 5578;Edenor C 22-85R;EINECS 204-010-8;NSC 32364;UNII-H390488X0A;CRODACID B;ORISTAR BA;AI3-52709;C22:0;NSC-32364;1219804-98-4;H390488X0A;Docosanoic-12,12,13,13-d4 Acid;EXL 5;PRIFRAC 2987;NAA 22S;NAA 222S;DTXSID3026930;Docosanoic acid (Chunks or pellets or flakes);EC 204-010-8;1193721-65-1;1193721-67-3;NSC32364;MFCD00002807;FA 22:0;B 95;DOCOSANOIC-7,7,8,8-D4 ACID;DOCOSANOIC-22,22,22-D3 ACID;CH3-(CH2)20-COOH;CH3-[CH2]20-COOH;n-Docosanoate;1-Docosanoate;docosanoyl alcohol;fatty acid 22:0;Behenic acid, 99%;Prifac 2987;Behenic Acid, Technical;Docosanoic acid, ?99%;BEHENIC ACID [MI];SCHEMBL6579;BEHENIC ACID [INCI];EXL-5;Behenic acid; Docosanoic acid;DOCOSANOIC ACID [HSDB];DTXCID306930;CHEMBL1173474;AGP-103;Behenic acid, analytical standard;BDBM50488776;LMFA01010022;s5381;AKOS005720830;CCG-267927;CS-W013765;HY-W013049;NCGC00475914-02;AS-54401;B-95;B1248;B1747;D0963;FT-0745232;NS00005465;C08281;P50011;A854667;Q422590;W-108636;BEHENIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BORAGE SEED OIL);E2AAC59F-4B8D-460C-9C6E-E4E82C905122;08O

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is found in some lichens and can be purified from them using an analytical method involving constant-pressure liquid chromatography.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also found in behen oil, which is produced by pressing nuts from the seed of the beech tree.
A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.
Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.

At 9%, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a major component of ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is so named from the Persian month Bahman, when the roots of this tree were harvested.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also present in some other oils and oil-bearing plants, including rapeseed (canola) and peanut oil and skins.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is estimated that one ton of peanut skins contains 13 pounds (5.9 kg) of behenic acid.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a fatty acid that is used as a thickener, cleansing agent, and opacifier in cosmetics.
Also known as Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid), this ingredient may be plant-derived or synthetic.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid)’s a major component of moringa oil and is also found in peanut oil.
The saturated nature of this long-chain (more than 20 carbon molecules) wax-like fatty acid is what gives Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) opacifying and texture-enhancing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is sometimes used as an alternative to stearic acid, a decision dependent on desired aesthetics.

Despite this being a saturated fatty acid, its lower molecular weight and affinity for skin enable Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) to enhance the penetration of other ingredients without posing a risk of irritation.
Although also categorized as a surfactant (cleansing agent) behenic acid is typically used with pure surfactants to create fatty acid-enhanced oil-gel textures that can capably yet gently remove excess oil and long-wearing, more tenacious ingredients.
Usage levels of behenic acid in cosmetics range from 0.024–22%.
Products like lipstick that may lead to incidental ingestion may contain up to 14% behenic acid. All of these amounts are considered safe for skin.

Docosanoic acidBehenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) has a role as a plant metabolite.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and a long-chain fatty acid.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a conjugate acid of a behenate.
Behenic acid, also known as docosanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid that belongs to the group of oleochemicals.
This versatile fatty acid distinguishes itself by its unique chemical structure, exceptional stability, and its resistance to oxidation.
These properties make behenic acid a sought-after raw material in various industries.
The fatty acid is often extracted from plant oils and animal fats.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 72-80 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 306°C 60mm
Density: d4100 0.8221
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: nD100 1.4270
Fp: 306°C/60mm
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility: chloroform: soluble50mg/mL, clear
Form: Crystalline Powder
Pka: 4.78±0.10(Predicted)
Color: White to slightly yellow
Odor: faint odor
Water Solubility: Soluble in DMF (~3 mg/ml), hot methanol, water (0.15 mg/ml at 25°C), chloroform, and ethanol (2.18 mg/ml at 25°C).
Merck: 14,1023
BRN: 1792887
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents.
InChIKey: UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.121-9.91 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 112-85-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) (112-85-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) (112-85-6)

As a dietary oil, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is poorly absorbed.
In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.

Uses
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid,it has the following purposes: Waxes, textiles, pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers, and personal care products, lubricants, esters, chemical synthesis, and specialties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid used in product formulations to form a viscous emulsion.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is considered a non-comedogenic raw material.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.

Commercially, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid)'s amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles.
Reduction of behenic acid yields behenyl alcohol.
Pracaxi oil (from the seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba) is a natural product with one of the highest concentrations of behenic acid, and is used in hair conditioners.

Production
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is produced through a process known as hydrogenation.
In this process, unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are converted into saturated fatty acids, including behenic acid.
This process is crucial because Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) ensures that behenic acid has the correct chemical composition and properties expected in various industries.
The final product can be either a white powder or a liquid, depending on how pure Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is and its intended use.
The powdered form is often used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, while the liquid variant is preferred for industrial applications.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) in Various Branches
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a versatile fatty acid that finds application across various industries due to its unique chemical properties.
In the cosmetic industry, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is primarily utilized for its moisturizing properties and stability.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is added to skincare products such as creams, lotions, and lip balms.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) helps keep the skin hydrated and contributes to the texture and consistency of the products.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is commonly used as an ingredient in the formulation of medications and ointments.
The stability of this fatty acid ensures that medicinal products have a longer shelf life without spoilage or loss of efficacy.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) enhances the effectiveness of topical preparations and can aid in the treatment of skin conditions.

Lastly, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also widely employed in industrial sectors, such as the production of coatings and inks.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) serves as a lubricant and can improve the viscosity of these materials, optimizing performance.
Furthermore, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is used in the textile industry to soften fibers and enhance the texture of fabrics.
BEHENTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE
Docosanyl Trimethylammonium Chloride; Behentrimonium Chloride ; n,n,n-Trimethyl-Behenyl aminium chloride; Behenyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride; Behentrimonium Chloride; Varisoft BT 85 cas no: 17301-53-0
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
Behenyl alcohol also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.


CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Chemical formula: C22H46O


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication (OTC).


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a hydrating component as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is unlike the drying alcohols.


Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy, white solid in its unprocessed state.
Behenyl alcohol is produced via a high-temperature, high-pressure, catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids, and can also be produced via the Ziegler process.
Alternatively, Behenyl Alcohol can also be obtained from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a colorless, waxy solid.


Behenyl Alcohol’s usually found naturally from vegetables, in their long-chain fatty acid mixture.
A fatty alcohol (the non-drying type with a long oil loving chain of 22 carbon atoms) that is used to increase the viscosity of the formula and Behenyl Alcohol also helps the oily and the watery parts to stay nicely mixed together (called emulsion stabilizing).


Behenyl alcohol or Docosanol is a fatty alcohol.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.


Behenyl alcohol also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol of vegetable origin, used to regulate viscosity in formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is a natural, vegetable source long chain fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol is produced from vegetable sources and is derived from non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is GMO-free (not containing genetically modified DNA).


Production of Behenyl Alcohol is by chemical reaction typical of the industrial process of fatty alcohol production.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.


Fatty alcohols are a group of ingredients that are often misunderstood, mostly due to their name.
Despite having alcohol in their name, fatty alcohols actually help to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.
Fatty alcohols have a high molecular weight, straight-chain primary alcohols derived from natural fats and oils.


Behenyl alcohol is derived from vegetable sources such as corn, but it can also be synthetically produced.
Behenyl alcohol is primarily used in face moisturizers and body lotions, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick, foundation, and hair care products.
In addition to use in the cosmetic industry, behenyl alcohol is available as a nutritional supplement and a pharmaceutical antiviral agent.


In the OTC cold sore medication, docosanol has been shown to reduce the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.


Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol (BA) is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl alcohol is a plant-based emulsifier and thickening agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty alcohol which is by far the best type of alcohol for skin care and cosmetics.
However, the greatest thing about fatty alcohols is they aren't drying or irritating on your skin, as some other alcohols might be.
Instead, because of the "fatty" part of the molecule, they also act as an emollient.


Behenyl alcohol is actually a really common ingredient, and unfortunately can be made synthetically as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is important to look out for natural behenyl alcohol in your products, but all in all, this is one of the best fatty alcohols and is healthy for your skin.


This means that they protect your skin and keep the moisture in your skin.
Behenyl alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.


Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


In 2000 Docosanol was approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in the the US as a pharmaceutical antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus in some brands of OTC medication.
Behenyl alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.


Behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl alcohol acts as an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol (BA) is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol is biocompatible (COSMOS standard).
Behenyl Alcohol has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Behenyl alcohol has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).


Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white to light yellow wax pellets


Behenyl Alcohol contains stearyl alcohol (1-octadecanol) as alcoholic component.
Behenyl Alcohol contains behenyl alcohol (1-docosanol) as alcoholic component.
"Alcohol" refers generally to the alcohols R-OH derived from the corresponding hydrocarbons R-H.


Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid and functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Many Formulations incorporate Behenyl Alcohol because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel
Behenyl Alcohol is usually derived from the fats in vegetable oils.


Behenyl alcohol is a long chain linear fatty alcohol (with 22 carn atoms) derived from natural raw materials such as rapeseed or coconut oils.
Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy solid at room temperature used in skin and hair care formulations as a thickener, emulsifier, binding agent, solubilizer, and gallant.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol is a perfect base for dispersing abrasive particles in mechanical exfoliators.
Readily biodegradable and metabolized as regular fat, Behenyl alcohol is safe for the skin and the environment.
Behenyl alcohol is not a regular, drying ‘alcohol’.


Behenyl Alcohol's a ‘fatty’ alcohol that’s vegetable derived.
Behenyl Alcohol is a thickener or thickener in the cream and looks like flakes when mixed with Cream Maker Any kind will add texture to the cream.
Behenyl Alcohol has a heavier cream.


Behenyl Alcohol gives a thicker creamy texture
Behenyl Alcohol serves as a co-emulsifier in that it helps the main emulsifier to bind the oil and the water together to further stabilize the mix.
Behenyl alcohol adds a creaminess to the body of emulsions and increases viscosity.


Behenyl Alcohol can also improve or thicken the texture of whipped butters too.
Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol has a role as an antiviral agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a fatty alcohol 22:0.
Behenyl Alcohol derives from a hydride of a docosane.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcohol has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.


In 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved by the US as medicine to reduce the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is easily soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, n-octanol.
Behenyl Alcohol is partially soluble in hot water, acetone.


Behenyl Alcohol is very slightly soluble in cold water.
Behenyl Alcohol is a binder and an emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol may be derived either synthetically or from plants.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is used Consumer Products, Blends, Detergents, Ethoxylation, Household Cleaners, Sulfonation, Surfactants, Food & Pharma, Nutritional Supplements, Lubricants, Fluids & Oilfield, Industrial, Personal Care, Blends, Emollients, Emulsifiers, and Esters.
Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol: binding agents, emulsion stabilisers, skin conditioning - emollient, and viscosity controlling agents


Behenyl Alcohol is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, coating products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), anti-freeze products, finger paints, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.


Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcoholcan occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).


Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).


Behenyl Alcohol can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
Behenyl Alcohol has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), adhesives and sealants, non-metal-surface treatment products, air care products, anti-freeze products, washing & cleaning products and welding & soldering products.


Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following areas: building & construction work.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the manufacture of: , machinery and vehicles, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), furniture, rubber products and plastic products.
Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances and polymers.
Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, adhesives and sealants, coating products and non-metal-surface treatment products.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following areas: building & construction work.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, , mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and machinery and vehicles.
Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy pellets and functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Behenyl Alcohol is produced from Vegetable sources from Non-GMO plants.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in color cosmetics, sunscreens, skin and hair care.


You will commonly find this product in formulations that include SPF products, mascaras, sticks, lip balms, emulsions, hair products and antiperspirants.
Behenyl Alcohol can also be used in anhydrous formulations such as scrubs and butters.
Thanks to excellent emulsifying properties, Behenyl alcohol produces stable emulsions which stay unchanged in temperature changes (including viscosity) while exhibiting superior mildness and safety for the skin.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol thickens and improves the sensory profile of the application, imparting a velvety-soft feel to the skin.
Combined with the same length fatty acid, Behenic acid, it forms waxy oleo-gels with a pleasant feel that can dissolve and carry natural oils and active ingredients.


In decorative cosmetics, Behenyl alcohol is used as a pigment dispersing and wetting agent that helps ease spreading and sticking on the skin's surface.
Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in facial creams, masks, and lotions, as well as in hair, eye, and body care applications.
Behenyl alcohol is, in my opinion, a better thickener to use in comparison to cetyl alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol, too, is used to make emulsions thick and creamy, but it adds what can be described as a “velvety” dry but moisturized feeling to the creams I’ve made.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase the stability of emulsion, increase the viscosity of creams or lotions, help add moisturizer to the formula, giving the formula a butter-like texture, giving it a smooth feel.


Behenyl Alcohol is an occlusive emollient or helps to coat the skin.
To reduce the chance of water loss of the skin, Behenyl Alcohol is a moisturizer in the body.
Behenyl Alcohol must be used with any type of Cream Maker because it cannot combine water and oil.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for lotion or cream products.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as an emulsifier that also keeps the oil and liquid parts of a solution from separating.
Behenyl Alcohol's other functions include altering the thickness of a liquid, increasing foaming capacity, and stabilizing foams.


When applied to the skin, Behenyl Alcohol gives it a smooth feel and helps prevent moisture loss.
Many products incorporate Behenyl Alcohol because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel after application.
Behenyl Alcohol's mainly used in face/body lotions and creams, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick and foundation


Behenyl Alcohol is used as raw material for surfactants, conditioners, disinfectants, for plasticizers.
Behenyl Alcohol is used oil base for lubricants of synthetic resin, and for emulsifiers of emulsion polymerization.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as Raw material for creams/ointment, metal rolling oil, etc.


Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Behenyl alcohol works as a texture enhancer to improve the appearance and feel of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol is also an opacifier and a thickener-cum-stabilizer which helps to regulate the viscosity of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol is also an emollient and an emulsifier for cosmetics and personal care products.


Behenyl Alcohol also works as a stabilizer and is used in personal care products like scrubs and body butters.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to keep oily parts well mixed with other liquids.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as a thickener, to increase the foaming capacity of a product or to improve the stability of a foam.


Behenyl Alcohol makes the skin soft and its touch remains non-greasy after application.
Behenyl Alcohol is authorized in organic.
In drugs, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an antiviral against herpes.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.
As an opacifying agent, behenyl alcohol is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol's thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.


Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.
This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations-----cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol acts as a thickener and stabilizer and can be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and peelings.
Behenyl Alcohol produces elegant emulsions and gives the skin a soft, velvety feel.


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl alcohol is a fatty alcohol used in skincare and cosmetic products to help soften the skin and improve the texture and consistency of the formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol's main four uses are as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol has used application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.


Also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.
To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources. Biocompatible (COSMOS standard).


Behenyl Alcohol has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.
Behenyl Alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.


Behenyl Alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.
Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.


Behenyl alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol, holds the water and oils together in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is typically made from the fats in vegetable oils.
Behenyl alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.


Behenyl alcohol has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
When used in hair care formulas, Behenyl alcohol can be used to increase the slip of hair and thus Behenyl alcohol is useful in detangling hair care formulations.


Behenyl alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.
Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol use application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.
To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.


Behenyl Alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
Behenyl Alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.


Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.
Being a mixed form of fatty acids that is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.


Behenyl Alcohol can be used in almost any formulation.
Behenyl Alcohol is a binder and an emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used to increase a formulation’s viscosity.


Behenyl Alcohol may be used for any number of purposes in a cosmetic formulation, including as an emollient, a binder, an emulsion stabilizer, or to increase a product’s viscosity.
Behenyl Alcohol may be derived either synthetically or from plants.


Behenyl Alcohol works as a surfactant in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol cream has also been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a safe and effective topical treatment for herpes labialis
Behenyl Alcohol is used as Anti Viral Agent in Topical Applications such as Cold Sore Treatment.


Behenyl Alcohol is also used as an Emollient, Emulsifier, and Thickener.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty acid, used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, surfactant and thickening agent, as well as a nutritional supplement, inhibits virus production, with an ED50 of 1.7 mg/ml.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used to increase a formulation’s viscosity.


This is a mixture of fatty alcohols.
Behenyl alcohol may be used for any number of purposes in a cosmetic formulation, including as an emollient, a binder, an emulsion stabilizer, or to increase a product’s viscosity.


-Skin care:
Behenyl Alcohol works as an emollient to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, Behenyl Alcohol forms a protective layer on the skin’s surface that prevents moisture loss and keeps the skin hydrated


-Hair care:
Behenyl Alcohol works as an emollient in hair products to increase the hair’s moisture content and makes it more manageable



FUNCTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Solid moisturizing and fatliquoring agent, moisturizing the skin, making the skin smooth and smooth.
*Behenyl Alcohol is a good viscosity stabilizer and can form a film on the hair, brightening the hair.
*Cosmetic products have the functions of moisturizing, solubilizing, and dispersing pigments.
*Behenyl Alcohol is used as a viscosity regulator.



USE AND BENEFITS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol has one characteristic of making a layer over water to minimize evaporation.
This is particularly useful in hot weather.
Same way Behenyl Alcohol does not let moisture evaporate from skin or hair’s surface, thus act as emollient.

Behenyl Alcohol is similar to other members of the behenic group a good emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as viscosity increasing agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in formulations such as ointments, scrubs, and body butter.



CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is a long carbon chain Saturated fat alcohol, which is white solid crystal, particle or wax block, insoluble in water, soluble in mineral oil.
Melting point of Behenyl Alcohol is 68-72 ºC.
Boiling point of Behenyl Alcohol is 180 ° C/0.22 mmHg.

The raw material of Behenyl Alcohol for preparation comes from the seeds of Brassicaceae plants.
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.



FUNCTIONS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Binding agent :
Behenyl Alcohol allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients
*Emollient :
Behenyl Alcohol softens and smoothes the skin

*Emulsion stabilising :
Behenyl Alcohol promotes the emulsification process and improves the stability and shelf life of the emulsion
*Viscosity controlling :
Behenyl Alcohol increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics

*SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING:
Behenyl Alcohol allows the formation of finely dispersed mixtures of oil and water (emulsions)
*Due to Behenyl Alcohol's consistency giving characteristics, the product is mainly used for viscosity regulation in cosmetic O/W emulsions.



BENEFITS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol has the properties of an emulsifier, helping to keep the water and oil phases of the formula blended together.
Behenyl Alcohol also acts as an emollient, preventing moisture from evaporating from the surface of the skin, and providing a pleasant texture to the skin when the product is applied.



MIXING METHOD OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol melts with heat about 70 degrees to become liquid and mixed in oil (oil-phase)



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL SAFE?
The safety of behenyl alcohol has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel.
The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that behenyl alcohol is safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.
In 2005, the Expert Panel considered available new data on behenyl alcohol and the other fatty alcohols and reaffirmed the above conclusion.
Cosmetic formulations containing these fatty alcohols were not dermal irritants or sensitizers.



PRODUCTS TO USE BEHENYL ALCOHOL IN:
*Moisture Cream
*Moisture Lotion
*Body Butter
*Cleanser
*Face Mask
*Skin Peels
*Shower Gel
*Shampoo
*Conditioner



SAFETY PROFILE OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has examined the toxicity of long-chain aliphatic alcohols, including behenyl alcohol.
After reviewing the available research, the CIR Expert Panel came to the conclusion that these fatty alcohols were suitable for use as cosmetic ingredients.
Behenyl Alcohol does not cause skin irritation or sensitization.



ALTERNATIVES OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*CETEARYL ALCOHOL
*CETYL ALCOHOL
*MYRISTYL ALCOHOL
*OLEYL ALCOHOL



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emollient
*Emulsifying
*Opacifying
*Viscosity controlling



HISTORY OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The drug was approved as a cream for oral herpes after clinical trials by the FDA in July 2000.
It was shown to shorten the healing by 17.5 hours on average (95% confidence interval: 2 to 22 hours) in a placebo-controlled trial.
Another trial showed no effect when treating the infected backs of guinea pigs.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL AT A GLANCE:
*Is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
*Is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics
*Also known as 1-docosanol
*Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is thought to act by inhibiting the fusion of the human host cell with the viral envelope of the herpes virus, thus preventing its replication.



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL VEGAN?
Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol is derived from vegetable sources, such as vegetable oils.



DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL IRRITATE OR DRY OUT YOUR SKIN?
Due to its name, behenyl alcohol is often misunderstood.
Behenyl Alcohol is often lumped in with alcohol-based ingredients such as alcohol denat or ethanol which can be drying or irritating to some skin types.
However behenyl alcohol is actually a fatty alcohol which is a different class of ingredient altogether.
In fact, fatty alcohols, unlike traditional alcohol in skincare, are actually known to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.



EMULSIFIER, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Another function of behenyl alcohol is as an emulsifier.
Emulsifiers are necessary for products that contain both water and oil components.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail.
The hydrophilic head is directed to the water-based ingredients and the hydrophobic tail to the oil-based ingredients.
Behenyl alcohol reduces the surface tension by positioning itself at the oil/water or air/water interface, which has a stabilizing effect on the emulsion.



EMMOLIENT, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl alcohol is used as an emollient in cosmetic formulations because of its ability to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, behenyl alcohol forms a protective layer on the skin that helps to prevent moisture loss.
This helps to trap moisture in the skin, improving the hydrated appearance of the skin.

Plus, behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application as other emollients can.
Similarly, behenyl alcohol functions as an emollient in hair care products, working to increase the hair’s moisture content and improve manageability.
Behenyl alcohol can also provide slip to hair conditioners which allows you to detangle your hair better.



TEXTURE, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The texture, appearance, and feel of a product can have a big impact on how pleasant the product is to use.
Elements such as opacity and thickness are an important part of the formulating process.
For the most part, these elements are purely sensory.

However, the thickness of a product can have a mild impact on how evenly key ingredients are spread across the skin.
As an opacifying agent and a thickener, behenyl alcohol can be added to clear or transparent cosmetic formulations to render them more resistant to visible light.

This results in a creamy-looking formulation, think your facial moisturizer with that rich- light texture and color.
Behenyl alcohol’s thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Thus, manufacturers will add behenyl alcohol to formulations to create a thick, smooth, and creamy product.



COMPARISON BETWEEN BEHENYL ALCOHOL AND CETEARYL ALCOHOL:
1. Behenyl Alcohol has a melting point (Melting Point) higher than Cetearyl Alcohol in the mixing process will require higher heat by melting at 70 degrees
2. Behenyl Alcohol will give the formula texture.
That is hard, similar to Butter, when compared to Cetearyl Alcohol, it gives a softer texture.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, THE GOOD:
Behenyl alcohol helps the skin to retain moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol also has many benefits to the texture and sensory feel of products.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, THE NOT SO GOOD:
Nothing to keep an eye on here.



WHO IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL FOR?
All skin types except those that have an identified allergy to Behenyl Alcohol.



SYNERGETIC INGREDIENTS, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol works well with most ingredients



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, KEEP AN EYE ON:
Despite having alcohol in its name, behenyl alcohol is not a drying ingredient.
This is because Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol.
Keep an eye out for other fatty alcohols such as Cetearyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Cetyl Alcohol.



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL GOOD FOR SKIN?
In cosmetic and skincare formulations, behenyl alcohol functions as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Beilstein Number: 1770470

MDL: MFCD00002939
XlogP3: 10.50 (est)
Molecular Weight: 326.60782000
Formula: C22 H46 O
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 180 °C0.22 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: d75 0.8063 g/ml; d85 0.7986 g/ml; d95 0.7911 g/ml
Refractive Index: n75 1.4360
Storage Tem.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly)
Acidity Coefficient: 15.20±0.10(Predicted)
Form: Pellets or Tablets
Color: White
Water solubility: Insoluble
Stability: Stable.
IUPAC Name: docosan-1-ol
Category: Fatty Alcohols
Molecular Formula: C22H46O
Molecular Weight: 326.56
Boiling Point: 180 °C 0.22 mmHg (lit.)

Melting Point: 65-72 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.8063 g/ml at 75 °C; 0.7986 g/ml at 85 °C; 0.7911 g/ml at 95 °C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in ether; very soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether;
soluble in chloroform;Insoluble in water;In water, 7.5X10-5 mg/L at 25 °C 9 (est);1.96e-05 g/L
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H3
InChI Key: NOPFSRXAKWQILS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance: Solid
Storage: Room temperature
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C22H46O = 326.61
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 661-19-8
Reaxys Registry Number: 1770470
PubChem Substance ID: 87567551
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 7647
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CAS Number: 661-19-8
Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid

Melting Point: 70-73°C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
Storage: 4°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Boiling Point: 375-376°C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point: 65-72°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether
Molecular Weight: 326.6 g/mol
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00
Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Docosan-1-ol
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
1-Docosanol
Behenyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Other names
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
Loxiol VPG 1451
Abreva
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
Lanette 22
Lidavol
n-Docosanol
NAA 422
Tadenan
IK 2
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
AI3-36489
BEHENIC ALCOHOL
1-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSYL ALCOHOL
IK-2
TADENAN
BRN 1770470
EINECS 211-546-6
EMERY 3304
HSDB 5739
LOXIOL VPG 1451
NACOL 22-97
NSC 8407
STENOL 1822
STENOL 1822A
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
NAA 422
NSC 8407
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
C22 Alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DSSTox_CID_7286
N-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL
DSSTox_RID_78387
DSSTox_GSID_27286
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
CHEMBL1200453
DTXSID4027286
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
ZINC6920384
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
A8416
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D
Loxiol VPG 1451
1-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
Cachalot BE-22
Loxiol VPG 1451
Docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosanol
IK 2
Lanette 22
NAA 422
Nacol 22-97
NSC 8407
Stenol 1822
Stenol 1822A
Tadenan
Dehydag wax 22 (lanette)
Emery 3304
N-Eicosanol
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol [USAN]
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
C22H46O
NAA 422
NSC 8407
Docosanol (Abreva)
Docosanol (USAN)
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
DTXSID4027286
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Docosanol (Abreua)
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL, 98%
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DOCOSANOL [II]
DOCOSANOL [HSDB]
DOCOSANOL [VANDF]
N-DOCOSANOL [MI]
DOCOSANOL [MART.]
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL [WHO-DD]
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BEHENYL ALCOHOL [INCI]
DTXCID907286
DOCOSANOL [ORANGE BOOK]
CHEMBL1200453
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
Behenyl alcohol
AI3-36489
Behenic alcohol
1-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
IK-2
Tadenan
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
EN300-6495479
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D
InChI=1/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H
1-DOCOSANOL
ALCOHOL C22
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL, N-
JARCOL 22
N-DOCOSANOL
Behenic alcohol
behenicalcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Dehydag wax 22 (lanette)
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
docosylalcohol
Emery 3304
ik2
lidavol
Loxiol VPG 1451
tadenan
Behenyl alcohol
Docosyl alcohol
NSC 8407
1-Docosonol
n-Docosanol
Docosanol
Behenic alcohol
Behenic Alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol
Docosyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol
1-Docosonol
Abreva
Behenic Alcohol
Behenyl 80 Alcohol
Behenyl Alc. 80
Behenyl Alcohol
Conol 2265
Conol 2280
Docosanol
Docosyl Alcohol
Hainol 22S
IK 2
IK 2 (alcohol)
Kalcohl 220
Kalcohl 22080
Kalcol 22080
Lanette 22
NAA 422
NSC 8407
Nacol 22-97
Nacol 22-98
Nacol C 22
Stenol 1822
Stenol 1822A
Tadenan
Toho BH 65
n-Docosanol



BEHENYL ALCOHOL
BEHENYL ALCOHOL = 1-DOCOSANOL


CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)21OH / C22H46O


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.
Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol (the non-drying type with a long oil loving chain of 22 carbon atoms) that is used to increase the viscosity of the formula and it also helps the oily and the watery parts to stay nicely mixed together (called emulsion stabilizing).
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural, vegetable source long chain fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is produced from vegetable sources and is derived from non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is GMO-free (not containing genetically modified DNA).
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal


Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.
Behenyl alcohol has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture. Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In Behenyl Alcohol's raw form it is a white, waxy solid.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol, which is a 22-carbon saturated fatty alcohol that inhibits intracellular penetration of lipid enveloped viruses, is approved as a cream for the treatment of herpes labialis.
Behenyl alcohol or Docosanol is a fatty alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol makes the skin soft and its feel remains non-greasy after application.
Behenyl Alcohol is authorized in organic.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol of vegetable origin, used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol produces elegant emulsions and gives the skin a soft, velvety feel.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol is also known as 1-docosanol
Behenyl Alcohol has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics
The CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review) in an annual report published in 2008, concluded that fatty alcohols are safe.


Behenyl Alcohol is very safe; mild for skin; viscosity does not change much with temperature and thus forms a stable emulsion
Behenyl Alcohol is the largest fatty alcohol in this group with 22 carbons.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid with a minimum concentration of 70-80 percent of behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol blend was produced to reduce the crystalline structure which enhances the functionality.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In it's raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.
Newly-released data on the Behenyl Alcohol Market shows that global sales are expected to reach around US$ 158.5 Mn by the end of 2022, registering a Y-o-Y growth of approximately 1.4 %.


Behenyl alcohol is a plant-based emulsifier and thickening agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty alcohol which is by far the best type of alcohol for skin care and cosmetics.
This is because Behenyl Alcohol acts as both an emulsifier and emollient.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol, holds the water and oils together in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is typically made from the fats in vegetable oils.
Behenyl alcohol is actually a really common ingredient, and unfortunately can be made synthetically as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is important to look out for natural behenyl alcohol in your products, but all in all, this is one of the best fatty alcohols and is healthy for your skin.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol is also known as 1-docosanol
Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics
Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.


Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.
Behenyl Alcohol is biocompatible (COSMOS standard).


Behenyl Alcohol is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcoholhas a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol is an emulsifier that also keeps the oil and liquid parts of a solution from separating.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a colorless, waxy solid.
Behenyl Alcohol’s usually found naturally from vegetables, in their long-chain fatty acid mixture.


Behenyl Alcohol has one characteristic of making a layer over water to minimize evaporation.
This is particularly useful in hot weather.
Same way it does not let moisture evaporate from skin or hair’s surface, thus act as emollient.
Behenyl Alcohol is similar to other members of the behenic group a good emulsion stabilizer.


Behenyl alcohol, or docosanol, is a saturated fatty alcohol usually obtained from vegetable sources and non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.
Fatty alcohols are a group of ingredients that are often misunderstood, mostly due to their name.


Fatty alcohols have a high molecular weight, straight-chain primary alcohols derived from natural fats and oils.
Behenyl alcohol is derived from vegetable sources such as corn, but it can also be synthetically produced.
Behenyl Alcohol or behenyl alcohol is of natural origin and is part of the family of fatty alcohols.
The INCI names "alcohol" which are preceded by a term ending with the suffix "-yl" are fatty alcohols .
Example : Cetyl alcohol or myrstyl alcohol.


Behenyl alcohol is found in vegetables, in the mixture of long chain fatty acids.
Behenyl Alcohol is colorless and waxy.
Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol has a role as an antiviral agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a fatty alcohol 22:0.
Behenyl Alcohol derives from a hydride of a docosane.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid that functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant for low viscosity fluids.
Behenyl Alcohol contains a small amount of fatty alcohols for unique properties while formulating.


Behenyl Alcohol has a heavier cream.
Behenyl Alcohol gives a thicker creamy texture
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol is a long chain linear fatty alcohol (with 22 carn atoms) derived from natural raw materials such as rapeseed or coconut oils.
Readily biodegradable and metabolized as regular fat, Behenyl alcohol is safe for the skin and the environment.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol is easily soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, n-octanol.
Behenyl Alcohol is partially soluble in hot water, acetone.


Behenyl Alcohol is very slightly soluble in cold water.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as behenyl alcohol, is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication.


Behenyl Alcohol is an aliphatic alcohol that inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the HSV envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohol is a unique chemical compound also known as behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.


Behenyl Alcohol can reduce the duration of symptoms attributed to cold sores and fever blisters caused by HSV, however, Behenyl Alcohol is not virucidal.
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.
Behenyl alcohol has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
Behenyl alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.


Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.
Behenyl alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.


Behenyl Alcohol is used as a thickener and moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics.
Behenyl alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
When used in hair care formulas, Behenyl alcohol can be used to increase the slip of hair and thus Behenyl alcohol is useful in detangling hair care formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is used improving texture, improve spreadability.
Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to allow the oily parts to remain well mixed with other liquids.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as a thickener, to increase the foaming capacity of a product or to improve the stability of a foam.


In medicines, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an antiviral against herpes.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol acts as a thickener and stabilizer and can be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and peelings.


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in color cosmetics, sunscreens, skin and hair care.
Behenyl Alcohol uses include SPF products, mascaras, sticks, lip balms, emulsions, hair products and antiperspirants.
This highly desirable, long chain fatty alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations-----cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, it is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.
As an opacifying agent, behenyl alcohol is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol's thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcoholis used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, docosanol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcoholinhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohols other functions include altering the thickness of a liquid, increasing foaming capacity, and stabilizing foams.


When applied to the skin, it gives it a smooth feel and helps prevent moisture loss.
Many products incorporate this ingredient because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel after application.
Behenyl Alcohol's mainly used in face/body lotions and creams, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick and foundation.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as viscosity increasing agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in formulations such as ointments, scrubs, and body butter.
Behenyl alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.
Behenyl alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in cosmetic and skincare products, such as deodorants, lotions, lipsticks, foundations, ointments, body butter and scrubs, as a binding, thickening, emulsifying and opacifying agent.
Behenyl alcohol aids in reducing the transparency of the product and thickening the consistency to obtain a spreadable texture.
Behenyl Alcohol is applied to the face and body for nourishing the skin and preventing moisture loss.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol use application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.


To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.
Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl alcohol is primarily used in face moisturizers and body lotions, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick, foundation, and hair care products.
Behenyl alcohol helps the skin to retain moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin.
Behenyl alcohol also has many benefits to the texture and sensory feel of products.
Behenyl alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.


Behenyl alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Despite having alcohol in their name, fatty alcohols actually help to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.


Behenyl alcohol is a fatty alcohol used in skincare and cosmetic products to help soften the skin and improve the texture and consistency of the formulation.
Behenyl alcohol's main four uses are as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol is present in many treatments, such as perfumes, body care or hair coloring.


Behenyl Alcohol is used as a preservative to protect the mixture from contamination.
Behenyl Alcohol also neutralizes bacteria, calms inflammation and deodorizes.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


Being a mixed form of fatty acids that is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol Can be used in almost any formulation.
A saturated fatty alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase the stability of emulsion, increase the viscosity of creams or lotions, help add moisturizer to the formula, giving the formula a butter-like texture, giving it a smooth feel.
Behenyl Alcohol is a thickener or thickener in the cream, looks like flakes when mixed with Cream Maker Any kind will add texture to the cream.
Behenyl Alcohol is occlusive emollient or helps to coat the skin.


To reduce the chance of water loss of the skin, Behenyl Alcohol is a moisturizer in the body.
Behenyl alcohol must be used with any type of Cream Maker because Behenyl alcohol cannot combine water and oil.
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy solid at room temperature used in skin and hair care formulations as a thickener, emulsifier, binding agent, solubilizer, and gallant.
Thanks to excellent emulsifying properties, Behenyl alcohol produces stable emulsions which stay unchanged in temperature changes (including viscosity) while exhibiting superior mildness and safety for the skin.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol thickens and improves the sensory profile of the application, imparting a velvety-soft feel to the skin.
Combined with the same length fatty acid, Behenic acid, it forms waxy oleo-gels with a pleasant feel that can dissolve and carry natural oils and active ingredients.
In decorative cosmetics, Behenyl alcohol is used as a pigment dispersing and wetting agent that helps ease spreading and sticking on the skin's surface.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol is a perfect base for dispersing abrasive particles in mechanical exfoliators.
Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in facial creams, masks, and lotions, as well as in hair, eye, and body care applications.
Behenyl Alcohol has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohol is an antiviral used to treat orofacial herpes sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to treat the symptoms of herpes simplex virus infections around the mouth.


Although Behenyl Alcohol will not cure herpes simplex, it may help relieve the pain and discomfort and may help the sores (if any) heal faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a generic over-the-counter topical drug used to treat cold sores and fever blisters due to herpes simplex infection.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to treat "cold sores/fever blisters" (herpes labialis).
Behenyl Alcohol can speed up healing of the sores and decrease symptoms (such as tingling, pain, burning, itching).


Behenyl Alcohol works by blocking the virus that causes the cold sores (herpes simplex) from entering the healthy skin cells and growing in number.
This medication does not cure herpes and does not prevent passing the infection to someone else.
Behenyl Alcohol does not prevent a future occurrence.


Treats fever blisters and cold sores caused by herpes simplex.
This medicine is an antiviral.
Behenyl Alcohol is used treats cold sores/fever blisters on the face or lips shortens healing time and duration of symptoms: tingling, pain, burning, and/or itching


Behenyl Alcohol prevents herpes simplex virus from entering cells by preventing viral particles from fusing with cell membranes.
Behenyl Alcohol treats cold sores/fever blisters, Shortens healing time.
Behenyl Alcohol is used healing cream for treating cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.
Behenyl Alcohol shortens the duration of tingling, pain, burning and itching symptoms


Delivers best results when treated at the first tingle.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
Behenyl Alcohol speeds the healing of cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.
Behenyl Alcohol also relieves the accompanying symptoms, including tingling, pain, burning, and itching.


Behenyl Alcohol works by inhibiting fusion between the human cell plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Unlike other cold-sore antivirals, Behenyl Alcohol does not act directly on the virus, and as such it is unlikely it will produce drug resistant mutants of HSV.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the topical treatment of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex episodes (cold sores or fever blisters).
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication used to treat cold sores and fever blisters.
Behenyl Alcohol belongs to a group of drugs called antivirals.


Behenyl Alcohol helps to protect healthy cells from the cold sore infection.
Behenyl Alcohol shortens healing time and duration of symptoms of cold sores/fever blisters.
Behenyl Alcohol treats cold sores and fever blisters in adults and children 12 years of age and older.
When used early, it could knock out your cold sore in 2½ days.


Behenyl Alcohol topical (for the skin) is used to treat cold sores on the face and lips.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, and nutritional supplement; inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex.


-Cosmetic effect of Behenyl Alcohol:
The so-called emollient fat.
When used in skin and hair care products, Behenyl Alcohol creates an occlusive layer (film) on their surface, which prevents excessive evaporation of water from the surface (this is an indirect moisturizing effect), thus conditioning the skin and hair.
Oils, softens, smoothes and tones the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol has an antiviral effect, which is why it is used during the treatment of herpes.
Behenyl Alcohol accelerates the healing of blisters.


-Behenyl Alcohol can be used neat or as derivatives in a wide range of cosmetic formulations for instance:
• Hair Care
• Skin Care
• Sun Care
• Colour Cosmetics
• Antitranspirants and Deodorants


-Applications of Behenyl Alcohol include but are not limited to:
*Lotions and creams
*Ointments
*Body butters
*Scrubs


-Consumer Products:
*Blends
*Detergents
*Ethoxylation


-Household Cleaners of Behenyl Alcohol:
*Sulfonation
*Surfactants
*Food & Pharma
*Nutritional Supplements
*Lubricants, Fluids & Oilfield
*Industrial


-Personal Care uses of Behenyl Alcohol:
*Blends
*Emollients
*Emulsifiers
*Esters


-Products to use Behenyl alcohol in:
*Moisture Cream
*Moisture Lotion
*Body Butter
*Cleanser
*Face Mask
*Skin Peels
*Shower Gel
*Shampoo
*Conditioner


-Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol:
*binding agents
*emulsion stabilisers
*skin conditioning - emollient
*viscosity controlling agents


-Behenyl alcohol is used in treatments as:
*Emulsifying agent:
Behenyl Alcohol allows oily ingredients to be mixed with aqueous ingredients.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as an emulsion stabilizer , that is to say, it promotes the emulsion while stabilizing it and improving its conservation;
*Thickening agent:
Behenyl Alcohol is used in treatments to increase the "foaming" capacity of the treatment or to improve the stability of the foam;
*Emollient agent:
Behenyl Alcohol softens and softens the skin;
*Verification Control Agent:
Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase or decrease care verification.



FEATURE IN THE BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Behenyl Alcohol is a binding component.
*Behenyl Alcohol stabilizes the emulsion, prevents its delamination, and as a result extends the shelf life of the product.
*Behenyl Alcohol affects the consistency of the cosmetic by increasing its viscosity.



FUNCTIONS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Fixing agent:
Allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients
*Emollient:
Softens and softens the skin
*Emulsion Stabilizer:
Aids the emulsification process and improves emulsion stability and shelf life
*Viscosity control agent:
Increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Binding
*Emollient
*Emulsion stabilising
*Viscosity controlling



CHARACTERISTICS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Emollient
*Viscosity modifier
*Skin conditioning agent
*Stabilizer



FEATURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
• Co-emulsifier
• Viscosity controlling agent
• Emulsion stabilizer
• Feedstock for esters, amines and surfactants



COMPARISON BETWEEN BEHENYL ALCOHOL AND CETEARYL ALCOHOL:
1. Behenyl Alcohol has a melting point (Melting Point) higher than Cetearyl Alcohol in the mixing process will require higher heat by melting at 70 degrees
2. Behenyl Alcohol will give the formula texture.
That is hard, similar to Butter, when compared to Cetearyl Alcohol, it gives a softer texture.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available

Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
1-Docosanol
Behenyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Other names
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
Loxiol VPG 1451
Abreva
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
Lanette 22
Lidavol
n-Docosanol
NAA 422
Tadenan
IK 2
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
AI3-36489
BEHENIC ALCOHOL
1-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSYL ALCOHOL
IK-2
TADENAN
BRN 1770470
EINECS 211-546-6
EMERY 3304
HSDB 5739
LOXIOL VPG 1451
NACOL 22-97
NSC 8407
STENOL 1822
STENOL 1822A
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
NAA 422
NSC 8407
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
C22 Alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DSSTox_CID_7286
N-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL
DSSTox_RID_78387
DSSTox_GSID_27286
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
CHEMBL1200453
DTXSID4027286
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
ZINC6920384
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
A8416
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D




BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL)
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.



CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Chemical formula: C22H46O



SYNONYMS:
1-Docosanol, Behenyl alcohol, Docosan-1-ol, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, 1-Docosanol, n-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Emery 3304, Loxiol VPG 1451, Abreva, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), Docosyl alcohol, Lanette 22, Lidavol, n-Docosanol, NAA 422, Tadenan, IK 2, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, AI3-36489, BEHENIC ALCOHOL, 1-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSYL ALCOHOL, IK-2, TADENAN, BRN 1770470, EINECS 211-546-6, EMERY 3304, HSDB 5739, LOXIOL VPG 1451, NACOL 22-97, NSC 8407, STENOL 1822, STENOL 1822A, 1-DOCOSANOL, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Docosanol-(1), Cachalot BE-22, Loxiol VPG 1451, Docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosanol, IK 2, Lanette 22, NAA 422, Nacol 22-97, NSC 8407, Stenol 1822, Stenol 1822A, Tadenan, Dehydag wax 22 (lanette), Emery 3304, N-Eicosanol, Docosanol, docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, 661-19-8, Behenic alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosyl alcohol, Tadenan, Lidavol, Stenol 1822, Lanette 22, Docosanol, Lidakol, Stenol 1822A, Nacol 22-97, IK 2, 30303-65-2, NAA 422, NSC 8407, NSC-8407, 9G1OE216XY, CHEBI:31000, NCGC00159370-02, Docosanol (VAN), Erazaban, Herepair, IK.2, Healip, Cachalot BE-22, Abreva (TN), HSDB 5739, Loxiol VPG 1451, EINECS 211-546-6, BRN 1770470, UNII-9G1OE216XY, AI3-36489, CCRIS 8943, n-Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), MFCD00002939, 1-Docosanol, 98%, DSSTox_CID_7286, N-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSANOL, EC 211-546-6, DOCOSANOL, DSSTox_RID_78387, DSSTox_GSID_27286, SCHEMBL51925, 4-01-00-01906, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, DOCOSANOL, CHEMBL1200453, DTXSID4027286, NSC8407, HMS2093P22, Pharmakon1600-01505729, HY-B0222, ZINC6920384, Tox21_111611, LMFA05000008, NSC759235, s1637, AKOS015902887, CCG-213539, DB00632, NSC-759235, NCGC00159370-03, NCGC00159370-04, NCGC00159370-05, 1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC), AC-19852, CAS-661-19-8, SBI-0206938.P001, A8416, AM20100601, D0964, FT-0622609, D03884, D70615, AB01563123_01, AB01563123_02, SR-05000001915, Q3033497, SR-05000001915-1, A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D, Loxiol VPG 1451, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Docosanol-(1), Cachalot BE-22, Loxiol VPG 1451, Docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosanol, IK 2, Lanette 22, NAA 422, Nacol 22-97, NSC 8407, Stenol 1822, Stenol 1822A, Tadenan, Dehydag wax 22 (lanette), Emery 3304, N-Eicosanol, 1-DOCOSANOL, Docosanol, docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, 661-19-8, Behenic alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosyl alcohol, Tadenan, Lidavol, Stenol 1822, Lanette 22, Docosanol [USAN], Lidakol, Stenol 1822A, Nacol 22-97, IK 2, 30303-65-2, C22H46O, NAA 422, NSC 8407, Docosanol (Abreva), Docosanol (USAN), NSC-8407, 9G1OE216XY, DTXSID4027286, CHEBI:31000, NCGC00159370-02, Docosanol (VAN), Erazaban, Herepair, IK.2, Healip, Docosanol (Abreua), Cachalot BE-22, Abreva (TN), HSDB 5739, Loxiol VPG 1451, EINECS 211-546-6, BRN 1770470, UNII-9G1OE216XY, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, 98%, CCRIS 8943, n-Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), MFCD00002939, 1-Docosanol, 98%, DOCOSANOL [II], DOCOSANOL [HSDB], DOCOSANOL [VANDF], N-DOCOSANOL [MI], DOCOSANOL [MART.], EC 211-546-6, DOCOSANOL [WHO-DD], SCHEMBL51925, 4-01-00-01906 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BEHENYL ALCOHOL [INCI], DTXCID907286, DOCOSANOL [ORANGE BOOK], CHEMBL1200453, NSC8407, HMS2093P22, Pharmakon1600-01505729, HY-B0222, Tox21_111611, LMFA05000008, NSC759235, s1637, AKOS015902887, CCG-213539, DB00632, NSC-759235, Behenyl alcohol, AI3-36489, Behenic alcohol, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, IK-2, Tadenan, NCGC00159370-03, NCGC00159370-04, NCGC00159370-05, 1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC), AC-19852, CAS-661-19-8, SBI-0206938.P001, AM20100601, D0964, FT-0622609, D03884, D70615, AB01563123_01, AB01563123_02, EN300-6495479, SR-05000001915, Q3033497, SR-05000001915-1, A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D, InChI=1/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H, 1-DOCOSANOL, ALCOHOL C22, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, Abreva, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), Docosyl alcohol, Lanette 22, Lidavol, n-Docosanol, NAA 422, Tadenan, IK 2, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, AI3-36489, BEHENIC ALCOHOL, 1-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSYL ALCOHOL, IK-2, TADENAN, BRN 1770470, EINECS 211-546-6, EMERY 3304, HSDB 5739, LOXIOL VPG 1451, NACOL 22-97, NSC 8407, STENOL 1822, STENOL 1822A



Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol which exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) speeds the healing of cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also relieves the accompanying symptoms, including tingling, pain, burning, and itching.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works by inhibiting fusion between the human cell plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Unlike other cold-sore antivirals, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) does not act directly on the virus, and as such it is unlikely it will produce drug resistant mutants of HSV.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol), also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol)’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a white, waxy solid.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol), also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol used mainly as an antiviral agent, specifically for treatment of "cold sores" caused by the herpes simplex virus.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a role as a plant metabolite and an antiviral drug.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a docosanol.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a natural product found in Mandragora autumnalis, Hibiscus cannabinus, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an excellent opacifying ingredient and enhances spreadability.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) could well be the ingredient your formulation and your skin is waiting for.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a plant derived thickening agent and emulsifier.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) functions as a hydrating component as well.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as a stabilizer and is used in personal care products like scrubs and body butters.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a fatty alcohol that is unlike the drying alcohols.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a waxy, white solid in its unprocessed state.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol with reported inhibitory activity against lipid-enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an over-the-counter medication (OTC).



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
As a cosmetics company, we sell Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) for its cosmetic application and any use in a medical context would have to go through the appropriate regulatory mechanism as per your countries law.
When you are struggling to achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol): binding agents, emulsion stabilisers, skin conditioning - emollient, and viscosity controlling agents.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.


As an opacifying agent, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol)'s thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


Being a mixed form of fatty acids that Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can be used in almost any formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is normally administered topically in a cream containing a base and a 10% mix of the active ingredient.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) functions by inhibiting the fusion of the human host cell with the viral envelope of the herpes virus, thus preventing its replication.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved for use after clinical trials by the FDA in July 2000.


Marketed by Avanir Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Abreva, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was the first over-the-counter antiviral drug approved for sale in the United States and Canada.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used for the topical treatment of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex episodes (cold sores or fever blisters).
Improving Spreadability of your cosmetic formulation
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has an excellent property of removing stickiness from products such as beeswax, whilst at the same time in can greasy products feel less greasy and improve the way they spread and absorb on the skin.


