Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is functionally related to a diethylenetriamine.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NCH2CH2OH.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is bifunctional, containing both a tertiary amine and primary alcohol functional groups.

CAS Number: 3030-47-5
Molecular Formula: C9H23N3
Molecular Weight: 173.3
EINECS Number: 221-201-1

3030-47-5, 1,1,4,7,7-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, N,N,N',N'',N''-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, PMDT, N1-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)-N1,N2,N2-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine, PMDETA, PMDTA, N,N,N',N',N''-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, Pentamethyldiethylenetriaminek, Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)(methyl)amine, 2,5,8-Trimethyl-2,5,8-triazanonane, N,N',N''-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, pmdien, NSC 65659, n,n,n,n,n-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, 1,2-Ethanediamine, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N',N'-trimethyl-, Diethylenetriamine, 1,1,4,7,7-pentamethyl-, 3274UTY3HL, DTXSID7029249, CHEBI:39475, MFCD00014876, NSC-65659, 1,2-Ethanediamine, N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-, N'-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N,N'-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N',N'-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine, 1,2-Ethanediamine, N1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N1,N2,N2-trimethyl-, 2,2'-(methylazanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethylethanamine), N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine, EINECS 221-201-1, BRN 1741396, UNII-3274UTY3HL, 1,2-Ethanediamine, N1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N1,N2,N2-trimethyl-, (2-{2-(dimethylamino)ethylamino}ethyl)dimethylamine, Pentamethyldethylenetramne, N,N,N',N',N"-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, pentamethyldiethyenetriamine, EC 221-201-1, pentamethyl diethylentriamine, pentamethyl-diethylentriamine, pentamethyl diethylenetriamine, pentamethyldiethylene-triamine, Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine;, SCHEMBL37515, pentamethyl diethylene triamine, DTXCID109249, CHEMBL3183641, UKODFQOELJFMII-UHFFFAOYSA-, N,N''-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, N-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine, NSC65659, N-(Methoxycarbonyl)-2-propenylamine, Tox21_200681, Bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methylamine, AKOS015915357, 1,4,7,7-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, WLN: 1N1&2N1&2N1&1, 1,1,4,7,7-pentamethyldiethlenetriamine, NCGC00248795-01, NCGC00258235-01, 1,1,4,7,7-pentamethyldiethlene triamine, Diethylenetriamine,1,4,7,7-pentamethyl-, LS-13731, CAS-3030-47-5, N,N',N',N''-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, CS-0077160, NS00004531, P0881, N,N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylene triamine, N,N,N',N',N''-Pentamethyidiethylenetriamine, D78228, EN300-175590, N,N,N', N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylene triamine, A934684, Q965311, J-017894, J-523896, 1, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N',N'-trimethyl-, N,N,N',N'',N''-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, 99%, N-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin, N'-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-N,N,N'-trimethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine, N-(2-dim

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a polyazaalkane.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a colorless viscous liquid.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used in skin care products for improving skin tone and also taken orally as a nootropic.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is prepared by the ethoxylation of dimethylamine.
The bitartrate salt of Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), is sold as a dietary supplement.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a white powder providing 37% DMAE.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), sometimes referred to as dimethylethylamine, is an organic compound with formula (CH3)2NC2H5.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is an industrial chemical that is mainly used in foundries as a catalyst for epoxy resins and polyurethane as well as sand core production.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a malodorous, volatile liquid at room temperature that is excreted at greater concentrations with larger dietary intake of trimethylamine.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) by Changzhou Yuping Chemical acts as a surfactant.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is compatible with polyurethane resin.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is suitable for coating applications.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used in skin care products for improving skin tone and also taken orally as a nootropic.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is prepared by the ethoxylation of dimethylamine.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a precursor of acetylcholine.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) may be employed as a ligand in the copper-catalyzed amination of aryl bromides and iodides.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) holds tertiary amine and primary alcohol groups as functional groups.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) has been also used as an ingredient in skin care, and in cognitive function- and mood-enhancing products.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) appears as a clear colorless liquid with a fishlike odor.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used to make other chemicals.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is an organic compound which is industrially produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide with dimethylamine.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) contains both an amine group and a hydroxyl group, and can therefore react as as an amine or an alcohol.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a transparent, pale-yellow liquid.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)is used as an intermediate + buffering agent in the synthesis of coatings.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a building block for the synthesis of cationic flocculants and ion exchange resins
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is now being used in cosmeceutical products, gaining popularity from its activity as a precursor to acetylcholine.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a clear hygroscopic liquid with an amine-like odor.

The freshly distilled product is colorless, but prolonged storage may cause a yellowish discoloration.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a colorless liquid with a strong and fishy color.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as medication in the treatment of behavioral problems in children.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is also used making dyestuffs, textiles and pharmaceuticals and emulsifiers in paints and coatings.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) acts as a surfactant.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is compatible with polyurethane resin.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is suitable for coating applications.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) also known as DMEA is a organic compound with an ammoniacal odor, and a colorless liquid.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is tertiary amine and primary alcohol groups as functional groups with the chemical formula C4H11NO.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a curing agent for epoxy resins and polyurethanes.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is also used in the intermediate synthesis of dyestuffs, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and corrosion inhibitors.
Another application is an emulsifier in paints and coatings.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a transparent, slightly yellow liquid.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is miscible with water, acetone, ether, and benzene.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a curing agent for epoxy resins and polyurethanes.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is also used in the intermediate synthesis of dyestuffs, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and corrosion inhibitors.
Another application is an emulsifier in paints and coatings.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NCH2CH2OH.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is bifunctional, containing both tertiary amine and primary alcohol functional groups.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a colorless viscous liquid.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used in skincare products.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is prepared by the ethoxylation of dimethylamine.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a precursor to other chemicals, such as the nitrogen mustard 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a flocculating agent.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with an amine-like odor.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is miscible in water.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is an organic compound.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a liquid with a color that ranges from clear to pale yellow.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a curing agent for polyurethanes and epoxy resins.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used to the synthesis of dyestuffs, textile auxiliaries, pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers, and corrosion inhibitors.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is an additive to paint removers, boiler water, and amino resins.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is also known as dimethylaminoethanol.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is considered anti-aging, and antiinflammatory, and has exhibited free-radical scavenging activity.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is an alkanolamine with the formula CH3NHCH2CH2OH.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is flammable, corrosive, colorless, viscous liquid.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of choline.

With both an amine and a hydroxyl functional groups, Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a useful intermediate in the chemical synthesis of various products including polymers and pharmaceuticals.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is also used as a solvent, for example in the processing of natural gas, where it is used together with its analogs ethanolamine and dimethylethanolamine.

Melting point: −20 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 198 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.83 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor pressure: 0.23 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.442(lit.)
Flash point: 128 °F
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
form: Powder
pka: 8.84±0.38(Predicted)
color: White
PH: 11.9 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
explosive limit 1.1-5.7%(V)
Water Solubility: Miscible in water.
FreezingPoint: <-70℃
Sensitive: Air Sensitive
BRN: 1741396
Stability: Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.
InChIKey: UKODFQOELJFMII-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -2.1 at 25℃

As the main raw material to produce methyl acrylate dimethyl aminoethyl ester (DM), it is an important coating additive.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a curing agent for polyurethanes and epoxy resins.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a precursor to other chemicals, such as the nitrogen mustard 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a flocculating agent.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a catalyst, corrosion inhibitor and addative.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used in cosmetic and biomedical products.

Anion exchange resins can be prepared by reacting tertiary amines like Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or trimethylamine with the chloromethylated vinyl or styrene resin.
Increased exchange capacity is obtained by reacting a cross-linked polymer, containing haloalkyl functions, with an amine.
The anion exchange membranes are aminated with Dimethyl ethanolamine.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is excellent for neutralising free acidity in water-soluble coating resins.
The resin can be acrylic, alkyd or styrene-maleic.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is often preferred to triethylamine when lower volatility is required, as in electrodeposition.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) also improves pigment wettability.
Some synthetic enamels with a metallic appearance can be prepared from Dimethyl ethanolamine polymers.
In flexographic inks Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) can be used to solubilize resins and inoxes.

The adhesion of latex coatings can be improved by copolymerisation of the acrylic monomers with Dimethyl ethanolamine.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a clear, colorless, hygroscopic, amine-like smelling liquid which is miscible with water and ethanol in any ratio.
Aqueous solutions react strongly basic and are therefore corrosive.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is easily biodegradable and has no potential of bioaccumulation due to its water miscibility.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is not mutagenic, but in the presence of nitrite, carcinogenic nitrosamines can be formed from the compound, as it is a secondary amine.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), often abbreviated as PMDETA, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C11H28N3.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a tertiary amine characterized by five methyl groups attached to the nitrogen atoms and two ethylene bridges.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is commonly used as a ligand in coordination chemistry, particularly in transition metal catalysis.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) serves as a chelating agent due to its ability to form stable complexes with metal ions.

Additionally, Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) finds applications in polymerization reactions, particularly in the synthesis of polymers through controlled radical polymerization techniques such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) can be employed as a ligand in transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, such as Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions, facilitating the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), in combination with suitable metal catalysts, can initiate the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic monomers like lactides and cyclic carbonates, leading to the formation of biodegradable polymers.

In copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions, Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) serves as a ligand for copper catalysts, enabling the synthesis of triazole-containing compounds.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) can be utilized in various organic transformations as a base or ligand, facilitating reactions such as Michael addition, allylic substitution, and hydrogenation.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) can be employed in metal-catalyzed polymerization reactions, such as coordination-insertion polymerization, leading to the synthesis of well-defined polymers with controlled molecular weights and architectures.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) can participate in radical reactions, such as atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), where it serves as a ligand for transition metal catalysts, facilitating controlled radical polymerization.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-functionalized polymers can be synthesized via controlled radical polymerization techniques, providing access to polymers with tailored properties for applications in materials science, drug delivery, and nanotechnology.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) can be used for the functionalization of surfaces through coordination chemistry, enabling the attachment of functional groups or nanoparticles onto substrates for applications in catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is utilized in the synthesis of coordination complexes for various applications, including catalysis, materials science, and coordination-driven self-assembly of supramolecular structures.

Uses:
Used as ligand in NMR study of complexation/aggregation with neopentyllithium and in the study of ligand effects on the selectivity of CO2 incorporation into α,ω-diynes
Dimethylaminoethanol is used as a curing agent for polyurethanes and epoxy resins.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a precursor to other chemicals, such as the nitrogen mustard 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride.
The acrylate ester, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate is used as a flocculating agent.

Related compounds are used in gas purification, e.g. removal of hydrogen sulfide from sour gas streams.
Used as a curing agent for polyurethanes and epoxy resins; used as a chemical intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, and emulsifiers; also used as an additive to boiler water, paint removers, and amino resins; Has been used therapeutically as a CNS stimulant.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a curing agent for polyurethanes and epoxy resins.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as a chemical intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, and emulsifiers.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used as an additive to boiler water, paint removers, and amino resins.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) has been used therapeutically as a CNS stimulant.

Like other alkylalkanolamines, Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is used in water- and solvent-based paints and coatings as a solubilizer for other components, such as pigments and as a stabilizer.
In cathodic dip-coating, Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) serves as cation neutralizer for the partial neutralization of the epoxy resin.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) also serves as a chain extender in the reaction of high molecular weight polyepoxides with polyols.

Being a base, Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) forms neutral salts with fatty acids, which are used as surfactants (soaps) with good emulsifying properties and find applications in textile and personal care cleansing products.
When bleaching cotton-polyester blends, NMEA is used as a brightener.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), dimethylaminoethanol and choline [(2-hydroxyethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium chloride] can be prepared.

In the reaction of Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) with fatty acids, long-chain N-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amides are formed upon elimination of water.
These are used as neutral surfactants.
Such amides also act as flow improvers and pour point depressants in heavy oils and middle distillates.

By catalytic oxidation of Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), the non-proteinogenic amino acid sarcosine is obtained.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) plays a role as a building block for the synthesis of crop protection compounds and pharmaceuticals, such as in the first stage of the reaction sequence to the antihistamine and antidepressant mianserin (Tolvin) and to the non-analgesic Nefopam (Ajan).
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) serves as a ligand in transition metal-catalyzed reactions, enhancing catalytic activity and controlling selectivity.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is particularly valuable in cross-coupling reactions like Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira, as well as in metal-catalyzed polymerizations.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) participates in ring-opening polymerization reactions, leading to the formation of functionalized polymers with controlled molecular.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) also facilitates controlled radical polymerization techniques like ATRP, enabling the synthesis of well-defined polymers.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) acts as a ligand in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions, essential for the synthesis of triazole-containing compounds widely used in materials science and drug discovery.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-functionalized polymers enable surface modification of substrates, enhancing their properties for applications in coatings, adhesives, and biomedical materials.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) forms coordination complexes with various metal ions, useful in the synthesis of catalysts, luminescent materials, and coordination-driven self-assembled structures.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) facilitates the functionalization of polymers and surfaces, enabling the attachment of functional groups or nanoparticles for applications in catalysis, sensing, and nanotechnology.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-containing polymers and complexes contribute to the development of advanced materials with tailored properties, including biodegradable polymers, responsive materials, and molecularly imprinted polymers.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-modified materials find use in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and diagnostic assays due to their biocompatibility and functionalization capabilities.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is employed in the synthesis of polymers for gas separation membranes due to its ability to enhance the gas permeability and selectivity of the membranes.
These membranes are crucial for processes such as gas purification and separation in industries like petrochemicals and natural gas processing.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-modified polymers are used in the textile industry to impart certain properties to fabrics, such as antimicrobial properties or enhanced dyeability.

These modified polymers can be applied as coatings or finishes to textiles.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is incorporated into adhesive formulations to improve adhesion properties, cohesion strength, and resistance to environmental factors.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) helps in the crosslinking of polymers in adhesive and sealant compositions, enhancing their performance and durability.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-functionalized coatings are applied to metal surfaces for corrosion protection.
These coatings form a barrier that inhibits the penetration of corrosive agents, thereby extending the lifespan of metal structures in various environments.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is utilized as an additive in electroplating baths to improve the deposition efficiency and quality of metal coatings on substrates.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) helps in controlling the deposition process and achieving uniform metal coatings with desired properties.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-containing polymers are explored for their potential use in organic photovoltaic devices (solar cells).
These polymers can be tailored to exhibit suitable electronic properties, enabling efficient conversion of sunlight into electricity.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-functionalized materials are investigated for their application in fuel cell technologies.
These materials can serve as catalyst supports or proton-conducting membranes, contributing to the development of more efficient and durable fuel cell systems.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)-modified polymers are employed in water treatment processes for the removal of pollutants and contaminants.
These polymers can act as adsorbents or flocculants, facilitating the purification of water for various purposes.

Safety Profile:
Poison by skin contact.
Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is corrosive to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes upon contact.

Direct contact with PMDETA can cause irritation, burns, and tissue damage.
Inhalation of Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) vapors or mists can irritate the respiratory tract and cause symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, and throat irritation.
Prolonged or excessive inhalation may lead to more severe respiratory effects.

Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) has the potential to induce sensitization upon repeated or prolonged skin exposure.
Sensitized individuals may develop allergic reactions upon subsequent contact with Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or related compounds.

Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is a low gas foaming / gel balance catalyst, it can be used in polyether polyurethane soft foam, polyurethane rigid foam and coating, adhesive, etc., especially suitable for cold molding HR foam.
The foam has good porosity and excellent performance in the manufacture of Maxfoam foaming process.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is a colorless to light yellow low-viscosity liquid with a fishy smell.

CAS: 3855-32-1
MF: C11H27N3
MW: 201.35
EINECS: 223-362-3

Synonyms
2,6,10-TRIMETHYL-2,6,10-TRIAZAUNDECANE;N-(3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL)-N,N',N'-TRIMETHYLPROPANE-1,3-DIAMINE;N,N,N',N',N''-PENTAMETHYL DIPROPYLENE TRIAMINE;N,N,N',N'',N''-PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLEN-TRIAMIN;N-METHYL-N,N-BIS[3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL]AMINE;3-Propanediamine,N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1;N,N,N’-Trimethyl-N’-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1,3-propanediamine;n-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-n,n’,n’-trimethyl-3-propanediamine;10563-29-8;N,N-Dimethyldipropylenetriamine;Dimethyldipropylenetriamine;N'-(3-Aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine;N'-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]propane-1,3-diamine;dimethyldipropylene-triamine;1,3-Propanediamine, N'-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-;DTXSID2033445;B15K0N6194;N1-(3-aminopropyl)-N3,N3-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine
;N,N-Dimethyldipropyltriamine;DMAPAPA;EINECS 234-148-4;BRN 2715375;UNII-B15K0N6194
;{3-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]propyl}dimethylamine;Dimethyldipropylenetri-Amine
;EC 234-148-4;SCHEMBL324173;n'-(3-aminopropyl)-n,n-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine;CHEMBL1462995
;DTXCID0013445;Tox21_201176;MFCD00082192;N,N-Dimethyldipropylenetriamine, 99%;AKOS005614107
;NCGC00090978-01;NCGC00090978-02;NCGC00090978-03;NCGC00090978-04;NCGC00258728-01
;LS-13567;CAS-10563-29-8;NS00008430;AB01322504-02;EN300-7701195;N N/'-DIMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (ATOFI;N-(gamma-Dimethylaminopropyl)-1,3-diaminopropane;J-001463
;Q27274243;1,3-Propanediamine, N3-(3-aminopropyl)-N1,N1-dimethyl-

Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is soluble in water, and the aqueous solution is strongly alkaline.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is a synthetic chemical that belongs to the class of polyols.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is used as an ingredient in sealants and coatings due to its high molecular weight and good thermal stability.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine has been shown to emit light when exposed to radiation from x-rays or ultraviolet light; this phenomenon is known as phosphorescence.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine also emits a strong fluorescence in the blue region of the spectrum.
Polymers based on Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine are commercially available for use as optical filters.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is a tertiary amine catalyst that finds widespread use in all types of polyurethane foam.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is a tertiary amine catalyst (pentamethyldipropylenetriamine) that finds widespread use in all types of polyurethane foam.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine provides nearly balanced initiation of both the blowing and gelling reactions in both TDI and MDI-based formulations.

Uses
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is a tertiary amine catalyst that can balance the effects of various soft and rigid polyurethane foams The reaction of medium carbamate (polyol-isocyanate) and urea (isocyanate-water);
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine can improve the open cell of flexible foam, and can reduce the brittleness and adhesion of rigid foam;
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine is mainly used in the production of car seats and pillows, rigid polyether block foam.

Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine Chemical Properties
Boiling point: 102 °C / 1mmHg
Density: 0,83 g/cm3
Vapor pressure: 2hPa at 10℃
Refractive index: 1.4450 to 1.4480
Fp: 92°C
pka: 9.88±0.28(Predicted)
Form: clear liquid
Color: Colorless to Yellow to Green
Water Solubility: 193.9g/L at 25℃
LogP: 0 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 3855-32-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (3855-32-1)

Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) appears as a colorless liquid with no odor.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is a colorless to light yellow low-viscosity liquid with a fishy smell.


CAS Number: 3855-32-1
EC Number: 223-362-3
Molecular Formula: C11H27N3



2,6,10-TRIMETHYL-2,6,10-TRIAZAUNDECANE, N-(3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL)-N,N',N'-TRIMETHYLPROPANE-1,3-DIAMINE, N,N,N',N',N''-PENTAMETHYL DIPROPYLENE TRIAMINE, N,N,N',N'',N''-PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLEN-TRIAMIN, N-METHYL-N,N-BIS[3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL]AMINE, 3-Propanediamine,N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1, N,N,N’-Trimethyl-N’-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1,3-propanediamine, n-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-n,n’,n’-trimethyl-3-propanediamine,
2,6,10-TRIMETHYL-2,6,10-TRIAZAUNDECANE, N-(3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL)-N,N',N'-TRIMETHYLPROPANE-1,3-DIAMINE, -METHYL-N,N-BIS[3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL]AMINE,
N,N,N',N',N''-PENTAMETHYL DIPROPYLENE TRIAMINE, N,N,N',N'',N''-PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLEN-TRIAMIN, 3-Propanediamine,N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1, N,N,N’-Trimethyl-N’-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1,3-propanediamine, n-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-n,n’,n’-trimethyl-3-propanediamine, 1,3-Propanediamine, N-3-(dimethylamino)propyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-, 2,6,10-TRIMETHYL-2,6,10-TRIAZAUNDECANE 95+%, N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-4-methyl-4-azaheptane-1,7-diamine, Polycat 77, Polycat-77, bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-methyl-amine, n,n,n',n'',n''-pentamethyldipropylen triamin, pmdetapentamethyldipropylenetriamine, polycat 77, 2,6,10-trimethyl-2,6,10-triazaundecane 95+%, pentamethyliminobispropylamine, 2,6,10-trimethyl-2,6,10-triazaundecane, pentramethyldipropylenetriamine, bis (dimethylaminopropyl) methylamine, polycat-77, 2,6,10-TRIMETHYL-2,6,10-TRIAZAUNDECANE, N-(3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL)-N,N',N'-TRIMETHYLPROPANE-1,3-DIAMINE, N,N,N',N',N''-PENTAMETHYL DIPROPYLENE TRIAMINE, N,N,N',N'',N''-PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLEN-TRIAMIN, N-METHYL-N,N-BIS[3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL]AMINE, 3-Propanedi-1,3-Propanediamine,N1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N1,N3,N3-trimethyl-, Dipropylamine,3,3′-bis(dimethylamino)-N-methyl-, 1,3-Propanediamine,N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N′,N′-trimethyl-, N1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-N1,N3,N3-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, Polycat 77, N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine, N,N,N′,N′,N′′-Pentamethyliminobis(propylamine), 2,6,10-Trimethyl-2,6,10-triazaundecane, N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-Pentamethyldi-1,3-propylenetriamine, 3,3′-Bis(dimethylaminopropyl)methylamine, Pentamethyliminobispropylamine, N,N,N′,N′,N′-Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine, NSC 123346, N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N′,N′-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 3,3′-Bis(dimethylamino)-N-methyldipropylamine, N-Methyl-N,N-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amine, Jeffcat ZR 40, 89126-78-3, 880874-60-2, 1,3-Propanediamine, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, N,N,N-Trimethyl-N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1,3-propanediamine, 2,6,10-TRIMETHYL-2,6,10-TRIAZAUNDECANE, 1,3-Propanediamine, N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethyl-, N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, EINECS 223-362-3, MFCD00126936, N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, n-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-n,n,n-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, N,N,N,N,N-Pentamethyldipropylen-triamin, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, N-Methyl-N,N-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amine, Pentramethyldipropylenetriamine,
Pentramethyldipropylenetriamine, 1,3-Propanediamine, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, N,N,N'-Trimethyl-N'-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1 ,3-propanediamine, 2,6,10-TRIMETHYL-2,6,10-TRIAZAUNDECANE, 1,3-Propanediamine, N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-, N -[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, EINECS 223-362-3, MFCD00126936, N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N' ,N'-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, n-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-n,n',n'-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, N,N,N',N'', N''-Pentamethyldipropylen-triamin, N'-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N,N'-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, N-Methyl-N,N-bis[3-(dimethylamino) propyl]amine, Pentramethyldipropylenetriamine


Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is a tertiary amine catalyst that can balance the reaction of urethane (polyol-isocyanate) and urea (isocyanate-water) in various flexible and rigid polyurethane foams.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is a synthetic chemical that belongs to the class of polyols.


Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) has the CAS number 3855-32-1.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) appears as a colorless liquid with no odor.
The basic structure of Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) consists of a chain of carbon atoms with three methyl groups and three amino groups attached.


Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is sparingly.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT), also known as N,N,N’,N”,N”-Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine, the molecular formula is C11H27N3.
Molecular weight of Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is 201.3522, CAS registration number is 3855-32-1, a kind of chemical intermediate.


Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is a colorless to light yellow low-viscosity liquid with a fishy smell.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is soluble in water, and the aqueous solution is strongly alkaline.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is used as an ingredient in sealants and coatings due to its high molecular weight and good thermal stability.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) has been shown to emit light when exposed to radiation from x-rays or ultraviolet light; this phenomenon is known as phosphorescence.


Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) also emits a strong fluorescence in the blue region of the spectrum.
Polymers based on Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) are commercially available for use as optical filters.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) can improve the opening of flexible foam and reduce the brittleness and adhesion of rigid foam.


Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is mainly used in the production of car seats and pillows, rigid polyether block foam.
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is used for automative interiors, seat, cell open rigid foam etc.



FEATURES AND USES OF PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is a tertiary amine catalyst that can balance the effects of various soft and rigid polyurethane foams.
The reaction of medium carbamate (polyol-isocyanate) and urea (isocyanate-water);
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) can improve the open cell of flexible foam, and can reduce the brittleness and adhesion of rigid foam;
Pentamethyldipropylenetriamine (PMDPT) is mainly used in the production of car seats and pillows, rigid polyether block foam.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
MF: C11H27N3
MW: 201.35
EINECS: 223-362-3
Boiling point: 102 °C / 1mmHg
density: 0,83 g/cm3
vapor pressure: 2 hPa at 10℃
refractive index: 1.4450 to 1.4480
Fp: 92°C
pka: 9.88±0.28(Predicted)
form: clear liquid
color: Colorless to Yellow to Green
Water Solubility: 193.9g/L at 25℃
LogP: 0 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 3855-32-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: 1,3-Propanediamine, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N',N'-trimethyl- (3855-32-1)
CAS Number: 3855-32-1
Molecular Weight: 201.352

Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 239.2±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: C11H27N3
Melting Point: N/A
MSDS: N/A
Flash Point: 80.9±9.0 °C
Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 239.2±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: C11H27N3
Molecular Weight: 201.352
Flash Point: 80.9±9.0 °C
Exact Mass: 201.220505
PSA: 9.72000
LogP: 0.81
Vapour Pressure: 0.0±0.5 mmHg at 25°C

Index of Refraction: 1.466
IUPAC Name: N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine
Molecular Weight: 201.35
Molecular Formula: C11H27N3
Canonical SMILES: CN(C)CCCN(C)CCCN(C)C
InChI Key: SKCNNQDRNPQEFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Boiling Point: 239.2ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 80.9ºC
Density: 0,83
EC Number: 223-362-3
Exact Mass: 201.22000
H-Bond Acceptor: 3
H-Bond Donor: 0
Safety Description: 26-36/37/39
Molecular Weight: 201.352
Exact Mass： 201.35
EC Number：223-362-3

UNII：R7P2U5FNE4
NSC Number：123346
DSSTox ID：DTXSID1044564
HScode：2921290000
PSA：9.72000
XLogP3：0.81
Appearance：Liquid
Density：0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point：100-102 °C @ Press: 11 Torr
Flash Point：80.9±9.0 °C
Refractive Index：1.466
Melting Point N/A
Boiling Point 239.2±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point 80.9±9.0 °C
Molecular Formula C11H27N3

Molecular Weight 201.352
Density 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Molecular formula:C 11 H 27 N 3
Molecular weight:201,352
Melting point:N/A Boiling
point:239.2±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash point:80.9±9.0 °C
Density :0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Stability:
Solubility in water:
Refractive index:1.466
PSA:9.72000
LogP:0.81
Vapor pressure:0.0±0.5 mmHg at 25°C
RIDADR:1760
Packing group：
HS code:2921290000



FIRST AID MEASURES of PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PENTAMETHYLDIPROPYLENETRIAMINE (PMDPT):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

SYNONYMS Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate);Tetrakis(3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)propionyloxymethyl)methane;Tetrakis(methylene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)methane CAS NO:6683-19-8

DESCRIPTION:
Glutaric acid is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2.
Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are water-soluble only to a few percent at room temperature, the water-solubility of glutaric acid is over 50% (w/w).

CAS Number: 110-94-1
EC Number: 203-817-2

Glutaric acid appears as colorless crystals or white solid.
Glutaric acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.
Glutaric acid has a role as a human metabolite and a Daphnia magna metabolite.

Glutaric acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid.
Glutaric acid is a conjugate acid of a glutarate(1-) and a glutarate.
Glutaric acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli


Glutaric acid (Pentanedioic Acid) is a linear dicarboxylic acid.
Glutaric acid (Pentanedioic Acid) has been prepared by oxidizing cyclopentane, cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone.
Glutaric acid is a pentanedioic acid. On exposure to X-rays, glutaric acid crystals generate two stable free radicals.

These free radicals have been investigated by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) technique.
Presence of glutaric acid in urine and plasma is an indicator of type I glutaric aciduria (GA-I).
Glutaric acid is formed as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.
Electron spin resonance spectra of radical (CO2H)CH2CH2CH(CO2H formed in glutaric acid crystal after γ-irradiation is reported to remains trapped in it.
Polymorphism of Glycine-glutaric acid co-crystals has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.


Glutaric acid, also known as 1,5-pentanedioate or pentanedioic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
Glutaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans.

Glutaric acid is an odorless tasting compound.
Glutaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as eddoes (Colocasia antiquorum), pitangas (Eugenia uniflora), narrowleaf cattails (Typha angustifolia), chicory leaves (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum), and wax apples (Eugenia javanica).
This could make glutaric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

Glutaric acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis and irritable bowel syndrome; glutaric acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric aciduria I, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa lyase deficiency, and short chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency.
Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Glutaric acid.










BIOCHEMISTRY OF PENTANEDIOIC ACID (GLUTARIC ACID):

Glutaric acid is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan.
Defects in this metabolic pathway can lead to a disorder called glutaric aciduria, where toxic byproducts build up and can cause severe encephalopathy.

PRODUCTION OF PENTANEDIOIC ACID (GLUTARIC ACID):
Glutaric acid can be prepared by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to give the mixed potassium carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid.
Alternatively hydrolysis, followed by oxidation of dihydropyran gives glutaric acid.
It can also be prepared from reacting 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to obtain the dinitrile, followed by hydrolysis.

USES OF PENTANEDIOIC ACID (GLUTARIC ACID):
1,5-Pentanediol, a common plasticizer and precursor to polyesters is manufactured by hydrogenation of glutaric acid and its derivatives.
Glutaric acid itself has been used in the production of polymers such as polyester polyols, polyamides.
The odd number of carbon atoms (i.e. 5) is useful in decreasing polymer elasticity.
Pyrogallol can be produced from glutaric diester.


USES OF GLUTARIC ACID:
Glutaric acid is used as a precursor in organic synthesis.
For example, uvitonic acid is produced by the action of ammonia on glutaric acid.
Glutaric acid is also used in the preparation of its anhydride and esters.

Glutaric diester can be used for the production of pyrogallol.
Glutaric acid is also used in the manufacture of various polymers such as polyamides and polyesters.
Through the hydrogenation of glutaric acid and its derivatives, 1,5-Pentanediol is produced, which is a common plasticizer and precursor to polyesters.









APPLICATIONS OF PENTANEDIOIC ACID (GLUTARIC ACID):
Glutaric acid may be employed as starting reagent in the synthesis of glutaric anhydride.
Glutaric acid may be used for the following studies:
Complexation with DL-lysine.
Complexes have been reported to possess zwitterionic lysinium ions (positively charged) and semi-glutarate ions (negatively charged).

Synthesis of complexes with L-arginine and L-histidine.
Preparation of glycine-glutaric acid co-crystals.
Phase transition studies of these cocrystals have been reported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, polarized Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.


Glutaric acid is used as the raw material for organic synthesis, pharmaceutical intermediate and synthetic resin.
Glutaric acid serves as a precursor in the production of polyester polyols, polyamides, ester plasticizers and corrosion inhibitors.
Glutaric acid is useful to decrease polymer elasticity and in the synthesis surfactants and metal finishing compounds.
Glutaric acid acts as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT PENTANEDIOIC ACID (GLUTARIC ACID):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product



Safety
Glutaric acid may cause irritation to the skin and eyes.
Acute hazards include the fact that this compound may be harmful by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption
















CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PENTANEDIOIC ACID (GLUTARIC ACID):
Chemical formula C5H8O4
Molar mass 132.12 g/mol
Melting point 95 to 98 °C (203 to 208 °F; 368 to 371 K)
Boiling point 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K) /20 mmHg
Molecular Weight 132.11 g/mol
XLogP3 -0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 4
Rotatable Bond Count 4
Exact Mass 132.04225873 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass 132.04225873 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area 74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count 9
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 104
Isotope Atom Count 0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
Melting Point: 207.5°F
Vapor Pressure: 1 mmHg at 311.9°F ; 10 mmHg at 384.8°F
Vapor Density (Relative to Air): data unavailable
Specific Gravity: 1.424 at 77°F
Boiling Point: 576 to 579°F at 760 mmHg (decomposes)
Molecular Weight: 132.12
Water Solubility: greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70°F
Assay (acidimetric) ≥ 99,0 %(m)
Melting range (lower value) ≥ 95 °C
Melting range (upper value) ≤ 99 °C
Identity (IR) conforms
Boiling point 302 - 304 °C (1013 hPa) (slow decomposition)
Density 1.429 g/cm3 (15 °C)
Melting Point 97.5 - 98 °C
Vapor pressure 0.022 hPa (18.5 °C)
Solubility 640 g/l





SYNONYMS OF PENTANEDIOIC ACID (GLUTARIC ACID):

glutaric acid
glutaric acid, calcium salt
glutaric acid, copper(2+) salt (1:1)
glutaric acid, disodium salt
glutaric acid, ion(1-)
glutaric acid, monosodium salt
GLUTARIC ACID
Pentanedioic acid
110-94-1
1,5-Pentanedioic acid
glutarate
1,3-Propanedicarboxylic acid
Pentandioic acid
n-Pyrotartaric acid
propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
Glutarsaeure
CHEBI:17859
HSDB 5542
NSC 9238
EINECS 203-817-2
UNII-H849F7N00B
BRN 1209725
DTXSID2021654
AI3-24247
H849F7N00B
NSC-9238
MFCD00004410
DTXCID401654
NSC9238
4-02-00-01934 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
1,3-PENTANEDIOIC ACID (RIFM)
68603-87-2
68937-69-9
CAS-110-94-1
ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
Pentandioate
Acide glutarique
1czc
1,5-Pentanedioate
Glutaric acid, 99%
4lh3
1,3-Propanedicarboxylate
WLN: QV3VQ
pentanedioate;Glutaric acid
bmse000406
D04XDS
GLUTARIC ACID [MI]
Glutaric Acid and Anhydride
SCHEMBL7414
GLUTARIC ACID [HSDB]
GLUTARIC ACID [INCI]
Pentanedioic acid Glutaric acid
CHEMBL1162495
EINECS 273-081-5
Tox21_202448
Tox21_302871
BDBM50485550
s3152
AKOS000118800
CS-W009536
DB03553
HY-W008820
NCGC00249226-01
NCGC00256456-01
NCGC00259997-01
AS-13132
BP-21143
SY029948
FT-0605446
G0069
G0245
EN300-17991
C00489
D70283
A802271
Q409622
Glutaric Acid (ca. 50% in Water, ca. 4.3mol/L)
J-011915
Q-201163
Z57127454
78FA13BF-E0C0-4EFC-948C-534CF45044E3
F2191-0242
Glutaric acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Glutaric acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
1,3-Propanedicarboxylate
1,5-Pentanedioate
1,5-Pentanedioic acid
110-94-1 [RN]
1209725 [Beilstein]
203-817-2 [EINECS]
Acide glutarique [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Glutarsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
hydrogen glutarate
MFCD00004410 [MDL number]
Pentanedioic acid [ACD/Index Name]
1,3-PROPANEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
111-16-0 [RN]
154184-99-3 [RN]
19136-99-3 [RN]
203-817-2MFCD00004410
271-678-5 [EINECS]
273-081-5 [EINECS]
4-02-00-01934 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein]
43087-19-0 [RN]
68603-87-2 [RN]
68937-69-9 [RN]
8065-59-6 [RN]
Glutaric acid (Pentanedioic acid)
glutaric acid, reagent
Gua
hydron [Wiki]
Pentandioate
Pentandioic acid
pentanedioate
Pentanedioic-2,2,4,4-d4 Acid
Pentanedioic-3,3-d2 Acid
Pentanedioic-d6 Acid
Propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
Propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid|Pentanedioic acid,Glutaric acid
WLN: QV3VQ
戊二酸 [Chinese]

Pentylene glycol is a specific raw material used by manufacturers of green cosmetic products.
Pentylene glycol is a synthetic compound in the chemical group called 1,2 glycol.
Pentylene glycol is a clear, slightly viscous, colorless, odorless liquid and soluble in water.

CAS Number: 5343-92-0
EC Number: 226-285-3
Molecular Formula (Pentylene glycol): C5H12O2
Molecular Weight: 104.15 g/mol

Synonyms: 1,2-Pentanediol, Pentane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Dihydroxypentane, 5343-92-0, Pylethylene Glycol, glycol, Glycol, Green Protector, 1,2-Dihydroxypentane, MFCD00010736, 1,a2-aPentanediol, EINECS 226-285-3, BRN 1719151, AI3-03317, NSC 513, 108340-61-0, ACMC-20mbh5, ACMC-1AXDB, EC 226-285-3, 1,2-Pentanediol, 96%, SCHEMBL62155, 3-01-00-02191 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 1,2-Pentanediol, (2R)-, NSC513, WCVRQHFDJLLWFE-UHFFFAOYSA-, DTXSID10863522, NSC-513, AKOS009156977, AS-40006, SY032914, CS-0017222, FT-0606477, FT-0690841, P1178, 3-(2-NITRO-PHENYL)-ISOXAZOL-5-YLAMINE, 98484-EP2372017A1, A829586, Q3374899

Pentylene glycol is a synthetic compound that belongs to the chemical group called 1,2 glycol.
Pentylene glycol is a transparent liquid, slightly viscous, colorless, odorless and soluble in water as well as oil.

Pentylene glycol is naturally derived from sugar cane.
Pentylene glycol is used in many cosmetic products.
Pentylene glycol is also referred to by the names 1,2- dihydroxypentane, 1,2-pentanediol, and pentane-1,2-diol.

Pentylene glycol is a natural polyhydric alcohol and therefore has the ability to bind water.
This property can be used to moisturize the skin.

Skin is better hydrated, looks significantly brighter and feels better.
At the same time, Pentylene glycol naturally helps inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the skin and can therefore be used as an alternative preservative.

Pentylene glycol is soluble in water, acts as an extractant and solvent, is biodegradable, can be used in the pH range of 3-10, and is colorless and odorless.
Pentylene glycol is made from natural sugar cane bagasse and is therefore ideal for natural cosmetics.

Pentylene glycol is a specific raw material used by manufacturers of green cosmetic products.
The most important feature of this preservative is that Pentylene glycol is obtained from agricultural products. For example, corn and sugar cane.
Pentylene glycol is also commonly called pylene glycol.

Pentylene glycol is a synthetic compound in the chemical group called 1,2 glycol.
There are two alcohol groups attached to the 1st and 2nd carbon.

Pentylene glycol is a clear, slightly viscous, colorless, odorless liquid and soluble in water.
Pentylene glycol is also obtained naturally from sugar cane.
Pentylene glycol is also fat-soluble and used in many cosmetic products.

Pentylene glycol is a natural diol derived from sugar cane bagasse's remaining waste, but a cheap synthetic analog also available in the market.
This multifunctional ingredient is a colorless, odorless, slightly viscous liquid that serves as a moisturizer, solubilizer, preservative, emulsion stabilizer, etc.

Pentylene glycol is a well-known moisturizer due to the humectant properties of the molecule, proven scientifically by in-vivo studies.
Also, Pentylene glycol is an excellent solubilizer, as Pentylene glycol helps to solubilize many challenging ingredients, including fragrances.
Pentylene glycol can also increase the clarity of translucent formulations like aqueous gels and toners.

Pentylene glycol protects products from harmful bacteria and improves shelf-life, working synergistically with many preservatives, boosting their efficacy and thus helping to reduce their dose.
In addition, Pentane-1,2-diol stabilizes formulations, especially oil-in-water emulsions (as a co-emulsifier with an HLB value of 8.4), which helps reduce the particle size of emulsions, thus providing less coalescence and better stability.

This diol enhances the bioavailability of other ingredients (proven by ex-vivo study), boosting the activity of both lipophilic and hydrophilic actives.
Furthermore, Pentylene glycol improves pigment distribution, makes whiter and shinier emulsions, promotes penetration into the skin, and improves the efficiency of cooling agents.

Incorporated in sun care applications, Pentylene glycol enhances water resistance and the entire safety of the formula used even in SPF 50+ products.
Pentylene glycol also can control the viscosity and texture of the final product.
In skin and hair care products and decorative cosmetics, Pentylene glycol concentration can reach up to 5%.

Pentylene glycol is used in formulations as an emulsion stabilizer, solvent and a broad spectrum antimicrobial.
Pentylene glycol also helps moisturize and has a light, elegant feel to it.

Pentylene glycol will leave the skin soft and smooth.
Pentylene glycol can help to solubilize and stabilize lipophilic ingredients in aqueous solutions.

Pentylene glycol shows a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against yeasts, moulds, and bacteria.
Pentylene glycol disturbs the integrity of microbial cell membranes, a mechanism of action that is unlikely to be affected by resistance.

Being a non-ionic ingredient, the anti-microbial effect of Pentylene glycol is largely pH-independent.
Pentylene glycol can act as a standalone antimicrobial protection agent.

In addition, Pentylene glycol can be easily combined with other classical or non-classical antimicrobial agents, to boost their preservation effects.
Pentylene glycol a synthetic, low molecular weight solvent and skin-conditioning agent.

Pentylene glycol is commonly used as a skin conditioning agent, due to Pentylene glycol (1,2 pentanediol)’s ability to help the skin attract and retain moisture.
As such, Pentylene glycol falls into a category of skin care ingredients called humectants.

Pentylene glycol is synthetic humectant used in cosmetics and beauty products that is also secondarily used as a solvent and preservative.
Pentylene glycol is both water and oil-soluble and Pentylene glycol can have moisture-binding and Pentylene glycol can have antimicrobial properties.

Pentylene glycol also has some anti microbial properties, which can make Pentylene glycol a valuable addition to products that are susceptible to contamination of microorganisms.
Pentylene glycol is used as a solvent in chemicals produced to soften and smooth the skin in the cosmetic industry.

Pentylene glycol is used in sunscreens.
Pentylene glycol is a skin moisturizer.

Pentylene glycol preserves moisture in the skin, helps to preserve elasticity and moisture of the skin.
Pethylene glycol has an antimicrobial effect.
Pethylene glycol Lipid and dissolved lipophilic actives can be used in penetration enhancing creams and lotions.

Pethylene glycol Hydrogenated phosphotidylcholine is a high viscosity base composed of protected lipids and glycerol.
Pentylene glycol is an antimicrobial, chemically produced emulsifier.

Pentilen Glycol has been included in the German Pharmaceutical Codex since 2009.
However, Pentylene glycol is not only approved in Germany, but Pentylene glycol is also approved as a cosmetic active ingredient worldwide.

Pentylene glycol is initially based on the immature juice of sugar beets, while synthetic production is standard.
Pentylene glycol is used in day and night creams.

Pentylene glycol is a complex system for paraben esters-free cosmetic and personal care products.
Pentylene glycol is a multifunctional agent that has excellent efficacy as a biostatic and fungistatic agent.
Pentylene glycol can reduce irritation and sensitivity and has a wide broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect.

Pentylene glycol is an ingredient which is found naturally in some plants (such as sugar beets and corn cobs) but is most frequently lab-derived when used in cosmetics.
Pentylene glycol is a humectant, meaning it binds well to water, making Pentylene glycol a good hydrating agent and solvent to aid penetration of other ingredients.
Pentylene glycol also helps improve the texture of skin care formulas and has mild preservative properties when used in amounts between 1-5%.

There have been some reports that Pentylene glycol (along with other glycols) is a skin sensitizer; however, as with many ingredients, the amount and how it’s used are key.

Pentylene glycol is a chemical compound commonly used in the cosmetics and personal care industry as a skincare and beauty product ingredient.
Pentylene glycol is also known by its chemical formula C5H12O2.
Pentylene glycol is a type of glycol, which is a class of organic compounds that contain multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups.

Pentylene glycol proves multifunctional in skincare and cosmetic formulations, offering a spectrum of benefits.
With its hydrating properties, Pentylene glycol serves as an effective moisturizer, aiding in maintaining skin moisture levels, particularly beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin.

Acting as a solvent, Pentylene glycol ensures a consistent and uniform texture in products by dissolving other ingredients.
Pentylene glycol antimicrobial properties contribute to its role as a preservative, preventing the growth of bacteria and fungi and enhancing Pentylene glycol's longevity.

Recognized for Pentylene glycol mild and non-irritating nature, Pentylene glycol is considered suitable for sensitive skin.
Additionally, Pentylene glycol facilitates the penetration of active ingredients, amplifying the efficacy of skincare formulations.
Overall, Pentylene glycol is a versatile ingredient, addressing various aspects of skincare, from hydration and preservation to compatibility with different skin types.

Pentylene glycol is generally recognized as safe for use in cosmetics and skincare products when used in accordance with regulations and guidelines.
However, as with any ingredient, individual reactions or sensitivities may vary, so it's essential to check Pentylene glycol's ingredients list and perform a patch test if you have sensitive skin or allergies.

Uses of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol is used as an emulsion stabilizer, humectant, solvent and a broad-spectrum antimicrobial.
Pentylene glycol improves texture of the product.

Pentylene glycol has all the characteristics of a solvent.
Pentylene glycol is not reactive and can dissolve many other compounds.

Pentylene glycol is also known to have antimicrobial properties.

Pentylene glycol offers a double advantage:
Pentylene glycol protects the skin from harmful bacteria, which could otherwise cause body odor and acne problems on the skin.
Secondly, Pentylene glycol protects the product from any microbial growth, so Pentylene glycol can show the same quality during its use and shelf life.

Skin care:
Due to the two -OH groups, Pentylene glycol has a natural tendency to attract water.
Pentylene glycol also retains water, which is especially helpful for dry skin.