You will find Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) in many solid deodorant sticks, where the it takes the stickiness away from the product, whilst emulsifying the ingredients, including oils and providing antimicrobial properties.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.



WHAT IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) USED FOR?
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as a texture enhancer to improve the appearance and feel of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is also an opacifier and a thickener-cum-stabilizer which helps to regulate the viscosity of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is also an emollient and an emulsifier for cosmetics and personal care products.

*Skin care:
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as an emollient to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) forms a protective layer on the skin’s surface that prevents moisture loss and keeps the skin hydrated

*Hair care:
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as an emollient in hair products to increase the hair’s moisture content and makes it more manageable



ORIGIN OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is produced via a high-temperature, high-pressure, catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids, and can also be produced via the Ziegler process.
Alternatively, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can also be obtained from vegetable sources.



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emollient
*Emulsifying
*Opacifying
*Viscosity controlling



ALTERNATIVES OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
*CETEARYL ALCOHOL,
*CETYL ALCOHOL,
*MYRISTYL ALCOHOL,
*OLEYL ALCOHOL



BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) AT A GLANCE:
* Is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
* Is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics
* Also known as 1-docosanol
* Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics



WHAT PRODUCES IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) USED IN?
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can be used in anhydrous (products containing no water) and water based formulations.
Famously Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is the main active ingredient in many cold sore and herpes products, where is used at 10%.
For this reason you will find Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) used in Balms and Creams, however it is also very useful in haircare products where it acts as an emollient increasing the moisture content in the hair.



WHERE TO USE BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.

Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
In 2000 Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in the the US as a pharmaceutical antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus in some brands of OTC medication.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is thought to work by interfering with and stabilizing the host cell's surface phospholipids, preventing the fusion of the herpes virus's viral envelope with the human host cell.
This disrupted ability of the virus to fuse with the host cell membrane prevents entry and subsequent replication.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00

Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C22H46O = 326.61
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 661-19-8
Reaxys Registry Number: 1770470
PubChem Substance ID: 87567551
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 7647
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CAS Number: 661-19-8
Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa

log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Beilstein Number: 1770470
MDL: MFCD00002939
XlogP3: 10.50 (est)
Molecular Weight: 326.60782000
Formula: C22 H46 O

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 180 °C0.22 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: d75 0.8063 g/ml; d85 0.7986 g/ml; d95 0.7911 g/ml
Refractive Index: n75 1.4360
Storage Tem.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly)
Acidity Coefficient: 15.20±0.10(Predicted)
Form: Pellets or Tablets
Color: White
Water solubility: Insoluble
Stability: Stable.
IUPAC Name: docosan-1-ol

Category: Fatty Alcohols
Molecular Formula: C22H46O
Molecular Weight: 326.56
Boiling Point: 180 °C 0.22 mmHg (lit.)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.8063 g/ml at 75 °C; 0.7986 g/ml at 85 °C; 0.7911 g/ml at 95 °C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in ether; very soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether;
soluble in chloroform;Insoluble in water;In water, 7.5X10-5 mg/L at 25 °C 9 (est);1.96e-05 g/L
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H3
InChI Key: NOPFSRXAKWQILS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance: Solid
Storage: Room temperature
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C

Melting Point: 70-73°C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
Storage: 4°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Boiling Point: 375-376°C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point: 65-72°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether
Molecular Weight: 326.6 g/mol
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00
Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


BEHENYL BEHENATE
Behenyl behenate, derived from behenic acid, serves as an emollient and thickening agent in cosmetics, contributing to hydration and lubrication of the skin and hair while enhancing formulation stability and texture.
With its non-comedogenic and occlusive properties, Behenyl behenate is a preferred ingredient in skincare products, offering effective moisturization without clogging pores and forming a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss and improve skin hydration.
Behenyl behenate is widely used in creams, lotions, and hair care products, Behenyl behenate's versatility and compatibility with other ingredients make it an essential component in skincare formulations aimed at maintaining softness, smoothness, and overall skin health.

CAS Number: 17671-27-1
EC Number: 241-646-5
Molecular Formula: C44H88O2
Molecular Weight: 649.17

Synonyms: Behenyl behenate, Docosyl docosanoate, 17671-27-1, Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, docosanyl docosanoate, UNII-K8NU647RJ0, K8NU647RJ0, WE(22:0/22:0), docosyl behenate, Pelemol BB, Starfol BB, EINECS 241-646-5, Kester Wax 72, EC 241-646-5, DTXSID0066242, SCHEMBL21352453, BCP32488, LMFA07010063, ZINC62239048, AS-60040, CS-0333826, D92929, Docosyl docosanoate;Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, W-110461, Q27282094, UNII-Q47ST02F58 component NJIMZDGGLTUCPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N, behenic acid behenyl ester, docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, docosyl docosanoate, kester beads K-72 exfoliant, Behenyl behenate, DOCOSANOIC ACID, DOCOSYL ESTER, DOCOSYL DOCOSANOATE, DOCOSYL ESTER DOCOSANOIC ACID, 17671-27-1, 241-646-5, Behenyl behenate, Docosanoate de docosyle, Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, Docosyl docosanoate, Docosyl-docosanoat, [17671-27-1], 18013-23-5, Behenic acid behenyl ester, BehenylBehenate, docosanoic acid docosyl ester, Docosanoic acid,docosyl ester, Docosanyl docosanoate, Docosyl behenate, EINECS 241-646-5, Kester Wax 72, MFCD00053778, Pelemol BB, Starfol BB

Behenyl behenate is a compound primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emollient and thickening agent.
Behenyl behenate is derived from behenic acid, a long-chain fatty acid found in natural sources such as rapeseed oil, peanut oil, and ben oil.
Behenyl behenate functions to provide hydration and lubrication to the skin and hair, helping to maintain their softness and smoothness.

Additionally, Behenyl behenate helps to stabilize formulations and improve their texture.
Due to Behenyl behenate's beneficial properties and low likelihood of causing irritation, Behenyl behenate is commonly used in a variety of skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, lotions, and hair care products.

Behenyl behenate is a high purity monoester wax made from naturally derived feedstock.
Behenyl behenate can be used as natural structuring and gelling agent in various skin care products and color cosmetics.

Natural structuring and gelling agent with good film forming properties and good thermal stability (a very narrow thermal phase change).
Behenyl behenate can be used as a vegan replacement for beeswax, especially together with

Behenyl behenate is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
This plant-derived or synthetic ingredient (Paula’s Choice uses the former) hydrates skin and adds occlusive properties to emulsions like creams and lotions, which help to prevent moisture loss.

Behenyl behenate is considered safe as used in cosmetics, including products meant for application to lips.
Usage levels in cosmetics range from 1–20%.

Interestingly, behenic acid is one of the fatty acids that occurs naturally in human sebum (oil), so Behenyl behenate considered bio-compatible with skin.
Behenyl behenate is also one of the saturated main fatty acids found in fish oil.

Behenyl behenate is an ester of Behenic Acid (q.v.) and Behenyl Alcohol (q.v.).

Behenyl behenate is a naturally derived, high purity mono-ester wax.
Behenyl behenate has good thermal stability, very narrow thermal phase change, film forming properties, and wide compatibility in different solvents.

This is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl behenate can be either plant derived or made synthetically, and adds moisture to the skin.

Behenyl behenate is also used in cosmetics as an occlusive, helping to prevent the loss of moisture in lotions and creams.
Behenyl behenate is considered safe to use in cosmetics.

Behenyl behenate, a compound derived from behenic acid, is classified as a fatty acid ester.
Behenyl behenate's long hydrocarbon chain structure gives it emollient properties, making it effective in moisturizing and softening the skin.
Additionally, Behenyl behenate acts as a thickening agent, improving the consistency and stability of cosmetic formulations.

Behenyl behenate is often preferred in skincare products due to its non-comedogenic nature, meaning it is less likely to clog pores or cause acne.
Behenyl behenate is also known for its occlusive properties, forming a protective barrier on the skin to prevent moisture loss and enhance skin hydration.

Behenyl behenate is widely used in various cosmetic and personal care products, including creams, lotions, serums, and hair care products, contributing to their texture, spreadability, and overall performance.
Behenyl behenate's versatility and compatibility with other ingredients make it a valuable component in skincare formulations aimed at providing hydration and improving skin texture.

Uses of Behenyl behenate:
Behenyl behenate is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
This plant-derived or synthetic ingredient hydrates skin and also adds occlusive properties to emulsions like creams and lotions, which help to prevent moisture loss.

Behenyl behenate is a wax ester.
Behenyl behenate has possible applications as a non-hazardous, biodegradable industrial wood coating.

Lip products primarily for protection of Behenyl behenate:
Emollient
Skin conditioning
Skin-conditioning agent - occlusive
Softener and conditioner

Industry Uses:
Pigments
Toner
Wax for toner

Consumer Uses:
Ink, toner, and colorant products

Properties of Behenyl behenate:

Physical State:
Behenyl behenate is typically a white to off-white waxy solid at room temperature.

Odor:
Behenyl behenate may have a characteristic odor, though this can vary depending on the purity and processing of the compound.

Melting Point:
The melting point of Behenyl behenate typically falls within the range of 65°C to 75°C.

Solubility:
Behenyl behenate is insoluble in water but is soluble in oils and organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform.

Emollient:
Behenyl behenate acts as an effective emollient, helping to soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective barrier that prevents moisture loss.

Thickening Agent:
Behenyl behenate also serves as a thickening agent in cosmetic formulations, contributing to the desired texture and consistency of products such as creams and lotions.

Stability:
Behenyl behenate helps stabilize formulations, improving their shelf life and preventing separation or degradation of ingredients.

Non-Comedogenic:
Behenyl behenate is generally considered non-comedogenic, meaning Behenyl behenate is unlikely to clog pores or contribute to acne formation.

Occlusive:
Due to its occlusive properties, Behenyl behenate forms a barrier on the skin's surface, reducing moisture loss and enhancing hydration.

Functions of Behenyl behenate:

Emollient:
Softens and softens the skin

Skin conditioning agent:
Keeps the skin in good condition

General Manufacturing Information of Behenyl behenate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Printing and related support activities

Handling and Storage of Behenyl behenate:

Storage of Behenyl behenate:
can be stored at room temperature But close the lid of the bottle tightly.
Protected from sunlight or heat, the product has a shelf life of at least 2 years

Precautions for safe handling of Behenyl behenate:
Read and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
Avoid spillage, inhalation and contact with eyes and skin.

Keep well closed.
The usual precautions for handling chemicals should be observed.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Store in dry and cool area.
Store in a ventilated space.

Stability and Reactivity of Behenyl behenate:

Reactivity of Behenyl behenate:
The product contains no substances which can lead to hazardous reactions at normal use.

Chemical stability of Behenyl behenate:
The product is stable at normal storage and handling conditions.

Possibility of hazardous reactions of Behenyl behenate:
Not indicated

Conditions to avoid of Behenyl behenate:
Not indicated

Incompatible materials of Behenyl behenate:
Avoid contact with oxidizers.

Hazardous decomposition products:
Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and harmful and irritating substances.

First Aid Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Description of first aid measures:

Generally:
In case of concern, or if symptoms persist, call doctor/physician.

Upon breathing in:
Inhalation of fumes from heated product: let the injured rest at a warm place with fresh air.
Contact the doctor if symptoms persist.

Upon contact with the eyes:
As a precaution, rinse the eye thoroughly with water; If symptoms occur, call a doctor/physician.

Upon skin contact:
Normal washing of the skin is considered sufficient; If nevertheless symptoms do occur, contact a physician.
Remove contaminated clothes.

Upon ingestion:
Flush nose, mouth and throat with water.
Upon ingestion of larger amounts, consult a doctor/physician.

Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:
Ingestion of large amounts of Behenyl behenate may cause nausea and vomiting.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
Symptomatic treatment.

Fire-Fighting Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Recommended extinguishing agents:
Extinguish with materials intended for the surrounding fire.

Unsuitable extinguishing agents:
Among common extinguishing agents there are none that are overtly unsuitable.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Produces fumes containing harmful gases (carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) when burning.
Behenyl behenate is not hazardous in the flammable sense.

Advice for fire-fighters:
In case of fire use a respirator mask.
Wear full protective clothing.
Protective measures should be taken regarding other material at the site of the fire.

Accidental Release Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Note that there is a risk of slipping if product is leaking/spilling.

Environmental precautions:
At amounts considered in this case, the product may be released into the natural environment without serious environmental consequences.
Large emissions should however be reported to the emergency services and the Environment Agency.

Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
Small spills can be wiped up with a cloth or similar.

Then flush the spill site with water.
Larger spills should first be covered with sand or earth and then be collected.

Identifiers of Behenyl behenate:
CAS Index Name: Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester
Molecular formula: C44H88O2
Molecular weight: 649.17
Lipid number: C (22:0/22:0)
Smiles: O=C(OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Isomeric Smiles: O(C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
InChI: InChI=1S/C44H88O2/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-35-37-39-41-43-46-44(45)42-40-38-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-43H2,1-2H3
InChIKey: InChIKey=NJIMZDGGLTUCPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Storage temp.: −20°C
SMILES string: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

Properties of Behenyl behenate:
Molecular Weight: 649.2
XLogP3-AA: 21.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 42
Exact Mass: 648.67843205
Monoisotopic Mass: 648.67843205
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 46
Complexity: 544
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point 70 - 74°C (158 - 165°F).
Acid value < 2 mg KOH/g.
Saponification value 79 - 89 mg KOH/g.

Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 627.10 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 657.00 °F. TCC ( 347.40 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 21.960 (est)
Soluble in: water, 2.335e-016 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Specifications of Behenyl behenate:
Appearance: White to off-white waxy solid
Odor: Characteristic
Melting Point: Typically between 65°C to 75°C
Acid Value: Not more than 1 mg KOH/g
Saponification Value: Typically between 170 to 180 mg KOH/g
Iodine Value: Not more than 1 g I2/100g
Hydroxyl Value: Not more than 5 mg KOH/g
Heavy Metals: Not more than 20 ppm
Loss on Drying: Not more than 0.5%
Purity (by GC): Typically not less than 95%
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in oils and organic solvents
BENTONE 27
Bentone 27 non-animal organoclay is an organically modified hectorite designed to impart rheological control and suspension.
Bentone 27 is a highly efficient rheological additive for intermediate to high polarity systems such as cyclomethicones, esters, triglycerides, vegetable oils, alcohols and ketones.


Bentone 27 rheological additive is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.
Bentone 27 is specifically designed to improve thickening efficiency in
synthetic and other organic fluids of medium- to high-polarity.


INCI name of Bentone 27 (formerly CTFA adopted name) is Stearalkonium Hectorite.
Typically 5 - 8 % Bentone 27 rheological additive is required.
Bentone 27 rheological additives are an organic derivative of a hectorite clay.


Bentone 27 is designed for moderate to high-polarity organic systems and for synthetic binders.
Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 increases viscosity.


Bentone 27 provides thixotropy.
Bentone 27 acts as a rheology modifier for medium to high polarity systems and for synthetic binders.
Bentone 27 provides sag resistance on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates.


Bentone 27 improves flow and levelling and prevents pigment settling during storage, and prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems.
Bentone 27 has a shelf life of 4 years.
Bentone 27 non-animal organoclay is an organically modified hectorite designed to impart rheological control and suspension.


Bentone 27 is a highly efficient rheological additive for intermediate to high polarity systems such as cyclomethicones, esters, triglycerides, vegetable oils, alcohols and ketones.
Bentone 27 is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENTONE 27:
Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 is used for anti-corrosive paints, anti-fouling paints, foundry moulds paints, gravure and flexographic printing inks, industrial finishes, and wash primers.


Bentone 27 rheological additive is a modified hectorite organoclay for use in high-polarity aromatic and oxygenated solvent-borne paint and coating systems.
Bentone 27 rheological additive is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.
Bentone 27 is specifically designed to improve thickening efficiency in synthetic and other organic fluids of medium- to high polarity.


Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 rheological additives can be readily blended into oils and fluids using normal grease equipment.
Bentone 27 produced must be sheared through a colloid mill or homogenizer to obtain the maximum yield.


Bentone 27 is used in ORGANOPHILIC GELLANT PROVIDING SUSPENSION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS, HEAT STABILITY AND VISCOSITY CONTROL TO COSMETIC FORMULATIONS
Bentone 27 is used as a rheology modifier: increases viscosity, provides thixotropy, improves flow and levelling, prevents pigment settling during storage, and prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems.


Bentone 27 is designed for solvent-based systems with moderate to high polarity, as well as for synthetic binders, adhesives and mastic compounds.
Bentone 27 is used as a rheological additive for moderate to high-polarity organic solvents.


-Applications of Bentone 27:
*Antiperspirants
*Colour Cosmetics
*Creams & Lotions
*Sunscreens
*Lipsticks
*Eye Products
*Facial Makeup
*Haircare Products
*Nail Lacquer


-Application of Bentone 27:
· Adhesives and mastic compounds
· Anti-corrosive paints
· Anti-fouling paints
· Cosmetics
· Foundry mould paints·
· Gravure and flexographic printing inks
· Industrial finishes
· Plastisols, organosols
· Wash primers



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
· Increases viscosity
· Provides thixotropy
· Prevents pigment settling during storage
· Improves flow and levelling
· Controls sagging on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates
· Prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems



BENTONE 27 RHEOLOGICAL ADDITIVES:
• Ease of manufacturing
• Resistance to melting
• Resistance to oil separation
• Excellent work stability
• Wide range of temperature applications



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
-Bentone 27 rheological additive:
• non-animal origin
-Rheological attributes:
• predictable, reproducible and stable
• viscosity control
• shear-thinning flow
• excellent suspension of pigments and actives
• controlled alignment of special-effect
-pigments:
• thermostable rheology
• reduced syneresis
• improved emulsion stability
• light in colour
• non-abrasive



USE LEVELS OF BENTONE 27:
In paints of intermediate or high polarity, typical levels range between 0.2 and 1.0 % Bentone 27 (dry) based on total system weight.
In synthetic resins (epoxy, polyester), quantities to be added are between 0.5 and 1.0 %.



KEY PROPERTIES - BENTONE 27:
*rheological additive
*increases viscosity
*provides thixotropy
*prevents pigment settling during storage
*improves flow and levelling
*controls sagging on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates
*prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems



BENTONE 27 PROPERTIES:
Bentone 27 rheological additive is first dispersed thoroughly in an organic liquid using high-shear.
An activator is then added and high shear mixing continued.
A method for developing optimum performance would be:
1. Charge the vessel with a portion of the organic liquid and begin agitation
2. Add Bentone 27 additive under agitation and mix for 5 minutes.
3. Add the required amount of polar additive and mix for 5 minutes.
4. Pass the mixture through high-shear equipment (continue high-shear mixing to optimise dispersion)
5. Combine gel with rest of the formulation ingredients



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
· Highly efficient development of rheological properties
· Designed for use with esters and polar-based fluids
· Excellent anti settling features of weighting agents and water-soluble polymers used in slurries
· Is not harmful to the environment



PROCESS OF BENTONE 27:
Grease is generally manufactured at room temperature and requires no heat for the gelation of the oil.
The normal process briefly is:
1. mix the Bentone 27 into a portion or all of the base fluid
2. add a suitable polar activator* such as propylene carbonate, methanol or acetone
3. mix until a significant increase in viscosity occurs
4. add the remaining base fluid (if less than the total amount was used initially) and any other desired additives
5. mill
*Polar Activators



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENTONE 27:
Composition: organically modified hectorite clay
Color: creamy white
Form: finely divided powder
Density: 1.80 g/cm³
Moisture: 3% Maximum
Chemical Description: TRIALKYLARYLAMMONIUM HECTORITE
Classification: Polymer Additives= FLOW CONTROL AGENT
Density: 15.0 LB/GAL
(Specific Gravity)= 1.8
Composition: organically modified hectorite
Colour: creamy white
Form: finely divided powder
Density: 1.8 g/cm3
Moisture: 3.0% max



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENTONE 27:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Face shield and safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENTONE 27:
-Advice on safe handling:
Wash thoroughly after handling.
-Conditions for safe storage:
Keep tightly closed.
Keep in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.
Use only explosion-proof equipment.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENTONE 27:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


BENTONE EW
BENTONE EW


CAS Number: 3794-83-0, 89382-86-5
EC Number: 618-268-8
Product Type: Rheology Modifiers / Viscosity Modifiers / Thickeners > Organoclays
Chemical Composition: Highly beneficiated smectite clay


Bentone EW is a rheological additive for waterborne system.
Bentone EW is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible smectite clay.
Bentone EW provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control and promotes fast water release.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropy and enhances texturing and stippling effects.


Bentone EW prevents hard settlement of pigments/ fillers and reduces syneresis.
Bentone EW offers excellent sag stability & slump control, outstanding workability and high amount of elasticity.
Bentone EW minimizes floating and flooding of pigments.
Bentone EW is designed for adhesive applications.


Bentone EW has a shelf life of 4 years from the date of manufacture.
Bentone EW additive is stable within the range pH 6-11.
Levels of use typical addition levels are 0.1-1.0 % Bentone EW additive by weight of total formulation, depending upon the degree of suspension, the rheological properties or viscosity required.


Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW additive is easy to process.
No increased temperature is required.
Add Bentone EW to a vessel containing only water, pH 7.0 - 8.0.


If necessary, adjust pH level.
pH can be adjusted with appropriate alkali but triethanolamine can cause degelling.
High or low pH during dispersion can lead to inhomogeneous gel formations and reduced efficiency.
Mix at highest practicable speed for 10 minutes.


After sufficient hydration time, introduce glycols, defoamers, biocides, dispersants etc. (mix)
Add pigments, fillers, and active ingredients and disperse.
Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW is suitable for the formulation of acrylic sealants.


Recommended dosage level of Bentone EW is 0.1-1.0%.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropic viscosity and good suspension control to the water phase of cosmetics.
Bentone EW is in compliance with ECOCERT;
The ecological and organic cosmetics standards.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENTONE EW:
Bentone EW rheological additive is easily processed as a powder or pre-gel increases the viscosity of the aqueous phase and stabilises viscosity on ageing, at varying temperatures and under different shear conditions non-abrasive is stable over the pH range 6-11 imparts thermostable thixotropy/pseudo plasticity provides excellent suspension control reduces phase separation and syneresis is non-abrasive and imparts smooth silky feel to cosmetics and personal care products.


Bentone EW rheological additive is a refined and beneficiated hectorite clay based thickener for waterborne paint and aqueous coating systems.
Bentone EW has outstanding sag and suspension control and can be incorporated in the pre-gel.
Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropic viscosity and good suspension control to the water phase.


Bentone EW is a superplastic additive used to modify rheolgy in many consumer products.
Bentone EW is made by refining Hectorite.
Bentone EW is very difficult to mix pure Bentone with water, it is just so sticky and the water content is so high, it takes a week to dry a sample and it cracks into pieces during drying.


Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control and imparts thixotropy.
Bentone EW is easy to sue and can be incorporated as a powder or as an aqueous 3-4% pregel.
Key Applications of Bentone EW: adhesives • ceramic compounds • ceramic glazes • corrosion-inhibitive primers • cosmetics • latex paints • oil-in-water emulsions • paper coatings • polishes and cleaners


-Key applications of Bentone EW:
*Hair care
*Coatings
*Welding
*Ceramics
*Corrosion inhibitor and anti-scaling agent
*Adhesives and Sealants
*Polishing and cleaning
*Skin care products
*Cosmetic products
*Foundry
*Paint and Coatings


-Applications/ Recommended for:
*Adhesives > Water-based
*Sealants
*Polymers > Acrylics & Acrylic Copolymers


-Application performance of Bentone EW:
• enhances texturing and stippling effects
• improves workability/application of plasters
• no throwing power loss in electrostatic systems
• promotes fast water releaseimparts thixotropy


-Applications of Bentone EW:
*Oil-in-water emulsions
*Water-in-oil emulsions
*Creams
*Lotions
*Anti-perspirants
*Deodorants
*Colour cosmetics
*Face packs
*Facial make-up
*Sun-care products
*Hair-care products


-Applications of Bentone EW:
*Adhesives
*Ceramic compounds
*Ceramic glazes
*Corrosion-inhibitive primers
*Cosmetics
*Crop protection agents
*Electrodeposition coatings
*Latex paints
*Foundry paints/foundry resins (washes)
*Oil-in-water emulsions
*Other water-borne paint systems
*Paper coatings
*Polishes and cleaners
*Welding electrodes



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE EW:
BENTONE EW rheological additive rheological properties:
• provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control
• imparts thixotropy



STABILITY OF BENTONE EW:
• electrolyte emulsions
• stabilises emulsions
• provides good stability in electrostatic coating baths
• prevents hard settlement of pigments/fillers
• reduces syneresis
• minimises floating/flooding of pigments easy to use
• can be incorporated as powder or as an aqueous 3 - 4 wt % (EW solids) pregel.



PROPERTIES OF BENTONE EW:
*Is easily processed as a powder or pre-gel
*Is stable over the pH range 6-11
*Is a thickener, provides excellent suspension control
*Is a thickener, reduces phase separation and syneresis



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENTONE EW:
Physical Form: Powder, Soft
Appearance: Milky-white
Composition: highly beneficiated smectite clay
Color / Form: milky-white, soft powder
density approx.: 0.4 g/cm3
Particle Siz: min 94% thru 200 mesh
Form: liquid
Colour: colourless
Odour: odourless
Odour Threshold: Not applicable
pH ca.: 13 at 20 °C
Melting point: No information available.
Boiling point: No information available.
Flash point: Not applicable

Evaporation rate: No information available.
Flammability (solid, gas): No information available.
Lower explosion limit: Not applicable
Upper explosion limit: Not applicable
Vapour pressure: No information available.
Relative vapour density: No information available.
Density ca.: 1,20 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No information available.
Water solubility at 20 °C: soluble
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water: No information available.
Auto-ignition temperature: No information available.
Decomposition temperature: No information available.
Viscosity, dynamic: No information available.
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Description of first aid measures:
*After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No information available.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENTONE EW:
-Exposure controls:
--Individual protection measures:
*Eye/face protection
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Hand protection
full contact:
Glove material: Nitrile rubber
Glove thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
splash contact:
Glove material: Nitrile rubber
Glove thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
-Environmental exposure controls
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENTONE EW:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Observe label precautions.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Requirements for storage areas and containers.
No metal containers.
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENTONE EW:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Phosphonic acid, (1-hydroxyethylidine) bis-
Tetrasodium salt
Hectorite
Hectorite Clay
Smectite Clay
BENTONITE
A type of clay that is used as an adsorbent in making paper.
The gelatinous suspension Bentonite forms with water is used to bind together the sand for making iron castings.
Chemically bentonite is an aluminosilicate of variable composition.

CAS: 1302-78-9
MF: Al2O3.4(SiO2).H2O
MW: 360.31
EINECS: 215-108-5

Bentonite is a very soft plastic clay consisting predominantly of montmorillonite, a fine particle-sized hydrous aluminum silicate and member of the smectite group.
Most bentonites are formed by the alteration of volcanic ash and rocks after intense contact with water.
Bentonite presents strong colloidal properties and increases its volume several times when coming into contact with water, creating a gelatinous and viscous substance.
Bentonite's specific properties include swelling, water absorption, viscosity, and thixotropy.
These properties are in demand in a huge range of industries served by Imerys, earning Bentonite the nickname ‘the mineral with a thousand uses’.

Bentonite is comprised primarily of the smectite group (montmorillonite) of clay minerals.
Bentonite is widely used in various industrial applications such as clarification of edible and mineral oils, paints, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Bentonite is also used as an adsorbent for the elimination of pollutants from wastewater.
The swelling property of bentonite is used to produce viscous water suspensions for bonding, plasticizing, and suspending applications.
The presence of a large surface area of bentonite is due to the colloidal dispersion of the particles is the main reason for its application as an insecticide carrier, an emulsifier, and an emulsion stabilizer.

Bentonite is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite.
Na-montmorillonite has a considerably greater swelling capacity than Ca-montmorillonite.

Bentonite usually forms from the weathering of volcanic ash in seawater, or by hydrothermal circulation through the porosity of volcanic ash beds, which converts (devitrification) the volcanic glass (obsidian, rhyolite, dacite) present in the ash into clay minerals.
In the mineral alteration process, a large fraction (up to 40-50 wt.%) of amorphous silica is dissolved and leached away, leaving the bentonite deposit in place.
Bentonite beds are white or pale blue or green (traces of reduced Fe2+) in fresh exposures, turning to a cream color and then yellow, red, or brown (traces of oxidized Fe3+) as the exposure is weathered further.

As a swelling clay, bentonite has the ability to absorb large quantities of water, which increases its volume by up to a factor of eight.
This makes bentonite beds unsuitable for building and road construction.
However, the swelling property is used to advantage in drilling mud and groundwater sealants.
The montmorillonite / smectite making up bentonite is an aluminium phyllosilicate mineral, which takes the form of microscopic platy grains.
These give the clay a very large total surface area, making bentonite a valuable adsorbent. The plates also adhere to each other when wet.
This gives the clay a cohesiveness that makes Bentonite useful as a binder and as an additive to improve the plasticity of kaolinite clay used for pottery.

One of the first findings of bentonite was in the Cretaceous Benton Shale near Rock River, Wyoming.
The Fort Benton Group, along with others in stratigraphic succession, was named after Fort Benton, Montana, in the mid-19th century by Fielding Bradford Meek and F. V. Hayden of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Bentonite has since been found in many other locations, including China and Greece (bentonite deposit of the Milos volcanic island in the Aegean Sea).
The total worldwide production of bentonite in 2018 was 20,400,000 metric tons.

Bentonite is a type of natural clay that is most famously used as an oil-absorbing agent in facial masks and other cosmetics.
While its absorbent properties are helpful for those with oily skin, Bentonite can be drying for other skin types (especially when used in very high amounts).
To overcome this, some formulators pair bentonite with hydrating/soothing ingredients.
These work to limit the absorbency of bentonite while still allowing skin to benefit without becoming dried out.

Bentonite Chemical Properties
Density: 2~3g/cm3
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in aqueous solutions. It swells with a little water forming a malleable mass.
Form: powder
Color: Light yellow or green, cream,pink, gray to black solid
Odor: odorless, sl. earthy taste
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water and forms a colloidal solution.
Merck: 14,1055
Dielectric constant: 8.1(Ambient)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
CAS DataBase Reference: 1302-78-9
EPA Substance Registry System: Bentonite (1302-78-9)

Bentonite is a crystalline, claylike mineral, and is available as an odorless, pale buff, or cream to grayish-colored fine powder, which is free from grit.
Bentonite consists of particles about 50–150 mm in size along with numerous particles about 1–2μm.
Microscopic examination of samples stained with alcoholic methylene blue solution reveals strongly stained blue particles.
Bentonite may have a slight earthy taste.
Bentonite is a light yellow, creamy, pale brown or gray to black powder or granules.

Uses
As of Fuller's earth; as emulsifier for oils; as a base for plasters.
Pharmaceutic aid (suspending agent).
Bentonite is used to regulate the viscosity and suspension properties of a cosmetic formulation.
Bentonite also acts as an overall formula stabilizer.
Bentonite’s water-absorption capabilities allow it to form a gelatinous mass.
Considered a noncomedogenic raw material, bentonite is a colloidal aluminum silicate clay.
Bentonite is a general purpose additive that is used as a pigment and colorant and to clarify and stabilize wine.

The main uses of bentonite are in drilling mud and as a binder, purifier, absorbent, and carrier for fertilizers or pesticides.
As of around 1990, almost half of the US production of bentonite was used as drilling mud.
Minor uses include filler, sealant, and catalyst in petroleum refining.
Calcium bentonite is sometimes marketed as fuller's earth, whose uses overlap with those of other forms of bentonite.

Agricultural Uses
Clays exist in many forms, of which montmorillonite is one form.
Kaolinite and montmorillonite, which are clay minerals, have different layer structures with differing abilities to absorb and retain water, and to adsorb and exchange cations.
Montmorillonites have an expanding structure (2: 1) and have high cation exchange capacity (80 to 120 mg per 100 g).
They have abundant black clay soils.
Other minerals in this group are biedellite and nontronite.

Bentonite, also known as montmorillonite, volcanic clay, soap clay and amargosite, is a soft, plastic, lightcolored, porous rock consisting largely of colloidal silica.
Composed essentially of clay minerals, Bentonite swells extensively when wet.
Bentonite belongs chiefly to the montmorillonite group and has two varieties: (a) sodium bentonite, with a high swelling capacity in water, and (b) calcium bentonite, with negligible swelling capacity.
Bentonite is used variously as a suspending aid, a gelatinous slurry to extinguish fire, a paint thickener, and as a sealant for earthen pots.
Bentonite is also widely used in metallurgy, soap manufacture, and in petroleum refining because of its high decolorizing power and strong adsorbing capacity.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Bentonite is a naturally occurring hydrated aluminum silicate used primarily in the formulation of suspensions, gels, and sols, for topical pharmaceutical applications.
Bentonite is also used to suspend powders in aqueous preparations and to prepare cream bases containing oil-in-water emulsifying agents.
Bentonite may also be used in oral pharmaceutical preparations, cosmetics, and food products.
In oral preparations, bentonite, and other similar silicate clays, can be used to adsorb cationic drugs and so retard their release.
Adsorbents are also used to mask the taste of certain drugs.
Bentonite has been investigated as a diagnostic agent for magnetic resonance imaging.
Therapeutically, bentonite has been investigated as an adsorbent for lithium poisoning.

Production Methods
Bentonite is a native, colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate, found in regions of Canada and the USA.
The mined ore is processed to remove grit and nonswelling materials so that Bentonite is suitable for pharmaceutical applications.

Synonyms
MONTMORILLONITE
BENTONITE MAGMA
BENTONITE
BENTONITE (SODIUM FORM)
FULLERS EARTH
KWK KRYSTAL KLEAR
albagelpremiumusp4444
pengruntu
BENTONITE
Bitter almond oil; Benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzaldehyde; Benzoic aldehyde; Artificial Almond Oil; Benzenecarbonal; Phenylmethanal; Almond artificial essential oil; Phenylmethanal benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzadehyde; Benzene carbaldehyde; Phenylmethanal CAS NO: 100-52-7
BENZALDEHYDE
Benzaldehyde Jump to navigationJump to search Benzaldehyde Skeletal (structural) formula Ball-and-stick model Names Preferred IUPAC name Benzaldehyde[1] Systematic IUPAC name Benzenecarbaldehyde Other names Benzenecarboxaldehyde Phenylmethanal Benzoic aldehyde Identifiers CAS Number 100-52-7 check 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:17169 check ChEMBL ChEMBL15972 check ChemSpider 235 check ECHA InfoCard 100.002.601 Edit this at Wikidata EC Number 202-860-4 KEGG D02314 check PubChem CID 240 RTECS number CU437500 UNII TA269SD04T check UN number 1990 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID8039241 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C7H6O Molar mass 106.124 g·mol−1 Appearance colorless liquid strongly refractive Odor almond-like Density 1.044 g/mL, liquid Melting point −57.12[2] °C (−70.82 °F; 216.03 K) Boiling point 178.1 °C (352.6 °F; 451.2 K) Solubility in water 6.95 g/L (25 °C)[3] log P 1.64[4] Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -60.78·10−6 cm3/mol Refractive index (nD) 1.5456 Viscosity 1.321 cP (25 °C) Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −36.8 kJ/mol Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) −3525.1 kJ/mol Hazards Safety data sheet J. T. Baker GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful GHS Signal word Warning GHS hazard statements H302 GHS precautionary statements P264, P270, P301+312, P330, P501 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 220 Flash point 64 °C (147 °F; 337 K) Autoignition temperature 192 °C (378 °F; 465 K) Explosive limits 1.4–8.5% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 1300 mg/kg (rat, oral) Related compounds Related compounds Benzyl alcohol Benzoic acid Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). check verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde and one of the most industrially useful. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor. The primary component of bitter almond oil, benzaldehyde can be extracted from a number of other natural sources.[5] Synthetic benzaldehyde is the flavoring agent in imitation almond extract, which is used to flavor cakes and other baked goods.[6] Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Occurrence 4 Reactions 5 Uses 5.1 Niche uses 6 Safety 7 References 8 External links History Benzaldehyde was first extracted in 1803 by the French pharmacist Martrès. His experiments focused on elucidating the nature of amygdalin, the poisonous material found in bitter almonds, the fruit of Prunus dulcis.[7] Further work on the oil by Pierre Robiquet and Antoine Boutron-Charlard, two French chemists, produced benzaldehyde.[8] In 1832, Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig first synthesized benzaldehyde.[9] Production As of 1999, 7000 tonnes of synthetic and 100 tonnes of natural benzaldehyde were produced annually.[10] Liquid phase chlorination and oxidation of toluene are the main routes. Numerous other methods have been developed, such as the partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, alkali hydrolysis of benzal chloride, and the carbonylation of benzene.[11] A significant quantity of natural benzaldehyde is produced from cinnamaldehyde obtained from cassia oil by the retro-aldol reaction:[10] the cinnamaldehyde is heated in an aqueous/alcoholic solution between 90 °C and 150 °C with a base (most commonly sodium carbonate or bicarbonate) for 5 to 80 hours,[12] followed by distillation of the formed benzaldehyde. This reaction also yields acetaldehyde. The natural status of benzaldehyde obtained in this way is controversial.[10] "Site-specific nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", which evaluates 1H/2H isotope ratios, has been used to differentiate between naturally occurring and synthetic benzaldehyde.[13] Occurrence Benzaldehyde and similar chemicals occur naturally in many foods. Most of the benzaldehyde that people eat is from natural plant foods, such as almonds.[14] Almonds, apricots, apples, and cherry kernels contain significant amounts of amygdalin. This glycoside breaks up under enzyme catalysis into benzaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and two equivalents of glucose. Amygdalin Amygdalin structure.svg 2 H 2O HCN Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right benzaldehyde Benzaldehyde.png 2 × glucose 2 × Alpha-D-glucose-2D-skeletal-hexagon.png Benzaldehyde contributes to the scent of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus).[15] Reactions Benzaldehyde can be oxidized to benzoic acid; in fact "[B]enzaldehyde readily undergoes autoxidation to form benzoic acid on exposure to air at room temperature"[16] causing a common impurity in laboratory samples. Since the boiling point of benzoic acid is much higher than that of benzaldehyde, it may be purified by distillation. Benzyl alcohol can be formed from benzaldehyde by means of hydrogenation. Reaction of benzaldehyde with anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride yields cinnamic acid, while alcoholic potassium cyanide can be used to catalyze the condensation of benzaldehyde to benzoin. Benzaldehyde undergoes disproportionation upon treatment with concentrated alkali (Cannizzaro reaction): one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to the benzyl alcohol and another molecule is simultaneously oxidized to benzoic acid. Cannizzaro reaction With diols, including many sugars, benzaldehyde condenses to form benzylidene acetals. Uses Benzaldehyde is commonly employed to confer almond flavor to foods and scented products. It is sometimes used in cosmetics products.[17] In industrial settings, benzaldehyde is used chiefly as a precursor to other organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives. The aniline dye malachite green is prepared from benzaldehyde and dimethylaniline. Benzaldehyde is also a precursor to certain acridine dyes. Via aldol condensations, benzaldehyde is converted into derivatives of cinnamaldehyde and styrene. The synthesis of mandelic acid starts with the addition of hydrocyanic acid to benzaldehyde: mandelic acid synthesis The resulting cyanohydrin is hydrolysed to mandelic acid. (The scheme above depicts only one of the two formed enantiomers). Niche uses Benzaldehyde is used as a bee repellent.[18] A small amount of benzaldehyde solution is placed on a fume board near the honeycombs. The bees then move away from the honey combs to avoid the fumes.[19] The beekeeper can then remove the honey frames from the bee hive with less risk to both bees and beekeeper. Additionally, benzaldehyde is also used as a flavour chemical in JUUL e-cigarette pods, particularly the "Cool Mint", "Cool Cucumber", and "Fruit Medley" varieties. The concentration is relatively low, at ~1 μg/mL.[20] Safety As used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soap, benzaldehyde is "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) by the US FDA[21] and FEMA.[14] This status was reaffirmed after a review in 2005.[14] It is accepted in the European Union as a flavoring agent.[17] Toxicology studies indicate that it is safe and non-carcinogenic in the concentrations used for foods and cosmetics,[17] and may even have anti-carcinogenic (anti-cancer) properties.[17] For a 70 kg human, the lethal dose is estimated at 50 mL.[11] An acceptable daily intake of 15 mg/day has been identified for benzaldehyde by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.[22] Benzaldehyde does not accumulate in human tissues.[17] It is metabolized and then excreted in urine.[17] Benzaldehyde Chemical Properties,Uses,Production description Benzaldehyde is an organic compound, and is synthetized by the way that the hydrogen of benzene is substituted by aldehyde. It is the most simple, and also the most commonly used industrial aromatic aldehyde. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature and has a special almond odor. Benzaldehyde is a compound that aldehyde is directly linked to the phenyl group, because it has a similar bitter almond flavor. Benzaldehyde widely exists in plant, especially in the Rosaceae plants. It is mainly in the form of glycosides in plant stem bark, leaves or seeds, such as amygdalin, bitter almond, cherry, laurel, peach. Benzaldehyde is naturally in bitter almond oil, patchouli oil, hyacinth oil, cananga oil. The compound is also in the nutlets and nuts, and exists in the form of Amygdalin, which is combination of glycosides. The chemical properties of Benzaldehyde is similar to that of aliphatic aldehydes, but It is also different. Benzaldehyde cannot reduce fehling reagent. When the reducing fat is used to reduce the benzaldehyde, the main products are benzene methanol, four substituted for the ortho-glycol and two-phenyl ethylene glycol. In the presence of potassium cyanide, two molecules of benzaldehyde form benzoin by acceptance the hydrogen atom. The substitution reaction in aromatic nucleus of benzaldehyde is mainly the meta-position product. For example, the main product is the m-nitrobenzaldehyde , when benzaldehyde is nitrated. benzaldehyde structure benzaldehyde structure Chemical Properties Benzaldehyde is the main, characteristic component of bitter almond oil. It occurs in many other essential oils and is a colorless liquid with a bitter almond odor. In the absence of inhibitors, benzaldehyde undergoes autoxidation to perbenzoic acid, which reacts with a second molecule of benzaldehyde to yield benzoic acid. Hydrogenation of benzaldehyde yields benzyl alcohol, and condensation with aliphatic aldehydes leads to additional fragrance substances or their unsaturated intermediates.Unsaturated araliphatic acids are obtained through the Perkin reaction, for example, the reaction with acetic anhydride to give cinnamic acid. Benzaldehyde is used in aroma compositions for its bitter almond odor. It is the starting material for a large number of araliphatic fragrance and flavor materials. Uses 1. Benzaldehyde is an important raw material for medicine, dyestuff, perfume and resin industry. It also can be used as solvent, plasticizer and low temperature lubricant. In essence, it is mainly used for the deployment of food flavor. A small amount of benzaldehyde is daily use in flavor and flavor of tobacco. In spite of being widely used as commercial food condiment and industrial solvents, the main use of benzyl alcohol is still used to synthesize a variety of other compounds from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives. Benzyl alcohol is an important intermediate product in the production of perfumes, spices, and some aniline dyes. Mandelic acid was synthesized by benzaldehyde as the starting reagent: With the first hydrocyanic acid reacts with benzaldehyde, then mandelonitrile hydrolyzed to Racemic mandelic acid. Glacialist LaChepelle and Stillman reported Ice crystallization is inhibited by benzaldehyde and aldehydes ice in 1966, so as to prevent the thick frost formation (Depth Hoar). This process can prevent snowslide caused by the instability of the snow cover. However, this compound has not been used extensively, because of the destruction of vegetation and polluted water sources. 2.It is mainly used for the preparation of flavors, such as almond, cherry, peach, nuts, etc., the amount is up to 40%. As aromatizing agent canned cherry syrup, adding amount is sugar 3mL/kg. 3. Pharmaceutical, dyestuff, spice intermediates. For the production of oxygen based benzene formaldehyde, lauric acid, lauric aldehyde, malachite, benzyl benzoate, benzyl aniline and benzylidene acetone etc.. Used to tune the soap flavor, edible essence, etc. 4. As the head of the special aroma, it is used trace formula for fragrance, such as lilac, white, violet, jasmine, acacia, sunflower, sweet plum, orange flower, Tofu pudding etc.. Also it is used in soap. Also it can be used as edible spices for almond, coconut cream, berries, cherries, apricots, peaches, plums, walnuts, and vanilla bean, spicy flavor. Wine with flavors such as rum, brandy, etc. 5. Benzaldehyde is an intermediate of herbicide resistance, plant growth regulator, and anti-amine. 6. Used as a reagent for the determination of ozone, phenol, alkaloid and methylene. Used in the preparation of spices. Production Benzaldehyde can be prepared by a variety of ways. Obtained from natural essential oils by fractionation. Ozone oxidation and thiourea reduction reaction of natural cinnamon oil (containing cinnamaldehyde constituent 80% or more) Catalytic oxidation of Toluene Hydrolyze dichloromethane under alkaline conditions. reactions Benzaldehyde can be slowly oxidized to benzoic acid in air, so a small amount of hydroquinone is often added to prevent its oxidation. There is no α-H atom in the benzaldehyde molecule. Disproportionation reaction(Cannizarro reaction) may occur under the action of concentrated alkali: Heating benzaldehyde in the presence of catalyst of cyanide ion, it will occur bimolecular condensation: Chemical Properties Benzaldehyde is a colorless to yellow, oily liquid with an odor of bitter almonds. Benzaldehyde is commercially available in two grades: (i) pure benzaldehyde and (ii) and double-distilled benzaldehyde. The latter has applications in the pharmaceutical, perfume, and fl avor industries. Benzaldehyde may contain trace amounts of chlorine, water, benzoic acid, benzyl chloride, benzyl alcohol, and/or nitrobenzene. Benzaldehyde is ignited relatively easily on contact with hot surfaces. This has been attributed to the property of very low auto-ignition temperature. Benzaldehyde also undergoes autoxidation in air and is liable to self-heat. Benzaldehyde exists in nature, occurring in combined and uncombined forms in many plants. Benzaldehyde is also the main constituent of the essential oils obtained by pressing the kernels of peaches, cherries, apricots, and other fruits. Benzaldehyde is released into the environment in emissions from combustion processes, such as gasoline and diesel engines, incinerators, and wood burning. It is formed in the atmosphere through photochemical oxidation of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzaldehyde is corrosive to gray and ductile cast iron (10% solution), and all concentrations of lead. However, pure benzaldehyde is not corrosive to cast iron. Benzaldehyde does not attack most of the common metals, like stainless steels, aluminum, aluminum bronze, nickel and nickel-base alloys, bronze, naval brass, tantalum, titanium, and zirconium. On decomposition, benzaldehyde releases peroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acidBenzaldehyde is used in perfumes, soaps, foods, drinks, and other products; as a solvent for oils, resins, some cellulose ethers, cellulose acetate, and cellulose nitrate. The uses of benzaldehyde in industries are extensive. For instance, in the production of derivatives that are employed in the perfume and fl avor industries, like cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, benzylacetone, and benzyl benzoate, in the production of triphenylmethane dyes and the acridine dye, benzofl avin; as an intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry, for instance, to make chloramphenicol, ephedrin, and ampicillin, as an intermediate to make benzoin, benzylamine, benzyl alcohol, mandelic acid, and 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one (benzylideneacetone), in photochemistry, as a corrosion inhibitor and dyeing auxiliary, in the electroplating industry, and in the production of agricultural chemicals Occurrence Present as cyanuric glucoside (amygdalin) in bitter almond, peach, apricot kernel and other Prunus species; amygdalin is also present in various parts of the following plants: Sambucus nigra, Chrysophyllum arlen, Anacyclus officinarnm, Anacyclus pedunculatus, Davallia brasiliensis, Lacuma deliciosa, Lacuma multiflora and others; free benzaldehyde has been reported found in several essential oils: hyacinth, citronella, orris, cinnamon, sassafras, labdanum and patchouli. Reported found in strawberry jam, leek (raw) (Allium porrum L.), crispbread, Camembert, Gruyere de Comte, provolone cheeses, black tea, salted and pickled plum, cooked trassi, Bantu beer, red sage (Texas sage) (S. coccinea Juss. Ex Murr.), arrack, scallop, hog plum (Spondias mombins L.), chekur (Alpinia sessilis Kon. = Kaemferia galanga) and other natural sources. Uses Benzaldehyde is used as an intermediatein the production of flavoring chemicals,such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamalalcohol,and amyl- and hexylcinnamaldehyde for perfume,soap, and food flavor; synthetic penicillin,ampicillin, and ephedrine; and as araw material for the herbicide Avenge. Itoccurs in nature in the seeds of almonds,apricots, cherries, and peaches. It occurs intrace amounts in corn oil. Uses Manufacture of dyes, perfumery, cinnamic and mandelic acids, as solvent; in flavors. Uses Benzaldehyde is a flavoring agent which is liquid and colorless, and has an almond-like odor. it has a hot (burning) taste. it is oxidized to benzoic acid when exposed to air and deteriorates under light. it is miscible in volatile oils, fixed oils, ether, and alcohol; it is spar- ingly soluble in water. it is obtained by chemical synthesis and by natural occurrence in oils of bitter almond, peach, and apricot kernel. it is also termed benzoic aldehyde. Definition A yellow organic oil with a distinct almondlike odor. Benzenecarbaldehyde undergoes the reactions characteristic of aldehydes and may be synthesized in the laboratory by the usual methods of aldehyde synthesis. It is used as a food flavoring and in the manufacture of dyes and antibiotics, and can be readily manufactured by the chlorination of methylbenzene and the subsequent hydrolysis of (dichloromethyl) benzene: C6H5CH3 + Cl2 →C6H5CHCl2 C6H5CHCl2 + 2H2O →C6H5CH(OH)2+ 2HCl C6H5CH(OH)2 →C6H5CHO + H2O. Preparation Benzaldehyde is prepared by hydrolysis of benzal chloride, for example, in acidic media in the presence of a catalyst such as ferric chloride or in alkaline media with aqueous sodium carbonate. Part of the commercially available benzaldehyde originates from a technical process for phenol. In this process, benzaldehyde is a by-product in the oxidation, in air, of toluene to benzoic acid. Reactions Benzaldehyde reacts with many chemicals in a marked manner: (1) with ammonio-silver nitrate (“Tollen’s solution”) to form metallic silver, either as a black precipitate or as an adherent mirror film on glass (but does not reduce alkaline cupric solution, “Fehling’s solution”); (2) with rosaniline (fuchsine, magenta) that has been decolorized by sulfurous acid (“Schiff’s solution”), restoring the pink color of rosaniline; (3) with NaOH solution, yielding benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate; (4) with NH4OH, yielding tribenzaldeamine (hydrobenzamide, (C6H5CH)3N2), white solid, mp 101 °C, (5) with aniline, yielding benzylideneaniline (“Schiff’s base” C6H5CH:NC6H5); (6) with sodium cyanide in alcohol, yielding benzoin C6H5·CHOHCOC6H5, white solid, mp 133 °C; (7) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, yielding benzaldoximes C6H5CH:NOH, white solids, antioxime, mp 35 °C, syn-oxime, mp 130 °C; (8) with phenylhydrazine, yields benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone C6H5CH:NNHC6H5, pink solid, mp 156 °C; (9) with concentrated HNO3, yields metanitrobenzaldehyde NO2·C6H4CHO, white solid, mp 58 °C; (10) with concentrated H2SO4 yields metabenzaldehyde sulfonic acid C6H4CHO (SO3H)2, (11) with anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride at 180 °C, yielding sodium benzoate C6H5CHOONa (12) with sodium hydrogen sulfite, forming benzaldehyde sodium bisulfite C6H5CHOHSO3Na, a white solid, from which benzaldehyde is readily recoverable by treatment with sodium carbonate solution; (13) with acetaldehyde made slightly alkaline with NaOH, yielding cinnamic aldehyde C6H5CH:CHCHO, (14) with phosphorus pentachloride, yielding benzylidine chloride C6H5CHCl2. Aroma threshold values Detection: 100 ppb to 4.6 ppm; Recognition: 330 ppb to 4.1 ppm. Taste threshold values Taste characteristics at 50 ppm: sweet, oily, almond, cherry, nutty and woody Synthesis Reference(s) Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 12, p. 403, 1964 The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 58, p. 4732, 1993 DOI: 10.1021/jo00069a043 Synthetic Communications, 16, p. 43, 1986 DOI: 10.1080/00397918608057686 General Description A clear colorless to yellow liquid with a bitter almond odor. Flash point near 145°F. More denser than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Vapors are heavier than air. The primary hazard is to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil to contaminate groundwater and nearby waterways. Used in flavoring and perfume making. Air & Water Reactions Oxidizes in air to form benzoic acid, which is moderately toxic by ingestion. Insoluble in water. Reactivity Profile A nontoxic, combustible liquid, reacts with oxidizing reagents. Benzaldehyde must be blanketed with an inert gas at all times since Benzaldehyde is oxidized readily by air to benzoic acid [Kirk-Othmer, 3rd ed., Vol. 3, 1978, p. 736]. In contact with strong acids or bases Benzaldehyde will undergo an exothermic condensation reaction [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 327]. A violent reaction was observed on contact with peroxyacids (peroxyformic acid) [DiAns, J. et al., Ber., 1915, 48, p. 1136]. An explosion occurred when pyrrolidine, Benzaldehyde, and propionic acid were heated to form porphyrins. Hazard Highly toxic. Health Hazard Benzaldehyde exhibited low to moderate toxicityin test animals, the poisoning effectdepending on dosage. Ingestion of 50–60 mLmay be fatal to humans. Oral intake of a largedose can cause tremor, gastrointestinal pain,and kidney damage. Animal experimentsindicated that ingestion of this compoundby guinea pigs caused tremor, bleeding fromsmall intestine, and an increase in urine volume;in rats, ingestion resulted in somnolenceand coma. LD50 value, oral (guinea pigs): 1000 mg/kg LD50 value, oral (rats): 1300 mg/kg A 500-mg amount for a 24-hour periodresulted in moderate skin irritation in rabbits.Because of its low toxicity, high boilingpoint, and low vapor pressure, the healthhazard to humans from exposure to benzaldehydeis very low. Fire Hazard HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Chemical Reactivity Reactivity with Water: No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent. Pharmacology Benzaldehyde significantly inhibited peptic activity in artificial gastric juice in vitro (20-45% inhibition) and in vivo to the extent of 87% in normal healthy persons and ulcer patients (Kleeberg, 1959). As a freshly prepared 1:500 solution, it exerted a marked antispasmodic effect, relaxing the tonus and inhibiting contractions of various isolated smooth muscles of dog, cat, rat, rabbit, mouse, guinea-pig, pig and frog and of a few human tissues. Injected into rabbits and other animals it produced a marked relaxation of the intestines and urinary bladder and marked vasodilation of the splanchnic vessel. Injection of 4 ml of a 5% solution iv into a cat caused a fall in blood pressure and slowing of respiration. In dogs, 1 ml injected iv or sc or 2 ml/kg given orally produced only a slight slowing of respiration. Injection of larger doses iv produced only a drop in blood pressure, slight slowing of respiration and inhibition of intestinal contractions, with vasodilation of the splanchnic vessel. In rabbits, iv injection of 20 ml of a 0-2% solution did not produce dangerous results. Large injected doses of benzaldehyde exert their mosjt important toxic effects on the medulla, with slowing or paralysis of respiration. In the intact animal, the heart is very little affected; but benzaldehyde acts as a muscular depressant on isolated frog heart (Macht, 1922). Treatment of isolated rat striated muscle for 1-5 min with 30 mM-benzaldehyde increased the rate of propagation of contractures and the rate of structural breakdown of injured striated muscle fibres. After more prolonged application (for 30 min), the rapid propagation of contracture continued but the structural breakdown was inhibited (Busing, 1972). Benzaldehyde possessed definite local anaesthetic properties in the sciatic nerves of cats, dogs and frogs, in the eyes of rabbits and dogs (accompanied by irritation) and in the skin of frogs, but was considered unsuitable for practical use because of its rapid oxidation to benzoic acid (Macht, 1922). In a study of the toxic effects of cherry laurel water on mice and on isolated rat intestine, benzaldehyde was found to aid in the detoxication of HCN by the formation of C6H5?CH(OH)?CN (Lanza & Conte, 1964). Benzaldehyde did not act as a cross-linking (tanning) agent for corium and aorta, since in a 015 M solution it did not increase the observed in vitro hydrothermal shrinkage temperatures of goat skin and human, bovine and canine aortae (Milch, 1965). The intestinal absorption-rate coefficients of benzaldehyde and related compounds were determined by perfusion of aqueous solutions through the small intestines of anaesthetized rats (Nogami, Hanano & Yamada, 1968). No changes in gastric motor patterns, including gastric motility, were observed in rats after inhalation of "toxic levels" (not specified) of benzaldehyde from a liquid sample placed in a test chamber using recirculated air, or from a saturated paper applied to the trachea (Roth & Tansy, 1972). Benzaldehyde in a concentration of 0-1 mmol/litre caused a 16% depression of the frequency of electric-organ discharge in the mormyrid electric fish Gnathonemus moori (Walsh & Schopp, 1966). Safety Profile Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. An allergen. Acts as a feeble local anesthetic. Local contact may cause contact dermatitis. Causes central nervous system depression in small doses and convulsions in larger doses. A skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Mutation data reported. Combustible liquid. To fight fire, use water (may be used as a blanket), alcohol, foam, dry chemical. A strong reducing agent. Reacts violently with peroxyformic acid and other oxidizers. See also ALDEHYDES. Chemical Synthesis Natural benzaldehyde is obtained by extraction and subsequent fractional distillation from botanical sources; synthetically, from benzyl chloride and lime or by oxidation of toluene Potential Exposure In manufacture of perfumes, dyes, and cinnamic acid; as solvent; in flavors. Metabolism Benzaldehyde was among 300 volatile constituents detected in the urine of ten adults . It is commonly converted to hippuric acid in vivo. In the rabbit and dog, hippuric acid appears to be the only metabolite there being practically no formation of benzoyl glucuronide. The conversion of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid in the rabbit follows first-order reaction kinetics storage Benzaldehyde should be kept stored in a tightly closed container and protected against physical damage. Storage of the chemical substance outside or in a detached area is preferred, whereas inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. Benzaldehyde should be kept separated from oxidizing materials. Also, storage and use areas should be no smoking areas. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (vapors, liquid); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product Shipping UN1990 Benzaldehyde, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9—Miscellaneous hazardous material. Purification Methods To diminish its rate of oxidation, benzaldehyde usually contains additives such as hydroquinone or catechol. It can be purified via its bisulfite addition compound but usually distillation (under nitrogen at reduced pressure) is sufficient. Prior to distillation it is washed with NaOH or 10% Na2CO3 (until no more CO2 is evolved), then with saturated Na2SO3 and H2O, followed by drying with CaSO4, MgSO4 or CaCl2. [Beilstein 7 IV 505.] Incompatibilities The substance reacts with air, forming explosive peroxides. Reacts violently with performic acid, oxidants, aluminum, iron, bases, and phenol, causing fire and explosion hazard. May self-ignite if absorbed in combustible material with large surface area, or otherwise dispersed over large areas. Reacts with rust, amines, alkalies, strong bases, reducing agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Waste Disposal Incineration; add combustible solvent and spray into incinerator with afterburner. Precautions Workers should be careful when using benzaldehyde because there is a risk of spontaneous combustion. It may ignite spontaneously if it is absorbed onto rags, cleaning cloths, clothing, sawdust, diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr), activated charcoal, or other materials with large surface areas in workplaces. Workers should avoid handling the chemical substance and should not cut, puncture, or weld on or near the container. Exposure of benzaldehyde to air, light, heat, hot surfaces such as hot pipes, sparks, open flames, and other ignition sources should be avoided. Workers should wear proper personal protective clothing and equipment Benzaldehyde Preparation Products And Raw materials
Benzalkonium Chloride
SYNONYMS Alkylbenzyl-dimethylammonium chloride; Zephiran chloride; Ammonyx; Benirol; Bradophen; Cequartyl; Quaternary ammonium compounds, alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides; Zilkonium chloride; Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; Benzalconio cloruro; Benzalkonii chloridum; Benzalkonium A; Bio-quat; Chlorure de benzalkonium; Cloruro de benzalconio; Quaternium-1; Zephiral; Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride;Dodecyl Dimethyl Benzyl ammonium Chloride.CAS No. 8001-54-5, 63449-41-2, 139-07-1
Benzalkoni̇um Chloride 50%
Le dodécylbenzènesulfonate de sodium représente une série de composés organiques de formule C12H25C6H4SO3Na. Il s'agit d'un sel doté de propriétés tensioactives. C'est un composant majeur de nombreux détergents.L'acide alkylbenzène sulfonique linéaire est le tensioactif synthétique le plus produit. Les isomères branchés (ramifiés) sont minoritaires et moins utilisés parce qu'ils se biodégradent trop lentement.Benzenesulfonate, besylate, benzensulfonate, benzenesulphonate, benzene sulfonate. Benzenesulfonate is the simplest of the class of benzenesulfonates, in which the benzene nucleus carries no substituents. It is a conjugate base of a benzenesulfonic acid.Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Substance identity: EC / List no.: 270-115-0; CAS no.: 68411-30-3; Mol. formula: (CH)9-12C7H7NaO3S; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts : 0110 N-ALKYLBENZOLSULFONSÄURE, NA-SALZ C10-13; Alkylbenzene sulphonate sodium salt; Benzene sulfonic acid, C10-C13 alkyl derivatives, sodium salt; benzenesulfonic acid; Benzenesulfonic acid C10-C13- alkyl derivs sodium salts; benzenesulfonic acid, 4-C10-13-sec-alkylderivs, sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, C1-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts, Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, NaLAS, LASNa C10-13, LAS Na Salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-C14-alkyl-, sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid,C10-13-alkyl derivs,sodium salts; Benzenesulphonic acid, C10-; C13 alkyl derivs., sodium salts; DDBSS; LABSNa; LAS Na; LAS Na Salt; LASNa C10-13: Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts (270-115-0); Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonic acid, sodium salt; sodium 4-undecan-3-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium 4-undecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate; Sodium C10-13 linear alkyl benzene sulfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium LAS; Sodium Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate; Sodium, alkyl-(C10-C13)-benzenesulfonate; Sodiumalkyl (C10-13)benzenesulfonate Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Substance identity: EC / List no.: 285-600-2; CAS no.: 85117-50-6; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts EC Inventory, ; ; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C1-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salt ; sodium 4-dodecan-3-ylbenzenesulfonate; sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium C10-14 Linear Alkyl Benzene Solfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium salt of dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid
BENZENE
Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature.
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6.
Benzene has a sweet odor and is highly flammable.