Pentylene glycol is used as a humectant and skin conditioning agent, for Pentylene glycol ability to retain moisture.
Pentylene glycol is used in moisturizer, baby sunscreen, around-eye cream, antiperspirant/deodorant, serums & essences, hand cream, anti-aging, facial moisturizer/treatment, detanning products, bath oil/salts/soak, body oil, body firming lotion, cuticle treatment, body wash/cleanser, tanning oil, recreational sunscreen

Hair care:
Pentylene glycol is used in various hair care products such as hair treatment/serum, hair spray, hair styling aide, shampoo, detangler, beard care, shaving cream, beard oil, conditioner, hair color and bleaching, styling gel/lotion, mask, setting powder/spray

Decorative cosmetics:
Pentylene glycol is used in cosmetics such as lipstick, concealer, eye shadow, foundation, CC cream, blush, lip balm, facial powder, bronzer/highlighter, lip gloss, BB cream, makeup primer, brow liner, lip liner, eye liner, lip plumper, lip balm, makeup remover

Uses Area of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol is used as a solvent in chemicals produced in the cosmetic industry to soften and smooth the skin.
Pentylene glycol has a softening and smoothing effect in this area of use.

Pentylene glycol is used together with steroidal hormones in the manufacture of dermatological products.
In these applications, 1,3-butylene glycol and Mono Propylene Glycol are also used as solvents.

This is because 1,3-butylene glycol and Mono Propylene Glycol do not have completely toxic effects.
Pentylene glycol is used by combining anti-inflammatory hydrocortisone with pylene glycol to relieve minor skin irritation, temporary itching and inflammation.

Pentylene glycol is used in the production of allergy medications.
Pentylene glycol has antimicrobial properties because Pentylene glycol is Dihydric Alcohol.

Pentylene glycol helps prevent unwanted microorganisms due to Pentylene glycol antimicrobial effect.
Pentylene glycol is preferred in the production of quality cosmetic products because Pentylene glycol allergic effects are very low.

Pentylene glycol is used in the manufacture of daily skin care products due to Pentylene glycol moisturizing effect on the skin.
By retaining water on the skin, Pentylene glycol makes the skin more vibrant, smooth and plump.

Pentylene glycol is used as a solvent in chemicals produced to soften and smooth the skin in the cosmetics industry.
Pentylene glycol has a softening and smoothing effect in this area of ​​use.

Pentylene glycol is used together with steroidal hormones in the manufacture of dermatological products.
In these applications, Pentylene glycol and Mono Propylene Glycol are also used as solvents.

This is because Pentylene glycol and Mono Propylene Glycol do not have exactly the toxic effects.
Pentylene glycol is used to relieve minor skin irritation, temporary itching and inflammation, by combining the anti-inflammatory hydrocortisone with pylenylene glycol.

Pentylene glycol is used in the production of allergy medicines.
Pentylene glycol has antimicrobial properties due to being dihydric alcohol.
Due to Pentylene glycol antimicrobial effect, Pentylene glycol helps to prevent unwanted microorganisms.

Pentylene glycol is preferred in the manufacture of quality cosmetic products because of Pentylene glycol very low allergic effects.
Pentylene glycol is used in the manufacture of daily skin care products due to its moisturizing effect on the skin.
By keeping the water on the skin, Pentylene glycol makes the skin more lively, smooth and full.

Applications of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol has a wide range of applications.
Intermediate finds applications in Initial product for chemical syntheses, Inks and coatings, Plasticizers and Solvent, Industrial chemicals.

Pentylene glycol is used as a plasticizer in cellulose products and adhesives.
Pentylene glycol is used as a brake fluid additive.

Pentylene glycol reacts with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran to get 5-tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy-pentan-1-ol.
Pentylene glycol is also used to prepare polyesters for emulsifying agents and resin intermediates.

Pentylene glycol is used in ink, toner and colorant products.
In addition to this, Pentylene glycol is used in brake fluid compositions.

Pentylene glycol is used to produce materials made of polyester or polyurethane, for the manufacturing of monomers, for the manufacture of polyester polyols, polycarbonatedioles and acrylic monomers, for the production of delta valerolactone and for molecules that act as reactive diluents, for the production of halogenated substances and for the production of adhesives, putties and sealing compounds, cleaners and auxiliary agents.
Pentylene glycol is used in the processes to produce hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate and peroxyacetic acid and as an intermediate for pharmaceutical products.
Pentylene glycol is used as an ingredient for the production of polymeric thickeners, plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride, sizing agents, surfactants, for starches and chemically modified starch for application in the paper, textile and food industry, for personal hygiene products like shampoo, creams, and for paints.

Benefits of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol naturally tends to attract water because Pentylene glycol has two -OH groups.
Pentylene glycol also retains water, which is especially beneficial for dry skin.

Pentylene glycol is used as a humidifier due to its moisture retention capacity.
Pentylene glycol has all the properties of a solvent.

Pentylene glycol is non-reactive and can dissolve many other compounds.
As mentioned before, due to Pentylene glycol ability to naturally retain moisture in the skin, Pentylene glycol also nourishes the skin and hair.

Pentylene glycol is also known to have antimicrobial properties.
Pentylene glycol offers a double advantage – Pentylene glycol protects the skin from harmful bacteria that can otherwise cause body odor and acne problems on the skin.

Secondly, Pentylene glycol protects the product from microbial growth, so that Pentylene glycol can maintain the same quality throughout its use and shelf life.
Pentylene glycol is used in the formulations of creams, lotions, moisturizers, cleansers and other skin care products.

Pentylene glycol offers several benefits when used in skincare and cosmetic products:

Moisturization:
Pentylene glycol helps to hydrate the skin by retaining moisture, making Pentylene glycol beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin.

Solvent:
Pentylene glycol serves as a solvent for various cosmetic ingredients, ensuring that the product has a uniform texture and consistency.

Preservation:
Pentylene glycol has antimicrobial properties, which help prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms like bacteria and fungi in cosmetic products, extending their shelf life.

Skin-Friendly:
Pentylene glycol is known for being mild and non-irritating, making Pentylene glycol suitable for sensitive skin types and reducing the risk of skin irritation or allergic reactions.

Enhanced Ingredient Penetration:
Pentylene glycol can improve the absorption of other active ingredients into the skin, increasing the effectiveness of skincare formulations.

Peoduction of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol is produced synthetically from corn and sugar cane.

Origin of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol is based on by-products from manufacturing processes based on sugarcane residues and corn spindles.
However, Pentylene glycol is manufactured in the lab as the consumption is relatively high.

Effect of Pentylene glycol in the formulation:
antimicrobial
Emulsion stabilization
Moisturizer
Solvent

Physical And Chemical Properties of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol is a physically colorless oil-free liquid.
The density of Pentylene glycol is 0.994 g/mol.

The melting point of Pentylene glycol is -18 °C.
Pentylene glycol is a stable chemical.

Pentylene glycol should be stored at room temperature.
Pentylene glycol is soluble in water.

Safety profile of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol does not have any evidence to suggest hazardous to health, toxicity, or carcinogenicity.
Pentylene glycol has been found to cause mild irritation to the eyes and skin in skin types that are already sensitized or prone to irritation.

Health Effect of Pentylene glycol:
Pentylene glycol is a semi-synthetic component.
The starting raw materials are of natural origin, but are transformed into a different form than their original state using various processes under laboratory conditions.
These are raw materials obtained without using animal sources (propolis, honey, beeswax, lanolin, collagen, snail extract, milk, etc.).

Pentylene glycol is a criterion that should be taken into consideration for those who want to use vegan products.
Studies have concluded that different effects can be seen on each skin type.

For this reason, the allergy/irritation effect may vary from person to person.
However, Pentylene glycol may cause reactions such as stinging, tingling, itching, redness, irritation, skin flaking and swelling, especially in people with sensitive skin types.

Identifiers of Pentylene glycol:
CAS Number: 5343-92-0
Chem/IUPAC Name: 2-heptanoyloxypentyl heptanoate
EINECS/ELINCS No: 226-285-3
COSING REF No: 58983

Molecular Formula (Pentylene glycol): C5H12O2
Molecular Weight: 104.15 g/mol
Chemical Name: 1,2-Pentanediol
CAS Number: 5343-92-0

Properties of Pentylene glycol:
form: solution
mol wt: Mr ~1500
packaging: pkg of 10 × 4 mL
manufacturer/tradename: Roche
shipped in: wet ice
storage temp.: 2-8°C
SMILES string: C(CO)O
InChI: 1S/C2H6O2/c3-1-2-4/h3-4H,1-2H2
InChI key: LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Other Names of Pentylene glycol:

IUPAC Names:
1,5-Pentanediol
1,5-pentanediol
Pentamethylene glycol
pentane,-1,5-diol
Pentane-1,5-diol
pentane-1,5-diol
Pentane-1,5-diol
pentane-1,5-diol
Pentanediol

Peppermint Extract, derived from the Mentha piperita plant, is widely known for its cooling, soothing, and refreshing properties.
Peppermint Extract is recognized for its ability to calm irritated skin, provide antimicrobial benefits, and offer a refreshing sensation, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare, oral care, and wellness formulations.
This versatile extract offers both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits, helping to soothe the skin, refresh the senses, and support overall well-being.

CAS Number: 84082-70-2
EC Number: 282-015-4

Synonyms: Peppermint Extract, Mentha piperita Extract, Peppermint Oil Extract, Peppermint Herbal Extract, Peppermint Leaf Extract, Mentha Phytocomplex, Mentha piperita Leaf Extract, Mentha Bioactive Extract, Peppermint Essential Oil, Peppermint Hydrosol



APPLICATIONS


Peppermint Extract is extensively used in skincare products for its cooling and soothing properties, providing relief for irritated and inflamed skin.
Peppermint Extract is favored in the formulation of oral care products, offering freshening, antimicrobial, and soothing benefits for oral health.
Peppermint Extract is utilized in the development of hair care products, providing scalp-soothing and refreshing properties for dandruff or dry scalp.

Peppermint Extract is widely used in the creation of body lotions, offering a cooling effect and refreshing sensation, ideal for after-sun care or post-exercise relief.
Peppermint Extract is employed in the formulation of foot creams, where it helps to refresh and soothe tired, achy feet.
Peppermint Extract is essential in the creation of holistic wellness products designed to promote relaxation and refreshment.

Peppermint Extract is utilized in the production of natural remedies for headaches, providing cooling relief and soothing sensations when applied topically.
Peppermint Extract is a key ingredient in the formulation of lip balms, offering a refreshing and cooling sensation while providing moisture to dry lips.
Peppermint Extract is used in the development of refreshing body washes, providing a cooling and invigorating cleansing experience.

Peppermint Extract is applied in the formulation of hair conditioners, offering a cooling effect and refreshing sensation for the scalp.
Peppermint Extract is employed in the production of aromatherapy oils, where it helps to refresh and invigorate the senses.
Peppermint Extract is used in the development of pain-relief creams, providing cooling relief for muscle aches and joint discomfort.

Peppermint Extract is widely utilized in the formulation of anti-itch creams, offering relief for itchy, irritated skin and insect bites.
Peppermint Extract is a key component in the creation of deodorants, providing natural antimicrobial and refreshing benefits to combat odor.
Peppermint Extract is used in the production of aftershave lotions, providing a cooling and soothing sensation for the skin.

Peppermint Extract is employed in the formulation of refreshing body sprays, offering a cool, revitalizing sensation for the skin.
Peppermint Extract is applied in the development of anti-inflammatory creams, offering soothing relief for inflammation and irritation.
Peppermint Extract is utilized in the creation of cooling gels, offering relief for sunburn, muscle soreness, and irritated skin.

Peppermint Extract is found in the formulation of refreshing mouth rinses, offering cooling and antimicrobial benefits for oral hygiene.
Peppermint Extract is used in the production of scalp treatments, providing relief from itching, dryness, and dandruff.
Peppermint Extract is a key ingredient in cooling foot sprays, providing relief for tired, overheated feet.



DESCRIPTION


Peppermint Extract, derived from the Mentha piperita plant, is widely known for its cooling, soothing, and refreshing properties.
Peppermint Extract is recognized for its ability to calm irritated skin, provide antimicrobial benefits, and offer a refreshing sensation, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare, oral care, and wellness formulations.

Peppermint Extract offers additional benefits such as soothing muscle pain, improving circulation, and reducing skin inflammation.
Peppermint Extract is often incorporated into formulations designed to provide cooling relief for irritated or inflamed skin, while also offering refreshing and antimicrobial properties.
Peppermint Extract is recognized for its ability to invigorate and refresh the senses, promoting relaxation and mental clarity.

Peppermint Extract is commonly used in both traditional and modern wellness formulations, providing a reliable solution for maintaining skin health, oral hygiene, and overall refreshment.
Peppermint Extract is valued for its ability to support the body’s natural healing processes, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to soothe irritation, refresh the senses, and promote well-being.
Peppermint Extract is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including creams, lotions, oils, oral care, and aromatherapy products.

Peppermint Extract is an ideal choice for products targeting skin irritation, oral health, and muscle relief, providing natural and effective care for these concerns.
Peppermint Extract is known for its compatibility with other refreshing and soothing ingredients, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
Peppermint Extract is often chosen for formulations requiring a balance between cooling relief, antimicrobial care, and sensory refreshment, ensuring comprehensive wellness benefits.

Peppermint Extract enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care and wellness products by providing natural support for cooling, refreshing, and soothing the skin.
Peppermint Extract is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer noticeable improvements in skin comfort, oral hygiene, and mental clarity.
Peppermint Extract is an essential component in innovative wellness products known for their performance, safety, and ability to support skin and oral health while refreshing the senses.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: N/A (Natural extract)
Common Name: Peppermint Extract (Mentha piperita Extract)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow to pale green liquid or powder extract
Density: Approx. 0.89-0.93 g/cm³ (for oil extract)
Melting Point: N/A (oil form)
Solubility: Soluble in oils; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water
Flash Point: >65°C (for oil extract)
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low (for oil extract)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Peppermint Extract is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If Peppermint Extract is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors or dust.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of Peppermint Extract to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Peppermint Extract.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store Peppermint Extract in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors or direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Peptidases are also involved in various cellular processes, such as the regulation of protein activity, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Peptidases are classified into different types based on their catalytic mechanisms.
Peptidases produced by submerged fermentation of a selected strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

CAS Number: 37259-58-8
EC Number: 253-431-3

Synonyms: Serine proteinase, 37259-58-8, Serine endopeptidase, Serine esterase, Serine peptidase, Serine protease, Seryl protease, Tryase, Proteinase, serine, Caldolase, Cerastobin, Clp proteinase, EINECS 253-431-3, alpha-Fibrinogenase, Maxacal, Porzyme 6, Proteinase T, Serine Proteases

Peptidases can be found in all forms of life and viruses.
They have independently evolved multiple times, and different classes of Peptidases can perform the same reaction by completely different catalytic mechanisms.

Peptidases were first grouped into 84 families according to their evolutionary relationship in 1993, and classified under four catalytic types: serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metalloPeptidases.
A Peptidases is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins.

These enzymes play a crucial role in the digestion of proteins in organisms, breaking them down into smaller peptides or individual amino acids.
The major classes include serine Peptidases, cysteine Peptidases, aspartic Peptidases, metalloPeptidases, and threonine Peptidases.

Each class of Peptidases has distinct properties and is involved in specific biological processes.
Secretion of Peptidases by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens can be inhibited by treatment with the fatty acid synthetase inhibitor cerulenin.

A Peptidases (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.
They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water breaks bonds.

Peptidases are involved in numerous biological pathways, including digestion of ingested proteins, protein catabolism (breakdown of old proteins), and cell signaling.
In the absence of functional accelerants, proteolysis would be very slow, taking hundreds of years.

The threonine and glutamic Peptidases were not described until 1995 and 2004 respectively.
The mechanism used to cleave a peptide bond involves making an amino acid residue that has the cysteine and threonine (Peptidases) or a water molecule (aspartic, glutamic and metalloPeptidases) nucleophilic so that Peptidases can attack the peptide carbonyl group.

One way to make a nucleophile is by a catalytic triad, where a histidine residue is used to activate serine, cysteine, or threonine as a nucleophile.
This is not an evolutionary grouping, however, as the nucleophile types have evolved convergently in different superfamilies, and some superfamilies show divergent evolution to multiple different nucleophiles.

MetalloPeptidases, aspartic, and glutamic Peptidases utilize their active site residues to activate a water molecule, which then attacks the scissile bond.
Peptidases can be highly promiscuous such that a wide range of protein substrates are hydrolyzed.

This is the case for digestive enzymes such as trypsin, which have to be able to cleave the array of proteins ingested into smaller peptide fragments.
Promiscuous Peptidases typically bind to a single amino acid on the substrate and so only have specificity for that residue.
For example, trypsin is specific for the sequences.

Conversely some Peptidases are highly specific and only cleave substrates with a certain sequence.
Blood clotting (such as thrombin) and viral polyprotein processing (such as TEV Peptidases) requires this level of specificity in order to achieve precise cleavage events.

Peptidases are enzymes that break down protein.
These enzymes are made by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria.

Peptidases break down proteins in the body or on the skin.
This might help with digestion or with the breakdown of proteins involved in swelling and pain.

Some Peptidases that may be found in supplements include bromelain, chymotrypsin, ficin, papain, serrapeptase, and trypsin.
Peptidases, as also called Protease or proteinases, are enzymes that perform proteolysis.

Peptidases is one of the most important biological reactions.
Peptidases activity has been attributed to a class of enzymes called Peptidases.

These enzymes are of wide distribution, and they perform significant biological processes.
Peptidases have evolved to perform these reactions by numerous different mechanisms and different classes of Peptidases can perform the same reaction by completely different catalytic mechanisms.

Peptidases are found in animals, plants, bacteria, archaea, and viruses.
Peptidases are involved in protein processing, regulation of protein function, apoptosis, viral pathogenesis, digestion, photosynthesis, and numerous other vital processes.

Peptidases mechanism of action classifies them as either serine, cysteine or threonine Peptidases (amino-terminal nucleophile hydrolases), or as aspartic, metallo and glutamic Peptidases (with glutamic Peptidases being the only subtype not found in mammals so far).
Peptidases of peptide bonds is recognized as an essential and ubiquitous mechanism for the regulation of a myriad of physiological processes.

Four main classes of proteolytic enzymes have been routinely utilized to describe Peptidases.
The serine Peptidases are probably the best characterized.

This class of Peptidases includes trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase.
The cysteine Peptidases class includes papain, calpain and lysosomal cathepsins.

Aspartic Peptidases include pepsin and rennin.
Metallo-Peptidases include thermolysin and carboxypeptidase A.

Peptidases are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins.
Peptidases serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the (enzyme's) active site.

They are found ubiquitously in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Peptidases fall into two broad categories based on their structure: chymotrypsin-like (trypsin-like) or subtilisin-like.

Peptidases is a general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze protein peptide bonds.
According to the manner in which the polypeptide is hydrolyzed, Peptidases can be divided into two types, an endopeptidase and an exopeptidase.

The endopeptidase cleaves the inside of the protein molecule to form a small molecular peptide.
The exopeptidase hydrolyzes the peptide bond one by one from the terminal of the free amino group or carboxyl group of the protein molecule, and the amino acid is released, the former being an aminopeptidase and the latter being a carboxypeptidase.

Peptidases can be further divided into serine Peptidases, thiol Peptidases, metallo proteinase and aspartic Peptidases according to its active center.
According to the optimum pH value of the reaction, Peptidases is divided into acid Peptidases, neutral Peptidases and alkaline Peptidases.

Peptidases is used in industrial production, mainly endopeptidase.
Peptidases are widely found in animal viscera, plant stems, leaves, fruits and microorganisms. Microbial Peptidases are mainly produced by molds and bacteria, followed by yeasts and actinomycetes.

Peptidases have many types, and important ones are pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin, papain, and subtilisin.
Peptidases has strict selectivity for the reaction substrate to be applied.

Peptidases can only act on certain peptide bonds in the protein molecules, such as peptide bonds formed by trypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of basic amino acids.
Peptidases is a widely distributed protein, and is especially abundant in the digestive tract of humans and animals.

Due to the limited resources of animals and plants, the industrial production of Peptidases preparations is mainly prepared by fermentation of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae.
Peptidases are a class of proteins that break down other proteins.

They are also called proteolytic enzymes.
Peptidases are classified by the amino acids or ligands that catalyze the hydrolysis reaction.
For example, Peptidases contain a serine in the active site.

The Peptidases is helped by a neighboring histidine and aspartic acid.
This combination is called the catalytic triad, and is conserved in all serine Peptidases.

Peptidases work in a two step fashion; first, they form a covalent bond with the protein to be cleaved; in the second step, water comes in and releases the second half of the cleaved protein.
Peptidases use cysteine as a nucleophile just like serine Peptidases use serine as a nucleophile.
Peptidases include a number of digestive enzymes, including Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Elastase.

While they all contain the same three amino acids that work together to catalyze the reaction, called the catalytic triad, they differ in where they cleave proteins.
This specificity is due to a binding pocket that contains different functional groups.

Chymotrypsin prefers a large hydrophobic residue; Peptidases pocket is large and contains hydrophobic residues.
In this representation of the binding pocket, the hydrophobic phenylalanine of the substrate is shown in green, and the hydrophobicity of the surrounding amino acids is shown by grey (hydrophobic) or purple (hydrophilic) balls.

Peptidases is specific for positively charged residues like lysine, and contains a negative amino acid, aspartic acid, at the bottom of the pocket.
Peptidases prefers a small neutral residue; Peptidases has a very small pocket.

Peptidases include enzymes that have a role in regulating cellular processes such as caspases and deubiquitinase.
Caspases hydrolyze proteins during apoptosis.
Peptidases play a role in regulating protein degradation, e.g. Cdu1 from Chlamydia.

Another class of Peptidases is aspartate Peptidases.
This family includes HIV Peptidases.

HIV produces Peptidases proteins as one long chain; HIV Peptidases cleaves the long protein into functional units.
Because Peptidases cleaves long proteins, Peptidases has a tunnel to accommodate the long peptide substrate, and the top "flaps" of the protein can open and closeto allow the substrate in and products out.

Aspartate Peptidases include two aspartate residues in the active site, which increase the reactivity of an active site water molecule to directly cleave the substrate protein.
A third class of Peptidases are metalloPeptidases such as carboxypeptidase.

CarboxyProtease remove the C terminal amino acids from proteins.
The active site contains zinc , which is bound to the protein through interactions with histidine (H), serine (S) aspartic acid (E) residues.

Proteolytic enzymes (Peptidases) are enzymes your pancreas makes to break down protein from diet into amino acids, which are used for growth and tissue repair.
These enzymes may also reduce inflammation and support immune function, though more research is needed.

Peptidases (also called Proteolytic Enzymes, Protease, or Proteinases) are enzymes that hydrolyze the amide bonds within proteins or peptides.
Most Peptidases act in a specific manner, hydrolyzing bonds at or adjacent to specific residues or a specific sequence of residues contained within the substrate protein or peptide.

Peptidases play an important role in most diseases and biological processes including prenatal and postnatal development, reproduction, signal transduction, the immune response, various autoimmune and degenerative diseases, and cancer.
They are also an important research tool, frequently used in the analysis and production of proteins.

Peptidases have been called biology’s version of Swiss army knives, able to cut long sequences of proteins into fragments.
A Peptidases is an enzyme that breaks the long, chainlike molecules of proteins so they can be digested.

This process is called proteolysis, and Peptidases turns protein molecules into shorter fragments, called peptides, and eventually into their components, called amino acids.
Proteins start as a tough, complex, folded structure, and they can only be broken down or disassembled with Peptidases enzymes.

The process of digesting proteins starts in the stomach, where hydrochloric acid unfolds the proteins and the enzyme pepsin begins to disassemble them.
The pancreas releases Peptidases enzymes (primarily trypsin), and in the intestines, they break protein chains apart into smaller pieces.
Then enzymes on the surface and inside of intestinal cells break the pieces down even further, so they become amino acids that are ready for use throughout the body.

When these Peptidases enzymes aren’t present in the body to break down protein molecules, the intestinal lining would not be able to digest them, which can lead to some serious health issues.
Peptidases are produced by the pancreas, and they are also found in some fruits, bacteria and other microbes.

The digestive tract produces three different forms of Peptidases in digestive tracts: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.
These three Peptidases attack different peptide linkages to allow for the generation of amino acids, the building blocks of protein.

Peptidases enzymes are often classified based on their origins.
Some Peptidases are produced in bodies, some come from plants and others have a microbial origin.

Different types of Peptidases have different biological processes and mechanisms.
Peptidases are enzymes that specialize in the cleavage of peptide bonds.

Their activities may be relatively indiscriminate, breaking polypeptides down to their basic elements, or exquisitely precise, cleaving a substrate at a specific residue to alter protein activity.
These illustrations highlight scientific concepts that rely on proteolytic activity and emphasize the importance of Peptidases in some of the most studied areas of cell biology.

These enzymes contain a serine residue in their active site and play crucial roles in digestion (e.g., trypsin, chymotrypsin) and blood clotting (e.g., thrombin).
Enzymes with a cysteine residue in their active site, involved in various cellular processes, including apoptosis. Examples include caspases.

These enzymes use an aspartate residue in their active site and are involved in digestion (e.g., pepsin) and some viral processing.
Metal ions, typically zinc, are essential for the catalytic activity of these enzymes.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an example, involved in tissue remodeling and wound healing.

These Peptidases have a threonine residue in their active site and are found in certain microorganisms.
In the digestive system, Peptidases break down dietary proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, facilitating their absorption in the small intestine.

Peptidases are involved in regulating various cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and signal transduction.
Some Peptidases are responsible for activating or inactivating proteins by cleaving specific peptide bonds.

Peptidases participate in immune responses by degrading foreign proteins, such as those from pathogens.
Peptidases are used in laundry detergents and cleaning products to break down protein-based stains.

Peptidases can be employed to cleave specific peptide tags used in recombinant protein production, aiding in the purification of the target protein.
Peptidases inhibitors and activators are used in drug development for various medical conditions, including HIV, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Peptidases are essential tools in molecular biology for protein analysis, structure-function studies, and manipulation of proteins.
Peptidases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins, is one of the most mature.

At the beginning of the 21st century, microbial Peptidases has been reported more than 900 species, the biological activities of the organism and the occurrence of diseases, such as digestion and absorption of food, blood coagulation, hemolysis, inflammation, blood pressure regulation, cell differentiation autolysis, aging, cancer metastasis, activation of physiologically active peptides, etc., are not related to Peptidases.

Peptidases are closely related to humans and are involved in all aspects of life.
Peptidases are widely used in food, pharmaceutical, chemical, detergent, feed and other fields, the gross product reached 65% of the enzyme market.

Peptidases is a kind of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of protein, which is the earliest and the most in-depth enzyme in the study of Enzymology.
Microbial Peptidases source is wide, Cell Nutrition requirement is low, easy to culture, compared with animal and plant source Peptidases, Peptidases is easier to realize large-scale production.

Early research on microbial Peptidases, more concentrated in the breeding of natural high-yield strains, optimization of fermentation conditions and downstream processing technology, the overall research level is not high, did not really take into account, various aspects of large-scale production technology.
Until the 70 s of the 20th century, after the establishment of recombinant DNA technology, the research in the field of Peptidases molecular biology was carried out, and the sequence analysis, cloning and expression of Peptidases genes were realized, which made the large-scale production possible.

A seventh catalytic type of proteolytic enzymes, asparagine peptide lyase, was described in 2011.
Peptidases proteolytic mechanism is unusual since, rather than hydrolysis, Peptidases performs an elimination reaction.
During this reaction, the catalytic asparagine forms a cyclic chemical structure that cleaves itself at asparagine residues in proteins under the right conditions.

Given Peptidases fundamentally different mechanism, its inclusion as a peptidase may be debatable.
An up-to-date classification of Peptidases evolutionary superfamilies is found in the MEROPS database.
In this database, Peptidases are classified firstly by 'clan' (superfamily) based on structure, mechanism and catalytic residue order (e.g. the PA clan where P indicates a mixture of nucleophile families).

Within each 'clan', Peptidases are classified into families based on sequence similarity (e.g. the S1 and C3 families within the PA clan).
Each family may contain many hundreds of related Peptidases (e.g. trypsin, elastase, thrombin and streptogrisin within the S1 family).

Peptidases, being themselves proteins, are cleaved by other Peptidases molecules, sometimes of the same variety.
This acts as a method of regulation of Peptidases activity.

Some Peptidases are less active after autolysis (e.g. TEV Peptidases) whilst others are more active (e.g. trypsinogen).
In the human digestive system, Peptidases like pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin break down dietary proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, facilitating their absorption in the small intestine.

Peptidases are commonly used in laundry detergents and cleaning products for their ability to break down protein-based stains.
This is particularly effective in removing stains like blood, grass, and food.

Peptidases can be used to tenderize meat by breaking down collagen and connective tissues.
Peptidases contribute to the development of flavors in certain food products by breaking down proteins into smaller, more palatable fragments.

Dairy Processing: Peptidases are used in cheese production to modify texture and flavor.
Peptidases play a crucial role in protein purification.

They are used to cleave fusion tags from recombinant proteins, facilitating their isolation and purification.
Peptidases inhibitors are important in drug development, especially in the treatment of diseases where Peptidases activity needs to be modulated.
For example, Peptidases inhibitors are used in the treatment of HIV.

Researchers modify and engineer Peptidases for specific applications.
This may involve altering their substrate specificity, stability, or other properties to suit industrial or therapeutic purposes.

Peptidases are valuable tools in molecular biology and biochemistry research.
Techniques such as limited proteolysis are used to study protein structure, function, and interactions.

Certain Peptidases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), play a role in tissue remodeling.
Understanding and controlling Peptidases activity is important in applications related to wound healing and tissue engineering.

Some Peptidases are used as diagnostic tools.
For example, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a Peptidases used as a biomarker for prostate cancer.

Peptidases are used in bioremediation processes to degrade proteins present in organic waste.
This can be useful in environmental cleanup efforts.

Peptidases are sometimes used in cosmetics for exfoliation purposes.
They can help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.

Peptidases occur in all organisms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes to virus.
These enzymes are involved in a multitude of physiological reactions from simple digestion of food proteins to highly regulated cascades (e.g., the blood-clotting cascade, the complement system, apoptosis pathways, and the invertebrate prophenoloxidase-activating cascade).

Peptidases can either break specific peptide bonds (limited proteolysis), depending on the amino acid sequence of a protein, or completely break down a peptide to amino acids (unlimited proteolysis).
The activity can be a destructive change (abolishing a protein's function or digesting Peptidases to its principal components), Peptidases can be an activation of a function, or Peptidases can be a signal in a signalling pathway.

Peptidases are used throughout an organism for various metabolic processes.
Acid Peptidases secreted into the stomach (such as pepsin) and serine Peptidases present in the duodenum (trypsin and chymotrypsin) enable us to digest the protein in food.

Peptidases present in blood serum (thrombin, plasmin, Hageman factor, etc.) play an important role in blood-clotting, as well as lysis of the clots, and the correct action of the immune system.
Other Peptidases are present in leukocytes (elastase, cathepsin G) and play several different roles in metabolic control.

Some snake venoms are also Peptidases, such as pit viper haemotoxin and interfere with the victim's blood clotting cascade.
Peptidases determine the lifetime of other proteins playing important physiological roles like hormones, antibodies, or other enzymes.

This is one of the fastest "switching on" and "switching off" regulatory mechanisms in the physiology of an organism.
Bacteria secrete Peptidases to hydrolyse the peptide bonds in proteins and therefore break the proteins down into their constituent amino acids.

Bacterial and fungal Peptidases are particularly important to the global carbon and nitrogen cycles in the recycling of proteins, and such activity tends to be regulated by nutritional signals in these organisms.
The net impact of nutritional regulation of Peptidases activity among the thousands of species present in soil can be observed at the overall microbial community level as proteins are broken down in response to carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur limitation.

The genomes of some viruses encode one massive polyprotein, which needs a Peptidases to cleave this into functional units (e.g. the hepatitis C virus and the picornaviruses).
These Peptidases (e.g. TEV Peptidases) have high specificity and only cleave a very restricted set of substrate sequences.

They are therefore a common target for Peptidases inhibitors.
Cells often produce Peptidases inhibitors to regulate the activity of Peptidases.

These inhibitors bind to Peptidases and prevent them from catalyzing the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
This regulation is crucial for maintaining a balance in cellular processes.

Altered activity of Peptidases is associated with cancer progression.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), for example, are implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis.

Peptidases, such as proteasomes, are involved in the clearance of misfolded proteins.
Dysregulation of Peptidases has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Proteasomes are large protein complexes responsible for degrading unneeded or damaged proteins in the cell.
They play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating the concentration of specific proteins.

In the context of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, Peptidases inhibitors are a class of antiretroviral drugs.
They block the activity of the HIV Peptidases enzyme, preventing the virus from producing infectious particles.

Scientists engage in Peptidases engineering to modify and optimize Peptidases for specific applications.
This involves altering their substrate specificity, stability, or other properties for industrial or therapeutic purposes.

Researchers use Peptidases as tools in the lab to study protein structure and function.
Techniques like limited proteolysis involve treating proteins with Peptidases to identify structural domains or determine conformational changes.

Peptidases are employed in the food industry for various purposes.
For example, they can be used in the production of certain foods to enhance flavor or texture.

Additionally, Peptidases play a role in the tenderization of meat.
Caspases, a family of cysteine Peptidases, play a central role in the process of apoptosis.

They cleave specific proteins, leading to the controlled dismantling of the cell.
Peptidases are targets for drug discovery.

Developing drugs that specifically inhibit or activate certain Peptidases can have therapeutic implications, especially in conditions where Peptidases dysregulation is involved.
The activity of Peptidases is inhibited by Peptidases inhibitors.

One example of Peptidases inhibitors is the serpin superfamily.
Peptidases includes alpha 1-antitrypsin (which protects the body from excessive effects of Peptidases own inflammatory Peptidases), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (which does likewise), C1-inhibitor (which protects the body from excessive Peptidases-triggered activation of Peptidases own complement system), antithrombin (which protects the body from excessive coagulation), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (which protects the body from inadequate coagulation by blocking Peptidases-triggered fibrinolysis), and neuroserpin.

Natural Peptidases inhibitors include the family of lipocalin proteins, which play a role in cell regulation and differentiation.
Lipophilic ligands, attached to lipocalin proteins, have been found to possess tumor Peptidases inhibiting properties.

The natural Peptidases inhibitors are not to be confused with the Peptidases inhibitors used in antiretroviral therapy.
Some viruses, with HIV/AIDS among them, depend on Peptidases in their reproductive cycle.

Thus, Peptidases inhibitors are developed as antiviral therapeutic agents.
Other natural Peptidases inhibitors are used as defense mechanisms.

Common examples are the trypsin inhibitors found in the seeds of some plants, most notable for humans being soybeans, a major food crop, where they act to discourage predators.
Raw soybeans are toxic to many animals, including humans, until the Peptidases inhibitors they contain have been denatured.

Proteolytic enzymes are essential for many important processes in your body.
They’re also called Protease or proteinases.

In the human body, they are produced by the pancreas and stomach.
While proteolytic enzymes are most commonly known for their role in the digestion of dietary protein, they perform many other critical jobs as well.
For example, they are essential for cell division, blood clotting, immune function and protein recycling, among other vital processes (1Trusted Source).

Like humans, plants also depend on proteolytic enzymes throughout their life cycles.
Not only are these enzymes necessary for the proper growth and development of plants, they also help keep them healthy by acting as a defense mechanism against pests like insects.

Interestingly, people can benefit from ingesting plant-derived proteolytic enzymes.
As a result, proteolytic enzyme supplements may contain both animal- and plant-derived enzymes.
Peptidases (both endo- and exo- types with no systemic name) are enzymes that are commercially derived from the fungus, Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus niger, via a fermentation process.

During the recovery phase of production, manufacturers destroy the starting fungi, A. oryzae or A. niger, before removing the non-proteinaceous material away from the Peptidases preparation.
Peptidases are recovered from the fermentation broth in an aqueous solution and then processed to a dried state.

Uses of Peptidases:
Peptidases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been used for the unhairing of hides and skins.
Peptidases has also been used in a study to investigate peptide bond formation using the carbamoylmethyl ester as the acyl donor.
The field of Peptidases research is enormous.

Since 2004, approximately 8000 papers related to this field were published each year.
Peptidases are used in industry, medicine and as a basic biological research tool.

Peptidases can be used to disrupt biofilms, which are communities of microorganisms encased in a protective matrix.
Breaking down the biofilm matrix helps in combating bacterial infections.

Researchers are exploring the use of Peptidases for targeted cancer therapies.
Peptidases can be designed to selectively activate prodrugs in cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues.

Peptidases inhibitors are being investigated for use in agriculture to protect crops from pests.
These inhibitors interfere with the digestive processes of certain insects, offering a potential eco-friendly pest control strategy.

Peptidases are used in skincare products for their exfoliating properties.
They help remove dead skin cells, promoting skin renewal and potentially reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Peptidases are incorporated into biosensors for detecting specific biomolecules.
The changes in fluorescence or other properties resulting from Peptidases activity can be used as signals for the presence of certain substances.

Peptidases are employed in biocatalytic processes for organic synthesis.
They can catalyze specific reactions with high selectivity, providing environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional chemical methods.

Certain Peptidases are explored as biopesticides to control insect pests in agriculture.
These Peptidases can disrupt insect digestive processes, leading to reduced feeding and growth.

Peptidases associated with tumor development and progression can be targeted for imaging purposes.
Peptidases-activated imaging agents can provide insights into the presence and activity of Peptidases in cancerous tissues.

Peptidases and their substrates are investigated as potential biomarkers for various diseases.
Detection of specific Peptidases activity patterns may aid in early disease diagnosis.

Understanding individual variations in Peptidases activity may contribute to the development of personalized medicine.
Tailoring treatments based on Peptidases profiles could enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Peptidases are being explored for environmental monitoring, particularly in assessing water quality.
Changes in Peptidases activity can indicate contamination or changes in microbial communities.

Digestive Peptidases are part of many laundry detergents and are also used extensively in the bread industry in bread improver.
A variety of Peptidases are used medically both for their native function (e.g. controlling blood clotting) or for completely artificial functions (e.g. for the targeted degradation of pathogenic proteins).

Highly specific Peptidases such as TEV Peptidases and thrombin are commonly used to cleave fusion proteins and affinity tags in a controlled fashion.
Peptidases-containing plant-solutions called vegetarian rennet have been in use for hundreds of years in Europe and the Middle East for making kosher and halal Cheeses.

Vegetarian rennet from Withania coagulans has been in use for thousands of years as a Ayurvedic remedy for digestion and diabetes in the Indian subcontinent.
Peptidases is also used to make Paneer.

Peptidases are utilized in the textile industry for processes such as desizing and finishing.
They help remove unwanted fibers and improve the texture and appearance of fabrics.

Peptidases can be employed in the production of biofuels.
They assist in the breakdown of plant cell walls, releasing sugars that can be fermented into biofuels.

Peptidases are used in the leather industry to aid in the dehairing and softening of hides during leather processing.
Peptidases can be used in the food industry to modify the properties of certain foods, such as enhancing the solubility of proteins in beverages or improving the texture of baked goods.

Some Peptidases, like thrombin, are used in medicine as anti-clotting agents.
They are employed in anticoagulant therapies to prevent abnormal blood clot formation.

Peptidases are used to hydrolyze proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, contributing to the development of savory flavors in processed foods.
Peptidases can be applied in the pulp and paper industry to modify the characteristics of paper pulp, leading to improved paper quality.

Inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, involve excessive Peptidases activity.
Therapies aimed at modulating Peptidases activity are being explored for potential treatment options.

Peptidases are used in fish feed formulations to improve the digestibility of proteins, promoting better growth and health in farmed fish.
Peptidases are being investigated for their potential use in decontaminating surfaces exposed to biological warfare agents.

They can break down proteins in these agents, rendering them harmless.
Peptidases are employed in various biochemical assays and tests to study enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, and other aspects of enzymatic reactions.

Peptidases are commonly used in laundry detergents and stain removers.
They help break down protein-based stains, such as blood, grass, and food, making them easier to wash away.

Meat Tenderization: Peptidases are used to tenderize meat by breaking down collagen and connective tissues, improving the texture of the meat.
Peptidases are employed in cheese production to modify texture and flavor.

In brewing, Peptidases can be used to break down proteins that might cause haze in beer. In baking, they can improve the texture of dough.
Peptidases are used in biotechnology for protein purification.
They can be employed to cleave fusion tags from recombinant proteins, facilitating the isolation and purification of the desired protein.

Peptidases inhibitors are essential in drug development.
For example, Peptidases inhibitors are used in the treatment of HIV by inhibiting the viral Peptidases, preventing the maturation of new virus particles.
Peptidases may be used in enzyme replacement therapies for individuals with certain genetic disorders that result in deficient Peptidases activity.

Peptidases are valuable tools in molecular biology research.
Techniques such as limited proteolysis are used to study protein structure, function, and interactions.

Peptidases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), play a role in tissue remodeling.
Understanding and controlling Peptidases activity is important in applications related to wound healing and tissue engineering.

Some Peptidases, like the prostate-specific antigen (PSA), are used as diagnostic biomarkers for certain medical conditions, such as prostate cancer.
Peptidases are used in bioremediation processes to degrade proteins present in organic waste, contributing to environmental cleanup efforts.

Peptidases are sometimes used in cosmetics for exfoliation purposes.
They can help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.
In certain medical conditions, enzyme replacement therapy involving Peptidases may be used to supplement deficient or missing enzyme activity in the body.

Classification of Peptidases:
Peptidases are divided into two categories: exoPeptidase and endopeptidases.
ExoPeptidase only act on the C- terminal or N-terminal peptide bonds of the substrate, endopeptidase can only hydrolyze the peptide bonds inside the macromolecular protein and is a true Peptidases.

There have been a variety of methods of classification of Peptidases, but they are not perfect, some to the active center, or to the mode of action, but also to the optimal pH value, academic to the active center to point.

Peptidases can be divided into four classes according to the active center:
(1) serine Peptidases
(2) aspartic Peptidases
(3) cysteine Peptidases
(4) metalloPeptidases.

Serine Peptidases enzymes are widely found in animal pancreas, bacteria, mold, the active center contains serine residues, enzyme activity can be, diisopropylphosphoryl fluoride (DFP), benzene methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and potato inhibitors (PI) and other specific inhibition.
The optimum pH of the enzyme is alkaline Peptidases at 9.5~10.5, but some serine Peptidases are neutral Peptidases, and some enzymes also contain cysteine residues due to the active center, Peptidases can be inhibited by the thiol reagent to the chlorine Mercury benzoic acid (PCMB).

The specificity for the substrate is similar to that for chyme trypsin.
Metalloproteinases this kind of Peptidases is mainly neutral Peptidases, the optimum pH is 7~8, most of the active center contains Zn2 and other divalent metals, can be subject to metal chelating agent EDTA or phenanthroline (O-Phenanthroline,OP) the inhibition of such Peptidases is less stable, limited use, and less important than alkaline and acid Peptidases.

Metalloproteinases also include the alkaline Peptidases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, snake venom and collagenase.
Microbial Metallo-neutral Peptidases, such as bacterial and fungal neutral Peptidases, can cleave amino-terminal peptide bonds composed of hydrophobic or other amino acid residues.
Aspartic acid Peptidases pepsin, fungal acid Peptidases is the active center containing aspartic acid acid Peptidases, the optimum pH of this kind of enzyme is 2.0~5.0, in acidic stability, rapid inactivation of the enzyme at pH above 6, PI 3-4.5, diazoacetyl-N-leucine methyl ester (DAN) and 1, 2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenyl) propane (EPNP), is an obligate inhibitor of this kind of enzyme, the molecular weight of the enzyme 30~45 kDa.

Cysteine Peptidases this kind of enzyme is also called thiol Peptidases, known that this kind of enzyme has about 20 families, widely exists in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Peptidases active center contains a pair of amino acids that is Cys-His, different groups of enzymes before and after Cys and His in different order.
Typically, such enzymes require the presence of a reducing agent, such as HCN or cysteine, to be active.

Specificity of Peptidases:
The specificity of the Peptidases is expressed in the selectivity of the substrate peptide bond, Peptidases is not only affected by amino acid residues on one or both sides of the peptide bond at the cleavage point, but also sometimes affected by several amino acid residue units separated from the point of action, and also affected by the length of the peptide bond.
The study of the specificity of Peptidases is usually carried out with synthetic substrates of known sequence, for the above reasons, often inconsistent with the hydrolysis of natural proteins.

Production of Peptidases:
Peptidases is widely used, which not only simplifies the production process of relevant industries, but also saves investment, Peptidases reduces the consumption of raw materials, improves the yield and quality of products, and makes a positive contribution to improving environmental protection and reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
The factors affecting the production of microbial Peptidases is very complex, the same microorganism because of different culture conditions, can produce a variety of Peptidases, most of the bacillus is aerobic non-toxin and non-pathogenic, easy to culture.
Microbial Peptidases enzyme composition is very complex, the same enzyme electrophoresis, chromatography and other separation techniques, but also can separate a number of molecular weight, amino acid composition, optimum pH, temperature and isoelectric point of different composition, the similarities and differences in the amino acid sequence and conformation of the enzyme can also be seen by the immunological antigen antibody reaction.

Safety Profile of Peptidases:
Peptidases can be irritating to the skin and eyes, particularly at higher concentrations.
Direct contact with Peptidases-containing solutions may lead to redness, itching, or irritation.
Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used when handling these enzymes.

Inhalation of Peptidases-containing dust or aerosols may lead to respiratory sensitization in some individuals.
Adequate ventilation and respiratory protection may be necessary in situations where aerosols are generated.
Some individuals may develop allergic reactions to Peptidases.

Sensitization to these enzymes can occur through repeated exposure, and individuals with a history of allergies or asthma may be more susceptible.
Ingestion of Peptidases can lead to irritation and sensitization in the gastrointestinal tract.
This is relevant in industries where workers may be exposed to Peptidases-containing substances.

Workers in industries such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and food processing may face occupational exposure to Peptidases.
Proper safety measures, including training, PPE, and engineering controls, should be implemented to minimize risks.
In some applications, such as biocatalysis or protein engineering, Peptidases may be used to catalyze specific reactions.

Identifiers of Peptidases:
Chemical Name: Peptidases
CBNumber: CB5670040
Molecular Weight: 0
MDL Number: MFCD01940183

Properties of Peptidases:
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: H2O: 5-20 mg/mL
form: powder
color: white
FDA 21 CFR: 310.545
EWG's Food Scores: 1

Solubility: H2O: 5-20mg/mL
Appearance: powder
Color: white
Storage Condition: 2-8°C

Specifications of Peptidases:
Appearance: White powder
Assay: 99% min

Peracetic Acid (also known as Proxitane, or PAA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
Peracetic Acid is “low foaming” and ideal for use in “Clean in Place” systems.


CAS Number: 79-21-0
EC Number: 201-186-8
Chemical formula: CH3CO3H



Ethaneperoxoic acid, Peroxyacetic acid, Acetic peroxide, Acetyl hydroperoxide, Proxitane, peracetic acid, peroxyacetic acid, estosteril, acetic peroxide, peroxoacetic acid, monoperacetic acid, osbon ac, acetyl hydroperoxide, proxitane 4002, desoxon 1,



Peracetic Acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Peracetic Acid (also known as PAA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.


Peracetic Acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peracetic Acid is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
Peracetic Acid does not fix proteins, eliminates biofilm and is effective even in the presence of organic materials.


Peracetic Acid is formulated with very effective corrosion inhibitors, it is safe for most common endoscope materials.
Peracetic Acid is non-corrosive to stainless steel plant equipment under both hot and cold conditions.
Efficacy may be reduced by grease, fat, proteins and other organic matter.


Peracetic Acid works best at a pH <7; hence, rinse equipment of alkaline detergents.
Peracetic Acid is amongst the most powerful biocides known to man.
Peracetic Acid is effective against a wide spectrum of microbiological contaminations including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and their spores, yeasts, moulds, fungi and their spores, and viruses.


Peracetic Acid is extremely rapid in its action at ambient temperatures.
Peracetic Acid is “low foaming” and ideal for use in “Clean in Place” systems.
It is a water clear, colourless liquid comprising an equilibrium mixture of Peracetic Acid, water, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Peracetic Acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PERACETIC ACID:
Peracetic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes and perfumes and fragrances.
Peracetic Acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Peracetic Acid is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Peracetic Acid is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and food products.
Release to the environment of Peracetic Acid can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.


Release to the environment of Peracetic Acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered Peracetic Acid as an antimicrobial in 1986 for indoor use on hard surfaces.
Use sites include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms.


Peracetic Acid is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.
Peracetic Acid is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.


Peracetic Acid is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Peracetic Acid is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.


Peracetic Acid is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Peracetic Acid is approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, drinking water, product preservation, preservation for liquid systems, controlling slimes.


Peracetic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of Peracetic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Peracetic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and laboratory chemicals.


Other release to the environment of Peracetic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


Computer searching of the literature, both applied and academic, has not revealed a reference to the induction of mutagenesis, leading to the development of resistant species, by Peracetic Acid.
Peracetic Acid is used as a biocide to sanitize degreased and precleaned processing, transfer and storage plant in stainless steel or glass.


Peracetic Acid can also be used on floors, walls and in the atmosphere.
Additionally, experts use Peracetic Acid in the medical sector to sterilize equipment, pharmaceuticals and instruments, with the ultimate goal of improving patient health and wellbeing.


In food and beverage processing and production, use Peracetic Acid in the regular cleaning cycle of syrup make-up plant, treated water carbonators, fruit crushing, juice concentrators and reconstitutors, food or condiment cookers and processors, transfer pipes and pumps, bottling, packaging and canning machines.


Peracetic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), paper chemicals and dyes and water treatment chemicals.
Release to the environment of Peracetic Acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.


Peracetic Acid can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria.
A trade name for Peracetic Acid as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.
In the European Union, Peracetic Acid was reported by the EFSA after submission in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture.


Decontamination kits for cleaning fentanyl analogues from surfaces (as used by many police forces, amongst others) often contain solid peracetyl borate, which mixes with water to produce Peracetic Acid.
Peracetic Acid may also be used on floors, walls and airborne.


Peracetic Acid is extremely rapid in its action at ambient temperatures.
Temperature plays a factor in effectiveness of Peracetic Acid, for example at a temperature of 15°C and a pH value of 7, five times more peractetic acid is required to effectively deactivate pathogens than at a pH value of 7 and a temperature of 35°C.


Peracetic Acid is effective against a wide spectrum of
microbiological contaminations: bacteria, yeasts, moulds, fungi, viruses. Sanitises degreased and precleaned CIP stainless steel or glass equipment.
Peracetic Acid exhibits excellent bactericidal and fungicidal activity against a wide range of microorganisms in cold and warm water.


Also more effective than chlorine, chlorine dioxide and quaternary products for sanitising food contact surfaces.
Peracetic Acid helps to control spoilage or decay-causing bacteria and fungi in water that contacts raw, unprocessed fruits and vegetables.
Peracetic Acid can be continuously sprayed, using coarse spray, or submerged using solution containing no more than 40 ppm residual Peroxyacetic Acid.


In food and beverage processing and production Peracetic Acid finds application in the regular cleaning cycle of syrup make up plant, treated water carbonators, fruit crushing, juice concentrators and reconstitutors, food or condiment cookers and processors, transfer pipes/pumps, bottling/packaging/canning machines.


In breweries and wineries Peracetic Acid finds application in the fermentation/ brew houses, the clarification/ filtration plant and tank farms/ bottling cellars during regular plant cleaning.
Peracetic Acid is also used as a rapid high level disinfectant in the farming industry to protect animals from diseases.


Peracetic Acid is used widely in food and beverage processing and production, breweries and wineries.
Peracetic Acid is a non-rinse, anti-microbial CIP sanitiser.
Peracetic Acid is used as a biocide to sanitise pre-cleaned processing equipment, transfer and storage plant, made from stainless steel or glass.


Peracetic Acid is low-foaming and ideal for use in clean-in-place (CIP) systems.
Peracetic Acid is sanitiser which is recommended for use on pre-cleaned surfaces such as equipment, pipelines, tanks, vats, filters, evaporators, pasteurises, and aseptic equipment in dairies, brewers, wineries, beverage and food processing plants, egg processing/packing equipment surfaces and eating establishments.


A final water rinse is not necessary.
Peracetic Acid is compatible with most post harvest fungicides.
Peracetic Acid is non-corrosive in its diluted form against stainless steel and aluminium surfaces.


If the product is to be used on other surfaces, Peracetic Acid is recommended that you apply product to a smaller test area
to determine compatibility before proceeding with its use.
Peracetic Acid may be fed to either the system water or the make-up water at an area of good mixing to promote rapid dispersion.


Peracetic Acid may be introduced continuously or intermittently depending upon needs of the end user.
Peracetic Acid is a low foaming, clear, colourless liquid comprising an equilibrium mixture of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water.
Peracetic Acid is used as a biocide to sanitise pre-cleaned surfaces in the food industry.


Peracetic Acid is specialized for quick disinfection, environmental sanitation or in the final stages of cleaning equipment pipes and containers in breweries, milk and water factories beverage and other food processing industries.
In breweries and wineries, use Peracetic Acid in regular plant cleaning in fermentation and brewhouses, clarification and filtration plant, tank farms and bottling cellars.


Peracetic Acid is formulated to be used on pre-cleaned surfaces that contain no detergents or surfactants.
The products performance will be dramatically reduced if soils are present on the surface such as fats, oil, starches or vegetable matter.
Peracetic Acid sanitation is most efficient at pH’s below 7.


The pH of a 1: 100 dilution of this product is about 3.0 and a 1: 500 dilution about ph 4.0.
Peracetic Acid is effective against a wide spectrum of
microbiological contaminations including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and their spores; yeasts, moulds, fungi and their spores; and viruses.


Peracetic Acid is extremely rapid in its action at ambient temperatures.
In food and beverage processing and production, use Peracetic Acid in the regular cleaning cycle of syrup make-up
plant, treated water carbonators, fruit crushing, juice concentrators and reconstitutors, food or condiment cookers and processors, transfer pipes and pumps, bottling, packaging and canning machines.


In breweries and wineries, use Peracetic Acid in regular plant cleaning in fermentation and brewhouses, clarification
and filtration plant, tank farms and bottling cellars.
Peracetic Acid has a high oxidation potential and is very reactive.


Peracetic Acid is used to quickly disinfect food contact surfaces, especially in the beer, beverage, milk processing, canning, bottling of food and vegetable industries, and seafood processing. seafood, meat, sugar, cakes , chocolate and candy.
Peracetic Acid is very effective in disinfecting all types of microorganisms, even in cold water conditions.


As Peracetic Acid does not contain surfactants it is ideal for use in ‘clean in place’ systems as part of a no water rinse regimen when systems can be flushed with finished product (to drain) before normal production resumes.”
Dairies & dairy farms uses of Peracetic Acid: When used in dairy farms, after the use of Peracetic Acid surfaces must be drained and thoroughly rinsed with water prior to the next milking.


Peracetic Acid is a high level disinfectant especially formulated for the cold sterilization of thermosensitive instruments and endoscopes.
It is based on a synergy of Peracetic Acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Peracetic Acid combines a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, rapid contact times and an enhanced material compatibility.


Peracetic Acid gastroscopes, duodenoscopes, naso-laryngo-pharyngoscopes, laparoscopes, etc.), surgical instruments, anesthetic and heat- sensitive medical devices.
In addition, Peracetic Acid is also a good disinfectant for the environment because it leaves no residue when used.


Peracetic Acid may also be used on floors, walls and airborne.
Peracetic Acid is used widely in food and beverage processing and production, breweries and wineries.
Peracetic Acid is a non-rinse, anti-microbial CIP sanitiser.


Peracetic Acid is used as a biocide to sanitise pre-cleaned processing equipment, transfer and storage plant, made from stainless steel or glass.
Peracetic Acid is low-foaming and ideal for use in clean-in-place (CIP) systems.
Peracetic Acid, the active compound in Proxitane, is among the most powerful known biocides.


So the chemical Peracetic Acid is used instead of BKC , Formalin (formol) for disinfecting shrimp ponds.
The chemical Peracetic Acid 15:23 can also cut toxic algae in ponds, decompose excess organic matter, and provide oxygen to the shrimp pond water environment.


Peracetic Acid component in proxitane helps the product to be effective in quick pasteurization and the presence of hydrogen peroxide helps the product adapt to soaking or shampooing .
Peracetic Acid is an excellent food grade sanitiser and also has uses as laundry bleach.


Each application may require a specific dosage rate and like all oxidising biocides, soil loadings can affect required application rate.
Peracetic Acid is biocidal at between 100 and 200 mg/L as Peroxy acetic (Peracetic) acid levels.


Peracetic Acid, the active compound in Proxitane, is among the most powerful known biocides.
Peracetic Acid is effective against a wide spectrum of microbiological contaminations including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and their spores; yeasts, moulds, fungi and their spores; and viruses.



PROPERTIES OF PERACETIC ACID:
*Ready-to-use mixed solution
*Effective even with the presence of proteins
*Compatible with most common sensible materials
*Compatible with heat-sensitive instruments
*Rapid action: full spectrum in 5 min.
*Stability of the ready-to-use solution: 15 days
*Easy checking of PAA concentration with test strips
*No aldehydes, safe for the user
*Decomposes in water and oxygen



ODOR OF PERACETIC ACID:
At diluted concentrations, Peracetic Acid is almost odorless.
However, the chemical Peracetic Acid in concentrated form has a very strong and characteristic odor that helps users immediately distinguish it from other chemicals.



HOW TO PRESERVE AND USE PERACETIC ACID:
The concentration of Peracetic Acid can easily decrease when allowed to evaporate in the air.
Therefore, we only dilute Peracetic Acid when used in sufficient doses.
Peracetic Acid must be stored in a cool place, away from direct sunlight.



A VERSATILE PERACETIC ACID:
In the food industry, Peracetic Acid is used in Cleaning in Place and Food Contact Sanitisation processes for safe, rapid microbial control.
Notably, certain food products, such as meat, poultry, fruit, vegetables and eggs, require direct protection as they can carry harmful microbes and be prone to spoilage. In addition to microbial protection, Peracetic Acid effectively boosts food safety by reducing the loss of goods due to fungi, viruses, algae and bacteria and enhances product quality throughout the useful shelf life and, in some cases, extends the shelf life itself.



PERACETIC ACID CHEMICAL WILL DEPEND ON FACTORS:
Concentration, temperature and types of microorganisms that need to be destroyed.
However, usually we use Peracetic Acid at a concentration of 0.05%–0.3% (mainly 0.2-0.5%).

The temperature for using Peracetic Acid is in the range of 5–20 ºC .
If Peracetic Acid is around 50ºC, the sterilization efficiency is higher and the sterilization time is shorter.
Do not use Peracetic Acid at temperatures higher than 50ºC.

Peracetic Acid at high concentrations can be stored for reuse, however, provided that they are not too dirty and additional proxitane chemicals must be added to ensure concentration.
Because Peracetic Acid at high concentrations has a very strong odor, when using, mixing solutions, transporting.



PRODUCTION OF PERACETIC ACID:
Peracetic acid is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:
O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
In the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide produce Peracetic Acid:

H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O
However, in concentrations (3-6%) of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide marketed for household use, mixing without a strong acid catalyst will not form Peracetic Acid.
As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.

Peracetic Acid is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.
This is achieved by the action of bleach activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, upon hydrogen peroxide formed from sodium percarbonate in water.
The Peracetic Acid is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.

Peracetic Acid is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.
Peracetic Acid is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability.
The concentration of Peracetic Acid as the active ingredient can vary.



EPOXIDATION, PERACETIC ACID:
Although less active than more acidic peracids (e.g., m-CPBA), Peracetic Acid in various forms is used for the epoxidation of various alkenes (Prilezhaev reaction).
Useful applications are for unsaturated fats, synthetic and natural rubbers, and some natural products such as pinene.

A variety of factors affect the amount of free acid or sulfuric acid (used to prepare the peracid in the first place).
Peracetic Acid is a highly effective biocide and oxidizing agent, rapidly destroys microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses and kills pathogens.

While it is extremely performant, Peracetic Acid is chlorine free and breaks down quickly into naturally occurring substances (water, oxygen and carbon dioxide) ౼ making it a sustainable, environmentally friendly choice.
For these reasons, Peracetic Acid is the ideal disinfectant across a number of different industries, namely medical, food and drink, animal biosecurity and industrial laundry.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PERACETIC ACID:
Chemical formula: CH3CO3H
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance :Colorless liquid
Density: 1.0375 g/mL
Melting point: 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)
Boiling point: 105 °C (221 °F; 378 K) 25 C @ (1.6 kPa)
Acidity (pKa): 8.2
Refractive index (nD): 1.3974 (589 nm, 20 °C)
Viscosity: 3.280 cP
Physical state: liquid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available

Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 56 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 26,66 hPa at 25 °C

Density: 1,13 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Density: 1.15g/mL at 20°C
Linear Formula: CH3CO3H
Beilstein: 1098464
Formula Weight: 76.05g/mol
Grade: purum p.a.
Chemical Name or Material: Peracetic acid solution



FIRST AID MEASURES of PERACETIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PERACETIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PERACETIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PERACETIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nature latex/chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: 30 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PERACETIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C
Light sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PERACETIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Peracetic acid can also be produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde.
Peracetic acid is usually produced in concentrations of 5-15%.
When peracetic acid dissolves in water, it disintegrates to hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, which will fall apart to water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.


CAS Number: 79-21-0
EC Number: 201-186-8
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3 / CH3COOOH


Peracetic acid degradation products are non-toxic and can easily dissolve in water.
Peracetic acid is a very powerful oxidant; the oxidation potential outranges that of chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
Peracetic acid is recorded under the formula CH3CO3H, which is produced by the reaction of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide and is known by the acronym PAA.


Peracetic acid is a colourless fluid with a strong vinegary odour.
Peracetic Acid will decompose to hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid and may become flammable when it degrades further to water, carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Peracetic acid (CAS No. 79-21-0), also known as peroxyacetic acid or PAA, is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment.


Peracetic acid has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals.
Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, peracetic acid is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water.


For the food and healthcare industries, peracetic acid is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use.
Many users know peracetic acid to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water.


Peracetic Acid is produced by mixing acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide.
In addition to peracetic acid, the resulting liquid concentrate also contains acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, water and stabilizers.
Peracetic Acid is a peroxide and a colorless, liquid mixture of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid (vinegar).


Peracetic Acid's chemical formula is C2H4O3.
Peracetic acid is a sustainable chemical, because its decomposition produces only water, oxygen and very biodegradable acetic acid and no environmentally harmful substances.


Peracetic acid is a very powerful oxidizing agent that is very effective, even in low concentrations and at low temperatures, at killing bacteria, fungi, spores and viruses – it even works against the Corona virus.
By comparison, you need a hundred times as much hydrogen peroxide to achieve the same effect.


Peracetic Acid is a high level disinfectant especially formulated for the cold sterilization of thermosensitive instruments and endoscopes.
Peracetic Acid is based on a synergy of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Peracetic Acid combines a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, rapid contact times and an enhanced material compatibility.


Peracetic Acid is a versatile oxidizing agent that dissolves easily in water and decomposes into non-toxic by-products.
Peracetic Acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Peracetic acid (C2H4O3) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a watery solution.


Peracetic Acid is a bright, colorless liquid that has a piercing odor and a low pH value (2,8).
Peracetic acid is produced by a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid: acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide -> peracetic acid
Peracetic acid is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.


Peracetic acid is a peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group.
Peracetic Acid is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.
Peracetic Acid has a role as an oxidising agent and a disinfectant.


Peracetic Acid is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Peracetic acid (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
This peroxy acid, Peracetic Acid, is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.


Peracetic Acid can be highly corrosive.
Peracetic acid is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
Peracetic Acid is a disinfectant chemical used by hospitals and the food processing industry.


Peracetic Acid is very effective for killing microscopic organisms hiding in and on surfaces, but it decomposes to acetic acid, the acid in vinegar, and thus leaves no harmful residues on the food.
Peracetic Acid is a colorless liquid, highly reactive and has a strong vinegar like odor that you can smell at very low levels.


Peracetic acid (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is an organic compound.
Peracetic Acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor reminiscent of household vinegar.
Commercially available Peracetic Acid products contain an equilibrium of PAA, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water.


Peracetic acid is a powerful antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizing potential.
Peracetic Acid is a powerful disinfectant due to its high oxidizing potential, effectiveness against a broad range of microorganisms and its favorable environmental profile.
Peracetic Acid is a liquid organic acid and a very powerful oxidizer.


Peracetic Acid has a unique oxygen/oxygen bond arrangement that rapidly releases oxygen to destroy bacteria and oxidize unwanted odors (e.g., hydrogen sulfide) and compounds.
When Peracetic Acid is applied to a process it quickly degrades into non-harmful byproducts, acetic acid (a component found in table vinegar) and water.
Peracetic Acid eats away at any inorganic scale and then breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PERACETIC ACID:
Use sites of Peracetic Acid include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms.
Peracetic acid is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.


Peracetic Acid is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.
Peracetic acid can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria.
A trade name for peracetic acid as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.


Peracetic acid (PAA) has been widely used with thin tissues such as the small intestinal submucosa (SIS) and urinary bladder matrix (UBM) in conjunction with mechanical methods for decellularization.
Peracetic Acid is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Peracetic Acid is approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, drinking water, product preservation, preservation for liquid systems, controlling slimes.
Peracetic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.


Other release to the environment of Peracetic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Peracetic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and laboratory chemicals.
Peracetic Acid is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Peracetic Acid is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.


Other release to the environment of Peracetic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Peracetic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), paper chemicals and dyes and water treatment chemicals.


Release to the environment of Peracetic Acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Peracetic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes and perfumes and fragrances.
Peracetic Acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Peracetic Acid is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Peracetic Acid is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and food products.
Release to the environment of Peracetic Acid can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.


Release to the environment of Peracetic Acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Peracetic acid is used mainly in the food industry, where it is applied as a cleanser and as a disinfectant.
Since the early 1950’s, acetic acid was applied for bacteria and fungi removal from fruits and vegetables.


Peracetic Acid was also used for the disinfection of recicled rinsing water for foodstuffs.
Nowadays peracetic acid is applied for the disinfection of medical supplies and to prevent bio film formation in pulp industries.
Peracetic Acid can be applied during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumming disinfection.


Peracetic acid is suitable for cooling tower water disinfection; it affectively prevents bio film formation and controls Legionella bacteria.
Peracetic Acid is widely used for its sanitising and disinfection abilities.
Peracetic Acid is used within the medical and food industries for the disinfection of piping systems and processing equipment, Peracetic Acid is also used for spray washing of food products and for disinfection of cooling water systems.


Peracetic Acid is considered environmentally friendly and is characterised by a very rapid action against all microorganisms.
Peracetic Acid is an oxidizing agent broadly used as a disinfectant against microbes like bacteria, fungi, and viruses in food, breweries, wineries and medical industry, as a bleaching agent & slimicide in the paper and textile industries, as a polymerization catalyst or co-catalyst in polymer industries, epoxidation reagent for olefins and unsaturated compounds, etching circuit boards, in the synthesis of other chemicals & as cooling tower water disinfectant (it effectively prevents bio-film formation and controls Legionella bacteria).


Peracetic Acid is frequently used for the synthesis of organic S-oxides in the pharmaceutical industry and in the manufacture of cephalosporins antibiotics from penicillins.
Also, Peracetic Acid is used to manufacture other chemicals and intermediates used in chemical industries.
In addition, Peracetic Acid breaks down in food to safe and environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide), and, therefore, can be used in non-rinse food contact surface applications.


Some Peracetic Acid products are effective against C. difficile spores.
Peracetic Acid is generally used only when necessary, due to its strong odor and potential damage to some surfaces.
Peracetic acid 5% is a non-rinse sterilant, the product can be used in any application where the degree of soiling is light and a disinfecting action is required after cleaning.


Peracetic Acid 5% is a fast acting, non-foaming and non-tainting disinfectant that is non-polluting to the environment
Peracetic Acid is highly effective against a broad range of microorganisms, peracetic acid is the ideal antimicrobial agent for applications across various industries, including agriculture, food processing, water treatment, pulp & paper, and more.


The primary use of Peracetic Acid is to sanitize and disinfect food processing operations.
Peracetic Acid is also used to remove pathogenic bacteria strains found in beef/pork/poultry as well as in fruit and vegetables.
Peracetic Acid is the product of choice in food processing because of its ease of use, rapid kill, and breakdown into non-harmful biproducts.


More importantly, Peracetic Acid is known as the “cold” sanitizer and is extremely effective at ambient temperatures.
The oil and gas industry uses Peracetic Acid to protect carbon steel piping and equipment from corrosive attack resulting from sulfide forming bacteria.
Peracetic Acid is also used to eliminate harmful hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas emissions at well sites and is used to control nuisance odors emitted from animal processing plants and wastewater treatment facilitates.


Lastly, Peracetic Acid is the product of choice for cooling tower treatments because of its effectiveness in removing biofilm and its favorable aquatic toxicity profile.
Peracetic Acid's main use is in the food industry as a disinfectant, as part of food and drink cleaning protocols.
Peracetic Acid is an acid with an oxidising capacity, which makes it very effective as a biocide.


This is why Peracetic Acid is commonly used in food factories.
Peracetic Acid is used to keep aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and their spores at bay, against yeasts and moulds and also against various viruses.
Peracetic acid is used at different levels as a disinfectant.


To begin with, Peracetic Acid is used to disinfect tanks, pipes or mixers through which food passes.
Peracetic Acid is also present in the packaging process, to sanitize containers and sealing systems where food is stored for its later distribution.
Food must go through its own disinfection process before being prepared for sale.


The vegetables are washed in water to reduce the microbial load.
Peracetic acid should be added to this liquid during some time, replacing chlorine.
The reason for the change is that in small amounts Peracetic Acid is safe and more effective as a biocide.


In addition, peracetic acid improves the food preservation properties.
As we mentioned, the main use of peracetic acid is in the food industry, but it is also used in other sectors.
This is the case of agriculture, livestock or health, where Peracetic Acid2s disinfectant powers are also highly valued.


Peracetic acid is primarily used as an anti-microbial biocide.
As a biocide Peracetic Acid may be used as a disinfectant in processing lines found in brewing and wineries, agricultural sites and food processing, particularly cheese and dairy production.


Peracetic acid is highly suited to clean-in-place style systems as it naturally decomposes to carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen.
Peracetic Acid is deemed safe enough to be returned to the water course, such as in the dosing of cooling tower water in power stations.
Peracetic Acid is sometimes used as a flush chemical following a prior treatment of caustic solution as it does not leave residue and will not oxidize stainless steel pipework.


The anti-microbial properties are also used to prevent the build up of bio-film.
This is a sludge-like layer which forms in areas of moisture and warmth as an environment for microbes/bacteria to thrive.
Examples may include paper pulp mixes and membrane filters in filtration processes.


Peracetic acid has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals.
Peracetic Acid is an exceptional broad-spectrum biocide and can be used in many industrial fields.
Peracetic Acid in low concentrations is effective against all types of microorganisms, even at low temperatures.


As a result, Peracetic Acid stands for safe and environmentally friendly disinfection.
After use, the peracetic acid breaks down into the ecologically harmless products oxygen, water and vinegar.
Peracetic Acid is used as an extremely strong and effective oxidizing agent in a wide range of applications.


Peracetic Acid reliably and permanently kills pathogens, bleaches, cleans and disinfects.
Despite its high efficacy, Peracetic Acid is a sustainable chemical.
Given all these advantages, peracetic acid is used in many sectors of industry for disinfection and sterilization purposes and also as a bleaching agent.


The spectrum of applications ranges from the food industry to environmental applications, such as wastewater treatment and soil remediation.
Peracetic Acid is used as a sustainable biocide for aseptic packaging of food and beverages, in cosmetics and for hair bleaching, for environmentally friendly water and wastewater treatment, for sustainable aquaculture solutions, for disinfection in agriculture, for chemical synthesis, for sterilization in hospital hygiene or for cleaning and disinfection of laundry and textiles.


The different concentrations of Peracetic Acid are used in chemical synthesis, bleaching, sanitization, disinfection, hygiene and sterilization across a variety of industries, including food and beverage such as fruit and vegetable processing, poultry processing, environmental remediation, industrial cleaning and sanitization, and oil and gas production.


Peracetic Acid is recommended for all types of endoscopes (bronchoscopes, gastroscopes, duodenoscopes, naso-laryngo-pharyngoscopes, laparoscopes, etc.), surgical instruments, anesthetic and heat- sensitive medical devices.
Peracetic Acid does not fix proteins, eliminates biofilm and is effective even in the presence of organic materials.
Formulated with very effective corrosion inhibitors, Peracetic Acid is safe for most common endoscope materials.


Peracetic Acid is a liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent.
Peracetic Acid has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.
Peracetic Acid is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.


-Food & Beverage Packaging:
Peracetic Acid is often applied directly to fresh fruits and vegetables to kill pathogens.
Peracetic Acid is also in aseptic manufacturing processes, since aseptic packaging greatly extends the shelf life of common food and beverages.


-Healthcare:
Hospitals rely on Peracetic Acid to high-level disinfect medical instruments needed in patient care as well as treat hard surfaces in patient rooms.
While the concentration in the Peracetic Acid solutions used for room sanitation is lower than for high-level disinfection, both applications can result in occupational exposure to PAA vapor.


-Protein Processing:
Peracetic Acid is used in poultry and meat processing.
Peracetic Acid is distributed to various areas of the processing plant to kill harmful bacteria such as listeria and salmonella directly on the meat and on surfaces to meet USDA food safety guidelines.
Peracetic acid 5% is a terminal disinfectant and provided that items are well drained after treatment, solutions do not be rinsed off.
Peracetic Acid decomposes to acetic acid and oxygen, neither of which in such small quantities will have any adverse effects.


-Applications of Peracetic Acid:
*Wineries, breweries and beverage plants.
*Meat, egg and poultry processing and packaging equipment surfaces.
*Food (particularly sugar) and pharmaceutical processing and packaging plants.
*Disinfectant for equipments like pipelines, tanks, vats, filters, evaporators, pasteurizers etc.
*Disinfection of water, tools, equipment, boxes etc for aquatic plants & animals.
*Limiting the contamination in water bodies & inhibiting losses in plant/food production.
*RO/UF/NF membrane and ballast water (water carried in ship's ballast tanks to improve its stability) disinfectant.
*Disinfection of surfaces (tables, floors, walls, tools, appliances) in contact with food/feed.
*Cooling tower water disinfectant & polymerization catalyst.
*Disinfectant in Medical industries (especially hemodialysis apparatus & capillary dialyzer) and effluent treatment plant.
*Milk and dairy products processing and packaging plants.
*Seafood and produce processing and packaging plants.
*Synthesizing other chemicals and intermediates



FEATURES OF PERACETIC ACID:
*Excellent microbiocidal activity.
*Non-corroding & non-foaming at normal dilutions.
*Wide temperature (34°F) and pH (up to 8.5) range.
*More effective than chlorine or quaternary amines in sanitization.
*Excellent disinfectant for cold plant operations.
*Easily disinfects at cold temperature.
*Degradable and eco-friendly (no chlorinated by-product).
*Rinsing after use not required.
*Quick results.



PROPERTIES OF PERACETIC ACID:
*Ready-to-use mixed solution
*Effective even with the presence of proteins
*Compatible with most common sensible materials
*Compatible with heat-sensitive instruments
*Rapid action: full spectrum in 5 min.
*Stability of the ready-to-use solution: 15 days
*Easy checking of PAA concentration with test strips
*No aldehydes, safe for the user
*Decomposes in water and oxygen



PERACETIC ACID:
*Powerful oxidizer
*Destroys bacteria
*Non-harmful byproducts



PERACETIC ACID AFFECTIVITY:
Peracetic acid can be applied for the deactivation of a large variety of pathogenic microorganisms.
Peracetic Acid also deactivates viruses and spores.
Peracetic acid activity is hardly influenced by organic compounds that are present in the water.
However, pH and temperature do influence peractetic acid activity.
Peracetic acid is more effective when the pH value is 7 than at a pH range between 8 and 9.
At a temperature of 15 °C and a pH value of 7, five times more peracetic acid is required to affectively deactivate pathogens than at a pH value of 7 and a temperature of 35 °C.



RATES OF USE OF PERACETIC ACID:
*Small items can be left to soak overnight in a steeping tank using Peracetic Acid 5% diluted, 3-10mls Peracetic Acid per litre of water.
*Beer mains and hoses may be filled after cleaning with a diluted solution of PAA, 3-5mls Peracetic Acid per litre of water and left for several hours before draining off.
*Large vessels and plant are best treated by spray-ball using a dilute solution of PAA, 10-20ml in a litre of water.
Alternatively a fog gun may be used but particular attention must be paid to safety precautions if a fog spray is used, to avoid eye or skin contact or inhalation.



HOW DOES PERACETIC ACID WORK?
Peracetic Acid is a two-carbon organic acid that contains lots of oxygen ready for release in the presence of bacteria.
The mode of action is oxidation of bacteria cells.
The cell walls are quickly destroyed resulting in annihilation of biofilm and bacteria colonies.
Unlike hops acid which is only effective against Gram (+) bacteria, Peracetic Acid is effective at killing both Gram (+) (e.g., lactobacillus) and Gram (-) (e.g., acetobacter) bacteria.
Because Peracetic Acid is a heavy, stable liquid that is very soluble in water, it is many times more effective than conventional oxidizers like bleach, peroxide, and chlorine dioxide.
Unlike SO2 and ammonium bisulfite, the byproducts of Peracetic Acid will not become a food source for bacteria.



PRODUCTION OF PERACETIC ACID:
Peracetic acid is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:
O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
In the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide produce peracetic acid:

H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O
However, in concentrations (3-6%) of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide marketed for household use, mixing without a strong acid catalyst will not form peracetic acid.
As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.

Peracetic acid is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.
This is achieved by the action of bleach activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, upon hydrogen peroxide formed from sodium percarbonate in water.
Peracetic Acid is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
Peracetic Acid is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.

Peracetic acid is always sold in solution as a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability.
The concentration of Peracetic Acid as the active ingredient can vary.



HOW DOES PERACETIC ACID DISINFECTION WORK?
Peracetic acid as a disinfectant oxidizes the outer cell membranes of microorganisms.
The oxidation mechanism consists of electron transfer.
When a stronger oxidant is used, the electrons are transferred to the microorganism much faster, causing the microorganism to be deactivated rapidly.



WHY IS PERACETIC ACID SUSTAINABLE?
Peracetic acid offers many sustainability benefits.
First, Peracetic Acid decomposes into environmentally compatible substances such as water, oxygen and vinegar after use, and toxic byproducts are not generated.
Peracetic Acid's wide range of applications and potency, even at low dosages, also make this biocide particularly resource-efficient.

Peracetic Acid treats and purifies municipal wastewater in an environmentally compatible way, while it disinfects reliably and is effective even in small quantities.
Peracetic Acid has a broad range of antimicrobial effects and is therefore highly efficient at surface treatment in the food industry, as well as in the medical and industrial sectors.

Peracetic Acid reduces contamination with pathogenic bacteria such as salmonella, campylobacter and E.coli when food is being handled.
Peracetic acid reduces bacterial contamination that can cause product spoilage.
Peracetic Acid disinfects animal hygiene surfaces and equipment and therefore prevents animals catching diseases.

Peracetic Acid reliably kills bacteria and germs inside plastic bottles without leaving residues.
The quality of beverages is not affected, consumers get a safe, long-lasting product.
Peracetic Acid works extremely effectively in a variety of environments while meeting the bleaching and disinfection requirements of industrial, institutional and private consumers and laundries.



HOW IS PERACETIC ACID PRODUCED?
Peracetic acid is produced from the raw materials, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
In a so-called autoxidation process, the hydrogen peroxide is first produced from hydrogen and oxygen.
This happens in three steps: first, hydrogen is added to a working solution and combines with this reaction medium.
The second step involves atmospheric oxygen being pumped into the working solution under pressure, producing hydrogen peroxide.
This is then extracted with the addition of water.
The hydrogen peroxide is then mixed with acetic acid and additional additives and treated further.



BENEFITS OF PERACETIC ACID:
Peracetic acid is regularly used in a variety of industries due to its many benefits.
Peracetic acid is a strong oxidizing agent with excellent disinfectant and bleaching properties.
Peracetic Acid's action is based on synglet oxygen, that is released during chemical breakdown.
Products of the breakdown are acetic acid, water, and oxygen.

Peracetic acid is effective even at very low concentrations.
Peracetic Acid does not foam, it does not function selectively, and resistance in many cases are not observed.
Peracetic Acid can be mixed with water in all proportions and rinses free of residue.

The efficiency of Peracetic Acid has been demonstrated in tests on selected micro-organisms.
Peracetic Acid's use is based on the working of active oxygen, that is released upon the reaction of decomposition of peraceticacid, which oxidizes organic and inorganic compounds.
The market products are stabilized aqueous solutions of the concentrations up to 15 % peracetic acid.



EPOXIDATION OF PERACETIC ACID:
Although less active than more acidic peracids (e.g., m-CPBA), peracetic acid in various forms is used for the epoxidation of various alkenes (Prilezhaev reaction).
Useful applications of Peracetic Acid are for unsaturated fats, synthetic and natural rubbers, and some natural products such as pinene.
A variety of factors affect the amount of free acid or sulfuric acid (used to prepare the peracid in the first place).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PERACETIC ACID:
Molecular Weight: 76.05 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -0.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 40.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: CH3CO3H
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.0375 g/mL
Melting point: 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)[2]
Boiling point: 105 °C (221 °F; 378 K) 25 C @ (1.6 kPa)[2]
Acidity (pKa): 8.2
Refractive index (nD): 1.3974 (589 nm, 20 °C)[2]
Viscosity: 3.280 cP

Physical state: liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: pungent
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -44 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 107 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 56 °C
Autoignition temperature: 218 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: < 1,0
Viscosity

Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 27 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,13 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Density: 1.14 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 62 °C
Ignition temperature: 225 °C
Melting Point: -37 °C
pH value: 1 (H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 14 hPa (20 °C)
Appearance: Bright colorless liquid
Boiling Point: 105-110°C(above 110°C it can explode)
Molecular Formula: CH3CO3H
Molecular Weight: 76.051 g/mol
Melting Point: -0.2°C
Odor: Acrid odor
pH: Below 2
Solubility: high solubility in water
Specific Gravity: 1.0 (@20°C)



FIRST AID MEASURES of PERACETIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PERACETIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PERACETIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PERACETIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nature latex/chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: 30 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the following standards:
DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards relating to the used respiratory protection system.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.


HANDLING and STORAGE of PERACETIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Tightly closed.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature:
2 - 8 °C



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PERACETIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
PERACETIC ACID
Peroxyacetic acid
Ethaneperoxoic acid
79-21-0
Estosteril
Acetic peroxide
Peroxoacetic acid
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Monoperacetic acid
Osbon AC
Proxitane 4002
Desoxon 1
Ethaneperoxic acid
Hydroperoxide, acetyl
Acide peracetique
Acido peroxiacetico
Peroxy acetic acid
I6KPI2E1HD
CHEMBL444965
DTXSID1025853
NCGC00166305-01
Caswell No. 644
Acecide
Proxitane
Acide peroxyacetique
F50
CCRIS 686
Kyselina peroxyoctova
LCAP
HSDB 1106
EINECS 201-186-8
UNII-I6KPI2E1HD
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063201
BRN 1098464
Aceticperoxide
peractic acid
per-acetic acid
Peroxacetic acid
acetic acid oxide
peroxy-acetic acid
AcOOH
Acecide (TN)
CH3CO2OH
Ethaneperoxoic acid, 9CI
CH3C(O)OOH
EC 201-186-8
PERACETIC ACID [MI]
4-02-00-00390 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
PERACETIC ACID [HSDB]
DTXCID805853
PERACETIC ACID [MART.]
PERACETIC ACID [WHO-DD]
CHEBI:42530
Tox21_112402
BDBM50266095
MFCD00002128
Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide
AKOS015837803
DB14556
CAS-79-21-0
Peracetic Acid 35-40% wt in acetic acid
D03467
EN300-173399
Q375140
Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide
Ethaneperoxoic acid
Peroxyacetic acid
Acetic peroxide
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Proxitane
peroxyacetic acid
acetic peroxide
monoperacetic acid
peroxoacetic acid

cas no 79-21-0 Peracetic acid; Ethaneperoxoic Acid; Acetyl Hydroperoxide; Peracetic acid, solution; Peressigsäure (German); ácido peracético (Spanish); Acide peracétique (French);

Peracetic acid (PAA) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH₃CO₃H.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is a powerful oxidizing agent and a strong antimicrobial agent with applications in various industries, including food and beverage processing, healthcare, and water treatment.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is often used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, and sterilizing agent due to its effectiveness against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.

CAS Number: 79-21-0
EC Number: 201-186-8



APPLICATIONS


In the healthcare sector, Peracetic acid (PAA) is widely used as a high-level disinfectant for medical instruments.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the food and beverage industry for the sanitization of food contact surfaces and equipment.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is utilized in the production of aseptic packaging materials, ensuring the sterility of packaging for perishable goods.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is an effective sanitizer for brewery equipment, ensuring the hygiene of brewing vessels and pipelines.
In the agricultural sector, Peracetic acid (PAA) serves as a fungicide and bactericide, protecting crops from microbial infections.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the poultry industry for disinfecting hatcheries and equipment to prevent disease transmission.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in water treatment for its ability to control algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms in water systems.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is a key component in wastewater treatment, helping to disinfect and reduce the microbial load in effluent streams.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied in the dairy industry for sanitizing milk processing equipment, ensuring product safety and quality.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is utilized in the production of household and industrial cleaning products for its disinfecting and bleaching properties.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the textile industry for the bleaching and disinfection of fabrics and textiles.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for the sterilization of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment and facilities.
Peracetic acid (PAA) serves as a disinfectant in laboratories, providing a reliable method for sterilizing equipment and workspaces.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the cosmetic and personal care industry for its antimicrobial properties in certain formulations.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied in cooling water systems to control microbial growth, preventing fouling and corrosion.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the oil and gas industry for the disinfection of water used in hydraulic fracturing (fracking) operations.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the preservation of fruits and vegetables by controlling microbial decay during storage.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the sanitation of swimming pools and recreational water facilities.

Peracetic acid (PAA) serves as a disinfectant in the beverage industry, ensuring the hygiene of bottling equipment and containers.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the cosmetics industry for its antimicrobial properties in the production of various cosmetic products.
Peracetic acid (PAA) plays a role in the prevention of biofilm formation in various industrial processes and water systems.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is utilized in the treatment of medical and hazardous waste to ensure microbial inactivation.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the disinfection of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems.

In the agricultural sector, Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed for the disinfection of irrigation water to prevent the spread of diseases in crops.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the production of paper and pulp for its bleaching properties in the pulp bleaching process.

Biocidal Uses:
Peracetic acid (PAA) is approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for:
Human hygiene
Disinfection
Veterinary hygiene
Food and animals feeds
Drinking water
Product preservation
Preservation for liquid systems
Controlling slimes.

Consumer Uses:
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.

Widespread uses by professional workers:

Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and laboratory chemicals.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Uses at industrial sites:
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes and perfumes and fragrances.
Peracetic acid (PAA) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and food products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for the sterilization of cleanrooms and critical manufacturing environments.
Peracetic acid (PAA) plays a crucial role in the prevention of microbial contamination in the production of medical devices and implants.
In the agricultural sector, Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed as a disinfectant for seed treatment, protecting seeds from fungal and bacterial infections.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied in the meat and poultry processing industry for the disinfection of processing equipment and facilities.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used as a fogging agent for space disinfection in enclosed environments, such as cleanrooms and laboratories.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the disinfection of HVAC air ducts and systems to maintain indoor air quality.
In the horticulture industry, PAA is used for the disinfection of greenhouse equipment and irrigation systems.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the treatment of wastewater from pharmaceutical manufacturing to remove traces of pharmaceutical compounds.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the oilfield industry for the control of microbial growth in oil wells and pipelines.
Peracetic acid (PAA) serves as a disinfectant in the brewing industry for yeast propagation systems and fermentation vessels.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied in the disinfection of eggshells in poultry hatcheries to prevent the transmission of pathogens to chicks.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the textile industry for the disinfection and microbial control of textile processing water.
In the dairy industry, Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed for the disinfection of milking equipment and storage tanks.
Peracetic acid (PAA) plays a role in the disinfection of recreational water features such as fountains and water parks.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is utilized in the treatment of ballast water on ships to prevent the spread of aquatic invasive species.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied in the disinfection of public spaces, including airports, public transportation, and healthcare facilities.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the disinfection of food processing and packaging equipment to ensure product safety.

Peracetic acid (PAA) serves as a disinfectant for dental instruments and impression materials in dental clinics.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the sanitation of foodservice establishments, including restaurants and catering facilities.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the disinfection of reverse osmosis membranes in water treatment plants.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the treatment of cooling tower water to control bacterial and fungal growth.
Peracetic acid (PAA) serves as a disinfectant for conveyor belts and processing equipment in the manufacturing of packaged foods.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in aquaculture for the disinfection of water and equipment in fish and shrimp farms.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the disinfection of cutting boards and food contact surfaces in commercial kitchens.
Peracetic acid (PAA) plays a role in the sanitation of HVAC air filters to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the brewing industry to sanitize beer bottles, kegs, and other packaging materials.
Peracetic acid (PAA) plays a vital role in the disinfection of medical waste, helping to ensure the safe disposal of potentially infectious materials.
In the cosmetic industry, Peracetic acid (PAA) is used to sanitize equipment and containers involved in the production of cosmetics and personal care products.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is utilized in the disinfection of public swimming pools and spa facilities to maintain water quality and safety.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the treatment of wastewater in the petrochemical industry to control microbial activity.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the disinfection of HVAC ducts and air handling units in commercial and industrial buildings.
In the agriculture sector, Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for the sanitization of equipment, storage facilities, and containers in wineries.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied in the disinfection of food preparation surfaces and utensils in restaurants and commercial kitchens.
Peracetic acid (PAA) plays a role in the sanitation of food processing plants, including meat and poultry processing facilities.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used as a disinfectant in research laboratories for sterilizing equipment and ensuring aseptic conditions.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied in the disinfection of wastewater treatment plant effluents to meet regulatory standards for discharge.
In the pharmaceutical manufacturing process, Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for the sterilization of manufacturing equipment and cleanroom facilities.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the disinfection of public transportation vehicles, such as buses and trains.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the sanitation of foodservice equipment, including dishwashers and utensils.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for the disinfection of air filtration systems in healthcare facilities and cleanroom environments.
Peracetic acid (PAA) plays a role in the treatment of agricultural irrigation water to prevent the spread of plant pathogens.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied in the disinfection of wastewater from industrial processes to reduce microbial contamination.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is utilized in the production of recycled paper to bleach pulp and remove impurities.
In the leather and textile industries, Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for bleaching and disinfection in the processing of fabrics and materials.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the sanitation of veterinary facilities and equipment in animal healthcare settings.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the disinfection of surfaces and equipment in the pharmaceutical compounding process.
Peracetic acid (PAA) plays a role in the disinfection of eggs in egg processing facilities to prevent contamination.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in the sanitation of air conditioning systems to prevent mold growth and improve indoor air quality.