CAS Number: 71-43-2
EC Number: 200-753-7
Chemical Formula: C6H6
Molar Mass: 77.81 grams/mole

Benzene is a colorless or light-yellow liquid chemical at room temperature.
Benzene is used primarily as a solvent in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as a starting material and an intermediate in the synthesis of numerous chemicals, and in gasoline.

Benzene is produced by both natural and man-made processes.
Benzene is a natural component of crude oil, which is the main source of benzene produced today.
Other natural sources include gas emissions from volcanoes and forest fires.

Benzene is the simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon.
Benzene is one of the elementary petrochemicals and a natural constituent of crude oil.

Benzene has a gasoline-like odour and is a colourless liquid. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic in nature.
Benzene is primarily used in the production of polystyrene.

Benzene is a naturally occurring substance produced by volcanoes and forest fires and present in many plants and animals, but benzene is also a major industrial chemical made from coal and oil.
As a pure chemical, benzene is a clear, colourless liquid.

In industry, benzene is used to make other chemicals as well as some types of plastics, detergents, and pesticides.
Benzene is also a component of gasoline.

Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor.
Benzene evaporates quickly when exposed to air.
Benzene is formed from natural processes, such as volcanoes and forest fires, but most people are exposed to benzene through human activities.

Benzene is one of the 20 most widely used chemicals in the United States.
Benzene is used mainly to make other chemicals, including plastics, resins, lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.
In the past Benzene was also commonly used as an industrial solvent (a substance that can dissolve or extract other substances) and as a gasoline additive, but these uses have been greatly reduced in recent decades.

Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil and gasoline (and therefore motor vehicle exhaust), as well as cigarette smoke.

Benzene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
Benzene is used in articles, in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Benzene (C6H6), simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon and parent compound of numerous important aromatic compounds.
Benzene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour and is primarily used in the production of polystyrene.

Benzene is highly toxic and is a known carcinogen.
Exposure to Benzene may cause leukemia.
As a result, there are strict controls on benzene emissions.

Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly.
Benzene vapor is heavier than air and may sink into low-lying areas.
Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and will float on top of water.

The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each.
Because Benzene contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.

Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals.
Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline.
Benzene is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually.
Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, Benzene finds limited use in consumer items because of Benzene toxicity.

Benzene is formed from both natural processes and human activities.
Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires.

Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.
Benzene is widely used in the United States.
Benzene ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume.

Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals that are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.

Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-like odor.
Benzene is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil-refining processes.

In industry benzene is used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals.
Exposure to Benzene causes neurological symptoms and affects the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia, excessive bleeding and damage to the immune system.
Benzene is a known human carcinogen and is linked to an increased risk of developing lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers, acute myelogenous leukemia, as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Benzene is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor.
Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly and dissolves slightly in water.

Benzene is highly flammable and is formed from both natural processes and human activities.
Benzene is widely used in the United States; Benzene ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume.

Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals which are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.

Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires.
Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.

Benzene appears as a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor.

Flash point less than 0 °F.
Less dense than water and slightly soluble in water.
Hence floats on water.
Vapors heavier than air.
are
Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco smoke, gas stations, motor vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions.
Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher than those in outdoor air.

The benzene in indoor air comes from products that contain benzene such as glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents.
The air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations can contain higher levels of benzene than in other areas.

Benzene leaks from underground storage tanks or from hazardous waste sites containing benzene can contaminate well water.
People working in industries that make or use benzene may be exposed to the highest levels of Benzene.
A major source of benzene exposure is tobacco smoke.

Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly.
For example, Benzene can cause bone marrow not to produce enough red blood cells, which can lead to anemia.

Also, Benzene can damage the immune system by changing blood levels of antibodies and causing the loss of white blood cells.
The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the exposed person.

Uses of Benzene:
At one time, benzene was obtained almost entirely from coal tar.
However, since about 1950, these methods have been replaced by petroleum-based processes.

More than half of the benzene produced each year is converted to ethylbenzene, then to styrene, and then to polystyrene.
The next largest use of benzene is in the preparation of phenol.
Other uses include the preparation of aniline (for dyes) and dodecylbenzene (for detergents).

Benzene is used as a constituent in motor fuels; as a solvent for fats, waxes, resins, oils, inks, paints, plastics, and rubber; in the extraction of oils from seeds and nuts; and in photogravure printing.
Benzene is also used as a chemical intermediate.
Benzene is also used in the manufacture of detergents, explosives, pharmaceuticals, and dyestuffs.

Benzene was used in the past as a solvent in inks, rubber, lacquers, and paint removers.
Today, Benzene is used mainly in closed processes to synthesize organic chemicals.

Gasoline in some countries contains a high concentration of benzene (as high as 30%); the U.S. average is 1-3%.
Workers who remove or clean underground storage tanks may be exposed to significant levels.

Gasoline in North America now contains about 1% benzene.
The European Union (EU) reduced in 2000 the maximum allowed benzene content in gasoline from 5% to 1% by volume.
Mean exposures in the Swedish petroleum industry are well below the Swedish occupational exposure limits.

EPA restricts benzene emission from specific point sources.
Maximum contaminant level in drinking water is 5 ppb.
FDA prohibits the use of benzene in food.

Benzene is used in manufacture of industrial chemicals such as polymers, detergents, pesticides pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, resins.
Benzene is used organic solvent for waxes, resins, oils, natural rubber, etc.

Benzene is used for printing and lithography, paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and coatings, detergents.

Benzene is used to make chemicals used in the manufacture of industrial products such as dyes, detergents, explosives, pesticides, synthetic rubber, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Benzene is found in gasoline and trace amounts are found in cigarette smoke.

Benzene has been banned as an ingredient in products intended for use in the home, including toys.
Benzene has a sweet, aromatic, gasoline-like odor.

Most individuals can begin to smell benzene in air at 1.5 to 4.7 ppm.
The odor threshold generally provides adequate warning for acutely hazardous exposure concentrations but is inadequate for more chronic exposures.

Benzene is often used as an intermediate to make chemicals needed for the production of plastics, resins, and nylon and other synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.
Natural sources of benzene include emissions from volcanoes, forest fires, crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.

Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene.
In 1988 Benzene was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring.

More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene.
Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives.

Cyclohexane consumes around 10% of the world's benzene production.
Benzene is primarily used in the manufacture of nylon fibers, which are processed into textiles and engineering plastics.
Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides.

In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA.
Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating.

Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive.
The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range.
Toluene is also processed into benzene.

Component of gasoline:
As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking.
As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced Benzene as the most widely used antiknock additive.

With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations.
In the United States, concern over Benzene negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%.

European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%.

In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene".

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Metal Preparation and Pouring
Petroleum Production and Refining
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Firefighting
Leather Tanning and Processing
Burning Synthetic Polymers

Activities with risk of exposure:
Smoking cigarettes
Preparing and mounting animal skins (taxidermy)

Uses at industrial sites:
Benzene is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, non-metal-surface treatment products, laboratory chemicals and polymers.
Benzene has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzene is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Benzene is used for the manufacture of: rubber products and chemicals.
Release to the environment of Benzene can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures and as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of Benzene is likely to occur from: indoor use.

Industry Uses of Benzene:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Catalyst
Cleaning agent
Flame retardants
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Monomers
Plasticizers
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvent
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses of Benzene:
Catalyst
Etching agent
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Plasticizer
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvent

Applications of Benzene:

Early Applications:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of Benzene pleasant smell.
Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal.
As Benzene toxicity became obvious, benzene was supplanted by other solvents, especially toluene (methylbenzene), which has similar physical properties but is not as carcinogenic.

In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee.
This discovery led to the production of Sanka.

This process was later discontinued.
Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products.
Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s.

Benefits of Benzene:
As a building block chemical, benzene is reacted with other chemicals to produce a variety of other chemistries, materials and, ultimately, consumer goods.

Benzene is used to make other chemicals like ethylbenzene, cumene and cyclohexane, which are then reacted and used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and plastics such as polystyrene, ABS, and nylon.
There can be many steps in the process that starts with the benzene molecule and ends with a completed material or consumer product.
For example, benzene is a building block used to make ethylbenzene, which is then used to make styrene, which is used to make polystyrene.

The end material, polystyrene, is a completely different material chemically than benzene.

For consumer products where benzene is used as a building block or intermediate, the benzene is typically fully reacted in a closed system, with little to no benzene remaining in the finished consumer product.
Benzene also is used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives and pesticides.

Benzene is naturally found in crude oil.
Crude oil is refined into gasoline by using heat, pressure and chemicals in the refinery to separate the spectrum of petroleum products from crude oil.
The refining process yields gasoline and a number of other petroleum products, including diesel and jet fuels, solvents, lubricating oils, many of which include small amounts of benzene.

Characteristics of Benzene:
Modern bonding models (valence-bond and molecular orbital theories) explain the structure and stability of benzene in terms of delocalization of six of Benzene electrons, where delocalization in this case refers to the attraction of an electron by all six carbons of the ring instead of just one or two of them. This delocalization causes the electrons to be more strongly held, making benzene more stable and less reactive than expected for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
As a result, the hydrogenation of benzene occurs somewhat more slowly than the hydrogenation of alkenes (other organic compounds that contain carbon-carbon double bonds), and benzene is much more difficult to oxidize than alkenes.

Most of the reactions of benzene belong to a class called electrophilic aromatic substitution that leave the ring itself intact but replace one of the attached hydrogens.
These reactions are versatile and widely used to prepare derivatives of benzene.

Experimental studies, especially those employing X-ray diffraction, show benzene to have a planar structure with each carbon-carbon bond distance equal to 1.40 angstroms (Å).
This value is exactly halfway between the C=C distance (1.34 Å) and C—C distance (1.46 Å) of a C=C—C=C unit, suggesting a bond type midway between a double bond and a single bond (all bond angles are 120°).
Benzene has a boiling point of 80.1 °C (176.2 °F) and a melting point of 5.5 °C (41.9 °F), and Benzene is freely soluble in organic solvents, but only slightly soluble in water.

Occurrence of Benzene:
Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal.
Benzene is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials.

For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry.
However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing polymers industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum.

Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal.
Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.

Reactions of Benzene:
The most common reactions of benzene involve substitution of a proton by other groups.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of derivatizing benzene.
Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that Benzene undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives.

The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene.

Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999.
Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst.

Similarly, the Friedel-Crafts acylation is a related example of electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride.

Sulfonation, chlorination, nitration:
Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework.
Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide.

Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents.
In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids.

Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline.
Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride.

Hydrogenation:
Via hydrogenation, benzene and Benzene derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives.
This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel.

Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100 °C.
This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen.

Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates.
Birch reduction, a non catalytic process, however selectively hydrogenates benzene to the diene.

Metal complexes:
Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals.
Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2.

Resonance of Benzene:
The oscillating double bonds in the benzene ring are explained with the help of resonance structures as per valence bond theory.
All the carbon atoms in the benzene ring are sp2 hybridized.

One of the two sp2 hybridized orbitals of one atom overlaps with the sp2 orbital of adjacent carbon atom forming six C-C sigma bonds.
Other left sp2 hybridized orbitals combine with s orbital of hydrogen to form six C-H sigma bonds. Remaining unhybridized p orbitals of carbon atoms form π bonds with adjacent carbon atoms by lateral overlap.

This explains an equal possibility for the formation of C1 –C2, C3 – C4, C5 – C6 π bonds or C2 – C3, C4 – C5, C6-C1 π bonds.
The hybrid structure is represented by inserting a circle in the ring as shown below in the figure.
Hence, Benzene explains the formation of two resonance structures proposed by Kekule.

Aromaticity of Benzene:
Benzene is an aromatic compound, as the C-C bonds formed in the ring are not exactly single or double, rather they are of intermediate length.
Aromatic compounds are divided into two categories: benzenoids (one containing benzene ring) and non-benzenoids (those not containing benzene ring), provided they follow Huckel rule.

According to Huckel rule, for a ring to be aromatic Benzene should have the following property:
Planarity
Complete delocalization of the π electrons in the ring
Presence of (4n + 2) π electrons in the ring where n is an integer (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

Structure of Benzene:
X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm).
The C–C bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm).

This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms.
Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14.

Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes Benzene from cyclohexane.
The molecule is planar.

The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized π orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures.
Benzene is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity.
To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms.

Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C (⌬) to represent Benzene with three double bonds, and U+23E3 (⏣) for a delocalized version.

Benzene derivatives:
Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of Benzene hydrogen atoms with another functional group.
Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively.

Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5–C6H5.
Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene.
The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite.

In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements.
The most important variations contain nitrogen.

Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N.
Although benzene and pyridine are structurally related, benzene cannot be converted into pyridine.
Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine.

Human Metabolite Information of Benzene:

Tissue Locations:
Bone Marrow
Epidermis
Leukocyte
Liver

History of Benzene:

Discovery:
The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes.
An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid.

The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene.
Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas, giving Benzene the name bicarburet of hydrogen.

In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced Benzene by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime.
He gave the compound the name benzin.

In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named Benzene "phène".
This word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H•) from benzene.

In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar.
Four years later, Mansfield began the first industrial-scale production of benzene, based on the coal-tar method.

Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family.
In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of Benzene members.
In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.

Ring formula of Benzene:
The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but Benzene highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine.
Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.

In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekulé published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.
The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject.

Kekulé used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening years—namely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivative—now understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitution—to argue in support of his proposed structure.
Kekulé's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio.

The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekulé's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper.
Here Kekulé spoke of the creation of the theory.
He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting Benzene own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot).

This vision, he said, came to him after years of studying the nature of carbon-carbon bonds.
This was seven years after he had solved the problem of how carbon atoms could bond to up to four other atoms at the same time.

Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekulé's anecdote.
Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if Benzene had not yet appeared in print.

Kekulé's 1890 speech in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English.
If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that Benzene must have happened early in 1862.

In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods.
Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns.
Through calculating more than thirty parameters, Lonsdale demonstrated that the benzene ring could not be anything but a flat hexagon, and provided accurate distances for all carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule.

Nomenclature:
The German chemist Wilhelm Körner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867.
However, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring.

Benzene was the German chemist Carl Gräbe who, in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene).
In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Gräbe's nomenclature to benzene.

Production of Benzene:
Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc.
According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 44–50% of the total U.S benzene production.

Catalytic reforming:
In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200 °C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500–525 °C and pressures ranging from 8–50 atm.
Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons.

The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation.
The extraction step of aromatics from the reformate is designed to produce aromatics with lowest non-aromatic components.
Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps.

In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics.

Toluene hydrodealkylation:
Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene.
In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500–650 °C and 20–60 atm pressure.
Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition).

Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane:
C6H5CH3+H2⟶C6H6+CH4

This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature:
2 C6H6 ⇌ H2 + C6H5–C6H5

If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen.

A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Sometimes, xylenes and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency.
This is often called "on-purpose" methodology to produce benzene, compared to conventional BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) extraction processes.

Toluene disproportionation:
Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene.

Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used.
In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene.
In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes.

Steam cracking:
Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline.
Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes).

Other methods:
Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist.
Phenol and halobenzenes can be reduced with metals.

Benzoic acid and Benzene salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene.
The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene.

Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene.
Complete decarboxylation of mellitic acid gives benzene.

General Manufacturing Information of Benzene:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
All other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
Construction
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Other (requires additional information)
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Health effects of Benzene:
Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure.
Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease.

The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "Benzene is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero".
There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm.

The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen.
Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs.

In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene.
IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans".

As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem.
Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage.

Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans.
Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes.

Handling and Storage of Benzene:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do Benzene without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Storage Conditions of Benzene:
Keep in well closed containers in a cool place and away from fire.
Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.

Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.
An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Benzene was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

First Aid Measures of Benzene:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area.
Take deep breaths of fresh air.

IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.

Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used.
If not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.

If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Benzene, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Benzene:

CAUTION:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.
If Benzene can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
If this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Benzene:
Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors.
Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide.
Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped.

Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Solid streams of water may spread fire.

Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.
Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Accidental Release Measures of Benzene:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL:
Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Benzene:
Remove all ignition sources.
Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert!

Personal protection:
complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.
Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.
Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible.

Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Cleanup Methods of Benzene:
For spills on water, contain with booms or barriers, use surface acting agents to thicken spilled materials.
Remove trapped materials with suction hoses.

Small spills of benzene can be taken up by sorption on carbon or synthetic sorbent resins.
Flush area with water.

For large quantities, if response is rapid, benzene can be skimmed off the surface.
Straw may be used to mop slicks.

A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms.
Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially.

Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal.
The plastic bag should be sealed immediately.

The sealed bag should be labelled properly.
Waste liquids should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal.

The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled.
Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface is not contaminated.

The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled.
Broken glassware should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators.

Identifiers of Benzene:
CAS Number: 71-43-2
ChEBI: CHEBI:16716
ChEMBL: ChEMBL277500
ChemSpider: 236
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.685
EC Number: 200-753-7
KEGG: C01407
PubChem CID: 241
RTECS number: CY1400000
UNII: J64922108F
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3039242
InChIInChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6H
Key: UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: c1ccccc1

Chemical formula: C6H6
Molar mass: 77.81 grams/mole
Melting point: 5.5oC
Boiling point: 80.1oC

Properties of Benzene:
Chemical formula: C6H6
Molar mass: 78.114 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: sweet aromatic
Density: 0.8765(20) g/cm3
Melting point: 5.53 °C (41.95 °F; 278.68 K)
Boiling point: 80.1 °C (176.2 °F; 353.2 K)

Solubility in water:
1.53 g/L (0 °C)
1.81 g/L (9 °C)
1.79 g/L (15 °C)
1.84 g/L (30 °C)
2.26 g/L (61 °C)
3.94 g/L (100 °C)
21.7 g/kg (200 °C, 6.5 MPa)
17.8 g/kg (200 °C, 40 MPa)

Solubility: Soluble in alcohol, CHCl3, CCl4, diethyl ether, acetone, acetic acid

Solubility in ethanediol:
5.83 g/100 g (20 °C)
6.61 g/100 g (40 °C)
7.61 g/100 g (60 °C)

Solubility in ethanol:
20 °C, solution in ethanol: 1.2 mL/L (20% v/v)

Solubility in acetone:

20 °C, solution in aceton:
7.69 mL/L (38.46% v/v)
49.4 mL/L (62.5% v/v)
Solubility in diethylene glycol: 52 g/100 g (20 °C)
log P: 2.13

Vapor pressure:
12.7 kPa (25 °C)
24.4 kPa (40 °C)
181 kPa (100 °C)[8]

Conjugate acid: Benzenium
Conjugate base: Benzenide
UV-vis (λmax): 255 nm
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −54.8·10−6 cm3/mol

Refractive index (nD):
1.5011 (20 °C)
1.4948 (30 °C)

Viscosity:
0.7528 cP (10 °C)
0.6076 cP (25 °C)
0.4965 cP (40 °C)
0.3075 cP (80 °C)

Molecular Weight: 78.11
XLogP3: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 78.0469501914
Monoisotopic Mass: 78.0469501914
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 15.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Structure of Benzene:
Molecular shape: Trigonal planar
Dipole moment: 0 D

Thermochemistry of Benzene:
Heat capacity (C): 134.8 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 173.26 J/mol·K[8]
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): 48.7 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): -3267.6 kJ/mol[8]

Related Compounds of Benzene:
Toluene
Borazine

Names of Benzene:

Regulatory process names:
Benzene
BENZENE
Benzene (Cyclohexatriene)
Benzène

Translated names:
benceno (es)
Benseen (et)
Bentseeni (fi)
benzeen (nl)
benzen (cs)
benzen (da)
benzen (hr)
benzen (no)
benzen (pl)
benzen (ro)
benzen (sl)
benzen (sv)
benzenas (lt)
benzene (it)
benzeno (pt)
Benzol (de)
benzol (hu)
benzols (lv)
benzène (fr)
benzén (sk)
βενζόλιο (el)
бензен (bg)

CAS name:
Benzene

IUPAC names:
BENZENE
Benzene
benzene
BENZENE
Benzene
benzene
Benzene / EC: 200-753-7
Benzene-1,3-diamine
Benzol
Benzol
Petroleum benzene

Trade names:
Annülene
Benceno
Benzen ropný
Benzene
benzene
Benzene (8CI, 9CI)
Benzene - E
Benzene SP
Benzol
Benzole
Coal naphtha
Cyclohexatriene
Petrobenzene
Petroleum benzene
Phene
Phenyl hydride
Pur Benzene
Pure benzene
Pyrobenzol
Pyrobenzole
Reinbenzol

Other names:
Benzol (historic/German)
Phenane
Phenylene hydride
Cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene; 1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene (theoretical resonance isomers)
Annulene
Phene (historic)

Synonyms of Benzene:
benzene
benzol
71-43-2
Cyclohexatriene
benzole
Pyrobenzole
Benzine
Benzen
Phenyl hydride
Coal naphtha
Pyrobenzol
Phene
Mineral naphtha
Bicarburet of hydrogen
Benzolene
Benzin
[6]Annulene
Motor benzol
Benzeen
Benzolo
Fenzen
Nitration benzene
(6)Annulene
Benzol 90
NCI-C55276
Rcra waste number U019
Benzinum
1,3,5-cyclohexatriene
NSC 67315
UN 1114
CHEBI:16716
phenylmanganese iodide
CHEMBL277500
MFCD00003009
NSC-67315
J64922108F
Benzeen [Dutch]
Benzen [Polish]
Fenzen [Czech]
Benzolo [Italian]
BNZ
Benzine (Obs.)
Benzin (Obs.)
Caswell No. 077
Benzene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Benzene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
Benzene, pure
CCRIS 70
54682-86-9
HSDB 35
62485-97-6
EINECS 200-753-7
UN1114
benzene,iodomanganese(1+)
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 008801
Benzolum
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
p-benzene
benzene-
AI3-00808
C6H6
26181-88-4
1hyz
1swi
UNII-J64922108F
[6]-annulene
Benzene ACS Grade
Benzene, for HPLC
{[6]Annulene}
Ph-H
Phenyl; Phenyl Radical
2z9g
4i7j
BENZENE [VANDF]
BENZINUM [HPUS]
Benzene + aniline combo
BENZENE [HSDB]
BENZENE [IARC]
BENZENE (BENZOL)
BENZENE [MI]
BENZENE [MART.]
Benzene, labeled with carbon-14 and tritium
WLN: RH
BENZENE [USP-RS]
BENZENE [WHO-DD]
Epitope ID:116867
Benzene, purification grade
EC 200-753-7
Benzene, analytical standard
Benzene, LR, >=99%
ghl.PD_Mitscher_leg0.503
Benzene, anhydrous, 99.8%
Benzene, AR, >=99.5%
DTXSID3039242
3,4-DNH
1l83
220l
223l
Benzene 10 microg/mL in Methanol
ZINC967532
trans-N-Methylphenylcyclopropylamine
ACT02832
BCP26158
Benzene 20 microg/mL in Triacetin
Benzene, for HPLC, >=99.8%
Benzene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
NSC67315
Tox21_202487
1,3-Cyclohexadiene-5,6-diylradical
BDBM50167939
BM 613
STL264205
Benzene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
Benzene, purum, >=99.0% (GC)
AKOS008967253
Benzene, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
CAS-71-43-2
ACETONE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Benzene [UN1114] [Flammable liquid]
Benzene, JIS special grade, >=99.5%
erythro-Phenyl-2-piperidyl-carbinol,(-)
NCGC00090744-01
NCGC00090744-02
NCGC00163890-01
NCGC00163890-02
NCGC00260036-01
trans-N, N-Dimethylphenylcyclopropylamine
Cc-34,(+/-)
RNG
DS-002542
B0020
FT-0622636
FT-0622637
FT-0622667
FT-0627856
FT-0657604
Q0038
Q2270
Benzene 30 microg/mL in N,N-Dimethylacetamide
Benzene, ACS spectrophotometric grade, >=99%
C01407
Benzene, ReagentPlus(R), thiophene free, >=99%
Benzene, puriss. p.a., Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.7%
Q26841227
BIPERIDEN HYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY F [EP IMPURITY]
Benzene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Benzene, puriss., absolute, over molecular sieve (H2O <=0.005%), >=99.5% (GC)
25053-22-9
200-753-7 [EINECS]
71-43-2 [RN]
benzeen [Dutch]
Benzen [Czech]
Benzen [German]
Benzen [Turkish]
Benzene [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Benzène [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzeno [Portuguese]
Benzine
Benzol [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzolo [Italian]
MFCD00003009 [MDL number]
MFCD00198116 [MDL number]
Annulene
Benceno [Spanish] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzinum
Benzolum
Bnz
(1,2,3,5-2H4)Benzene [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2H)Benzene
(6)annulene
14941-52-7 [RN]
14941-53-8 [RN]
1684-46-4 [RN]
19467-24-4 [RN]
200-753-7MFCD00003009
462-80-6 [RN]
BENZENE (1,3,5-D3)
Benzene, anhydrous, ACS
Benzene-1,2,4,5-d4
Benzene-1,2,4-d3
Benzene-1,2-d2
Benzene-1,3-d2
Benzene-1,4-d2
Benzene-d2-1
Benzin
benzole
Benzolene
Phene
phenyl hydride
Pyrobenzol
Pyrobenzole
WLN: RH
BENZENE-1,4-DIOL
Benzene-1,4-diol = Hydroquinone = 1,4-Benzenediol = HQ = 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
Chemical formula: C6H6O2
Molar mass: 110.112 g·mol−1

Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diols.
The name "Benzene-1,4-diol" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843

Benzene-1,4-diol is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Benzene-1,4-diol also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic chemical that is normally produced industrially and has a very similar structure to the precursors of Melanin.
The most common use of Benzene-1,4-diol is in skin lightening products, although it can also be used in a technique for developing black and white photos.
Benzene-1,4-diol is the most commonly prescribed depigmenting agent worldwide.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.

Mechanism of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Benzene-1,4-diol produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.

Uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Popularized by Benzene-1,4-diols usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation.
Common conditions of Benzene-1,4-diol include melasma, freckles, lentigines, age spots and acne scars.
Skin sensitivity to Benzene-1,4-diol may be determined before treatment by applying a small amount of cream to the hyperpigmented area and noting any redness or itching.
If no reaction occurs, initiate treatment.
As a general rule, always ensure the area is clean and dry then apply a thin film to the lesion and rub it into the skin well.
Hands should be washed after the application to avoid unwanted lightening of the fingers.

To maintain the desired affect, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen.
Many preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a combination product.
Lightening of the skin should be noticed within 4 weeks of initiation, if no change is seen in 3 months, contact your dermatologist for further recommendations.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply Benzene-1,4-diol directly to the skin.
Creams that contain 2% Benzene-1,4-diol are available to buy over the counter in most drugstores.
Stronger creams are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use Benzene-1,4-diol as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.

Some conditions that people may use Benzene-1,4-diol for include:
-Benzene-1,4-diol and Melasma
-People with melasma have brown or gray-brown patches on their skin.
-These patches tend to develop on the face, such as the cheeks or nose.
-They can also appear on areas of skin with high sun exposure, such as the forearms and neck.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Freckles:
Freckles are darker spots or patches that usually occur in fair skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can become more noticeable with exposure to sunlight.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Lentigines:
Lentigines, or age spots, develop on areas of skin with the highest sun exposure.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can appear on the face or the backs of the hands.
They tend to be flat, dark, and between 0.2 centimeters (cm) and 2 cm in width.

Benzene-1,4-diol and acne scars:
Excess oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria can build up in skin pores and cause acne.
The body tries to repair the damage, but sometimes, it leaves scars.

Other uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Some people may want to lighten their skin for cosmetic reasons.
Benzene-1,4-diol can have benefits for confidence and self-esteem.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that the above conditions are all harmless.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Melanin is a pigment that gives the skin and hair their color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is responsible for freckles and other dark patches on the skin.
Melanin is made by melanocytes, which are cells present in the skin and other parts of the body.
When a person applies Benzene-1,4-diol to the skin, it reduces the number of melanocytes.
Fewer melanocytes means that the body produces less melanin in the treated area.
The skin usually appears lighter within about 4 weeks.
Exposure to sunlight reverses the effects of hydroquinone.
Doctors recommend that people who use this product also use a strong sunscreen.

Benzene-1,4-diol is known to inhibit melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
In this study, 2% and 5% Benzene-1,4-diol creams were topically applied to the hyperpigmented skin of 56 patients.
Benzene-1,4-diol was a moderately effective depigmenting agent in 80% of cases.
The 2% cream appeared to be as effective therapeutically as the 5% cream and to evoke untoward side effects (primary irritation) much less often.
Therapy with topically applied Benzene-1,4-diol did not lead to complete disappearance of pathological hypermelanosis, but results were satisfactory enough to help most patients become less self-conscious about their pigmentary abnormalities.

Benzene-1,4-diol production:
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced industrially by two main routes.
The most widely use of Benzene-1,4-diol route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.

Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Benzene-1,4-diol and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.

Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation:
Benzene-1,4-diol was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol Reactions:
The reactivity of Benzene-1,4-diol's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Benzene-1,4-diol is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Benzene-1,4-diol with phthalic anhydride.

Redox:
Benzene-1,4-diol undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process of Benzene-1,4-diol can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Benzene-1,4-diol itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless Benzene-1,4-diol and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
Benzene-1,4-diol dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Amination:
An important reaction is the conversion of Benzene-1,4-diol to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2 + CH3NH2 → HOC6H4NHCH3 + H2O
Similarly diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are produced similarly from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2 + 2 C6H5NH2 → C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2 + 2 H2O

Benzene-1,4-diol uses:
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, Benzene-1,4-diol serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Benzene-1,4-diol can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation:
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.

While using Benzene-1,4-diol as a lightening agent can be effective with proper use, it can also cause skin sensitivity.
Using Benzene-1,4-diol a daily sunscreen with a high PPD (persistent pigment darkening) rating reduces the risk of further damage.
Benzene-1,4-diol is sometimes combined with alpha-hydroxy acids that exfoliate the skin to quicken the lightening process.
In the United States, topical treatments usually contain up to 2% in Benzene-1,4-diol.
Otherwise, higher concentrations (up to 4%) should be prescribed and used with caution.
While Benzene-1,4-diol remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proven to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

What Is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is the common name for the ingredient 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, and may be used safely in a variety of cosmetics.

Why is Benzene-1,4-diol used in cosmetics and personal care products?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in cosmetics as an antioxidant, fragrance ingredient and oxidizing agent in hair dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol may also be used as a stabilizer that inhibits the polymerization of the adhesive in artificial nails.

Natural occurrences:
Benzene-1,4-diols are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Farnesyl Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives are the principal irritants exuded by the poodle-dog bush, which can cause severe contact dermatitis in humans.
Benzene-1,4-diol is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
In bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), arbutin is converted to Benzene-1,4-diol.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that can be found naturally in different fungi, plants and animals but was first synthetically produced in the 1800s for the purposes of developing black and white photography.
Later on, in the beginning of the 20th century, the effects of Benzene-1,4-diol on the skin as a melanin inhibitor, and antioxidant were discovered and the ingredient was put to use in topical skincare.
For the last 50+ years, Benzene-1,4-diol has been the gold standard for dark spot correcting and recommended by a number of board-certified dermatologists including SLMD founder, Dr. Sandra Lee, for reducing the appearance of pigmentation resulting from acne, melasma, and sun exposure.
Misinformation and confusion has caused Benzene-1,4-diol to become a controversial ingredient, but we’re here to set the record straight and share the right info with you!

IS Benzene-1,4-diol DANGEROUS?
The first misconception that Benzene-1,4-diol is dangerous stemmed from a controversy in South Africa, in 1980, after they identified products containing Hydroquinone to be hazardous.
As a result, South Africa placed a ban on the ingredient, and Japan, EU and Australia followed suit.
However, further research uncovered that these products they identified as hazardous also contained mercury and other illegal contaminants.
Therefore, there was no substantial evidence that the reason for this toxicity was due to the Benzene-1,4-diol, and plenty more research upholds Hydroquinone to be safe and effective when used topically!
A skin disorder known as exogenous ochronosis, which causes skin to darken with blue-black pigmentation, has been linked to the use of prescription strength Hydroquinone chronically (long-term) and at very high percentages.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that this occurrence is very rare — there have been less than 40 cases recorded in the US.
For this reason, when using prescription strength HQs, dermatologists will recommend that after a couple months of use you take a break from the product before continuing your treatment.
Similarly, there has been no evidence or study that indicates that use of a topical Benzene-1,4-diol causes cancer in humans.
It is true that Benzene-1,4-diol should not be ingested orally in high doses, but as it's manufactured in its powdered form for topical skincare, it's a very stable, safe ingredient!

HOW DOES Benzene-1,4-diol WORK?
Benzene-1,4-diol works to reduce the appearance of dark spots over time by decreasing the production of melanin (the protein that gives your skin pigment) and increasing the breakdown of melanocytes (the cells that create melanin).
This works because Benzene-1,4-diol prevents the activity of tyrosinase, the enzyme needed to make melanin.
Melanin is a natural function of our skin — it’s how we get the pigment in our skin, eyes, and hair, but it becomes problematic when Melanocytes (which sit in the Dermis layer of our skin) are stimulated to release extra melanin that form dark spots on the top layer of our skin.
This process can be triggered by UV exposure and trauma (from picking at your skin).
Benzene-1,4-diol also has some antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from UV damage and brighten complexion.
Because Benzene-1,4-diol functions on the cell-level, it requires consistent use to see results — it is not bleaching your skin over time, just making the melanin production of your skin more even.

Benzene-1,4-diol’s safety has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel on four separate occasions since 1986.
CIR concluded that Benzene-1,4-diol is safe at concentrations of ≤ 1% in cosmetic formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by rinsing from the skin and hair.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol is safe for use as a polymerization inhibitor in nail adhesives and in artificial nail coatings that are cured by LED light.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol is not safe for use in other leave-on cosmetic products.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-lightening agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Historically, there’s been some back-and-forth on the safety of Benzene-1,4-diol.
In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized the ingredient as safe and effectiveTrusted Source.
Several years later, concerns about safety prompted retailers to pull Benzene-1,4-diol from the market.
The FDA went on to discover that many of the products in question contained contaminants like mercury.
They established that these contaminants were behind reports of adverse effects.
Since then, the FDA has confirmed that Benzene-1,4-diol can be safely sold over the counter (OTC) in 2 percent concentrations.
Read on to learn more about how it works, who might benefit from use, products to try, and more.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.
In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
Benzene-1,4-diol takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.
If you don’t see any improvements within three months of OTC use, talk to your dermatologist.
They may be able to recommend a prescription-strength formula better suited to your needs.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol topical is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, Chloasma, and Melasma.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by inhibiting an enzyme reaction in skin cells.

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol topical on skin that is sunburned, dry, chapped, or irritated, or on an open wound.
Benzene-1,4-diol could make these conditions worse.
Discontinue use if excessive irritation develops.
Apply the medication to clean, dry skin.
Dispense a pea size amount on the back of your hand, apply to cheeks, forehead and then to chin.
Blend in the product to cover face.
Avoid the corners of the mouth and nose; these areas can be irritated easily.
Apply to the affected area(s) morning and night.
For Melasma, once the discoloration has resolved or adequately faded, you may either discontinue use or continue weekly maintenance.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take 3 months or more to see improvements.
For Lentigines, use the creams for a maximum of 3 months.

What skin conditions can benefit from Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol includes:
-acne scars
-age spots
-freckles
-melasma
-post-inflammatory marks from psoriasis and eczema

Although hydroquinone can help fade red or brown spots that have lingered, Benzene-1,4-diol won’t help with active inflammation.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can help minimize acne scarring, but Benzene-1,4-diol won’t have an effect on redness from active breakouts.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
If you have an allergy to Benzene-1,4-diol or any other part of Benzene-1,4-diol.
If you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol; any part of hydroquinone; or any other drugs, foods, or substances.
Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had.
Benzene-1,4-diol may interact with other drugs or health problems.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical cream that is used to lighten dark patches of the skin (also called hyperpigmentation).
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a prescription alone and as a combination cream containing a topical steroid and a topical retinoid.
In some countries, including the United States, Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter, most often in a 2-3% formulation.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten dark patches of the skin.
These dark spots can be related or triggered by many factors including pregnancy, birth control pills, inflammation, and injury to the skin.
The most common use is for melasma, a condition in which people develop dark patches on the face and other areas of skin, such as the arms.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol used?
Safe use of Benzene-1,4-diol includes using it under the supervision of a dermatologist.
Benzene-1,4-diol should be applied only to the affected darkened areas of skin to avoid lightening of normal skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol should not be used for extended periods of time as it can cause a paradoxical darkening.
Cycling of use with breaks is recommended to limit overuse and the side effect known as exogenous ochronosis.

What else do I need to know about Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an out of pocket expense as insurance will not cover this medication.
If using Benzene-1,4-diol to treat melasma, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used in combination with a broad-spectrum sunscreen SPF 30 or higher daily.
Sunscreen should be applied to the affected areas after Benzene-1,4-diol to avoid relapse of the condition.
Dark areas may recur if the cream is discontinued but this is less likely happen if sun protective measures are followed.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems.
You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take hydroquinone with all of your drugs and health problems.
Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor.

Benzene-1,4-diol cream is the standard depigmentation or skin lightening agent.
Clinically Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat areas of dyschromia, such as in melasma, chloasma, solar lentigines, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring of Benzene-1,4-diol, so providers can direct patient therapy to optimal outcomes in conditions where it is indicated.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol also known as tocopheryl acetate, hydroquinone is found in skin-lightening creams, serums, cleansers, and moisturizers.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin treatment for melasma, freckles, age and sun spots, and even acne scars," Shafer says.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is used in combination with other acne products such as Retin-A, hydroquinone can help dramatically improve skin complexion.
"Shamban adds to this, reporting that Benzene-1,4-diol can also be used to lighten up freckles as well as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which is usually seen after an injury such as a burn or inflammatory acne.

While Benzene-1,4-diol is effective at lightening spots, the results aren't immediate.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take a matter of weeks (or months) before results are discernible to the naked eye.
"Patients need to understand that the treatment is working at the cellular level to reduce the production of pigment," Shafer explains.
"So the effects take several weeks to realize.
As the old skin sheds and new skin is produced, the amount of pigment will be less, leading to a more even skin tone."

Benefits of Benzene-1,4-diol for Skin
Benzene-1,4-diol has several benefits for the skin.
Lightens dark spots (hyperpigmentation): Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective ingredients to lighten hyperpigmentation.
"If you have dark areas from melasma, age spots, or brown spots left from acne, Benzene-1,4-diol helps by decreasing the formation of melanin in the skin (the pigment in the skin that gives it a dark color)," says Buttiglione.
Ng adds: "To date, Benzene-1,4-diol is considered the topical gold standard in dermatology for reducing hyperpigmentation."
Evens out skin tone: Because Benzene-1,4-diol lightens certain areas of the skin that are darkened, the end result is a more balanced, even complexion.

Treats melasma: "Benzene-1,4-diol serves as the backbone of any treatment for a wide variety of conditions, including melasma," notes Shamban.
"Melasma, which is manifested by patches of darker skin typically on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip, often runs in families and is triggered by UV and visible light exposure often in combination with hormonal shifts such as birth control pills, pregnancy or hormone replacement therapy."
Benzene-1,4-diol can help rectify the side effects of melasma.

What do I do if I miss a dose?
-Put on a missed dose as soon as you think about Benzene-1,4-diol.
-If Benzene-1,4-diol is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
-Do not put Benzene-1,4-diol on 2 doses or extra doses.

Preferred IUPAC name:
Benzene-1,4-diol

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol (hahy droh kwi NOHN) is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Some products also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
-an unusual or allergic reaction to Benzene-1,4-diol, sunscreens, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
-pregnant or trying to get pregnant
-breast-feeding

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is for external use only.
Do not take Benzene-1,4-diol by mouth.
Follow the directions on the prescription label.
Wash your hands before and after applying Hydroquinone.
Make sure the skin is clean and dry.
Apply Benzene-1,4-diol just enough to cover the affected area.
Rub in gently but completely.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol near the eyes, mouth, or other areas of sensitive skin.
If accidental contact occurs, large amounts of water should be used to wash the affected area.
If the eyes are involved and eye irritation persists after thoroughly washing, contact your doctor.
If you are using other skin medicines, apply them at different times of the day.
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of Benzene-1,4-diol in children.
Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of Benzene-1,4-diol contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE:
Benzene-1,4-diol is only for you.
Do not share Benzene-1,4-diol with others.

What may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol?
benzoyl peroxide
This list may not describe all possible interactions.
Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use.
Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs.
Some items may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol.

Benzene-1,4-diol, the major benzene metabolite, is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment due to its widespread application in human and industrial activities.
Benzene-1,4-diol can be used as a developing agent in photography, dye intermediate, stabilizer in paints, varnishes oils, and motor fuels.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol has been used as an antioxidant in the rubber and food industry.
From 1950s to 2001 Benzene-1,4-diol was applied in the commercially available cosmetic skin lightening formulations in European Union countries and since 1960s it was commercially available as a medical product.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also present in cosmetic formulations of products for coating finger nails and hair dyes.
On the other hand, Benzene-1,4-diol can be a component of high molecular aromatic compounds (e.g., resin), an intermediate, or appear as a degradation product generated by transformation of aromatic compounds.
Advanced oxidation processes (APOs) of aromatic compounds, particularly of phenol, yield several benzene derivatives, such as hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, as intermediate metabolites of its transformation.
The formation of Benzene-1,4-diol and -benzoquinone at early stages of phenol oxidation increases the toxicity of phenol wastewaters, showing that these compounds were more toxic and less degradable than the original pollutant.
Meanwhile, in the oxidative degradation of Benzene-1,4-diol under a supercritical condition (409.9°C and 24.5 MPa) and subcritical condition (359.9°C and 24.5 MPa), -benzoquinone was to be an important intermediate.
Despite the toxic properties, a number of microorganisms can utilize Benzene-1,4-diol, especially under aerobic conditions, which has led to the development of low-cost treatment of polluted effluents.
The chemical method applied conventionally to the treatment of industrial wastewater used FeSO4 and H2O2; however, the application of this technology generates ferric sulfate, which enables recycled reactants.
Therefore, biological transformations are generally preferred for being considered as more economical and environmentally friendly.

What should I watch for while using Benzene-1,4-diol?
Contact your doctor or health care professional if your condition does not improve in the first two months or if you experience too much skin irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol will work best if you avoid excessive exposure to sunlight and wear sunscreens and protective clothing.
Some Benzene-1,4-diol products contain sunscreens.
Use a sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher).
Do not use sun lamps or sun tanning beds or booths.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol to sunburned areas or if you have a skin wound in the area of application.
Most cosmetics, sunscreens, and moisturizing lotions may be worn over Benzene-1,4-diol.
Wait several minutes after application of v before applying them.

What side effects may I notice from receiving Benzene-1,4-diol?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
-severe burning, itching, crusting, or swelling of the treated areas
-unusual skin discoloration

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
-mild itching or stinging
-reddening of the skin
This list may not describe all possible side effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective skin brightening agents in skincare.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol’s scientifically proven to have negative side effects.
Are the Benzene-1,4-diol dangers worth risking your health?
Snow White set the bar high when Benzene-1,4-diol comes to fair skin.
Many women want overall brighter complexions, and they’re enlisting the help of cosmetics marketed towards brightening dull skin and lightening dark spots.
Skin brightening is so popular and in demand that Benzene-1,4-diol’s become its own industry with Asian countries accounting for more than half of sales.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent frequently used in skin brightening spot treatments and face creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s been long established as the most effective ingredient for lightening skin, fading uneven skin tone, and improving dark spots.
How does Benzene-1,4-diol work? Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin and, therefore, alters the skin tone.
Your skin tone is determined by the amount of melanocytes present in the skin.
Melanocytes are skin cells that create melanin, a dark brown or black pigment.
Melanin is also responsible for making skin appear tanned or darker when exposed to sunlight.
Melanin is beautiful, but Hydroquinone disagrees.
If bleaching your skin doesn’t sound safe to you, you’re right.
Hydroquinone’s not safe or healthy.
Yes, Benzene-1,4-diol works for its desired purposes, but Benzene-1,4-diol’s not good for your skin or body.
Despite its popularity and effectiveness, Benzene-1,4-diol use is controversial for health and safety reasons.

The skin lightener is as controversial as Benzene-1,4-diol is effective.
When incorporated into your complexion regimen properly, Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the production of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production, to decrease the appearance of hyperpigmentation.
Because of this, many people consider Benzene-1,4-diol to be a skin-bleaching ingredient.
According to Miami-based board-certified dermatologist Roberta Del Campo, it should be considered a "color blender" instead.

What are some things I need to know or do while I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
-Tell all of your health care providers that you take hydroquinone.
-This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
-After stopping hydroquinone, some of the color change may come back.
-If you have a sulfite allergy, talk with your doctor.
-This medicine may cause harm if swallowed.
-If hydroquinone is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away.
-Avoid sun, sunlamps, and tanning beds.
-Use sunscreen and wear clothing and eyewear that protects you from the sun.
-Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant.
-You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using hydroquinone while you are pregnant.
-Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding.
-You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.

Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Packaging: Glass Bottle
Sulfated Ash: 0.05% max.
Quantity: 5g
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99.4% min. (HPLC)
Linear Formula: C6H4(OH)2
Beilstein: 06,836
Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15,4845
Solubility Information:
Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Physical Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Percent Purity: 99.5%
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, p.a.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol best taken?
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol as ordered by your doctor.
-Do not take hydroquinone by mouth.
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol on your skin only.
-Keep out of your mouth, nose, and eyes (may burn).
-Wash your hands before and after using Hydroquinone.
-Do not wash your hands after use Benzene-1,4-diol if putting this on your hand.
-Clean affected part before use.
-Make sure to dry well.
-Put Hydroquinone a thin layer on the affected skin and rub in gently.
-Practice good skin care and avoid the sun.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol coverings (bandages, dressings, make-up) unless told to do so by the doctor.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol on irritated skin.

Is Benzene-1,4-diol safe for all skin types and tones?
Although Benzene-1,4-diol is generally well-tolerated, there are a few exceptions.
If you have dry or sensitive skin, you may find that Benzene-1,4-diol causes further dryness or irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol usually tapers off as your skin adjusts to the ingredient.
People who have normal or oily skin are less likely to experience these side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol tends to work best on fair skin tones.
If you have a medium-to-dark skin tone, talk with your dermatologist before use.
Benzene-1,4-diol may actually worsen hyperpigmentation in darker skin tones.

How effective is Benzene-1,4-diol?
In most cases, lightening of skin should be seen after four weeks of treatment.
Sometimes Benzene-1,4-diol may take longer to see any change, but if no bleaching effect is seen after three months of treatment, you should stop using hydroquinone.
To increase the effectiveness of Benzene-1,4-diol, you should stay out of the sun, or wear protective clothing and use an SPF15+ sunscreen when outdoors.
Do not use sunlamps or tanning salons.

How to use Benzene-1,4-diol
Consistency is key to treating hyperpigmentation.
You’ll want to use Benzene-1,4-diol every day for maximum results.
Follow all product instructions carefully.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s important to do a patch test before your first full application.
This will allow you to determine how your skin will react and whether it results in unwelcome side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white, odorless, crystalline solid with an extremely low vapor pressure.
Benzene-1,4-diol is moderately soluble in water and highly soluble in alcohol.
Benzene-1,4-diol occurs in the environment as a result of anthropogenic processes, as well as in natural products from plants and animals.
In the soil, Benzene-1,4-diol is expected to biodegrade under aerobic conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be removed from the soil by oxidation processes or by direct photolysis on the surface.

What is the most important information I should know about Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package.
Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol or peroxide.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if Benzene-1,4-diol is safe to use if you have ever had:
-liver or kidney disease;
-asthma or sulfite allergy; or if you are using any antibiotic medicine.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent available as either a pharmaceutical or a cosmeceutical.
Benzene-1,4-diols mechanism of action depends on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase synthesis, thereby inhibiting the production of melanin.
Other functions of Benzene-1,4-diol include its ability to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, and to degrade melanosomes.
Products sold at 2% concentration are available in more than 100 over-the-counter products, whereas those with a 3–10% concentration are prescription products and regulated as drugs.
New products on the market today use Benzene-1,4-diol in combination with topical retinoids and topical steroids for treatment of melasma and photopigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol has received scrutiny recently owing to Hydroquinones risk of ochronosis, a severe but rare side-effect.
Endogenous ochronosis is a manifestation of a rare metabolic disorder known as alkaptonuria, which results from a deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase.
Exogenous ochronosis is a rare cutaneous side-effect of the long-term use of topical depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone.
Ochronosis is characterized by an asymptomatic blue–black pigmentation of skin and cartilage.
Although the exact cause of ochronosis from topical hydroquinone is not known, studies suggest that hydroquinone may inhibit homogentisic acid oxidase in the dermis, with the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the dermis causing ochronotic pigment deposition.
Other agents reported in the literature to cause exogenous ochronosis are antimalarials, resorcinol, phenol, mercury, and picric acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Due to Benzene-1,4-diols outstanding photo developing properties, Hydroquinone is also used as a photo developer, and as a raw material in manufacturing dye intermediates.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that’s used to treat a variety of discoloration-related skin conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s a skin lightening agent that works by reducing your production of melanin. When used topically, hydroquinone can cause your skin to lighten in color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is widely used as a scar treatment.
Applied topically, Benzene-1,4-diol can cause darkened scars to lose some or all of their extra pigmentation, causing them to blend in and match the color of the surrounding skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s also used as a treatment for skin hyperpigmentation caused by UV exposure (spending too much time in the sun) and inflammation.
Topical Benzene-1,4-diol creams are available as prescription medication to treat melasma and other pigmentation-related skin conditions.
You can also buy limited strength Benzene-1,4-diol as an over-the-counter medicine in most pharmacies.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-bleaching agent that is used to lighten areas of darkened skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been prescribed for your present skin condition only and should not be given to other people or used for other problems.

hydroquinone
1,4-benzenediol
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
4-Hydroxyphenol
Benzoquinol
Eldoquin
hydroquinol
Eldopaque
Phiaquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Benzohydroquinone
Arctuvin
Hidroquinone
Tequinol
Derma-Blanch
Tenox HQ
Hydrochinon
Hydrochinone
Artra
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
Pyrogentistic acid
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
NCI-C55834
HE 5
para-Dihydroxybenzene
Black and White Bleaching Cream
Melanex
Idrochinone [Italian]
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
Benzosemiquinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC 9247
UN2662
Hydroquinone [USP]
CHEBI:17594
AI3-00072
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
MFCD00002339
HQ
CHEMBL537
XV74C1N1AE
1,4-Benzenediol, homopolymer
DTXSID7020716
NSC-9247
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
Hydroquinone (USP)
NCGC00015523-02
beta-quinol
DSSTox_CID_716
DSSTox_RID_75754
DSSTox_GSID_20716
Eldopacque
Hydroquinone (Benzene-1,4-diol)
Epiquin
Sunvanish
p Benzendiol
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
para-Hydroxyphenol
26982-52-5
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
CCRIS 714
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
HSDB 577
SR-01000075920
EINECS 204-617-8
hydroquinon
Hydroquinoue
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
a-Hydroquinone
Black & White Bleaching Cream
p-Hydroxybenzene
b-Quinol
4-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone, HQ
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
HQE
Hydroquinone polymer
PLQ
Artra (Salt/Mix)
1, 4-Benzenediol
HYDROP
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
phenol derivative, 4
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
Spectrum_001757
4e3h
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
ELDOQUIN (TN)
hydroquinone for synthesis
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
Lopac-H-9003
1,2 BENZOLDIOL
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
Epitope ID:116206
EC 204-617-8
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
Hydroquinone-1,4-Benzenediol
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
NSC9247
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
LABOTEST-BB LTBB001931
Pharmakon1600-01504237
HY-B0951
ZINC5133378
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
BBL011606
CCG-39082
NSC758707
s4580
STK397446
AKOS000119003
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
AS00174
DB09526
LP00577
MCULE-3953269041
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
DA-33570
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
C00530
D00073
H 9003
19538-EP2272837A1
19538-EP2284165A1
19538-EP2302015A1
19538-EP2305825A1
19538-EP2309584A1
19538-EP2311804A2
19538-EP2314576A1
19538-EP2314579A1
19538-EP2314584A1
19538-EP2315303A1
19538-EP2371803A1
19538-EP2377843A1
97871-EP2305685A1
AB00053361_08
122680-EP2295053A1
Q419164
J-00491
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167
Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Hydroquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Hydroquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
BENZENE-1,4-DIOL
Benzene-1,4-diol = Hydroquinone = 1,4-Benzenediol = HQ = 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
Chemical formula: C6H6O2
Molar mass: 110.112 g·mol−1

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply Benzene-1,4-diol directly to the skin.
Creams that contain 2% Benzene-1,4-diol are available to buy over the counter in most drugstores.
Stronger creams are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use Benzene-1,4-diol as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.

Some conditions that people may use Benzene-1,4-diol for include:
-Benzene-1,4-diol and Melasma
-People with melasma have brown or gray-brown patches on their skin.
-These patches tend to develop on the face, such as the cheeks or nose.
-They can also appear on areas of skin with high sun exposure, such as the forearms and neck.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Freckles:
Freckles are darker spots or patches that usually occur in fair skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can become more noticeable with exposure to sunlight.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Lentigines:
Lentigines, or age spots, develop on areas of skin with the highest sun exposure.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can appear on the face or the backs of the hands.
They tend to be flat, dark, and between 0.2 centimeters (cm) and 2 cm in width.

Benzene-1,4-diol and acne scars:
Excess oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria can build up in skin pores and cause acne.
The body tries to repair the damage, but sometimes, it leaves scars.

Other uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Some people may want to lighten their skin for cosmetic reasons.
Benzene-1,4-diol can have benefits for confidence and self-esteem.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that the above conditions are all harmless.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Melanin is a pigment that gives the skin and hair their color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is responsible for freckles and other dark patches on the skin.
Melanin is made by melanocytes, which are cells present in the skin and other parts of the body.
When a person applies Benzene-1,4-diol to the skin, it reduces the number of melanocytes.
Fewer melanocytes means that the body produces less melanin in the treated area.
The skin usually appears lighter within about 4 weeks.
Exposure to sunlight reverses the effects of hydroquinone.
Doctors recommend that people who use this product also use a strong sunscreen.

Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diols.
The name "Benzene-1,4-diol" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843

Benzene-1,4-diol is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Benzene-1,4-diol also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic chemical that is normally produced industrially and has a very similar structure to the precursors of Melanin.
The most common use of Benzene-1,4-diol is in skin lightening products, although it can also be used in a technique for developing black and white photos.
Benzene-1,4-diol is the most commonly prescribed depigmenting agent worldwide.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.

Mechanism of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Benzene-1,4-diol produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.

Uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Popularized by Benzene-1,4-diols usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation.
Common conditions of Benzene-1,4-diol include melasma, freckles, lentigines, age spots and acne scars.
Skin sensitivity to Benzene-1,4-diol may be determined before treatment by applying a small amount of cream to the hyperpigmented area and noting any redness or itching.
If no reaction occurs, initiate treatment.
As a general rule, always ensure the area is clean and dry then apply a thin film to the lesion and rub it into the skin well.
Hands should be washed after the application to avoid unwanted lightening of the fingers.

To maintain the desired affect, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen.
Many preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a combination product.
Lightening of the skin should be noticed within 4 weeks of initiation, if no change is seen in 3 months, contact your dermatologist for further recommendations.

Benzene-1,4-diol is known to inhibit melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
In this study, 2% and 5% Benzene-1,4-diol creams were topically applied to the hyperpigmented skin of 56 patients.
Benzene-1,4-diol was a moderately effective depigmenting agent in 80% of cases.
The 2% cream appeared to be as effective therapeutically as the 5% cream and to evoke untoward side effects (primary irritation) much less often.
Therapy with topically applied Benzene-1,4-diol did not lead to complete disappearance of pathological hypermelanosis, but results were satisfactory enough to help most patients become less self-conscious about their pigmentary abnormalities.

Benzene-1,4-diol production:
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced industrially by two main routes.
The most widely use of Benzene-1,4-diol route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.

Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Benzene-1,4-diol and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.

Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation:
Benzene-1,4-diol was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol Reactions:
The reactivity of Benzene-1,4-diol's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Benzene-1,4-diol is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Benzene-1,4-diol with phthalic anhydride.

Redox:
Benzene-1,4-diol undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process of Benzene-1,4-diol can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Benzene-1,4-diol itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless Benzene-1,4-diol and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
Benzene-1,4-diol dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Amination:
An important reaction is the conversion of Benzene-1,4-diol to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2 + CH3NH2 → HOC6H4NHCH3 + H2O
Similarly diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are produced similarly from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2 + 2 C6H5NH2 → C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2 + 2 H2O

Benzene-1,4-diol uses:
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, Benzene-1,4-diol serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Benzene-1,4-diol can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation:
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.

While using Benzene-1,4-diol as a lightening agent can be effective with proper use, it can also cause skin sensitivity.
Using Benzene-1,4-diol a daily sunscreen with a high PPD (persistent pigment darkening) rating reduces the risk of further damage.
Benzene-1,4-diol is sometimes combined with alpha-hydroxy acids that exfoliate the skin to quicken the lightening process.
In the United States, topical treatments usually contain up to 2% in Benzene-1,4-diol.
Otherwise, higher concentrations (up to 4%) should be prescribed and used with caution.
While Benzene-1,4-diol remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proven to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

What Is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is the common name for the ingredient 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, and may be used safely in a variety of cosmetics.

Why is Benzene-1,4-diol used in cosmetics and personal care products?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in cosmetics as an antioxidant, fragrance ingredient and oxidizing agent in hair dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol may also be used as a stabilizer that inhibits the polymerization of the adhesive in artificial nails.

Natural occurrences:
Benzene-1,4-diols are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Farnesyl Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives are the principal irritants exuded by the poodle-dog bush, which can cause severe contact dermatitis in humans.
Benzene-1,4-diol is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
In bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), arbutin is converted to Benzene-1,4-diol.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that can be found naturally in different fungi, plants and animals but was first synthetically produced in the 1800s for the purposes of developing black and white photography.
Later on, in the beginning of the 20th century, the effects of Benzene-1,4-diol on the skin as a melanin inhibitor, and antioxidant were discovered and the ingredient was put to use in topical skincare.
For the last 50+ years, Benzene-1,4-diol has been the gold standard for dark spot correcting and recommended by a number of board-certified dermatologists including SLMD founder, Dr. Sandra Lee, for reducing the appearance of pigmentation resulting from acne, melasma, and sun exposure.
Misinformation and confusion has caused Benzene-1,4-diol to become a controversial ingredient, but we’re here to set the record straight and share the right info with you!

IS Benzene-1,4-diol DANGEROUS?
The first misconception that Benzene-1,4-diol is dangerous stemmed from a controversy in South Africa, in 1980, after they identified products containing Hydroquinone to be hazardous.
As a result, South Africa placed a ban on the ingredient, and Japan, EU and Australia followed suit.
However, further research uncovered that these products they identified as hazardous also contained mercury and other illegal contaminants.
Therefore, there was no substantial evidence that the reason for this toxicity was due to the Benzene-1,4-diol, and plenty more research upholds Hydroquinone to be safe and effective when used topically!
A skin disorder known as exogenous ochronosis, which causes skin to darken with blue-black pigmentation, has been linked to the use of prescription strength Hydroquinone chronically (long-term) and at very high percentages.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that this occurrence is very rare — there have been less than 40 cases recorded in the US.
For this reason, when using prescription strength HQs, dermatologists will recommend that after a couple months of use you take a break from the product before continuing your treatment.
Similarly, there has been no evidence or study that indicates that use of a topical Benzene-1,4-diol causes cancer in humans.
It is true that Benzene-1,4-diol should not be ingested orally in high doses, but as it's manufactured in its powdered form for topical skincare, it's a very stable, safe ingredient!

HOW DOES Benzene-1,4-diol WORK?
Benzene-1,4-diol works to reduce the appearance of dark spots over time by decreasing the production of melanin (the protein that gives your skin pigment) and increasing the breakdown of melanocytes (the cells that create melanin).
This works because Benzene-1,4-diol prevents the activity of tyrosinase, the enzyme needed to make melanin.
Melanin is a natural function of our skin — it’s how we get the pigment in our skin, eyes, and hair, but it becomes problematic when Melanocytes (which sit in the Dermis layer of our skin) are stimulated to release extra melanin that form dark spots on the top layer of our skin.
This process can be triggered by UV exposure and trauma (from picking at your skin).
Benzene-1,4-diol also has some antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from UV damage and brighten complexion.
Because Benzene-1,4-diol functions on the cell-level, it requires consistent use to see results — it is not bleaching your skin over time, just making the melanin production of your skin more even.

Benzene-1,4-diol’s safety has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel on four separate occasions since 1986.
CIR concluded that Benzene-1,4-diol is safe at concentrations of ≤ 1% in cosmetic formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by rinsing from the skin and hair.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol is safe for use as a polymerization inhibitor in nail adhesives and in artificial nail coatings that are cured by LED light.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol is not safe for use in other leave-on cosmetic products.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-lightening agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Historically, there’s been some back-and-forth on the safety of Benzene-1,4-diol.
In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized the ingredient as safe and effectiveTrusted Source.
Several years later, concerns about safety prompted retailers to pull Benzene-1,4-diol from the market.
The FDA went on to discover that many of the products in question contained contaminants like mercury.
They established that these contaminants were behind reports of adverse effects.
Since then, the FDA has confirmed that Benzene-1,4-diol can be safely sold over the counter (OTC) in 2 percent concentrations.
Read on to learn more about how it works, who might benefit from use, products to try, and more.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.
In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
Benzene-1,4-diol takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.
If you don’t see any improvements within three months of OTC use, talk to your dermatologist.
They may be able to recommend a prescription-strength formula better suited to your needs.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol topical is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, Chloasma, and Melasma.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by inhibiting an enzyme reaction in skin cells.

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol topical on skin that is sunburned, dry, chapped, or irritated, or on an open wound.
Benzene-1,4-diol could make these conditions worse.
Discontinue use if excessive irritation develops.
Apply the medication to clean, dry skin.
Dispense a pea size amount on the back of your hand, apply to cheeks, forehead and then to chin.
Blend in the product to cover face.
Avoid the corners of the mouth and nose; these areas can be irritated easily.
Apply to the affected area(s) morning and night.
For Melasma, once the discoloration has resolved or adequately faded, you may either discontinue use or continue weekly maintenance.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take 3 months or more to see improvements.
For Lentigines, use the creams for a maximum of 3 months.

What skin conditions can benefit from Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol includes:
-acne scars
-age spots
-freckles
-melasma
-post-inflammatory marks from psoriasis and eczema

Although hydroquinone can help fade red or brown spots that have lingered, Benzene-1,4-diol won’t help with active inflammation.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can help minimize acne scarring, but Benzene-1,4-diol won’t have an effect on redness from active breakouts.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
If you have an allergy to Benzene-1,4-diol or any other part of Benzene-1,4-diol.
If you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol; any part of hydroquinone; or any other drugs, foods, or substances.
Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had.
Benzene-1,4-diol may interact with other drugs or health problems.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical cream that is used to lighten dark patches of the skin (also called hyperpigmentation).
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a prescription alone and as a combination cream containing a topical steroid and a topical retinoid.
In some countries, including the United States, Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter, most often in a 2-3% formulation.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten dark patches of the skin.
These dark spots can be related or triggered by many factors including pregnancy, birth control pills, inflammation, and injury to the skin.
The most common use is for melasma, a condition in which people develop dark patches on the face and other areas of skin, such as the arms.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol used?
Safe use of Benzene-1,4-diol includes using it under the supervision of a dermatologist.
Benzene-1,4-diol should be applied only to the affected darkened areas of skin to avoid lightening of normal skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol should not be used for extended periods of time as it can cause a paradoxical darkening.
Cycling of use with breaks is recommended to limit overuse and the side effect known as exogenous ochronosis.

What else do I need to know about Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an out of pocket expense as insurance will not cover this medication.
If using Benzene-1,4-diol to treat melasma, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used in combination with a broad-spectrum sunscreen SPF 30 or higher daily.
Sunscreen should be applied to the affected areas after Benzene-1,4-diol to avoid relapse of the condition.
Dark areas may recur if the cream is discontinued but this is less likely happen if sun protective measures are followed.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems.
You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take hydroquinone with all of your drugs and health problems.
Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor.

Benzene-1,4-diol cream is the standard depigmentation or skin lightening agent.
Clinically Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat areas of dyschromia, such as in melasma, chloasma, solar lentigines, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring of Benzene-1,4-diol, so providers can direct patient therapy to optimal outcomes in conditions where it is indicated.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol also known as tocopheryl acetate, hydroquinone is found in skin-lightening creams, serums, cleansers, and moisturizers.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin treatment for melasma, freckles, age and sun spots, and even acne scars," Shafer says.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is used in combination with other acne products such as Retin-A, hydroquinone can help dramatically improve skin complexion.
"Shamban adds to this, reporting that Benzene-1,4-diol can also be used to lighten up freckles as well as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which is usually seen after an injury such as a burn or inflammatory acne.

While Benzene-1,4-diol is effective at lightening spots, the results aren't immediate.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take a matter of weeks (or months) before results are discernible to the naked eye.
"Patients need to understand that the treatment is working at the cellular level to reduce the production of pigment," Shafer explains.
"So the effects take several weeks to realize.
As the old skin sheds and new skin is produced, the amount of pigment will be less, leading to a more even skin tone."

Benefits of Benzene-1,4-diol for Skin
Benzene-1,4-diol has several benefits for the skin.
Lightens dark spots (hyperpigmentation): Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective ingredients to lighten hyperpigmentation.
"If you have dark areas from melasma, age spots, or brown spots left from acne, Benzene-1,4-diol helps by decreasing the formation of melanin in the skin (the pigment in the skin that gives it a dark color)," says Buttiglione.
Ng adds: "To date, Benzene-1,4-diol is considered the topical gold standard in dermatology for reducing hyperpigmentation."
Evens out skin tone: Because Benzene-1,4-diol lightens certain areas of the skin that are darkened, the end result is a more balanced, even complexion.

Treats melasma: "Benzene-1,4-diol serves as the backbone of any treatment for a wide variety of conditions, including melasma," notes Shamban.
"Melasma, which is manifested by patches of darker skin typically on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip, often runs in families and is triggered by UV and visible light exposure often in combination with hormonal shifts such as birth control pills, pregnancy or hormone replacement therapy."
Benzene-1,4-diol can help rectify the side effects of melasma.

What do I do if I miss a dose?
-Put on a missed dose as soon as you think about Benzene-1,4-diol.
-If Benzene-1,4-diol is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
-Do not put Benzene-1,4-diol on 2 doses or extra doses.

Preferred IUPAC name:
Benzene-1,4-diol

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol (hahy droh kwi NOHN) is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Some products also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
-an unusual or allergic reaction to Benzene-1,4-diol, sunscreens, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
-pregnant or trying to get pregnant
-breast-feeding

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is for external use only.
Do not take Benzene-1,4-diol by mouth.
Follow the directions on the prescription label.
Wash your hands before and after applying Hydroquinone.
Make sure the skin is clean and dry.
Apply Benzene-1,4-diol just enough to cover the affected area.
Rub in gently but completely.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol near the eyes, mouth, or other areas of sensitive skin.
If accidental contact occurs, large amounts of water should be used to wash the affected area.
If the eyes are involved and eye irritation persists after thoroughly washing, contact your doctor.
If you are using other skin medicines, apply them at different times of the day.
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of Benzene-1,4-diol in children.
Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of Benzene-1,4-diol contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE:
Benzene-1,4-diol is only for you.
Do not share Benzene-1,4-diol with others.

What may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol?
benzoyl peroxide
This list may not describe all possible interactions.
Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use.
Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs.
Some items may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol.

Benzene-1,4-diol, the major benzene metabolite, is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment due to its widespread application in human and industrial activities.
Benzene-1,4-diol can be used as a developing agent in photography, dye intermediate, stabilizer in paints, varnishes oils, and motor fuels.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol has been used as an antioxidant in the rubber and food industry.
From 1950s to 2001 Benzene-1,4-diol was applied in the commercially available cosmetic skin lightening formulations in European Union countries and since 1960s it was commercially available as a medical product.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also present in cosmetic formulations of products for coating finger nails and hair dyes.
On the other hand, Benzene-1,4-diol can be a component of high molecular aromatic compounds (e.g., resin), an intermediate, or appear as a degradation product generated by transformation of aromatic compounds.
Advanced oxidation processes (APOs) of aromatic compounds, particularly of phenol, yield several benzene derivatives, such as hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, as intermediate metabolites of its transformation.
The formation of Benzene-1,4-diol and -benzoquinone at early stages of phenol oxidation increases the toxicity of phenol wastewaters, showing that these compounds were more toxic and less degradable than the original pollutant.
Meanwhile, in the oxidative degradation of Benzene-1,4-diol under a supercritical condition (409.9°C and 24.5 MPa) and subcritical condition (359.9°C and 24.5 MPa), -benzoquinone was to be an important intermediate.
Despite the toxic properties, a number of microorganisms can utilize Benzene-1,4-diol, especially under aerobic conditions, which has led to the development of low-cost treatment of polluted effluents.
The chemical method applied conventionally to the treatment of industrial wastewater used FeSO4 and H2O2; however, the application of this technology generates ferric sulfate, which enables recycled reactants.
Therefore, biological transformations are generally preferred for being considered as more economical and environmentally friendly.

What should I watch for while using Benzene-1,4-diol?
Contact your doctor or health care professional if your condition does not improve in the first two months or if you experience too much skin irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol will work best if you avoid excessive exposure to sunlight and wear sunscreens and protective clothing.
Some Benzene-1,4-diol products contain sunscreens.
Use a sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher).
Do not use sun lamps or sun tanning beds or booths.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol to sunburned areas or if you have a skin wound in the area of application.
Most cosmetics, sunscreens, and moisturizing lotions may be worn over Benzene-1,4-diol.
Wait several minutes after application of v before applying them.

What side effects may I notice from receiving Benzene-1,4-diol?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
-severe burning, itching, crusting, or swelling of the treated areas
-unusual skin discoloration

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
-mild itching or stinging
-reddening of the skin
This list may not describe all possible side effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective skin brightening agents in skincare.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol’s scientifically proven to have negative side effects.
Are the Benzene-1,4-diol dangers worth risking your health?
Snow White set the bar high when Benzene-1,4-diol comes to fair skin.
Many women want overall brighter complexions, and they’re enlisting the help of cosmetics marketed towards brightening dull skin and lightening dark spots.
Skin brightening is so popular and in demand that Benzene-1,4-diol’s become its own industry with Asian countries accounting for more than half of sales.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent frequently used in skin brightening spot treatments and face creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s been long established as the most effective ingredient for lightening skin, fading uneven skin tone, and improving dark spots.
How does Benzene-1,4-diol work? Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin and, therefore, alters the skin tone.
Your skin tone is determined by the amount of melanocytes present in the skin.
Melanocytes are skin cells that create melanin, a dark brown or black pigment.
Melanin is also responsible for making skin appear tanned or darker when exposed to sunlight.
Melanin is beautiful, but Hydroquinone disagrees.
If bleaching your skin doesn’t sound safe to you, you’re right.
Hydroquinone’s not safe or healthy.
Yes, Benzene-1,4-diol works for its desired purposes, but Benzene-1,4-diol’s not good for your skin or body.
Despite its popularity and effectiveness, Benzene-1,4-diol use is controversial for health and safety reasons.

The skin lightener is as controversial as Benzene-1,4-diol is effective.
When incorporated into your complexion regimen properly, Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the production of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production, to decrease the appearance of hyperpigmentation.
Because of this, many people consider Benzene-1,4-diol to be a skin-bleaching ingredient.
According to Miami-based board-certified dermatologist Roberta Del Campo, it should be considered a "color blender" instead.

What are some things I need to know or do while I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
-Tell all of your health care providers that you take hydroquinone.
-This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
-After stopping hydroquinone, some of the color change may come back.
-If you have a sulfite allergy, talk with your doctor.
-This medicine may cause harm if swallowed.
-If hydroquinone is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away.
-Avoid sun, sunlamps, and tanning beds.
-Use sunscreen and wear clothing and eyewear that protects you from the sun.
-Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant.
-You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using hydroquinone while you are pregnant.
-Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding.
-You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.

Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Packaging: Glass Bottle
Sulfated Ash: 0.05% max.
Quantity: 5g
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99.4% min. (HPLC)
Linear Formula: C6H4(OH)2
Beilstein: 06,836
Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15,4845
Solubility Information:
Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Physical Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Percent Purity: 99.5%
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, p.a.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol best taken?
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol as ordered by your doctor.
-Do not take hydroquinone by mouth.
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol on your skin only.
-Keep out of your mouth, nose, and eyes (may burn).
-Wash your hands before and after using Hydroquinone.
-Do not wash your hands after use Benzene-1,4-diol if putting this on your hand.
-Clean affected part before use.
-Make sure to dry well.
-Put Hydroquinone a thin layer on the affected skin and rub in gently.
-Practice good skin care and avoid the sun.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol coverings (bandages, dressings, make-up) unless told to do so by the doctor.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol on irritated skin.

Is Benzene-1,4-diol safe for all skin types and tones?
Although Benzene-1,4-diol is generally well-tolerated, there are a few exceptions.
If you have dry or sensitive skin, you may find that Benzene-1,4-diol causes further dryness or irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol usually tapers off as your skin adjusts to the ingredient.
People who have normal or oily skin are less likely to experience these side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol tends to work best on fair skin tones.
If you have a medium-to-dark skin tone, talk with your dermatologist before use.
Benzene-1,4-diol may actually worsen hyperpigmentation in darker skin tones.

How effective is Benzene-1,4-diol?
In most cases, lightening of skin should be seen after four weeks of treatment.
Sometimes Benzene-1,4-diol may take longer to see any change, but if no bleaching effect is seen after three months of treatment, you should stop using hydroquinone.
To increase the effectiveness of Benzene-1,4-diol, you should stay out of the sun, or wear protective clothing and use an SPF15+ sunscreen when outdoors.
Do not use sunlamps or tanning salons.

How to use Benzene-1,4-diol
Consistency is key to treating hyperpigmentation.
You’ll want to use Benzene-1,4-diol every day for maximum results.
Follow all product instructions carefully.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s important to do a patch test before your first full application.
This will allow you to determine how your skin will react and whether it results in unwelcome side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white, odorless, crystalline solid with an extremely low vapor pressure.
Benzene-1,4-diol is moderately soluble in water and highly soluble in alcohol.
Benzene-1,4-diol occurs in the environment as a result of anthropogenic processes, as well as in natural products from plants and animals.
In the soil, Benzene-1,4-diol is expected to biodegrade under aerobic conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be removed from the soil by oxidation processes or by direct photolysis on the surface.

What is the most important information I should know about Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package.
Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol or peroxide.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if Benzene-1,4-diol is safe to use if you have ever had:
-liver or kidney disease;
-asthma or sulfite allergy; or if you are using any antibiotic medicine.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent available as either a pharmaceutical or a cosmeceutical.
Benzene-1,4-diols mechanism of action depends on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase synthesis, thereby inhibiting the production of melanin.
Other functions of Benzene-1,4-diol include its ability to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, and to degrade melanosomes.
Products sold at 2% concentration are available in more than 100 over-the-counter products, whereas those with a 3–10% concentration are prescription products and regulated as drugs.
New products on the market today use Benzene-1,4-diol in combination with topical retinoids and topical steroids for treatment of melasma and photopigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol has received scrutiny recently owing to Hydroquinones risk of ochronosis, a severe but rare side-effect.
Endogenous ochronosis is a manifestation of a rare metabolic disorder known as alkaptonuria, which results from a deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase.
Exogenous ochronosis is a rare cutaneous side-effect of the long-term use of topical depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone.
Ochronosis is characterized by an asymptomatic blue–black pigmentation of skin and cartilage.
Although the exact cause of ochronosis from topical hydroquinone is not known, studies suggest that hydroquinone may inhibit homogentisic acid oxidase in the dermis, with the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the dermis causing ochronotic pigment deposition.
Other agents reported in the literature to cause exogenous ochronosis are antimalarials, resorcinol, phenol, mercury, and picric acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Due to Benzene-1,4-diols outstanding photo developing properties, Hydroquinone is also used as a photo developer, and as a raw material in manufacturing dye intermediates.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that’s used to treat a variety of discoloration-related skin conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s a skin lightening agent that works by reducing your production of melanin. When used topically, hydroquinone can cause your skin to lighten in color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is widely used as a scar treatment.
Applied topically, Benzene-1,4-diol can cause darkened scars to lose some or all of their extra pigmentation, causing them to blend in and match the color of the surrounding skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s also used as a treatment for skin hyperpigmentation caused by UV exposure (spending too much time in the sun) and inflammation.
Topical Benzene-1,4-diol creams are available as prescription medication to treat melasma and other pigmentation-related skin conditions.
You can also buy limited strength Benzene-1,4-diol as an over-the-counter medicine in most pharmacies.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-bleaching agent that is used to lighten areas of darkened skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been prescribed for your present skin condition only and should not be given to other people or used for other problems.

hydroquinone
1,4-benzenediol
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
4-Hydroxyphenol
Benzoquinol
Eldoquin
hydroquinol
Eldopaque
Phiaquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Benzohydroquinone
Arctuvin
Hidroquinone
Tequinol
Derma-Blanch
Tenox HQ
Hydrochinon
Hydrochinone
Artra
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
Pyrogentistic acid
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
NCI-C55834
HE 5
para-Dihydroxybenzene
Black and White Bleaching Cream
Melanex
Idrochinone [Italian]
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
Benzosemiquinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC 9247
UN2662
Hydroquinone [USP]
CHEBI:17594
AI3-00072
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
MFCD00002339
HQ
CHEMBL537
XV74C1N1AE
1,4-Benzenediol, homopolymer
DTXSID7020716
NSC-9247
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
Hydroquinone (USP)
NCGC00015523-02
beta-quinol
DSSTox_CID_716
DSSTox_RID_75754
DSSTox_GSID_20716
Eldopacque
Hydroquinone (Benzene-1,4-diol)
Epiquin
Sunvanish
p Benzendiol
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
para-Hydroxyphenol
26982-52-5
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
CCRIS 714
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
HSDB 577
SR-01000075920
EINECS 204-617-8
hydroquinon
Hydroquinoue
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
a-Hydroquinone
Black & White Bleaching Cream
p-Hydroxybenzene
b-Quinol
4-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone, HQ
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
HQE
Hydroquinone polymer
PLQ
Artra (Salt/Mix)
1, 4-Benzenediol
HYDROP
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
phenol derivative, 4
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
Spectrum_001757
4e3h
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
ELDOQUIN (TN)
hydroquinone for synthesis
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
Lopac-H-9003
1,2 BENZOLDIOL
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
Epitope ID:116206
EC 204-617-8
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
Hydroquinone-1,4-Benzenediol
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
NSC9247
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
LABOTEST-BB LTBB001931
Pharmakon1600-01504237
HY-B0951
ZINC5133378
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
BBL011606
CCG-39082
NSC758707
s4580
STK397446
AKOS000119003
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
AS00174
DB09526
LP00577
MCULE-3953269041
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
DA-33570
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
C00530
D00073
H 9003
19538-EP2272837A1
19538-EP2284165A1
19538-EP2302015A1
19538-EP2305825A1
19538-EP2309584A1
19538-EP2311804A2
19538-EP2314576A1
19538-EP2314579A1
19538-EP2314584A1
19538-EP2315303A1
19538-EP2371803A1
19538-EP2377843A1
97871-EP2305685A1
AB00053361_08
122680-EP2295053A1
Q419164
J-00491
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167
Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Hydroquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Hydroquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
BENZENE-1,4-DIOL (HYDROQUINONE)

Benzene-1,4-diol, commonly known as hydroquinone, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is an aromatic organic compound that consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) substituted at positions 1 and 4.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8

Synonyms: Hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Quinol, Artra, Eldopaque, Esoterica, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Aida, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Benzohydroquinone, Bino, Benzoquinol, Dermogel, Eldoquin, Esterol, Hydrochinone, Hydrochinonium, Hydroquinol, Hydroquinole, Hydroquinolum, Idrochinone, Melanex, Novoquinon, Progallin-S, Solaquin, Tequinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzol, 1,4-Dioksybenzen, Aquinol, Arochin, Benzenediol, Benzohydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, C.I. 76550, Conchinone, Diak 5, Dihydroxybenzene, Dihydroxybenzol, Eldoquin Forte, Eldoquin-CF, Erospray, Fourneau 309, Hidrochinona, Idrochinone, Idroquinone, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzène, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzol, 1,4-Dioksibenzen, 1,4-Dioksybenzen, 4-Hydroxiphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, alpha-Quinol, Benzene-1,4-diol, beta-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-Hydroquinone, Binit, Hydrochinon, Hydrochinonum, Hydroquinol, NCI-C56028, p-Diphenol, Quinol, Quinolium, Quinolum



APPLICATIONS


Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the production of colorless photographic developers for black and white film processing.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a key ingredient in the formulation of chemical peels used for exfoliation and skin rejuvenation.

In the automotive industry, hydroquinone is employed in the production of automotive coatings and paints.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of antioxidants for stabilizing food oils and fats to prevent rancidity.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the synthesis of rubber antioxidants to prolong the service life of rubber products.

In the field of analytical chemistry, hydroquinone is employed as a redox indicator in titration reactions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reagent in organic synthesis for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of antioxidants for extending the shelf life of cosmetics and personal care products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the formulation of hair colorants and bleaching agents to lighten the hair.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of electroplating solutions for metal surface treatments.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including dyes and fragrances.

In the food industry, hydroquinone is employed as an additive in beverages to prevent enzymatic browning.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates for the production of drugs treating various medical conditions.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the preservation of fruits and vegetables to maintain their freshness and color.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of flavoring agents and fragrance compounds for the food and cosmetic industries.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of antioxidants for improving the stability of plasticizers in PVC products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a stabilizer in the production of polyurethane foams to prevent degradation during processing and use.

In the printing industry, hydroquinone is used as a component of developer solutions for lithographic printing plates.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of dyes and pigments for coloring textiles, paper, and other materials.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for metal surfaces in marine and industrial applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in the synthesis of photographic chemicals such as reducers and intensifiers.

In the manufacturing of detergents and cleaning agents, hydroquinone is used as a stabilizer to maintain product quality.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of plastic additives for improving the thermal and UV stability of plastics.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the formulation of adhesive and sealant products for bonding various substrates in construction and automotive applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)'s versatility and diverse chemical properties make it an essential component in numerous industries, contributing to the development of a wide range of products and applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly used in skincare products as a skin-lightening agent to treat hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in reducing the appearance of dark spots, age spots, and melasma on the skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the formulation of creams, lotions, serums, and gels for topical application.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which is involved in melanin production, leading to a lighter complexion.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also employed in the treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by acne, eczema, or injury.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in combination with other skin-lightening agents such as retinoids, corticosteroids, and glycolic acid for enhanced efficacy.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is prescribed by dermatologists and skincare professionals for various dermatological conditions related to hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also utilized in the production of hair dyes to achieve lighter or bleached hair shades.

In the textile industry, hydroquinone is employed as a dye intermediate for the production of azo and sulfur dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the manufacture of ink formulations for printing and writing applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent in black and white photography to produce photographic prints and negatives.
In the rubber industry, hydroquinone serves as a polymerization inhibitor to prevent unwanted cross-linking during the production of rubber products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a stabilizer for plastics, preventing degradation and discoloration due to exposure to light and heat.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a precursor in the production of antioxidants such as tocopherols and ubiquinone.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in analytical chemistry as a reagent for the determination of various compounds, including sugars and phenols.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the preservation of foods and beverages as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in chemical synthesis for the production of aromatic compounds, resins, and specialty chemicals.
In the petrochemical industry, hydroquinone is employed in the production of fuel additives and lubricants.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of agrochemicals such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of adhesives, sealants, and coatings for industrial and commercial applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in organic synthesis reactions to convert nitro compounds to amines.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the manufacture of antioxidants for cosmetics, personal care products, and food packaging materials.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of photographic chemicals and toners for color photography.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a critical role in various industries, ranging from skincare and cosmetics to photography, textiles, and pharmaceuticals, demonstrating its versatility and importance in diverse applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly utilized in skincare products as a skin-lightening agent to address hyperpigmentation issues.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in reducing the appearance of dark spots, age spots, and melasma, resulting in a more even skin tone.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and gels formulated for topical application.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which plays a key role in melanin production.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is frequently prescribed by dermatologists for treating conditions like post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and freckles.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also used in the formulation of hair dyes to achieve lighter shades or to bleach hair.
In the textile industry, it serves as a dye intermediate for the production of various colored fabrics.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of photographic chemicals as a developing agent for black and white film.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the manufacture of ink formulations for printing and writing purposes.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts as a polymerization inhibitor in the rubber industry to prevent undesired cross-linking.
In plastics manufacturing, hydroquinone serves as a stabilizer, preventing degradation caused by exposure to light and heat.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the production of antioxidants for food preservation and personal care products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a role in analytical chemistry as a reagent for the determination of certain compounds.

In the petrochemical sector, hydroquinone is used in the production of fuel additives and lubricants.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a starting material for the synthesis of agrochemicals such as herbicides and fungicides.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of adhesives, sealants, and coatings for various industrial purposes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a reducing agent in organic synthesis reactions to convert nitro compounds into amines.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the manufacture of antioxidants for cosmetics, personal care products, and food packaging.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of toners and developers for color photography.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the preservation of foods and beverages as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of resins, plastics, and synthetic fibers.
In analytical chemistry, hydroquinone is used in titration procedures and as a standard in calibration solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a significant role in various industries due to its versatility and wide range of applications, from skincare and photography to pharmaceuticals and beyond.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) exhibits antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage to cells and tissues.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly used in skincare products for its skin-lightening and depigmenting effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, thereby reducing melanin production in the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in treating various forms of hyperpigmentation, including melasma, age spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is considered toxic if ingested in large quantities and can cause adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
Prolonged or excessive use of hydroquinone in skincare products may lead to skin irritation, sensitization, and ochronosis.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has been banned or restricted in cosmetic formulations in some countries due to safety concerns.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is subject to regulatory oversight and requires careful handling and use in commercial and industrial applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a versatile compound with diverse applications in skincare, photography, pharmaceuticals, and chemical industries, but its use requires caution due to potential health risks and environmental concerns.