In the automotive industry, Peracetic acid (PAA) is applied for the disinfection of vehicle interiors, especially in shared transportation.
Peracetic acid (PAA) finds application in the treatment of process water in the semiconductor and electronics manufacturing industry.



DESCRIPTION


Peracetic acid (PAA) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH₃CO₃H.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is a powerful oxidizing agent and a strong antimicrobial agent with applications in various industries, including food and beverage processing, healthcare, and water treatment.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is often used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, and sterilizing agent due to its effectiveness against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.

The chemical structure of peracetic acid includes a peroxide linkage (O-O bond), making it a peroxide compound.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is formed by the reaction of acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the presence of a catalyst.
The resulting compound, peracetic acid, is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is known for its strong oxidizing properties, which contribute to its ability to eliminate microorganisms effectively.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in various applications, such as disinfection of surfaces, equipment sterilization, wastewater treatment, and as a sanitizer in the food and beverage industry.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is appreciated for its fast action, broad-spectrum efficacy, and the fact that it decomposes into environmentally friendly byproducts, mainly acetic acid, water, and oxygen.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive pungent odor.
Known for its strong oxidizing properties, Peracetic acid (PAA) is a highly reactive chemical compound.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is formed through the reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is characterized by its ability to rapidly break down into environmentally friendly byproducts.
As a powerful antimicrobial agent, Peracetic acid (PAA) exhibits broad-spectrum efficacy against various microorganisms.
The chemical structure of PAA includes a peroxide linkage, contributing to its oxidative strength.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is widely used as a disinfectant and sanitizer in industries such as healthcare and food processing.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, making it a versatile antimicrobial agent.
In water treatment, Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed for its ability to eliminate pathogens and control microbial growth.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is recognized for its quick action, providing rapid disinfection and sterilization.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for the sanitation of surfaces, equipment, and containers in various industrial processes.
Its application in the food and beverage industry includes sanitizing food contact surfaces and processing equipment.
Due to its biodegradability, peracetic acid is considered environmentally friendly compared to some other disinfectants.

Peracetic acid (PAA) decomposes into acetic acid, water, and oxygen, reducing its environmental impact.
Peracetic acid (PAA)'s strong oxidizing nature is harnessed for its bleaching properties in certain applications.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is recognized for its stability in a wide range of temperatures and pH levels.

In medical facilities, Peracetic acid (PAA) is used for sterilizing medical instruments and as a high-level disinfectant.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is employed in the agricultural sector for crop protection and as a fungicide and bactericide.
PAA solutions are often prepared with stabilizers to maintain their efficacy over time.

Its use in the beverage industry includes disinfecting bottles, equipment, and pipelines during the production process.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is a valuable tool in the prevention of biofilm formation in various industrial systems.
In wastewater treatment, PAA helps control odors and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is recognized for its low residue levels and ease of rinsing, ensuring product safety.
Peracetic acid (PAA) has found applications in cooling water treatment to control microbial fouling and corrosion.
Its versatility, efficacy, and environmentally friendly nature make peracetic acid a valuable chemical in diverse industrial and commercial settings.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: CH₃CO₃H
Molecular Weight: Approximately 76.05 g/mol
Physical State: Clear liquid
Odor: Pungent
Color: Colorless
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Melting Point: Approximately 0°C (32°F)
Density: Varies with concentration, typically around 1.2 g/cm³
Solubility in Water: Highly soluble
pH: Highly acidic (pH < 2 for concentrated solutions)
Vapor Pressure: Low due to decomposition
Vapor Density: Heavier than air
Flash Point: Non-applicable (decomposes before flash point is reached)
Autoignition Temperature: Not applicable
Reactivity: Highly reactive and oxidizing
Stability: Decomposes over time, particularly in the presence of light and heat
Corrosivity: Corrosive to metals
Compatibility: Compatible with many materials, but may react with certain metals
Biodegradability: Biodegradable into acetic acid, water, and oxygen
Toxicity: Moderately toxic; can cause skin and eye irritation
Flammability: Non-flammable
Explosive Properties: Not explosive
Oxidizing Properties: Strong oxidizing agent
Hygroscopicity: Absorbs moisture from the air
Decomposition Products: Acetic acid, water, oxygen



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation or redness persists, seek medical attention.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Flush eyes with gentle flowing water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or pain persists.
Remove contact lenses if easily removable after the first 5 minutes of rinsing.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water if the person is conscious and able to swallow.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If vomiting occurs spontaneously and the person is conscious, keep the head lower than the chest to prevent aspiration.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection if working in an area with airborne concentrations.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact and inhalation of vapors.
Use tools or utensils when handling PAA to minimize contact.

Good Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling PAA.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while working with the substance.

Emergency Equipment:
Ensure the availability of emergency eyewash stations and safety showers in areas where PAA is handled.
Familiarize personnel with the location and proper use of emergency equipment.

Spill Response:
In the event of a spill, follow appropriate spill response procedures outlined in the product's SDS.
Use absorbent materials to contain and clean up spills promptly.

Storage Compatibility:
Store PAA away from incompatible substances, such as strong reducing agents, organic materials, and flammable liquids.
Do not store with food, feed, or other consumables.

Labeling and Identification:
Ensure containers are properly labeled with the correct product name, hazard information, and safety precautions.
Clearly mark storage areas for easy identification.

Training:
Provide training to personnel handling PAA on the proper procedures, hazards, and emergency response protocols.

Equipment Inspection:
Regularly inspect and maintain equipment used for handling PAA to ensure proper functioning.
Repair or replace damaged equipment promptly.


Storage:

Storage Temperature:
Store PAA in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Avoid extreme temperatures that could lead to decomposition or changes in properties.

Ventilation in Storage Areas:
Ensure adequate ventilation in storage areas to prevent the buildup of vapors.
Use mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Separation from Incompatible Materials:
Store PAA away from incompatible materials, including strong reducing agents, organic materials, and flammable liquids.
Follow guidelines for segregation of chemicals.

Storage Containers:
Use containers made of materials compatible with PAA.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and exposure.

Segregation from Food and Feed:
Segregate PAA storage areas from areas used for storing food, feed, or consumables.
Prevent cross-contamination.

Storage Height:
Store containers at a height that minimizes the risk of damage and facilitates easy inspection.

Fire Prevention:
Keep PAA away from ignition sources, and do not store near open flames or heat-producing equipment.
Follow fire prevention measures in accordance with local regulations.

Shelf Life Monitoring:
Monitor and manage inventory to ensure that older stock is used first (first-in, first-out principle).
Regularly check the shelf life of PAA and replace expired stock.



SYNONYMS


Peroxyacetic acid
Ethaneperoxoic acid
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Acetyl peroxide
Acetic peracid
Peroxyacetyl acid
Acetic acid, peroxy-
Acetyl peroxy acid
Peroxycarboxylic acid
Peracetyl acid
Ethaneperoxoic acid
Peracetylsäure (German)
Perossiacido acetico (Italian)
Ácido peroxiacético (Spanish)
Perazijnzuur (Dutch)
PAA
EPA (abbreviation of ethaneperoxoic acid)
PA
AO
Peroxyethanoic acid
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Acetyl peracetic acid
Peroxyacetyl acid
Peroxyacetic acid
Ethylidene peracetic acid
Ethylidene peroxyacetic acid
Ethaneperoxoic acid
Acetyl peroxy acid
Peroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid peroxy derivative
Acetyloxyl hydroperoxide
Peracetylsaeure (German)
Ácido peroxiacético (Spanish)
Peroxyacétique, acide (French)
Peroxyazijnzuur (Dutch)
Acide peracétique (French)
Peroxycarboxylic acid
Acide peroxycarboxylique (French)
Acido peracetico (Italian)
Ácido peroxyacético (Spanish)
Perossiacido acetico (Italian)
Peroxyoctanoic acid
PAA acid
Peroxyacetic acid solution
Peroxycetic acid
Peroxyacetic acid
Peroxyethanoic acid
Peroxidized acetic acid
Peroxyacetyl acid
Acetyl peroxide
Acetoxy hydroperoxide
Acetic acid peroxide
Peroxyacetyl
Peroxidized acetyl
Peroxyacetic acid anhydride
Ethanoic peroxide
Acetyl peracetyl peroxide
Peracetyl hydroperoxide
Ethylidene peroxyacetic acid
Peroxyacetic acid anhydride
Ethylidene acetyl hydroperoxide
Peroxy acetic anhydride
Peroxyacetic acid perhydrate
Peroxyacetyl hydroxide
Peroxyacetic acid, aqueous solution
Peroxyacetic acid, stabilized
Peracetic acid anhydride
Acetic acid, peroxy-, sodium salt
Peroxyethanoic acid, sodium salt
PERACETIC ACID
Peroxyacetic acid
Ethaneperoxoic acid
79-21-0
Estosteril
Acetic peroxide
Peroxoacetic acid
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Monoperacetic acid
Osbon AC
Proxitane 4002
Desoxon 1
Ethaneperoxic acid
Hydroperoxide, acetyl
Acide peracetique
Acido peroxiacetico
Acecide
Proxitane
Caswell No. 644
Peroxy acetic acid
Acide peroxyacetique
Kyselina peroxyoctova
CCRIS 686
HSDB 1106
UNII-I6KPI2E1HD
I6KPI2E1HD
peroxy-acetic acid
EINECS 201-186-8
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063201
BRN 1098464
DTXSID1025853
CHEMBL444965
DTXCID805853
CHEBI:42530
EC 201-186-8
4-02-00-00390 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
NCGC00166305-01
PERACETIC ACID (MART.)
PERACETIC ACID [MART.]

PERACETIC ACID 15 Peracetic acid 15 Jump to navigationJump to search Peracetic acid 15 Peroxyacetic acid Peroxyacetic acid Names Preferred IUPAC name Ethaneperoxoic acid[1] Other names Peroxyacetic acid Acetic peroxide Acetyl hydroperoxide Proxitane Identifiers CAS Number 79-21-0 check 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Abbreviations PAA ChEMBL ChEMBL444965 check ChemSpider 6336 check ECHA InfoCard 100.001.079 Edit this at Wikidata EC Number 201-186-8 KEGG D03467 check PubChem CID 6585 RTECS number SD8750000 UNII I6KPI2E1HD check UN number 3107 3105 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID1025853 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C2H4O3 Molar mass 76.05 g/mol Appearance Colorless liquid Density 1.0375 g/mL Melting point 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)[2] Boiling point 105 °C (221 °F; 378 K) 25 C @ (1.6 kPa)[2] Acidity (pKa) 8.2 Refractive index (nD) 1.3974 (589 nm, 20 °C)[2] Viscosity 3.280 cP Pharmacology ATCvet code QG51AD03 (WHO) Hazards GHS pictograms GHS02: FlammableGHS05: CorrosiveGHS07: HarmfulGHS09: Environmental hazard GHS Signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H226, H242, H302, H312, H314, H332, H400 GHS precautionary statements P210, P220, P233, P234, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+312, P301+330+331, P302+352, P303+361+353, P304+312, P304+340, P305+351+338, P310, P312, P321 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 232OX Flash point 40.5 °C (104.9 °F; 313.6 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). check verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Peracetic acid 15 (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H. This organic peroxide is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid. It can be highly corrosive. Peracetic acid 15 is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.[2] Contents 1 Production 2 Uses 2.1 Epoxidation 3 Safety 4 See also 5 References Production Peracetic acid 15 is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:[2] O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H It forms upon treatment of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a strong acid catalyst:[3] H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content. Peracetic acid 15 is generated in situ by some laundry detergents. This route involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution. The Peracetic acid 15 is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.[4][5] PAA is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.[6] Peracetic acid 15 is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability. The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary. Uses The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered Peracetic acid 15 as an antimicrobial in 1985 for indoor use on hard surfaces. Use sites include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms. Peracetic acid 15 is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.[7] It is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant. Peracetic acid 15 can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria. A trade name for Peracetic acid 15 as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.[8] In the European Union, Peroxyacetic acid was reported by the EFSA after submission in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture .[9] Decontamination kits for cleaning fentanyl analogues from surfaces (as used by many police forces, amongst others) often contain solid peracetyl borate, which mixes with water to produce Peracetic acid 15.[10] Epoxidation Although less active than more acidic peracids (e.g., m-CPBA), Peracetic acid 15 in various forms is used for the epoxidation of various alkenes. Useful application are for unsaturated fats, synthetic and natural rubbers, and some natural products such as pinene. A variety of factors affect the amount of free acid or sulfuric acid (used to prepare the peracid in the first place).[11] Safety Peracetic acid 15 is a strong oxidizing agent and severe irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published the following Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL):[12] eight-hour TWA AEGL Definition mg/m3 ppm 1 The concentration at which the general population will experience transient and reversible problems, such as notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. 0.52 0.17 2 The concentration that results in irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. 1.6 0.52 3 The concentration that results in life-threatening health effects or death 4.1 1.3 See also Disinfectant Hydroxyl Organic peroxide Peroxy acid TrifluoroPeracetic acid 15 Peracetic acid 15 (CAS No. 79-21-0), also known as peroxyacetic acid or PAA, is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment. Peracetic acid 15 has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals. Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, Peracetic acid 15 is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water. For the food and healthcare industries, Peracetic acid 15 is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use. Many users know Peracetic acid 15 to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water. However, industrial hygienists recognize that it is also highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer, and exposure to Peracetic acid 15 can severely irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. MANY ADVANTAGES “I’ve never seen a chemical whose applications cross over from food and beverage to wastewater,” says Debbie Dietrich, CIH, senior vice president of sales and marketing and corporate industrial hygienist at SKC Inc. “From an industrial standpoint, there are so many advantages to Peracetic acid 15: it’s easy to apply and it doesn’t leave any toxic residues.” Dietrich, who first learned about Peracetic acid 15 from the AIHA Healthcare Working Group, was surprised to find that the use of the compound extends far beyond the healthcare industry, where it’s primarily used as a chemical disinfectant. Outside of hospitals, Peracetic acid 15 has a wide variety of applications, including as a preventive additive to control bacteria such as Legionella in cooling towers and as a biocide to inhibit microbes in wastewater treatment. It’s even used for bleaching and wastewater treatment in the pulp and paper industry. In the food industry, Peracetic acid 15 is an effective antimicrobial used during poultry processing, to wash fresh produce, to sanitize surfaces, and more. Christine R. Knezevich, CIH, an industrial hygienist for the U.S. Air Force who has previous experience working in the food industry and for a manufacturer/distributor of Peracetic acid 15, agrees that the compound has many advantages. “What’s so wonderful is it’s no-rinse,” Knezevich, a former Safe Quality Food (SQF) practitioner, explains. She adds that because Peracetic acid 15 functions well at cold temperatures it can be used effectively in freezers and coolers where meat processing occurs. And some Peracetic acid 15 products can be used for more than one task. “The great thing about Peracetic acid 15 is that depending on the product registration and instructions for use, you can use it for multiple purposes: as a sanitizer, a disinfectant, or a sterilizer,” she explains. “Many times, it’s just a matter of the contact time and the concentration.” According to Knezevich, Peracetic acid 15 doesn’t pose an issue for facilities with water discharge permits under EPA’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The chemical compound is found on the agency’s Safer Chemical Ingredients List as an antimicrobial active that EPA has “verified to be of low concern based on experimental and modeled data.” Peracetic acid 15 is especially attractive to companies who are under pressure to use greener chemicals—particularly those that are certified under the ISO 14001 Environment Management System standard. Knezevich explains that large companies evaluate suppliers based on these “green” requirements. HAZARDS The International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC) for stabilized Peracetic acid 15 warns of short-term exposure effects, noting that “the substance is corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract.” Symptoms of acute exposure may include cough, labored breathing, and shortness of breath; skin redness, pain, and blisters; and “severe deep burns” in the eyes, according to the ICSC, which is available on NIOSH’s website. While Peracetic acid 15 is highly irritating to those who work with it—manufacturing workers are most at risk, along with chemists studying the compound—Knezevich maintains that the primary concern associated with Peracetic acid 15 is that it’s a strong oxidizer. “Our major concerns were actually the fire and explosion hazards and reactivity issues,” she says, explaining that Peracetic acid 15 reacts violently with soft metals such as brass, copper, iron, and zinc. And at concentrations of 15 percent or higher, a major chemical manufacturer, FMC Corporation, recommends explosion-proof equipment. But for products containing concentrations of Peracetic acid 15 of five percent or less, which is what the majority of industries are dealing with, the biggest worry is that the compound will come into contact with the wrong type of metal, says Knezevich. She describes a mishap in which a galvanized steel dip tube was installed through the bung of a 55-gallon drum of a solution containing Peracetic acid 15. The drum was laid horizontally in its cradle over the weekend so it would be ready for use the following week. The soft metals of the dip tube reacted with the Peracetic acid 15, resulting in a buildup of oxygen gas. Sometime over the weekend, the drum ruptured from the heat and pressure of the reaction, releasing its contents onto the floor. Had staff been in the facility during that time, they likely would have noticed something was wrong. “They would have noticed that it was starting to bulge or foam,” Knezevich says. “I’ve worked for chemical companies that made products with peroxide, and, believe me—you’ll know when something has gone wrong.” Workplaces using Peracetic acid 15 at lower concentrations will preferably have some type of chemical metering pump system in place to minimize exposures to workers. During a roundtable presentation on surface disinfectants at AIHce 2013, Knezevich described how such a system can be set up in a space such as a janitor’s closet and be used to add water to concentrated Peracetic acid 15 products. Figure 1 depicts an example of a dispensing system. Some companies that sell Peracetic acid 15 products will also help set up and train workers on chemical dispensing equipment. Editor’s note: The mention of specific products, companies, or services does not constitute endorsement by AIHA® or The Synergist®. img_201612-feat1fig1 Figure 1. Chemical metering pump system that works by chemical proportioning through Dosatron pumps (left) and the transferring of chemicals through air pumps (right). Knezevich stresses the importance of employee training and safety precautions when dealing with Peracetic acid 15. “Worker education doesn’t end with the people handling [the Peracetic acid 15],” she says. “If you have personnel doing maintenance work, they have to understand what can and cannot be used with that system.” Knezevich prefers annual training to ensure that employees fully understand the hazards of Peracetic acid 15. Workers and others handling products containing Peracetic acid 15 should also be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use on technical information sheets that accompany each product. These sheets provide directions for use, including instructions for diluting the product, if necessary; chemical characteristics; safety and handling; and storage and disposal. EXPOSURE LIMITS While OSHA does not currently have a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Peracetic acid 15, IH and OEHS professionals are not entirely without guidance. In 2014, ACGIH adopted a Threshold Limit Value–Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) for Peracetic acid 15 of 0.4 ppm (1.24 mg/m3) as a 15-minute time-weighted average (TWA) exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during a workday. The ACGIH STEL value carries the Inhalable Fraction and Vapor (IFV) endnote, which indicates that Peracetic acid 15 “may be present in both particle and vapor phases” and signals IHs to consider both phases when assessing exposures. The adverse health effects on which the TLV-STEL is based are upper respiratory tract, eye, and skin irritation. In 2010, the technical documentation supporting an Acute Exposure Guideline Level (AEGL) for Peracetic acid 15 was published in the eighth volume of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals published by the National Academies Press. AEGLs, or exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur, set threshold exposure limits for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes to eight hours. They are established at three levels, with AEGL-1 representing the least severe toxic effects caused by exposure and AEGL-3 representing a level of exposure that could cause life-threatening health effects or death. The AEGL-2 for Peracetic acid 15, which indicates the level at which exposure could cause serious, long-lasting adverse health effects, is 0.5 ppm (1.6 mg/m3). A table outlining all AEGLs for Peracetic acid 15 is published on EPA’s website. Most recently, this past August NIOSH reopened for comment its draft Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) value profile for Peracetic acid 15. The profile summarizes the health hazards of acute exposures to high airborne concentrations of Peracetic acid 15 and discusses the rationale for the proposed IDLH value. The draft document lists the IDLH value for Peracetic acid 15 as 0.64 ppm (1.7 mg/m3). The agency does not currently have a recommended exposure limit (REL) for the compound. Exposure guidelines for Peracetic acid 15 are limited, but Knezevich notes that because it’s most often sold as a mixture with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, there are other ways for IHs to measure worker exposure to those chemicals. “You simply don’t have a limit for Peracetic acid 15, so the next step is to look at what else is in the mixture,” she says. Workplaces using Peracetic acid 15 at lower concentrations will preferably have some type of chemical metering pump system in place to minimize exposures to workers. Fortunately, the OSHA PELs, ACGIH TLVs, and NIOSH RELs cover both hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. All three organizations have set their respective exposure limits at 1 ppm, or 1.4 mg/m3 TWA, for hydrogen peroxide. ACGIH notes that hydrogen peroxide is a “confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.” The PEL, TLV, and REL for acetic acid are all set at 10 ppm, or 25 mg/m3 TWA. ACGIH and NIOSH both adopted a STEL for acetic acid at 15 ppm, or 37 mg/m3. SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS The only method currently available for sampling Peracetic acid 15 was published in 2004 by the Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), a French research organization similar to NIOSH. The INRS method is for the simultaneous collection of Peracetic acid 15 and hydrogen peroxide because the two are found together in solutions. It took U.S. laboratories some time to begin analyzing samples using this method, but growing interest spurred several AIHA-accredited labs to offer the analysis over time, Dietrich says. SKC offers the media for the French method—two-section and single sorbent tubes for sampling Peracetic acid 15, preceded by a treated glass filter for hydrogen peroxide. Bureau Veritas has been offering analysis for Peracetic acid 15 for at least two or three years. Kristine Kurtz, PhD, a department supervisor who is involved in method development and validation at Bureau Veritas’ Novi, Mich., laboratory, says that her lab analyzes five to ten samples a week for Peracetic acid 15. Kurtz explains that most people use the two-section sorbent tubes for collection and that the media is silica gel that’s been treated with methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, or MTSO. “During collection, the peroxyacetic acid oxidizes the MTSO from the sulfoxide into the sulfone, so the actual analyte that we’re dealing with is the oxidation product, or MTSOO,” Kurtz says. “In order to report out results as peroxyacetic acid, we use a conversion factor to convert the oxidation product that we’re actually using in the analysis back to peroxyacetic acid.” Dietrich says that when the media was first developed, laboratory professionals and others approached SKC with two concerns. One was that the method might not be accurately capturing the Peracetic acid 15. “Results were coming out as below the ACGIH TLV-STEL, but workers were still complaining of irritation,” she says. Another concern was that the background level on the sampling media was too high. Dietrich says that SKC put the media on hold to investigate the concerns with laboratory partners. SKC ultimately found a different reagent to lower the background levels of the company’s sorbent tube and worked with laboratory partners to verify that the INRS method worked with the media available. Kurtz says the improved media has allowed her laboratory to lower its reporting limit for Peracetic acid 15 to 5 micrograms. Both Dietrich and Kurtz stress the importance of using a flow rate of at least 1 L/min when using a filter and tube in series to sample for these chemicals. “Our tests showed that the method was capturing the chemical as long as you kept the flow rate at 1 liter per minute,” Dietrich says. “And it’s not easy—a lot of sampling pumps really struggle to pull 1 liter per minute through this sampling media because it has a very high pressure drop. Even if it drops to 800 milliliters per minute, you will see a drop in the recovery.” FUTURE SOLUTIONS In January, OSHA published Method 1019 for hydrogen peroxide based on the INRS sampling and analytical method for the chemical. OSHA Method 1019 uses the same filter media as the French INRS method and is available on OSHA’s website. Knezevich would like to see a PEL for Peracetic acid 15. She describes the balancing act that often challenges professionals who are responsible for health and safety as well as environmental issues. “We have this great product, and having more information on occupational exposure limits would help guide industrial hygienists” who currently rely mostly on their professional judgment in terms of Peracetic acid 15, she says. “How do you find something that’s safe for workers, effective, and doesn’t cause any environmental effects?” Dietrich is hopeful that new solutions related to Peracetic acid 15 are forthcoming, citing how government agencies, practitioners, and vendors collaborate when there are industrial hygiene problems to solve. “The global IH profession has once again come together to address the hazards of Peracetic acid 15,” Dietrich says. “Everybody’s working to ensure that workers are safe when dealing with this chemical that has so many uses and so many advantages.”

PEROXYACETIC ACID; Ethaneperoxoic Acid; Acetyl Hydroperoxide; Peracetic acid, solution; Peressigsäure; ácido peracético; Acide peracétique CAS NO:79-21-0

Peracetic acid 15% is a colorless liquid with a low pH value.
Peracetic acid 15% has a strong pungent smell like vinegar.
Peracetic acid 15%, also known as peroxyacetic acid, is a chemical compound that is used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, and sterilant in various industrial and healthcare applications.

CAS Number: 79-21-0
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05
EINECS Number: 201-186-8

Peracetic acid 15% destroys pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi.
Peracetic acid 15% breaks down into ecologically harmless components, making it a popular environmentally-friendly alternative disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% is a disinfectant chemical used by hospitals and the food processing industry.

The "15%" you mentioned indicates the concentration of peracetic acid in the solution.
In this case, it's a 15% peracetic acid solution.
Peracetic acid 15% is a fast-acting and fully biodegradable biocide, sanitiser and antimicrobial.

Peracetic acid 15% is very effective for killing microscopic organisms hiding in and on surfaces, but it decomposes to acetic acid, the acid in vinegar, and thus leaves no harmful residues on the food.
Peracetic acid 15% is a colorless liquid, highly reactive and has a strong vinegar.
Peracetic acid 15% is a peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group.

Peracetic acid 15% is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% has a role as an oxidising agent and a disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% is functionally related to an acetic acid.

Peracetic acid 15%, colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Peracetic acid 15% is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.

Peracetic acid 15% (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is a organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
Peracetic acid 15% peroxide is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peracetic acid 15% can be highly corrosive.

Peracetic acid 15% was favored by water and wastewater industries for disinfection until several harmful disinfection by-products were discovered in chlorinated water.
Studies were done to find and eliminate disinfection byproduct precursors and look for an alternative disinfectant, which turned out to be Peracetic acid 15%, or PAA.
Peracetic acid 15% is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution.

Peracetic acid 15% is the principle component of vinegar.
Hydrogen peroxide has been previously recommended by the NOSB for the National List in processing (synthetic, allowed at Austin, 1995).
Peracetic acid 15% is a chemical product belonging to peroxide compounds such as hydrogen peroxide.

However, unlike hydrogen peroxide, Peracetic acid 15% is a more potent antimicrobial agent.
Peracetic acid 15% has high germicidal efficiency and sterilizing capability, and its degradation residuals are not dangerous to the environment or toxic to human health.
Until 1960, peracetic acid was of special interest to the food processing industry and actually was considered the only agent able to replace glutaraldehyde in the sterilization of surgical, medical, and odontoiatry instruments.

The actual core medical applications of peracetic acid are its potent antimicrobial action, also at low temperatures, and the total absence of toxic residuals.
Peracetic acid 15% is developed through a reactive process involving acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Peracetic acid 15% is available in various commercial formulations ranging from 5% to 15%.

Those looking for a stronger, high-activity oxidizing disinfectant can opt for peracetic acid 15%.
Peracetic acid 15% is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Peracetic acid 15% is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.

An aqueous equilibrium solution containing peracetic acid, Hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and special stabilizers.
Peracetic acid 15% is considered environmentally safe since it decomposes to acetic acid and oxygen.
Peracetic acid 15% is completely biodegradeable.

Peracetic acid 15% is a highly effective oxidising disinfectant for use on processing equipment throughout the processed food industry as well as in breweries, dairies and soft drinks plants.
Peracetic acid 15% is non-foaming and has excellent rinsing properties and therefore is suitable for CIP applications.
Peracetic acid 15%, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid blend.

Peracetic acid 15% is an organic peroxide based, colorless liquid with a low pH and a strong, pungent, vinegar-like odor.
In the concentrated form it is highly corrosive and unstable.
Peracetic acid 15% is formed from the reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

Peracetic acid 15% products contain all three chemicals in an aqueous solution often with stabilizers added.
The concentration of Peracetic acid 15% as the active ingredient, as well as the mixture of the other ingredients, can vary widely.
Peracetic acid 15%, also known as peroxyacetic acid or PAA, is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment.

Peracetic acid 15% has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals.
Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, peracetic acid is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water.
For the food and healthcare industries, peracetic acid is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use.

Many users know peracetic acid to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water.
However, industrial hygienists recognize that Peracetic acid 15% is also highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer, and exposure to peracetic acid can severely irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.
Peracetic acid 15% is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.

Peracetic acid 15% is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peracetic acid 15% can be highly corrosive.
Peracetic acid 15% is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.

Peracetic acid 15% is effective at killing a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.
Peracetic acid 15% is used to disinfect and sanitize surfaces, equipment, and water in various settings, including food processing, healthcare facilities, and the agricultural industry.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in some sterilization processes, especially in healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.

Peracetic acid 15% can be used for sterilizing medical equipment and certain pharmaceutical products.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in wastewater treatment to disinfect and eliminate harmful microorganisms before discharging treated water into the environment.
Peracetic acid 15% is used as a sanitizer in food processing and packaging, ensuring the safety of food products by reducing the risk of microbial contamination.

Peracetic acid 15% is a potent oxidizing agent, which means it can break down organic matter and pathogens effectively.
However, this property also makes it potentially corrosive and harmful if not used correctly.
Peracetic acid 15%, it's essential to follow safety guidelines and wear appropriate personal protective equipment, as it can be corrosive and potentially hazardous if not handled properly.

Peroxyacetic acid’s, also known as Peracetic acid “PAA”, process and production were issued a US and UK patent to FMC Corporation on March 11, 1969 (US Patent # 3,432,546).
The process utilized a reactor tube vessel to blend Acetic anhydride, Hydrogen peroxide, and an Ammonia catalyst to carefully control and create an equilibrium mixture that had unique oxidative biocide properties.

The Peracetic acid 15% molecule is the one that imparts the microbiocidal activity to the mixture, and its actual concentration is the one that is diluted down for a variety of sanitizer, disinfectant, and sterilant applications in various markets.
To this day, all commercial versions of liquid Peracetic acid concentrates are an equilibrium mixture of these 3 molecules, many times including a stabilizer (ex. Sulfuric acid).
Peracetic acid 15% mixtures can contain from roughly 5% PAA up to 35% PAA with each PAA concentration having a variety of Acetic acid and Peroxide concentrations.

Melting point: -44 °C
Boiling point: 105 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor pressure: Low
refractive index: n20/D 1.391
Flash point: 41 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
pka: 8.2(at 25℃)
color: Colorless liquid
Odor:Acrid odor
Water Solubility: soluble, >=10 g/100 mL at 19 ºC
Merck: 13,7229
BRN: 1098464
Stability: Unstable - may explode on heating. May react violently with organic materials.: Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, acetic anhydride, alkenes, organics.
LogP: -0.26 at 20℃

For storage and stability along with application concerns, the Peroxide concentration in the Peracetic acid 15% is more critical than the Acetic acid.
This is because due to the Peroxide moiety, the stored Peracetic acid 15% concentrate will generate Oxygen.
That is why any manufacturer of Peracetic acid 15% must utilize a vented container and prohibit any flame, smoking or electrical sparks that may ignite the flammable Oxygen generated by the PAA concentrate.

Peracids such as Peracetic acid 15% are strong oxidizing agents and react exothermically with easily oxidized substrates.
In some cases the heat of reaction can be sufficient to induce ignition, at which point combustion is accelerated by the presence of the peracid.
Violent reactions may potentially occur, for example, with ethers, metal chloride solutions, olefins, and some alcohols and ketones.

Shock-sensitive peroxides may be generated by the action of peracids on these substances as well as on carboxylic anhydrides.
Some metal ions, including iron, copper, cobalt, chromium, and manganese, may cause runaway peroxide decomposition.
Peracetic acid 15% is also reportedly sensitive to light.

Peracetic acid 15% is typically a colorless liquid with a faint, vinegar-like odor.
Peracetic acid 15%s lack of strong color and odor makes it suitable for use in a wide range of applications.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for the high-level disinfection of medical devices and instruments that cannot withstand heat sterilization.

Peracetic acid 15% is particularly effective against bacterial spores and is commonly used in healthcare settings.
The effectiveness of peracetic acid as a disinfectant depends on the contact time.
Peracetic acid 15%'s important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for the appropriate contact time to achieve proper disinfection.

Peracetic acid 15% is generally compatible with a wide range of materials and surfaces, but some plastics and elastomers may be sensitive to it.
Peracetic acid 15%'s important to check material compatibility when using peracetic acid for disinfection.
The concentration of peracetic acid solutions can vary based on the intended use.

Solutions can range from a few percent to more concentrated formulations.
Different concentrations may be used for different purposes.
Peracetic acid 15% is known for its biodegradability, and the breakdown products (acetic acid and oxygen) are environmentally benign, making it a more sustainable disinfection choice in certain applications.

Proper storage of Peracetic acid 15% solutions is essential.
They should be stored in well-ventilated areas, away from incompatible substances, and in containers that are resistant to PAA.
Anyone handling or working with peracetic acid should receive adequate training on safe handling procedures and emergency response measures.

In many countries, the use of Peracetic acid 15% is subject to regulatory oversight, and users should be familiar with and comply with relevant regulations and guidelines.
Facilities where Peracetic acid 15% is used should have appropriate emergency response plans in case of spills or accidents, and first-aid measures should be readily available.
When using peracetic acid in water treatment applications, Peracetic acid 15%'s important to ensure that monitoring equipment is compatible with the chemical to accurately measure its concentration and effectiveness.

Excess Peracetic acid 15% and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Peracetic acid 15%s may be incompatible with other flammable mixed chemical waste; for example, shock-sensitive peroxides can be generated by reaction with some ethers such as THF and diethyl ether.
Peracetic acid 15% is a versatile oxidizing agent that dissolves easily in water and decomposes into non-toxic by-products.

Evonik is one of the leading producers of Peracetic acid 15% and has developed a wide offering of high quality products, ranging in concentration from 5% to 40% peracetic acid in equilibrium solution.
The different concentrations are used in chemical synthesis, bleaching, sanitization, disinfection, hygiene and sterilization across a variety of industries, including food and beverage such as fruit and vegetable processing, poultry processing, environmental remediation, industrial cleaning and sanitization, and oil and gas production.

Peracetic acid 15% is a strong and robust sanitizer as well as an organic formulation that is also environmentally friendly.
This highly effective oxidizing agent has numerous applications ranging from sanitation to disinfection and sterilization.
Peracetic acid 15% is not stable and can decompose into acetic acid (vinegar), oxygen, and water over time.

This decomposition makes it a more environmentally friendly disinfectant compared to some other chemicals because it leaves behind minimal residues.
Unlike some disinfectants like chlorine-based compounds, Peracetic acid 15% does not produce harmful chlorinated byproducts when used for water treatment and disinfection.
Peracetic acid 15% can be applied in various forms, including liquid solutions, solid tablets, and gas forms, depending on the specific disinfection or sterilization needs.

When used as directed and with the appropriate contact time, Peracetic acid 15% typically leaves little to no harmful chemical residues on surfaces or in treated water, which can be a desirable feature in certain applications.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in the agricultural sector for disinfection in animal health, such as in poultry and livestock facilities, as well as for treating water in irrigation systems.

In healthcare, Peracetic acid 15% can be used for sterilizing medical equipment, particularly endoscopes and surgical instruments, to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
Peracetic acid 15% is commonly used for sanitizing food contact surfaces and equipment in food processing and packaging facilities, ensuring food safety.
Peracetic acid 15% can be used to disinfect and treat water in swimming pools, cooling towers, and other water systems to prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms.

Peracetic acid 15% is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses, making it a versatile and powerful disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% users of peracetic acid solutions should be aware of local regulations and guidelines governing its use and handling, particularly in food processing, healthcare, and water treatment.

Production Methods:
Peracetic acid 15% is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution.
Peracetic acid 15% is a very strong oxidizing agent and has stronger oxidation potential than chlorine or chlorine dioxide.
Liquid, clear, and colorless with no foaming capability.

Peracetic acid 15% has a strong pungent acetic acid odor, and the pH is acid.
Peracetic acid 15% is produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
The reaction is allowed to continue for up to 10 days in order to achieve high yields of product.

Additional methods of preparation involve the oxidation of acetaldehyde or alternatively as an end product of the reaction of acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid.
Another method involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution.
Peracetic acid 15% is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:

O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
In the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide produce peracetic acid:
H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O
However, in concentrations (3-6%) of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide marketed for household use, mixing without a strong acid catalyst will not form peracetic acid.

As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.
Peracetic acid 15% is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.
This is achieved by the action of bleach activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, upon hydrogen peroxide formed from sodium percarbonate in water.

The Peracetic acid 15% is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
Peracetic acid 15% is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.
Peracetic acid 15% is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability. The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary.

Uses:
Peracetic acid 15% is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Other release to the environment of Peracetic acid 15% is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Environmentally friendly biocide; disinfectant in the food and beverage industry; bleaching agent for textiles and paper.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered peracetic acid as an antimicrobial in 1986 for indoor use on hard surfaces.
Peracetic acid 15% use sites include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms.
Peracetic acid 15% is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.

Peracetic acid 15% is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria.
A trade name for Peracetic acid 15% as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.

In the European Union, peroxyacetic acid was reported by the EFSA after submission in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture.
Decontamination kits for cleaning fentanyl analogues from surfaces (as used by many police forces, amongst others) often contain solid peracetyl borate, which mixes with water to produce peracetic acid.
Peracetic acid 15% is utilized to disinfect poultry houses, equipment, and egg processing facilities, helping to control the spread of diseases and maintain the health of birds and the safety of eggs.

Peracetic acid 15% is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), paper chemicals and dyes and water treatment chemicals.
Release to the environment of Peracetic acid 15% can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
In aquaculture, Peracetic acid 15% can be used to disinfect water and equipment, particularly in fish and shrimp farming, to prevent disease outbreaks.

Peracetic acid 15% is used to control microbial growth in cooling water systems of industrial facilities, which can help improve the efficiency of these systems and reduce the risk of corrosion and fouling.
Peracetic acid 15% is sometimes used for the disinfection and sterilization of dental instruments and equipment in dental clinics.
In emergency situations or for outdoor recreational activities, Peracetic acid 15% can be used to disinfect drinking water to make it safe for consumption.

Peracetic acid 15% is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes and perfumes and fragrances.
Peracetic acid 15% has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Peracetic acid 15% is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.

Peracetic acid 15% is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and food products.
Release to the environment of Peracetic acid 15% can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Peracetic acid 15% can be used for surface sanitization in various settings, including healthcare facilities, food service, and food preparation areas.

Peracetic acid 15% may be used in the oil and gas industry to control microbial growth in water systems and pipelines, preventing the formation of biofilm and microbial-related issues.
In some cases, Peracetic acid 15% is employed for disinfecting and decontaminating heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to improve indoor air quality.
Some household disinfectants contain Peracetic acid 15% as an active ingredient for effective disinfection and sanitization of surfaces in homes.

Peracetic acid 15% is used for the sterilization and decontamination of biological safety cabinets and laboratory equipment in research and healthcare settings.
Peracetic acid 15% is used as an epoxidizingagent, for bleaching, as a germicide and fungicide, and in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
Peracetic acid 15%s solution Dialox is used as a cleansing andsterilizing agent in the reuse of highly permeable dialyzers.

Peracetic acid 15% asa local antiseptic in healing war wounds.Oxidative degradation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by peroxy acid in contaminated soils has been effectively achieved(N’Guessan et al. 2004).
Peracetic acid 15% is widely used to sterilize equipment, containers, production pipes, and storage at dairy and ice cream plants, breweries, and wineries.
Peracetic acid 15% is a safe decontaminator, and this is why it is a part of food and beverage processing. Fruits, vegetables, consumption vessels, pipework, and other required equipment are sterilized using the disinfectant.

Poultry and meat processing plants also use peracetic acid 15% to keep their units, including their production line and transport, free from contamination.
Peracetic acid 15% is also suggested for water decontamination, raw fruit, starch, vegetable treatment, and hygienic packaging.
This microprocessor-controlled, low-temperature sterilization agent is a strong oxidizing disinfectant against a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

Peracetic acid 15% is active against many microorganisms, such as gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, spores, and yeast.
This ideal antimicrobial agent is primarily used in food processing and handling as a sanitizer for food contact surfaces.
Peracetic acid 15% is also used to disinfect medical supplies and prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries.

Peracetic acid 15% can be applied during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumbing disinfection.
Peracetic acid 15% is suitable for disinfecting cooling tower water and effectively prevents biofilm formation and controls Legionella bacteria.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for high-level disinfection and sterilization of medical devices and equipment in healthcare settings.

Peracetic acid 15% effectively kills a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and spores.
Peracetic acid 15% is used to disinfect items that cannot be heat-sterilized, such as endoscopes, surgical instruments, and dental equipment.
Peracetic acid 15% is employed as a sanitizer in the food processing industry.

Peracetic acid 15% helps ensure the safety of food products by reducing the risk of microbial contamination on surfaces, equipment, and packaging materials.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in fruit and vegetable washing, dairy processing, and in meat and poultry processing.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for the disinfection of water in various applications, such as cooling towers, swimming pools, and wastewater treatment.

Peracetic acid 15% helps control microbial growth, reduce biofilm formation, and eliminate harmful microorganisms in water systems.
Peracetic acid 15% is used to disinfect animal health facilities, including poultry and livestock barns, to control the spread of diseases and maintain the health of animals.
Peracetic acid 15% is also used to treat irrigation water for crop protection.

Peracetic acid 15% is utilized for disinfecting equipment, surfaces, and environments in veterinary practices to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in animals.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for sanitizing equipment and containers in the brewing and beverage industry to maintain the quality and safety of beverages.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for disinfection in the dairy industry to ensure the quality and safety of dairy products, including milk and cheese.

Peracetic acid 15% is employed for microbial control in paper manufacturing and water treatment processes.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for equipment and facility sterilization in the production of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in municipal wastewater treatment to disinfect effluent water before discharge into the environment, reducing the environmental impact of wastewater.

Peracetic acid 15% can help control microbial growth and reduce the formation of biofilm in cooling tower systems, which can improve the efficiency of cooling systems.
The organic chemical compound is used as a sustainable biocide for aseptic packaging of food and beverages, in cosmetics and for hair bleaching, for environmentally friendly water and wastewater treatment, for smart sustainable aquaculture solutions, for disinfection in agriculture, for chemical synthesis, for sterilization in hospital hygiene or for cleaning and disinfection of laundry and textiles.

Peracetic acid 15% is used in food and beverage industries as well as hospitals, health care and pharmaceutical facilities as an antimicrobial agent, surface cleaner and sanitizer.
In many meat and poultry establishments Peracetic acid 15% is used on carcasses, parts, trim and organs to reduce bacterial contamination and foot spoilage.
Peracetic acid 15% can be applied by a variety of methods including spray cabinet, dip tank, hand spray pump and chiller.

Safety Profile:
Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact.
Peracetic acid 15% a corrosive eye, sktn, and mucous membrane irritant.
Peracetic acid 15% questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data by skin contact.

Peracetic acid 15% severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical reaction.
Peracetic acid 15% explodes violently at 1 10°C. A powerful oxidizing agent.
Peracetic acid 15% violent reaction with ether solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether), metal chloride solutions (e.g., calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride), olefins, organic matter.

Health Hazard:
The acute toxicity of peracetic acid is low.
However, peracids are extremely irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Skin or eye contact with the 40% solution in acetic acid can cause serious burns.

Peracetic acid 15% inhalation of high concentrations of mists of peracetic acid solutions can lead to burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Peracetic acid 15% has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
There is some evidence that Peracetic acid 15% is a weak carcinogen from animal studies (mice).

Data on other peracids suggest Peracetic acid 15% may show the worst chronic and acute toxicity of this class of compounds.
Other commonly available peracids, such as Peracetic acid 15% and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) are less toxic, less volatile, and more easily handled than the parent substance.

Fire Hazard:
Peracetic acid 15% explodes when heated to 110 °C, and the pure compound is extremely shock sensitive.
Virtually all peracids are strong oxidizing agents and decompose explosively on heating.
Moreover, most peracids are highly flammable and can accelerate the combustion of other flammable materials if present in a fire.

Fires involving peracetic acid can be fought with water, dry chemical, or halon extinguishers.
Containers of Peracetic acid 15% heated in a fire may explode.
Decomposes violently at 230F.

When heated to decomposition, Peroxyacetic acid emits acrid smoke and fumes.
Runoff to sewer may create a fire or explosion hazard.
Peracetic acid 15% isolate from other stored material, particularly accelerators, oxidizers, and organic or flammable materials.

Storage:
Reactions involving large quantities of peracids should be carried out behind a safety shield.
Peracetic acid 15% should be used only in areas free of ignition sources and should be stored in tightly sealed containers in areas separate from oxidizable compounds and flammable substances.
Other commonly available peracids, such as Peracetic acid 15% and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), are less toxic, less volatile, and more easily handled than peracetic acid.