DESCRIPTION


Benzene-1,4-diol, commonly known as hydroquinone, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is an aromatic organic compound that consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) substituted at positions 1 and 4.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and is soluble in water and organic solvents like ethanol and ether.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, photography, cosmetics, and agriculture.
In pharmaceuticals, hydroquinone is utilized as a topical agent for its skin-lightening properties, often found in creams and lotions to treat hyperpigmentation, melasma, and other skin disorders.
In photography, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent to produce black and white images.

Additionally, hydroquinone is employed in the production of antioxidants, polymerization inhibitors, and as a reagent in organic synthesis.
However, prolonged or excessive exposure to hydroquinone can lead to adverse health effects, including skin irritation, sensitization, and potential carcinogenicity, prompting regulatory restrictions on its use in certain applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a crystalline white solid with a slightly sweet taste.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is highly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
In its pure form, hydroquinone appears as odorless, needle-like crystals.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has a chemical structure consisting of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached at positions 1 and 4.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is classified as a phenol derivative due to its aromatic ring structure and hydroxyl group.
Hydroquinone is a potent reducing agent, readily undergoing oxidation to form quinone derivatives.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Hydroquinone is a white crystalline solid at room temperature.
Odor: It is odorless.
Taste: Hydroquinone has a slightly sweet taste.
Melting Point: The melting point of hydroquinone is approximately 171°C (340°F).
Boiling Point: The compound sublimes at temperatures above its melting point.
Solubility: Hydroquinone is highly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Density: The density of hydroquinone is approximately 1.33 g/cm³.
Vapor Pressure: The vapor pressure of hydroquinone is low at room temperature.
Crystal Structure: Hydroquinone forms needle-like crystals in its pure form.
pH: In aqueous solutions, hydroquinone exhibits a slightly acidic pH.
Hygroscopicity: It is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb moisture from the air.
Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of hydroquinone is approximately 1.33.
Partition Coefficient (Log P): The log P value of hydroquinone is approximately 0.6, indicating moderate lipophilicity.
Surface Tension: Hydroquinone exhibits surface-active properties due to its hydroxyl groups.
Optical Properties: Hydroquinone is optically inactive.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C6H6O2
Molecular Weight: The molecular weight of hydroquinone is approximately 110.11 g/mol.
Structure: It consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached at positions 1 and 4.
Functional Groups: Hydroquinone contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH), making it a diol.
Acidity/Basicity: Hydroquinone is a weak acid, capable of donating a proton to form the hydroquinone anion.
Redox Properties: It is a potent reducing agent, readily undergoing oxidation to form quinone derivatives.
Stability: Hydroquinone is relatively stable under normal conditions but can undergo oxidation and degradation upon exposure to light and air.
Reactivity: It reacts with oxidizing agents to form quinones, which are colored compounds.
Complex Formation: Hydroquinone can form complexes with metal ions, particularly in the presence of chelating agents.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
Assist the individual in moving to an area with adequate ventilation.
Keep the person calm and reassure them while ensuring they continue to breathe freely.
If breathing difficulties persist or if the person is not breathing, seek medical attention immediately.
If the person is unconscious but breathing, place them in a stable position and monitor their vital signs until help arrives.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes promptly to prevent further exposure.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild detergent or cleanser to remove any residual hydroquinone from the skin.
Rinse the skin with plenty of water to ensure complete removal of the chemical.
If skin irritation or redness develops, seek medical advice promptly.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable after flushing.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if no symptoms are initially present.
Protect the unaffected eye during flushing to prevent cross-contamination.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and spit out.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Provide medical personnel with information on the amount ingested and the time of ingestion.


General First Aid:

If symptoms of overexposure develop (such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or difficulty breathing), seek medical attention immediately.
Keep affected individuals warm and quiet.
Treat symptomatically and supportively.
In case of chemical burns, rinse affected skin or eyes with copious amounts of water and seek medical attention promptly.
Monitor vital signs and provide reassurance to the affected individual while awaiting medical assistance.


Notes for Medical Personnel:

Treatment should be based on the symptoms and clinical condition of the exposed individual.
No specific antidote is available for hydroquinone exposure.
In case of ingestion, gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal may be considered if performed soon after ingestion and under medical supervision.
Provide supportive care, including respiratory support and symptomatic treatment, as necessary.


Precautions for First Responders:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing, when assisting with first aid.
Avoid direct contact with hydroquinone to prevent secondary exposure.
Use caution to prevent contamination of oneself and others during the handling of contaminated clothing and materials.


Emergency Contacts:

Contact emergency medical services or local poison control center for assistance.
Provide information on the chemical involved, exposure route, and symptoms observed.
Follow established procedures and guidelines for handling chemical exposures and seeking medical assistance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, when handling hydroquinone to minimize skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if handling large quantities of powder or aerosolized forms of hydroquinone.

Handling Precautions:
Handle hydroquinone in a well-ventilated area or under local exhaust ventilation to minimize inhalation exposure.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. In case of contact, wash affected areas immediately with plenty of water.
Use tools and equipment designed for handling chemicals to minimize the risk of spills and splashes.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling hydroquinone.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling to remove any residual chemical.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In the event of a spill or leak, immediately contain the area to prevent further spread of the chemical.
Use absorbent materials, such as vermiculite or sand, to soak up spills.
Wear appropriate PPE during cleanup and disposal of spilled material.
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local regulations.

Equipment Cleaning:
Clean equipment and containers used for handling hydroquinone regularly to prevent buildup and cross-contamination.
Use mild detergents and water for cleaning, followed by thorough rinsing.
Dispose of cleaning solutions and rinse water according to applicable regulations.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store hydroquinone in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.
Store away from incompatible materials, such as oxidizing agents, acids, and bases.
Ensure storage area is equipped with appropriate containment measures to contain spills.

Segregation and Separation:
Segregate hydroquinone from incompatible chemicals to prevent reactions or contamination.
Store in dedicated storage cabinets or areas away from food, beverages, and feedstuffs.

Handling and Storage Equipment:
Use equipment and containers specifically designated for storing hydroquinone to prevent cross-contamination.
Ensure containers are made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Check containers regularly for signs of damage or deterioration and replace if necessary.

Temperature and Humidity Control:
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures and humidity, as they may affect the stability and integrity of hydroquinone.
Maintain storage temperature within the recommended range (typically ambient temperature).

BENZENEACETIC ACID
Benzeneacetic acid, also known as Phenylacetate, is an aromatic fatty acid metabolite of phenylalanine with potential antineoplastic activity.
Naturally occurring in mammals, Benzeneacetic acid induces differentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in tumor cells.
Benzeneacetic acid is an acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.

CAS Number: 122-79-2
EC Number: 204-575-0
Molecular Formula: C8H8O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 136.15

Synonyms: (Acetyloxy)benzene, 100843-EP2301983A1, 100843-EP2371831A1, 122-79-2, 355G9R500Y, 4-06-00-00613 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), A0043, ACETATE, PHENYL, Acetates, acetic acid phenyl, Acetic acid phenyl ester, Acetic acid, phenyl ester, ACETIC ACID, PHENYLESTER, Acetic acid,phenyl ester, Acetic acid-phenyl ester, Acetoxybenzene, Acetyl phenol, Acetylphenol, Actate de phnyle, AI3-01972, AKOS002710242, bmse000481, bmse010117, BRN 0636458, C00548, CHEBI:8082, CHEMBL289559, CS-0102517, CS-O-10949, D88203, DTXCID4030178, DTXSID3051626, EC 204-575-0, EINECS 204-575-0, FEMA 3958, FEMA NO. 3958, Fenylester kyseliny octove, Fenylester kyseliny octove [Czech], FT-0659102, FT-0673718, HSDB 2667, HY-128733, MFCD00008699, NCI60_002262, NSC 27795, NSC-27795, NSC27795, Phen-d5-ol, acetate, Phenol acetate, phenoxy ethan-1-one, PHENYL ACETATE, PHENYL ACETATE [FHFI], PHENYL ACETATE [HSDB], PHENYL ACETATE [MI], Phenyl acetate, 99%, Phenyl acetate, analytical standard, Phenyl ester of acetic acid, PhOAc, PIPERAZINECITRATEHYDRATE, PS-5400, Q419645, QY9, SCHEMBL35500, STK022563, UNII-355G9R500Y, W-109455, WLN: 1VOR, 2-Phenylacetate, Benzeneacetate, Benzeneacetic acid, ion(1-) [ACD/Index Name], BENZYLFORMATE, Phenylacetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Phenylacetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], Phénylacétate [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Phenylethanoate, w-Phenylacetate, ω-Phenylacetate, 103-82-2 [RN], 2-phenylethanoate, 3539899 [Beilstein], acetate, phenyl-, A-PHENYL-ACETATE, phenylacetate anion, phenylacetate(1-), phenylacetic acid anion, 122-79-2 [RN], 204-575-0 [EINECS], 355G9R500Y, 636458 [Beilstein], Acétate de phényle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Acetic acid phenyl ester, Acetic acid, phenyl ester [ACD/Index Name], AJ2800000, MFCD00008699 [MDL number], Phenyl acetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], Phenyl-acetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], (2,3,4,5,6-Pentadeuteriophenyl) acetate, [122-79-2] [RN], 1072946-32-7 [RN], 1072946-33-8 [RN], 122-84-9 [RN], 204-578-7 [EINECS], 22705-26-6 [RN], 2-Phenylacetate, 4-06-00-00613 [Beilstein], 4-06-00-00613 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein], 4-08-00-00460 [Beilstein], 4-13-00-00137 [Beilstein], 4'-Methoxyphenyl-2-propanone, Acetic acid phenyl ester; Phenyl ethanoate, Acetic acid, phenylester, Acetic acid-phenyl ester, Acetic acid-phenyl ester, Acetoxybenzene, Acetyl phenol, EINECS 204-575-0, FEMA 3958, Fenylester kyseliny octove, Fenylester kyseliny octove [Czech], MFCD03792523 [MDL number], o-Acetylphenol, PHENOL ACETATE, phenyl acetate on polystyrene, ca 4 mmol/g, PHENYL ACETATE|PHENYL ACETATE, Phenyl Acetate-d5, phenyl acetic acid, Phenyl ester of acetic acid, phenyl ethanoate, Phenylacetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], PS-5400, QY9, UNII:355G9R500Y, UNII-355G9R500Y, WLN: 1VOR

Benzeneacetic acid is the ester of phenol and acetic acid.
Benzeneacetic acid can be produced by reacting phenol (Which can be produced by decarboxylation of aspirin)with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.

Benzeneacetic acid can be separated into phenol and an acetate salt, via saponification: heating the Benzeneacetic acid with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, will produce phenol and an acetate salt (sodium acetate, if sodium hydroxide were used).

Benzeneacetic acid, also known as Phenylacetate, is an aromatic fatty acid metabolite of phenylalanine with potential antineoplastic activity.
Naturally occurring in mammals, Benzeneacetic acid induces differentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in tumor cells.

Benzeneacetic acid mechanisms of action include decreased protein prenylation, activation of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptors, inhibition of DNA methylation, and depletion of glutamine.
Benzeneacetic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol esters.

These are aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring substituted by a hydroxyl group and an ester group.
Benzeneacetic acid has a phenolic-like taste.

Benzeneacetic acid is an acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.
Benzeneacetic acid is a member of Benzeneacetic acids and a member of benzenes.
Benzeneacetic acid is functionally related to a phenol.

Benzeneacetic acid is a natural product found in Euglena gracilis and Arabidopsis thaliana with data available.
Benzeneacetic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Benzeneacetic acid, also known as (Acetyloxy)benzene, is the ester of acetic acid and phenol and used most often as a solvent.
Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.

Benzeneacetic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation but is not currently being manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area.
Benzeneacetic acid is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Benzeneacetic acid, also known as Acetylphenol or alpha-toluic acid, belongs to benzene and substituted derivatives class of compounds.
Those are aromatic compounds containing one monocyclic ring system consisting of benzene.

Benzeneacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).
Benzeneacetic acid can be synthesized from acetic acid.

Benzeneacetic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, hydratropic acid, 2,4,5-trihydroxyBenzeneacetic acid, and mandelamide.
Benzeneacetic acid is a sweet, civet, and floral tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as hyssop, cowpea, endive, and shea tree, which makes Benzeneacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Benzeneacetic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, feces, and blood.
Benzeneacetic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.

In humans, Benzeneacetic acid is involved in the Benzeneacetic acid metabolism.
Moreover, Benzeneacetic acid is found to be associated with kidney disease and phenylketonuria.

Benzeneacetic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound.
Benzeneacetic acid is a drug which is used for use as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of acute hyperammonemia and associated encephalopathy in patients with deficiencies in enzymes of the urea cycle.

Benzeneacetic acid is the ester of a phenol and acetic acid.
Benzeneacetic acid is a metabolite of anticancer drug phenylbutyrate (PB), natural neurotransmitter phenylethylamine.
Naturally, Benzeneacetic acid is an odorant found in strawberries, passion fruit, and black tea.

Benzeneacetic acid level in urine was used as a marker for the diagnosis of some forms of unipolar major depressive disorders.
Benzeneacetic acid is used as a tool substrate to study esterase activity in the blood of patients in clinical studies of the effect of nutritional supplements on paraoxonase-1 levels.

Benzeneacetic acid is an aromatic ester.
Benzeneacetic acid levels in urine are marker for the diagnosis of some forms of unipolar major depressive disorders.
Benzeneacetic acid undergoes Fries rearrangement to form a mixture of o- and p-hydroxyacetophenones which are useful intermediates in manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

Benzeneacetic acid is produced from bacterial degradation of unabsorbed phenylalanine.

In health, beneficial intestinal bacteria produce some B-vitamins and provide stimulus for proper immune function.
However, if your stomach acid is not adequate, if you fail to digest protein, or if your diet does not supply sufficient fiber, the resulting overgrowth of unfavorable bacteria can release toxic products that your body must remove.

Uses of Benzeneacetic acid:
Benzeneacetic acid is used as a solvent, laboratory reagent, and in organic synthesis
Benzeneacetic acid is solvent, organic sythesis, laboratory reagent

Benzeneacetic acid is high-boiling aprotic solvent
Benzeneacetic acid is used as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of o-hydroxyacetophenone; p-hydroxyacetophenone; synephrine

Uses at industrial sites:
Benzeneacetic acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzeneacetic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Benzeneacetic acid can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Industry Uses:
Intermediates

Human Metabolite Information of Benzeneacetic acid:

Cellular Locations:
Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Handling and Storage of Benzeneacetic acid:

Precautions for safe handling:
measures against static discharge.

Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 10: Combustible liquids

Stability and Reactivity of Benzeneacetic acid:

Reactivity:
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
A range from approx. 15 Kelvin below the flash point is to be rated as critical.

Chemical stability:
Benzeneacetic acid is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Conditions to avoid:
Strong heating.

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents, Strong acids, Strong bases, Strong reducing agents Strong oxidizing agents, Strong acids, Strong bases, Strong reducing agents

First Aid Measures of Benzeneacetic acid:

General advice:
Show Benzeneacetic acid safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

Firefighting Measures of Benzeneacetic acid:

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For Benzeneacetic acid no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from Benzeneacetic acid or mixture:
Carbon oxides

Vapors are heavier than air and may spread along floors.
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.

Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water
from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental Release Measures of Benzeneacetic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Do not breathe vapors, aerosols.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

Accidental Release Measures of Benzeneacetic acid:

Personal protection:
Filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of Benzeneacetic acid.
Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers.

Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Disposal Methods of Benzeneacetic acid:
At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Identifiers of Benzeneacetic acid:
CAS Number: 122-79-2
ChEBI: CHEBI:8082
ChemSpider: 28969
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.160
PubChem CID: 31229
UNII: 355G9R500Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3051626
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H8O2/c1-7(9)10-8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3
Key: IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C8H8O2/c1-7(9)10-8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3
Key: IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYAF
SMILES: CC(=O)Oc1ccccc1

Synonym(s): Acetic acid phenyl ester
Linear Formula: CH3COOC6H5
CAS Number: 122-79-2
Molecular Weight: 136.15
Beilstein: 636458
EC Number: 204-575-0
MDL number: MFCD00008699
PubChem Substance ID: 24846821
NACRES: NA.22

CAS: 122-79-2
Molecular Formula: C8H8O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 136.15
MDL Number: MFCD00008699
InChI Key: IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 31229
ChEBI: CHEBI:8082
IUPAC Name: phenyl acetate
SMILES: CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1

Properties of Benzeneacetic acid:
Chemical formula: C8H8O2
Molar mass: 136.150 g·mol−1
Density: 1.075 g/mL
Melting point: −30 °C (−22 °F; 243 K)
Boiling point: 195–196 °C (383–385 °F; 468–469 K)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -82.04·10−6 cm3/mol

Quality Level: 100
Assay: 99%
Refractive index: n20/D 1.501 (lit.)
bp: 196 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.073 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CC(=O)Oc1ccccc1
InChI: 1S/C8H8O2/c1-7(9)10-8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3
InChI key: IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Gene Information: human ... PON1(5444)

Molecular Weight: 136.15 g/mol
XLogP3: 1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 136.052429494 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 136.052429494 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Complexity: 114
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Benzeneacetic acid:
Color: Colorless
Boiling Point: 195°C
Quantity: 25 g
Formula Weight: 136.15
Percent Purity: ≥98.0% (GC)
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Phenyl Acetate

Names of Benzeneacetic acid:

Regulatory process names:
Phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate

IUPAC names:
Phenyl Acetate
Phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate

Preferred IUPAC name:
Phenyl acetate

Systematic IUPAC name:
Phenyl ethanoate

Other names:
Phenol acetate
(Acetyloxy)benzene
Acetoxybenzene

Other identifiers:
122-79-2
BENZENECARBONYL CHLORIDE
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride has a role as a carcinogenic agent.

CAS: 98-88-4
MF: C7H5ClO
MW: 140.57
EINECS: 202-710-8

Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an acyl chloride and a member of benzenes.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is functionally related to a benzoic acid.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride appears as a colorless fuming liquid with a pungent odor.
Flash point 162 °F.
Lachrymator, irritating to skin and eyes.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.
Density 10.2 lb / gal.
Used in medicine and in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C7H5ClO.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour, and consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with an acyl chloride (−C(=O)Cl) substituent.

Benzenecarbonyl chloride is mainly useful for the production of peroxides but is generally useful in other areas such as in the preparation of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid.
This weak acid and its salts are used as a food preservative.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is used as an intermediate chemical in the preparation of dyes, perfumes, peroxides, pharmaceuticals, and resins.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is also used in photography; as gasoline gum inhibitors, and in the manufacture of synthetic tannins.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride was formerly employed as an irritant gas in chemical warfare.

Benzenecarbonyl chloride Chemical Properties
Melting point: -1 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 198 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.211 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 4.88 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 32 °C)
efractive index: n20/D 1.553(lit.)
Fp: 156 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Acetonitrile (Slightly), Chloroform (Sparingly)
Form: Liquid
Color: Clear
Odor: Pungent characteristic.
PH Range: 2 at 1 g/l
PH: 2 (1g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Explosive limit: 2.5-27%(V)
Water Solubility: reacts
FreezingPoint: -1℃
Sensitive: Moisture Sensitive
Merck: 14,1112
BRN: 471389
Exposure limits ACGIH: Ceiling 0.5 ppm
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, water, alcohols, strong bases. Reacts violently with DMSO and vigorously with alkalies.
InChIKey: PASDCCFISLVPSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.44 at 21℃ and pH6
CAS DataBase Reference: 98-88-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzenecarbonyl chloride (98-88-4)
IARC: 2A (Vol. 29, Sup 7, 71) 1999
EPA Substance Registry System: Benzenecarbonyl chloride (98-88-4)

Physical and Chemical Properties
Benzenecarbonyl chloride's pure product is a colorless and transparent flammable liquid, which is smoking exposed to air in the air.
In Industry, Benzenecarbonyl chloride is slightly pale yellow, with a strong pungent odor.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride's steam has a strong stimulating effect for eye mucous membranes, skin and respiratory tract, by stimulating the mucous membranes and eyes tear.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride melting point is-1.0 ℃, boiling point is 197.2 ℃, and the relative density is 1.212 (20 ℃), while a flash point is 72 ℃, and refractive index (n20) is 1.554.

Benzenecarbonyl chloride is soluble in the ether, chloroform, benzene and carbon disulfide.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride can gradually decomposed in water or ethanol, ammonia, which generates benzoic acid, generating benzamide, ethyl benzoate and hydrogen chloride.
In the laboratory, Benzenecarbonyl chloride can be obtained by distillation of benzoic acid and phosphorus pentachloride under anhydrous conditions.
Industrial production process can be obtained by the use of thionyl chloride benzaldehyde. Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an important intermediate for preparing dyes, perfumes, organic peroxides, resins and drugs.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is also used in photography and artificial tannin production, which was formerly used as an irritant gas in chemical warfare.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is a colorless to slight brown liquid with a strong, penetrating odor; vapor causes tears.
Soluble in ether and carbon disulfide; decomposes in water.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is a liquid acyl chloride used as a benzoylating agent.

Uses
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is used for organic synthesis, dye and pharmaceutical raw material, manufacturing initiator benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxybenzoate, pesticides and herbicides.
In pesticides, Benzenecarbonyl chloride is a new insecticide, which is inducible isoxazole parathion (Isoxathion, Karphos) intermediate.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an important benzoyl and benzyl reagent.
Most of Benzenecarbonyl chloride is used in the production of benzoyl peroxide, and secondly for the production of benzophenone, benzyl benzoate, benzyl cellulose.
Benzoyl peroxide catalyzes polymerization initiator for the monomer plastic, polyester, epoxy, acrylic resin production, self-curing agent, which is a glass fiber material, fluorine rubber, silicone crosslinking agents, oil refined, bleached flour, fiber decolorizing.

Benzenecarbonyl chloride is used in the manufacturing of dye intermediates.
For acylation, i.e., introduction of the benzoyl group into alcohols, phenols, and amines (Schotten-Baumann reaction); in the manufacture of benzoyl peroxide and of dye intermediates.
In organic analysis for making benzoyl derivatives for identification purposes.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is widely utilized for the synthesis of peroxides.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is employed in the production of dyes and perfumes.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride also serves in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and resins.

Preparation
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is produced from benzotrichloride using either water or benzoic acid:

C6H5CCl3 + H2O → C6H5COCl + 2 HCl
C6H5CCl3 + C6H5CO2H → 2 C6H5COCl + HCl
As with other acyl chlorides, Benzenecarbonyl chloride can be generated from the parent acid and standard chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride, and oxalyl chloride.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride was first prepared by treatment of benzaldehyde with chlorine.
An early method for production of Benzenecarbonyl chloride involved chlorination of benzyl alcohol.

Reactions
Benzenecarbonyl chloride reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid:

C6H5COCl + H2O → C6H5COOH + HCl
Benzoyl chloride is a typical acyl chloride.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride reacts with alcohols to give the corresponding esters.
Similarly, Benzenecarbonyl chloride reacts with amines to give the amide.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride undergoes the Friedel-Crafts acylation with aromatic compounds to give the corresponding benzophenones and related derivatives.
With carbanions, Benzenecarbonyl chloride serves again as a source of the benzoyl cation synthon, C6H5CO+.
Benzoyl peroxide, a common reagent in polymer chemistry, is produced industrially by treating benzoyl chloride with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide:

2 C6H5COCl + H2O2 + 2 NaOH → (C6H5CO)2O2 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O

Reactivity Profile
Benzenecarbonyl chloride reacts violently with protic solvents such as alcohols, with amines and amides (for example dimethylformamide) and with inorganic bases.
Causes the violent decomposition of dimethyl sulfoxide.
May react vigorously or explosively if mixed with diisopropyl ether or other ethers in the presence of trace amounts of metal salts.
Friedel-Crafts acylation of naphthalene using Benzenecarbonyl chloride, catalyzed by AlCl3, must be conducted above the melting point of the mixture, or the reaction may be violent.

Chemical Reactivity
Reactivity with Water Slow reaction with water to produce hydrochloric acid fumes.
The reaction is more rapid with steam; Reactivity with Common Materials: Slow corrosion of metals but no immediate danger; Stability During Transport: Not pertinent; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Soda ash and water, lime; Polymerization: Does not occur; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.

Synonyms
BENZOYL CHLORIDE
98-88-4
Benzoic acid, chloride
Benzenecarbonyl chloride
Benzoylchloride
alpha-Chlorobenzaldehyde
benzoic acid chloride
Benzaldehyde, alpha-chloro-
CCRIS 802
HSDB 383
EINECS 202-710-8
Cloruro de benzoilo
UNII-VTY8706W36
BRN 0471389
DTXSID9026631
CHEBI:82275
BenzoylChloride-13C7
VTY8706W36
UN1736
benzoyl-carbonyl-13c chloride
Benzaldehyde, .alpha.-chloro-
DTXCID106631
EC 202-710-8
4-09-00-00721 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
benzoylchlorid
Benzoyl chloride, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
(1,2,3,4,5,6-13C6)Cyclohexatrienecarbonyl chloride
benzoyl chlorid
benzoyl choride
bezoyl chloride
benzoic chloride
BzCl
benzoyl chloride-
PhCOCl
Bz-Cl
MFCD00000653
BZC (CHRIS Code)
Benzoyl chloride [UN1736] [Corrosive]
.alpha.-Chlorobenzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde, |A-chloro-
SCHEMBL1241
BENZOIC ACID,CHLORIDE
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [MI]
Benzoyl Chloride, ACS reagent
Benzoylchloride, ACS Reagent,
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [HSDB]
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [INCI]
CHEMBL2260719
Benzoyl chloride, AR, >=99%
Benzoyl chloride, LR, >=99%
CS-B1785
Tox21_200431
NA1736
STL264120
Benzoyl chloride, ACS reagent, 99%
AKOS000121308
CS-T-48737
UN 1736
CAS-98-88-4
Benzoyl chloride, purum, >=99% (GC)
Benzoyl chloride, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
NCGC00248610-01
NCGC00257985-01
Benzoyl chloride [UN1736] [Corrosive]
Benzoyl chloride, p.a., 98-100.5%
LS-42590
PS-10801
B0105
DIBENZOYL CHLORIDE (BENZOYL CHLORIDE)
FT-0622741
FT-0639824
Benzoyl chloride, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
C19168
A845919
Q412825
InChI=1/C7H5ClO/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5
BENZISOTHIAZOLIN(BIT)
1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one; BIT; Proxel; 2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one; Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one; Benzisothiazolin-3-one; CAS NO : 2634-33-5
BENZOATE DE BENZYLE

Le benzoate de benzyle est un composé organique utilisé comme médicament et insectifuge. En tant que médicament, il est utilisé pour traiter la gale et les poux. Pour la gale, la perméthrine ou le malathion sont généralement préférés. Il est appliqué sur la peau sous forme de lotion. En règle générale, deux à trois applications sont nécessaires. Il est également présent dans le baume du Pérou, le baume de Tolu et dans un certain nombre de fleurs. Le benzoate de benzyle a été étudié médicalement pour la première fois en 1918. Il figure sur la liste des médicaments essentiels de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé.

No CAS: 120-51-4
No CE: 204-402-9
Noms IUPAC:
Benzil-benzoát
ester phénylméthylique d'acide benzoïque
Acide benzoïque, ester benzylique
ACIDE BENZOIQUE, ESTER PHÉNYL-MÉTHYLE
Acide benzoïque, ester phénylméthylique
Benxoate de benzyle
BENZOATE DE BENZYLE
Benzoate de benzyle; Benzoate de phénylméthyle
benzyl-2-méthyl-hydroxybutyrate déshydrogénase
benzylbenzoate
benzoate de phénylméthyle

SYNONYMES
Ascabiol; Novoscabin; Benylate; Scabitox; Scobenol; Ascabin; Ester benzylique d'acide benzoïque; Phénylformate de benzyle; Benzylets; Colebenz; Peruscabin; Scabagen; Scabanca; Scabiozon; Vanzoate; Scabide; Ester phénylméthylique d'acide benzoïque; Benzoate de phénylméthyle; Antiscabiosum; Acide benzoique; ester benzylique; Benzyl benzène carboxylate; Benzylis benzoas; Ester benzoïque d'alcool benzylique; Benzylbenzoate; Peruscabina; Spasmodin; Venzonate; Benzylum benzoicum; 120-51-4; Ascabiol; Acide benzoïque, ester phénylméthylique; Ester benzylique d'acide benzoïque; Benylate; Novoscabine; Acide benzoïque, ester benzylique; Ascabine; Scabitox; Scobénol; Phénylformate de benzyle; Phénylméthyl benzoate; Benzylets; Coleinbenz Scabagen; Scabanca; Scabiozon; Vanzoate; Scabide; benzylbenzoate; Benzyl benzenecarboxylate; Benzyl alcool benzoic ester; Venzonate; Benzylester kyseliny benzoove; BENZOIC ACID PHENYLMETHYLESTER; FEMA No 2138; NSC 8081; UNIIum-N863IS 41237; N863NB338G; NSC-8081; NCGC00094981-03; Peruscabina; Spasmodine; Benzoate de benzyle, 99 +%; Benzylis benzoas; DSSTox_CID_9153; Benzylum benzoicum; DSSTox_RID_78686; DSSTox_GSZo-boxo standard; Benzyl benzoate (naturel); BZM; CAS-120-51-4; SMR000471875; HSDB 208; EINECS 204-402-9; Benzylester kyseliny benzoove [tchèque]; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009501; benzylbenzoat; BRN 2049280; Benzyl benzoate [USP: JAN ]; Acarobenzyle; Benzevan; Bengale; Ester phénylméthylique de l'acide benzoïque; AI3-00523; 1dzm; Benylate (TN); acide benzoïque benzyle; Spectrum_001240; Ester d'acide benzoïque-benzylique; Spectrum2_000532; Spectrum3_001757; Spectrum4_00028C1; Spectrum3_001757; Spectrum4_00028C11; Spectrum3_001757; Spectrum4_000281C-AC RVO1R; benzoate de benzyle,> = 99%; EC 204-402-9; SCHEMBL3038; BENZOATE DE BENZYLE BP98; BSPBio_003494; KBioGR_001186; KBioSS_001720; 4-09-00-00307 (référence du manuel de Beilstein); MLS001066412; MLS0013K136003; MLS001066412; MLS0013K1603_ SPECTRUM1503002; SPBio_000543; Benzoate de benzyle (JP17 / USP); ZINC1021; DTXSID8029153; ACIDE BENZOIQUE, ESTER DE BENZYLE; HMS500K06; KBio1_000204; KBio2_001720; KBio2_004288; KBio2_006856;
. > = 99%, FCC, FG; Tox21_111372_1; DB00676; MCULE-4369643785; NSC-758204; IDI1_000204; Benzoate de benzyle, pour la synthèse, 99,0%; NCGC00094981-01; NCGC00094981-02
258889-01; AC-17033; AK308304; SBI-0051748.P002; DB-041563; B0064; FT-0622708; ST50406335; Benzoate de benzyle, naturel,> = 99%, FCC, FG; Benzoate de benzyle, ReagentPlus (R), > = 99,0%; Benzoate de benzyle, première qualité SAJ,> = 98,0%; Benzoate de benzyle, testé selon Ph.Eur.; A14577; A19449; Benzoate de benzyle, qualité spéciale SAJ,> = 99,0%; C12537; D01138; AB00052298_07; Benzoate de benzyle, qualité réactif Vetec (TM), 98%; Benzoate de benzyle; Q413755; SR-01000763773; Ester benzylique d'acide benzoïque 5000 microg / mL dans l'hexane; Q-200696; SR-01000763773-2; BRD-K52072429-001- 06-1; ester benzylique d'acide benzoïque; Ester phénylméthylique d'acide benzoïque

Le benzoate de benzyle (BnBzO) est un agent de médiation et un insectifuge. C'est l'une des préparations les plus anciennes utilisées pour traiter la gale, une infection cutanée causée par l'acarien Sarcoptes scabiei car elle est mortelle pour l'acarien. Il est capable de tuer l'acarien en 5 minutes. Il peut également être utilisé pour le traitement de l'infestation par les poux de la tête et du corps. Son mécanisme d'action consiste à exercer des effets toxiques sur le système nerveux des insectes, provoquant en outre sa mort. Il est également toxique pour les ovules d'acariens par un mécanisme inconnu. Il peut également être utilisé comme répulsif pour les aoûtats, les tiques et les moustiques, ainsi que comme support de colorant, solvant des dérivés de cellulose, plastifiant et fixateur.

Les usages
Médical
Le benzoate de benzyle est un traitement topique efficace et peu coûteux pour la gale humaine. Il a des effets vasodilatateurs et spasmolytiques et est présent dans de nombreux médicaments contre l'asthme et la coqueluche. Il est également utilisé comme excipient dans certains médicaments de remplacement de la testostérone (comme Nebido) pour traiter l'hypogonadisme.
Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme acaricide topique, scabicide et pédiculicide dans les hôpitaux vétérinaires.

Non médical
Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme répulsif pour les aoûtats, les tiques et les moustiques. Il est également utilisé comme support de colorant, solvant pour les dérivés de cellulose, plastifiant et fixateur dans l'industrie du parfum.

Chimie
C'est un composé organique de formule C6H5CH2O2CC6H5. C'est l'ester de l'alcool benzylique et de l'acide benzoïque. Il forme un liquide visqueux ou des flocons solides et dégage une faible odeur de balsamique sucré. Il se produit dans un certain nombre de fleurs (par exemple la tubéreuse) et est un composant du baume du Pérou et du baume de Tolu.

Production
Le benzoate de benzyle est produit industriellement par réaction du benzoate de sodium avec de l'alcool benzylique en présence d'une base, ou par transestérification du benzoate de méthyle et de l'alcool benzylique. C'est un sous-produit de la synthèse de l'acide benzoïque par oxydation du toluène. Il peut également être synthétisé par la réaction de Tishchenko, en utilisant du benzaldéhyde avec du benzilate de sodium (généré à partir de sodium et d'alcool benzylique) comme catalyseur:
La réaction de Tishchenko: le benzaldéhyde réagit au benzoate de benzyle, le catalyseur est le benzilate de sodium.

Il se produit naturellement dans les huiles essentielles telles que l'ylang-ylang, le bois de rose, la cannelle et le benjoin.

Lorsque ces huiles essentielles ne sont pas utilisées dans un produit, le benzoate de benzyle peut être ajouté sous sa forme synthétique en raison de son parfum incroyable et de ses excellentes propriétés de solvant. En effet, il dissout les autres matières parfumées, leur permettant de se fondre plus facilement.

Qu'est-ce que le benzoate de benzyle?
Le benzoate de benzyle est une molécule naturelle que l'on trouve dans certaines plantes et se compose d'alcool benzylique et d'acide benzoïque. Dans les produits cosmétiques, il joue un certain nombre de rôles en fonction du produit et il peut agir comme un parfum, un solvant, un plastifiant, un conservateur et un fixateur.

Comment ça marche?
En tant que parfum, le benzoate de benzyle peut ajouter une odeur balsamique à un produit. Il peut également fonctionner avec d'autres parfums comme solvant pour les aider à se dissoudre dans le mélange. Le benzoate de benzyle agit également comme fixateur dans les produits parfumés où il ralentit la fuite d'autres parfums et augmente la durée de vie du parfum.

Lorsqu'il est ajouté à des produits plus solides comme les savons, le benzoate de benzyle peut agir comme plastifiant. Un plastifiant rend un produit moins cassant, de sorte qu'un savon qui le contient peut être plié et écrasé davantage avant qu'il ne craque ou ne s'effrite.

Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé pour traiter les infestations de poux et de gale. On pense que ce médicament est absorbé par les poux et les acariens et les détruit en agissant sur leur système nerveux.

Le benzoate de benzyle est l'une des préparations les plus anciennes utilisées pour traiter la gale. La gale est une infection cutanée causée par l'acarien Sarcoptes scabiei. Elle se caractérise par de fortes démangeaisons (en particulier la nuit), des taches rouges et peut conduire à une infection secondaire. Le benzoate de benzyle est mortel pour cet acarien et est donc utile dans le traitement de la gale. Il est également utilisé pour traiter les infestations de poux de la tête et du corps.

Mécanisme d'action
Le benzoate de benzyle exerce des effets toxiques sur le système nerveux du parasite, entraînant sa mort. Il est également toxique pour les ovules d'acariens, bien que son mécanisme d'action exact soit inconnu. In vitro, le benzoate de benzyle tue l'acarien Sarcoptes en 5 minutes.

Absorption
Aucune donnée n'est disponible sur l'absorption percutanée du benzoate de benzyle. Certaines études plus anciennes ont suggéré une certaine absorption percutanée, cependant, la quantité n'a pas été quantifiée.

Métabolisme
Rapidement hydrolysé en acide benzoïque et en alcool benzylique, qui est ensuite oxydé en acide benzoïque. L'acide benzoïque est conjugué à la glycine pour former de l'acide hippurique.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un composé benzylique qui peut être synthétisé en faisant réagir du chlorure de benzyle avec du benzoate de sodium en présence d'iodure de tétrabutylaramonium. Il serait le constituant clé des huiles essentielles isolées des feuilles et de l'écorce de tige de Cinnamomum zeylanicum.
Le benzoate de benzyle, un ester d'alcool benzylique et d'acide benzoïque, est largement utilisé comme fixateur de parfum, ingrédient de parfum et conservateur pour maintenir la puissance et la stabilité d'une variété de formulations cosmétiques. Il est également utilisé comme musc synthétique, acaricide pour traiter la gale et les poux de tête.
L'alcool benzylique est un alcool organique présent dans de nombreux fruits et thés. L'alcool benzylique a un groupe hydroxyle, tandis que le composé apparenté, l'acide benzoïque, a un groupe carboxyle. Le benzoate de sodium, le benzoate de calcium et le benzoate de potassium sont des sels d'acide benzoïque. Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester d'alcool benzylique et d'acide benzoïque.

L'alcool benzylique, l'acide benzoïque et ses sels et le benzoate de benzyle sont utilisés dans une grande variété de cosmétiques et de produits de soins personnels, y compris les produits pour bébés, les produits de bain, les savons et détergents, le maquillage des yeux, les fards à joues, les produits nettoyants, les produits de maquillage, ainsi que produits de soin des cheveux, des ongles et de la peau.

Pourquoi est-il utilisé dans les cosmétiques et les produits de soins personnels?
Les fonctions suivantes ont été rapportées pour ces ingrédients.
Inhibiteur de corrosion - Benzoate de sodium
Ingrédient de parfum - alcool benzylique, acide benzoïque, benzoate de sodium, benzoate de benzyle
Ajusteur de pH - Acide benzoïque
Conservateur - alcool benzylique, acide benzoïque, benzoate de sodium, benzoate de calcium, benzoate de potassium
Solvant - Alcool benzylique, Benzoate de benzyle Agent de diminution de la viscosité - Alcool benzylique

Le benzoate de benzyle est un liquide huileux clair, incolore avec une légère odeur balsamique rappelant l'amande et un goût piquant et piquant. Il produit une sensation vive et brûlante sur la langue. À des températures inférieures à 178 ℃, il existe sous forme de cristaux clairs et incolores.
Applications pharmaceutiques

Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme agent solubilisant et solvant non aqueux dans les injections intramusculaires à des concentrations de 0,01 à 46,0% v / v, et comme solvant et plastifiant pour la cellulose et la nitrocellulose. Il est également utilisé dans la préparation de poudres séchées par atomisation à l'aide de nanocapsules.

Cependant, l'utilisation pharmaceutique la plus répandue du benzoate de benzyle est comme agent thérapeutique topique dans le traitement de la gale. Le benzoate de benzyle est également utilisé en thérapeutique comme parasiticide en médecine vétérinaire.

D'autres applications du benzoate de benzyle comprennent son utilisation comme pédiculicide et comme solvant et fixateur pour les arômes et les parfums dans les cosmétiques et les produits alimentaires.
Allergènes de contact Le benzoate de benzyle est l'ester de l'alcool benzylique et de l'acide benzoïque. Il est contenu dans Myroxylon pereirae et Tolu balsam. Il est utilisé dans les préparations acaricides contre Sarcoptes scabiei ou comme pédiculicide. Le contact direct peut provoquer une irritation cutanée, mais rarement une dermatite de contact allergique.


Utilisation clinique
Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester naturel obtenu à partir du baume du Pérou et d'autres résines. Il est également préparé synthétiquement à partir d'alcool benzylique et de chlorure de benzoyle. L'ester est un liquide clair incolore avec une légère odeur aromatique. Il est insoluble dans l'eau mais soluble dans les solvants organiques.
Le benzoate de benzyle est un scabicide efficace lorsqu'il est appliqué localement. Le soulagement immédiat des démangeaisons résulte probablement d'un effet anesthésique local; cependant, un durcissement complet est fréquemment obtenu avec une seule application d'une émulsion à 25% de benzoate de benzyle dans l'acide oléique, stabilisée avec de la triéthanolamine. Cette préparation présente l'avantage supplémentaire d'être essentiellement inodore, non tachante et non irritante pour la peau. Il est appliqué localement sous forme de lotion sur tout le corps humidifié, à l'exception du visage.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester de benzoate obtenu par condensation formelle d'acide benzoïque avec de l'alcool benzylique. Il a été isolé des espèces végétales du genre Polyalthia. Il a un rôle de scabicide, d'acaricide et de métabolite végétal. C'est un ester benzylique et un ester benzoate. Il dérive de l'acide benzoïque.

Principalement utilisé comme pesticide non agricole avec certaines applications vétérinaires ainsi que comme additif alimentaire et en parfumerie.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester aromatique utilisé comme agent aromatisant alimentaire. Il a été identifié comme l'un des principaux composants aromatiques volatils des fleurs de canneberge, de mangue et de Jasminum sambac égyptien.

Il a une odeur unique. Il a un parfum d'amande ou de balsamique. Il se présente sous une forme solide ou liquide incolore.

Le point d'ébullition est de 323,5 ° C.
Le point de fusion est de 21 ° C.
Sa solubilité dans l'eau est presque négligeable. Il a une solubilité d'environ 25 mg / L à 25 ° C.
Il est insoluble dans la glycérine. Soluble dans l'alcool éthylique, l'alcool méthylique, le chloroforme et l'éther éthylique.
La densité du benzoate de benzyle est de 25 ° C: 1,112 g / cm³.
C'est un composé chimique stable dans des conditions de stockage standard.

Domaines d'utilisation du benzoate de benzyle:
• Il est utilisé dans la création des formules les plus anciennes utilisées pour le traitement d'une maladie de la peau appelée gale. Ceci est une infection cutanée. Il est utilisé pour éliminer ces infections cutanées.
• C'est un ingrédient utilisé dans la fabrication de médicaments destinés à inhiber les tiques et les moustiques.
• C'est une substance chimique utilisée comme solvant dans de nombreuses substances chimiques.
• Il est utilisé comme solvant pour les substances cellulosiques.
• Il est utilisé comme essence dans la production de parfums.
• Il est utilisé dans la production de médicaments vétérinaires, dans les produits chimiques produits pour le traitement des maladies de la peau des animaux.
• Il est utilisé comme édulcorant dans le secteur alimentaire.
• Il est utilisé dans la fabrication de pesticides pour le traitement des poussières dans certains textiles, tapis, matelas et tissus d'ameublement et meubles de canapés.

Usage
C'est l'un des médicaments anti-gale les plus anciens à usage humain et vétérinaire. Il est également utilisé en association avec d'autres agents contre les poux de tête et dans les crèmes de protection cutanée.

Il est également utilisé comme solvant, comme ingrédient de parfum dans les produits du tabac et pour augmenter la plasticité des polymères et de la cellulose.

COMMENT EST PRODUIT LE BENZOATE DE BENZYLE

Le benzoate de benzyle est une molécule naturellement présente dans certaines plantes (espèces végétales du genre Polyalthia) et se compose d'alcool benzylique et d'acide benzoïque. Le benzoate de benzyle a été étudié médicalement pour la première fois en 1918.
C'est un ester benzoate obtenu par condensation formelle d'acide benzoïque avec de l'alcool benzylique. Il peut également être produit par la réaction de Tishchenko, en utilisant du benzaldéhyde avec du benzylate de sodium (produit à partir de sodium et d'alcool benzylique) comme catalyseur.

PROPRIÉTÉS PHYSIQUES ET CHIMIQUES DU BENZOATE DE BENZYLE

• Le benzoate de benzyle est insoluble dans l'eau et le glycérol. Soluble dans l'éthanol, l'éther éthylique, l'acétone, le benzène, le méthanol, le chloroforme.
• Le benzoate de benzyle est stable dans les conditions de stockage recommandées.
• Le benzoate de benzyle, lorsqu'il est chauffé pour se décomposer, produit des fumées amères et irritantes.
• Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide visqueux ou de flocons solides et a une faible odeur balsamique.


Le benzoate de benzyle a un poids moléculaire élevé, ce qui en fait un fixateur largement utilisé dans l'industrie des parfums fins. Il est utilisé dans les formulations pharmaceutiques topiques pour le traitement des poux et de la gale. De plus, le benzoate de benzyle de Kalama est apprécié pour sa compatibilité avec la cire de bougie, incorporant un parfum aux bougies fines tout en favorisant une combustion propre.

Le traitement de la gale est avec la perméthrine topique, le benzoate de benzyle, le malathion, à son ir ou ivermectine orale. Le patient doit appliquer une crème de perméthrine à 5% sur tout le corps, y compris le cuir chevelu, tous les plis, l'aine, le nombril, les organes génitaux externes et la peau sous les ongles, en le lavant après 12 heures. Chez les adultes atteints de gale classique, le traitement du visage est controversé, mais chez les bébés, la peau du visage doit également être traitée. Une deuxième application 7 jours après le traitement initial doit être prescrite et tous les membres affectés d'un ménage doivent être traités en même temps pour éviter les réinfestations cycliques. L'ivermectine orale est de plus en plus utilisée comme traitement de première intention. Les flambées graves nécessitent une deuxième dose d'ivermectine à 2 semaines d'intervalle (200 µg / kg de poids corporel). Un traitement de l'infection bactérienne secondaire et des antihistaminiques peuvent être nécessaires. Laver les vêtements et le linge à 60 ° C tuera tous les jeunes acariens femelles fécondés (une alternative est de les conserver dans un sac en plastique pendant 48 à 72 heures, car les acariens séparés de l'hôte humain meurent dans ce délai). Il est important d'expliquer que le prurit dure généralement plusieurs semaines après la guérison, ce qui peut être partiellement atténué par des antihistaminiques non sédatifs ou sédatifs.

Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme insecticide pour tuer les acariens de la gale, les acariens et les tiques. Il est également utilisé comme plastifiant, fixateur dans les parfums, additif alimentaire et solvant. La dermatite est la principale réaction indésirable à son utilisation comme solution topique. À des concentrations élevées, il s'est avéré posséder des propriétés œstrogéniques et stimuler la croissance des cellules mammaires humaines.

IDENTIFICATION:
Le benzoate de benzyle est un liquide huileux incolore. Il peut également se présenter sous forme de dépliants. Il a un goût d'amande et une odeur agréable. Il est presque insoluble dans l'eau. Le benzoate de benzyle est présent dans de nombreuses plantes et huiles essentielles.
UTILISER:
Le benzoate de benzyle est un produit chimique commercial important. Il est utilisé dans la fabrication de plastiques, comme solvant, dans la fabrication d'autres produits chimiques, comme arôme alimentaire et dans les parfums. Il est également utilisé comme médicament pour la peau chez les humains et les chiens dans le traitement des acariens. Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé pour lutter contre les acariens dans les tapis et les meubles.
EXPOSITION:
Les travailleurs qui utilisent du benzoate de benzyle peuvent respirer des vapeurs ou avoir un contact direct avec la peau. La population générale peut être exposée aux vapeurs, au contact cutané et à la consommation d'aliments contenant du benzoate de benzyle. Si du benzoate de benzyle est rejeté dans l'environnement, il se décomposera dans l'air. Il peut être décomposé par la lumière du soleil. Il ne se déplacera pas dans l'air du sol humide et de l'eau. Il ne devrait pas se déplacer dans le sol. Il sera décomposé par les micro-organismes et devrait s'accumuler dans les poissons.

Utilisations de l'industrie
• Colorants
• Agents odorants
• Solvants (pour le nettoyage et le dégraissage)
• Solvants (qui font partie de la formulation ou du mélange du produit)
• Agents tensioactifs

Informations générales sur la fabrication
Secteurs de traitement de l'industrie
• Entretien de l'air
• Toute autre fabrication de produits chimiques organiques de base
• Fabrication de tous les autres produits chimiques et préparations
• Fabrication diverses
• Fabrication de matière plastique et résine
• Fabrication de savons, de produits de nettoyage et de préparations pour toilettes
• Fabrication de textiles, de vêtements et de cuir
• Fragrance

À propos de cette substance
Information utile
Cette substance est utilisée par les consommateurs, par les professionnels (usages répandus), en formulation ou en reconditionnement, sur les sites industriels et en fabrication.

Utilisations des consommateurs
Cette substance est utilisée dans les produits suivants: produits de lavage et de nettoyage, vernis et cires, produits de soin de l'air, cosmétiques et produits de soins personnels, parfums et fragrances et biocides (par ex. Désinfectants, produits antiparasitaires).
Un autre rejet dans l'environnement de cette substance est susceptible de se produire à la suite de: l'utilisation à l'intérieur comme auxiliaire technologique et l'utilisation à l'extérieur comme auxiliaire technologique.