Synonyms:
PERACETIC ACID
Peroxyacetic acid
Ethaneperoxoic acid
79-21-0
Estosteril
Acetic peroxide
Peroxoacetic acid
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Monoperacetic acid
Osbon AC
Proxitane 4002
Desoxon 1
Ethaneperoxic acid
Hydroperoxide, acetyl
Acide peracetique
Acido peroxiacetico
Acecide
Proxitane
Caswell No. 644
Peroxy acetic acid
Acide peroxyacetique
Kyselina peroxyoctova
CCRIS 686
HSDB 1106
UNII-I6KPI2E1HD
I6KPI2E1HD
peroxy-acetic acid
EINECS 201-186-8
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063201
BRN 1098464
DTXSID1025853
CHEMBL444965
DTXCID805853
CHEBI:42530
EC 201-186-8
4-02-00-00390 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
NCGC00166305-01
PERACETIC ACID (MART.)
PERACETIC ACID [MART.]
Oxypel
Perethanoic Acid
Proxitane S
Acide peracetique [French]
Proxitane 12A
F50
Acide peroxyacetique [French]
Acido peroxiacetico [Spanish]
Kyselina peroxyoctova [Czech]
Proxitane 1507
LCAP
Ethanperoxsaure
Peressigsaure
Bactipal
Oxymaster
Soproper
Dialox
peractic acid
Peroxyessigsaure
Peroxyethansaure
Sekusept steril
Acetic peroxid
per-acetic acid
Acido peracetico
Peroxacetic acid
Acid, Peracetic
Peraflu D
acetic acid oxide
TLCUO Phytoncide
peroxyethanoic acid
PU US Phytoncide
Acid, Peroxyacetic
AcOOH
Acecide (TN)
Acid, Peroxyethanoic
GPES
JOYCARE
UNICARE
Wofasteril E 400
CLEAN WORKS
TLCUO LEMON
CARE PLUS
TLCUO PURE
PU US LEMON
PU US PURE
CH3CO2OH
WECLEAN C2 TLCUO
Ethaneperoxoic acid, 9CI
CH3C(O)OOH
BACTERIA ZERO PREMIUM
PERACETIC ACID [MI]
PERACETIC ACID [HSDB]
PERACETIC ACID [WHO-DD]
KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)
BLOWHALE DEODORANT SENITIZER
Tox21_112402
BDBM50266095
Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide [Forbidden]
AKOS015837803
DB14556
CAS-79-21-0
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 063201
D03467
EN300-173399
Dr.Vir Germ Peroxyacetic acid Multi-disinfectant
Q375140
Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide

Peractive AC White is substance of organic origin, environmentally friendly, high efficiency, safe for users.
Peractive AC White, commonly abbreviated as TAED, is an organic compound with the formula (CHC(O))NCHCHN(C(O)CH).
Peractive AC White is a synthetic chemical that often comes in the form of a white powder.


CAS Number: 10543-57-4
EC Number: 234-123-8
INCI/Chemical Name: Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED)
Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O4
Composition: Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine with carboxy methylcellulose
Chemical Composition: Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine with carboxy methylcellulose


Peractive AC White is activator of low-temperature (30 - 60 C) peroxide bleaching and disinfection.
Recommended of Peractive AC White input: 8 - 15% by weight of sodium percarbonate.
Peractive AC White comes as cream-colored granules.
Peractive AC White describes a range of effective bleach activators.


In combination with sodium percarbonate (SPC) or H2O2, they enable the removal of bleachable stains from fabrics and dishes at temperatures from 30 to 60°C.
Additionally they provide a high standard of hygiene in automatic dishwashing and laundry applications by the in-situ generation of peracetic acid.
Peractive AC White bleach activators are produced with high purity in a solvent-free process with water as only by-product.
They are safe for consumers and the environment, have a low toxicological / ecotoxicological profile and are readily biodegradable.


Peractive AC White describes a range of effective bleach activators.
In combination with sodium percarbonate (SPC) or H2O2, they enable the removal of bleachable stains from fabrics and dishes at temperatures from 30 to 60°C.
Additionally they provide a high standard of hygiene in automatic dishwashing and laundry applications by the in-situ generation of peracetic acid.
Peractive AC White is only for powder and tablet formulations - not suitable or stable in water-based formulations (only anhydrous)


Peractive AC White is especially environmentally friendly.
Peractive AC White is very safe and does not need to be treated when the environment after use is not like current detergents.
Peractive AC White, when combined with sodium percarbonate, creates a bleach-friendly, biodegradable and completely non-toxic substance to humans and the environment.
Peractive AC White, Tetraacetylethylenediamine, commonly abbreviated as TAED, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3C(O))2NCH2CH2N(C(O)CH3)2.


Peractive AC White is produced by acetylation of ethylenediamine.
Peractive AC White is a dicarboximide.
Peractive AC White has low aquatic ecotoxicity, non-irritating effects on the skin and eyes, and it is neither mutagenic nor teratogenic.


Peractive AC White has been included in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Safer Choice program.
At present, Peractive AC White is the principal bleach activator used in European laundry detergent formulations, with a substantial annual consumption.
Typical concentrations of Peractive AC White range from 1.4% to 13% in various products.


Peractive AC White has no irritating effects on skin and eyes.
Peractive AC White also does not give any indication of skin sensitization as a result of prolonged exposure, such as hand wash.
Peractive AC White is also not teratogenic or mutagenic.


Peractive AC White is essentially non-toxic and easily biodegradable.
Both Peractive AC White and its by-product DAED have low aquatic ecotoxicity and very low toxicity in all exposure routes.
TAED, TriAED, and DAED are all fully biodegradable and efficiently removed during wastewater treatment.


Peractive AC White reacts with the perhydroxyl anion HO2- in the presence of aqueous alkaline solution to prepare triacetylethylenediamine and diacetylethylenediamine with the release of peracetic acid, which is a fast acting bleaching agent.
Peractive AC White is used as a peroxide bleach activator in household detergents and for paper pulp.


Peractive AC White also serves as an important component of laundry detergents and bleaches, where it is used as an activator for active oxygen bleaching agents such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate and sodium persulfate.
Peractive AC White is produced by acetylation of ethylenediamine
Peractive AC White is off-white to beige granular powder.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
The high Peractive AC White/Sodium Pecarbonate ratio provides excellent protection against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria.
Peractive AC White eliminates unpleasant odors, which are the result of vital activity of microorganisms.
Peractive AC White is used as a bleaching activator in laundry detergents.
Peractive AC White is commonly used as a bleach activator in laundry detergents and for paper pulp.


Peractive AC White is used as a granulation aid.
Peractive AC White has used peroxide bleach activator for household detergents, paper pulp.
Other Applications of Peractive AC White: laundry detergents and automatic dishwashing detergents with normal and high bulk density.
Other uses of Peractive AC White include the production of paper pulp (bleaching of paper).


Peractive AC White can be found in automatic dishwasher formulations, as an active agent in common disinfectants, and as a sterilant in a variety of cleaners and solutions for medical use.
Peractive AC White reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form peracetic acid, which is a powerful color-safe bleaching agent and biocide.


The resulting compound features strong bactericidal, virucidal, and fungicidal properties, enabling Peractive AC White to disinfect and deodorize.
Peractive AC White’s also used as a surfactant in soap bars, light-duty detergents, and dishwashing detergents, as well as a delinting agent for cottonseed.
Peractive AC White can be added to lauryl sulfate-based liquid cleansers to help stabilize and improve foam formation.


Peractive AC White is used as a peroxide activator, it improves the washing efficiency and disinfection function of peroxide in low-temperature water.
Peractive AC White has excellent performance in low temperature bleaching and environmental protection with suitable price.
In detergents, when the content of Peractive AC White reaches 1.5% to 5.0%, the sodium perborate can exert its bleaching effect at normal temperature.


The combination of hydrogen peroxide and Peractive AC White is a new method for textile bleaching.
Peractive AC White not only reduces the bleaching temperature, but also achieves a good bleaching effect at low temperatures.
We use Peractive AC White in some of our laundry and dish products as a biodegradable activator for our oxygen-based bleaching agents.


We use Peractive AC White in products as a catalyst to enhance the speed of the reaction between the bleach agents and soil particles on dirty clothes or dishes.
This allows us to make our formulations much more concentrated, while also improving cleaning performance.
Peractive AC White has been used in cleaning products since the 1980s, however its usefulness has increased with the rise of High-Efficiency (HE) washing machines and dishwashers.


These HE machines use lower temperatures and less water to clean, which can contribute to conditions for increased microbial growth inside machines.
Regular use of Peractive AC White-containing detergents has been shown to help limit microbial growth inside machines to safer levels.
Though Peractive AC White is a synthetic ingredient, its low environmental impacts (low bioaccumulation, low toxicity to aquatic life, and biodegradability) contribute to this ingredient meeting our criteria for use in our products.


Peractive AC White is an activator of bleaching agents such as sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate in detergents
Peractive AC White enables clothes to be cleaned effectively and safely at lower temperatures, thereby reducing energy usage and minimizing environmental impact.
Peractive AC White reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form the powerful color-safe bleaching agent, stain remover, odor eliminator, and sanitizer that is largely non-toxic and readily biodegradable.


Peractive AC White removes a broad range of stains, such as tea, coffee and red wine through an oxidative process.
Peractive AC White is used as a mild oxidizing agent, the peracetic acid produced by Peractive AC White is safe for textile dyes and fibers verses sodium hypochlorite.
The optimum pH to use Peractive AC White is 9-11.
Peractive AC White is the safer alternative to bleach for colored fabrics.


Peractive AC White is an organic compound widely used as a bleach activator in laundry detergents.
Peractive AC White has an active role in the cleaning process, enabling safe and effective results in lower temperatures.
Peractive AC White is a vital component of laundry detergents as an alternative to “active oxygen” bleaching agents, from sodium perborate to urea peroxide.


While typical “active oxygen” agents work by releasing hydrogen peroxide during the wash cycle, that effect is only possible in temperatures below 60 °C (140 °F).
On the other hand, Peractive AC White and its ability to form peroxyacetic acid allow efficient cleaning and bleaching results in lower temperature wash cycles.
Powdered Peractive AC White can be easily stabilized by granulation, with the support of the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC).


Despite the comparably low solubility of Peractive AC White in cold water, the granules still effectively dissolve in the washing solution within a couple of minutes.
After starting the washing process, Peractive AC White melts easily and quickly in its entirety.
Peractive AC White's properties as a detergent component help with reducing energy usage, subsequently minimizing environmental impact in the process.
Peractive AC White’s also used as a surfactant in soap bars, light-duty detergents, and dishwashing detergents, as well as a delinting agent for cottonseed.


Peractive AC White can be added to lauryl sulfate-based liquid cleansers to help stabilize and improve foam formation.
As an antistatic agent, Peractive AC White can be found in plastics, such as polyethylene film for food packaging and rigid polyvinyl chloride.
In combination with metallic salts, Peractive AC White works as an antistatic for polystyrene and in impact-resistant rubber polystyrene blends.
Other uses of Peractive AC White include electric plating, shoe polish, printing ink, and more.


Peractive AC Whiteis a bleaching activator used mainly in detergents, additives for washing machines and dishwashers,
Peractive AC White, There is no need to heat the water as the reaction is active at room temperature which saves electricity when some washing machines and dishwashers have a heating function.
Peractive AC White is especially environmentally friendly. Because Peractive AC White is industrially produced in a closed process, the substances produced are 99.9% pure.


Peractive AC White is very safe and does not need to be treated when the environment after use is not like current detergents.
Peractive AC White, when combined with sodium percarbonate, creates a bleach-friendly, biodegradable and completely non-toxic substance to humans and the environment.
This white solid, Peractive AC White, is commonly used as a bleach activator in laundry detergents and for paper pulp.
Peractive AC White is an important compound of laundry detergents used as a substitute for “active oxygen” bleaching agents.


While commonly “active oxygen” agents work by liberating the hydrogen peroxide during the washing process, this consequence is only possible below 60 °C (140 °F) temperatures.
Peractive AC White and its capacity to make the peroxyacetic acid allow effective bleaching and cleaning during the washing process at lower temperature.
Peractive AC White has no irritating side effects on eyes, skin or any other part of human body.


Peractive AC White is used as a peroxide bleach activator in household detergents and for paper pulp.
Peractive AC White also serves as an important component of laundry detergents and bleaches, where it is used as an activator for active oxygen bleaching agents such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate and sodium persulfate.


Peractive AC White reacts with the perhydroxyl anion HO2- in the presence of aqueous alkaline solution to prepare triacetylethylenediamine and diacetylethylenediamine with the release of peracetic acid, which is a fast acting bleaching agent.
Peractive AC White can be used as a reagent:
Along with sodium perborate and sodium bicarbonate for the oxidation of primary aliphatic amines to aliphatic C-nitroso compounds.


Peractive AC White also does not give any sign of skin sensation as a result of prolonged exposure, for instance hand wash.
In combination with sodium percarbonate to deliver peracetic acid in situ for Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.
Peractive AC White can also be used as a peroxide bleach activator in laundry detergents and in textile chemistry applications.


-Consumer use of Peractive AC White:
Most of the Peractive AC White consumption in households relates to the use as a bleaching activator in detergents.
Peractive AC White’s a highly efficient agent, able to bleach a broad range of stubborn stains, from tea and coffee to wine and food.
Peractive AC White also significantly contributes to the overall whiteness of the laundry.
As a detergent component, Peractive AC White is also active in removing unpleasant scents through its antimicrobial performance, while remaining gentle to the fibers.
With Peractive AC White presented in the formula, stains such as coffee, tea, coffee, and fruit juices can be effectively removed at water temperatures as low as 15 °C.


-Use in detergents – and related industries:
Peractive AC White When reacted vigorously with sodium perborate (Oxygen powder) or sodium percarbonate salts.
The reaction produces peracetic acid in solution at room temperature, and free hydrogen peroxide depending on the salt type.
These two oxidizing agents give the best bleaching results on stubborn stains, and are also a clean sanitizing solution.
European and American studies show outstanding advantages over conventional detergents, colors and fibers are protected and no harm to the washing machine.


-Uses of Peractive AC White:
There is no need to heat the water as the reaction is active at room temperature which saves electricity when some washing machines and dishwashers have a heating function.


-Industry use of Peractive AC White:
Peractive AC White is commonly utilized in the household detergents industry as a peroxide bleach activator.
Peractive AC White is a vital component of laundry detergents and fabric bleaches, where it is used as an alternative active agent in place of sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate, or sodium persulfate.


-Uses of Peractive AC White:
Peractive AC White is a bleaching activator which is mainly used in detergents and additives for laundry washing and dishwashing.
Typical concentrations of Peractive AC White range between 1.4% and 13% in these products.
A small amount of the produced Peractive AC White is also used in bleaching of paper, textiles and for the generation of Peracetic acid.
Peroxide bleach activator for household detergents, paper pulp.


-Uses of Peractive AC White:
Peractive AC White is used as a peroxide bleach activator in household detergents and for paper pulp.
Peractive AC White also serves as an important component of laundry detergents and bleaches, where it is used as an activator for active oxygen bleaching agents such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate and sodium persulfate.
Peractive AC White reacts with the perhydroxyl anion HO2- in the presence of aqueous alkaline solution to prepare triacetylethylenediamine and diacetylethylenediamine with the release of peracetic acid, which is a fast acting bleaching agent.


-Applications of Peractive AC White:
*bleach activator in solid laundry detergent at 1-3%
*bleach activator in liquid detergent concentrations at 4-6%
*bleach activator in compact detergents at 6-8%
used in automatic dishwashing formulations (tablet and liquids).
*used as sterilant in everything from denture cleaners to medical instruments
*safer alternative to bleach in detergents
*bleach for pulp & paper and textile industry


-Application of Peractive AC White:
*Bleach activator for laundry detergents and automatic dishwashing detergents with normal and high bulk density.
*Granules with CMC as granulating auxiliary.


-Medical uses of Peractive AC White:
disinfection, equipment disinfection, area cleaner, fabric remover.
-Restaurant and hotel:
cleaning kitchen equipment, detergent for laundry area, cleaning agent for bathroom, maintenance of kitchen equipment, washing machine, bleaching pool.


-Household chemicals:
Washing powder, bleach powder, house cleaning agent, bathroom, kitchen.
-Agriculture:
disinfectant in isolated areas.
-Food processing:
sanitizers and disinfectants for food processing machinery and equipment.



BENEFITS OF PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
Benefits of Peractive AC White bleaching system:​
*Oxidative removal of a broad number of colored stains; especially fruit and juice stains​
*Hygiene and malodor prevention due to biocidal action on a broad range of germs​
*Prevention of biofilm formation on machine surfaces​
*Color and fabric safe​
*Peractive AC White shows a higher storage stability against heat



USE AND MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
Peractive AC White is an important component of laundry detergents that use "active oxygen" bleaching agents.
Active oxygen bleaching agents include sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate, sodium persulfate, and urea peroxide.
These compounds release hydrogen peroxide during the wash cycle, but the release of hydrogen peroxide is low when these compounds used in temperatures below 45 °C (113 °F).
Peractive AC White and hydrogen peroxide react to form peroxyacetic acid, a more efficient bleach, allowing lower temperature wash cycles, around 40 °C (104 °F).
Peractive AC White was first used in a commercial laundry detergent in 1978 (Skip by Unilever).
Currently, Peractive AC White is the main bleach activator used in European laundry detergents and has an estimated annual consumption of 75 kt.



PREPARATION OF PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
Peractive AC White is produced in a two stage process from ethylenediamine (ED) and acetic anhydride (Ac2O).
ED is first diacetylated to DAED.
In the second step DAED is subsequently converted with Ac2O via TriAED into TAED (Clariant, 1999).

Peractive AC White is crystallized out of the reaction mixture, filtered, washed and dried, and if necessary also granulated.
The raw materials used occur almost quantitatively in the product.
Byproducts are not formed.
Peractive AC White was prepared by acetylation of diacetylethylenediamine (DAED) with acetic anhydride in a 5 L reactor coupled with a packed distillation column, 2.5 cm in inside diameter and 1 m in length.

The reaction temperature was set at 135 °C and the reflux ratio at 6.
The molar ratio of acetic anhydride to DAED was varied from 3 to 5.
A Peractive AC White yield as high as 80% was obtained, higher by 15% than in the absence of distillation.



PERHYDROLYSIS:
Peractive AC White reacts with alkaline peroxide via the process called perhydrolysis releasing of peracetic acid.
The first perhydrolysis gives triacetylethylenediamine (TriAED) and the second gives diacetylethylenediamine (DAED).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
Concentration: [%] approx. 92
Appearance: white, free flowing agglomerate
Apparent density: [g/l] 380 - 580
Particle size distribution: >1600µm [%] 2 max.
< 200µm [%] 3 max.
Appearance: granular
Colour: white
Odour: characteristic
Molecular Weight: 228.24
XLogP3-AA: -1.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 228.11100700
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.11100700
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.8 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 265
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point: 149-154 °C
Boiling point: 140 °C (1.5002 mmHg)
Density: 0.9
refractive index: 1.4550 (estimate)
Flash point: 140 °C
pka: -1.23±0.70(Predicted)
form: Granular Powder
color: Off-white to beige
Water Solubility: slightly soluble
Merck: 14,9028
BRN: 1795711
InChIKey: BGRWYDHXPHLNKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical formula: C10H16N2O4
Molar mass: 228.248 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless solid
Density: 0.9
Melting point: 149 to 154 °C (300 to 309 °F; 422 to 427 K)
Solubility in water: 0.2 g/L @ 20 °C

Appearance : granular
Colour : white
Odour : characteristic
pH : 6 - 8, Concentration: 1 g/l (20 °C)
Melting point/range : No data available
Boiling point/boiling range : No data available
Flash point : Not applicable
Evaporation rate : Not applicable
Upper explosion limit : Not applicable
Lower explosion limit : Not applicable
Vapour pressure : Not applicable
Relative vapour density : Not applicable
Relative density : Not applicable
Density : No data available

Bulk density : ca. 420 kg/m3
Solubility(ies)
Water solubility : ca. 1 g/l soluble (20 °C)
Solubility in other solvents : No data available
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water : No data available
Ignition temperature : Not applicable
Thermal decomposition : No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, dynamic : Not applicable
Viscosity, kinematic : Not applicable
Flow time : Not applicable
Explosive properties : Not explosive
Method: Expert judgement
Oxidizing properties : The substance or mixture is not classified as oxidizing.
Method: Expert judgement
Surface tension : Not applicable

Appearance: Blue/Green/ White, free flowing granules
Odour: Mild, no smell of acetic acid
Bulk density: 380-580, g/l
Main content(HPLC): 92.0±2, %
Distribution of size(50g, 5min): ≥ 1600mm 2.0% max
≤0.2mm 3.0% max
Moisture content(50g, 5min): 2.0% max
Iron(Fe) content: 20mg/kg max
Molecular Weight： 228.25
Exact Mass： 228.24
BRN： 1795711
EC Number： 234-123-8
HScode： 29241900
PSA： 74.8

XLogP3： -1.61
Appearance： Off-white to beige Granular Powder
Density： 0.9
Melting Point： 174-176 °C
Boiling Point： 140 °C (1.5002 mmHg)
Flash Point： 140 °C
Refractive Index： 1.4550 (estimate)
Water Solubility： slightly soluble
Storage Conditions： Store in a cool, dry place.
Store in a tightly closed container.
Vapor Pressure：: 0 mmHg at 25°C
Melting Point: 149-154 °C
Boiling Point: 386.4±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 174.8±15.5 °C
Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O4
Molecular Weight: 228.245
Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3



FIRST AID MEASURES of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-General advice :
Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
*If inhaled :
If inhaled, remove to fresh air.
Get medical advice/ attention.
*In case of skin contact :
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact :
In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water
for at least 15 minutes.
*If swallowed :
Get medical attention immediately.
-Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed :
None known.
-Notes to physician :
Treat symptomatically.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Wear suitable protective clothing.
-Environmental precautions :
Prevent product from entering drains.
Do not contaminate water.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Use mechanical handling equipment.
Flush with water.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Suitable extinguishing media :
Water spray jet
Foam



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Personal protective equipment:
*Hand protection
Remarks :
Protective gloves complying with EN 374.
Minimum thickness (glove): not determined
-Eye protection :
Safety glasses
Protective measures :
-Hygiene measures :
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Storage:
*Requirements for storage areas and containers:
Keep only in the original container.
*Further information on storage conditions:
Store in a dry place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Chemical stability :
Stable under normal conditions.
-Conditions to avoid :
None known.



SYNONYMS:
Acetamide,N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-
Acetamide,N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-
Diacetamide,N,N′-ethylenebis-
N,N′-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetylacetamide]
N,N,N′,N′-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N,N′-Ethylenebis[diacetamide]
Mykon ATC
Nikon A
T 0946
TAED 4303
TAED
Peractive AN
N,N′-Ethylenebis[N-acetylacetamide]
TAED 4049
Peractive TAED
Peractive P
Warwick B 610
Peractive AP
Peractive AC
Warwick B 637
Mykon B 610
Mikon ATC
Peractive AC Blue
N,N′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)
TAED, N,N′-ethylenebis(diacetamide)
Tetraacetylethylenediamine
10543-57-4
N,N,N',N'-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
TAED
N-Acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]acetamide
Acetamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-
Tetracetylethylenediamine
N,N'-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)
N,N'-Ethylenebis(N-acetylacetamide)
N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)
tetraacetyl ethylenediamine
N,N'-Ethylenebis(diacetamide)
P411ED0N2B
Acetamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis(N-acetyl-
MFCD00014967
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis(N-acetyl-Acetamide
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-Acetamide
UNII-P411ED0N2B
EINECS 234-123-8
PERACTIVE AC
NIKON A
TAED [INCI]
TAED [MI]
EC 234-123-8
WARWICK B 610
N-acetyl-N-[2-(N-acetylacetamido)ethyl]acetamide
SCHEMBL20390
DTXSID5040752
CHEBI:166456
n,n,n,n-tetraacetylethylenediamine
ZINC2015842
N,N'-Ethylenebis(diacetamide), 8CI
AKOS005207256
SB79596
NCGC00164405-01
AS-65802
DB-040621
FT-0629347
T0946
D92422
N,N\'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)
N-Acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]acetamide #
A801241
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetylacetamide], 9CI
Q419209
J-001421
N,N,N',N'-Tetraacetylethylenediamine, technical, >=90% (CHN)
TAED
N,N′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide);
N,N′-ethylenebis(diacetamide)
Diacetamide,N,N'-ethylenebis
N,N,N',N'-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetylacetamide]
N,N'-Ethylenebis[N-acetylacetamide]
N,N'-Ethylenebis[diacetamide]
Acetamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-N-acetyl-
N-[2-(diethanoylamino)ethyl]-N-ethanoyl-ethanamide
N-acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]acetamide
N,N'-Ethylenebis(diacetamide)
N,N'-Ethylenebis(N-acetylacetamide)
N,N-Ethylenebis(N-acetylacetamide)
N,N,N,N-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N-Acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]acetamide
EINECS 234-123-8
Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N,N,N,N-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
TAED
N,N-Ethane-1,2-diylbis(N-acetylacetamide)
acetamide, N-acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]-
N,N-1,2-Ethanediylbis(N-acetylacetamide)
Acetamide, N,N-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-
MFCD00014967
N,N,N′,N′-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N,N-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetylacetamide]

Peramin SMF are sulfonated melamine polymers.
Peramin SMF product line is a line of plasticizers based on sulfonated melamine resins in powder form.
There are seven main products in the Peramin SMF range.


Peramin 10 through 31 are powdered sulfonated melamine superplasticizer, while F40 comes in liquid form.
Peramin SMF 10 is the reference grade for all applications.
Peramin SMF 11 enhances flow and is especially recommended for dry-silo mortars.


Peramin SMF 20 has a low release of free formaldehyde.
Peramin SMF 22 also has a low release of free formaldehyde and comes especially recommended for use with calcium sulfate binders.
Peramin SMF 30 enhances flow under weak mixing and provides a good wetting effect, especially recommended for fluid tile adhesives.


Peramin SMF 31 increases open time through its controlled retarding effect.
Peramin F40 is the liquid reference within the Peramin SMF superplasticizer range.
Peramin SMF is a reference range of conventional plasticizers for dry mortar mixes, plaster and concrete screeds with an excellent price-performance ratio.


When using the Peramin SMF, sufficient water reduction and flow properties are improved.
Peramin SMF are sulfonated melamine polymers.
Peramin SMF is the reference range of conventional plasticizers for drymix mortars, gypsum and concrete materials.


Peramin SMF are sulfonated melamine polymer.
Peramin SMF is the reference range of conventional plasticizers for drymix mortars, gypsum and concrete materials, due to their consistency, robustness and excellent cost-performance ratio.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PERAMIN SMF:
Peramin SMF is used Self-levelling materials, Dressing mixes, Injection mortars, Concrete screeds, and Repair mortars.
As a superplasticizer, Peramin SMF enables users to achieve high flow properties and reduce water content in self leveling compounds and screed technology.


Superplasticizers are high-range water reducing additives used when the dispersion of particles in suspension is required to modify mortars and concrete.
Peramin SMF allows for a large reduction of the water content without affecting their workability, shorter setting time, lower shrinkage and higher mechanical strengths.


Peramin SMF can also enable greater flowability with the same water content, meaning a decrease in viscosity, which results in excellent flow properties, as well as very good self-leveling properties.
Typically, the dosage of Peramin SMF normally lies in the range of 0.1%-0.8% of the dry mortar total weight, depending on the kind of superplasticizer and performance required.


During its initial stage of use, Peramin SMF provides a long working time, flowability and water reduction.
During setting, Peramin SMF provides consistency, robustness and regularity of color.
And, once installed, Peramin SMF guarantees high mechanical strength.



KEY BENEFITS OF PERAMIN SMF:
*Long working time
*Flowability
*Water reduction
*Consistency during setting
*Robustness
*Regularity of color
*High mechanical strength



BASIC PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PERAMIN SMF:
*Mutual compatibility between additives
*High efficiency for all mineral binders
*Reducing the water content of the mixture without affecting workability
*At the same water content, improvement in spillage
*Viscosity reduction and associated excellent flow properties
*Very good self-leveling properties
*Higher mechanical strength



FIRST AID MEASURES of PERAMIN SMF:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PERAMIN SMF:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PERAMIN SMF:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PERAMIN SMF:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PERAMIN SMF:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PERAMIN SMF:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon and is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC).
Perchloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is commonly used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including dry cleaning and metal degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is also known by other names, such as tetrachloroethylene or perchloroethylene.

CAS Number: 127-18-4
EC Number: 204-825-9



APPLICATIONS


Perchloroethylene is widely used in the dry cleaning industry as a solvent for removing stains and dirt from textiles and fabrics.
Perchloroethylene is a popular choice for dry cleaning due to its ability to dissolve greases, oils, and other organic compounds.

Perchloroethylene is used as a degreasing agent in various industries, including automotive, metalworking, and manufacturing.
In the automotive industry, Perchloroethylene is employed to clean and degrease engine parts and components.
Perchloroethylene is a key solvent in the production of aerosol sprays, adhesives, and lubricants.

Perchloroethylene is utilized in the electronics industry for cleaning printed circuit boards and electronic components.
In the aerospace industry, it is used to degrease and clean aircraft parts and equipment.

Perchloroethylene is applied in the production of refrigeration oils and lubricants.
Perchloroethylene is used for cleaning and maintaining machinery and equipment in the manufacturing sector.

Perchloroethylene serves as a paint stripper and is used to remove paint and coatings from various surfaces.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the production of specialty coatings and finishes, including automotive paints and coatings for metal surfaces.
Perchloroethylene is used in the extraction of certain essential oils and flavors from botanical materials.

Perchloroethylene is employed in the manufacturing of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
Perchloroethylene is utilized as a refrigerant and heat transfer fluid in some industrial cooling systems.
Perchloroethylene is a component in the production of aerosol-based cleaning products and degreasers.

Perchloroethylene is used in the preservation of animal specimens in the taxidermy industry.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the creation of synthetic perfumes and fragrances.

In the food industry, it is applied as a solvent for certain food packaging and printing inks.
Perchloroethylene is used in the cleaning and maintenance of leather and suede products.
Perchloroethylene serves as a cleaning agent for automotive upholstery and carpeting.
Perchloroethylene is applied in the production of adhesives for various applications.
Perchloroethylene is used to clean and maintain gun parts and firearms in the firearms industry.

In the art conservation field, it is employed to clean and restore paintings and artworks.
Perchloroethylene serves as a degreasing and cleaning agent for bicycle and motorcycle chains.

Despite its diverse applications, the use of Perchloroethylene is subject to strict regulations and guidelines due to its potential health and environmental risks.
Perchloroethylene is commonly used in the printing industry as a solvent for cleaning and maintaining printing presses and equipment.
Perchloroethylene is a critical component in the production of synthetic rubber, contributing to the development of various rubber products.

In the leather industry, Perchloroethylene is applied for cleaning and degreasing animal hides and skins in preparation for tanning.
Perchloroethylene is utilized in the recycling of plastic materials, helping to remove contaminants and impurities.

Perchloroethylene plays a role in the manufacturing of specialty chemicals used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Perchloroethylene is employed in the dry cleaning of delicate and high-end fabrics, including silk, cashmere, and wool.
Perchloroethylene is used to clean and maintain precision instruments in laboratories and research facilities.
Perchloroethylene serves as a cleaning agent for optical lenses and eyewear in the optical industry.

In the automotive sector, it is applied for degreasing and cleaning transmission and brake components.
Perchloroethylene is utilized in the refurbishing and cleaning of vintage and antique furniture.
Perchloroethylene plays a part in the cleaning and maintenance of vinyl records, helping to remove dust and contaminants.
Perchloroethylene is used for cleaning and degreasing industrial equipment and machinery, including gears and bearings.

In the construction industry, it can be employed for cleaning and restoring stone and masonry surfaces.
Perchloroethylene serves as a solvent for the removal of adhesive residues and sticky substances from various surfaces.

Perchloroethylene is applied in the maintenance of firearms and weaponry in military and law enforcement applications.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and restoration of historical artifacts and cultural heritage items.

In the aerospace industry, Perchloroethylene is used to clean and degrease aircraft engines and components.
Perchloroethylene is employed in the semiconductor and electronics manufacturing sector for precision cleaning of components and circuit boards.
Perchloroethylene is utilized in the maintenance and cleaning of large machinery and equipment in heavy industries like mining and construction.

In the marine industry, it can be applied for the cleaning and maintenance of boat engines and equipment.
Perchloroethylene serves as a degreasing agent for bicycle chains and gears, enhancing the performance of bicycles.

Perchloroethylene can be used in the cleaning of tools and equipment in the woodworking industry.
Perchloroethylene is employed in the cleaning and maintenance of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems and components.
Perchloroethylene is a component in some stain removers for textiles and fabrics, targeting oil and grease stains.

Despite its broad range of applications, the use of Perchloroethylene is becoming increasingly regulated and restricted in various regions due to environmental and health concerns.
Alternative, more environmentally friendly solvents are being explored as replacements in many applications.

In the construction industry, Perchloroethylene is used for the removal of sealants and adhesives from construction materials and surfaces.
Perchloroethylene is applied in the cleaning of industrial filters and filtration equipment to maintain optimal filtration efficiency.
Perchloroethylene serves as a solvent for the cleaning of fire extinguishers, ensuring their functionality.

In the maintenance of aircraft landing gear components, Perchloroethylene is used to remove grease and contaminants.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of electrical transformers to ensure their efficient operation.
Perchloroethylene is applied in the preservation of archaeological artifacts, helping to remove dirt and contaminants from ancient relics.
Perchloroethylene is used for the cleaning of power plant components and machinery, such as turbines and generators.

In the energy industry, Perchloroethylene is employed for the cleaning and maintenance of solar panels to maximize energy production.
Perchloroethylene serves as a cleaning agent for the removal of asphalt and tar from equipment and surfaces in road construction.
Perchloroethylene can be utilized in the cleaning and maintenance of industrial kitchen and restaurant equipment.
Perchloroethylene is applied for the cleaning of printed circuit boards and electronic components in the electronics manufacturing industry.

In laboratories and research facilities, Perchloroethylene is used to clean and degrease scientific instruments and glassware.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and restoration of historical documents, manuscripts, and books.
Perchloroethylene is used in the cleaning and maintenance of power transmission lines and equipment.

In the optics industry, it serves as a cleaning agent for precision lenses, optical instruments, and telescopes.
Perchloroethylene is applied in the cleaning and maintenance of railway and mass transit systems, including tracks and rolling stock.
Perchloroethylene is used for cleaning and degreasing machinery and equipment in the food processing industry.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of water treatment plants and equipment.

In the petrochemical industry, Perchloroethylene is utilized for cleaning and maintaining oil refineries and pipelines.
Perchloroethylene serves as a solvent for the cleaning and restoration of artworks, sculptures, and statues.
Perchloroethylene can be applied for cleaning and degreasing heavy-duty construction and mining equipment.
Perchloroethylene is used in the cleaning and maintenance of printing presses and equipment in the publishing industry.

In the nuclear industry, PERC is employed for cleaning and maintaining nuclear reactors and associated equipment.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of large-scale cooling towers used in various industrial processes.



DESCRIPTION


Perchloroethylene is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C2Cl4.
Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon and is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC).
Perchloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor.

Perchloroethylene is commonly used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including dry cleaning and metal degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is also known by other names, such as tetrachloroethylene or perchloroethylene.
Perchloroethylene should be handled with care due to its potential health and environmental hazards.

Perchloroethylene, often abbreviated as Perchloroethylene, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid with a sweet, somewhat ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is highly stable and nonflammable, making it a reliable industrial solvent.
Perchloroethylene is commonly used in dry cleaning due to its excellent cleaning properties.

Perchloroethylene is also utilized as a degreasing agent for metal components and machinery parts.
Perchloroethylene is a versatile solvent, dissolving a wide range of organic materials.
Perchloroethylene is known for its ability to remove tough stains, such as grease and oil, from fabrics.

Perchloroethylene is used in the textile industry to degrease wool and other natural fibers.
Perchloroethylene has a high boiling point of around 121 degrees Celsius, allowing it to evaporate slowly during the dry cleaning process.

Despite its cleaning efficiency, it's important to handle PERC with care due to health and environmental concerns.
Perchloroethylene has been used for decades as a dry cleaning agent but is now subject to environmental regulations and restrictions.

When inhaled, Perchloroethylene vapors can cause dizziness, headache, and nausea.
Prolonged exposure to Perchloroethylene may lead to health issues, including liver and kidney damage.

In the environment, Perchloroethylene can contaminate soil and groundwater if not properly managed.
Perchloroethylene is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC) and contributes to air pollution when released into the atmosphere.

Perchloroethylene is denser than water and may sink if accidentally spilled in aquatic environments.
Perchloroethylene is considered hazardous waste when it reaches the end of its useful life.
Various countries and regions have established regulations to limit or phase out the use of PERC in specific applications.

Alternatives to Perchloroethylene, such as hydrocarbon-based solvents and more environmentally friendly options, have gained popularity.
Despite its drawbacks, Perchloroethylene remains an effective solvent for certain industrial processes.

The chemical structure of Perchloroethylene consists of two carbon atoms and four chlorine atoms.
Perchloroethylene is a non-polar molecule, which makes it effective for dissolving non-polar substances like oils and greases.
Perchloroethylene has a moderate ozone-depleting potential and is subject to regulations aimed at reducing its environmental impact.

In dry cleaning machines, Perchloroethylene is used in a closed-loop system to minimize emissions and exposure to workers.
The use of Perchloroethylene is carefully regulated and monitored to protect human health and the environment.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C2Cl4
IUPAC Name: Tetrachloroethylene
Other Common Names: PERC, PCE, Tetrachloroethene


Physical Properties:

State: Liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Sweet, ether-like odor
Melting Point: -22.7°C (-8.9°F)
Boiling Point: 121.1°C (249.9°F)
Density: 1.622 g/cm³ (at 20°C)
Solubility in Water: Low solubility (1.2 g/L at 20°C)
Vapor Pressure: 14 mmHg (at 20°C)
Viscosity: 0.85 cP (at 20°C)


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Structure: Consists of two carbon (C) atoms and four chlorine (Cl) atoms.
Polarity: Nonpolar molecule
Reactivity: Highly stable and non-reactive with most chemicals.
Flammability: Nonflammable
Volatility: Classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC).



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If PERC vapors are inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air immediately.
Ensure that the person is breathing and their airway is clear.
Administer artificial respiration if necessary.
Seek immediate medical attention as inhalation of Perchloroethylene vapors can lead to health issues.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Rinse the affected skin thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild soap or detergent if available to assist in cleaning.
Seek medical attention if skin irritation or redness occurs or persists.


Eye Contact:

If Perchloroethylene comes into contact with the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Keep the affected eye open and rinse beneath the eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention to assess and treat any eye irritation or injury.


Ingestion:

If Perchloroethylene is ingested, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth and provide the affected person with small sips of water to drink.
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide the medical staff with information about the ingested substance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
When handling Perchloroethylene, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or a face shield, and protective clothing to minimize skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use Perchloroethylene in a well-ventilated area, preferably under local exhaust ventilation (LEV) or within a fume hood to minimize inhalation of vapors.
Avoid breathing Perchloroethylene vapors.

Avoid Direct Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact and eye contact with the substance.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Perchloroethylene.

Use in a Closed System:
Where possible, use Perchloroethylene in a closed-loop system to minimize exposure and emissions.

Leak Detection:
Regularly inspect equipment and containers for leaks, and promptly repair any leaks to prevent accidental exposure.

Spills and Leaks:
If a spill occurs, use appropriate spill control measures and personal protective equipment to clean it up.
Dispose of the waste material properly according to local regulations.

No Smoking or Open Flames:
Do not allow smoking or the presence of open flames, sparks, or ignition sources near Perchloroethylene, as it is flammable under certain conditions.

Training:
Ensure that personnel handling Perchloroethylene are trained in the safe use and handling of the chemical and are aware of the associated hazards.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers and storage areas with appropriate warning signs to indicate the presence of Perchloroethylene and the associated risks.


Storage:

Cool, Dry Location:
Store Perchloroethylene in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

Original Container:
Keep Perchloroethylene in its original container, tightly closed, and labeled correctly with all necessary information, including hazard warnings.

Incompatible Materials:
Store Perchloroethylene away from incompatible substances, such as strong acids, reducing agents, and flammable materials.
Segregate it from chemicals that may react with it.

Temperature Control:
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures and heat, as elevated temperatures can increase the vapor pressure and the risk of flammability.

Storage Quantity:
Limit the quantity of PERC stored to the amount necessary for your operations and avoid overstocking.

Shelf Life:
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations regarding the shelf life of Perchloroethylene, and use it before the expiration date, if applicable.

Security:
Ensure that the storage area is secure and inaccessible to unauthorized or untrained personnel.
Implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access.

Spill Control Materials:
Have appropriate spill control materials and equipment readily available in case of accidental spills or releases.


Additional Considerations:

Always prioritize safety when handling Perchloroethylene and be aware of the potential health and environmental risks associated with this chemical.
Familiarize yourself with emergency procedures and maintain access to safety data sheets (SDS) for reference.
Inspect containers regularly for signs of damage or deterioration, and replace damaged containers as needed.
Dispose of empty containers in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.
Be proactive in seeking alternatives and safer practices to reduce the use of Perchloroethylene and minimize its potential risks to human health and the environment.



SYNONYMS


Tetrachloroethylene
Perc
PCE
Perchloroethene
Perk
Tetrachloroethene
Perchloroethylene
Ethylene tetrachloride
Carbon dichloride
Acetylene tetrachloride
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Perkene
Perclene
Tetra
Clorothene
Per
Tetlen
Tetlen-2
Perclene DP
Percosolve
Nema
Nema solvent
Carbona
Tetranema
Petzin
Tetracloroetileno
Ethylene tetrachloride
Perkloretylen
Percloroetilene
Tetracloroetano
Perchlorethylene
Perchlorethene
Tetrachlorethylene
Perklone
Nema
PCEC
Tetracap
Tetracloreten
Tetraclorethene
Tetraclorethylene
Tetra
Tetracloroethylene
Tetracloroetilene
Tetracloroetileno
Tetracloroethene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethylenum
Carbon dichloride
Acetylene tetrachloride

Perchloroethylene is an organic chemical introduced in the environment by human activity.
Specifically, Perchloroethylene is a widely used solvent, especially in dry cleaning activities.
Perchloroethylene is also used as a degreaser and in some consumer products (e.g., shoe polish, typewriter correction fluid).

CAS Number: 127-18-4
EC Number: 204-825-9
Molecular Weight: 165,82 g/mol
Chemical Formula: C2Cl4

Perchloroethylene, also known as perc, is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is primarily used in industrial settings and for dry cleaning fabrics and degreasing metals.

Perchloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene, and abbreviations such as "perc" (or "PERC"), and "PCE", is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence Perchloroethylene is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid".

Perchloroethylene also uses as an effective automotive brake cleaner.
Perchloroethylene has a sweet odor, similar to the smell of chloroform, detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.

Perchloroethylene is a man-made chemical that can be a liquid or a gas.
At room temperature, perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid.

Perchloroethylene (PERC) is a man-made, non-flammable, colorless chemical that easily evaporates into the air.
Perchloroethylene is often used in dry cleaning, but is also used in manufacturing and in auto repair shops.

If you live above or next to a dry cleaner, you may be exposed to Perchloroethylene.
There are no readily available medical tests to find out if you have been exposed to PERC.
The best way to check is to measure the air in your home for PERC.

Perchloroethylene is a very versatile, volatile, very stable and non-flammable solvent for organic materials, which is used in various industries, especially in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene is also used in the automotive and metallurgical industries as an excellent degreaser, as well as in the production of stain removers, degreasers and paint strippers.

Perchloroethylene is also used as a multipurpose solvent because Perchloroethylene is more inert and stable than many other chlorinated solvents.
Perchloroethylene is safer than petroleum solvents because Perchloroethylene has no flash point.

Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature.
Perchloroethylene is volatile, has a sweet odor, and is completely miscible with most organic liquids.

Perchloroethylene is a versatile, chlorinated solvent used in many industries and extensively by dry cleaning facilities.
Perchloroethylene is a non-flammable, multipurpose solvent that is relatively inert and inherently more stable than other chlorinated solvents.

Perchloroethylene has no flash or fire point, lending Perchloroethylene important safety strengths over petroleum distillates.
As a result, combined with Perchloroethylene other desirable chemical and physical properties, perchloroethylene offers many advantages over other solvents.

Perchloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames.
Perchloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons.

Exposure to Perchloroethylene irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage.
Perchloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.

Perchloroethylene is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence Perchloroethylene is sometimes called 'dry-cleaning fluid.

Perchloroethylene has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Worldwide production was about one million metric tons in 1985.

Animal studies and a study of 99 twins by Dr. Samuel Goldman and researchers at the Parkinson's Institute in Sunnyvale, California determined there is a 'lot of circumstantial evidence that exposure to tetrachloroethene increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease ninefold.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that Perchloroethylene is probably carcinogenic to humans.
Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure.

Tetrachloroethene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation.
This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.

Perchloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products.

Perchloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations to help dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.
Perchloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants because of Perchloroethylene durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather.

The low levels of perchloroethylene that most people are exposed to are not reported to cause symptoms, according.
People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to Perchloroethylene levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are also not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health.

People who live or work near dry cleaning facilities may be exposed to higher levels of perchloroethylene than the general population.
To help limit any potential health risks, the EPA ruled that dry cleaners located in residential buildings had to phase out dry cleaning machines that use Perchloroethylene by December 21, 2020.

Perchloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is primarly used as a chemical intermediate in Perchloroethylene of several fluroinated compounds and is also utilized in end uses which include industrial and commercial cleaning, automotive aerosols, wool scouring and paper coatings.

Perchloroethylene is an organic chemical introduced in the environment by human activity.
Specifically, Perchloroethylene is a widely used solvent, especially in dry cleaning activities.

Perchloroethylene is also used as a degreaser and in some consumer products (e.g., shoe polish, typewriter correction fluid).
Although not theoretically impossible, there is no evidence that Perchloroethylene forms or occurs naturally in the environment.
Thus, Perchloroethylene detection in an environmental sample (e.g., groundwater, surface water, soil, indoor, or ambient air) is associated with Perchloroethylene spills or accidental release.

Perchloroethylene is toxic to humans at very low concentrations.
The Environmental Protection Agency has established a Maximum Contaminant Level for Perchloroethylene in water of 5 parts per billion (or micrograms per Liter).