Utilisations généralisées par les travailleurs professionnels
Cette substance est utilisée dans les produits suivants: produits de polissage, produits de lavage et de nettoyage, parfums et parfums et cosmétiques et produits de soins personnels.
Cette substance est utilisée dans les domaines suivants: services de santé et recherche et développement scientifiques.
Un autre rejet dans l'environnement de cette substance est susceptible de se produire en raison de: l'utilisation à l'intérieur (par exemple, les liquides / détergents de lavage en machine, les produits d'entretien automobile, les peintures et revêtements ou adhésifs, les parfums et les assainisseurs d'air) et l'utilisation à l'extérieur comme auxiliaire technologique.

Formulation ou réemballage
Cette substance est utilisée dans les produits suivants: produits de soin de l'air, biocides (par exemple désinfectants, produits antiparasitaires), produits de traitement du cuir, parfums et parfums, produits pharmaceutiques, photo-chimiques, cirages et cires, polymères, produits de traitement et colorants textiles, lavage & produits de nettoyage et cosmétiques et produits de soins personnels.
Le rejet dans l'environnement de cette substance peut se produire à la suite d'une utilisation industrielle: formulation de mélanges.
Utilisations sur les sites industriels
Cette substance est utilisée dans les produits suivants: produits de lavage et de nettoyage, polymères, produits chimiques de laboratoire, produits de soin de l'air, produits de revêtement, parfums et parfums, cirages et cires, produits de traitement et colorants textiles et produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels.
Cette substance a une utilisation industrielle entraînant la fabrication d'une autre substance (utilisation d'intermédiaires).
Cette substance est utilisée pour la fabrication de produits chimiques, de produits en plastique et de textile, de cuir ou de fourrure.

benzoate de benzyle comme une odeur incolore et agréable, goût liquide huileux très piquant. L'acide benzoïque et l'ester d'alcool benzylique. Insoluble dans l'eau, l'acétone et le benzène soluble dans l'alcool, le chloroforme, les mélanges d'éther, les huiles.

Dans la nature, il se produit dans les gyömbérfélékhez appartenant à Kaempferia rotunda et Zingiber cassumunar le nom de la plante.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un composant naturel des huiles essentielles (par exemple le jasmin, l'ylang-ylang, le bois de rose, la cannelle ou le benzoate). Le benzoate de benzyle peut également être produit par synthèse, mais les effets ne diffèrent pas. Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide incolore ou d'un solide blanc avec une odeur balsamique plus sucrée. C'est l'un des allergènes et peut provoquer une dermatite de contact, en particulier avec une utilisation fréquente, car il pénètre dans les couches les plus profondes de la peau, il n'est donc pas recommandé pour les peaux plus sensibles.

Le benzoate de benzyle est une substance stable, résistante aux changements de température et d'environnement, il est utilisé comme stabilisant des compositions parfumées et de l'ensemble du produit. Il masque l'arôme naturel des ingrédients non parfumés, tout en servant également de parfum grâce à son doux parfum balsamique. Il agit également comme conservateur et surtout comme solvant (il dissout d'autres substances dans le produit). On le retrouve dans les médicaments pour traiter la gale (tue les acariens de la gale), les préparations anti-poux et les insecticides. Il a des effets antimicrobiens.

Occurrence
Contenue dans le baume du Pérou et dans le béton et l'absolu de fleurs de tubéreuse, de jacinthe, de Narcissus jonquilla L. et de Dianthus caryophillus L .; également dans l'huile d'ylang-ylang et dans le baume de Tolu. Signalé trouvé dans la canneberge américaine, l'écorce de cannelle, la feuille de cassia, l'huile de maïs et la prune de porc (Spondias mombins L.).
Les usages
Le benzoate de benzyle, en tant que solution topique, peut être utilisé comme insecticide antiparasitaire pour tuer les acariens responsables de l'affection cutanée de la gale, par exemple en tant que médicament combiné de benzoate de benzyle / disulfirame.

Il a d'autres utilisations:
• un fixateur dans les parfums pour améliorer la stabilité et les autres caractéristiques des principaux ingrédients
• un additif alimentaire aux arômes artificiels
• un plastifiant dans la cellulose et autres polymères
• un solvant pour diverses réactions chimiques
• un traitement pour les démangeaisons douces chez les chevaux
• un traitement contre les acariens des pattes squameuses chez les poulets.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un antimicrobien. Il peut également agir comme solvant, aidant à dissoudre d'autres substances dans le produit et comme ingrédient parfumant. C'est l'ester de l'alcool benzylique et de l'acide benzoïque.

En tant que solvant de l'acétate de cellulose, de la nitrocellulose et du musc artificiel; substitut du camphre dans les composés celluloïdes et plastiques pyroxyline; fixateur de parfum; dans les saveurs de confiserie et de chewing-gum.
Préparation
Par estérification à sec du benzoate de sodium et du chlorure de benzoyle en présence de triéthylamine ou par réaction du benzylate de sodium sur le benzaldéhyde.

Méthodes de production
Le BENZOATE DE BENZYLE est produit par la réaction de Cannizzaro à partir du benzaldéhyde, en estérifiant l'alcool benzylique avec de l'acide benzoïque ou en traitant le benzoate de sodium avec du chlorure de benzyle. Il est purifié par distillation et cristallisation. Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme fixateur et solvant pour le musc dans les parfums et les arômes, comme plastifiant, acaricide et dans certains médicaments externes. Le composé s'est avéré efficace dans le traitement de la gale et de la pédiculose capitis (poux de tête, Pediculus humanus var. Capitis).
Les indications
Benzoate de benzyle: 20% à 25%. Cet agent est relativement non toxique et est largement utilisé dans les pays en développement pour traiter la gale et la pédiculose de la tête et du pubis. Seule la préparation vétérinaire est disponible aux États-Unis. Le benzoate de benzyle est dérivé synthétiquement de l'estérification de l'acide benzoïque avec de l'alcool benzylique. Son mécanisme d'action est inconnu. Il est toxique pour Sarcoptes scabei et peut être toxique pour Pediculosis capitis et Phthirus pubis. Aucune résistance n'a été démontrée à ce jour.
Le benzoate de benzyle peut être utilisé dans une émulsion à 5% pour repousser de nombreux arthropodes et peut être utilisé comme lotion pour traiter la gale sarcoptique et la pédiculose canine.
marque
La nécessité pharmaceutique du dimercaprol [injection]. Besylate (Sterling Winthrop).
Valeurs de seuil de goût
Caractéristiques gustatives à 30 ppm: balsamique, fruité avec des nuances poudrées et baies.

Applications pharmaceutiques
Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme agent solubilisant et solvant non aqueux dans les injections intramusculaires à des concentrations de 0,01 à 46,0% v / v, et comme solvant et plastifiant pour la cellulose et la nitrocellulose. Il est également utilisé dans la préparation de poudres séchées par atomisation à l'aide de nanocapsules.
Cependant, l'utilisation pharmaceutique la plus répandue du benzoate de benzyle est comme agent thérapeutique topique dans le traitement de la gale. Le benzoate de benzyle est également utilisé en thérapeutique comme parasiticide en médecine vétérinaire.
D'autres applications du benzoate de benzyle comprennent son utilisation comme pédiculicide et comme solvant et fixateur pour les arômes et les parfums dans les cosmétiques et les produits alimentaires.

Le benzoate de benzyle est l'ester de l'alcool benzylique et de l'acide benzoïque. Il est contenu dans Myroxylon pereirae et Tolu balsam. Il est utilisé dans les préparations acaricides contre Sarcoptes scabiei ou comme pédiculicide.

Utilisation clinique
Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester naturel obtenu à partir du baume du Pérou et d'autres résines. Il est également préparé synthétiquement à partir d'alcool benzylique et de chlorure de benzoyle. L'ester est un liquide clair incolore avec une légère odeur aromatique. Il est insoluble dans l'eau mais soluble dans les solvants organiques.
Le benzoate de benzyle est un scabicide efficace lorsqu'il est appliqué localement. Le soulagement immédiat des démangeaisons résulte probablement d'un effet anesthésique local; cependant, un durcissement complet est fréquemment obtenu avec une seule application d'une émulsion à 25% de benzoate de benzyle dans l'acide oléique, stabilisée avec de la triéthanolamine. Cette préparation présente l'avantage supplémentaire d'être essentiellement inodore, non tachante et non irritante pour la peau. Il est appliqué localement sous forme de lotion sur tout le corps humidifié, à l'exception du visage.

Le benzoate de benzyle CAS 120-51-4 est un liquide transparent visqueux incolore ou jaune pâle. Dans des conditions de température de 17 degrés centigrades ou moins, il sera solidifié en solide blanc. Le benzoate de benzyle de haute pureté a un léger parfum. Le benzoate de benzyle est insoluble dans l'eau mais soluble dans les solvants organiques. Le benzoate de benzyle est un solvant à haute température, est le seul solvant du musc. Le benzoate de benzyle a des applications dans l'industrie de la pharmacie et de la parfumerie simplement en raison de ses caractéristiques de faible volatilisation et de stabilité relative.
Le benzoate de benzyle est un solvant. Cela signifie que les solutés tels que les poudres hormonales s'y dissolvent facilement, et c'est le but principal de son utilisation dans les stéroïdes. Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé pour dissoudre et mettre en suspension l'hormone en poudre. Si la quantité correcte de ce solvant n'est pas utilisée, la poudre d'hormone «ne sera pas dissoute de la solution, ce qui entraînera un« crash »des stéroïdes (deviendra trouble / moins efficace).

Certaines poudres d'hormones se dissolvent plus facilement que d'autres et donc moins

Point de congélation: ≥17 ° C
Point d'ébullition: 323 ° C

Solubilité: le benzoate de benzyle est insoluble dans l'eau mais soluble dans les solvants organiques. Le benzoate de benzyle lui-même, un solvant à haute température, est le seul solvant du musc. Le benzoate de benzyle a des applications dans l'industrie de la pharmacie et de la parfumerie simplement en raison de ses caractères de faible volatilisation et de stabilité relative.

Applications:
Le benzoate de benzyle est principalement utilisé dans le domaine de l'auxiliaire textile, du parfum et de la saveur, de la pharmacie, du plastifiant, etc. Le benzoate de benzyle peut être utilisé comme agent principal, agent de nivellement et agent de réparation des auxiliaires textiles. Mécanisme: Avec le développement de l'industrie textile, les matériaux sont de meilleure qualité. Le tissu de qualité supérieure est le tissu le plus compact. Ainsi, en teinture, il y a plus de difficultés de coloration et d'homogénéité. En raison des bonnes performances de plasticité, le benzoate de benzyle fait gonfler et se desserrer la fibre de sorte que la fibre sera facilement teinte. Dans le même temps, le benzoate de benzyle est un bon solvant pour dissoudre et disperser le colorant uniformément. Du fait de ses très bonnes performances de migration de colorant, le benzoate de benzyle a pu être développé comme agents de nivellement et agents de plomb. Il existe de nombreux autres matériaux, qui ont des propriétés similaires au benzoate de benzyle, tels que le méthylnaphtalène, le diméthylnaphtalène, le salicylate de méthyle et l'ester de benzène.

BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG
DESCRIPTION:
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is a non-phthalate plasticizer specifically designed for 2K polyurethane systems where it is very compatible and efficient.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG plasticizer is a non-phthalate plasticizer.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is recommended for cast urethane applications that require minimum cure interference and maximum compatibility.

CAS No:27138-31-4
EINECS No.: 248-258-5
Molecular Formula: C20H22O5
Molecular weight: 342.39

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG:
Acidity (wt%): 0.1 max.
Color Pt-Co: 40-80
Refractive index @ 25°C: 1.52
Specific gravity @ 20°C/20°C: 1.12
Hydroxyl number: 6 max.
Boiling point: 657°F (347°C)
Flash point (setaflash closed cup): 360°F (182°C)
Freezing point: -22°F (-30°C)
Vapor pressure @ 20°C: Viscosity @ 25°C: 105 cP (105 mPa•s)
Wt/Vol @ 20°C: 9.35 lb/gal (1.12 kg/L)
PSA: 61.83000
LogP: 3.49400

FEATURES & BENEFITS OF BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG:
Benzoflex 9-88 SG has Good compatibility
Benzoflex 9-88 SG has Stable physical properties

Benzoflex 9-88 SG is Non-phthalate
Benzoflex 9-88 SG has Minium cure interference

Benzoflex 9-88 SG has Increased tear strength, better rebound, and reduced swell with certain solvents
Benzoflex 9-88 SG Offers excellent inert filler acceptance, contributes improved tear strength, better rebound and reduce swell with certain solvents.

Benzoflex 9-88 SG plasticizer is adaptable to both metering and hand batch urethane mix systems.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is a non-phthalate plasticizer for use with cast urethanes.
The SG is a "special grade" with a maximum hydroxyl number specification designed for use in polyurethane prepolymers.

Benzoflex 9-88 SG offers excellent inert filler acceptance, generally provides wear characteristics, and lowers formulation costs for cast polyurethanes.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG plasticizer minimizes cure interference and is compatible with both ethers and esters.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is recommended for polyurethane formulations, such as machine rolls, printing rolls, and more.

Benzoflex 9-88 SG is recommended for cast urethane applications that require minimum cure interference and maximum compatibility.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG offers excellent inert filler acceptance, contributes improved tear strength,better rebound and reduce swell with certain solvents.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is adaptable to both metering and hand batch urethane mix systems.

APPLICATIONS OF BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG:
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is used in Adhesives/sealants-B&C
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is used in Graphic arts
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is used in Polyurethanes

Benzoflex 9-88 SG can be used as plasticizer for PVC, PVC and polyurethane resins.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG has strong solvent action, good compatibility, low volatility, good durability, oil resistance and pollution resistance.

Benzoflex 9-88 SG is often used for high filling PVC floor materials and extrusion plastics.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG can improve processability, reduce processing temperature and shorten processing cycle.
When used in non filling films, sheets and pipes, the products are transparent and glossy.
Storage: Keep the seal and keep it under low temperature and dry condition.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



Synonyms of BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG:
Propanol,oxybis-,dibenzoate
Dipropylene glycol,dibenzoate
Benzoflex 9-88
PPG 2 dibenzoate
Oxybispropanol dibenzoate
Finsolv PG 22
K-Flex DP
PN 6120
Benzoflex 9-88SG
Benzoflex 9-98
Benzoflex 9088
ADK Cizer PN 6120
Santicizer ER 9100
LS-E 97
Benzoflex 988SG
Synegis 9100
988SG
31213-49-7
574011-46-4
Benzoflex 9-98 - [RTECS]
Benzoflex 9-88 SG - [RTECS]
BRN 2668467 - [RTECS]
EINECS 202-340-7 - [EINECS]
K-Flex DP - [RTECS]
3,3'-Oxydi-1-propanol, dibenzoate - [RTECS]
3,3'-Oxybis(1-propanol) dibenzoate - [EPA SRS]
Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate - [NLM]
UNII-7Q260QET02 - [FDA SRS]


BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE
DESCRIPTION:

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is a non-phthalate , plasticizer that is based on dipropylene glycol dibenzoate.
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate offers minimum cure interference and excellent compatibility for use in cast urethane applications.
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is Viscous straw-colored liquid with a faint odor and Colorless liquid with a mild ester odor

CAS Number:27138-31-4
EC Number:248-258-5
Linear Formula: (C6H5CO2C3H6)2O


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:
Assay: 75%
refractive index: n20/D 1.528 (lit.)
bp: 232 °C/5 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.12 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Appearance: Clear Colourless Oil
Molecular Weight: 314.33
Storage: 20°C, Inert atmosphere
Solubility: Chloroform (Sparingly), Methanol (Slightly)
Molecular Weight: 342.38568
XLogP3: 3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 10
Exact Mass: 342.38568
Monoisotopic Mass: 342.38568
Topological Polar Surface Area: 61.8 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 322
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Specific Gravity: 1.12000 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.52800 @ 20.00 °C.
Boiling Point: 232.00 °C. @ 5.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 415.00 to 416.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 4.702 (est)

USES OF BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is Used as a solvator for PVC, plasticizer in elastomers, in vinyl flooring, adhesives, latex caulks and sealants, color concentrates for PVC, and castable polyurethanes.

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is Used to formulate adhesives, sealants, lubricants, plasticizers, coatings, and inks, to make fine and large scale chemicals, and as a plasticizer for PVC and carrier for agrochemicals;

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is a widely used plasticizer that has ether linkages linked with two benzoate groups.
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate may be used as a diluent for the preparation of polysulfone membranes by heat induced phase separation.

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate finds potential applications in water treatment and food processing.
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate may also be used as a plasticizer with poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) for the fabrication of diamond coated PVC.

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is used in analytical studies to investigation into the migration potential of coating materials from cookware products.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate (CAS No.: 27138-31-4 ) is a environmentally friendly plasticizers recommended by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA).
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate Does not contain any phthalates and can be used as a main plasticizer.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate is High solvating.
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate has Low fusing point which means faster processing speed.
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate has Very good foaming effect in PVC foaming process.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate has Very good plasticizing effect which means more fillers can be added.
In PS sealants formulations, compared with traditional plasticizers, SW-DB342 added can be reduced by around 15%.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate is Compatible with compounds.
Products containing SW-DB342 exhibit excellent stain and extraction resistance.
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate is Soft under low temperature.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate is Impervious to light and heat.
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate has Low VOC content.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SYNONYMS OF BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:
Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:

Diethylene glycol dibenzoate
120-55-8
2-(2-benzoyloxyethoxy)ethyl benzoate
Benzo Flex 2-45
Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl) dibenzoate
Diglycol dibenzoate
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL, DIBENZOATE
Dibenzoyldiethyleneglycol ester
Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dibenzoate
Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, 1,1'-dibenzoate
Benzoflex 2-45
Benzoic acid, diester with diethylene glycol
YAI66YDY1C
2,2'-Oxydiethylene dibenzoate
MFCD00020679
Oxydiethylene dibenzoate
2-[2-(Benzoyloxy)ethoxy]ethyl benzoate
Benzoyloxyethoxyethyl benzoate
CAS-120-55-8
HSDB 5587
2-(2-(BENZOYLOXY)ETHOXY)ETHYL BENZOATE
EINECS 204-407-6
UNII-YAI66YDY1C
BRN 2509507
AI3-02293
FLEXOL 2GB
MONOCIZER PB 3
EC 204-407-6
VELSICOL 2-45
4-09-00-00356 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SCHEMBL148713
CHEMBL2130591
DTXSID0026967
Oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl dibenzoate
Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl)dibenzoate
ZINC2041023
Tox21_201732
Tox21_300522
Di(ethylene glycol) dibenzoate, 90%
Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DEGDB)
AKOS015889558
NCGC00164149-01
NCGC00164149-02
NCGC00164149-03
NCGC00254255-01
NCGC00259281-01
BS-48950
SY051963
2,2'-oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl) dibenzoate
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE [INCI]
DB-041567
CS-0435534
D1522
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL, DIBENZOATE [HSDB]
FT-0624893
2-[2-(phenylcarbonyloxy)ethoxy]ethyl benzoate
benzoic acid 2-(2-benzoyloxyethoxy)ethyl ester
F71161
A804535
Q2450581
1-Propanol, 3,3'-oxybis-, dibenzoate [ACD/Index Name]
202-340-7 [EINECS]
3,3'-OXYBIS-1-PROPANOL DIBENZOATE
3-[3-(Benzoyloxy)propoxy]propyl benzoate
94-51-9 [RN]
Dibenzoate d'oxydi-3,1-propanediyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate
Oxydi-3,1-propandiyl-dibenzoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Oxydi-3,1-propanediyl dibenzoate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Oxydipropane-3,1-diyl dibenzoate
1-Propanol, 3,3'-oxydi-, dibenzoate
1-Propanol,3,3'-oxybis-, 1,1'-dibenzoate
1-Propanol,3,3'-oxybis-,1,1'-dibenzoate
3-(3-phenylcarbonyloxypropoxy)propyl benzoate
3,3'-Oxydi-1-propanol, dibenzoate
3,3'-oxydipropyl dibenzoate
Benzoflex 9-88
Benzoflex 9-88 SG
Benzoflex 9-98
benzoic acid 3-[3-(benzoyloxy)propoxy]propyl ester
benzoic acid 3-[3-(oxo-phenylmethoxy)propoxy]propyl ester
Di(propylene glycol) dibenzoate
di(propylene glycol)dibenzoate
Dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate
EINECS 202-340-7
Finsolv PG 22 [Trade name]
K-Flex DP
MFCD00046063 [MDL number]
NCGC00164208-01
Oxybis(propane-3,1-diyl) dibenzoate
Oxybispropanol dibenzoate
Oxydipropyl dibenzoate
PPG 2 dibenzoate
propanol, oxybis-, dibenzoate



Benzoguanamine
Wax white in pastilles;raworbleached(whiteoryellow);Beeswax, refined, yellow, pure;WAX,BEES,BEADS;WAX,BEES,YELLOW,CAKE,FCC;WAX,WHITE,BEES,CAKE,FCC;WHITEWAX,BEES,CAKE,NF;WHITEWAX,PASTILLES,NF CAS NO:8012-89-3
BENZOIC ACID
SYNONYMS Benzenemethanoic acid; Carboxybenzene;CAS NO. 65-85-0
BENZOIC ACID

DESCRIPTION:
Benzoic acid is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.
The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus benzoic acid is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.
Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.

CAS Number: 65-85-0
EC Number: 200-618-2

The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source.
Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives.

Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates.

Benzoic acid appears as a white crystalline solid.
Benzoic acid is Slightly soluble in water.
The primary hazard is the potential for environmental damage if released.

Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment.
Benzoic acid is Used to make other chemicals, as a food preservative, and for other uses.
Benzoic acid is a compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.

Benzoic acid has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, an algal metabolite and a drug allergen.

Benzoic acid is a conjugate acid of a benzoate.
Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species.

Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%).
Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit.
Benzoic acid is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.

Benzoic acid often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria.
Benzoic acid is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages).

Benzoic acid is an organic aromatic monocarboxylic acid.
Benzoic acid can be synthesized by the cobalt or manganese catalyzed atmospheric oxidation of toluene.
Recently, benzoic acid has been prepared from toluene by employing TiO2 nanotubes electrode.

Benzoic acid reacts with hydrogenating reagents to afford hexahydrobenzoic acid.
The thermal decomposition of the product in the presence of lime or alkali produces benzene and carbon dioxide.

Benzoic acid (C7H6O2) is a colorless crystalline compound.
Benzoic acid is one of the benzoates, which also includes sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate.
Among the foods in which benzoic acid occurs naturally are cranberries, prunes, plums, cinnamon, ripe cloves, and most berries.

As an inactive ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry, Benzoic acid is used as antimicrobial preservative, antifungal, and tablet and capsule lubricant.
Benzoic acid has been used in combination with salicylic acid, as in Whitfield's ointment, for use as an antifungal for athlete's foot and ringworm.

Benzoic acid is also a precursor to many chemical reactions yielding organic compounds.
When absorbed systemically, Benzoic acid is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid; it is not considered highly toxic.


HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid was discovered in the sixteenth century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).

Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the composition of benzoic acid.
These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is related to benzoic acid.

In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal properties of benzoic acid, which was used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate-containing cloudberry fruits.

PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID:
Industrial preparations:
Benzoic acid is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses abundant materials, and proceeds in high yield.

The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to benzoic acid with hydrochloric acid.

The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated benzoic acid derivatives.
For this reason, benzoic acid for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade benzoic acid is now produced synthetically.

Laboratory synthesis:
Benzoic acid is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value.
It is a common undergraduate preparation.

Benzoic acid can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
This process usually gives a yield of around 65%.

By hydrolysis:
Like other nitriles and amides, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to benzoic acid or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.
Bromobenzene can be converted to benzoic acid by "carboxylation" of the intermediate phenylmagnesium bromide.
This synthesis offers a convenient exercise for students to carry out a Grignard reaction, an important class of carbon–carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry.

Oxidation of benzyl compounds:
Benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride and virtually all benzyl derivatives are readily oxidized to benzoic acid.

USES OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation at 300−400 °C:
C6H5CO2H+12O2⟶C6H5OH+CO2
The temperature required can be lowered to 200 °C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.
The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.

Precursor to plasticizers:
Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-, diethyleneglycol-, and triethyleneglycol esters, are obtained by transesterification of methyl benzoate with the corresponding diol.
These plasticizers, which are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester, represent alternatives to phthalates.

Precursor to sodium benzoate and related preservatives:
Benzoic acid and its salts are used as food preservatives, represented by the E numbers E210, E211, E212, and E213.
Benzoic acid inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Benzoic acid is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.

The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid into the cell.
If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.
The efficacy of benzoic acid and benzoate is thus dependent on the pH of the food.

Benzoic acid, benzoates and their derivatives are used as preservatives for acidic foods and beverages such as citrus fruit juices (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) and other acidified foods.
Typical concentrations of benzoic acid as a preservative in food are between 0.05 and 0.1%.

Foods in which benzoic acid may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws.
Concern has been expressed that benzoic acid and its salts may react with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in some soft drinks, forming small quantities of carcinogenic benzene.

Medicinal:
Benzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfield's ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
As the principal component of gum benzoin, benzoic acid is also a major ingredient in both tincture of benzoin and Friar's balsam.

Such products have a long history of use as topical antiseptics and inhalant decongestants.
Benzoic acid was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.

Niche and laboratory uses:
In teaching laboratories, benzoic acid is a common standard for calibrating a bomb calorimeter.


REACTIONS OF BENZOIC ACID:
Reactions of benzoic acid can occur at either the aromatic ring or at the carboxyl group.

Aromatic ring:
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3-position due to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group; i.e. benzoic acid is meta directing.

Carboxyl group:
Reactions typical for carboxylic acids apply also to benzoic acid.
Benzoate esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.
Benzoic acid amides are usually prepared from benzoyl chloride.

Dehydration to benzoic anhydride is induced with acetic anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide.
Highly reactive acid derivatives such as acid halides are easily obtained by mixing with halogenation agents like phosphorus chlorides or thionyl chloride.
Orthoesters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.

Reduction to benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is possible using DIBAL-H, LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
Decarboxylation to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline in the presence of copper salts.
Hunsdiecker decarboxylation can be achieved by heating the silver salt.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid has a colourless appearance in its solid state, which is of a crystalline nature.
The crystal structure is monoclinic.
The presence of the aromatic ring gives this compound a faintly pleasant odour.
At a temperature of 130℃, the density of this compound reduces to 1.075 grams per cubic centimetre.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid is soluble in water, and the solubility at 25℃ and 100℃ is 3.44 g/L and 56.31 g/L respectively.
Benzoic acid is soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and alcohols.

The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of benzoic acid corresponds to 4.2
Its reactions can occur at the carboxyl group or even at the aromatic ring.

USES OF BENZOIC ACID:
The production of phenol involves the use of benzoic acid.
This compound is used in ointments that prevent or treat fungal skin diseases.
C6H5COOH is used as a preservative in the food industry.

Benzoic acid is an ingredient in many cosmetic products, such as lipsticks.
Benzoic acid is also a precursor to benzoyl chloride, which finds its application in making other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and medicines.
One of the components of toothpaste, mouthwash, and face wash creams is C6H5
Benzoic acid is also used in the manufacture of dyes and in insect repellants.

APPLICATIONS OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid has been used in the preparation of vials for the HPLC analysis of various polyamines in biological fluids, tissues and isolated/cultured cells.
Benzoic acid may be employed as an intermediate in the synthesis of the following:
• paints
• pigments
• varnish
• wetting agents
• aroma compounds
• benzoyl chloride
• benzotrichloride
Benzoic acid may also be used to investigate the mechanism of complex addition reaction of hydroxyl radicals with various aromatic compounds

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID:
Chemical formula C7H6O2
Molar mass 122.123 g/mol
Appearance Colorless crystalline solid
Odor Faint, pleasant odor
Density 1.2659 g/cm3 (15 °C)
1.0749 g/cm3 (130 °C)
Melting point 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K)
Boiling point 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K)
Solubility in water
1.7 g/L (0 °C)
2.7 g/L (18 °C)
3.44 g/L (25 °C)
5.51 g/L (40 °C)
21.45 g/L (75 °C)
56.31 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility
Soluble in acetone, benzene, CCl4, CHCl3, alcohol, ethyl ether, hexane, phenyls, liquid ammonia, acetates
Solubility in methanol
30 g/100 g (−18 °C)
32.1 g/100 g (−13 °C)
71.5 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in ethanol
25.4 g/100 g (−18 °C)
47.1 g/100 g (15 °C)
52.4 g/100 g (19.2 °C)
55.9 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in acetone 54.2 g/100 g (20 °C)
Solubility in olive oil 4.22 g/100 g (25 °C)
Solubility in 1,4-dioxane
55.3 g/100 g (25 °C)
log P 1.87
Vapor pressure 0.16 Pa (25 °C)
0.19 kPa (100 °C)
22.6 kPa (200 °C)
Acidity (pKa)
4.202 (H2O)
11.02 (DMSO)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −70.28•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD) 1.5397 (20 °C)
1.504 (132 °C)
Viscosity 1.26 mPa (130 °C)
Crystal structure Monoclinic
Molecular shape Planar
Dipole moment 1.72 D in dioxane
Heat capacity (C) 146.7 J/mol•K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) 167.6 J/mol•K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −385.2 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) −3228 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight 122.12
XLogP3 1.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 2
Rotatable Bond Count 1
Exact Mass 122.036779430
Monoisotopic Mass 122.036779430
Topological Polar Surface Area 37.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count 9
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 104
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
CAS number 65-85-0
EC index number 607-705-00-8
EC number 200-618-2
Grade ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula C₇H₆O₂
Chemical formula C₆H₅COOH
Molar Mass 122.12 g/mol
HS Code 2916 31 00
Boiling point 249 °C (1013 hPa)
Density 1.26 g/cm3 (15 °C)
Flash point 121 °C
Ignition temperature 570 °C
Melting Point 122.4 °C
pH value 2.8 (H₂O, 25 °C) (saturated solution)
Vapor pressure 0.001 hPa (20 °C)
Bulk density 500 kg/m3
Solubility 2.9 g/l
Assay (alkalimetric) 99.5 - 100.5 %
Identity passes test
Appearance of solution (50 g/l; Ethanol 96 %) clear and not more intense in color than reference solution B₉
Freezing point 122 - 123 °C
Sulfate (SO₄) ≤ 0.002 %
Heavy metals (as Pb) ≤ 0.0005 %
Fe (Iron) ≤ 0.005 %
Halogenated compounds (als Cl) ≤ 0.005 %
Sulfur compounds (as S) ≤ 0.002 %
In methanol insoluble matter ≤ 0.005 %
Oxidizable matter passes test
Substances reducing permanganate passes test
Readily carbonisable substance passes test
Sulfated ash ≤ 0.005 %
Water ≤ 0.5 %


FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BENZOIC ACID:
-What is Benzoic Acid?
Benzoic acid is an organic compound which is described by the chemical formula C6H5COOH.
Benzoic Acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a benzene ring.
Therefore, benzoic acid is said to be an aromatic carboxylic acid.

Benzoic Acid exists as a crystalline, colourless solid under normal conditions.
The term ‘benzoate’ refers to the esters and salts of C6H5COOH.
The commercial production of benzoic acid is done via the partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen, catalyzed by manganese or cobalt naphthenates.

-What are the uses of benzoic acid?
The primary use of benzoic acid is in the industrial production of the aromatic compound phenol.
This is done via a process known as oxidative decarboxylation.
It can be noted that the ideal temperature under which this process can be carried out is in the range of 300 to 400 °C.

Also, benzoic acid and its salts are widely used in the food industry as food preservatives.
Benzoic acid is not very soluble in water.
However, the solubility of Benzoic Acid in water increases when the temperature is increased (as is the case with most compounds).
At a temperature of 0°C, the solubility of benzoic acid in water corresponds to 1.7 grams per litre.
When heated to 100 °C, the solubility of this compound in water increases to 56.31 grams per litre.

-How can benzoic acid be prepared?
Industrially, benzoic acid can be prepared by employing oxygen gas for the partial oxidation of toluene.
It can be noted that this process usually employs manganese or cobalt naphthenate as catalysts.
This compound can also be prepared via the hydrolysis of benzamide and benzonitrile.
Benzoic Acid can also be prepared by oxidizing benzyl chloride or benzyl alcohol, or any other derivative of the benzyl group.

-Which acid is stronger benzoic acid or acrylic acid?
The double bond of a benzene ring is less electron donating due to delocalisation which destroys the aromatic character of the benzene ring.
Thus, benzoic acid is a stronger acid than acrylic acid.

-Why are all aminoacids weaker acids than benzoic acid ?
Amino group shows +R effect and a weak I effect.
Since, -NH₂ group is basic while -COOH group is acidic, therefore, o-aminobenzoic acid undergoes zwitterion formation formation via H bonding.
As a result, ortho-effect is reduced to such an extent that o-aminobenzoic acid becomes a weaker acid than benzoic acid and even weaker acid than m-aminobenzoic acid.
In fact, due to strong +R -effect, all aminoacids are weaker acids than benzoic acid.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOIC ACID:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


Other names:
Carboxybenzene
E210
Dracylic acid
Phenylmethanoic acid
Benzoyl alcohol
Benzoylic acid
Carboxylbenzene
Hydrogenphenic acid


SYNONYMS OF BENZOIC ACID:
Acid, Benzoic
Benzoate, Potassium
Benzoic Acid
Potassium Benzoate
Ucephan
benzoic acid
65-85-0
Dracylic acid
benzenecarboxylic acid
Carboxybenzene
Benzeneformic acid
phenylformic acid
Benzenemethanoic acid
Phenylcarboxylic acid
Retardex
Benzoesaeure GK
Benzoesaeure GV
Retarder BA
Tenn-Plas
Acide benzoique
Salvo liquid
Solvo powder
Benzoesaeure
Benzoic acid, tech.
Unisept BZA
HA 1 (acid)
Kyselina benzoova
Benzoic acid (natural)
Benzoate (VAN)
FEMA No. 2131
HA 1
Benzoesaeure [German]
Caswell No. 081
Diacylic acid
Oracylic acid
Acide benzoique [French]
Acido benzoico [Italian]
Benzenemethonic acid
Kyselina benzoova [Czech]
NSC 149
E 210
Vevovitall
CCRIS 1893
Diacylate
HSDB 704
Menno-florades
Benzoicum acidum
AI3-0310
Salvo, liquid
Solvo, powder
AI3-03710
phenyl formic acid
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009101
E210
CHEBI:30746
NSC-149
Aromatic carboxylic acid
MFCD00002398
8SKN0B0MIM
Benzoic acid (e 210)
INS NO.210
DTXSID6020143
INS-210
Benzeneformate
Phenylformate
Benzenemethanoate
Phenylcarboxylate
Benzenecarboxylate
Benzoic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetone
E-210
DTXCID80143
Acido benzoico
Benzoic acid-2,3,4,5,6-d5
Benzoic acid [USAN:JAN]
CAS-65-85-0
MFCD00002400
NSC7918
Benzoic acid (TN)
Benzoic acid Natural
EINECS 200-618-2
UNII-8SKN0B0MIM
Benzoic acid [USP:JAN]
phenylcarboxy
Dracylate
benzoic aicd
benzoic-acid
bezoic acid
Aromatic acid
benzenecarboxylic
Salvo powder
Acidum benzoicum
benzoic- acid
Retarder BAX
1gyx
1kqb
Benzoic Acid USP
Sodium benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid,(S)
Natural Benzoic Acid
BENZOICACID-D5
Benzoic acid-[13C7]
WLN: QVR
benzene-2-carboxylic acid
Benzoic Acid-[18O2]
BENZOIC ACID [II]
BENZOIC ACID [MI]
Benzoic acid, ACS reagent
bmse000300
CHEMBL541
Epitope ID:139965
EC 200-618-2
BENZOIC ACID [FCC]
BENZOIC ACID [JAN]
SCHEMBL1378
BENZOIC ACID [FHFI]
BENZOIC ACID [HSDB]
BENZOIC ACID [INCI]
SAMPL4, O1
Benzoic acid (JP17/USP)
BENZOIC ACID [VANDF]
MLS002415717
BENZOIC ACID [MART.]
BIDD:ER0597
BENZOIC ACID [USP-RS]
BENZOIC ACID [WHO-DD]
BENZOIC ACID [WHO-IP]
Benzoic acid, AR, >=99%
Benzoic acid, LR, >=99%
NSC149
ZINC1011
BENZOICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
FEMA 2131
Benzoic acid (7CI,8CI,9CI)
Benzoic acid, analytical standard
Benzoic acid, p.a., 99.5%
BENZOIC ACID [GREEN BOOK]
BDBM197302
Benzoic-2,3,4,5,6-d5 acid
HMS2092F18
HMS2267D03
HMS3652B03
Pharmakon1600-01503001
BENZOIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
HY-N0216
Tox21_202403
Tox21_300180
BENZOIC ACID [USP MONOGRAPH]
NSC758203
s4161
STK301730
Benzoic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
AKOS000119619
BS-3752
CCG-213088
DB03793
NSC-758203
ACIDUM BENZOICUM [WHO-IP LATIN]
Benzoic acid, >=99.5%, FCC, FG
Benzoic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
NCGC00091886-01
NCGC00091886-02
NCGC00091886-03
NCGC00254112-01
NCGC00259952-01
TIAPROFENIC ACID IMPURITY D [EP]
Benzoic acid, USP, 99.5-100.5%
BP-30148
SMR001252220
SY009192
SY236257
Benzoic acid, tested according to Ph.Eur.
SBI-0206720.P001
Benzoic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.5%
DB-029471
B0062
B2635
CS-0008257
FT-0622705
FT-0662569
FT-0662570
FT-0770591
SW219833-1
Benzoic acid, natural, >=99.5%, FCC, FG
Benzoic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%
Benzoic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
EN300-18007
Benzoic acid, meets USP testing specifications
Benzoic acid, purified by sublimation, >=99%
C00180
C00539
D00038
D85168
MEFENAMIC ACID IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
AB00949635_05
AB00949635_06
Benzoic Acid 2000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane
A835250
A934445
Benzoic Acid Zone Refined (number of passes:20)
Q191700
SR-05000001919
Benzoic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, 99.9%
SR-05000001919-1
0BE368DC-6DE6-4927-AECF-E4BB2968A4A0
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
Melting point standard 121-123C, analytical standard
METRONIDAZOLE BENZOATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Z57127480
F2191-0092
HYDROUS BENZOYL PEROXIDE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Benzoic acid, NIST(R) SRM(R) 39j, calorimetric standard
Benzoic acid, Standard for quantitative NMR, TraceCERT(R)
METHYLAMINOLEVULINATE HYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY I [EP]
Benzoic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 18555, Benzoic acid
Benzoic acid, for calorimetrical determination (approx. 26460 J/g)
Benzoic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
SS Benzoic Acid, 2000 mug/mL in dichloromethane, analytical standard
Benzoic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Benzoic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.9% (alkalimetric)
14322-82-8
B A
Benzoic acid, certified reference material for titrimetry, certified by BAM according to ISO 17025, >=99.5%
Benzoic acid, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, FCC, E210, 99.5-100.5% (alkalimetric)
Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 18555, Benzoic acid, analytical standard, for the calibration of the thermosystem 900, traceable to primary standards (LGC)
ScavengePore(TM) benzoic acid, macroporous, 40-70 mesh, extent of labeling: 0.5-1.5 mmol per g loading



BENZOIC ACID
Benzoic acid is the simplest member of the aromatic carboxylic acid family.
Benzoic acid is a weak acid that is a precursor for the synthesis of many important organic compounds.
More than 90 percent of commercial Benzoic acid is converted directly to phenol and caprolactam.

CAS: 65-85-0
MF: C7H6O2
MW: 122.12
EINECS: 200-618-2

Synonyms
210;a 1 (acid);Acide benzoique;Benzoic aBenzoic acidcid;Mefenamic Acid Impurity D;Benzyl acid;SS Benzoic Acid;Glycopyrronium Bromide EP Impurity D;benzoic acid;65-85-0;Dracylic acid;benzenecarboxylic acid;Carboxybenzene;Benzeneformic acid;phenylformic acid;Benzenemethanoic acid;Phenylcarboxylic acid;benzoate;Retardex;Benzoesaeure GK;Benzoesaeure GV;Retarder BA;Tenn-Plas;Acide benzoique;Salvo liquid;Solvo powder;Benzoesaeure;Benzoic acid, tech.;Unisept BZA;HA 1 (acid);Kyselina benzoova;Benzoic acid (natural);HA 1;Benzoate (VAN);Benzenemethonic acid;FEMA No. 2131;Vevovitall;Acido benzoico;Menno-florades;NSC 149;Benzoesaeure [German];Caswell No. 081;Diacylic acid;Oracylic acid;Benzoicum acidum;CCRIS 1893;HSDB 704;Acide benzoique [French];Acido benzoico [Italian];E 210;Kyselina benzoova [Czech];AI3-0310;AI3-03710;Diacylate;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009101;CHEBI:30746;Salvo powder;Acidum benzoicum;NSC-149;UNII-8SKN0B0MIM;E210;Salvo, liquid;Solvo, powder;8SKN0B0MIM;Benzoic acid (e 210);EINECS 200-618-2;Tennplas;DTXSID6020143;Retarded BA;INS-210;Aromatic carboxylic acid;MFCD00002398;Benzoic acid [USP:JAN];Benzoic-3,5-d2 Acid;DTXCID80143;BENZOIC-4-D1 ACID;INS NO.210;E-210;EC 200-618-2;Benzeneformate;Phenylformate;Benzenemethanoate;Phenylcarboxylate;Benzenecarboxylate;Benzoic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetone;Benzoic acid (USP:JAN);BENZOIC ACID (II);BENZOIC ACID [II];Benzoic Acid 2000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane;BENZOIC ACID (MART.);BENZOIC ACID [MART.];BENZOIC ACID (USP-RS);BENZOIC ACID [USP-RS];BENZOIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH);BENZOIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH];BENZOIC ACID (USP MONOGRAPH);BENZOIC ACID [USP MONOGRAPH];Acid, Benzoic;Benzoic acid [USAN:JAN];CAS-65-85-0;MFCD00002400;NSC7918;B A;Benzoic acid (TN);phenylcarboxy;Dracylate;ProvitaCombat;benzoic aicd;benzoic-acid;bezoic acid;Aromatic acid;benzenecarboxylic;Benzoicum Ac;Eyelids Wipes;benzoic- acid;Provita Equiband;Retarder BAX;1gyx

Benzoic acid's use in the production of glycol benzoates for the application of plasticizer in adhesive formulations is increasing.
The organic compound is also used in the manufacture of alkyd resins and drilling mud additive for crude oil recovery applications.
Benzoic acid is also used as a rubber polymerization activator, retardant, resins, alkyd paint, plasticizers, dyestuffs, and fibers.
Benzoic acid and its esters occur in apricots, cranberries, mushrooms and jasmine plants.
The history of benzoic acid dates back to sixteenth century.
In the year of 1875 Salkowski a prominent scientist discovered its antifungal abilities.
In medicine, benzoic acid is the principal component of benzoin resin, and is a constituent of Whitfield’s ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete’s foot.

Benzoic acid was found in the 16th century.
In 1556, Nostradamus first described carbonization effect of benzoin; After the Alexius Pedemontanus and Brian blessed decipher were discovered in 1560 and 1596.
In 1875, the salkowski discovered the antifungal potency of benzoic acid, so benzoic acid is used for long term preservation cloudberry.
Benzoic acid is a colorless, crystalline solid also known as benzenecarboxylic acid.
Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid, with a carboxyl group (-COOH) bonded directly to the benzene ring.
Benzoic acid is found naturally in the benzoin resin of a number of plants.
Benzoic acid was first isolated from the dry distillation of benzoin by Blaise de Vigenère (1523–1596) in the 16th century.
Friedrich Whler (1800–1882) and Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) prepared benzoic acid from oxidizing bitter almond oil (benzaldehyde) in 1832 and determined the formula for each of these compounds.

They proposed that bitter almond oil, C7H6O, and benzoic acid were derivatives from the benzoyl radical, C7H5O; the radical theory was a major early theory in the development of organic chemistry.
A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
Boric acid,H3B03, also known as boracic acid, orthoboric acid, and sassolite, is a white solid composed of triclinic crystals.
Benzoic acid is a derivative of barium oxide and is soluble in water.
A white crystalline solid.
Slightly soluble in water.
The primary hazard is the potential for environmental damage if released.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment.
Used to make other chemicals, as a food preservative, and for other uses.
Benzoic acid is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.

The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus benzoic acid is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.
Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source.
Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives.
Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates.

Benzoic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 121-125 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 249 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.08
Vapor density: 4.21 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
Refractive index: 1.504
FEMA: 2131 | BENZOIC ACID
Fp: 250 °F
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: soluble, clear, colorless (95% ethanol, 1gm/3mL)
Form: Solid
pka: 4.19(at 25℃)
Color: White to yellow-beige to orange
PH: 3.66(1 mM solution);3.12(10 mM solution);2.6(100 mM solution);
Odor: at 100.00 %. faint balsam urine
Odor Type: balsamic
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble. 0.34 g/100 mL
Merck: 14,1091
JECFA Number: 850
BRN: 636131
Henry's Law Constant: (x 10-8 atm?m3/mol): 7.02 (calculated, U.S. EPA, 1980a)
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, alkalies.
InChIKey: WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.870
CAS DataBase Reference: 65-85-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzoic acid(65-85-0)
EPA Substance Registry System: Benzoic acid (65-85-0)

Scaly or needle like crystals.
With the smell of formaldehyde or benzene.
Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, chloroform, benzene, toluene, CS2, CCl4 and turpentine.
Benzoic acid,C6H5COOH, also known as benzene carboxylic acid and phenyl formic acid,is a colorless, monoclinic crystalline solid that has a melting point of 122.4"C and sublimes readily at 100·C.
Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid that is slightly soluble in water and moderately soluble in alcohol and ether.
Benzoic acid is used as a preservative and its derivatives are valuable in medicine, commerce, and industry.
Colorless to white needles, scales, or powder with a faint benzoin or benzaldehyde-like odor.
Shaw et al. (1970) reported a taste threshold in water of 85 ppm.

Uses
1. Used as a chemical reagent and preservative.
2. Benzoic acid is important type food preservative.
Under acidic conditions, Benzoic acid has inhibitory effects to mold, yeast and bacteria ,but the effect is weak acid producing bacteria.
The most appropriate antimicrobial pH values is ranging from 2.5 to 4, generally lower, the pH value is appropriate from 4.5 to 5.
In the food industry with plastic barrels concentrated fruit and vegetable juice, the maximum use amount shall not be over 2.0g/kg; in jam (excluding canned), (taste) juice drink, soy sauce, vinegar in the maximum dose of 1.0g/kg; in soft candy, wine, wine in the maximum dose of 0.8 g/kg separately; in the low salt pickled vegetables, the sauce, candied fruit, maximum dose is 0.5 g/kg; in carbonated drinks in the largest amount of use is 0.2g/kg. due to benzoic acid, slightly soluble in water, its use can be a small amount of ethanol enable dissolved.
3.Preservative; anti microbial agents.
Due to the low solubility of benzoic acid and use shall be stirring, or dissolved in a small amount of hot water or ethanol.
When used in the soft drink with fruit juice concentrate, for benzoic acid easy volatile with the water vapor, so often used in the sodium salt, besides the above sodium equivalent to benzoic acid 0.847g.

4.Often used as a fixative agent or preservative.
Also used as a fruit juice aroma conservation agents.
As a perfume with perfume fragrance.
Can also be used for chocolate, lemon, orange, berries, nuts, candied fruit type edible essence.
Tobacco flavor is also commonly used.
5.Benzoic acid and its sodium salt are food preservatives.
Under acidic conditions, it has inhibition of yeasts and molds.
When pH 3, antibacterial strength and when pH 6, many fungi effect is very poor, so the antibacterial optimum pH is 2.5-4.0.
Benzoic acid is mainly used for the production of sodium benzoate preservatives, dyes intermediates, pesticides, plasticizers, mordant, medicine, spice and also can be used as alkyd resin and polyamide resin modifier for the production of polyester, terephthalic acid and used equipment, iron and steel anti rust agent.
6.Mainly used for antifungal and antiseptic.
7.Used in medicine, dye carriers, plasticizer, spices and food preservatives such as production, and can also be used to paint of alkyd resin performance improvement; used as pharmaceutical and dye intermediates, used for the preparation of plasticizer and spices etc., as well as equipment, iron and steel anti rust agent.

Sodium benzoate is an important benzoic acid derivative produced industrially by neutralization of benzoic acid using sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate solution.
Calcium benzoate, potassium benzoate, and other benzoate salts are also produced.
Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate (C6H5COONa) are used as food preservatives and added to foods, juices, and beverages that are acidic.

Agricultural Uses
Fungicide, Insecticide: Used in the manufacture of benzoates; plasticizers, benzoyl chloride, alkyd resins, in the manufacture of food preservatives, in use as a dye binder in calico printing; in curing of tobacco, flavors, perfumes, dentifrices, standard in analytical chemistry.
Not currently registered for use in the U.S.
Benzoic acid is currently used in about a dozen European countries.

Clinical Use
Benzoic acid is a metabolite of benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid.
These three related compounds are used as preservatives in a variety of products, such as cosmetics, toothpastes, hair products, medication preparations, and emollients, and in foods.
They are well-recognized to cause nonimmunological CoU and reactions are concentration-dependent.
Both oral intake and cutaneous contact of benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, or sodium benzoate can cause immediate reactions; however, there is a lack of correlation between the two and skin tests should not be used to predict sensitivity to oral intake of these preservatives.
Immediate reactions to the oral ingestion of these preservatives are rare.
Nettis et al. investigated 47 patients with a history of urticaria after the ingestion of meals or products containing sodium benzoate, and only one patient had a generalized urticarial reaction to an oral challenge test of 50 mg of sodium benzoate.

Reactions
Reactions of benzoic acid can occur at either the aromatic ring or the carboxyl group :

Aromatic ring
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3- position due to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group; i.e. benzoic acid is meta directing.
The second substitution reaction (on the right) is slower because the first nitro group is deactivating.
Conversely, if an activating group (electron - donating) was introduced (e.g., alkyl), a second substitution reaction would occur more readily than the first and the disubstituted product might accumulate to a significant extent.

Carboxyl group
All the reactions mentioned for carboxylic acids are also possible for benzoic acid.
Benzoic acid esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.
Benzoic acid amides are more easily available by using activated acid derivatives (such as benzoyl chloride) or by coupling reagents used in peptide synthesis like DCC and DMAP.
The more active benzoic anhydride is formed by dehydration using acetic anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide.
Highly reactive acid derivatives such as acid halides are easily obtained by mixing with halogenation agents like phosphorus chlorides or thionyl chloride.
Ortho esters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.
Reduction to benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is possible using DIBAL- H , Li Al H4 or sodium boro hydride.
The copper catalyzed decarboxylation of benzoate to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline.
Also, Hunsdiecker decarboxylation can be achieved by forming the silver salt and heating.
Benzoic acid can also be decarboxylated by heating with an alkali hydroxide or calcium hydroxide.

Calorimetry
Benzoic acid is the most commonly used chemical standard to determine the heat of capacity of a bomb calorimeter.

Feed stock
Benzoic acid is used to make a large number of chemicals, important examples of which are :
Benzoyl chloride, C6H5C(O)Cl, is obtained by treatment of benzoic with thionyl chloride, phosgene or one of the chlorides of phosphorus.
C6H5C(O) Cl is an important starting material for several benzoic acid derivates like benzyl benzoate, which is used in artificial flavours and insect repellents.

Food preservative
Benzoic acid and its salts are used as a food preservatives, represented by the E-numbers E210, E211 , E212 , and E213 . Benzoic acid inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Benzoic acid is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.
The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid in to the cell.

Medicinal
Benzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfiel's ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete's foot.
As the principal component of benzoin resin, benzoic acid is also a major ingredient in both tincture of benzoin and Fria's balsam.
Such products have a long history of use as topical antiseptics and inhalant decongestants.
Benzoic acid was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.

Food Preservatives
Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate are commonly used food preservative.
In acidic conditions, Benzoic acid has inhibitory effect on yeast and mold.
When pH value is 3 antibacterial strength, when pH was 6 for a lot of mould effect is very poor, so the inhibition the optimum pH value is 2.5-4.0.
In the food industry with plastic barrels concentrated fruit and vegetable juice, the maximum usage shall not exceed 2.0g/kg; in the jam (not including canned), fruit juice (taste) drinks, soy sauce, vinegar in the maximum amount is 1.0g/kg; in Wine, candy, wine in the maximum amount of 0.8g/kg in the low salt; pickles, sauces, candied fruit, use the largest 0.5g/kg in carbonate; use the largest beverage 0.2g/kg. because of solubility of benzoic acid, when used will be stirring, or dissolved in a small amount of hot water or ethanol.
The use of concentrated fruit juice in the soft drink used for benzoic acid easily volatile with steam, Benzoic acid is commonly used in the sodium salt.

Benzoic acid in food industry is a common preservative in dairy products, but not allowed to be added.
In general, benzoic acid is considered to be safe.
But for some special populations, including infants, long-term intake of benzoic acid may lead to asthma, urticaria, metabolic acidosis and other adverse reactions.
Paul deodorant benzoic acid is also used as a beverage.
As the cream sweet perfume fragrance.
Can also be used for chocolate, lemon, orange, sub berries, nuts, candied fruit and other edible flavor type.
Tobacco flavor also commonly used.
In addition of benzoic acid is also used as a pesticide, medicine, dye, mordant and plasticizer agent for the production of raw materials, polyamide resin and alkyd resin modifying agent and steel equipment anti rust agent.

Hazard
Benzoic acid accumulation is less, low toxicity in the body involved and metabolism.
If the excessive consumption of benzoic acid, the body's liver and kidney will be jeopardized.
Maximum safety of carbonated drinks of benzoic acid usage is 5mg/kg of body weight, then calculated according to the weight of 60kg, daily limit is 300mg, benzoic acid for carbonated drinks, the maximum amount of use is 0.2g/kg, then drank 1.5kg of beverage is safe.
Benzoic acid has strong toxic effects on microorganisms, but the toxicity of the sodium salt is very low.
A daily dose of 0.5g, has no toxicity to the body , even in an amount of not more than 4g of health also has no harm.
In human and animal tissues it can bind with protein components of the glycine and detoxification, formed hippuric acid excreted in the urine.
Benzoic acid crystallites or dust on the skin, eyes, nose, and throat has stimulating effect.
Even if its sodium salt, if you take a lot, also can damage to the stomach.
The operator should wear protective equipment.
Need to be stored in a dry and ventilated place moisture, heat, away from the fire source.

Preparation
Industrial preparation method
The industrial benzoic acid is mainly by toluene liquid phase air oxidation preparation.
The process was with cobalt naphthenate as catalyst, in response to temperature is 140-160 ℃ and operating pressure is 0.2-0.3MPa and response generation benzoic acid.
Reaction after steaming to toluene, and vacuum distillation and recrystallization to obtain the product.
The process uses cheap raw materials, high yield.
Therefore, Benzoic acid is industrial uses mainly the method.

Laboratory preparation method of the main reaction:
1.C6H5CH3+ KMnO4+H2O-C6H5 COOK+KOH+MnO2+H2O(water in fron of the manganese dioxide is supplied with water reaction environment)
2.C6H5 COOK+HCl--C6H5 COOH
Drug and dosage:
Toluene 1.5g (1.7ml, 0.016mol), potassium permanganate 5g (0.032mol), CTAB(cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) 0.1g.
Experimental operation:
With 100 ml round bottom flask.
Install a refluxing device. add 5g potassium permanganate, 0.1g of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, 1.7 ml of toluene and 50 ml of water to the reaction flask, stir heated boiling (vigorous stirring, violent boiling), keep the reactant solution stable boiling.
When large amounts of brown precipitate, potassium permanganate purple shallow or disappeared, the toluene layer disappeared, reaction has basically ended.
Filter out of manganese dioxide precipitation, landfill leachate by concentrated hydrochloric acid, precipitation of benzoic acid precipitation, filtering to the crude product.
The crude product water recrystallization.
In a boiling water bath for drying, weighing, measuring the melting point.

Production Methods
Industrial preparations
Benzoic acid is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses cheap raw materials, proceeds in high yield, and is considered environmentally green.

Laboratory synthesis
Benzoic acid is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value.
Benzoic acid is a common undergraduate preparation.
For all syntheses, benzoic acid can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
Other possible recrystallization solvents include acetic acid (anhydrous or aqueous), benzene, acetone, petroleum ether, and a mixture of ethanol and water.
The solubility of benzoic acid in over 40 solvents with references to original sources can be found as part of the Open Notebook Science Challenge.

Biotechnological Production
Benzoic acid is exclusively chemically synthesized on an industrial scale.
Toluene from petrochemical routes is oxidized in the presence of the catalyst potassium permanganate to benzoic acid.
However, a recent study described for the first time a benzoic acid production process by fermentation using Streptomyces maritimus.
The production of benzoic acid during cultivation on glucose, starch, and cellobiose has been investigated.
The best results have been achieved with product concentrations of 460 mg.L-1 in 6 days using starch as substrate.
Additionally, a genetically modified S. maritimus optimized for endo-glucanasesecretion has been tested on phosphoric acid swollen cellulose.
A final product concentration of 125 mg.L-1 was observed after 4 days of cultivation.
BENZOIC ACID (E210)
Benzoic Acid (E210) /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/ is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.
The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus Benzoic Acid (E210) is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.


CAS Number: 65-85-0
EC Number: 200-618-2
MDL number: MFCD00002398
E Number: E210
Linear Formula: C6H5COOH
Chemical formula: C7H6O2



Benzenecarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, Benzoic acid, Benzenecarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, E210, Dracylic acid, Phenylmethanoic acid, Phenylcarboxylic acid, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzoylic acid, Carboxylbenzene, Hydrogenphenic acid, Phenoic acid, Benzenecarboxylic acid, dracylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, E210, Dracylic acid, Phenylmethanoic acid, BzOH,



Benzoic Acid (E210) is an organic compound of aromatic acids and the simplest aromatic acid, with the formula C7H6O2.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is originally made from benzoin gum, so called benzoin acid.
The melting point of Benzoic Acid (E210) is 122.13 ºC, the boiling point is 249.2 ºC, and the relative density (15/4 ºC) is 1.2659.


The appearance of Benzoic Acid (E210) is white acicular or scaly crystal.
Benzoic Acid (E210) will sublimate above 100 ºC.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is slightly soluble in cold water, hexane, hot water, ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon disulfide and turpentine, etc.


Benzoic Acid (E210) exists widely in nature in the form of free acids, esters or their derivatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is mainly used in the preparation of sodium benzoate preservatives, and used in the synthesis of drugs, dyes, but also used in the production of plasticizers, mordants, fungicides and spices.


Benzoic Acid (E210) can be prepared by direct oxidation of toluene in the presence of manganese dioxide, or by decarboxylation of phthalic anhydride with water vapor
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates /ˈbɛnzoʊ.eɪt/.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a food additive approved by the European Union (EU) and used as an antifungal and antibacterial natural preservative (in an acid medium) in food products.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a white scales, needles or crystals with benzoin odor.


Benzoic Acid (E210) powder is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene and carbon disulfide while slightly soluble in water.
E210 is also known by the common name of Benzoic Acid (E210), but may also be referred to as carboxybenzene or dracyclic acid.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is produced by hydrolysis of benzonitrile and benzamide and can be purified by the recrystallisation from water, due to its high solubility.


Benzoic Acid (E210) also occurs naturally in edible fruits and vegetables.
The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus Benzoic Acid (E210) is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source.
Benzoic Acid (E210) /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/ is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.


Benzoic Acid (E210), benzoates and benzoic acid esters are commonly found in most fruits, especially berries.
Cranberries are a very rich source of Benzoic Acid (E210).
In addition to fruits, benzoates occur naturally in mushrooms, cinnamon, cloves and some dairy products (due to bacterial fermentation).


For commercial purposes, Benzoic Acid (E210) is prepared chemically from toluene.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an organic compound manufactured through chemical synthesis, available as White crystallized powder.


Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts (such as Potassium Benzoate and Sodium Benzoate) are widely used as preservatives for acidic food and beverage.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E210.
As a professional supplier and manufacturer of food additives, Foodchem International Corporation has been supplying quality Benzoic Acid (E210) to customers all over the world for over 10 years.


In terms of Benzoic Acid (E210)'s biosynthesis, benzoate is produced in plants from cinnamic acid.
A pathway has been identified from phenol via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is also known as flowers of benzoin, phenlycarboxylic acid, carboxybenzene.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is obtained from Benzoin, a resin exuded by trees native to Asia.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important type acid food preservatives.
Under acid condition, the fungus, yeast and bacteria have inhibition, but less effect on bacteria produce acid.


Bacteriostasis of the optimal pH value of 2.5 ~ 2.5, is lower than pH 4.5 ~ 5.0.
In the food industry with plastic barrels of concentrated fruit and vegetable juice, the maximum amount not exceeding 2.0 g/kg;In jam (not including cans), fruit juice beverage (taste), soy sauce, vinegar, the largest use of 1.0 g/kg;The biggest usage in jelly, wine, fruit wine, 0.8 g/kg;At low salt pickles, jam, candied fruit, the maximum amount of 0.5 g/kg;The biggest usage in carbonated drinks, 0.2 g/kg.


With Benzoic Acid (E210) is slightly soluble in water, available when using a small amount of ethanol to dissolve it.
Benzoic Acid (E210) , C7H6O2 -or C6H5COOH-, is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only known source.


Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are used as food preservatives and Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.


The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates .
Benzoic Acid (E210), C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for Benzoic Acid (E210).


This weak acid, Benzoic Acid (E210), and its salts are used as a food preservative.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances.
Alkyl substituted benzene derivatives give Benzoic Acid (E210) with the stoichiometric oxidants potassium permanganate, chromium trioxide, nitric acid.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is an aromatic monocarboxylic acid.
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs in the form of colorless leaflets or needles. Benzoic Acid (E210) reacts with hydrogenating reagents to afford hexahydrobenzoic acid.


On decomposition (by heating) in the presence of lime or alkali, Benzoic Acid (E210) affords benzene and carbon dioxide.
Benzoic Acid (E210) can be synthesized by the cobalt or manganese catalyzed atmospheric oxidation of toluene.
Benzoic Acid (E210) can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.


The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a white solid that is an extensively used preservative.
Although this preservative prevents or delays nutritional losses due to microbiological, enzymatic or chemical changes of foods during its shelf life there is a suspicion that small amounts of benzene may be formed from Benzoic Acid (E210) in nonalcoholic beverages in the presence of ascorbic acid.


Benzoic Acid (E210) and ascorbic acid are food additives which must be declared on the food.
Benzoic Acid (E210) or E 210 is a preservative which also occurs naturally, for instance, in cranberries.
A maximum amount of 150 mg/l Benzoic Acid (E210) may be added to non-alcoholic flavored beverages.


Benzoic Acid (E210), /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name of Benzoic Acid (E210) is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only known source.
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.


Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are used as food preservatives and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates /ˈbɛnzoʊ.eɪt/.


Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally as do its esters in many plant and animal species.
Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%).
Ripe fruits of several Vaccinium species (e.g., cranberry, V. vitis macrocarpon; bilberry, V. myrtillus) contain as much as 0.03–0.13% free Benzoic Acid (E210).


Benzoic Acid (E210) is also formed in apples after infection with the fungus Nectria galligena.
Among animals, Benzoic Acid (E210) has been identified primarily in omnivorous or phytophageous species, e.g., in viscera and muscles of the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) as well as in gland secretions of male muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) or Asian bull elephants (Elephas maximus).


Gum benzoin contains up to 20% of Benzoic Acid (E210) and 40% benzoic acid esters.
Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus is a bacterium species that produces benzoate from phenol via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is present as part of hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) in urine of mammals, especially herbivores (Gr. hippos = horse; ouron = urine).


Humans produce about 0.44 g/L hippuric acid in their urine, and if the person is exposed to toluene or benzoic acid, it can rise above that level.
Many cosmetics companies use Benzoic Acid (E210) as an ingredient in many products, like creams and lipsticks.
You might also find Benzoic Acid (E210) or sodium benzoate in toothpaste, shower gel, shampoo, moisturizers and sunscreens, according to a March 2019 review in the ‌Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene‌.


Benzoic Acid (E210)'s use in this industry mirrors the food industry's purpose as a preservative — organic products are also allowed to use sodium benzoate in their products.
Sodium benzoate was noted as the most common preservative in rinse-off products, according to the March 2019 review in the ‌Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene‌.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid.
Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are used as food preservatives and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a white solid produced by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are used as food preservatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
Benzoic Acid (E210) was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.


Niche and laboratory uses: In teaching laboratories, Benzoic Acid (E210) is a common standard for calibrating a bomb calorimeter.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is one of the preservatives that widely used in the food industry to protect food from any harmful chemical changes and helps to regulate the growth of microbes better.


Benzoic Acid (E210) as a food preservative is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an acid-type food preservative; under acidic conditions, it has an inhibitory effect on mold, yeast and bacteria, but it has a weak effect on acid-producing bacteria.


The optimum pH for bacteriostasis of Benzoic Acid (E210) was 2.5-4.0.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in the production of plasticizers, spices and food preservatives, as well as the performance improvement of alkyd resin coatings.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is also used as a flavor retaining agent for fruit juice drinks.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in chocolate, lemon, oranges, berry berries, nuts, preserves, and other food flavors.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in the production of numerous industrial additives such as the Benzoate plasticizers.


Together with several of its salts, Benzoic Acid (E210) is used as food&feed preservatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210)’s esters are common fragrances.
In recent years, Benzoic Acid (E210) is also found to be effective against piglets’ post-weaning diarrhea when administered as a feed additive.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation at 300−400 °C:
C6H5CO2H+12O2⟶C6H5OH+CO2
The temperature required can be lowered to 200 °C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.


The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.
Typical concentrations of Benzoic Acid (E210) as a preservative in food are between 0.05 and 0.1%.
Foods in which Benzoic Acid (E210) may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a constituent of Whitfield's ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
As the principal component of gum benzoin, Benzoic Acid (E210) is also a major ingredient in both tincture of benzoin and Friar's balsam.
Such products have a long history of use as topical antiseptics and inhalant decongestants.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is used Preservative, Cosmetics, Feed, Pharmaceutical, Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Soft Drink, Alcohol Beverage, Beverage Powder, Ice Cream, Candy, Chewing Gum, Icings, Fruit Juice, Puddings, Sauces, Baking Food, Sauage, Food Colors, Milk, Wine, Flavoring Agent, Dyestuff, Toothpaste, Coating, Rubber.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is an antiseptic, anti fungal, antipyretic agent, and can be used as an alkali metric standard.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is one of the preservatives that widely used in the food industry to protect food from any harmful chemical changes and helps to regulate the growth of microbes better.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is added to alcoholic beverages, baked goods, cheeses, gum, condiments, frozen dairy, relishes, soft sweets, cordials and sugar substitutes.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in cosmetics, as an antiseptic in many cough medications and an anti fungal in ointments.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in medicine, dye carriers, plasticizer, spices, and food preservatives and other production, also used in alkyd resin coating performance improvements.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is mainly used for antifungal and disinfection antiseptic.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is used as chemical reagent and preservatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is set incense, usually used as agent or preservatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is also used in the manufacture of plasticisers, resin coatings and caprolactam.


Insurance agent is also used as a fruit drink.Can be used as a cream with the sweet sweet.Can also be used for chocolate, lemon, orange, berries, nuts, candied fruit flavours.Also commonly used in cigarette flavoring.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used as a preservatives and antimicrobial agent.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important type of feed preservatives.
Under acid condition, bacteriostatic optimum PH 2.5 4.0, is lower than PH4.5-5.0.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in medicine, dye carriers, plasticizer, spices, and food preservatives and other production, also used in alkyd resin coating performance improvements.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a organic compound widely used as preservatives in food and beverage industries.
As a preservatives, Benzoic Acid (E210) can be used in a wide variety of industries including: food production, beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agriculture/animal feed, and various other industries.


Benzoic Acid (E210) has the effect of sterilizing and inhibiting the growth of bacteria, and is low-toxic and tasteless, so it is widely used as a preservative.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used as preservatives in food and drinks to prevent the growth of mold, yeast and fungi.


In general the salts are preferred over the acid form because they are more soluble in water.
The optimal pH for the antimicrobial activity is below pH 6.5 and sorbates are generally used at concentrations of 0.025% to 0.10%.
Adding sorbate salts to food will however raise the pH of the food slightly so the pH may need to be adjusted to assure safety.


Benzoic Acid (E210) may be employed as a standard in quantitative and calorimetric studies.
Benzoic Acid (E210) may be employed as an intermediate in the synthesis of the following: paints pigments varnish wetting agents aroma compounds benzoyl chloride benzotrichlorideIt was used to investigate the mechanism of complex addition reaction of hydroxyl radicals with various aromatic compounds.


For the same reason, Benzoic Acid (E210) is also used in cosmetics to help give them longevity and ward off bacteria that may spoil them.
Manufacturers often use the inactive salt of Benzoic Acid (E210) called sodium benzoate, which is water-soluble.
Benzoic acid (E210) is used as food preservative and is most suitable for foods, fruit juices, and soft drinks that are naturally in an acidic pH range.


Benzoic Acid (E210)'s used as preservative in food, beverages, toothpastes, mouthwashes, dentifrices, cos- metics, and pharmaceuticals is regulated.
Typical levels of use for Benzoic Acid (E210) as a preservative in food are between 0.05–0.1%.
Foods in which Benzoic Acid (E210) may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation at 300−400 °C:
C6H5CO2H + 1/2 O2 → C6H5OH + CO2
The temperature required can be lowered to 200 °C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.


The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.
Concern has been expressed that Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts may react with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in some soft drinks, forming small quantities of benzene.


Key applications of Benzoic Acid (E210): Food preservatives, Cleaning products, Preservative, Adhesives and Sealants, Pharmaceuticals, Lubricants, Animal feed, Cosmetic products, and Paint and Coatings.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used Preservative (natural, slightly water-soluble).


Benzoic Acid (E210) is an organic acid that occurs naturally in various plants, fruits, berries and is used as a preservative for its anti-fungal, anti-yeast, and anti-bacterial properties in foods.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is commonly used in processed foods like beer, canned fruits, energy drinks, cupcakes, coffee, soft drinks, jams, dressings, spreads, spring rolls, creams, ketchup, fruit juices, pickles, desserts, sauces, marinated mackerel, marinated herring, beef and chicken products, cakes, ice creams, jellies, olives, sausages, hummus, canned pork, canned fish, wine, tacos, dried fish, chewing gum, tortillas, cornbread, toppings, shrimps, salad, and others.


-Precursor to plasticizers
Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-, diethyleneglycol-, and triethyleneglycol esters, are obtained by transesterification of methyl benzoate with the corresponding diol.

These plasticizers, which are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester, represent alternatives to phthalates.
Alternatively these species arise by treatment of benzoylchloride with the diol.
These plasticizers are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester.


-Precursor to sodium benzoate and related preservatives:
Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts are used as food preservatives, represented by the E numbers E210, E211, E212, and E213.
Benzoic Acid (E210) inhibits the growth of mold, yeast[23] and some bacteria.

Benzoic Acid (E210) is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.
The mechanism starts with the absorption of Benzoic Acid (E210) into the cell.
If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.

The efficacy of Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoate is thus dependent on the pH of the food.
Benzoic Acid (E210), benzoates and their derivatives are used as preservatives for acidic foods and beverages such as citrus fruit juices (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) and other acidified foods.

Acidic food and beverage like fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) or other acidified food are preserved with Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoates.


-Benzoic acid use as a feed additive:
Pig farmers around the globe have been relying on Zinc Oxide to counter piglets’ Post-Weaning Diarrhea (PWD) for decades.
Yet Zinc Oxide’s use has been restricted in recent years due to its severe environmental repercussions.

In face of the coming ban of Zinc Oxide in EU, and the growing restriction on its use globally, feed additive manufacturers have turned to Benzoic Acid (E210) as an alternative, either administered directly or applied with slow-releasing coatings, is effective in the prevention and mitigation of PWD.

Benzoic Acid (E210) poses no harm to the environment due to its organic nature.
Benzoic Acid (E210) can also accelerate piglets’ fattening process.


-Use as a Food Preservative and a Precursor to other Benzoic Salt Preservatives:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a powerful anti-septic agent widely used in food and animal feed.
However, due to its poor solubility, Benzoic Acid (E210) is often more preferable to use its salts instead.
Benzoic Acid (E210)'s Sodium salt, Calcium salt, and Potassium salt are among the most common food preservatives in the modern food industry.


-Use as a precursor to plasticizer:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is the ingredient needed in the production of Benzoate and Dibenzoate plasticizers.
These plasticizers are mainly used in flooring, film, adhesives, and sealants.
Typical Benzoate plasticizers include Isodecyl Benzoate (IDB) and Isononyl Benzoate (INB).

Common Dibenzoate plasticizers include Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate and Neopentylglycol Dibenzoate.
Although Phthalate plasticizers have been the most commonly used plasticizers in past decades, non-Phthalate plasticizers such as the Benzoates have been on the rise in recent years as regulatory bodies around the globe have come to realize the potential danger of Phthalates to human health.


-Food Grade of Benzoic Acid (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is widely used as preservatives in food and beverage industries.
Foodchem's Benzoic Acid (E210) is available as white crystallized powder(>99.5% content).


-Industrial Grade:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is widely used as used in the industry .
Foodchem's industrial grade Benzoic Acid (E210) is available as .


-Manufacturing uses of Benzoic Acid (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is frequently used in industrial settings, where its carboxylic acid reaction is used for phenol production.
This mildly acidic solid, Benzoic Acid (E210), is used as a disinfectant and so commonly used in mouthwashes and household cleaners.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is also used in the production of plastics.


-Preservative in food manufacturing:
Benzoic Acid (E210) – also known as E210 – is used widely in the manufacturing and preserving of food thanks to its antimicrobial activity.
Tests have shown its ability to inhibit the growth of mould, yeast and some other bacteria and Benzoic Acid (E210) is most commonly used in fizzy drinks, icings, jams, prepared salads, soy sauce and pastry fillings.



PHARMACEUTICAL POWER OF BENZOIC ACID (E210) POWDER:
Benzoic Acid (E210) has been used to help treat skin inflammation and irritations like minor burns, insect bites, eczema and fungal infections.
Its purpose is to prevent infections, and Benzoic Acid (E210) is often teamed with salicylic acid, which is used to help the skin shed its dead cells.
In the early part of the 20th century, Benzoic Acid (E210) was used as an analgesic, an antiseptic and as an expectorant.
And Benzoic Acid (E210) may still be used in some products that tackle these problems today.



BENZOIC ACID (E210) IN FOOD:
A number of foods naturally contain Benzoic Acid (E210), but the amounts vary.
Typically, foods with naturally occurring Benzoic Acid (E210) have very small amounts.
Strawberries have up to 29 milligrams/kilogram. Dairy products tend to have slightly higher levels of Benzoic Acid (E210) than plant foods, up to 28 milligrams/kilogram reported in some cheeses, according to the above review.

Naturally occurring Benzoic Acid (E210) in milk is between 2 to 5 milligrams/kilogram.
To put this in perspective, unless you're eating 2 pounds of cheese per day, your intake of naturally occurring Benzoic Acid (E210) will be fairly low.
It's hard to know exactly how much Benzoic Acid (E210) or sodium benzoate has been added to food.

The FDA has maximal amounts for individual foods, but the amounts are not labeled on the packaging.
If a food has it added, you'll see Benzoic Acid (E210) or sodium benzoate in the ingredients list.
One of the most common food with Benzoic Acid (E210) or sodium benzoate added is soft drinks.
Others include some canned and dried fruit, bakery items and other processed foods.



LABORATORY PREPARATIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedogical value.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a common undergraduate preparation and a convenient property of the compound is that its melting point equals its molecular weight (122).

For all syntheses, Benzoic Acid (E210) can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.

*By hydrolysis:
Like any other nitrile or amide, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to Benzoic Acid (E210) or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.
From benzaldehyde
The base-induced disproportionation of benzaldehyde, the Cannizzaro reaction, affords equal amounts of benzoate and benzyl alcohol; the latter can be removed by distillation.

*From bromobenzene:
Bromobenzene in diethyl ether is stirred with magnesium turnings to produce phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr).
This Grignard reagent is slowly added to dry-ice (solid carbon dioxide) to give benzoate.
Dilute acid is added to form Benzoic Acid (E210).

*From benzyl alcohol:
Benzyl alcohol is refluxed with potassium permanganate or other oxidizing reagents in water.
The mixture hot filtered to remove manganese oxide and then allowed to cool to afford Benzoic Acid (E210).



PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Industrial preparations
Benzoic Acid (E210) is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses abundant materials, and proceeds in high yield.



INDUSTRIES OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
*Pharma
*Polymers
*Cleaning
*CASE & Construction
*Beauty & Personal Care
*Food & Nutrition
*Animal Nutrition
*Lubricants
*Chemical Processing
*Rubber



FOOD PRESERVATIVE OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts are used as a food preservative, represented by the E-numbers E210, E211, E212, and E213.
Benzoic Acid (E210) inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.

The mechanism starts with the absorption of Benzoic Acid (E210) in to the cell.
If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.
The efficacy of Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoate is thus dependent on the pH of the food.

Acidic food and beverage like fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) or other acidified food are preserved with Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoates.
Typical levels of use for Benzoic Acid (E210) as a preservative in food are between 0.05 – 0.1%.

Foods in which Benzoic Acid (E210) may be used and maximum levels for its application are laid down in international food law.
Concern has been expressed that Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts may react with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in some soft drinks, forming small quantities of benzene.



REACTIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Reactions of Benzoic Acid (E210) can occur at either the aromatic ring or at the carboxyl group.
Aromatic ring
Benzoic Acid (E210) aromatic ring reactions
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3-position due to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group; i.e. Benzoic Acid (E210) is meta directing.



PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a white crystalline flake, needle, powder or granular with a benzoin or benzaldehyde odor.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is slightly soluble in water while easily soluble in ether, ethanol, dichloromethane, diethyl ether and other organic solvents.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a weak acid and has an acid taste that will influence the taste and PH of food.



FUNCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
*Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoates are used as preservatives against both yeasts and fungi in acidic products.
*Benzoic Acid (E210) is not very effective against bacteria and ineffective in products with a pH above 5 (slightly acidic or neutral).
*High concentrations result in a sour taste, which limits the application. *Benzoates are often preferred, due to better solubility.



BENEFITS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
*Continuous production and low chroma.
*China's Largest Manufacturer of Benzoic Acid (E210) and Sodium Benzoate.
*One of the most long-standing Benzoic Acid (E210) manufacturers in China, and one of the drafters of the state standard of food preservative benzoic acid and sodium benzoate.



SOME NATURAL SOURCES OF BENZOIC ACID (E210) INCLUDE:
*‌Fruits:‌ Apricots, prunes, berries, cranberries, peaches, kiwi, bananas, watermelon, pineapple, oranges
‌*Spices:‌ Cinnamon, cloves, allspice, cayenne pepper, mustard seeds, thyme, turmeric, coriander
‌*Vegetables:‌ Mushrooms (fungus), snap peas, cucumbers, radishes, cabbage, potatoes, onions, garlic, spinach
‌*Nuts:‌ Cashews, almonds, pistachios
‌*Dairy:‌ Yogurt, cheese, milk
Most fruits, vegetables and nuts do not contain over 2 milligrams of Benzoic Acid (E210) per kilogram, according to an extensive May 2017 review in ‌Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition‌.



PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Industrial preparations:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.

The process uses cheap raw materials, proceeds in high yield, and is considered environmentally green.
U.S. production capacity of Benzoic Acid (E210) is estimated to be 126,000 tonnes per year (139,000 tons), much of which is consumed domestically to prepare other industrial chemicals.



HISTORICAL PREPARATION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) with hydrochloric acid.
The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated Benzoic Acid (E210) derivatives.
For this reason, Benzoic Acid (E210) for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade Benzoic Acid (E210) is now produced synthetically.



HOW IS BENZOIC ACID (E210) MADE?
There are two types of Benzoic Acid (E210), one is the natural form extracted from plants and can be used as a flavor with the FEMA No. 2131.
Another one is the most used one, obtained from toluene synthesis and here we would like to introduce the brief manufacturing process of this one.
Other methods

Food grade Benzoic Acid (E210) can also be manufactured from the following two methods mentioned by the FDA:
molten phthalic anhydride with a zinc oxide catalyst
hydrolysis of benzotrichloride
By the way, Benzoic Acid (E210) can also be produced from sodium benzoate with HCL.



EXAMPLES OF FOOD AND DRINK PRODUCTS THAT SOMETIMES INCLUDE BENZOIC ACID (E210):
*marinated herring
*marinated mackerel
*beer
*coffee
*soft drinks
*dessert sauces
*salad cream
*salad dressings
*jam
*pulp
*purées



HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) was discovered in the 16th century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and subsequently by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).

Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the structure of Benzoic Acid (E210) in 1832.
They also investigated how hippuric acid is related to Benzoic Acid (E210).
In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal abilities of Benzoic Acid (E210), which were used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate containing fruits.



WHAT IS BENZOIC ACID (E210), AND HOW IS BENZOIC ACID (E210) DIFFERENT FROM SODIUM BENZOATE?
Benzoic Acid (E210), if it's not naturally in food, can be added to help adjust the pH of a packaged product.
Basically, Benzoic Acid (E210) reduces the pH to make it more acidic so yeasts and bacteria can't grow and spoil your food.
Benzoic Acid (E210) has been commonly used for about 100 years for food safety and preservation, per an older September 2009 report in ‌Modern Biopolymer Science‌.

You may see Benzoic Acid (E210) on its own, but you also may see the name "sodium benzoate," which is simply the sodium salt of benzoic acid with a slightly different chemical structure.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is not naturally occurring, but that doesn't mean it's harmful.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives first set the acceptable daily intake (ADI) level for Benzoic Acid (E210) and sodium benzoate in 1962.
They concluded that it's safe to have Benzoic Acid (E210) in amounts of zero to 5 milligrams per kilogram (2.2 pounds) of body weight.
And then in 2021, the WHO increased the ADI of Benzoic Acid (E210) to between zero and 20 milligrams per kilogram (2.2 pounds) of body weight.



FUNCTIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210)
1. Antimicrobial Preservative:
Actively kills and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful.


2. Antioxidant:
Benzoic Acid (E210) reduces oxidation to prevent the formation of free radicals which may be harmful to health.


3. Preservative:
Benzoic Acid (E210) prevents and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally in many plants.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative (E number 210).

Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are also used as food preservatives which inhibit the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.

Acidic food and beverage like fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) or other acidified food are preserved with Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoates.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is approved to use as food additive and cosmetics preservative in EU.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is also recognized as safe food substance in US.



PREPARATION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210)
Benzoic Acid (E210) was first made by benzoin glue dry distillation or alkaline hydrolysis, also can be made of hippuric acid hydrolysis.
Industry is Benzoic Acid (E210) in the presence of cobalt, manganese catalyst by air oxidation of toluene.Water or by phthalic anhydride, decarboxylation.

Potassium permanganate method a toluene + + water + potassium hydroxide, potassium benzoate + manganese dioxide + water (the water is in front of Benzoic Acid (E210) reaction environment) drugs and dosage: toluene 1.5 g (1.7 ml, 1.7 mol), potassium permanganate, 5 g (0.032 mol), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide operation process: 0.1 g with 100 ml round bottom flask.
The backflow devices.

To the reaction bottle, respectively, add 5 g potassium permanganate, 0.1 g hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, 1.7 ml toluene and 50 ml of water, stir heating boiling (vigorous stirring, violent boiling), maintain smooth reactants solution boiling.
When a large number of brown precipitate generated, potassium permanganate purple becomes shallow or disappear, toluene layer disappears, basic end of reaction.

Filter out manganese dioxide precipitate, the filtrate acid acidification, with thick salt precipitation Benzoic Acid (E210) precipitation, the suction filter crude product.
The coarse product water recrystallization.

Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in a boiling water bath drying, weighing, measuring its melting point.
Method 2 benzoic acid potassium + concentrated hydrochloric acid, Benzoic Acid (E210).




PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210)
*Industrial preparations:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses abundant materials, and proceeds in high yield.


*toluene oxidation:
The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) with hydrochloric acid.

The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated Benzoic Acid (E210) derivatives.
For this reason, Benzoic Acid (E210) for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade Benzoic Acid (E210) is now produced synthetically.


*Laboratory synthesis:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a common undergraduate preparation.

Benzoic Acid (E210) can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
This process usually gives a yield of around 65%.


*By hydrolysis:
Like other nitriles and amides, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to Benzoic Acid (E210) or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.


*From Grignard reagent:
Bromobenzene can be converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) by "carboxylation" of the intermediate phenylmagnesium bromide.
This synthesis offers a convenient exercise for students to carry out a Grignard reaction, an important class of carbon–carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry.


*Oxidation of benzyl compounds:
Benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride and virtually all benzyl derivatives are readily oxidized to Benzoic Acid (E210).


*From benzaldehyde:
The base-induced disproportionation of benzaldehyde, the Cannizzaro reaction, affords equal amounts of benzoate and benzyl alcohol; the latter can be removed by distillation.


*From bromobenzene:
Bromobenzene can be converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) by "carboxylation" of the intermediate phenylmagnesium bromide.
This synthesis offers a convenient exercise for students to carry out a Grignard reaction, an important class of carbon–carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry.


*From benzyl alcohol:
Benzyl alcohol is refluxed with potassium permanganate or other oxidizing reagents in water.
The mixture is hot filtered to remove manganese dioxide and then allowed to cool to afford Benzoic Acid (E210).


*From benzyl chloride:
Benzoic Acid (E210) can be prepared by oxidation of benzyl chloride in the presence of alkaline KMnO4:
C6H5CH2Cl + 2 KOH + 2 [O] → C6H5COOH + KCl + H2O



HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) was discovered in the sixteenth century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).

Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the composition of Benzoic Acid (E210).
These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is related to Benzoic Acid (E210).

In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal properties of Benzoic Acid (E210), which was used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate-containing cloudberry fruits.



SOURCING OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) can be created by deriving it from natural sources.
However, commercially, Benzoic Acid (E210) is typically created synthetically through liquid-phase oxidation of toluene (which is a product from petrochemical processing).



MANUFACTURING OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
The additive is produced by using liquid-phase oxidation of the sourcing ingredient whilst also being exposed to oxygen and a cobalt catalyst.
Then, sublimation, recrystallization, and neutralization (as well as other processes) can be applied to purify the Benzoic Acid (E210) from any potential by-products that might have occurred during the manufacturing process (these by-products will typically include Benzyl Benzoate, Benzaldehyde, Benzyl Alcohol, Formic Acid, Acetic Acid).



ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210)’s recommended not to be used in amounts higher than 5 milligrams on every kilogram of body weight daily.



BENEFITS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) may help fight major depression, panic disorders, and other mental problems.
Benzoic Acid (E210) has various benefits when applied directly to the skin.



BIOLOGY AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally as do its esters in many plant and animal species.
Appreciable amounts are found in most berries (around 0.05%).
Ripe fruits of several Vaccinium species (e.g., cranberry, V. vitis macrocarpon; bilberry, V. myrtillus) contain as much as 0.03–0.13% free Benzoic Acid (E210).

Benzoic Acid (E210) is also formed in apples after infection with the fungus Nectria galligena.
Among animals, Benzoic Acid (E210) has been identified primarily in omnivorous or phytophageous species, e.g., in viscera and muscles of the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) as well as in gland secretions of male muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) or Asian bull elephants (Elephas Maximus).
Gum benzoin contains up to 20% of Benzoic Acid (E210) and 40% benzoic acid esters.



CHEMISTRY OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Reactions of Benzoic Acid (E210) can occur at either the aromatic ring or the carboxylic group:

*Aromatic ring
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3-position to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group.
The second substitution reaction (on the right) is slower because the first nitro group is deactivating.

Conversely, if an activating group (electron-donating) was introduced (e.g., alkyl), a second substitution reaction would occur more readily than the first and the disubstituted product might not accumulate to a significant extent.


*Carboxylic group
All the reactions mentioned for carboxylic acids are also possible for Benzoic Acid (E210).
Benzoic Acid (E210) esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.

Benzoic Acid (E210) amides are more easily available by using activated acid derivatives (such as benzoyl chloride) or by coupling reagents used in peptide synthesis like DCC and DMAP.

The more active benzoic anhydride is formed by dehydration using acetic anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide.
Highly reactive acid derivatives such as acid halides are easily obtained by mixing with halogenation agents like phosphorus chlorides or thionyl chloride.
Orthoesters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.

Reduction to benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is possible using DIBAL-H, LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
The copper catalysed decarboxylation of benzoate to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline.
Also, Hunsdiecker decoarboxylation can be achieved by forming the silver salt and heating.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
In the food industry, Benzoic Acid (E210) and sodium benzoate can be used as preservatives for soy sauce, pickles, apple cider, fruit juice, feed, etc.
In drugs, cosmetics, toothpaste, fragrant powder, tobacco leaves, etc., Benzoic Acid (E210) and sodium benzoate are also used as preservatives.



HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) was discovered in the sixteenth century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).

Pioneer work in 1830 through a variety of experiences based on amygdalin, obtained from bitter almonds (the fruit of Prunus dulcis) oil by Pierre Robiquet and Antoine Boutron-Charlard, two French chemists, had produced benzaldehyde but they failed in working out a proper interpretation of the structure of amygdalin that would account for Benzoic Acid (E210), and thus missed the identification of the benzoyl radical C7H5O.

This last step was achieved some few months later (1832) by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler, who determined the composition of Benzoic Acid (E210).
These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is related to Benzoic Acid (E210).
In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal abilities of Benzoic Acid (E210), which was used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate-containing cloudberry fruits.

Benzoic Acid (E210) is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is gathered from the castor sacs of the North American beaver.



MEDICINAL OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a constituent of Whitfield Ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete's foot.



PURIFICATION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is purified by recrystallisation of the crude product.
This involves dissolving the material and allowing Benzoic Acid (E210) to recrystallize (or re-solidify), leaving any impurities in solution and allowing the pure material to be isolated from the solution.



SYNTHESIS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used to make a large number of chemicals, important examples of which are:
Benzoyl chloride, C6H5C(O)Cl, is obtained by treatment of benzoic with thionyl chloride, phosgene or one of the chlorides of phosphorus.

C6H5C(O)Cl is an important starting material for several Benzoic Acid (E210) derivates like benzyl benzoate, which is used as artificial flavours and insect repellents.

Benzoyl peroxide, [C6H5C(O)O]2, is obtained by treatment with peroxide.
The peroxide is a radical starter in polymerization reactions and also a component in cosmetic products.

Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-, diethylengylcol-, and triethyleneglycol esters are obtained by transesterification of methyl benzoate with the corresponding diol.

Alternatively these species arise by treatment of benzoylchloride with the diol.
These plasticizers are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester.

Phenol, C6H5OH, is obtained by oxidative decarboxylation at 300-400°C.
The temperature required can be lowered to 200°C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.
The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.



HISTORICAL PREPARATION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) with hydrochloric acid.

The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated Benzoic Acid (E210) derivatives.
For this reason, Benzoic Acid (E210) for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade Benzoic Acid (E210) is now produced synthetically.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
CAS Number: 65-85-0
Molecular Weight: 122.12
Beilstein: 636131
EC Number: 200-618-2
MDL number: MFCD00002398
Appearance: White or Yellowish Flakes
Chemical formula: C7H6O2
Molar mass: 122.123 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless crystalline solid
Odor: Faint, pleasant odor
Density: 1.2659 g/cm3 (15 °C)
1.0749 g/cm3 (130 °C)
Melting point: 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K)
Boiling point: 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K)
Solubility in water: 1.7 g/L (0 °C)
2.7 g/L (18 °C)
3.44 g/L (25 °C)
5.51 g/L (40 °C)
21.45 g/L (75 °C)
56.31 g/L (100 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, benzene, CCl4, CHCl3, alcohol,
ethyl ether, hexane, phenyls, liquid ammonia, acetates
Solubility in methanol: 30 g/100 g (−18 °C)
32.1 g/100 g (−13 °C)
71.5 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 25.4 g/100 g (−18 °C)
47.1 g/100 g (15 °C)
52.4 g/100 g (19.2 °C)
55.9 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in acetone: 54.2 g/100 g (20 °C)
Solubility in olive oil: 4.22 g/100 g (25 °C)
Solubility in 1,4-dioxane: 55.3 g/100 g (25 °C)
log P: 1.87
Vapor pressure: 0.16 Pa (25 °C)
0.19 kPa (100 °C)
22.6 kPa (200 °C)

Acidity: (pKa)
4.202 (H2O)
11.02 (DMSO)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −70.28·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.5397 (20 °C)
1.504 (132 °C)
Viscosity: 1.26 mPa (130 °C)
Structure:
Crystal structure: Monoclinic
Molecular shape: Planar
Dipole moment: 1.72 D in dioxane
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 146.7 J/mol·K[4]
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 167.6 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −385.2 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −3228 kJ/mol

Physical state: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 121 - 125 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 249 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2,8 at 25 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 1,88 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,26 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 67,5 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: 4,22 - (Air = 1.0)
Loss on drying: ≤0.5% after drying for three hours over sulphuric acid
Melting range: 121.5-123.5°C
PH: About 4 (solution in water)
Appearance of solution: Clarification, colorless
Shelf life: 2 years



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available




BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE)
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) appears as a white crystalline solid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is slightly soluble in water.


CAS Number: 65-85-0
EC Number: 200-618-2
MDL number: MFCD00002398
E Number: E210
Linear Formula: C6H5COOH
Chemical formula: C7H6O2



SYNONYMS:
Benzenecarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, Benzoic acid, Benzenecarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, E210, Dracylic acid, Phenylmethanoic acid, Phenylcarboxylic acid, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzoylic acid, Carboxylbenzene, Hydrogenphenic acid, Phenoic acid, Benzenecarboxylic acid, dracylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, E210, Dracylic acid, Phenylmethanoic acid, BzOH, Benzenecarboxylic acid, Benzeneformic acid, Benzenemethanoic acid, Benzoesaeure GK, Benzoesaeure GV, Carboxybenzene, Dracylic acid, Phenylcarboxylic acid, Phenylformic acid, Retarder BA, Retardex, Salvo, liquid, Solvo, powder, Tenn-Plas, Acide benzoique, Benzoic acid, tech., Kyselina benzoova, Benzoesaeure, Salvo powder, E 210, HA 1, HA 1 (acid), Phenylcarboxy, Benzenemethonic acid, Diacylic acid, Flowers of benjamin, Flowers of benzoin, Oracylic acid, Retarder BAX, NSC 149, sodium benzoate, 532-32-1, Sobenate, Antimol, Benzoic acid, sodium salt, Benzoic acid sodium salt, Benzoate sodium, Benzoate of soda, Benzoate, sodium, sodium;benzoate, Natrium benzoicum, FEMA No. 3025, Fuminaru, Benzoan sodny, Caswell No. 746, Microcare sb, PUROX S, FEMA Number 3025, CCRIS 3921, HSDB 696, Benzoesaeure (na-salz), UNII-OJ245FE5EU, EINECS 208-534-8, OJ245FE5EU, benzoic acid sodium, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009103, INS NO.211, DTXSID1020140, E211, AI3-07835, INS-211, MFCD00012463, DTXCID90140, Sodiumbenzoate, E-211, CHEBI:113455, EC 208-534-8, AMMONUL COMPONENT SODIUM BENZOATE, UCEPHAN COMPONENT SODIUM BENZOATE, SODIUM BENZOATE (II), SODIUM BENZOATE [II], SODIUM BENZOATE (MART.), SODIUM BENZOATE [MART.], SODIUM BENZOATE (USP-RS), SODIUM BENZOATE [USP-RS], Benzoan sodny [Czech], SODIUM BENZOATE (EP MONOGRAPH), SODIUM BENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH], Benzoesaeure (na-salz) [German], s panax mist, BzONa, Sodium benzoate [USAN:JAN], monosodium benzoate, Sodium Benzoate,(S), Sodium benzoate (TN), s panax mist for refill, s panax all in one mist, SCHEMBL823, CHEMBL1356, SODIUM BENZOATE [MI], Sodium benzoate (JP17/NF), SODIUM BENZOATE [FCC], SODIUM BENZOATE [JAN], SODIUM BENZOATE [FHFI], SODIUM BENZOATE [HSDB], SODIUM BENZOATE [USAN], SODIUM BENZOATE [VANDF], SODIUM BENZOATE [WHO-DD], Benzoic acid, sodium salt (1:1), HY-Y1316, Tox21_300125, SODIUM BENZOATE [ORANGE BOOK], AKOS003053000, AKOS015890021, CCG-266169, NCGC00254072-01, CAS-532-32-1, DA-57965, SODIUM BENZOATE COMPONENT OF AMMONUL, SODIUM BENZOATE COMPONENT OF UCEPHAN, CS-0017788, NS00074364, S0593, D02277, A829462, Q423971, J-519752



Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), a white, crystalline organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids, widely used as a food preservative and in the manufacture of various cosmetics, dyes, plastics, and insect repellents.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) appears as a white crystalline solid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is slightly soluble in water.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, an algal metabolite and a drug allergen.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a conjugate acid of a benzoate.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a treatment for urea cycle disorders due to its ability to bind amino acids. This leads to excretion of these amino acids and a decrease in ammonia levels.
Recent research shows that Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) may be beneficial as an add-on therapy (1 gram/day) in schizophrenia.


Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores dropped by 21% compared to placebo.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a Nitrogen Binding Agent. The mechanism of action of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is as an Ammonium Ion Binding Activity.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a natural product found in Desmos chinensis, Paeonia emodi, and other organisms with data available.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
First described in the 16th century, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) exists in many plants; it makes up about 20 percent of gum benzoin, a vegetable resin.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) was first prepared synthetically about 1860 from compounds derived from coal tar.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is commercially manufactured by the chemical reaction of toluene (a hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum) with oxygen at temperatures around 200° C (about 400° F) in the presence of cobalt and manganese salts as catalysts.


Pure Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) melts at 122° C (252° F) and is very slightly soluble in water.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a mono-functional, aromatic acid, which is widely used as a building block for the synthesis of alkyd resins.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a moderately strong, white crystalline powder that is used as a preservative in soft drinks.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) delays the growth of certain microorganisms and does not affect the taste or odor of the drink.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is very pH dependent.
While Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) shows some activity up to pH 6 (about 1.55%), it is most active at pH 3 (94%).


As Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), it is considered to be primarily an anti-fungal, but it shows some activity against bacteria.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is poor against pseudomonads.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is inactivated by non-ionics and by raising the pH.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is an organic compound present in plant and animal tissues, which can also be produced by microorganisms.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) protects against yeasts, moulds, and certain types of bacteria and is a naturally occurring chemical found in a range of fruits, vegetables and dairy products.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is an organic compound which is described by the chemical formula C6H5COOH.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) consists of a carboxyl group attached to a benzene ring.
Therefore, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is said to be an aromatic carboxylic acid.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) exists as a crystalline, colourless solid under normal conditions.
The term ‘benzoate’ refers to the esters and salts of C6H5COOH.
The commercial production of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is done via the partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen, catalyzed by manganese or cobalt naphthenates.