At this low amount, practically Perchloroethylene cannot be perceived by smell or taste.
For example, people may smell Perchloroethylene in air at concentrations above 1 ppm (parts per million).

Perchloroethylene is a halogenated organic compound composed of 2 atoms of carbon and 4 atoms of chlorine (two chlorine atoms linked to each carbon).
The two carbons are linked with each other by a double chemical bond.
Thus, Perchloroethylene does not contain any hydrogen atoms.

Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid with a sweetish smell which is not flammable under normal temperature and pressure.
Perchloroethylene is part of a class of chemicals also known as halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs).
This means that Perchloroethylene evaporates (goes from liquid into gaseous form when in contact with air).

Perchloroethylene is also part of a class of chemicals referred to as “chlorinated solvents”.
Due to the presence of one or more chlorine atoms in their structure chlorinated solvents are heavier than water.
Chlorinated solvents are also referred to as Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs).

Perchloroethylene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Perchloroethylene is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is nonflammable, non-explosive, and extremely stable.

Perchloroethylene is decomposed by light and metals when in the presence of moisture, open flame, electric arc, ultraviolet radiation or hot metallic surfaces.
Decomposition products include hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and phosgene gas (a suffocating and highly poisonous, colorless gas or volatile liquid with an odor of new mowed hay or green corn).

Perchloroethylene is a strong oxidizer and very corrosive to metals such as lithium, beryllium, and barium.
Perchloroethylene is also chemically reactive with alkaline (basic) solutions such as caustic soda, sodium hydroxide, and potash.

Perchloroethylene is miscible with ethanol, alcohol, ethyl ether, chloroform, and benzene.
Additionally, like many other organic solvents, perchloroethylene is volatile and slightly soluble in water (0.02%).

Commercially, perchloroethylene is used as a dry cleaning agent, vapor-degreasing solvent, print type cleaner, heat transfer medium, chemical synthesis agent, and rug and upholstery cleaner.
Perchloroethylene is also used as a drying agent for rubber, waxes, tar, paraffin, gums, fat, and acetyl cellulose.

Perchloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated solvent with a chemical formula of C2Cl4, and is widely used in various industries.

Perchloroethylene has many applications, the most significant being as a dry cleaning solvent.
Perchloroethylene is also used as a solvent for metal degreasing, in the production of fluorocarbons, and in the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer, which is used to produce PVC plastic.

One of the primary uses of Perchloroethylene is in the dry cleaning industry.
Perchloroethylene is highly effective at removing dirt, grease, and stains from clothing and fabrics without damaging Perchloroethylene.

Perchloroethylene is also used in the textile industry to scour and bleach cotton and wool fibers.
In the metalworking industry, Perchloroethylene is used as a solvent for degreasing and cleaning metal parts before painting, welding, or electroplating.
Perchloroethylene is highly effective at removing oils, greases, and other contaminants from metal surfaces.

Perchloroethylene is also used in the production of fluorocarbons, which are used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, as well as in the manufacture of aerosol sprays and foam insulation.
Perchloroethylene is a critical component in the production of vinyl chloride monomer, which is used to manufacture PVC plastic.
PVC is used in many applications, including pipes, flooring, roofing, and packaging materials.

Perchloroethylene (also known as tetrachloroethene) is a chlorocarbon with the molecular formula of C2Cl4.
Perchloroethylene is a colourless liquid with a sweet odour that is most commonly used as a dry cleaning product of fabrics.

Perchloroethylene is a non-flammable liquid, having no measurable flashpoint or flammable limits in air.
Perchloroethylene is miscible with most organic solvents but only slightly miscible in water.

Perchloroethylene was first synthesized by Michael faraday in 1821.
He discovered that at a high temperature chlorinolysis of hydrocarbons, he could produce perchloroethylene because the hydrocarbon thermally decomposes and causes an array of side products.

Since his discovery, a few other methods have been created.
On such method that is commonly used is when 1.2.-dichloroetane is heated above 400°C with chlorine and a catalyst.
The by-products then go through a distillation process to produce perchloroethylene.

Perchloroethylene is the predominant solvent used in the dry cleaning industry because Perchloroethylene is non-flammable, stable but highly volatile.
Perchloroethylene is safe to use on most textiles, fibres and dyes without causing damage to the garment.

Perchloroethylene is highly effective at removing oils, greases and fats from textiles due Perchloroethylene high boiling point and volatile nature.
A wide array of industries use perchloroethylene because Perchloroethylene is excellent at degreasing metal parts during the production of products.

Perchloroethylene can also be used in extracting fats, dissolving rubber, paint removal, water repellent, brake cleaning and a carrier solvent.
Perchloroethylene was also historically used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a.

Perchloroethylene is a solvent, which is sometimes simply called "perchlo".
Perchloroethylene was first synthesised in 1821 by Michael Faraday, by heating hexachloroethane until Perchloroethylene decomposed into perchloroethylene and dichlorine (Cl₂).
This Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) is mainly used for dry cleaning fabrics and for degreasing metals.

Perchloroethylene is on the IARC's list of group 2A carcinogens and may cause neurological, kidney and hepatic disorders.
Perchloroethylene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour.

Perchloroethylene (Cl₂C=CCl₂) is a colorless liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor.
Exposure to Perchloroethylene may cause irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, and respiratory system.

Perchloroethylene may also cause liver damage and is a potential occupational carcinogen.
Workers may be harmed from exposure to Perchloroethylene.
The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.

Perchloroethylene is used in many industries.
Perchloroethylene’s used to dry clean fabrics, manufacture other chemicals, and degreasing metal parts.

Some examples of workers at risk of being exposed to Perchloroethylene include the following:
Workers in dry cleaning industries
Workers who use Perchloroethylene to degrease metals
Workers in industries who use Perchloroethylene to make other chemicals

Uses of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene is primary dry cleaning solvent being used today.
Perchloroethylene is used in dry cleaning, metal degreasing, as a chemical intermediate, and in typewriter correction fluids.

Dry cleaning operators who transferred wet garments to a dryer had mean levels of 150 ppm.
Other job tasks with substantial exposure were degreasing (95 ppm), cleaning mining equipment, testing coal, cleaning animal coats (taxidermy), and cleaning/duplicating film.

Perchloroethylene is used in dry cleaning; textile processing; degreasing metals; solvent; chemical intermediate in production of fluorocarbons.
Perchloroethylene is used insulating fluid and cooling gas in electric transformers

The major use for Perchloroethylene is as a chemical intermediate for fluorocarbons, such as HFC-134a and HFC-125.
Another important application is the use as a solvent for dry cleaning.

Other uses are textile finishing and dyeing and extraction processes.
In smaller quantities, Perchloroethylene is used to formulate various types of adhesives, sealants, and coatings.

Perchloroethylene is used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products, such as paint strippers and spot removers.

Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable.

For these chemical properties, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries (e.g., cleaning tires, brakes, engines, carburetors and wire, and as an antiseizing agent).
Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products, including paint strippers and spot removers.

Perchloroethylene was first produced in the United States as a by-product of carbon tetrachloride manufacture in the early 1900s.
The first widespread use of Perchloroethylene was in the dry cleaning industry in the late 1930s.

Production of Perchloroethylene increased during the 1950s.
Throughout the 1950s, about 80% of Perchloroethylene was used for dry cleaning and 15% for metal cleaning and degreasing.
In the 1960s, the dry cleaning industry accounted for about 90% of Perchloroethylene consumption as large dry cleaning plants began favoring Perchloroethylene over flammable petroleum solvents.

After peaking in the 1970s, production and use of Perchloroethylene decreased, probably as a result of Perchloroethylene classification as a hazardous waste by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Additionally, the phase-out of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons led to a decline of Perchloroethylene use as a chemical intermediate for production of those agents.

In the 1990s, use of Perchloroethylene as a chemical precursor for fluorocarbon refrigerants such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, more commonly known as hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a, increased, as did demand for Perchloroethylene as a metal degreasing agent.
Although the quantity of Perchloroethylene used in dry cleaning facilities declined throughout the 1990s, Perchloroethylene has remained the predominant solvent used by dry cleaners.

Perchloroethylene is used for dry cleaning and textile processing, as a chemical intermediate, and for vapor degreasing in metal-cleaning operations.

Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable and nonflammable, and has low toxicity.
For these reasons, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.

Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.
Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers, aerosol preparations and spot removers.

Perchloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations.
When applied to a material or fabric, Perchloroethylene helps dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.

In metal manufacturing, solvents containing perchloroethylene clean and degrease new metal to help prevent impurities from weakening the metal.
Due to Perchloroethylene durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather, perchloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants.

Perchloroethylene offers many physical and chemical properties that make Perchloroethylene the right chlorinated solvent for many applications.
Perchloroethylene is relatively inert and inherently more stable than other chlorinated solvents.

Perchloroethylene is stabilized to prevent solvent degradation or decomposition, and corrosion of metal parts and equipment.
Stabilizers are designed to be recoverable even after repeated cleaning cycles and from carbon adsorbers.

Perchloroethylene’s high solvency and high vapor density make Perchloroethylene ideal for a variety of end uses, and as a result, perchloroethylene has become the largest volume dry cleaning solvent and the choice for vapor degreasing.
With all downstream applications, appropriate registrations and/or approvals may be required.

Possible uses are described below:

Dry cleaning:
Perchloroethylene is the preferred solvent because, in addition to Perchloroethylene non-flammability, Perchloroethylene provides a fast, powerful, yet gentle cleaning action with a minimum of mechanical agitation.
The result is a cleaner product with less fabric wear.
Perchloroethylene is ideal for all natural and syntheticbfibers.

Dry cleaning uses non-aqueous solvents to clean fabrics.
The first dry cleaning operations in the United States (US) date back to the 1800s when people washed fabrics in open tubs with solvents such as gasoline, kerosene, benzene, turpentine, and petroleum and then hung to dry.

In the 1900s, the US started using specialized machines for the dry cleaning process.
However, the use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, highlighting the need to find a safer alternative.

The dry cleaning industry first introduced Stoddard solvent (less flammable than gasoline) followed by several nonflammable halogenated solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene (TCE), trichlorotrifluoroethane, and perchloroethylene (PERC).
Beginning in the 1940s, Perchloroethylene the most frequently used dry cleaning solvent and continues to be the primary solvent used to dry clean fabrics both in the US and the European Union (EU).

To comply with environmental regulations, dry cleaning machines have evolved through several “generations” to minimize Perchloroethylene release.
The 1st generation machines were “transfer machines,” where cleaned fabrics were manually transferred from the washer to a dryer.

Since then, various pollution prevention controls have been implemented through the subsequent generations, culminating in the latest 5th generation machines, which are closed-loop and equipped with refrigerated condensers, carbon absorbers, inductive fans, and sensor-actuated lockout devices.
As the newer generations of machines were introduced, the amount of Perchloroethylene used was reduced from 300 to 500 g-PERC/kilogram of fabrics (1st generation) to
In many EU countries, dry cleaning machines older than 15 years are typically prohibited—only 5th generation machines are allowed.
However, 4th generation machines may be used if best practices (e.g., good housekeeping, optimal machine operation, and recycling) are implemented and they meet EU emission requirements.
The US EPA's National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) regulations stipulate that 2nd generation machines must be upgraded to 4th generation, and 3rd generation machines must be retrofitted or upgraded to 4th generation machines; only 4th generation and later machines can be sold, leased, or installed.

As of 2017 in the US, there are ~20,600 dry cleaning shops and the industry employs nearly 160,000 workers, with ~80% identifying as a racial or ethnic minority.
The majority of owners are of Korean ancestry.

Nationwide, 60–65% of dry cleaners use Perchloroethylene as their primary solvent and most of the remainder use a high-flashpoint hydrocarbon.
Other solvents currently used in the US include butylal, siloxane, liquid carbon dioxide, glycol ethers, and water (professional wet cleaning).
In Europe, 60–90% of dry cleaning shops use PERC, depending on the country.

Faster cycles:
The cleaning cycle and drying times are fast with perchloroethylene and, because of Perchloroethylene high solvency, fewer stains are left for the spotter.
Because Perchloroethylene is recoverable, Perchloroethylene has a long service life.

Customizable:
Perchloroethylene works with any dry-cleaning detergent, so the dry cleaner can add detergent or soap to make a customized charged system.

Vapor Degreasing:
Many industries, including aerospace, automotive, and household appliance production, use perchloroethylene in vapor degreasing for metal parts.
Perchloroethylene is ideal for situations that require a high boiling point (above that of water).
Many soils, such as waxes and resins, must be melted in order to be solubilized, making perchloroethylene a preferred solvent.

High boiling point:
The high boiling point of perchloroethylene enables Perchloroethylene to condense more vapor on the metal than other chlorinated solvents, thus washing the parts more effectively.
Perchloroethylene cleans longer and removes higher melt-point pitches and waxes more easily.

Perchloroethylene is effective with lightweight and light gauge parts that warm up to the temperature of a lower boiling point solvent before cleaning is complete.
Perchloroethylene is particularly useful in fine orifices and spot-welded seams.

Azeotropic with water:
Perchloroethylene forms an azeotrope with water.
As a result, perchloroethylene allows a vapor degreaser to function as a drying device for metal parts and to remove water films from metals without degradation of the solvent.

Chemical Processing:
Perchloroethylene serves as a carrier solvent for fabric finishes, rubber, and silicones.
Perchloroethylene also is used as an extractant solvent in paint removers and printing inks.

Perchloroethylene serves as a chemical intermediate in many applications.
As with all applications, when using perchloroethylene to decrease the flammability of a mixture, Perchloroethylene is important to determine the flash point of the final product as Perchloroethylene is to be used prior to selling, since an insufficient quantity of perchloroethylene will not raise the flash point of the mixture.

Catalyst Regeneration:
Perchloroethylene is used in the petroleum refinery industry as a source of hydrochloric acid, a promoter, which helps in the regeneration of catalyst in both catalytic reformer and isomerization operations.
Product sold into this operation must be a purer, less stabilized grade than most to preclude the poisoning of the platinum catalyst.

Fluorocarbon:
Perchloroethylene is used in the manufacture of refrigerants, refrigerant blends, and other fluorinated compounds.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Perchloroethylene is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Perchloroethylene is used in the following areas: building & construction work, health services and scientific research and development.

Release to the environment of Perchloroethylene can occur from industrial use: of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Perchloroethylene is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Uses at industrial sites:
Perchloroethylene is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Perchloroethylene is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.

Perchloroethylene is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Perchloroethylene can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Industry Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Cleaning agent
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Refrigerants
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Cleaning agent
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Other Uses:
Perchloroethylene is used to dry clean clothes.
Perchloroethylene is used to degrease and clean metal parts.

Perchloroethylene is used as a finishing product for textiles.
Perchloroethylene is used to extract oils and fats.
Perchloroethylene is used ts an intermediate in synthesis.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Metal Degreasing
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Dry Cleaning
Mining

Activities with risk of exposure:
Preparing and mounting animal skins (taxidermy)

Applications of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable.

For these reasons, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.

Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers.
Perchloroethylene is used in neutrino detectors where a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the chlorine atom and converts Perchloroethylene to a proton to form argon.

Perchloroethylene is mostly used in dry cleaning business.
Perchloroethylene is a very good solvent and stain remover.
Perchloroethylene also has very low toxicity.

Perchloroethylene is also used to clean oils in automotive and many other metal-related industries.
Certain dye removers and stain removers contain perchloroethylene.
Perchloroethylene had been used in coolant and medicine productions but Perchloroethylene is not preferred now.

Historical Applications:
Perchloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants.
In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.

Features of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene bears the formula C2Cl4, Perchloroethylene is volatile, nonflammable and resembles the odor of ether.
Perchloroethylene uses are mostly related to cleaning and removal of oil,grease and tough stains.

Perchloroethylene and dry cleaning go hand in hand as Perchloroethylene use is dominant in this sector.
Other uses are as an insulation fluid in electrical transformers, as cooling gas components and cleaner for automotive parts.

Properties of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene is a colorless, strong scented solvent that is mainly used in dry cleaning business.
Even in 1 ppm, Perchloroethylene odor is distinguishable by humans.
Perchloroethylene is a very good solvent and has very low toxicity.

Perchloroethylene is a nonflammable colorless liquid with a sharp sweet odor; the odor threshold is 1 ppm.
The chemical formula for Perchloroethylene is C2Cl4, and the molecular weight is 165.83 g/mol.
The vapor pressure for Perchloroethylene is 18.47 mm Hg at 25 °C, and Perchloroethylene has a log octanol/waterpartition coefficient (log Kow) of 3.40.

Perchloroethylene, as mentioned above, is neither flammable nor does Perchloroethylene have a measurable flash point, which indicates that at room temperature Perchloroethylene has a lower evaporation rate than other solvents.
In addition, Perchloroethylene does not affect the ozone layer, which is why the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved Perchloroethylene use as a replacement for ozone-depleting solvents.

Perchloroethylene is a colourless, volatile liquid, heavier than water and practically insoluble in water.
Perchloroethylene has an odor similar to ether or chloroform and is sensitive to light and UV radiation, so Perchloroethylene decomposes when Perchloroethylene remains under direct exposure for prolonged periods.
Perchloroethylene can be mixed with a wide variety of organic solvents such as ether, ethyl alcohol, benzene, chloroform and others.

Perchloroethylene has the ability to dissolve fats, oils and resins.
The vapour Perchloroethylene produces is not visible and is heavier than air, so Perchloroethylene spreads at ground level.

Perchloroethylene cold oxidation process is quite slow and Perchloroethylene does not corrode ordinary metals, in fact, Perchloroethylene has the ability to remove grease from metals such as aluminium and magnesium.
However, Perchloroethylene cannot be used on metals such as zinc, lithium, barium and beryllium, which in Perchloroethylene liquid form attacks some varieties of plastics and rubbers.

Manufacturing Methods of Perchloroethylene:
The production of Perchloroethylene is possible by high temperature chlorination of chlorinated lower molecular mass hydrocarbons.

For industrial purposes, three processes are important:
1. Production from acetylene via trichloroethylene.
2. Production from ethylene or 1,2-dichloroethane through oxychlorination.
3. Production from C1-C3 hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons through high temperature chlorination.

Prepared primarily by two processes:
The Huels method whereby direct chlorination of ethylene yields 70% perchloroethylene, 20% carbon tetrachloride, and 10% other chlorinated products;
Hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, or propane are simultaneously chlorinated and pyrolyzed to yield over 95% perchloroethylene plus carbon tetrachloride and hydrochloric acid.

Perchloroethylene is produced mainly by oxyhydrochlorination, perchlorination, and/or dehydrochlorination of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as 1,2 dichloroethane, propylene, propylene dichloride, 1,1,2-tri-chloroethane, and acetylene.

General Manufacturing Information of Perchloroethylene:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Machinery Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Production of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene is industrially produced by chlorolysis of mostly light hydrocarbons in high temperatures.
Many byproducts are also produced in this process.
These items are disintigrated by distillation.

Ethylene chlorine is also produced by catalyzation of potassium chlorine, ammonium chlorine or active carbone and chlorine in 400 °C.
Bypoducts are distillated, similar to above mentioned method.

History and Production:
French chemist Henri Victor Regnault first synthesized Perchloroethylene in 1839 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane following Michael Faraday's 1820 synthesis of protochloride of carbon (carbon tetrachloride).
C2Cl6 → C2Cl4 + Cl2

Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of Perchloroethylene, which in reality, was carbon tetrachloride.
While trying to make Faraday's "protochloride of carbon", Regnault found that his compound was different from Faraday's.

Victor Regnault stated "according to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F) degrees Celsius".
Perchloroethylene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane, as reported in 1886.

Most Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.
The method is related to Faraday's discovery since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.

Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.
Several other methods have been developed.

When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with chlorine, Perchloroethylene is produced by the chemical reaction:
ClCH2CH2Cl + 3 Cl2 → Cl2C=CCl2 + 4 HCl

This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.
Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation.

Remediation and degradation of Perchloroethylene:
In principle, Perchloroethylene contamination can be remediated by chemical treatment.
Chemical treatment involves reducing metals such as iron powder.

In addition to bioremediation, Perchloroethylene hydrolyzes on contact with soil.

Bioremediation usually entails reductive dechlorination usually under anaerobic conditions.
Dehalococcoides sp. under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp.
Products of biodegradation products include trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts Perchloroethylene into ethylene and chloride.

Human Metabolite Information of Perchloroethylene:

Cellular Locations:
Membrane

Handling and Storage of Perchloroethylene:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
Stop leak if you can do Perchloroethylene without risk.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL:
Pick up with sand, earth or other non-combustible absorbent material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Safe Storage:
Separated from metals, ignition sources and food and feedstuffs.
Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Storage Conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Store in a secure poison location.
Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on Perchloroethylene proper handling and storage.
A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

Perchloroethylene must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers, such as chlorine, bromine, and chlorine dioxide; chemically active metals, such as barium, lithium, and beryllium; and nitric acid, since violent reactions occur.
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location.
Separate from active metals.
Isolate from open flames and combustibles.

Perchloroethylene is stored in mild steel tanks equipped with breathing vents & chemical driers.
Perchloroethylene can be transferred through seamless black iron pipes, with gasketing materials of compressed asbestos, asbestos reinforced with metal, or asbestos impregnated with Teflon or Viton, employing centrifugal or positive displacement pumps of cast iron or steel construction.
Small quantities may be stored safely in green or amber glass containers.

Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.
Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.

An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Perchloroethylene was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Health and Safety of Perchloroethylene:
The acute toxicity of Perchloroethylene is moderate to low.
Reports of human injury are uncommon despite Perchloroethylene wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing.

Despite the advantages of Perchloroethylene, many have called for Perchloroethylene replacement from widespread commercial use.
Perchloroethylene has been described as a possible "neurotoxicant, liver and kidney toxicant, and reproductive and developmental toxicant a 'potential occupational carcinogen'"

Testing for exposure:
Perchloroethylene exposure can be evaluated by a breath test, analogous to breath-alcohol measurements.
Also, for acute exposures, Perchloroethylene in expired air can be measured.

Perchloroethylene can be detected in the breath for weeks following a heavy exposure.
Perchloroethylene and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a breakdown product of Perchloroethylene, can be detected in the blood.

In Europe, the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) recommends for Perchloroethylene an occupational exposure limit (8 hour time-weighted average) of 20 ppm and a short-term exposure limit (15 min) of 40 ppm.

Perchloroethylene is present in very tiny amounts in the environment as a result of industrial releases.
Dry cleaned clothes may release small amounts of Perchloroethylene into the air, according to the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).

The low levels of perchloroethylene that most people are exposed to in air, water and food are not reported to cause symptoms, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS).
People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to Perchloroethylene levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are also not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health.

People who live or work near dry cleaning facilities may be exposed to higher levels of perchloroethylene than the general population.
To help limit any potential health risks, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has ruled that dry cleaners located in residential buildings must phase out dry cleaning machines that use Perchloroethylene by December 21, 2020.

The highest exposures to perchloroethylene tend to occur in the workplace, especially among dry cleaning workers or workers at metal degreasing facilities.
Exposure to these higher levels of Perchloroethylene can lead to irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat and/or respiratory system.

Short-term exposure to high levels of Perchloroethylene can affect the central nervous system and may lead to unconsciousness or death, according to NIH.
To help protect these workers, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends special safety precautions, such as a recommended schedule of maintenance activities and performing daily checks for Perchloroethylene leaks from dry cleaning machines.

First Aid Measures of Perchloroethylene:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital.

OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Perchloroethylene, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Perchloroethylene:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.
Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fire Fighting Procedures:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material involved in fire:
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.
Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies.

From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers.
If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.
The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Approach from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.
Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Use flooding quantities of water as fog or spray.
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

Identifiers of Perchloroethylene:
CAS Number: 127-18-4
Beilstein Reference: 1304635
ChEBI: CHEBI:17300
ChEMBL: ChEMBL114062
ChemSpider: 13837281
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.388
EC Number: 204-825-9
Gmelin Reference: 101142
KEGG: C06789
PubChem CID: 31373
RTECS number: KX3850000
UNII: TJ904HH8SN
UN number: 1897
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2021319
InChI: InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYAO
SMILES: ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl

Cas No: 127-18-4
EINESC No: 204-825-9
Molecular weight: 165,82 g/mol
Chemical Formula: C2Cl4

EC / List no.: 204-825-9
CAS no.: 127-18-4
Mol. formula: C2Cl4

Synonyms: PCE, Perchloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene
Linear Formula: CCl2=CCl2
CAS Number: 127-18-4
Molecular Weight: 165.83

Typical Properties of Perchloroethylene:
Chemical formula: C2Cl4
Molar mass: 165.82 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Strong and sweetish, chloroform-like
Density: 1.622 g/cm3
Melting point: −19 °C (−2 °F; 254 K)
Boiling point: 121.1 °C (250.0 °F; 394.2 K)
Solubility in water: 0.15 g/L (25 °C)
Vapor pressure: 14 mmHg (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −81.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Viscosity: 0.89 cP at 25 °C

General Properties: luminous colorless liquid
Odor: chloric, disturbing
Intensity: 1.622 g/cm g/cm3
Boiling point: 121,1 °C
Melting point: −19 °C
Flash point:
Vapor pressure: 14 mmHg (20 °C)
Refraction index: 1,5055 nD
Solubility: 0.15 g/L (25 °C),

Molecular Weight: 165.8
XLogP3: 3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 165.872461
Monoisotopic Mass: 163.875411
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 55.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related compounds of Perchloroethylene:
Trichloroethylene
Dichloroethene
Tetrachloroethane

Related organohalides:
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrabromoethylene
Tetraiodoethylene

Names of Perchloroethylene:

Regulatory process names:
Tetrachloroethylene
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene

Translated names:
Perchlorethylen (de)
perchloroetylen (pl)
percloroetilene (it)
perkloretylen (no)
tetrachloorethyleen (nl)
tetrachlorethen (cs)
tetrachlorethylen (da)
Tetrachlorethylen (de)
tetrachloretilenas (lt)
tetrachloroeten (pl)
tetrachloroetylen (pl)
tetrachlóretén (sk)
tetracloretilena (ro)
tetracloroetilene (it)
tetracloroetileno (es)
tetracloroetileno (pt)
tetrahloretilēns (lv)
tetrakloorietyleeni (fi)
tetrakloreten (no)
tetrakloreten (sv)
tetrakloretylen (no)
tetrakloroetilen (hr)
tetrakloroetilen (sl)
Tetrakloroetüleen (et)
tetraklóretilén (hu)
tétrachloroéthylène (fr)
τετραχλωροαιθυλένιο (el)
тeтрахлороетилен (bg)

CAS names:
Ethene
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-

IUPAC names:
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene
1,1,2,2-tetracloroetene
Ethene, tetrachloro
etrachloroethene
perchloroethylene
perchloroethylene
tetrachlorethen
Tetrachlorethylène
Tetrachloroethene
tetrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethylen
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
UPV10

Preferred IUPAC name:
Tetrachloroethene

Trade names:
Czterochloroetylen
DOWPER LM
DOWPER MC
DOWPER N
DOWPER Pure Power
DOWPER Solvent
Perchlorethylene
PERCHLOROETHYLEN
Performanti
Perklone D
Perklone DX+
Perklone EXT
Perklone MD
Perklone N

Other names:
Perchloroethene
perchloroethylene
perc
PCE

Other identifiers:
127-18-4
602-028-00-4

Synonyms of Perchloroethylene:
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethene
127-18-4
Perchloroethylene
Ethene, tetrachloro-
Perc
Perchlorethylene
Tetrachlorethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene tetrachloride
Carbon dichloride
Ankilostin
Didakene
Perclene
Tetracap
Tetraguer
Tetraleno
Tetralex
Tetropil
Perawin
Tetlen
Tetrachloraethen
PerSec
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene
Carbon bichloride
PERK
Percloroetilene
Tetracloroetene
Fedal-UN
Tetrachlooretheen
Czterochloroetylen
Percosolve
Perchlor
Perklone
Tetravec
Tetroguer
Nema
Perchloraethylen, per
Perchlorethylene, per
Perclene D
Dow-per
Dilatin PT
Perchloorethyleen, per
Antisol 1
Ethylene, tetrachloro-
Perchloroethene
Antisal 1
Rcra waste number U210
Nema, veterinary
NCI-C04580
ENT 1,860
Perclene TG
UN 1897
TJ904HH8SN
DTXSID2021319
CHEBI:17300
NSC-9777
Percosolv
Caswell No. 827
C2Cl4
MFCD00000834
Percloroetilene [Italian]
Tetrachlooretheen [Dutch]
Tetrachloraethen [German]
Tetracloroetene [Italian]
Czterochloroetylen [Polish]
Tetrachloroethylene (IUPAC)
CCRIS 579
HSDB 124
Perchloorethyleen, per [Dutch]
Perchloraethylen, per [German]
Perchlorethylene, per [French]
Tetrachloroethene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
NSC 9777
EINECS 204-825-9
UN1897
Tetrachloroethylene [USP]
RCRA waste no. U210
UNII-TJ904HH8SN
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078501
BRN 1361721
Tetrachlorathen
Perchlorothylene
AI3-01860
tetrachloro-ethene
tetrachloro-ethylene
Nema (VAN)
WLN: GYGUYGG
Freon 1110
Tetrachlooretheen(DUTCH)
Tetrachloraethen(GERMAN)
Percloroetilene(ITALIAN)
Tetracloroetene(ITALIAN)
bmse000633
Czterochloroetylen(POLISH)
EC 204-825-9
1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
SCHEMBL23022
4-01-00-00715 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BIDD:ER0346
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethene
Perchloorethyleen, per(DUTCH)
Perchloraethylen, per(GERMAN)
Perchlorethylene, per(FRENCH)
Perchloroethylene Reagent Grade
CHEMBL114062
DTXCID601319
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [II]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MI]
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene, >=99.5%
NSC9777
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [HSDB]
Tetrachloroethylene, UV/IR-Grade
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
TETRACHLORETHYLENE [WHO-DD]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MART.]
ZINC8214691
Tox21_201196
AKOS009031593
Tetrachloroethylene, analytical standard
Tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, >=99%
NCGC00090944-01
NCGC00090944-02
NCGC00090944-03
NCGC00258748-01
CAS-127-18-4
Tetrachloroethylene [UN1897] [Poison]
Tetrachloroethylene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
Tetrachloroethylene, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
DB-041854
Tetrachloroethylene, for synthesis, 99.0%
FT-0631739
FT-0674946
S0641
Tetrachloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
EN300-19890
Tetrachloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Tetrachloroethene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
C06789
F 1110
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (ACD/Name 4.0)
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
A805656
Q410772
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
J-524851
Tetrachloroethylene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%
BRD-K68386748-001-01-2
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE) [IARC]
F0001-0391
Tetrachloroethylene, Ultrapure, Spectrophotometric Grade
Density Standard 1623 kg/m3, H&D Fitzgerald Ltd. Quality
25135-99-3

Perchloroethylene is a chlorinate hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with an ether-like odor.
The major part of Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.

CAS: 127-18-4
MF: C2Cl4
MW: 165.83
EINECS: 204-825-9

Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable, and thus being widely used in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene can also be used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries upon being mixed with other chlorocarbons.
Perchloroethylene can also be used in neutrino detectors.
However, Perchloroethylene should be noted that it is a potential carcinogen.
A chlorocarbon that is tetrachloro substituted ethene.

Perchloroethylene is a colourless liquid with a slightly ethereal odour.
Perchloroethylene is marginally soluble in water and soluble in most organic solvents.
Perchloroethylene has a limited number of uses and applications.
Perchloroethylene is used as intermediate, as dry cleaning agent in the industrial and professional sector, as surface cleaning agent in industrial settings, as heat transfer medium in industrial settings, and in film cleaning and copying by professionals.
Perchloroethylene is also used as a chemical intermediate in the production of fluorinated compounds and in industrial surface cleaning metal degreasing.
Occupational exposure to Perchloroethylene is possible in the manufacturing facilities or the industrial facilities where it is used as an intermediate.

Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated ethylene compound commonly used as a dry cleaning and degreasing solvent.
Perchloroethylene shows IR transparency as it has no C–H bonds making it an ideal solvent for IR spectroscopy.
Perchloroethylene is a man-made pollutant which is difficult to degrade.
Perchloroethylene is a ground water contaminant which has adverse effect on human health due to its potential toxicity and carcinogenicity.
Some of the methods proposed for its degradation are Fenton oxidation treatment, reductive dehalogenation under methanogenic condition, and reduction using zero valent metal ions.
One of the methods reported for its synthesis is from ethylene dichloride and chlorine.

Tetrachloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene, and abbreviations such as "perc" (or "PERC"), and "PCE", is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid".
Perchloroethylene also has its uses as an effective automotive brake cleaner.
Perchloroethylene has a sweet odor, similar to the smell of chloroform, detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.

History and production
French chemist Henri Victor Regnault first synthesized Perchloroethylene in 1839 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane following Michael Faraday's 1820 synthesis of protochloride of carbon (carbon tetrachloride).

C2Cl6 → C2Cl4 + Cl2
Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of Perchloroethylene, which in reality, was carbon tetrachloride.
While trying to make Faraday's "protochloride of carbon", Regnault found that his compound was different from Faraday's.
Victor Regnault stated "according to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F) ".

Perchloroethylene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane, as reported in 1886.
Most Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.
The method is related to Faraday's method since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.

Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.
Several other methods have been developed.
When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with chlorine, Perchloroethylene is produced by the chemical reaction:

ClCH2CH2Cl + 3 Cl2 → Cl2C=CCl2 + 4 HCl
This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.
Perchloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation.

Perchloroethylene Chemical Properties
Melting point: -22 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 121 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.623 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 5.83 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 13 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.505(lit.)
Fp: 120-121°C
Storage temp.: Store at +2°C to +25°C.
Solubility: water: soluble0.15g/L at 25°C
Form: Liquid
Color: APHA: ≤10
Odor: chloroform-like odor
Odor Threshold: 0.77ppm
Water Solubility: Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene and hexane. Slightly miscible with water.
Freezing Point: -22.0℃
λmax: λ: 290 nm Amax: 1.00
λ: 295 nm Amax: 0.30
λ: 300 nm Amax: ≤0.20
λ: 305 nm Amax: 0.10
λ: 350 nm Amax: 0.05
λ: 400 nm Amax: 0.03
Merck: 14,9190
BRN: 1361721
Henry's Law Constant: 4.97 at 1.8 °C, 15.5 at 21.6 °C, 34.2 at 40.0 °C, 47.0 at 50 °C, 68.9 at 60 °C, 117.0 at 70 °C (EPICS-GC, Shimotori and Arnold, 2003)
Exposure limits: TLV-TWA 50 ppm (～325 mg/m3) (ACGIH), 100 ppm (MSHA and OSHA); TLV-STEL 200 ppm (ACGIH); carcinogenicity: Animal Limited Evidence.
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases.
LogP: 2.53 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 127-18-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Perchloroethylene (127-18-4)
IARC: 2A (Vol. Sup 7, 63, 106) 2014
EPA Substance Registry System: Perchloroethylene (127-18-4)

Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with an ethereal odor.
Insoluble in water.
Vapors heavier than air.
Density approximately 13.5 lb/gal.
Used as dry cleaning solvent, a degreasing solvent, a drying agent for metals, and in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless, nonflammable liquid with a characteristic odor.

The odor is noticeable 47 ppm, though after a short period it may become inconspicuous, thereby becoming an unreliable warning signal.
The Odor Threshold is variously given as 5 ppm to 6.17 (3M).
Clear, colorless, nonflammable liquid with a chloroform or sweet, ethereal odor. Odor threshold concentration is 4.68 ppmv.
The average least detectable odor threshold concentrations in water at 60 °C and in air at 40 °C were 0.24 and 2.8 mg/L, respectively.

Uses
Perchloroethylene is also known as perchloroethylene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethene and is also commonly abbreviated to PER or PERC.
Perchloroethylene is a volatile, chlorinated organic hydrocarbon that is widely used as a solvent in the dry-cleaning and textile-processing industries and as an agent for degreasing metal parts.
Perchloroethylene is an environmental contaminant that has been detected in the air, groundwater, surface waters, and soil (NRC, 2010).

Perchloroethylene is used as a solvent, indrycleaning, and in metal degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is a common industrial solvent that is often found as a contaminant in groundwater.
Perchloroethylene is also a suspected carcinogen to humans and is difficult to degrade biologically as it has no natural source.
Perchloroethylene is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).

Uses
Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable and nonflammable, and has low toxicity.
For these reasons, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.
Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers, aerosol preparations and spot removers.

Historical applications
Perchloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants.
In the early 20th century, Perchloroethylene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.

Reactivity Profile
Perchloroethylene decomposes upon heating and exposure to UV light to give phosgene and HCl.
Reacts violently with finely dispersed light metals (aluminum) and zinc.
Mixtures with finely divided barium or lithium metal can detonate.
Decomposes very slowly in water to form trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid

Health Hazard
Exposure to Perchloroethylene can produceheadache, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordina tion, irritation of eyes, nose, and throat, and flushing of neck and face.
Exposure to highconcentrations can produce narcotic effects.
The primary target organs are the centralnervous system, mucous membranes, eyes,and skin.
The kidneys, liver, and lungs areaffected to a lesser extent.
Symptoms ofdepression of the central nervous system aremanifested in humans from repeated expo sure to 200 ppm for 7 hours/day.
Chronicexposure to concentrations ranging from 200to 1600 ppm caused drowsiness, depression,and enlargement of the kidneys and livers inrats and guinea pigs.

A 4-hour exposure to 4000 ppm of vapor in air was lethal to rats.
Ingestion of tetrachloroethylene may pro duce toxic effects ranging from nausea andvomiting to somnolence, tremor, and ataxia.
The oral toxicity, is low, however, with LD50ranging between 3000 and 9000 mg/kg inanimals.
Skin contact with the liquid maycause defatting and dermatitis of skin.
Evidence of carcinogenicity of Perchloroethylene has been noted in test animals sub jected to inhalation or oral administration.
Perchloroethylene caused tumors in the blood, liver, and kidneyin rats and mice.
Carcinogenicity in humansis not reported.

Synonyms
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethene
127-18-4
Perchloroethylene
Ethene, tetrachloro-
Perc
Perchlorethylene
Tetrachlorethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene tetrachloride
Carbon dichloride
Ankilostin
Didakene
Perclene
Tetracap
Tetraguer
Tetraleno
Tetralex
Tetropil
Perawin
Tetlen
Tetrachloraethen
PerSec
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene
Carbon bichloride
PERK
Percloroetilene
Tetracloroetene
Fedal-UN
Tetrachlooretheen
Czterochloroetylen
Percosolve
Perchlor
Perklone
Tetravec
Tetroguer
Nema
Perchloraethylen, per
Perchlorethylene, per
Perclene D
Dow-per
Dilatin PT
Perchloorethyleen, per
Antisol 1
Ethylene, tetrachloro-
Perchloroethene
Antisal 1
Rcra waste number U210
Percosolv
Nema, veterinary
NCI-C04580
Caswell No. 827
ENT 1,860
C2Cl4
Percloroetilene [Italian]
Tetrachlooretheen [Dutch]
Tetrachloraethen [German]
Tetracloroetene [Italian]
Perclene TG
Czterochloroetylen [Polish]
Tetrachloroethylene (IUPAC)
CCRIS 579
UN 1897
HSDB 124
Perchloorethyleen, per [Dutch]
Perchloraethylen, per [German]
Perchlorethylene, per [French]
NSC 9777
EINECS 204-825-9
UN1897
Tetrachloroethylene [USP]
RCRA waste no. U210
UNII-TJ904HH8SN
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078501
BRN 1361721
TJ904HH8SN
AI3-01860
DTXSID2021319
CHEBI:17300
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE-1-13C
NSC-9777
EC 204-825-9
4-01-00-00715 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
MFCD00000834
25135-99-3
Tetrachloroethene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Perchlorothylne
Percloroetileno
Tetrachlorathen
Tetrakloreten
Dowper
Perchlorothylene
perawi n
Tetrochloroethane
tetrachloro-ethene
tetrachloro-ethylene
Tetrachlorethen (Per)
Nema (VAN)
WLN: GYGUYGG
TTE (CHRIS Code)
Freon 1110
Tetrachlooretheen(DUTCH)
Tetrachloraethen(GERMAN)
Percloroetilene(ITALIAN)
Tetracloroetene(ITALIAN)
bmse000633
Czterochloroetylen(POLISH)
1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
C2-Cl4
SCHEMBL23022
BIDD:ER0346
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethene
Perchloorethyleen, per(DUTCH)
Perchloraethylen, per(GERMAN)
Perchlorethylene, per(FRENCH)
Perchloroethylene Reagent Grade
CHEMBL114062
DTXCID601319
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [II]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MI]
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene, >=99.5%
Eteno, 1,1,2,2-tetracloro-
NSC9777
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [HSDB]
Tetrachloroethylene, UV/IR-Grade
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
TETRACHLORETHYLENE [WHO-DD]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MART.]
Tox21_201196
LS-710
NA1897
AKOS009031593
perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene)
tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)
Tetrachloroethylene, analytical standard
Tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, >=99%
Perchloroethylene; (Tetrachloroethylene)
NCGC00090944-01
NCGC00090944-02
NCGC00090944-03
NCGC00258748-01
Tetrachloroethylene [UN1897] [Poison]
Tetrachoroethylene; see Perchloroethylene
CAS-127-18-4
Perchloroethylene; (Tetrachloroethylene)
Tetrachloroethylene [UN1897] [Poison]
Tetrachloroethylene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
Tetrachloroethylene, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Tetrachloroethylene, for synthesis, 99.0%
FT-0631739
FT-0674946
S0641
Tetrachloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
EN300-19890
Tetrachloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Tetrachloroethene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
C06789
F 1110
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (ACD/Name 4.0)
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
A805656
Q410772
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
J-524851
Tetrachloroethylene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%
BRD-K68386748-001-01-2
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE) [IARC]
F0001-0391
Tetrachloroethylene, Ultrapure, Spectrophotometric Grade
Density Standard 1623 kg/m3, H&D Fitzgerald Ltd. Quality
Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) (These peer-reviewed values were developed under the Toxic Air Contaminant (TAC) Program mandated by AB1807.)