Another industrial method of preparing Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is by reacting tri-chlorotoluene with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water, and the treatment of the calcium benzoate product with hydrochloric acid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is determined by HPLC.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/ is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.
The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
Salts of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) are used as food preservatives.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) are known as benzoates /ˈbɛnzoʊ.eɪt/.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a preservative.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is bacteriostatic and fungistatic under acidic conditions.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also found in alcohol-based mouthwash and silver polish.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can also be found in cough syrups like Robitussin.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is declared on a product label as 'Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate)' or E211.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder which imparts a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Foods in which Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws.
Among the derivatives of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) are sodium benzoate, a salt used as a food preservative; benzyl benzoate, an ester used as a miticide; and benzoyl peroxide, used in bleaching flour and in initiating chemical reactions for preparing certain plastics.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) occurs naturally free and bound as it esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%).
Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) per kg fruit.


Typical concentrations of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) as a preservative in food are between 0.05 and 0.1%.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages).
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used to make other chemicals, as a food preservative, and for other uses.


Synthetically, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoyl peroxide, are commonly used as antibacterial and antifungal preservatives and as flavouring agents in food, cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical products.


When used as a component of alkyd resins, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) improves gloss, hardness and chemical resistance.
However, due to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate)'s low solubility in water, the water-soluble salt sodium benzoate is used instead.
Sodium benzoate increases the acidity of the soft drink, forming Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) which has preserving properties.


The primary use of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is in the industrial production of the aromatic compound phenol.
This is done via a process known as oxidative decarboxylation.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can be noted that the ideal temperature under which this process can be carried out is in the range of 300 to 400 °C.


Also, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and its salts are widely used in the food industry as food preservatives.
The production of phenol involves the use of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used in ointments that prevent or treat fungal skin diseases.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a preservative in the food industry.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is an ingredient in many cosmetic products, such as lipsticks.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also a precursor to benzoyl chloride, which finds its application in making other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and medicines.


If Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a preservative, the pH of the finished product may need to be lowered enough to release the free acid for useful activity.
One of the components of toothpaste, mouthwash, and face wash creams is C6H5


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also used in the manufacture of dyes and in insect repellants.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used most prevalently in acidic foods such as salad dressings (vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (vinegar), and condiments.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is often combined with Potassium Sorbate in low pH products to provide a synergistic preservative effect against yeast and mold.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is not a broad spectrum preservative for cosmetic use and should be combined with other preservatives.


-Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation at 300−400 °C:
C6H5CO2H+12O2⟶C6H5OH+CO2
The temperature required can be lowered to 200 °C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.
The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
1、Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is widely used in food industry as a food preservative.

2、Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a preservative for soy sauce, vinegar, low salt sauces, juice, jam, fruit wine, canned food, soda water, beverage syrup, tobacco and so on.

3、The pharmaceutical industry is used to prepare Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) sedatives and other antiseptic drugs.

4、Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also used for anticorrosive paper, latex paint, shoeshine, glue and fabric.

5、Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can also be used to make mordant in dyestuff industry, plasticizer in plastic industry and raw material for perfume industry.

6、As a chemical reagent, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a cosolvent for serum bilirubin test.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) has a colourless appearance in its solid state, which is of a crystalline nature.
The crystal structure of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is monoclinic.
The presence of the aromatic ring gives Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) a faintly pleasant odour.
At a temperature of 130oC, the density of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) reduces to 1.075 grams per cubic centimetre.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is soluble in water, and the solubility at 25oC and 100oC is 3.44 g/L and 56.31 g/L respectively.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and alcohols.
The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) corresponds to 4.2
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate)'s reactions can occur at the carboxyl group or even at the aromatic ring.



MEDICINAL OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a constituent of ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
As the principal component of gum benzoin, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also a major ingredient in both tincture of benzoin and Friar's balsam.
Such products have a long history of use as topical antiseptics and inhalant decongestants.

Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.
Niche and laboratory uses of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate): In teaching laboratories, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a common standard for calibrating a bomb calorimeter.



PRECURSOR TO PLASTICIZERS OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-, diethyleneglycol-, and triethyleneglycol esters, are obtained by transesterification of methyl benzoate with the corresponding diol.
These plasticizers, which are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester, represent alternatives to phthalates.



PPRECURSOR TO BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE) AND RELATED PRESERVATIVES:
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and its salts are used as food preservatives, represented by the E numbers E210, E211, E212, and E213.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) inhibits the growth of mold, yeast[23] and some bacteria.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.

The mechanism starts with the absorption of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) into the cell.
If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.

The efficacy of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and benzoate is thus dependent on the pH of the food.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), benzoates and their derivatives are used as preservatives for acidic foods and beverages such as citrus fruit juices (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) and other acidified foods.



REACTIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Reactions of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can occur at either the aromatic ring or at the carboxyl group.


Aromatic ring:
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) aromatic ring reactions
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3-position due to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group; i.e. Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is meta directing.


Carboxyl group:
Reactions typical for carboxylic acids apply also to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).
Benzoate esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.

Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) amides are usually prepared from benzoyl chloride.
Dehydration to benzoic anhydride is induced with acetic anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide.

Highly reactive acid derivatives such as acid halides are easily obtained by mixing with halogenation agents like phosphorus chlorides or thionyl chloride.
Orthoesters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.

Reduction to benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is possible using DIBAL-H, LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
Decarboxylation to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline in the presence of copper salts.
Hunsdiecker decarboxylation can be achieved by heating the silver salt.



STRUCTURE OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
The structure of a Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) molecule is illustrated below.
This molecule consists of a benzene ring to which a carboxyl functional group is linked.
The molecule consists of 7 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms.



LABOROTORY SYNTHESIS OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
It is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a common undergraduate preparation.

Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
This process usually gives a yield of around 65%.

By hydrolysis;
Like other nitriles and amides, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.

From Grignard reagent;
Bromobenzene can be converted to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) by "carboxylation" of the intermediate phenylmagnesium bromide.
This synthesis offers a convenient exercise for students to carry out a Grignard reaction, an important class of carbon–carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry.

Oxidation of benzyl compounds;
Benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride and virtually all benzyl derivatives are readily oxidized to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).



PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Industrial preparations;
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses abundant materials, and proceeds in high yield.


toluene oxidation;
The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) with hydrochloric acid.

The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) derivatives.
For this reason, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is now produced synthetically.



HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) was discovered in the sixteenth century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).
Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the composition of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).

These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is related to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).
In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal properties of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), which was used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate-containing cloudberry fruits.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
CAS Number: 65-85-0
Molecular Weight: 122.12
Beilstein: 636131
EC Number: 200-618-2
MDL number: MFCD00002398
Appearance: White or Yellowish Flakes
Chemical formula: C7H6O2
Molar mass: 122.123 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless crystalline solid

Odor: Faint, pleasant odor
Density: 1.2659 g/cm3 (15 °C)
1.0749 g/cm3 (130 °C)
Melting point: 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K)
Boiling point: 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K)
Solubility in water: 1.7 g/L (0 °C)
2.7 g/L (18 °C)
3.44 g/L (25 °C)
5.51 g/L (40 °C)
21.45 g/L (75 °C)
56.31 g/L (100 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, benzene, CCl4, CHCl3, alcohol,
ethyl ether, hexane, phenyls, liquid ammonia, acetates
Solubility in methanol: 30 g/100 g (−18 °C)
32.1 g/100 g (−13 °C)
71.5 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 25.4 g/100 g (−18 °C)
47.1 g/100 g (15 °C)
52.4 g/100 g (19.2 °C)
55.9 g/100 g (23 °C)

Solubility in acetone: 54.2 g/100 g (20 °C)
Solubility in olive oil: 4.22 g/100 g (25 °C)
Solubility in 1,4-dioxane: 55.3 g/100 g (25 °C)
log P: 1.87
Vapor pressure: 0.16 Pa (25 °C)
0.19 kPa (100 °C)
22.6 kPa (200 °C)
Acidity: (pKa)
4.202 (H2O)
11.02 (DMSO)

Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −70.28·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.5397 (20 °C)
1.504 (132 °C)
Viscosity: 1.26 mPa (130 °C)
Structure:
Crystal structure: Monoclinic
Molecular shape: Planar
Dipole moment: 1.72 D in dioxane
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 146.7 J/mol·K

Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 167.6 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −385.2 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −3228 kJ/mol
Physical state: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 121 - 125 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 249 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available

Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2,8 at 25 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 1,88 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,26 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available

Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 67,5 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: 4,22 - (Air = 1.0)
Loss on drying: ≤0.5% after drying for three hours over sulphuric acid
Melting range: 121.5-123.5°C
PH: About 4 (solution in water)

Appearance of solution: Clarification, colorless
Shelf life: 2 years
Water Solubility: 12.2 mg/mL
logP: 1.29
logP: 1.63
logS: -1.1
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 4.08
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0
Polar Surface Area: 40.13 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 1

Refractivity: 44.15 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 11.53 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
Benzoic Acid Formula: C7H6O2 or C6H5COOH
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 122.12 g/mol
Density: 1.27 g/cm³ at 15°C
Boiling Point: 523 K
Melting Point: 395 K



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


BENZOIN
Benzoin is the sap (gum resin) that comes from cuts in the trunk of trees that belong to the Styrax family.
Benzoin is used on the skin for ulcers, bed sores (pressure ulcers), cracked skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Benzoin is used in small quantities in foods as a flavoring.

CAS Number: 119-53-9
EC Number: 204-331-3
Chemical Formula: C6H5CH(OH)COC6H5
Molar Mass: 212.25 g/mol

Benzoin is acrid, impressively aromatic and has strong vanilla like smell.
Main components of Benzoin are benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, cinnamic acid and vanillin.
The vanilla scent of the plant is due to vanillin.

Benzoic acid, named from the benzoin tree, provides the oil with Benzoins signature scent.
The phenilpropiolic acid in benzoin adds a balsamic note to the oil's aroma, while benzaldehyde adds an almond note.

The cinnamates present in the cinnamic acid is used as a flavouring agent and produce chocolate-like flavor.
The benzyl benzoate is commonly used medicinally and can be a strong insect repellent.

All these variety of chemical compounds constitute the various properties and subsequent benefits of the benzoin essential oil as discussed earlier.

Benzoin is a well established and reliable degassing agent for powder coatings.
During the curing of a powder coating film, the benzoin melts and chemically scavenges oxygen and promotes dissolution of gases into the resin to minimize bubble formation in the coating film.

Surface defects such as pinholes and other imperfections can be reduced or eliminated by incorporating 0.3 – 1.5% of benzoin into the powder coating formulation along with the other raw materials.
As with anyraw material, laboratory evaluation is required for each formulation to determine the best processing method and the optimum concentration of the additive.

Benzoin is an organic compound with the formula PhCHCPh.
Benzoin is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups.

Benzoin appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor.
Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation.

Benzoin is chiral and Benzoin exists as a pair of enantiomers: -benzoin and -benzoin.
Benzoin is not a constituent of benzoin resin obtained from the benzoin tree (Styrax) or tincture of benzoin.

The main component in these natural products is benzoic acid.
Benzoin was first reported in 1832 by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Woehler during their research on oil of bitter almond, which is benzaldehyde with traces of hydrocyanic acid.

The catalytic synthesis by the benzoin condensation was improved by Nikolay Zinin during his time with Liebig.
Benzoin or 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone or 2-Hydroxy-1,2-Diphenylethanone or desyl alcohol or bitter almond oil camphor is an organic compound consisting of an ethylene bridge flanked by phenyl groups and with a hydroxyl and a ketone functional group.

Benzoin comes as off-white crystals, with a light camphor odor.
Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation.

Benzoin is a resin that is derived from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax.
Benzoin is used as a common ingredient in incense-making and perfumery.

Benzoin essential oil contains a range of chemical compounds that contributes to the oil's scent and healing properties.
While benzoin is often recommended for topical use, Benzoin is important to know that Benzoin is highly concentrated.
Benzoin's scent is highly versatile and compliments variety of other scents in many essential oil collections.

You may be in for a surprise when you smell benzoin essential oil for the very first time, because Benzoin smells a lot like vanilla.
This concentrated resinous oil is extracted from the gum resin of the benzoin tree (Styrax benzoin), which mainly grows in Malaysia, Indonesia, Sumatra and Java.
The tree is tapped and when Benzoin exudes gum resin, Benzoin is used to create the oil.

Benzoin trees are known to produce resin in this way for 15-20 years.
These trees can grow up to 50 feet tall as they are native to tropical regions.

When a benzoin tree is around seven years old, Benzoins bark can be tapped, much like a maple tree to collect the sap.
The resin is harvested as a gum from the tree, also by making a small cut in the bark, and the tree oozes the sap/resin out.

Once the crude tree resin is hardened, a solvent is added to extract the benzoin essential oil.
Benzoin essential oil offers more than just nice smell.

Often mentioned in aromatherapy guides, benzoin has an uplifting, warm scent that reminds many people of vanilla.
Benzoin is a great addition to any medicine cabinet due Benzoins variety of medicinal properties, which we will further discuss in detail.

Benzoin is the sap (gum resin) that comes from cuts in the trunk of trees that belong to the Styrax family.
Benzoin is used on the skin for ulcers, bed sores (pressure ulcers), cracked skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Benzoin is used in small quantities in foods as a flavoring.

There is some evidence that benzoin might act as a skin protectant and may also help to break up chest congestion by thinning mucous and making Benzoin easier to cough up.

Benzoin is the sap (gum resin) of trees that belong to the Styrax species.
Don’t confuse benzoin with Siam benzoin (Styrax tonkinensis), which is used only in manufacturing and not as a medicine.
People take benzoin by mouth for swelling (inflammation) of the throat and breathing passages.

Some people apply Benzoin directly to the skin to kill germs, reduce swelling, and stop bleeding from small cuts.
Benzoin is also used topically for skin ulcers, bedsores, and cracked skin.

In combination with other herbs (aloe, storax, and tolu balsam), benzoin is used as a skin protectant.
This combination is known as “compound benzoin tincture.”

By inhalation, benzoin is used to treat hoarseness (laryngitis), croup, and other respiratory conditions.
In dentistry, benzoin is used for swollen gums and herpes sores in the mouth.
In manufacturing, benzoin is used in making pharmaceutical drugs.

Benzoin resin is a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax.
There are two common kinds of benzoin, benzoin Siam and benzoin Sumatra, that are obtained from different species of the Styrax tree.

While benzoin resin is used as a common ingredient in incense-making and perfumery, Benzoin is also used clinically as a mild antiseptic agent in over-the-counter products to clean sores, cuts, wounds, and skin abrasions as tincture of benzoin, or benzoin in a solution of alcohol.
Tincture of benzoin solution is a topical adhesive agent used to provide tackiness and enhance the adhesive property of tape.

Benzoin is a flavouring ingredient.
Benzoin is an organic compound with the formula PhCH(OH)C(O)Ph.

Benzoin is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups.
Benzoin appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor.

Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation.
Benzoin is chiral and Benzoin exists as a pair of enantiomers: (R)-benzoin and (S)-benzoin.

The economic and cultural roles of benzoin have undergone major changes in the last few decades.
Previously benzoin gardening was considered a high status activity which generated high incame and made farmer proud.
Nowadays some villages have abandoned the practices as other more profitable cash crops have displaced benzoin as an income source.

The younger generations perceives benzoin cultivation as a backward activity, preferring to work in their annual crop gardens or for wages.
Nevertheless some farmers remain attached to benzoin as they recognize Benzoin as Benzoin that gave life to their settlement and provided the means to educate generations of relatives.
From a conservation point of fiew, benzoin management represents low-intensity disturbance of the ecosystem and allows the effective accumulation of a forest species while maintaining the forest environment.

A reddish-brown, aromatic balsamic resin occurring in almondlike fragments and having a vanillalike odor, obtained from trees of the genus Styrax, especially S. benzoin, of Java, Sumatra, etc.: used in the manufacture of perfume and cosmetics and in medicine internally as an expectorant and externally as an antiseptic.
Also called benjamin, benjamin-bush.
Any plant belonging to the genus Lindera (Benzoin), of the laurel family, including the spicebush and similar aromatic plants.

A hard fragrant yellowish balsamic resin from trees (genus Styrax) of southeastern Asia used especially as a fixative in perfumes, as incense, and in medicine as an expectorant and skin protectant
A white crystalline hydroxy ketone C14H12O2 made from benzaldehyde

In common with balsam of Peru and balsam of tolu, this is an oil – tapped from a tree (Styrax benzoin), after deliberately damaging the bark.
Benzoin was first described in the 14th Century; the Arabs called benzoin ‘frankincense of Java’, and Benzoin’s had a seriously long tradition of use in pomanders, pot pourri, incense and soaps.
(Rather usefully, benzoin multi-tasks as an antiseptic and an inhalant, as well as a stypic, i.e. Benzoin actually stops minor wounds bleeding.)

Benzoin gives ‘body’ to many perfumes (Benzoin’s especially widely-used in ambrées) and is sweetly seductive.
As perfumer Alienor Massenet explains: ‘Benzoin is as suave as vanilla, and has a touch of cinnamon to Benzoin.
I use Benzoin for feminine and masculine fragrances: Benzoin gives an “openness” and sensuality to fragrances.

Our Benzoin has a rich, intensely sweet, warm, powdery, balsamic, vanilla-like aroma, with a subtle spicy/cinnamon-like undertone.
Benzoin is an effective fixative for the middle notes of perfume compositions, soaps, cosmetics and toiletries, while the raw material is used extensively in the manufacture of incense.

Benzoin is worthwhile to note that the addition of too much Benzoin can suppress the odor of other aromatic ingredients.
'Sweet, but not sugary', 'rich but not heavy' are the reasons why perfumers prize Benzoin.
Please be aware that because Benzoin is diluted with ethanol, Benzoin is not soluble in fixed (carrier/vegetal) oils or in fixed oil-based products.

Benzoin is a resinous tree in the Styracaceae family.
The genus Styrax contains about 130 species of trees and shrubs occurring in tropical to temperate climates with three main areas of distribution: southeastern Asia, southeastern North America to South America, and a single species in the Mediterranean.

To harvest Benzoin resin, farmers climb up to a height of 30 feet using rope ladders where an incision is made in the bark to make Benzoin 'weep' (release) the gum.
After about ten weeks this exudate forms 'tears'.

Apparently simple, but physically demanding, this is a skilled technique that will soon be lost, especially as synthetic chemicals replace real Benzoin.
When 7-10 years old, one tree can provide an average of up to 0.5 kilo of resin per year.
As Benzoin is, the yield is very low - 1.2 kilos of tears make 1 kilo of Benzoin resinoid.

Benzoin resin is a natural tree resin incense known as styrax benzoin, gum noble, cavi frankincense, benzoin gum or cavi noble.
Benzoin is harvested from Styrax type trees.
These trees grow widely in Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam.

Benzoin has a soothing, refreshing, warm aroma.
Benzoin is often described by first-experiencers as a scent reminiscent of the scent of vanilla.
This resin incense, which is not known in our country yet, is widely used in negative energy cleansing and purification rituals in some parts of the world.

This special resin, which is also used in perfume making and handmade natural incense mixtures, is preferred as a base note in perfume recipes.
Cedar wood, cypress, sandalwood, wood, frankincense , myrrh , jasmine, juniper, rose, vetiver, Ginger, coriander, black pepper.
Benzoin is compatible with other citrus oils and fragrances such as lemon, orange, tangerine and bergamot.

Benzoin is an aromatic, evergreen tree growing from 8 - 34 metres tall with a slightly buttressed bole that can be from 10 - 100cm in diameter.
The plant excretes a fragrant balsam on being bruised.
This species is the main source of the fragrant gum, benzoin.

Traditionally, this has been gathered from the wild for local medicinal use.
Benzoin first gained popularity in Europe towards the end of the 16th century, and now finds extensive use worldwide as an incense and in the flavour, fragrance and pharmaceutical industries.

Benzoin is probably best known as an ingredient of the herbal preparation 'Friar's Balsam'.
Benzoin is cultivated for Benzoins gum in tropical Asia.

The easiest and most practical method of burning resin incense is to use incense (censer) charcoal.
When the incense coal is burned and turned into an ember, that is, when Benzoin is completely ready for use, Benzoin is sufficient to put a piece of cavi asilbent incense on the coal.

Benzoin incense can also be used on a censer.
In this way, the spread of the smell is slower, the smell comes out lighter.
Benzoin incense, which is in the category of stone frankincense, can also be heated in a pan or burned directly.

Benzoin resin is tapped from the Styrax benzoin tree when Benzoin reaches maturity (after 7 years old).
When cut the tree exudes the sap or benzoin resin.
This resin contains approximately one-third benzoic acid, a mild antimicrobial, which is sometimes used in food and cosmetics preservation.

Benzoin is commonly used in perfumery and functions as a fixative - Benzoin will anchor other scents.
Some say Benzoin has a warm, sweet aroma reminiscent of vanilla and caramel.

I think the crushed resin smells like chocolate.
The resin and extracts made from Benzoin have been used throughout antiquity, from the Arabia's and South Asia to China and was predominantly used for burning incense, perfumery and to treat minor medical problems.

Benzoins way over to the West and we started seeing Benzoin used for general health, as well as in beauty remedies.
In Georgian times, a tonic called Imperial water was used as a mouthwash for easing toothache.

Benzoin was also used as a face spritz to smooth wrinkles.
A combination of benzoin, balm of gilead, houseleek and wine was used in Virgins Milk, a remedy for blemished skin.

Historically, tincture of benzoin has been used to treat skin sores, cuts and blisters as an antiseptic and a styptic (an agent to stop bleeding.)

Benzoin is an off-white to yellow-white crystalline solid with an odor of camphor.
Benzoin has slightly acrid taste.

Benzoin may refer to:
Benzoin (organic compound), an organic compound with the formula PhCH(OH)C(O)Ph
Benzoin (resin), a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax
Benzoin aldolase, an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction benzoin to benzaldehyde
Benzoin condensation, a reaction between two aromatic aldehydes
Benzoin odoriferum or Lindera benzoin, a shrub in the laurel family
Benzoin tree, the common name of Styrax, a genus of shrubs or trees in the family Styracaceae
Tincture of benzoin, a pungent solution of benzoin resin in ethanol

Applications of Benzoin:
Benzoin is used as a flavor, antiseptic, photopolymerization catalyst, and in organic syntheses.
Benzoin is used in organic syntheses

Benzoin is used as rinciply as a flavor ingredient.
Benzoin is photopolymerization catalyst.

Benzoin is used as int for alpha-benzoin oxime (analyt reagent for metals), wetting agents, emulsifying agents, stilbestrol products
Benzoin is photocatalyst in photopolymerization and a photoinitiator raw material for benzil by organic oxidation with nitric acid or oxone.

Uses of Benzoin:

Benzoin Resin:
As benzoin resin contains little water you can make a tincture using 180 proof alcohol at a 1:1 ratio.
Simply grind the resin to a powder and weigh Benzoin.

Add equal amounts of 95-96% organic, non denatured ethanol.
When you first mix Benzoin together and give Benzoin a shake, Benzoin will look like chocolate milkshake and smell like a very boozy coffee liqueur.

Over time, the alcohol will turn dark brown and the residue will lose Benzoins colour.
Shake the tincture daily for a minimum of 14 days.

At the time of writing this post, my benzoin tincture had been infusing for approximately 8 months.
Some types of benzoin dissolve fully in alcohol and some only partially.

The type I used had a great deal of sediment left over after the infusion and needed straining with a muslin cloth.
Unlike medicinal alcoholic infusions that typically contain about 10% resin this is a highly concentrated tincture.

You can dilute Benzoin further after you have finished if you so wish.
This resin would likely be a good base for solid perfume or to use as a fixative scent in your homemade beauty products.

Benzoin Oil:
Benzoin is a very precious oil obtained from benzoin resin.
This oil has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Benzoin is used in traditional medicine to treat arthritis, bronchitis, cough, and stress.
Inedible and undrinkable.

Benzoin is suitable for topical use only.
Cavi acylbent oil, which is a strong oil, must be diluted to prevent skin irritation.
There are studies showing that the oil has a positive effect when used by inhalation (in a diffuser) for respiratory and chest congestion and expectorant purposes.

Benzoin Tincture:
According to a recent scientific study, this tincture; In external use, Benzoin gives effective results in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and fungi such as Candida albicans and Mycobacterium fortuitum.
Benzoin tincture can also be used for chapped lips and bedsores.

Medicinal of Benzoin:
Benzoin gum contains variable quantities of cinnamic, benzoic and sumaresinolinic acid esters; free acids such as benzoic acid; benzaldehyde and vanillin.
The gum is strongly antiseptic, carminative, expectorant and astringent.
In Chinese medicine Benzoin is considered to be a circulatory stimulant.

Taken internally, the gum acts to settle griping pains, to stimulate coughing and to disinfect the urinary tract.
Benzoin is used in the treatment of coughs, colds, bronchitis, sore throats.
In the form of a tincture, benzoin is inhaled with steam for the relief of catarrh, laryngitis, bronchitis and upper respiratory tract disorders.

Benzoin is used externally on wounds and ulcers to tighten and disinfect the affected tissue.
Benzoin is also used for the prevention and treatment of cold sores, for the treatment of warts and to freshen and soothe dry skin and ameliorate skin allergies.
The gum is obtained from deep incisions made in the bark of trees that are at least 7 years old.

The gum is used in aromatherapy, where Benzoin is considered to be a sedative.

Benzoin gum is an ingredient of the proprietary preparation 'Friar's Balsam'.
This is an antiseptic and expectorant steam inhalation for sore throats, head and chest colds, asthma and bronchitis.

Benzoin tincture, BP is listed in the British National Formulary (BNF).
Benzoin is a combination of Benzoin (Ground) 10.0 % w/v, Prepared Storax 10.0% w/v, Aloes 2.0% w/v.
Benzoin is sold as a concentrate to be added to boiling water and inhaled to treat congestion of the upper respiratory tract.

Benzoin Condensation:
The Benzoin Condensation is a coupling reaction between two aldehydes that allows the preparation of α-hydroxyketones.
The first methods were only suitable for the conversion of aromatic aldehydes.

Mechanism of Benzoin Condensation:
Addition of the cyanide ion to create a cyanohydrin effects an umpolung of the normal carbonyl charge affinity, and the electrophilic aldehyde carbon becomes nucleophilic after deprotonation: A thiazolium salt may also be used as the catalyst in this reaction.

Furniture and furnishings - Items used to furnish a home or workplace, e.g. tables, chairs, sofa, outdoor patio furniture, sofa cover, hammock, mattress, area rug.
Personal care -> dental care - Personal care products related to dental care, which do not fit into a more refined category

Personal care -> fragrance - Fragrances, colognes, and perfumes
Personal care -> make-up and related -> lip balm - Lip products primarily for protection

Powder paint - Reported Functional Use
Processing aid not otherwise specified:

Other Uses of Benzoin:
Additive,
Flavouring,
Fragrance,
Fragrance component.

Industry Uses of Benzoin:
Aerating and deaerating agents,
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable,
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories,
Plasticizer.

Consumer Uses of Benzoin:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable,
Surfactant (surface active agent).

Benefits of Benzoin:

Skin Health of Benzoin:
Benzoin benefits the skin in many ways.
Benzoin is antimicrobial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and astringent.

Benzoin accelerates the healing of wounds, ulcers and relieves eczema, psoriasis and rashes.
Essential oil of Benzoin is a common ingredient in skin care products.

Benzoin protects the skin by forming an invisible film which prevents moisture loss, improves elasticity and promotes smooth and supple skin.
Benzoin can also be used on an itchy scalp, helping to prevent and treat dandruff and give the hair a glossy shine.

Emotional Balance of Benzoin:
Benzoin resin incense can be burned to promote emotional balance, soothe away sadness, grief and anger.
With an earthy, balsamic scent and sweet vanilla undertones, Benzoin is said to melt away blockages and open up the heart.
Conversely, this beautiful incense is also energising and uplifting, promoting focus and concentration.

Respiratory Health of Benzoin:
With natural expectorant properties, Benzoin essential oil can be inhaled to drive out phlegm and provide relief from congestion in the respiratory tract.
Benzoins disinfectant properties will also help to draw out bacteria that cause infections such as coughs and colds.
If coughing is keeping you awake at night, a few drops of Benzoin essential oil on your pillow can help you sleep by dampening the cough reflex and helping you relax.

Digestive Health of Benzoin:
Massaging a dilution of Benzoin essential oil into the abdomen exerts a powerful carminative effect, helping to eliminate excess gas from the stomach and intestines.
Benzoin stimulates the production of the gastric juices that are necessary for healthy digestion whilst calming and toning the digestive tract.

General Manufacturing Information of Benzoin:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing

Reactivity Profile of Benzoin:
BENZOIN is sensitive to heat and light.
This chemical is incompatible with oxidizers.
Benzoin reduces Fehling's solution

Handling and Storage of Benzoin:

Nonfire Spill Response:

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.
Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material.

Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.
Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution.

Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should protect this material from exposure to light.
Keep Benzoin away from oxidizing materials and store Benzoin under refrigerated temperatures.

Conditions of Use and Important Information:
This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects.
This information may not fit your specific health circumstances.

Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD.
You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

First Aid Measures of Benzoin:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area.
Take deep breaths of fresh air.

If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.

Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used.
If not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Benzoin:
Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.
A water spray may also be used.

Identifiers of Benzoin:
CAS number: 119-53-9
EC number: 204-331-3
Hill Formula: C₁₄H₁₂O₂
Chemical formula: C₆H₅CH(OH)COC₆H₅
Molar Mass: 212.25 g/mol
HS Code: 2914 40 90

Properties of Benzoin:
Boiling point: 344 °C (1023 hPa)
Density: 1.3 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 135 - 137 °C
Vapor pressure: 1.3 hPa (136 °C)
Bulk density: 350 kg/m3
Solubility: 0.3 g/l

Molecular Weight: 212.24
XLogP3: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 212.083729621
Monoisotopic Mass: 212.083729621
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 225
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Benzoin:
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 99.0 % (a/a)
Melting range (lower value): ≥ 130 °C
Melting range (upper value): ≤ 136 °C
Identity (IR): passes test

Synonyms of Benzoin:
BENZOIN
119-53-9
2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone
2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone
Benzoylphenylcarbinol
DL-BENZOIN
Ethanone, 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-
579-44-2
alpha-Hydroxybenzyl phenyl ketone
Phenylbenzoyl carbinol
(+-)-Benzoin
2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one
alpha-Hydroxy-alpha-phenylacetophenone
Aerozoin
Phenyl-alpha-hydroxybenzyl ketone
desyl alcohol
FEMA No. 2132
NCI-C50011
Acetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-
NSC 8082
Wy 42956
Hydroxy-2-phenyl acetophenone
2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-ethanone
2-hydroxy-1,2-di(phenyl)ethanone
NSC-8082
a-Hydroxybenzyl phenyl ketone
CHEMBL190677
L7J6A1NE81
CHEBI:17682
2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl ethanone
Phenyl-.alpha.-hydroxybenzyl ketone
Ketone, .alpha.-hydroxybenzyl phenyl
NCGC00091396-02
.alpha.-Hydroxy-.alpha.-phenylacetophenone
CCRIS 75
CAS-119-53-9
(RS)-Benzoin
Benzoin (VAN)
HSDB 384
Ketone, alpha-hydroxybenzyl phenyl
EINECS 204-331-3
EINECS 209-441-5
MFCD00004496
Fenyl-alpha-hydroxybenzylketon [Czech]
benzoine
BRN 0391839
UNII-L7J6A1NE81
Fenyl-alpha-hydroxybenzylketon
WY-42956
AI3-00851
Benzoin absolute
CCRIS 9123
DL-Benzoin; Desyl alcohol;(+/-)-2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone
Alpha-hydroxy-a-phenylacetophenone
PhCH(OH)COPh
PhCOCH(OH)Ph
Benzoin, 98%
(+/-)-benzoin
(1)-2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one
Benzoin, >=98%
BENZOIN [MI]
(.+/-.)-Benzoin
WLN: QYR&VR
SCHEMBL145
EC 204-331-3
Hyperabsolute benzoin, Siam
Benzoin, analytical standard
Oprea1_687165
4-08-00-01279 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
9000-72-0
MLS002152893
a-Hydroxy-a-phenylacetophenone
FEMA No. 2133
2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone
BENZOIN, (+/-)-
DTXSID1020144
Fenyl-.alpha.-hydroxybenzylketon
BDBM22728
FEMA 2132
HSDB 1929
NSC8082
alpha -Hydroxybenzyl phenyl ketone
HMS3039I03
Phenyl-alpha -hydroxybenzyl ketone
.alpha.-Hydroxybenzyl phenyl ketone
HY-B1550
Tox21_111126
Tox21_201888
Tox21_302790
STK358785
AKOS000118894
AKOS016038141
Tox21_111126_1
2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone, 9CI
Benzoin 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
CS-W020562
DB14020
alpha -Hydroxy-alpha -phenylacetophenone
NCGC00091396-01
NCGC00091396-03
NCGC00091396-05
NCGC00256433-01
NCGC00259437-01
AC-11139
Benzoin, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
BS-14748
SMR001224505
DB-018065
B0079
B0222
Benzoin Zone Refined (number of passes:40)
Benzoin, purified by sublimation, >=99.5%
FT-0612530
FT-0626841
FT-0635908
FT-0635909
EN300-18095
C01408
D77908
(+/-)-2-HYDROXY-1,2-DIPHENYLETHANONE
A804309
AE-848/06163047
Ethanone, 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-, (.+/-.)-
Q426819
SR-01000854680
J-004149
J-509605
SR-01000854680-2
Z57160197
F0001-0307
Ethanone, 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-, mixt. with aloe, storax and Tolu Balsam, tincture
BENZONITRILE
CAS number: 100-47-0
EC number: 202-855-7
Molecular formula: C7H5N

Benzonitrile is used as an intermediate for rubber chemicals and as a solvent for nitrile rubber, specialty lacquers, many resins, polymers and for many anhydrous metallic salts (HSDB 1988; Hawley 1981). Benzonitrile is principally used as an intermediate for benzoguanamine (HSDB 1988).
Benzonitrile is also used as an additive in nickel-plating baths, separating naphthalene and alkylnaphthalenes from non-aromatics by azetropic distillation; as jet-fuel additive; in cotton bleaching baths; as a drying additive for acrylic fibers; and in the removal of titanium tetrachloride and vanadium oxychloride from silicon tetrachloride (HSDB 1988; Smiley 1981).
Benzonitrile is also used in perfumes at a maximum level of 0.2% in the final product (Opdyke 1979).

Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5(CN), abbreviated PhCN.
Benzonitrile, aromatic organic compound, is a colorless liquid with a sweet bitter almond odour.
Benzonitrile is mainly used as a precursor to the resin benzoguanamine.

Applications:
Benzonitrile is a widely utilized as a solvent and an intermediate in industries making drugs, perfumes, dyes, rubber, textiles, resins and specialty lacquers.
Benzonitrile finds application as a versatile precursor for many derivatives.
Benzonitrile coordinates with transition metal to form complexes which act as synthetic intermediates.
The most important commercial use for benzonitrile is the synthesis of benzoguanamine, which is a derivative of melamine and is used in protective coatings and molding resins.

Production
Benzonitrile is prepared by ammoxidation of toluene, that is its reaction with ammonia and oxygen (or air) at 400 to 450 °C (752 to 842 °F).[1]
C6H5CH3 + 3/2 O2 + NH3 → C6H5(CN) + 3 H2O
In the laboratory Benzonitrile can be prepared by the dehydration of benzamide or by the Rosenmund–von Braun reaction using cuprous cyanide or NaCN/DMSO and bromobenzene.

Applications
Laboratory uses
Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and a versatile precursor to many derivatives.
Benzonitrile reacts with amines to afford N-substituted benzamides after hydrolysis.
Benzonitrile is a precursor to Diphenylketimine Ph
2C=NH (b.p. 151 °C, 8 mm Hg) via reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide followed by methanolysis.

Benzonitrile forms coordination complexes with transition metals that are both soluble in organic solvents and conveniently labile.
One example is PdCl2(PhCN)2.
The benzonitrile ligands are readily displaced by stronger ligands, making benzonitrile complexes useful synthetic intermediates.

Benzonitrile is a clear colorless liquid with an almond-like odor.
Flash point 161°F.
Denser (at 8.4 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water.
Used as a specialty solvent and to make other chemicals.

Chemical Properties
Bezonitrile is a colorless, oily liquid. Benzonitrile has an almond odor.
When heated to decomposition, benzonitrile emits toxic hydrogen cyanide and oxides of nitrogen

Occurrence
Benzonitrile is reported to be found in natural cocoa aroma), in milk products, roasted filberts and peanuts and cooked trassi .
Benzonitrile also has been detected in the thermal decomposition products of flexible polyurethane foam.

Production Methods
Benzonitrile can be prepared by one of the following methods:
-on a small scale by the dehydration in an inert solvent with phosphorus oxychloride or benzenesulfonyl chloride and an organic amine;
-from benzoic acid by heating with lead thiocyanate;
-by heating sodium benzenesulfonate with sodium cyanide or by adding benzenediazonium chloride solution to a hot aq sodium cyanide solution containing cupric sulfate and distilling by ammoxidation of toluene.

Production Methods
Benzonitrile can be produced in high yield by the vapor-phase catalytic ammoxidation of toluene.

Chemical Reactivity
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: Will attack some plastics; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.

Purification Methods
Dry benzonitrile with CaSO4, CaCl2, MgSO4 or K2CO3, and distil Benzonitrile from P2O5 in an all-glass apparatus, under reduced pressure (b 69o/10mm), collecting the middle fraction.
Distillation from CaH2 causes some decomposition of benzonitrile.
Isonitriles can be removed by preliminary treatment with conc HCl until the odour of isonitrile (carbylamine) has gone, followed by preliminary drying with K2CO3.
(This treatment also removes amines.) Steam distil (to remove small quantities of carbylamine).

The distillate is extracted into ether, washed with dilute Na2CO3, dried overnight with CaCl2, and the ether is removed by evaporation.
The residue is distilled at 40mm (b 96o).
Conductivity grade benzonitrile (specific conductance 2 x 10-8 mho) is obtained by treatment with anhydrous AlCl3, followed by rapid distillation at 40-50o under vacuum.
After washing with alkali and drying with CaCl2, the distillate is redistilled in a vacuum several times at 35o before fractionally crystallising several times by partial freezing.
Benzonitrile is dried over finely divided activated alumina from which Benzonitrile is withdrawn when required [Van Dyke & Harrison J Am Chem Soc 73 402 1951].

Incompatibilities
May form explosive mixture with air.
Strong acids which can release hydrogen cyanide.
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.

Nitriles may polymerize in the presence of metals and some metal compounds.
They are incompatible Benzonitrile 403 with acids; mixing nitriles with strong oxidizing acids can lead to extremely violent reactions.
Nitriles are generally incompatible with other oxidizing agents such as peroxides and epoxides.
The combination of bases and nitriles can produce hydrogen cyanide.
Nitriles are hydrolyzed in both aqueous acid and base to give carboxylic acids (or salts of carboxylic acids).

These reactions generate heat.
Peroxides convert nitriles to amides.
Nitriles can react vigorously with reducing agents.
Acetonitrile and propionitrile are soluble in water, but nitriles higher than propionitrile have low aqueous solubility.
They are also insoluble in aqueous acids

Benzonitrile appears as a clear colorless liquid with an almond-like odor.
Flash point 161°F.
Denser (at 8.4 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water.
Used as a specialty solvent and to make other chemicals.

Benzonitrile is a nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.
Benzonitrile is a member of benzenes and a nitrile.

Use and Manufacturing
Synthesis of benzoquanamine; additive in nickel-plating baths; for separating naphthalene and alkylphthalenes from non-aromatics by azetropic distillation; as jet-fuel additive; in cotton bleaching baths; as a drying additive for acrylic fibers; in the removal of titanium tetrachloride and vanadium oxytrichloride from silicon tetrachloride.
Intermediate for rubber chemicals; solvent for nitrile rubber, specialty lacquers, and many resins and polymers, and for many anhydrous metallic salts.
In perfumes at a maximum level of 0.2% in the final product

Benzonitrile is a stable compound to pyrolysis, and its decomposition starts above 550°C with a very low decomposition rate.
A study performed in a flow reactor on N2 saturated with benzonitrile in the temperature range 550–600°C showed that the main pyrolysis products of this compound are HCN, benzene, monocyanodiphenyls, dicyanodiphenyls, and dicyanobenzenes as well as char.
The position of the hydrogen atom where the cleavage takes place is not preferential because pyrolysis generates a mixture of monocyanodiphenyls, dicyanodiphenyls, and dicyanobenzenes (e.g., 2-cyano, 3-cyano, and 4-cyanobiphenyl).
The presence of dicyanobenzene in the pyrolyzate indicates that free CN• radicals are likely to be formed in the reaction.
Kinetic parameters for the reactions of benzonitrile decomposition are reported in the literature, with the formation of different compounds having different reaction orders.
The pyrolyzate at 575°C obtained for 30 min contact time contains about 5.9 mole % HCN, 4.9 mole % dicyanobenzenes, 3.0 mole % benzene, 1.2% monocyanobiphenyls, and the other compounds at lower levels.

Benzonitrile is used as a solvent and intermediate in industries making drugs, perfumes, dyes, rubber, textiles, resins, and specialty lacquers;
Benzonitrile a colorless toxic oily compound C6H5CN of almond-oil odor made by fusing a mixture of sodium cyanide and sodium benzenesulfonate and in other ways and used chiefly as a solvent for synthetic resins.
Solvent and intermediate for the synthesis of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemical intermediates and high performance pigments.
We can offer the Benzonitrile in iso-container as well as steel drums.

Notes
Hygroscopic.
Incompatible with strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, chlorates, nitrates and plastics.
Benzonitrile is commonly used as a precursor to synthesize a wide range of aromatic compounds and also forms stable coordination complexes with transition metals.

Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and precursor.
As a synthetic intermediate in coordination complexes, Benzonitrile is both soluble in organic solvents and readily displaced by stronger ligands.
Benzonitrile will also form N-substituted bebzamides upon hydrolysis reactions with amines.
Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5(CN), abbreviated PhCN.

Properties
Chemical
Benzonitrile forms coordination complexes with transition metals that are both soluble in organic solvents and conveniently labile.

Physical
Benzonitrile is a colorless liquid with a sweet almond odor.

Availability
Benzonitrile is sold by chem suppliers.

Preparation
Benzonitrile can be prepared by heating a mixture of benzamide and ammonium sulfamate.
The reaction produces ammonia and ammonium bisulfate as side products.

Can be prepared by the dehydration of benzamide at high temperatures in the presence of catalyst.
Another accessible route is reaction between cuprous cyanide or NaCN with bromobenzene in DMSO, known as Rosenmund–von Braun reaction.
Benzonitrile can be prepared by ammoxidation of toluene, that is its reaction with ammonia and oxygen (or air) at temperatures between 400-450 °C:

Electroreduction of benzonitrile
Benzylamine is used as a photographic fixing agent, as a corrosion inhibitor and also as a raw material for the preparation of powerful explosives which are easy to handle.
The conventional method adopted for the preparation of benzylamine is the catalytic hydrogenation of benzonitrile in absolute ethanol under high pressure.
In the present communication, a novel electrolytic reduction technique for the conversion of benzonitrile to benzylamine, using a palladium black deposited on graphite cathode, is described.
Galvanostatic polarization studies, using both a stationary and a rotating cylindrical palladium black deposited cathode, revealed that there is considerable depolarization only in a very low current density regions.
The identity of benzylamine has been confirmed by NMR, mass spectral and infrared data.
Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen analysis also support the identity of benzylamine.
This simple electrochemical reduction technique opens up a new route for the reduction of cyanide groups to the primary amine groups.

Methods of Manufacturing
Prepared by heating Na benzenesulfonate with NaCN or by adding benzenediazonium chloride solution to a hot aqueous NaCN solution containing CuSO4 and distilling.
From benzoic acid by heating with lead thiocyanate.
The reaction of benzoic acid (or substituted benzoic acid) with urea at 220-240 °C in the presence of a metallic catalyst.
Benzonitrile can be produced in high yield by the vapor-phase catalytic ammoxidation of toluene.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE:
Benzonitrile is a colorless liquid. Benzonitrile is used as intermediate for rubber chemicals; solvent for nitrile rubber, specialty lacquers, and many resins and polymers, and for many anhydrous metallic salts.

Benzonitrile may be used in the synthesis of organic building blocks such as 2-cyclopentylacetophenone, 4-carbomethoxy-5-methoxy-2-phenyl-1,3-oxazole and 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinoline.
Benzonitrile may also be used as a solvent in the synthesis of bis(trifluoromethyl)diazomethane.

Benzonitrile (CAS NO. 100-47-0) should be dried with CaSO4, CaCl2, MgSO4 or K2CO3, and distd from P2O5 in an all-glass apparatus, under reduced pressure (b 69 °C/10mm), collecting the middle fraction. Distn from CaH2 causes some decomposition of solvent.
Isonitriles can be removed by preliminary treatment with conc HCl until the smell of isonitrile has gone, followed by preliminary drying with K2CO3. (This treatment also removes amines).

Applications
Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and a versatile precursor to many derivatives.
Benzonitrile reacts with amines to afford N-substituted benzamides after hydrolysis, Benzonitrile is a precursor to Ph2C=NH (b.p. 151 °C, 8 mm Hg) via reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis.

Benzonitrile can form coordination complexes with late transition metals that are both soluble in organic solvents and conveniently labile, e.g. PdCl2(PhCN)2.
The benzonitrile ligands are readily displaced by stronger ligands, making benzonitrile complexes useful synthetic intermediates.

Molecular formula: C7H5N
Molar mass: 103.121
CAS Registry Number: 100-47-0
Appearance: Benzonitrile, 99%; Benzonitrile, 99%; colourless liquid
Melting point: -13 °C
Boiling point: 191 °C
Solubility: Water, 2000 mg/L (25 deg C)

Benzonitrile Chemical Compound is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5CN, abbreviated PhCN.
This aromatic organic compound is a colorless liquid with a sweet almond odour.
Benzonitrile is mainly used as a precursor to the resin benzoguanamine.
Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5(CN), abbreviated PhCN.
This aromatic organic compound is a colorless liquid with a sweet almond odour.
Benzonitrile is mainly used as a precursor to the resin benzoguanamine.

Production
Benzonitrile is prepared by ammoxidation of toluene, that is its reaction with ammonia and oxygen (or air) at 400 to 450 °C (752 to 842 °F).
In the laboratory Benzonitrile can be prepared by the dehydration of benzamide or by the Rosenmund–von Braun reaction using cuprous cyanide or NaCN/DMSO and bromobenzene.
Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5CN, abbreviated PhCN.
This aromatic organic compound is mainly used as a precursor to the resin benzoguanamine

History
Benzonitrile was reported by Hermann Fehling in 1844.
He found the compound as a product from the thermal dehydration of ammonium benzoate.
He deduced its structure from the already known analogue reaction of ammonium formate yielding formonitrile.
He also coined the name benzonitrile which gave the name to all the group of nitriles.
In 2018, benzonitrile was reported to be detected in the interstellar medium.

About this substance
Helpful information
This substance is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
This substance is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using this substance.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

Uses at industrial sites
This substance has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
This substance is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Manufacture
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Benzonitrile
benzonitrile
Benzonitrile
PHENYL CYANIDE
PHENYLMETHANITRILE
Benzontrile
Benzoitrile
BENZONITRILE, 99.9%, HPLC GRADE
BENZONITRILE, REAGENTPLUS, 99%
BENZONITRILE OEKANAL, 250 ML
BENZONITRILE, ANHYDROUS, 99+%
Benzonitrile, extra pure, 99%
Benzonitrile, for spectroscopy, 99+%
AKOS BBS-00004403
AKOS B004231
AKOS 91614
CYANOBENZENE
BENZONITRILE
BN
2BNC
3BN
Benzene, cyano-
benzenecarbonitrile
Benzenenitrile
Benzoic acid nitrile
benzoicacidnitrile
BRR
C.I.SulphurBlue7(53440)
cyano-benzen
FB
Fenylkyanid
ImmedialIndoneRF
KayakuSul-phurBlueBK
MifsuiSulphurBlueBC
ThionolBlue2BN
Benzonitrile ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Sulphur Blue BRN
Benzonitrile, 99+%
Benzonitrile, 99%, J&KSeal
Benzonitrile, 99%, SuperDry, water≤30 ppm, J&KSeal
benzonitride
Benzonitrile( 99%, HyDry, Water≤50 ppm (by K.F.))
Benzonitrile( 99%, HyDry, with molecular sieves, Water≤50 ppm (by K.F.))
Benzonitril
BRN
phenylcyanide,benzonitrile,cyanobenzene
BENZONITRILE,REAGENT
phenylnitrile
Benzonitrile, 99%, extra pure
Benzonitrile, for spectroscopy
Benzenenitrile (benzonitrile)
Benzonitrile,99+%,for spectroscopy
Benzonitrile,Phenyl cyanide
Benzonitrile 10g [100-47-0]
Benzonitrile, 99%, pure
Benzonitrile, extra pure, 99% 1LT
BENZONITRILE FOR SYNTHESIS
Benzonitrile, SuperDry, J&KSeal
Benzonitrile, J&KSeal
Benzonitrile, 99%, SpcDry, with Molecular sieves, Water≤50 ppM (by K.F.), SpcSeal
Benzonitrile 2
BENZOPHENONE 1
2-Benzoyl-5-methoxyphenol; 2'-HYDROXY-4'-METHOXY BENZOPHENONE; 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXYBENZOPHENONE; 3-BENZOPHENONE; 4-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone; BENZOPHENONE-3; EUSOLEX(R) 4360; HMB; NEO HELIOPAN BB; OXYBENZONE; PROSORB UV 200; UV-ABSORBER BAYER 325; (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl-methanon; (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone; (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl-Methanone; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenon; 4-Methoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone butyric acid; Advastab 45; advastab45; Anuvex CAS NO:131-57-7