Perchloroethylene IUPAC Name 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene Perchloroethylene InChI 1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6 Perchloroethylene InChI Key CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Perchloroethylene Canonical SMILES C(=C(Cl)Cl)(Cl)Cl Perchloroethylene Molecular Formula C2Cl4 Perchloroethylene CAS 127-18-4 Perchloroethylene European Community (EC) Number 204-825-9 Perchloroethylene ICSC Number 0076 Perchloroethylene NSC Number 9777 Perchloroethylene RTECS Number KX3850000 Perchloroethylene UN Number 1897 Perchloroethylene UNII TJ904HH8SN Perchloroethylene DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID2021319 Perchloroethylene Physical Description Liquid Perchloroethylene Color/Form Colorless liquid Perchloroethylene Odor Ether-like odor Perchloroethylene Boiling Point 250 °F at 760 mm Hg Perchloroethylene Melting Point -2 °F Perchloroethylene Flash Point No flash point in conventional closed tester. Perchloroethylene Solubility less than 0.1 mg/mL at 63° F Perchloroethylene Density 1.63 at 68 °F Perchloroethylene Vapor Density 5.83 Perchloroethylene Vapor Pressure 14 mm Hg at 68 °F ; 15.8 mm Hg at 72° F Perchloroethylene LogP 3.4 Perchloroethylene LogKoa 3.48 (Octanol-Air partition coefficient) Perchloroethylene Henrys Law Constant 0.02 atm-m3/mole Perchloroethylene Atmospheric OH Rate Constant 1.67e-13 cm3/molecule*sec Perchloroethylene Stability/Shelf Life Stable under recommended storage conditions. Perchloroethylene Autoignition Temperature Not flammable Perchloroethylene Decomposition Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, hydrogen chloride gas. Perchloroethylene Viscosity Liquid (cP): 0.932 at 15 °C; 0.839 at 25 °C; 0.657 at 50 °C; 0.534 at 75 °C. Vapor: 9900 cP at 60 °C Perchloroethylene Corrosivity Corrosion of aluminum, iron, and zinc, which is negligible unless water is present, can be inhibited by the addition of stabilizers Perchloroethylene Heat of Combustion 679.9 kJ/mol Perchloroethylene Heat of Vaporization 90.2 BTU/lb = 50.1 cal/g = 2.10X10+5 J/kg Perchloroethylene Surface Tension 31.74 dynes/cm at 20 °C in contact with vapor Perchloroethylene Ionization Potential 9.32 eV Perchloroethylene Molecular Weight 165.8 g/mol Perchloroethylene XLogP3 3.4 Perchloroethylene Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 Perchloroethylene Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 0 Perchloroethylene Rotatable Bond Count 0 Perchloroethylene Exact Mass 165.872461 g/mol Perchloroethylene Monoisotopic Mass 163.875411 g/mol Perchloroethylene Topological Polar Surface Area 0 Ų Perchloroethylene Heavy Atom Count 6 Perchloroethylene Formal Charge 0 Perchloroethylene Complexity 55.6 Perchloroethylene Isotope Atom Count 0 Perchloroethylene Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Perchloroethylene Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Perchloroethylene Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Perchloroethylene Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Perchloroethylene Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1 Perchloroethylene Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Perchloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames. Perchloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons. Exposure to this substance irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage. Perchloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.Perchloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing. It is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products.Perchloroethylene is stable up to 500 °C in the absence of catalysts, moisture, and oxygen.The distinctive odor of Perchloroethylene does not necessarily provide adequate warning. Because Perchloroethylene quickly desensitizes olfactory responses, persons can suffer exposure to vapor concentrations in excess of TLV limits without smelling it.The odor threshold for Perchloroethylene has been established as 32 mg/ cu m.Perchloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames. Perchloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons. Exposure to this substance irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage. Perchloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.Perchloroethylene is a volatile, lipophilic small molecule that is rapidly and extensively absorbed after inhalation and oral exposure. It can also be rapidly absorbed through the skin, but dermal absorption appears to be a less important route of exposure. In humans, inhalation exposure to Perchloroethylene typically results, within a few hours of exposure, in a pseudoequilibrium between inspired air and blood although there can be substantial interindividual differences in absorption behavior. After oral dosing in animals, peak blood Perchloroethylene concentrations are typically reached within 15-30 min, and systemic bioavailability is typically greater than 80%; once absorbed, Perchloroethylene is rapidly distributed throughout the body, and well-perfused tissues reach a pseudoequilibrium with blood within a few minutes.Because of its lipophilicity, the highest concentrations of Perchloroethylene are found in adipose tissue. In humans, the fat-to-blood concentration ratio has been estimated to be as high as 90:1. Relatively high concentrations are also observed in the liver and brain. On the basis of animal studies and sparse human data, the brain concentration of Perchloroethylene is 4-8 times the blood concentration.For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Perchloroethylene (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.The two major products of Perchloroethylene metabolism by the CYP pathway are trichloroacetyl chloride and oxalyl chloride.The beta-lyase pathway: Perchloroethylene is conjugated with glutathione to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl) glutathione and is later processed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and aminopeptidase to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC).The CYP pathway is the predominant route of Perchloroethylene metabolism in rats and humans. Plasma albumin adducted with the trichloro derivative, indicating metabolism by the CYP pathway, was found in rats and humans exposed to Perchloroethylene at 40 ppm for 6 hours. ... Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) excretion by rats was about 23 fold that of humans; or humans excreted about 4.4% of the amount excreted by rats.After ingestion of 12-16 g Perchloroethylene, a 6 year old boy was admitted to the clinic in coma. ... The Perchloroethylene blood level profile which was determined under hyperventilation therapy could be computer fitted to a two compartment model. Elimination of Perchloroethylene from the blood compartment occurred via a rapid and a slow process with half-lives of 30 min and 35 hours, respectively. These values compared favorably with the half-lives of 160 min and 33 hours under normal respiratory conditions.The elimination of Perchloroethylene in expired air ranged from 50 to 150 ppm (339 to 1,017 mg/cu m) for up to 8 hr. Biological half-life for fat stores was 71.5 hr.The biological half-life of Perchloroethylene metabolites (as measured as total trichloro-compounds) is 144 hours.Perchloroethylene is used to clean dirt, grease and minor scratches from the print and the negative films prior to printing.The production of Perchloroethylene is possible by high temperature chlorination of chlorinated lower molecular mass hydrocarbons. For industrial purposes, three processes are important: 1. Production from acetylene via trichloroethylene ... 2. Production from ethylene or 1,2-dichloroethane through oxychlorination ... and 3. Production from C1-C3 hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons through high temperature chlorination.Perchloroethylene is produced mainly by oxyhydrochlorination, perchlorination, and/or dehydrochlorination of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as 1,2 dichloroethane, propylene, propylene dichloride, 1,1,2-tri-chloroethane, and acetylene.Perchloroethylene is avail in the USA in the following grades: purified, technical, USP, spectrophotometric, and dry-cleaning. The technical and dry-cleaning grades both meet specifications for technical grade and differ only in the amount of stabilizer added to prevent decomposition. Stabilizers ... incl amines or mixtures of epoxides and esters. Typical analysis of the commercial grade is ... nonvolatile residue, 0.0003%; free chlorine, none; moisture, no cloud at -5 °C ... USP grade contains not less than 99.0% and no more than 99.5% Perchloroethylene, the remainder consisting of ethanol.Analyte: Perchloroethylene; Matrix: Air; Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg); Flow rate: 0.01-0.2 l/min; Vol: min: 0.2 @ 100 ppm, max: 40; Stability: not determined.The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of Perchloroethylene stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this colorless liquid may occur from its use as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical syntheses. In addition to eye and skin inflammation from contacting liquid Perchloroethylene, inhalation of its vapor can cause central nervous system depression, liver necrosis, and effects on the lung, heart, and kidney. Perchloroethylene's sweet chloroform-like odor may warn of its presence at a sub-TLV level of 4.68 ppm; however,the distinctive odor of Perchloroethylene does not necessarily provide adequate warning. Because Perchloroethylene quickly desensitizes olfactory responses, persons can suffer exposure to vapor concentrations in excess of TLV limits without smelling it. To assure against exposure, it is recommended that self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing be worn, especially in fire or spill situations. Although considered nonflammable, containers of Perchloroethylene may explode in the heat of a fire and its vapor will decompose in contact with open flames or red-heated materials to yield the poisonous gas, phosgene. For small fires involving Perchloroethylene, extinguish with dry chemical or CO2, and for large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. Cool containers with water. If the fire involves a tank car or truck, isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions. Perchloroethylene should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away from strong oxidizers, potential fire hazards, caustic soda, potash, and chemically active metals such as barium, lithium, and beryllium. For small spills of Perchloroethylene, ventilate the area then take up with vermiculite, dry sand, or earth. Large spills should be diked for later disposal. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residues (including waste sludge), consult environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.Irritation of the eyes, nose, or throat and central nervous system depression were experienced by 17 subjects, exposed to 685 mg of Perchloroethylene per cu m air. Coordination was impaired within 3 hr of exposure.D039; A waste containing Perchloroethylene may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.The presence of 0.5% of trichloroethylene as impurity in Perchloroethylene during unheated drying over solid sodium hydroxide caused the generation of dichloroacetylene. After subsequent fractional distillation, the volatile fore-run exploded.Perchloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene, and many other names (and abbreviations such as "perc" or "PERC", and "PCE"), is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. It is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid". It has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm). Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.Most Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons. The method is related to Faraday's discovery since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials. Otherwise it is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable. For these reasons, it is widely used in dry cleaning. It is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons. It appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers. It is also used in aerosol preparations.It is used in neutrino detectors where a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the chlorine atom and converts it to a proton to form argon.Perchloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants. In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.The acute toxicity of Perchloroethylene "is moderate to low". "Reports of human injury are uncommon despite its wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing".The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified Perchloroethylene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that it is probably carcinogenic to humans.Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, Perchloroethylene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure. Perchloroethylene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation.Animal studies and a study of 99 twins showed there is a "lot of circumstantial evidence" that exposure to Perchloroethylene increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease ninefold. Larger population studies are planned.Also, Perchloroethylene has been shown to cause liver tumors in mice and kidney tumors in male rats.Perchloroethylene exposure has been linked to pronounced acquired color vision deficiencies after chronic exposure.Perchloroethylene is a common soil contaminant. With a specific gravity greater than 1, Perchloroethylene will be present as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) if sufficient quantities are released. Because of its mobility in groundwater, its toxicity at low levels, and its density (which causes it to sink below the water table), cleanup activities are more difficult than for oil spills: oil has a specific gravity less than 1. Recent research on soil and ground water pollution by Perchloroethylene has focused on in-place remediation. Instead of excavation or extraction for above-ground treatment or disposal, Perchloroethylene contamination has been successfully remediated by chemical treatment or bioremediation. Bioremediation has been successful under anaerobic conditions by reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides sp. and under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp. Partial degradation daughter products include trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts Perchloroethylene to ethene and hydrogen chloride dissolved in water.Estimates state that 85% of Perchloroethylene produced is released into the atmosphere; while models from OECD assumed that 90% is released into the air and 10% to water. Based on these models, its distribution in the environment is estimated to be in the air (76.39% - 99.69%), water (0.23% - 23.2%), soil (0.06-7%), with the remainder in the sediment and biota. Estimates of lifetime in the atmosphere vary, but a 1987 survey estimated the lifetime in the air to be about 2 months in the Southern Hemisphere and 5–6 months in the Northern Hemisphere. Degradation products observed in a laboratory include phosgene, trichloroacetyl chloride, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Perchloroethylene is degraded by hydrolysis, and is persistent under aerobic conditions. It is degraded by reductive dechlorination under anaerobic conditions, with degradation products such as trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, ethylene, and ethane. It has an ozone depletion potential of 0.005, where CFC-11 (CCl3F) is 1.Perchloroethylene, also known as perc, is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor. It is primarily used in industrial settings and also for dry-cleaning fabrics and degreasing metals.Perchloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations. When applied to a material or fabric, perc helps dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.In metal manufacturing, solvents containing perchloroethylene clean and degrease new metal to help prevent impurities from weakening the metal.Due to its durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather, perchloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants.Perchloroethylene is present in very tiny amounts in the environment as a result of industrial releases. Dry cleaned clothes may release small amounts of perc into the air, according to the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).The low levels of perchloroethylene that most people are exposed to in air, water and food are not reported to cause symptoms, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to perc levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are also not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health.People who live or work near dry cleaning facilities may be exposed to higher levels of perchloroethylene than the general population. To help limit any potential health risks, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has ruled that dry cleaners located in residential buildings must phase out dry cleaning machines that use perc by December 21, 2020.The highest exposures to perchloroethylene tend to occur in the workplace, especially among dry cleaning workers or workers at metal degreasing facilities. Exposure to these higher levels of perc can lead to irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat and/or respiratory system. Short-term exposure to high levels of perc can affect the central nervous system and may lead to unconsciousness or death, according to NIH. To help protect these workers, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends special safety precautions, such as a recommended schedule of maintenance activities and performing daily checks for perc leaks from dry cleaning machines.Perchloroethylene, also known as perc, is a solvent used in dry cleaning operations. In metal manufacturing, perc cleans and degreases metals.The highest exposures to perchloroethylene tend to occur in the workplace, especially among dry cleaning and degreasing workers. To protect workers, OSHA recommends specific safety precautions. The dry cleaning industry has also worked to reduce perc exposures for workers in recent years, by implementing improved safety measures, and switching over to modern dry cleaning equipment that reduces worker exposure to perc.The low levels of perchloroethylene that may be present in air, water and food are not reported to cause symptoms. The highest exposures to perc tend to occur in industrial settings. Higher levels of perc exposure can lead to irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat and/or respiratory system. Short-term exposure to high levels of perc can affect the central nervous system and cause unconsciousness and death, according to NIH.People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to perc at levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health, according to ACS.According to ACS, some studies of people exposed to perc at work, such as dry cleaning workers, found more cases than expected of certain cancers, including cancers of the esophagus, kidney, cervix and bladder, as well as lymphomas. However, the results of these studies did not always agree, and there were so few cases of cancer in general that the increased risk often may have been due to chance, not exposure to perc. Many of these studies also did not account for other factors that might affect cancer risk, such as cigarette or alcohol use. ATSDR states that exposure to perchloroethylene might lead to a higher risk of bladder cancer, multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma for some people, but also states that the evidence is not very strong.Tetrachloroethylene is widely used for dry-cleaning fabrics and metal degreasing operations. Effects resulting from acute (short term) high-level inhalation exposure of humans to tetrachloroethylene include irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, kidney dysfunction, and neurological effects such as reversible mood and behavioral changes, impairment of coordination, dizziness, headache, sleepiness, and unconsciousness. The primary effects from chronic (long term) inhalation exposure are neurological, including impaired cognitive and motor neurobehavioral performance. Tetrachloroethylene exposure may also cause adverse effects in the kidney, liver, immune system and hematologic system, and on development and reproduction. Studies of people exposed in the workplace have found associations with several types of cancer including bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma. EPA has classified tetrachloroethylene as likely to be carcinogenic to humans.Tetrachloroethylene is used for dry cleaning and textile processing, as a chemical intermediate, and for vapor degreasing in metal-cleaning operations.Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid (also called tetrachloroethylene or tetrachloroethene) used as a dry cleaning agent, chemical intermediate and metal degreasing agent. Perchloroethylene has also been used as an insulating fluid and cooling gas in electrical transformers, in paint removers, printing inks, adhesives, paper coating and leather treatment; in aerosol formulations, as an extractant for pharmaceuticals, to remove soot from industrial boilers, and as an antihelminthic agent. Perchloroethylene is a volatile liquid, as such when it is released to surface water or surface soil, it tends to volatilize quickly. Perchloroethylene is also mobile in soil and has the potential to leach below the soil surface and contaminate groundwater. Perchloroethylene can also biodegrade to trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethene through reductive dechlorination, therefore the exposed population can also be exposed to the degradation product, trichloroethylene, which is often found as a contaminant in products with perchloroethylene. The liver is the target organ in humans, mainly in reports of accidental exposure to a high concentration. Meckler et.al.48 described liver damage in a woman exposed occupationally to perchloroethylene fumes documented by a liver biopsy. Other investigators have shown that exposure to perchloroethylene is associated with elevation of liver enzymes, jaundice, and enlarged liver.49,50 Experimental animal studies also have shown liver damage by inhalation of perchloroethylene.51–54 Liver necrosis occurred in experimental mice exposed to 100 and 200 ppm of perchloroethylene for 103 weeks.55 Experimental animals exposed orally to perchloroethylene have been shown to develop liver changes similar to those produced by inhalation studies, and mice are more sensitive than rats to perchloroethylene induced liver toxicity. Humans exposed by oral routes to perchloroethylene except for heavy doses commonly have not shown significant changes other than obstructive jaundice and enlarged liver reported in an infant exposed to perchloroethylene via breast milk.56 It is highly likely that perchloroethylene is a hepatotoxic agent at high doses, and probably at low doses as well in susceptible individuals with other environmental exposures, are taking prescription medications, have alcoholism, nutritional and/or genetic factors, or preexisting disease of the liver. The IARC Working Group reviewed experimental animal studies that evaluated the carcinogenicity of perchloroethylene. In mice given perchloroethylene in corn oil by gavage, there were increases in the trend and in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in males and females.In two separate studies in mice of two different strains exposed by inhalation, significant increases in the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma, carcinoma, and adenoma or carcinoma (combined) were observed in males and females.There are numerous cancer studies in humans examining the risk from exposure to perchloroethylene. It is evident that perchloroethylene can increase cancer risks in humans and is carcinogenic in animals as well. There are epidemiological studies that link exposure to perchloroethylene and increased risk of liver cancer in humans. A case-control study Lynge and Thygesen61 reported an increased liver cancer incidence in Danish female dry cleaning and laundry workers with a follow-up study by Lynge62 finding that the increased liver cancer incidence in the female Danish workers was associated with the laundry workers (SIR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.4 - 7.0). In a report by Hernberg et al.63 a survey among 377 exposed people to various solvents including perchloroethylene compared to 385 unexposed controls indicated an increased incidence of liver cancer in females.The National Toxicology Program has categorized perchloroethylene as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.64 The IARC has listed PCE as Group 2A – probably carcinogenic to humans. The IARC found that, “Positive associations have been observed for cancer of the bladder. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of perchloroethylene.”65 Epidemiologic data suggest a possible increased incidence of liver in humans, but data are limited.The corrosiveness of perchloroethylene to copper is determined using Soxhlet apparatus.27 Three pre-weighed strips of copper are used, one placed in the bottom flask, the second in the bottom of the Soxhlet attachment, and the third below the condenser. The specimens are exposed to refluxing solvent for 72 h after which the entire apparatus is flushed with distilled water to wash all acidic substances back to the flask. The water layer is titrated with 0.01 N NaOH to determine its acidity and the strips are weighed to determine weight loss. The results indicate quality of solvent. A different method is used to test copper corrosion by aromatic hydrocarbons.28 Here, a copper strip is immersed in a flask containing solvent and the flask is placed in boiling water for 30 min. Next, the copper strip is compared with ASTM standard corroded copper strips.If 1,1,1-trichloroethane is not properly stabilized, it forms hydrochloric acid in the presence of aluminum. HCl corrodes aluminum. The presence of free water invalidates the result of this test.29 An aluminum coupon is scratched beneath the surface of a solvent. The coupon is observed for 10 min and 1 h and the degree of corrosion is recorded in form of pass (no reaction) or fail (gas bubbles, color formation, or metal corrosion). The test is important to cleaning operations because aluminum should not be used for parts of machines (pumps, tanks, valves, spray equipment) in contact with corrosive solvent.Tetrachloroethylene is synthetic chemical used for dry cleaning, and has also been named as perchloroethylene and tetrachloroethene. The liver is the target organ in humans, mainly in reports of accidental exposure to a high concentration. Meckler et.al.48 has shown liver damage in a woman exposed occupationally to tetrachloroethylene fumes documented by a liver biopsy. Other investigators have also shown elevation of liver enzymes, jaundice, and enlarged liver.49,50 Experimental animal studies also have shown liver damage by inhalation of tetrachloroethylene.51–54 Liver necrosis occurred in experimental mice exposed to 100 and 200 ppm of tetrachloroethylene for 103 weeks.55 Experimental animals exposed orally to tetrachloroethylene have been shown to develop liver changes similar to those produced by inhalation studies, and mice are more sensitive than rats to tetrachloroethylene induced liver toxicity. Humans exposed by oral routes to tetrachloroethylene except for heavy doses commonly have not shown significant changes other than obstructive jaundice and enlarged liver reported in an infant exposed to tetrachloroethylene via breast milk.56 Issues of carcinogenicity will not be addressed in this chapter, and the interested reader is referred to the toxicological profile for tetrachloroethylene.57 It is highly likely that tetrachlorethylene is a hepatotoxic agent at high doses, and probably at low doses as well in susceptible individuals with either other environmental exposures, prescription medications, alcoholism, nutritional and/or genetic factors, and preexisting disease of the liver.Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames. Tetrachloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons. Exposure to this substance irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage. Tetrachloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.

An elastomer (natural rubber or a polyolefin) to which 65% of chlorine has been added to give a solid, film-forming resin.
White, amorphous powder available in viscosity grades from 5 to 125 c P, the figures indicating vis- cosity of a 20% solution in tol.
Pergut S 20 can be used as impact modifier of polyethylene plastic, permanent plasticizer, cold resistance additive, flame retardant of polyolefin, modifier of various rubber compounds, etc.

CAS: 9006-03-5
MF: [C10H11Cl7]n

Pergut S 20 is a chemically inert material with excellent film forming properties.
Pergut S 20 is a nonflammable, nontoxic, tasteless white powder.
A fast physically drying binder.
Pergut S 20 has extremely low chemical reactivity and can be freely dissolved in solvents.
Compatible with almost all natural and synthetic resins.

Pergut S 20 is a natural rubber derivative, which is a product of chlorination after depolymerization of natural rubber.
The masticated natural rubber (or polyisoprene rubber) is dissolved in carbon tetrachloride or dichloroethane solvent, and the rubber generated by passing chlorine gas.
Pergut S 20 content in 40% ~ 65%, the higher the chlorine content, the better the chemical stability.
Pure product is odorless, tasteless, non-toxic white powder, the relative density of 1.43.
Industrial products are slightly yellow, with a relative density of 1.5 to 1.7. 135~140 degrees C softening decomposition.
Good resistance to various reagents.
When the Pergut S 20 content is 40 ~ 45%, it is sticky, soft, but unstable.

When the Pergut S 20 content is 50 ~ 54%, it is a relatively hard solid and still unstable.
When the Pergut S 20 content is 54 ~ 65%, the stability is better.
Soluble in benzene, mixed xylene, naphtha, carbon disulfide, ethyl acetate, tetralin, insoluble in water, alcohol and petroleum hydrocarbon solvent.
Pergut S 20 is acid and alkali resistant, and has excellent insulation and mold resistance.

Pergut S 20 with different solution viscosities were obtained depending on the degree of depolymerization.
Pergut S 20 used as a coating, the viscosity of 10 ~ 200mPa-s, the higher the viscosity, weather resistance, light retention, stability, but the coating operation is difficult.
Pergut S 20 can be used in the manufacture of coatings, anti-corrosion materials, etc.

Pergut S 20 coating is also called chlorinated rubber paint.
The Pergut S 20 is prepared by dissolving it in a solvent and then adding other additives.
Among them, Pergut S 20 is the main film-forming substance.
Although Pergut S 20 is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters and higher Ester solvents, xylene or heavy benzene is mostly used as a solvent when used as a coating material.
In order to increase the elasticity and adhesion of the coating film, plasticizers such as pentachlorobiphenyl, chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated naphthalene, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and some drying oils can be added.

In order to delay the aging of the coating film, some pigments may be added, but particular attention should be paid to the nature of the pigment and its reaction with the coating.
In addition, Pergut S 20 is often used in combination with some resins to improve the performance of the coating.
The unique advantages of the coating are: good chemical resistance, can resist acid and alkali and salt spray resistance, low water vapor permeability, good water resistance, these properties are the best in all coatings; the paint added with pigment can resist ultraviolet rays, weather resistance, cold and heat resistance; Toughness, wear resistance, high flame resistance; Use with other resins, higher adhesion; High insulation and mold resistance; High solid content, coating once is equivalent to other coatings several times; Drying is fast; In addition to the above unique advantages, but also has some common properties of other chlorine-containing coatings.

The disadvantage is that Pergut S 20 is difficult to resist strong nitric acid, concentrated acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide solution; Can not be dried at 110 ℃ or more, otherwise Pergut S 20 will damage the adhesion; There is mutual bleeding phenomenon between the two layers of coating.
Pergut S 20 is used in the manufacture of ship primer, plate paint, cargo ship paint, acid-resistant paint, alkali-resistant paint, cement surface paint, fire-retardant Ester, battery room paint, roof paint, road marking paint, etc.
Japan has adopted chlorinated polypropylene to replace pure Pergut S 20 since 1976, because chlorinated polypropylene is more difficult to decompose, can reduce the volatilization of chlorine, and has good heat resistance and weather resistance.
Most of these coatings are now used.

Pergut S 20 Chemical Properties
Density: 1.43-1.50
Fp: 135-140°C (dec.)
EPA Substance Registry System: Pergut S 20 (9006-03-5)

Pergut S 20 is typically prepared by treating a solution of masticated natural rubber in chloroform or carbon tetrachloride with chlorine at 80-100°C until sampling indicates the product has a chlorine content of about 65%.
During this time, hydrogen chloride is evolved.
After the passage of Pergut S 20 has been stopped, the solution is refluxed until the evolution of hydrogen chloride ceases; this results in a product of good stability.
The Pergut S 20 is then isolated by precipitation with methanol.

Use
Pergut S 20 for rust prevention of steel products, anti-corrosion,
Pergut S 20widely used as anti-corrosion coatings and various strong adhesives,
Pergut S 20can be used as impact modifiers, permanent plasticizers, cold resistant additives, polyolefin flame retardants, modifier of various compounds, etc.
Pergut S 20 can be used extensively in an expanding range of applications.
Pergut S 20 can be used to formulate fast drying anticorrosion coating with good weather stability and resistance to water and chemicals.

Additionally, Pergut S 20 is used for the manufacture of different kinds of paints like anticorrosive, marine, traffic, fire retardant and intumescent, swimming pools.
Pergut S 20 also has applications in the manufacture of adhesives.
In general, low viscosity grades are used in printing inks and spray paints, when low viscosity solutions are required with maximum solid content.
Whereas Pergut S 20 is a general purpose grade.
Higher viscosity grades are used in special purpose adhesives and textile coatings.

Hazard
Do not dry-mill Pergut S 20 with zinc oxide; mixture reacts violently at 216C.
Do not use in baked enamels.

Synonyms
adekacr5
adekacr20
adekacr40
adekacr10
adekacr150
adbond1000clear
rubber chlorinated
RUBBER CHLORINATED
Chlorinated rubber
polyisoprene, chlorinated
POLYISOPRENE, CHLORINATED
Chlorinated natural rubber
RUBBER CHLORINATED
POLYISOPRENE, CHLORINATED

Pergut S 20 is typically prepared by treating a solution of masticated natural rubber in chloroform or carbon tetrachloride with chlorine at 80-100°C until sampling indicates the product has a chlorine content of about 65%.
During this time, Pergut S 20 is evolved.
After the passage of Pergut S 20 has been stopped, the solution is refluxed until the evolution of hydrogen chloride ceases; this results in a product of good stability.

CAS: 9006-03-5
MF: [C10H11Cl7]n

The Pergut S 20 is then isolated by precipitation with methanol.
An elastomer (natural rubber or a polyolefin) to which 65% of Pergut S 20 has been added to give a solid, film-forming resin.
White, amorphous powder available in viscosity grades from 5 to 125 c P, the figures indicating vis- cosity of a 20% solution in tol.
The Pergut S 20 is one of the rubber derived products, which is modified from the natural rubber through chlorination.
Pergut S 20 finds wide application in the production of coatings, inks, adhesives, etc.

Pergut S 20 Chemical Properties
Density: 1.43-1.50
Fp: 135-140°C (dec.)
EPA Substance Registry System: Chlorinated rubber (9006-03-5)
Flash Point: 135-140°C (dec.)

Use
Pergut S 20 can be used as impact modifier of polyethylene plastic, permanent plasticizer, cold resistance additive, flame retardant of polyolefin, modifier of various rubber compounds, etc.

Pergut S 20 Derivative
Pergut S 20 is a natural rubber derivative, which is a product of chlorination after depolymerization of natural rubber.
The masticated Pergut S 20 (or polyisoprene rubber) is dissolved in carbon tetrachloride or dichloroethane solvent, and the rubber generated by passing chlorine gas.
Pergut S 20 content in 40% ~ 65%, the higher the chlorine content, the better the chemical stability.
Pure product is odorless, tasteless, non-toxic white powder, the relative density of 1.43. Industrial products are slightly yellow, with a relative density of 1.5 to 1.7. 135~140 degrees C softening decomposition.
Good resistance to various reagents.

When the chlorine content is 40 ~ 45%, it is sticky, soft, but unstable.
When the chlorine content is 50 ~ 54%, it is a relatively hard solid and still unstable. When the chlorine content is 54 ~ 65%, the stability is better.
Soluble in benzene, mixed xylene, naphtha, carbon disulfide, ethyl acetate, tetralin, insoluble in water, alcohol and petroleum hydrocarbon solvent.
Pergut S 20 is acid and alkali resistant, and has excellent insulation and mold resistance.
Pergut S 20 with different solution viscosities were obtained depending on the degree of depolymerization.
Pergut S 20 used as a coating, the viscosity of 10 ~ 200mPa-s, the higher the viscosity, weather resistance, light retention, stability, but the coating operation is difficult.
Pergut S 20 can be used in the manufacture of coatings, anti-corrosion materials, etc.

Pergut S 20r Coating
Pergut S 20 coating is also called chlorinated rubber paint.
The Pergut S 20 is prepared by dissolving it in a solvent and then adding other additives.
Among them, Pergut S 20 is the main film-forming substance.
Although Pergut S 20 is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters and higher Ester solvents, xylene or heavy benzene is mostly used as a solvent when used as a coating material.
In order to increase the elasticity and adhesion of the coating film, plasticizers such as pentachlorobiphenyl, chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated naphthalene, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and some drying oils can be added.

In order to delay the aging of the coating film, some pigments may be added, but particular attention should be paid to the nature of the pigment and its reaction with the coating.
In addition, Pergut S 20 is often used in combination with some resins to improve the performance of the coating.
The unique advantages of the coating are: good chemical resistance, can resist acid and alkali and salt spray resistance, low water vapor permeability, good water resistance, these properties are the best in all coatings; the paint added with pigment can resist ultraviolet rays, weather resistance, cold and heat resistance; Toughness, wear resistance, high flame resistance; Use with other resins, higher adhesion; High insulation and mold resistance; High solid content, coating once is equivalent to other coatings several times; Drying is fast; In addition to the above unique advantages, but also has some common properties of other Pergut S 20-containing coatings.

The disadvantage is that Pergut S 20 is difficult to resist strong nitric acid, concentrated acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide solution; Can not be dried at 110 ℃ or more, otherwise Pergut S 20 will damage the adhesion; There is mutual bleeding phenomenon between the two layers of coating.
Pergut S 20 is used in the manufacture of ship primer, plate paint, cargo ship paint, acid-resistant paint, alkali-resistant paint, cement surface paint, fire-retardant Ester, battery room paint, roof paint, road marking paint, etc.
Japan has adopted Pergut S 20 polypropylene to replace pure chlorinated rubber since 1976, because chlorinated polypropylene is more difficult to decompose, can reduce the volatilization of Pergut S 20, and has good heat resistance and weather resistance.
Most of these coatings are now used.

Hazard
Do not dry-mill Pergut S 20 with zinc oxide; mixture reacts violently at 216C.
Do not use in baked enamels.

Synonyms
adekacr5
adekacr20
adekacr40
adekacr10
adekacr150
adbond1000clear
rubber chlorinated
RUBBER CHLORINATED
Chlorinated rubber
polyisoprene, chlorinated
POLYISOPRENE, CHLORINATED
Chlorinated natural rubber
RUBBER CHLORINATED
POLYISOPRENE
CHLORINATED

cas no 93763-70-3

cas no 52645-53-1 3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate; 3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate;

APPLICATIONS


Perlogen SF 3000 is a cold-processable, liquid pearlizing concentrate for rinse-off products.
Perlogen SF 3000 delivers an intense silky shine to shampoos, similar to the color spectrum and light reflexes of natural pearls, at low dosage.

The production of Perlogen SF 3000 utilizes a patented and highly efficient low-energy blending process that reduces the overall carbon footprint significantly.
Perlogen SF 3000 delivers an intensive silky shine at Low usage concentrations– underlining product quality and performance. Add value to shampoos, liquid hand soaps, nourishing conditioners and moisturizing washes.

Henkel uses Perlogen SF 3000 to achieve a high brilliance pearlescent shine for several of its brand shampoo ranges including Schwarzkopf, Bonacure, Schauma and Gliss Kur.

Perlogen SF 3000 is an decoloring agent.

Advantages of Perlogen SF 3000:
Pigments > Pearlescing Agents (Polymers)

Perlogen SF 3000 is bio-based.
Perlogen SF 3000 is vegan.
Perlogen SF 3000 has proper smoothness.

Perlogen SF 3000 has silky feel.
Perlogen SF 3000 has vegetal origin.
Perlogen SF 3000 has good shine / radiance.

Perlogen SF 3000 has low use concentration.
Perlogen SF 3000 is cold-processable.

Perlogen SF 3000 is sulfate-free.
Perlogen SF 3000 is easy to use.

Perlogen SF 3000 has pearlizing effect.
Perlogen SF 3000 has excellent emulsifying and cleaning properties.

Perlogen SF 3000 has resistance to acids, hard water and partly to alkalis.
Perlogen SF 3000 has strong degreasing properties.

Perlogen SF 3000 is compatible with non-ionic, anionic and cationic surfactants.
Perlogen SF 3000 is biodegradable.


Perlogen SF 3000 can be used as pearlant.
Perlogen SF 3000 can be used as pearling agent.
Perlogen SF 3000 is a good pearlizer.

Perlogen SF 3000 is used in shower, liquid Soap
Perlogen SF 3000 is used in shampoo.
Perlogen SF 3000 is used for smoothing purposes.


Some uses of Perlogen SF 3000:

Agents for washing
Care and styling hair (shampoos, conditioners, gels, mousse, sprays)
Make-up products (foundations, fluids, mascaras, eye liners, lipsticks)
Face cleaning and care products (facial cleansing gels)
Scrubs
Moisturizing creams
Anti-acne creams
Anti-ageing creams
Eye creams
Body wash products
Hand creams
Foot creams
Antiperspirants
Shaving preparations
Sunscreens
Liquid soaps
Household detergents
Raw material for obtaining anionic surfactants
Non-ionic component of emulsifiers
Removes oil stains from hard surfaces
Knitted and woven fabrics
Bleaching baths in textile industry
Detergent baths after dyeing knitted/woven fabrics


Perlogen SF 3000 can be used as an antistatic agent and emulsifier in cosmetics.
However, Perlogen SF 3000 has a high possibility of causing skin irritation and acne.
Perlogen SF 3000 is a defoamer, and it is non-toxic, odorless, non-irritating, and has a hard water and acid and alkali resistance.

Perlogen SF 3000 is an excellent compatibility.
Also the antifoaming performance of Perlogen SF 3000 is quite good.



DESCRIPTION


Perlogen SF 3000 is a cold processable, sulfate-free liquid pearlizing concentrate that delivers an intensive silky shine at low use concentration levels (0.5% - 3%).
Perlogen SF 3000 is for use in skin and hair cleansing formulations.

Perlogen SF 3000 is cold-processable, sulfate-free and easy to use grade.
Perlogen SF 3000 delivers excellent silky shine at low use concentrations underlining quality and performance.

Perlogen SF 3000 exhibits high mechanical stability and good smoothing effect.
Perlogen SF 3000 is based on natural and renewable resources and has low water and energy consumption.

Perlogen SF 3000 is used in shower, liquid soap, shampoo, moisturizing facial and body washes.
Perlogen SF 3000 has a shelf life of atleast 2 years.

Perlogen SF 3000 is a pumpable silk luster/pearlizing agent for the cosmetic industry.
Perlogen SF 3000 is a cold-processable, sulfate-free liquid pearlizing concentrate for rinse-off products including silky shampoos, liquid hand soaps, nourishing conditioners as well as moisturizing facial and body washes.
Perlogen SF 3000 delivers an intensive silky shine at low use concentration levels, underlining product quality and performance.
The consistent appearance of Perlogen SF 3000 provides a versatile ingredient to the formulator.
Perlogen SF 3000 is easy to handle and develop different formulations.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: white, pearlized gel
pH-value: 4.8-5.2
Viscosity: N/A
Stability: Stable for 3 months at 4°C, 20°C and 40°C,
1 month at 45°C
Appearance : viscous liquid
Colour : white
Odour : characteristic
Odour Threshold : not determined
pH : 3,0 - 4,5 (25 °C)
Concentration: 10 %
Method: DIN EN 1262
Solidification point : ca. 0 °C
Data relate to solvent
Boiling point : approx. 100 °C
Based on water-content.
Flash point : not determined
Evaporation rate : not determined
Self-ignition : no data available
Upper explosion limit / upper
flammability limit
: not determined
Lower explosion limit / Lower
flammability limit
: not determined
Vapour pressure : ca. 0,9 kPa
Relative vapour density : no data available
Density : ca. 0,946 g/cm3 (40 °C)
Method: DIN 51757
Solubility(ies)
Water solubility : dispersible
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water : Not applicable
Auto-ignition temperature : not determined
Decomposition temperature : ca. 200 °C
Method: DSC
Viscosity
Viscosity, dynamic : < 10,000 mPa.s
Method: Brookf-Visc.RVT Sp.5
Viscosity, kinematic : no data available
Metal corrosion rate : Not corrosive to metals
Particle size : Not applicable



FIRST AID


General advice:

Remove/ Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training.
If it is suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or self-contained breathing apparatus.

It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it, or wear gloves.


If inhaled:

If inhaled, remove to fresh air.
Get medical advice/ attention.

Get medical attention immediately.
Call a poison center or physician.
Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.

If it is suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or self-contained breathing apparatus.
If not breathing, if breathing is irregular or if respiratory arrest occurs, provide artificial respiration or oxygen by trained personnel.

It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
If unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately.

Maintain an open airway.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.


In case of skin contact:

Wash off immediately with plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
Get medical attention immediately.

Call a poison center or physician.
Flush contaminated skin with plenty of water.

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it, or wear gloves.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.

Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician.
Wash clothing before reuse.
Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse.


In case of eye contact:

Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention immediately. Call a poison center or physician.

Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
Check for and remove any contact lenses.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.

Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician.
Consult a physician.


If swallowed:

Get medical attention immediately.
Call a poison center or physician.

Wash out mouth with water.
Remove dentures if any.
Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.

If material has been swallowed and the exposed person is conscious, give small quantities of water to drink.
Stop if the exposed person feels sick as vomiting may be dangerous.

Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel
If vomiting occurs, the head should be kept low so that vomit does not enter the lungs.
Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician.

Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
If unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately.

Maintain an open airway.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Put on appropriate personal protective equipment.
Do not get in eyes or on skin or clothing.

Do not breathe vapor or mist.
Do not ingest.
Avoid release to the environment.

If during normal use the material presents a respiratory hazard, use only with adequate ventilation or wear appropriate respirator.
Keep in the original container or an approved alternative made from a compatible material, kept tightly closed when not in use.

Empty containers retain product residue and can be hazardous.
Do not reuse container.
Eating, drinking and smoking should be prohibited in areas where this material is handled, stored and processed.

Workers should wash hands and face before eating, drinking and smoking.
Remove contaminated clothing and protective equipment before entering eating areas.

Store in accordance with local regulations.
Store in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials and food and drink.

Store locked up.
Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use.

Containers that have been opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Do not store in unlabeled containers.
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination.

Handle and open container with care.


Further information on storage conditions:

Protect from extreme heat and cold because Perlogen SF 3000 is sensitive to frost
In case of the product becoming opaque, thickening or being frozen due to the effects of cold, allow to thaw slowly at room temperature.
Stir Perlogen SF 3000 briefly before use.



SYNONYMS


AQUA
GLYCOL DISTEARATE
LAURETH-4
COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE
Alcohols
C12-14
ethoxylated
Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether
Ethoxylated Lauryl Alcohol
Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Alcohol
Polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether
Polyethylene Glycol Lauryl Ether
Alcohols
C12-14
ethoxylated
Dehydol LS 2
Syntanol ES 3
Penetrant JFC
Synperonic L 7
Syntanol ALM 8
Tergitol 24L50
Tergitol 24L92
Surfonic L 24-2
Surfonic L 24-9
Surfonic L 24-22
Surfonic L 24-3
Surfonic L 24-7
Surfonic L 24-9
Synperonic L 11
Synperonic L 7
Syntanol ALM 10
Syntanol ALM 8
Syntanol ES 3
Tergitol 24L50
Tergitol 24L60N
Tergitol 24L75N
Tergitol 24L92
Tergitol 24L98N
Dehydol LS 2
Hansanolat FA 1214/2
Hansanolat FA 1214/7
Surfonic L 24-3
Surfonic L 24-2
Syntanol ALM 10
Syntanol ES 3
AEO-9
Synperonic L 7
Alcohols
C12-14(even numbered)
ethoxylated
Tergitol 24L50
Tergitol 24L92
Tergitol 24L98N
Syntanol ALM 8
Tergitol 24L60N
Surfonic L 24-7
Surfonic L 24-22
Surfonic L 24-9
Synperonic L 11
C12-14 Fatty alcohols ethoxylated
Tergitol 24L75N;

Ethaneperoxoic Acid; Peroxyacetic Acid; Acetyl Hydroperoxide; Peressigsäure; ácido peracético; Acide peracétique CAS:79-21-0

BENZOYL PEROXIDE, N° CAS : 94-36-0 - Peroxyde de benzoyle, Nom INCI : BENZOYL PEROXIDE, Nom chimique : Dibenzoyl peroxide, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 202-327-6;Additif alimentaire : E928, Agent Oxydant : Modifie la nature chimique d'une autre substance en ajoutant de l'oxygène ou en éliminant l'hydrogène. Principaux synonymes. Noms français : BENZOIC ACID, PEROXIDE BENZOPEROXIDE; Benzoyl peroxide; BENZOYL SUPEROXIDE; DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE; Peroxyde de benzoyle; PEROXYDE DE DIBENZOYLE. Noms anglais : Benzoyl peroxide.Famille chimique; Peroxyde organique; Utilisation: Agent de blanchiment, agent oxydant; Benzoyl peroxide; Benzoyl peroxide; dibenzoyl peroxide; benzoyl peroxide; bensoylperoxid (sv); bensoüülperoksiid (et); bentsoyyliperoksidi (fi); benzoil peroksid (hr); benzoil-peroxid (hu); benzoile perossido (it); benzoilperoksidas (lt); benzoilperoksīds (lv); benzoylperoksid (no); benzoylperoxid (da); benzoylperoxide (nl); dibensoylperoxid (sv); dibensoüülperoksiid (et); Dibentsoyyliperoksidi (fi); dibenzoil peroksid (hr); dibenzoil-peroxid (hu); Dibenzoilperoksidas (lt); dibenzoilperoksīds (lv); dibenzoylperoksid (no); dibenzoylperoxid (cs); dibenzoylperoxide (nl); nadtlenek benzoilowy (pl); nadtlenek dibenzoilowy (pl); perossido di dibenzoile (it); peroxid de benzoil (mt); peroxid de dibenzoil (mt); peroxyde de benzoyle (fr); peroxyde de dibenzoyle (fr); peróxido de benzoílo (es); peróxido de dibenzoílo (es); Ββενζοϋλυπεροξείδιο (el); Δδιβενζοϋλυπεροξείδιο (el); бензоил пероксид (bg); дибензоил пероксид (bg); Methanone, 1,1'-dioxybis[1-phenyl-; AKPEROX BP75 POWDER; benzoyl benzenecarboperoxoate; Benzoyl peroxide (BPO); Benzoyl Peroxide (wetted with ca. 25% Water); dibenzoyl peroxide (upper limit: 77% w/w; typical concentration: 75% w/w); diphenylperoxyanhydride; LUPEROX A75; Peroxide, dibenzoyl; Benzoic acid, peroxide; Benzoperoxide; Benzoyl peroxide, remainder water; Benzoyl Superoxide; NOVIPER BP; Perkadox L-W75

CAS Number: 52645-53-1
Formula: C21H20Cl2O3
Molar mass: 391.29 g·mol−1
Permethrin



APPLICATIONS


Permethrin, a pyrethroid, is active against a broad range of pests including lice, ticks, fleas, mites, and other arthropods.
Further, Permethrin is an insecticide in the pyrethroid family.

Permethrin is a synthetic chemical that acts like a natural extract from thflower.
Moreover, Permethrin is used in a number of ways to control insects.

Products containing permethrin may be used in public health mosprograms.
They may be used on food and feed crops, on ornamental lawns, on livestock and pets, in structures and buildings, and on clo

Permethrin may also be used in places where food is handled, such as restaurants.
More to that, Permethrin was first registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 1979, and was re-registe

Permethrin is used as an ectoparasiticide in humans and animals.
Furthermore, Permethrin is used as a nematocide, acaricide, and insecticide.
Permethrin is registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses.

The pyrethroids are the most widely used class of insecticides in wood preservation because of their broad-spectrum activity, high efficacy especially against wood boring beetle, and high resistance to leaching.
Permethrin has a potential application for forest protection and vector control for the control of noxious insects in the household and on cattle, for the control of body lice, and in mosquito nets.

Permethrin is used to treat head lice, tiny insects that infest and irritate your scalp.
Further, Permethrin is also used to help avoid infestation in people who have close contact with someone who has head lice.

Permethrin belongs to a class of drugs known as pyrethrins.
Moreover, Permethrin works by paralyzing and killing lice and their eggs (nits).
Permethrin may also be used for pubic lice.

Permethrin is available under the following different brand names: Nix, Elimite, and Acticin.


Dosage Considerations – Should be Given as Follows:


Scabies

Cream:

Apply from head to toe, leave on for 8-14 hours, rinse; may reapply in 7 days if live mites reappear.
The single application is usually curative.

Head Lice and Nits (Eggs)

Lotion/cream rinse/liquid:

Apply to washed hair, leave on 10 minutes, rinse and comb out nits and eggs; may repeat in 7 days if lice or nits still present.
The single application is usually curative.


Uses of Permethrin:

Insecticide:

In agriculture, to protect crops (a drawback is that it is lethal to bees)
In agriculture, to kill livestock parasites
For industrial and domestic insect control
In the textile industry, to prevent insect attack of woollen products

In aviation, the WHO, IHR and ICAO require arriving aircraft be disinsected prior to embarkation, departure, descent, or deplaning in certain countries. Aircraft disinsection with permethrin-based products is recommended only prior to embarkation.
Prior to departure (after boarding), at the top of descent or on arrival, d-phenothrin-based (1R-trans phenothrin) aircraft insecticides are recommended.

Insect repellent:

As a personal protective measure, permethrin is applied to clothing.
Permethrin is a cloth impregnant, notably in mosquito nets and field wear.
Note that while permethrin may be marketed as an insect repellent, it doesn't prevent insects from landing.

Instead Permethrin works by incapacitating or killing insects before they can bite.
In pet flea preventive collars or treatment (safe for use on dogs but not cats)

In timber treatment:

Pest control / effectiveness and persistence:

In agriculture, permethrin is mainly used on cotton, wheat, maize, and alfalfa crops.
Its use is controversial because, as a broad-spectrum chemical, Permethrin kills indiscriminately; as well as the intended pests, it can harm beneficialinsects, including honey bees, as well as cats and aquatic life.

Permethrin kills ticks and mosquitoes on contact with treated clothing.
A method of reducing deer tick populations by treating rodent vectors involves stuffing biodegradable cardboard tubes with permethrin-treated cotton.
Mice collect the cotton for lining their nests.

Permethrin on the cotton instantly kills any immature ticks feeding on the mice.
Permethrin is used in tropical areas to prevent mosquito-borne disease such as dengue fever and malaria.
Mosquito nets used to cover beds may be treated with a solution of permethrin.

This increases the effectiveness of the bed net by killing parasitic insects before they are able to find gaps or holes in the net.
Personnel working in malaria-endemic areas may be instructed to treat their clothing with permethrin as well.
Permethrin is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide for the protection of wool from keratinophagous insects such as Tineolabisselliella.

Permethrin affects the neuronal membrane by blocking the movement of sodium ions from outside to inside the neuronal cell membrane thereby disrupting the sodium channel current that regulates the polarization of the membrane.
This leads to delayed repolarization and subsequent paralysis of the nervous system.
Permethrin is used to eradicate parasites such as head lice, ticks and scabies from humans and animals.


Medical use of Permethrin:

Permethrin is available for topical use as a cream or lotion.
It is indicated for the treatment and prevention in exposed individuals of head lice and treatment of scabies.
Permethrin has an excellent safety profile; its main drawback is its cost.

For treatment of scabies:

Adults and children older than 2 months are instructed to apply the cream to the entire body from head to the soles of the feet.
Wash off the cream after 8–14 hours.

In general, one treatment is curative.
A single application of permethrin is more effective than a single oral dose of ivermectin for scabies.

In addition permethrin provides more rapid symptomatic relief than ivermectin.
When a second dose of ivermectin is days later, the efficacy between permethrin and ivermectin approach parity.

For treatment of head lice:

Apply to hair, scalp, and neck after shampooing.
Leave in for 10 minutes and rinse.
Avoid contact with eyes.

Permethrin is used in tropical areas to prevent mosquito-borne disease such as dengue fever and malaria.
Mosquito nets used to cover beds may be treated with a solution of permethrin.

This increases the effectiveness of the bed net by killing parasitic insects before they are able to find gaps or holes in the net. Personnel working in malaria-endemic areas may be instructed to treat their clothing with permethrin as well.

Permethrin is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide for the protection of wool from keratinophagous insects such as Tineola bisselliella.
To better protect soldiers from the risk and annoyance of biting insects, the British and US armies are treating all new uniforms with permethrin.

Permethrin (as well as other long-term pyrethroids) is effective over several months, in particular when used indoors.
International studies report that permethrin can be detected in house dust, in fine dust, and on indoor surfaces even years after the application.
The degradation rate of Permethrin under indoor conditions is approximately 10% after 3 months.

Resistance:

Contrary to the most common mechanism of insecticide resistance evolution – selection for preexisting, low-frequency alleles – in Aedes aegypti permethrin resistance has arisen through the mechanism common to pyrethroids and DDT known as "knockdown resistance" (kdr) mutations.


While Permethrin is manmade, it resembles naturally occurring chemicals called pyrethroids that are naturally found in chrysanthemums, which haveinsecticidal properties.
Permethrin kills many different types of insects by paralyzing the nervous system.

Permethrin works when ingested or through direct contact and kills adults, eggs, and larvae.
Further, Permethrin lasts up to 12 weeks post application.



DESCRIPTION


Permethrin is a synthetic broad-spectrum insecticide classified as one of the oldest organic insecticides.
Furthermore, Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in the treatment of lice infestations and scabies.
Permethrin is an insecticide used to prevent infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies).

Permethrin is a medication and an insecticide.
As a medication, Permethrin is used to treat scabies and lice.

Permethrin is applied to the skin as a cream or lotion.
As an insecticide, Permethrin can be sprayed onto clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them.

Side effects of Permethrin include rash and irritation at the area of use.
Use of Permethrin during pregnancy appears to be safe.
Permethrin is approved for use on and around people over the age of two months.

Permethrin is in the pyrethroid family of medications.
Further, Permethrin works by disrupting the function of the neurons of lice and scabies mites
Permethrin was discovered in 1973.

Permethrin is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
In 2020, Permethrin was the 427th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 100 thousand prescriptions.
Permethrin is a widely-used pesticide of the pyrethroid family.

Permethrin interacts with voltage-gated Na+ channels and inhibits their natural deactivation, causing the channels to remain open for a long time and destroying equilibrium of the neuronal system.
More specifically, Permethrin is known to delay channel deactivation of the NaV1.8 channel expressed in X.

Pyrethroids such as Permethrin are also thought to interact with GABA receptors and associated pathways.
Compared to mammalian sodium channels, Permethrin is at least 100 times more potent against insect sodium channels.

This medication is used to treat scabies, a condition caused by tiny insects called mites that infest and irritate your skin.
Permethrin belongs to a class of drugs known as pyrethrins.
Furthermore, Permethrin works by paralyzing and killing the mites and their eggs.

Permethrin is a pale brown liquid.
Moreover, Permethrin is relatively water insoluble.
Permethrin is used as an insecticide.

Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid and neurotoxin.

Permethrin affects the neuronal membrane by blocking the movement of sodium ions from outside to inside the neuronal cell membrane thereby disrupting the sodium channel current that regulates the polarization of the membrane.
This leads to delayed repolarization and subsequent paralysis of the nervous system.
Permethrin is used to eradicate parasites such as head lice, ticks and scabies from humans and animals.

Permethrin is a cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.

Permethrin has a role as a pyrethroid ester insecticide, a pyrethroid ester acaricide, an agrochemical, an ectoparasiticide and a scabicide.
More to that, Permethrin is a member of cyclopropanes and a cyclopropanecarboxylate ester.
Permethrin is functionally related to a 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Weight: 391.3
XLogP3: 6.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 390.0789499
Monoisotopic Mass: 390.0789499
Topological Polar Surface Area: 35.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 26
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 521
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Density: 1.19 g/cm3, solid g/cm3
Melting point: 34 °C (93 °F)
Boiling point: 200 °C (392 °F)



FIRST AID


Description of first aid measures:

General information:

Symptoms of poisoning may even occur after several hours; therefore medical observation for at least 48 hours after the accident.


After inhalation:

Supply fresh air and to be sure call for a doctor.
In case of unconsciousness place patient stably in side position for transportation.


After skin contact:

Immediately wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.


After eye contact:

Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water.


After swallowing:

Immediately call a doctor.


Information for doctor:

Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:

May cause anemia, cough, CNS depression, drowsiness, headache, heart damage, lassitude
(weakness, exhaustion), liver damage, narcosis, reproductive effects, teratogenic effects.
No further relevant information available.


Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:

No further relevant information available




HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling

Precautions for safe handling:

Thorough dedusting.

Ensure good ventilation/exhaustion at the workplace.


Information about protection against explosions and fires:

No special measures required.


Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities


Storage:

Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:
No special requirements.

Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Not required.

Further information about storage conditions:
Keep receptacle tightly sealed.

Specific end use(s):
No further relevant information available.



SYNONYMS


Permethrin
52645-53-1
Ambush
Transpermethrin
Pounce
Elimite
Imperator
NRDC-143
(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
UNII-509F88P9SZ
Hemoglobin atlanta-coventry
(+)-trans-Permethrin
Permethrine
Permetrina
Acticin
Ambushfog
Corsair
Dragnet
Ectiban
Kaleait
Kestrel
Outflank
Perigen
Permasect
Perthrine
Stomoxin
Stomozan
Coopex
Eksmin
Picket
Expar
Kafil
Kavil
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
Anomethrin N
Ridect pour-on
CHEBI:34911
509F88P9SZ
1RS cis-Permethrin
52341-32-9
1RS,cis-Permethrin
NCGC00159390-02
1RS-trans-Permethrin
Kudos
Transpermethrin [ISO]
(+-)-cis-Permethrin
DSSTox_CID_2292
3-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
trans-(+-)-Permethrin
DSSTox_RID_76537
DSSTox_GSID_22292
3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl ester
Permethrinum
S-3151
Chinetrin
Ecsumin
Efmethrin
Indothrin
Lyclear
NRDC 146
NRDC 148
Quamlin
Stomoxi
Cosair
Exmin
Exsmin
Ipitox
SBP-1513
(+-)-trans-Permethrin
Permethrine,c&t
(+-)-cis-Fmc 33297
Diffusil H
Insorbcid MP
Stomoxin P
Outflank-stockade
Perigen W
Dragnet FT
Picket G
Permethrin,racemic
[3-(phenyloxy)phenyl]methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Mitin BC
Permanone 80
Permasect-25EC
FMC 35171
93389-07-2
SMR000778043
Kestrel (pesticide)
LE 79-519
Antiborer 3768
CAS-52645-53-1
Bematin 987
NRDC 143
Permethrinum [Latin]
Permetrin (Hungarian)
Permitrene (Hungarian)
Permetrina [Portuguese]
HSDB 6790
m-Phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
BW-21-Z
S 3151
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (1R-trans)-
OMS 1821
Hb Atlanta-coventry
EINECS 258-067-9
Elimite (TN)
FMC 41655
Hb At-Co
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 109701
JF 7065
BRN 2063148
WL 43479
AI3-29158
Permethrin (USAN/INN)
CHEMBL1525
SCHEMBL26543
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, cis-(+-)-
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, trans-(+-)-
MLS001332525
MLS001332526
Permethrin [ANSI:BSI:ISO]
Permethrin cis/trans ~ 1:1
Permethrin, analytical standard
DTXSID8022292
SCHEMBL15218274
HMS2232L22
HMS3264N07
HMS3369D10
Pharmakon1600-01504932
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (1R,3S)-rel-
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (1R-cis)-
HY-B0887
3-Phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-Phenoxybenzyl(+-)-cis, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
m-Phenoxybenzyl (+-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
m-Phenoxybenzyl (+1)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Permethrin 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
Permethrin 100 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
(3-Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+-)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-(Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+-)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
52341-33-0
Permethrin (isomers), analytical standard
DB-052153
Total Permethrin 100 microg/mL in Acetone
Permethrin, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
D05443
AB00918441_05
645P531
Q411635
J-523915
Permethrin (25:75), EuropePharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
(1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo-propanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)3,3-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-Phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate
(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxyl ate
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
m-phenoxybenzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2',2'-dichlorovinyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylate
Permethrin for system suitability, EuropePharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
(3-Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+-)cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
(3-Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+/-)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, 3-phenoxybenzyl ester, (+-)-, (cis,trans)-
Tox21_111627
Tox21_201586
Tox21_300691
(CIS+TRANS)-3-PHENOXYBENZYL 3-(2,2-DICHLOROETHENYL)-2,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATE
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
[3-(phenoxy)phenyl]methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
[3-(phenyloxy)phenyl]methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid *3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester
m-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS,1SR,3SR-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
m-Phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
m-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Permethrin
permethrin
permethrin (ISO
permethrin (ISO)
(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorowinylo)-2,2-dimetylocyklopropanokarboksylan 3-fenoksybenzylu (pl)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3RS)-3-(2,2-dichlorowinylo)-2,2-dimetylocyklopropanokarboksylan 3-fenoksybenzylu (permetryna) (pl)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-diméthylcyclopropanecarboxylate de 3-phénoxybenzyle (perméthrine) (fr)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-Diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato de 3-fenoxibencilo (permetrina) (es)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato de 3-fenoxibenzilo (permetrina) (pt)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-διχλωροβινυλο)-2,2-διμεθυλοκυκλοπροπανοκαρβοξυλικό 3-φαινοξυβενζύλιο (Permethrin/Περμεθρίνη) (el)
(3-fenoxybenzyl)-3-(2,2-dichlóretenyl)-2,2-dimetylcyklopropánkarboxylát (permetrín) (sk)
3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropancarbossilato di m-fenossibenzile (it)
3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato de m-fenoxibencilo (es)
3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato de m-fenoxibenzilo (pt)
3-(2,2-διχλωροβινυλ)-2,2-διμεθυλκυκλοπροπανιοκαρβοξυλικό m-φαινοξυβενζύλιο (el)
3-fenoksibentsyyli-(1RS, 3RS; 1RS, 3SR)-3-(2,2-dikloorivinyyli)-2,2-dimetyylisyklopropaanikarboksylaatti (permetriini) (fi)
3-fenoksibenzil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilatas (permetrinas) (lt)
3-fenoksibenzil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilat (permetrin) (sl)
3-fenoksibenzil 3-(2,2-diklorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilat (sl)
3-Fenoksibenzil(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dihlorvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropānkarboksilāts (permetrīns) (lv)
3-fenoksübensüül-(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklorovinüül)-2,2-dimetüültsüklopropaankarboksülaat (permetriin) (et)
3-fenossibenzil-(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-diclorovinile)-2,2 dimetilciclopropano carbossilato (Permetrina) (it)
3-fenoxibensyl-(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklorovinyl)-2,2-dimetylcyklopropankarboxylat (Permetrin) (sv)
3-fenoxibenzil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropancarboxilat (Permetrin) (ro)
3-fenoxibenzil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklórvinil)-2,2-dimetil-ciklopropán-karboxilát (Permetrin) (hu)
3-fenoxibenzyl-3-(2,2-diklorvinyl-2-dimetylcyklopropankarbamatoxilat (sv)
3-Fenoxybenzyl(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichloorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropaancarboxylaat (permethrin) (nl)
3-fenoxybenzyl(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyklopropankarboxylát (permethrin) (cs)
3-fenoxybenzyl-[3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyklopropan-1-karboxylát] (cs)
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (Permethrin) (no)
3-Phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (Permethrin) (de)
3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (permethrin) (da)
3-феноксибензилов (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-дихлоровинил)-2,2-диметилциклопропанкарбоксилат (перметрин) (bg)
m-Fenoksibentsyyli-3-(2,2-dikloorivinyyli)-2,2-dimetyylisyklopropaanikarboksylaatti (fi)
m-fenoksibenzil 3-(2,2-diklorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilat (hr)
m-fenoksibenzil-3(2,2-dihlorvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropānkarboksilāts (lv)
m-fenoksibenzil-3-(2,2-dichlorvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilatas (lt)
m-fenoksybenzyl-3-(2,2-diklorvinyl)-2,2-dimetylcyklopropankarboksylat (no)
m-fenoksübensüül-3-(2,2-diklorovinüül)-2,2- dimetüültsüklopropaankarboksülaat (et)
m-Fenossibenżil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklorovinil)-2,2-dimetilċiklopropankarbossilat (Permetrin) (mt)
m-fenoxibenzil 3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropan-carboxilat (ro)
m-fenoxibenzil-3-(2,2-diklórvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropánkarboxilát (hu)
m-fenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichloorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropaancarboxylaat (nl)
m-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (da)
m-Phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (de)
m-феноксибензил 3-(2,2-дихлоровинил)-2,2-диметилциклопропанкарбоксилат (bg)
O-(3-fenoxybenzyl)-3-(2,2-dichlórvinyl)-2,2-dimetylcyklopropánkarboxylát (sk)
permethrin (ISO) (cs)
permethrin (ISO) (da)
Permethrin (ISO) (de)
permethrin (ISO) (el)
permethrin (ISO) (nl)
permetriin (ISO) (et)
Permetrin (hr)
permetrin (no)
permetrin (ISO) (hr)
permetrin (ISO) (hu)
permetrin (ISO) (ro)
permetrin (ISO) (sl)
permetrin (ISO) (sv)
permetrina (ISO) (es)
permetrina (ISO) (pt)
permetrinas (ISO) (lt)
permetrine (ISO) (it)
permetryna (ISO) (pl)
permetrín (ISO) (sk)
permetrīns (ISO) (lv)
perméthrine (ISO) (fr)
perméthrine (ISO);3-(2,2-dichorovinyl)-2,2-diméthylcyclopropanecarboxylate de m-phénoxybenzyle (fr)
перметрин (ISO) (bg)
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is a strong oxidizing agent and disinfectant.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor and is highly reactive due to its peroxide and carboxylic acid functional groups.

CAS Number: 79-21-0
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05
EINECS Number: 201-186-8

Synonyms: PERACETIC ACID, Peroxyacetic acid, Ethaneperoxoic acid, 79-21-0, Estosteril, Acetic peroxide, Peroxoacetic acid, Acetyl hydroperoxide, Monoperacetic acid, Osbon AC, Proxitane 4002, Desoxon 1, Ethaneperoxic acid, Hydroperoxide, acetyl, Acide peracetique, Acido peroxiacetico, Acecide, Proxitane, Caswell No. 644, Peroxy acetic acid, Acide peroxyacetique, Kyselina peroxyoctova, CCRIS 686, HSDB 1106, UNII-I6KPI2E1HD, I6KPI2E1HD, peroxy-acetic acid, EINECS 201-186-8, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063201, BRN 1098464, DTXSID1025853, CHEMBL444965, DTXCID805853, CHEBI:42530, EC 201-186-8, 4-02-00-00390 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NCGC00166305-01, PERACETIC ACID (MART.), PERACETIC ACID [MART.], Oxypel, Perethanoic Acid, Proxitane S, Acide peracetique [French], Proxitane 12A, F50, Acide peroxyacetique [French], Acido peroxiacetico [Spanish], Kyselina peroxyoctova [Czech], Proxitane 1507, LCAP, Aceticperoxide, Ethanperoxsaure, Peressigsaure, Bactipal, Oxymaster, Soproper, acetyldioxidanyl, Dialox, peractic acid, Peroxyessigsaure, Peroxyethansaure, Sekusept steril, Acetic peroxid, per-acetic acid, Acido peracetico, Peroxacetic acid, Acid, Peracetic, Peraflu D, acetic acid oxide, TLCUO Phytoncide, peroxyethanoic acid, PU US Phytoncide, Acid, Peroxyacetic, AcOOH, Acecide (TN), Acid, Peroxyethanoic, GPES, JOYCARE, UNICARE, Wofasteril E 400, CLEAN WORKS, TLCUO LEMON, CARE PLUS, TLCUO PURE, PU US LEMON, PU US PURE, CH3CO2OH, WECLEAN C2 TLCUO, Ethaneperoxoic acid, 9CI, CH3C(O)OOH, BACTERIA ZERO PREMIUM, PERACETIC ACID [MI], PERACETIC ACID [HSDB], PERACETIC ACID [WHO-DD], DTXSID40957943, peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), BLOWHALE DEODORANT SENITIZER, Tox21_112402, BDBM50266095, Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide [Forbidden], AKOS015837803, DB14556, CAS-79-21-0, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 063201, NS00001663, D03467, EN300-173399, Dr.Vir Germ Peroxyacetic acid Multi-disinfectant, Q375140, Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has a role as an oxidising agent and a disinfectant.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a very strong oxidizing agent and has stronger oxidation potential than chlorine or chlorine dioxide.
Liquid, clear, and colorless with no foaming capability.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has a strong pungent acetic acid odor, and the pH is acid.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
The reaction is allowed to continue for up to 10 days in order to achieve high yields of product.
Additional methods of preparation involve the oxidation of acetaldehyde or alternatively as an end product of the reaction of acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is formed by the reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sulfuric acid or a strong acid catalyst.
Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, peracetic acid is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water.
For the food and healthcare industries, peracetic acid is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use.

Since the early 1900s, chlorine has been used as a water disinfectant.
Another method involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an organic peroxide based, colorless liquid with a low pH and a strong, pungent, vinegar-like odor.
In the concentrated form it is highly corrosive and unstable.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is formed from the reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Commercial Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) products contain all three chemicals in an aqueous solution often with stabilizers added.
The concentration of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) as the active ingredient, as well as the mixture of the other ingredients, can vary widely.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in food and beverage industries as well as hospitals, health care and pharmaceutical facilities as an antimicrobial agent, surface cleaner and sanitizer.
In many meat and poultry establishments Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used on carcasses, parts, trim and organs to reduce bacterial contamination and foot spoilage.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be applied by a variety of methods including spray cabinet, dip tank, hand spray pump and chiller.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
This peroxy acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be highly corrosive.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde: O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
In the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide produce peracetic acid: H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O

However, in concentrations (3-6%) of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide marketed for household use, mixing without a strong acid catalyst will not form peracetic acid.
As an alternative, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.

This is achieved by the action of bleach activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, upon hydrogen peroxide formed from sodium percarbonate in water.
The peracetic acid is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability.
The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary.
Although less active than more acidic peracids (e.g., m-CPBA), Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) in various forms is used for the epoxidation of various alkenes (Prilezhaev reaction).

Useful applications are for unsaturated fats, synthetic and natural rubbers, and some natural products such as pinene.
A variety of factors affect the amount of free acid or sulfuric acid (used to prepare the peracid).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a combination of two important and versatile compounds: hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.

The two chemicals combine to form a new compound, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid).
This is an equilibrium reaction where over a period of hours, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is formed in situ by assuming elements of both reagents to form the new compound.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a sanitizing agent widely used in the food and brewing industries and increasingly in the wine industry for its ability to efficiently kill microbes and sanitize surfaces “on contact”.

Despite its killing power against microbes, tank rinsing following sanitation is not required as the diluted concentrations (2.5-15%) at which it is used leaves low residual Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), found harmless to human consumption, and breaks down to form acetic acid, oxygen, and water.
The mechanism of microbicide is through the formation of hydroxyl radicals, which rapidly oxidize a variety of organic materials, including lipids, ionic protein bonds, sulfhydryl groups, and cysteine disulfide bonds (disrupting protein structure), killing cells with ruthless efficiency even at low concentrations; this is the same oxidative antimicrobial mechanism exhibited by hydrogen peroxide, but Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has a much higher oxidative capacity at much lower concentrations.

As such, it displays efficient killing capacity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, molds, and algae at a broad temperature (≥ 34˚F) and pH range (≤ pH 8.5) (Heritage Systems).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) diminishes these populations within one minute of contact, but is less effective at depleting bacterial biofilms on contact without prior cleaning.
Claims are made both ways as to whether acetic acid formed by the breakdown of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is at concentrations significant to influence the acetate concentration of wine contacting unrinsed surfaces sterilized with Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid).

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), which is also known as peracetic acid or PAA, is a commonly used sanitizer in the produce industry.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) goes by many trade names, such as Sanidate 5.0, VigorOx 15 F&V, BioSide HS-15%, and Tsunami 100, all of which are a mixture of PAA, water, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
Once dissolved in water, the breakdown products of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s are carbon dioxide, oxygen and water.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is produced from the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an effective disinfectant and decomposes rapidly, leaving no harmful residues.
These qualities make it ideal for use in many industries such as food and beverage, health care, water treatment, pulp and paper bleaching, and agriculture.

As a result, the use of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is increasing rapidly.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is corrosive and can irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract of people exposed in the workplace.
Inhaling Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can cause coughing, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is a organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
This organic peroxide is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be highly corrosive.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has been widely used in food, medical, and synthetic chemical fields for the past several decades.
Recently, peroxyacetic acid has gradually become an effective alternative disinfectant in wastewater disinfection and has strong redox capacity for removing micro-pollutants from drinking water.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a much weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) as it is commonly known, is a strong oxidising agent with excellent disinfectant properties.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an organic acid with an acrid odour, represented by the formula CH3CO3H.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a powerful sanitiser effective against bacteria and their spores, yeasts, moulds, fungi, and their spores, and viruses.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)’s sanitising action is rapid even at ambient temperatures.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is of particular use for sanitising in breweries, cordial manufacturing plant and milk handling equipment as it is non-foaming, passivates stainless steel, may be used under a carbon dioxide head, and breaks down to acetic acid and oxygen.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) functions as an oxidiser and is mainly used as a carcass wash in commercial beef processing plants.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) requires proper handling such as storage in a cool, well-ventilated area.
The approximate cost per beef or pig carcass is indicated in Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is approved by FSIS for use on beef carcasses.
In the US, the Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based process is approved for washing, rinsing, cooling, or otherwise processing fresh beef carcases.

The compound mixture must be no more than 0.022% Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) and 0.0075% hydrogen peroxide delivered at a maximum pressure of 1724 kPa and maximum temperature of 50°C.
However, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is not permitted under EU regulations.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is recorded under the formula CH3CO3H, which is produced by the reaction of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide and is known by the acronym PAA.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s main use is in the food industry as a disinfectant, as part of food and drink cleaning protocols.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an acid with an oxidising capacity, which makes it very effective as a biocide.
This is why it is commonly used in food factories.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used to keep aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and their spores at bay, against yeasts and moulds and also against various viruses.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used at different levels as a disinfectant.
To begin with, it is used to disinfect tanks, pipes or mixers through which food passes.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also present in the packaging process, to sanitize containers and sealing systems where food is stored for its later distribution.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is used in numerous applications, including as a chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and purifier during water treatment.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)’s an often preferred cleaning agent because it leaves no toxic residue and it is no-rinse.

Given Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)’s increasing popularity and use throughout multiple industries, more attention is now being focused on health hazards and associated risks when Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the workplace.
Moreover, peracetic acid’s ability to become airborne, the varying concentrations that may be used, and the relatively low occupational exposure limits (OELs) mean that if are going to use Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), there is an increased need to review company risk assessment procedures and personal protective equipment (PPE) choices for various applications of this substance.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an effective disinfectant and sterilizing agent against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is commonly used in healthcare facilities, pharmaceutical manufacturing, food processing, and water treatment to sanitize equipment, surfaces, and wastewater.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is approved by regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), for use as a disinfectant in food processing and packaging facilities.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to control microbial contamination on food contact surfaces, equipment, and food products, ensuring food safety and extending shelf life.
In the poultry and meat processing industry, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used to disinfect and sanitize equipment, conveyor belts, packaging materials, and processing areas to prevent cross-contamination and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses caused by pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed in municipal water treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment facilities as a disinfectant and oxidizing agent.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to deactivate pathogens, neutralize odors, and control algae and biofilm formation in water distribution systems, swimming pools, and cooling towers.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used for sterilizing medical devices, surgical instruments, and laboratory equipment in healthcare settings.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) provides rapid sterilization without leaving toxic residues or requiring heat, making it suitable for heat-sensitive medical devices and equipment.

In agriculture, peracetic acid is used as a biocide and fungicide for crop protection and post-harvest treatment.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to control fungal diseases, bacterial pathogens, and mold growth on fruits, vegetables, and agricultural commodities, improving crop yield and quality.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed in veterinary medicine for disinfecting animal housing, equipment, and surgical instruments in veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and livestock facilities.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and maintain animal health.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is an organic chemical compound (CH3CO3H) that is created by a chemical equilibrium reaction with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid that has a strong vinegar like odor that can be experienced at very low levels.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a strong oxidant and is highly reactive.
However, it breaks down to acetic acid (vinegar) and water leaving no harmful residue, which makes it the chemical of choice when looking for an environmentally safe antimicrobial product.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is a weak acid.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) belongs to the family of oxidants and is used in the pharmaceutical industry and in the medical field as an oxidant, as a disinfectant biocide or as a cold sterilant for certain medical devices.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a powerful antimicrobial agent but also a bactericide, virucide and fungicide.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also used as a bleaching agent for textile fibres and paper pulp.

In the chemical industry, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a polymerisation initiator and cross-linking agent, for example in the manufacture of epoxy resins.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) does not exist in a pure state, it is an unstable compound present as a colourless liquid with a pungent and unpleasant odour.
Its disinfectant and antioxidant properties have been known since 1902 and its use developed in the 1950s/1960s in the food and medical sectors thanks, among other things, to the marketing of the 98% hydrogen peroxide necessary for its production.

Highly soluble in water, alcohol and ether, peracetic acid is most often produced by reacting mixed boroacetic anhydride with hydrogen peroxide.
Under conventional conditions, peracetic acid degrades to non-toxic by-products (acetic acid, oxygen and water).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is permitted in some countries in slaughterhouses to disinfect poultry meat despite its corrosive properties to steel and other metals.

In addition to its use in food processing, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is utilized in the beverage industry for sanitizing equipment and containers used in the production of beverages such as beer, wine, and soft drinks.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to maintain hygienic conditions and prevent contamination during brewing, bottling, and packaging operations.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is applied in dairy processing facilities for cleaning and sanitizing milk processing equipment, storage tanks, and pipelines.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to eliminate bacteria, molds, and yeast that can spoil milk and dairy products, ensuring product quality and safety.
Cooling towers used in HVAC systems and industrial processes are susceptible to microbial growth, biofilm formation, and Legionella contamination.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used for disinfecting cooling water and preventing the spread of pathogens, improving the efficiency and safety of cooling tower operations.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) solutions are used for wound care and antiseptic purposes.
Dilute solutions of peracetic acid can be applied topically to disinfect wounds, ulcers, and surgical incisions, helping to prevent infections and promote wound healing.
Dental instruments and equipment require thorough sterilization to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases between patients.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based sterilization systems are used in dental clinics and laboratories for the rapid sterilization of dental instruments, ensuring patient safety and infection control.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed in the pulp and paper industry for bleaching wood pulp and deinking recycled paper.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to remove lignin, ink, and other impurities from pulp fibers, resulting in high-quality paper products with bright white appearance and improved printability.

Public spaces such as hospitals, schools, public transportation, and recreational facilities require regular disinfection to minimize the spread of infectious diseases.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) fogging or misting systems are used to disinfect large indoor areas quickly and effectively, reducing the risk of illness transmission.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can harbor microbial contaminants, allergens, and odors, which can affect indoor air quality.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based disinfectants are applied to HVAC components to kill bacteria, mold, and fungi, improving indoor air quality and occupant comfort.
In veterinary medicine, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) solutions are used for disinfecting animal premises, kennels, cages, and equipment.
They help to control the spread of infectious diseases among animals and maintain hygienic conditions in veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and farms.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is utilized for environmental decontamination and remediation of contaminated soil, water, and air.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can degrade organic pollutants, neutralize hazardous chemicals, and mitigate environmental pollution in industrial sites, brownfields, and wastewater treatment plants.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was favored by water and wastewater industries for disinfection until several harmful disinfection by-products were discovered in chlorinated water.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a chemical product belonging to peroxide compounds such as hydrogen peroxide.
However, unlike hydrogen peroxide, it is a more potent antimicrobial agent.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has high germicidal efficiency and sterilizing capability, and its degradation residuals are not dangerous to the environment or toxic to human health.

Until 1960, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was of special interest to the food processing industry and actually was considered the only agent able to replace glutaraldehyde in the sterilization of surgical, medical, and odontoiatry instruments.
The actual core medical applications of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) are its potent antimicrobial action, also at low temperatures, and the total absence of toxic residuals

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group.
It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.
However, industrial hygienists recognize that it is also highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer, and exposure to peracetic acid can severely irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water.

Melting point: -44 °C
Boiling point: 105 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor pressure: Low
refractive index: n20/D 1.391
Flash point: 41 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
pka: 8.2(at 25℃)
color: Colorless liquid
Odor: Acrid odor
Water Solubility: soluble, >=10 g/100 mL at 19 ºC
Merck: 13,7229
BRN: 1098464
Stability: Unstable - may explode on heating. May react violently with organic materials. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, acetic anhydride, alkenes, organics.
LogP: -0.26 at 20℃
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): PERACETIC ACID
FDA 21 CFR: 173.315
CAS DataBase Reference: 79-21-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 4

Containers of peracetic acid heated in a fire may explode.
Reactions involving large quantities of peracids should be carried out behind a safety shield.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s such as peracetic acid are strong oxidizing agents and react exothermically with easily oxidized substrates.

In some cases the heat of reaction can be sufficient to induce ignition, at which point combustion is accelerated by the presence of the peracid.
Violent reactions may potentially occur, for example, with ethers, metal chloride solutions, olefins, and some alcohols and ketones.
Shock-sensitive peroxides may be generated by the action of peracids on these substances as well as on carboxylic anhydrides.

Some metal ions, including iron, copper, cobalt, chromium, and manganese, may cause runaway peroxide decomposition.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also reportedly sensitive to light.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is the principle component of vinegar.
Hydrogen peroxide has been previously recommended by the NOSB for the National List in processing (synthetic, allowed at Austin, 1995).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a common disinfection widely used in the food and beverage market and in the healthcare industry.

A more powerful oxidizing agent than its chlorine counterparts, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has become increasingly popular since it was first registered as an antimicrobial substance in 1985.
As with all disinfectants, monitoring of residuals and dosing is important to ensure that levels are not too high or low.
However, unlike other common sanitizers, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is effective at weakly acidic pH levels and its efficacy is not greatly impacted by temperature.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is described as an efficient “broad spectrum biocidal agent”.
This means that it will effectively kill the majority of bacteria, including E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella which all cause food poisoning/gastrointestinal illnesses, and pseudomonas which can cause chest and blood infections.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is produced by continuously feeding acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide into an aqueous reaction medium containing a sulfuric acid catalyst.

The reaction is allowed to continue for up to ten days in order to achieve high yields of product according to the following equation.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is always sold in solution with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain the stability of the chemical.
The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary, and usually depends on its application.

Additional methods of preparation involve the oxidation of acetaldehyde or alternatively as an end product of the reaction of acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid.
Another method involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), process and production were issued a US and UK patent to FMC Corporation on March 11, 1969.
The process utilized a reactor tube vessel to blend Acetic anhydride, Hydrogen peroxide, and an Ammonia catalyst to carefully control and create an equilibrium mixture that had unique oxidative biocide properties.
The Peroxyacetic acid molecule is the one that imparts the microbiocidal activity to the mixture, and its actual concentration is the one that is diluted down for a variety of sanitizer, disinfectant, and sterilant applications in various markets.

To this day, all commercial versions of liquid Peracetic acid concentrates are an equilibrium mixture of these 3 molecules, many times including a stabilizer (ex. Sulfuric acid).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) mixtures can contain from roughly 5% PAA up to 35% PAA with each PAA concentration having a variety of Acetic acid and Peroxide concentrations.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is an organic compound.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor reminiscent of household vinegar.
Commercially available Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) products contain an equilibrium of PAA, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a powerful antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizing potential.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is highly effective against a broad range of microorganisms and can be sporicidal.
In addition, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) breaks down in food to safe and environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide), and, therefore, can be used in non-rinse food contact surface applications.
Some Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) products are effective against C. difficile spores.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is generally used only when necessary, due to its strong odor and potential damage to some surfaces.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food pr reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfec Bleaching agent for food starch.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a component of antimicrobial washes for poultry carcasses and fruit.

Peracet known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is a organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
This organic peroxide is a colorless liq characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be highly corrosive.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used as a blea especially for Kraft pulp.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used at weakly acidic pH and relatively low temperature.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a relative efficient and seagent, and it is often used as an alternative to chlorine dioxide and elemental chlorine in totally chlorine free bleaching sequen Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is however relatively expensive, and is difficult to store due to its high reactivity.

Peracet weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8. 2.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an ideal antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizin Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is broadly effective against microorganisms and is not deactivated by catalase and peroxidase, the enzymes that hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) also breaks down in food to safe and environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hyd and therefore can be used in non-rinse applications.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used over a wide temperature range (0-40 °C), wide pH range clean-in-place (CIP) processes, in hard water conditions, and is not affected by protein residues.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has been shown spectic function (PMID: 6180573).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) belongs to the family of Organic Hydroperoxides.

These are organic compoun hydroperoxide functional group, with the general formula [OaO]2-.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used mainly in the food industry, where it is applied as a cleanser and as a disinfectant.
Since the early 1950`s applied for bacteria and fungi removal from fruits and vegetables.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was also used for the disinfection of recicled rinsing wate Nowadays peracetic acid is applied for the disinfection of medical supplies and to prevent bio film formation in pulp industries during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumming disinfection.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is suitable for cooling tower water disinfection; it affectively prevents bio film formation and controls Legionella

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) as a disinfectant oxidizes the outer cell membranes of microorganisms.
The oxidation mechanism consists of el When a stronger oxidant is used, the electrons are transferred to the microorganism much faster, causing the microorganism rapidly.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be applied for the deactivation of a large variety of pathogenic microorganisms.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) also deactivates viruses a Peracetic acid activity is hardly influenced by organic compounds that are present in the water. However, pH and temperature peractetic acid activity.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is more effective when the pH value is 7 than at a pH range between 8 and 9.
At a tempe and a pH value of 7, five times more Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is required to affectively deactivate pathogens than at a pH value of 7 and a 35 °C.

When cooling tower water is tapped from a river or lake, and must be discharged into the same water body after it has been u certain discharge demands. Aditionally, the water temperature may not be too high, because warm water has a low oxygen copromotes algal growth.
This can cause fish mortality and a decrease in water biodiversity.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has outstanding disinfectant properties.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is effective against bacteria, yeasts, molds and virus.
The reason for trapid antimicrobial effects of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is the specific capability to penetrate through the cell membrane.
In the cell, peracirreversibly disrupts the enzyme system, which in turn leads to destruction of the microorganism.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in food retail establishments such as supermarkets and grocery stores for disinfecting food contact surfaces, display cases, and food processing equipment.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to prevent cross-contamination and ensure the safety and quality of perishable foods.
During emergency situations such as natural disasters or water contamination events, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used for emergency water disinfection.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) effectively kills pathogens in drinking water sources, providing a rapid and reliable method for ensuring safe drinking water supplies in crisis situations.
Laboratories in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and medical research, utilize Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) for the sterilization of laboratory glassware, equipment, and instruments.
Its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and compatibility with heat-sensitive materials make it a valuable sterilization agent in laboratory settings.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities utilize peracetic acid for disinfecting cleanrooms, production equipment, and packaging materials.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to maintain aseptic conditions during drug manufacturing processes, ensuring product quality and compliance with regulatory standards.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is commonly used in breweries and beverage production facilities for disinfecting brewing equipment, fermentation tanks, and beer kegs.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to prevent contamination by spoilage organisms and ensures the quality and stability of brewed beverages.
Cosmetic manufacturing facilities use Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) for disinfecting production equipment, mixing vessels, and packaging materials.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to maintain hygienic conditions during the production of cosmetics, skincare products, and personal care items.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed in animal production facilities such as poultry farms, swine operations, and aquaculture facilities for biosecurity and disease control.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to disinfect animal housing, equipment, and transportation vehicles, reducing the risk of disease transmission and improving animal health.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based hand sanitizers provide an alternative to traditional alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially in settings where water is not readily available.

These sanitizers effectively kill germs on the hands and are used in healthcare facilities, food service establishments, and public settings.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) solutions are used for preserving fresh produce during storage and transportation.
They help to inhibit the growth of spoilage microorganisms and extend the shelf life of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers, reducing food waste and ensuring product quality.

Hotels, restaurants, and catering services utilize peracetic acid for disinfecting kitchen surfaces, utensils, and food preparation areas.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to maintain cleanliness and hygiene in food service establishments, preventing foodborne illnesses and ensuring guest satisfaction.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based disinfectants are used for disinfecting cruise ship cabins, aircraft cabins, and other confined spaces where passengers and crew members congregate.

They help to control the spread of infectious diseases and maintain a healthy environment for travelers.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) should be used only in areas free of ignition sources and should be stored in tightly sealed containers in areas separate from oxidizable compounds and flammable substances.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s should be handled only in small quantities and with extreme care when pure or very concentrated.

Containers of peracetic acid heated in a fire may explode.
Reactions involving large quantities of peracids should be carried out behind a safety shield.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) should be used only in areas free of ignition sources and should be stored in tightly sealed containers in areas separate from oxidizable compounds and flammable substances.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), are so unstable that they may explode during distillation, even under reduced pressure
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) explodes when heated to 110 °C, and the pure compound is extremely shock sensitive.
Virtually all peracids are strong oxidizing agents and decompose explosively on heating.

Moreover, most peracids are highly flammable and can accelerate the combustion of other flammable materials if present in a fire.
Fires involving Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be fought with water, dry chemical, or halon extinguishers.

Uses:
Using solutions containing Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) to reduce contamination from pathogens on poultry carcasses and meat would not pose toxicity concerns, EFSA’s experts say.
They provide an effective and reliable method for ensuring patient safety and infection control in dental practice settings.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) solutions are used for washing fruits and vegetables in food processing facilities and commercial kitchens.

They help to remove pesticides, waxes, and microbial contaminants from produce, enhancing food safety and meeting regulatory standards for food hygiene.
In the pulp and paper industry, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is utilized for bleaching wood pulp and deinking recycled paper.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to remove lignin, ink, and other impurities from pulp fibers, resulting in high-quality paper products with bright white appearance and improved printability.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based cleaning agents are used for industrial cleaning and sanitization in manufacturing plants, breweries, wineries, and dairy processing facilities.
They help to remove soils, residues, and microbial contaminants from surfaces and equipment, ensuring compliance with hygiene standards and regulatory requirements.
During emergency situations such as natural disasters or water contamination events, peracetic acid can be used for emergency water disinfection.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) provides a rapid and effective method for purifying drinking water sources and preventing the spread of waterborne diseases in crisis situations.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed for environmental decontamination and remediation of contaminated soil, groundwater, and air.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to degrade organic pollutants, neutralize hazardous chemicals, and mitigate environmental pollution in industrial sites, brownfields, and wastewater treatment plants.

Some treatment applications are more effective than others, for example dipping in baths is more effective than spraying.
EFSA’s experts also conclude that it is unlikely that the use of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) would lead to the emergence of resistance to antimicrobials and reduced susceptibility to biocides.
There are no concerns for environmental risks of all the components of the solution except for HEDP.

Its release from a poultry plant into the environment is not always considered safe.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and laboratory chemicals.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Other release to the environment of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), paper chemicals and dyes and water treatment chemicals.

Release to the environment of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes and perfumes and fragrances.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and food products.
Release to the environment of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a peroxy acid that is commonly used as an excellent oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also used as a bleaching and sterilizing agent.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used as an oxidant for the selective epoxidation of aliphatic terminal alkenes in the presence of manganese(II) perchlorate as the catalyst at ambient temperature.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also used to oxidize sulfides, selenides, and amines.
Initially, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was utilized in bleaching applications for paper pulp.
While it can still be utilized for this application, it is now currently utilized for ware wash bleaching applications.

In fact, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be generated in situ in some laundry detergents, in ware wash, and other generator applications without the above process originally patented by FMC Corp years ago.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is widely used to sterilize medical, surgical, and dental equipment.
The disinfectant has been the top choice for medical equipment sterilization after an automated sterilizing machine was introduced in 1988.

Eco-friendly yet reliable to kill microbiomes, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is one of the most popular general-purpose hard surface disinfectants.
Food processing equipment can be washed with Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), which is proven for its efficacy as a no-rinse sanitizer.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) clears bacteria and slim deposits in water treatment plants, pulp factories, and food-grade liquid processing centers.

Decontamination processes at breweries, hatcheries, animal shelters, and veterinary hospitals use Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) to eliminate any chance of infection.
With increasing coronavirus cases, the acid is used to disinfect surfaces in multiple areas to keep the risk of infection at bay.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is widely used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent in healthcare facilities, laboratories, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and food processing industries.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) effectively kills a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, making it essential for maintaining hygienic conditions and preventing the spread of infections.
In the food and beverage industry, peracetic acid is utilized for sanitizing food contact surfaces, equipment, and packaging materials.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to control microbial contamination and extend the shelf life of perishable foods, ensuring food safety and quality throughout the production, processing, and packaging stages.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in municipal water treatment plants, swimming pools, and recreational water facilities as a disinfectant and oxidizing agent.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to eliminate pathogens, algae, and organic contaminants in water systems, ensuring safe and clean water for drinking, recreational activities, and industrial processes.
Veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and livestock facilities use peracetic acid for disinfecting animal premises, equipment, and transportation vehicles.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to control the spread of infectious diseases among animals and maintain biosecurity in agricultural settings, improving animal health and productivity.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based sterilization systems are employed in dental clinics and laboratories for the rapid sterilization of dental instruments and equipment.
This microprocessor-controlled, low-temperature sterilization agent is a strong oxidizing disinfectant against a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is active against many microorganisms, such as gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, spores, and yeast.
This ideal antimicrobial agent is primarily used in food processing and handling as a sanitizer for food contact surfaces.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also used to disinfect medical supplies and prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be applied during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumbing disinfection.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is suitable for disinfecting cooling tower water and effectively prevents biofilm formation and controls Legionella bacteria.
Environmentally friendly biocide; disinfectant in the food and beverage industry; bleaching agent for textiles and paper. Oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.

Fungicide, Herbicide, Nematicide, Rodenticide, Microbiocide: Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used as bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing, a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.
Not approved for use in EU countries.
Registered for use in the U.S. and Canada.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) as an antimicrobial in 1986 for indoor use on hard surfaces.
Use sites include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria.
Nu-Cidex is the trade name for a brand of antimicrobial Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid).

In the European Union, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was reported by the EFSA after submission in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture.
Decontamination kits for cleaning fentanyl analogues from surfaces (as used by many police forces, amongst others) often contain solid peracetyl borate, which mixes with water to produce peracetic acid.
The organic Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used as a sustainable biocide for aseptic packaging of food and beverages, in cosmetics and for hair bleaching, for environmentally friendly water and wastewater treatment, for smart sustainable aquaculture solutions, for disinfection in agriculture, for chemical synthesis, for sterilization in hospital hygiene or for cleaning and disinfection of laundry and textiles.

Fire Hazard:
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) explodes when heated to 110 °C, and the pure compound is extremely shock sensitive.
Virtually all peracids are strong oxidizing agents and decompose explosively on heating.

Moreover, most peracids are highly flammable and can accelerate the combustion of other flammable materials if present in a fire.
Fires involving Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be fought with water, dry chemical, or halon extinguishers.

Containers of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) heated in a fire may explode.
Decomposes violently at 230F.

Health Hazard:
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a severe irritant to theskin and eyes.
It can cause severe acid burns.
Irritation from 1 mg was severe on rabbits’eyes.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s toxicity is low.
The toxicologicalroutes of entry to the body are inhalation,ingestion, and skin contact.
The toxicity dataare as follows (NIOSH 1986):LC50 inhalation (rats): 450 mg/m3

Its toxicity in humans should be very low,and a health hazard may arise only fromits severe irritant action.
Studies on miceshowed that it caused skin tumors at the siteof application.

Its carcinogenicity on humansis not reported.
No exposure limit is set forperoxyacetic acid in air.

The acute toxicity of peracetic acid is low.
However, peracids are extremely irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Skin or eye contact with the 40% solution in acetic acid can cause serious burns.

Inhalation of high concentrations of mists of peracetic acid solutions can lead to burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
There is some evidence that this compound is a weak carcinogen from animal studies (mice).

Data on other peracids suggest Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) may show the worst chronic and acute toxicity of this class of compounds.
Other commonly available peracids, such as Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) are less toxic, less volatile, and more easily handled than the parent substance.

Safety Profile:
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data by skin contact.
Severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical reaction.
Explodes violently at 1 10°C.

Poison by ingestion.
Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) a corrosive eye, sktn, and mucous membrane irritant.

Dangerous; keep away from combustible materials.
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
A powerful oxidizing agent.

Explosive reaction with acetic anhydride, 5-p-chlorophenyl-2,2-dimethyl-3hexanone.
Violent reaction with ether solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether), metal chloride solutions (e.g., calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride), olefins, organic matter.
To fight fire, use water, foam, CO2.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used as a polymerization initiator, curing agent, and cross-linhng agent.
When heated to decomposition, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) emits acrid smoke and fumes.

Runoff to sewer may create a fire or explosion hazard.
Isolate from other stored material, particularly accelerators, oxidizers, and organic or flammable materials.