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Strontium carbonate (SrCO3) is the carbonate salt of strontium that has the appearance of a white or grey powder.
Strontium Carbonate occurs in nature as the mineral strontianite.
Strontium carbonate, whose chemical formula is SrCO3, is a white or grayish chemical.

CAS Number: 1633-05-2
EC Number: 216-643-7
MDL Number: MFCD00011250
Chemical formula: SrCO3 or CO3Sr

Strontium carbonate is not self-inflammable as nanometer-sized powder.
Also as a mixture with air (dust) under the influence of an ignition source, it is not inflammable, so there is no possibility of a dust explosion.
Strontium Carbonate is a water insoluble.

Strontium source that can easily be converted to other Strontium Carbonate is white and tasteless powder, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ammonia water, ammonium carbonate and CO2 saturated aqueous solution, and insoluble in alcohol.
Strontium compounds, such as the oxide by heating (calcination).

Carbonate compounds also give off carbon dioxide when treated with dilute acids.
Strontium Carbonate, SrCO3 is a white/grey carbonate salt powder that is, like most carbonates, fairly nonreactive and soluble in acid but not in water.
Strontium Carbonate is generally immediately available in most volumes.

Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards.
Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.
Strontium Carbonate is naturally found as the mineral strontianite.

Strontium Carbonate is white powder or particle, odorless and tasteless.
Strontium Carbonate emits a red flame when burned.
Strontium Carbonate only has one stable form therefore the temperature of precipitation does not effect the crystal form.

Strontium Carbonate occurs in nature as the mineral strontianite.
Strontium Carbonate is a white, odorless, tasteless powder.
Strontium Carbonate CAS 1633-05-2 has a chemical formula of SrCO3 and a molar mass of 147.63.

Strontium Carbonate is a very slightly soluble source of SrO used in ceramic glazes.
Strontium Carbonate is a water insoluble Strontium source that can easily be converted to other Strontium compounds, such as the oxide by heating (calcination).

American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.

The solubility is increased significantly if the water is saturated with carbon dioxide, to 0.1 g per 100 ml.
Strontium Carbonate is a weak base, an odorless and tasteless white powder.
Strontium Carbonate is white, odorless, tasteless powder.

Being a carbonate, it is a weak base and therefore is reactive with acids.
It is otherwise Strontium Carbonate is stable and safe to work with. Strontium Carbonate is practically insoluble in water (1 part in 100,000).
The solubility of Strontium Carbonate is increased significantly if the water is saturated with CO2, to 1 part in 1,000.

Strontium Carbonate (SrCO3) is the carbonate salt of strontium that has the appearance of a white or grey powder.
Strontium Carbonate occurs in nature as the mineral strontianite.
Strontium Carbonate can be found as the mineral stontainite.

Strontium Carbonate is colorless orthorhombic crystal, or white fine powder.
Strontium Carbonate is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ammonia, ammonium carbonate, insoluble in alcohol, soluble in ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate.

Strontium Carbonate is a slightly soluble source of SrO used in glazes.
Viscous zirconium silicate glazes can be smoothed with the addition of Strontium Carbonate.
Strontium is considered a safe material.

Strontium carbonate (SrCO3) is the carbonate salt of strontium that has the appearance of a white or grey powder.
Strontium Carbonate is a water insoluble Strontium source that can easily be converted to other Strontium compounds, such as the oxide by heating (calcination).

Strontium Carbonate is a white, odorless, tasteless powder.
Being a carbonate, Strontium Carbonate is a weak base and therefore is reactive with acids.
Strontium Carbonate is the strontium salt with a chemical formula SrCO3.

Some people confuse SrO with Strontium 90, an isotope released from atomic reactions; they are not the same thing.
Strontium Carbonate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Strontium Carbonate (SrCO3) is the carbonate salt of strontium that has the appearance of a white or grey powder.

Strontium Carbonate's chemical makeup is: C 8.14% O 32.51% Sr 59.35%.
Strontium Carbonate is soluble in dilute acids.
Carbonate compounds also give off carbon dioxide when treated with dilute acids.

Strontium Carbonate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Strontium Carbonate occurs in nature as the mineral strontianite.
Strontium Carbonate appears as whitish powder.

Strontium Carbonate exists in the form of naturally occurring strontianite mineral deposits; but only a few discovered deposits are suitable for growth.
Strontium Carbonate is otherwise stable and safe to work with.
Strontium Carbonate is practically insoluble in water (0.0001 g per 100 ml).

Strontium is considered a safe material.
Some people confuse SrO with Strontium 90, an isotope released from atomic reactions; they are not the same thing.
The raw powder is low-dusting and pleasant to work with.

Strontium Carbonate produces gases as it decomposes and these can cause pinholes or blisters in glazes.
Carbonate compounds also give off carbon dioxide when treated with dilute acids.
There is disagreement about when it decomposes (data sheets vary from 1075-1100C, one even indicates 1340C) as follows:
SrCO3 -> SrO + CO2

USES and APPLICATIONS of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
The most common use of Strontium Carbonate is as an inexpensive colorant in fireworks.
Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.
The most common use is as an inexpensive colorant in fireworks.

Strontium and its salts emit a brilliant red color in flame.
Strontium Carbonate is used in the manufacture of strontium compounds, pyrotechnics, red glass, medicine, magnetic materials and other industries.
Strontium and its salts emit a brilliant red color in flame.

Strontium Carbonate's ability to neutralize acid is also very helpful in pyrotechnics.
Another similar application of Strontium Carbonate is in road flares.
Strontium Carbonate is used as a carrier for palladium, it can be used for hydrogenation.

In addition, Strontium Carbonate is also used in the production of fireworks, fluorescent glass, signal flares, papermaking, medicine, analytical reagents, as well as sugar refining, metal zinc electrolyte refining, strontium salt pigment manufacturing, etc.
Strontium Carbonate is the basic raw material for the production of strontium salt.

Glass made from Strontium Carbonate has a strong ability to absorb x-rays, and is mostly used in the production of cathode ray tubes for color TVs.
Unlike other strontium salts, the carbonate salt is generally preferred because of its cost and the fact that it is not hygroscopic.
Strontium Carbonate's ability to neutralize acid is also very helpful in pyrotechnics.

Another similar application is in road flares.
Strontium Carbonate is used in the manufacture of color TV cathode ray tubes, electromagnets, strontium ferrite, pyrotechnics, fluorescent glass, signal bombs, etc.

Strontium Carbonate is also mthe raw material for the production of other strontium salts
Strontium Carbonate is used in the preparation of iridescent glass, luminous paints, strontium oxide or strontium salts and in refining sugar.
Strontium Carbonate is also used in the manufacturing of strontium ferrites for permanent magnets which are used in loud speakers and door magnets.

Strontium carbonate is used for electronic applications.
Strontium Carbonate has some properties similar to barium carbonate.
Strontium Carbonate is also used in the manufacturing of strontium ferrites for permanent magnets which are used in loudspeakers and door magnets.

Strontium Carbonate is used for manufacturing color television receivers to absorb electrons resulting from the cathode.
Strontium Carbonate (SrCO3) was formerly used in large quantities in the manufacturing of CRT TVs (CRT = cathode-ray tubes) as Strontium Carbonate together with other compounds absorbs and reduces significantly (to almost zero) the X-rays generated from the television tubes.

Strontium Carbonate is used in the preparation of iridescent glass, luminous paint, strontium oxide, and strontium salts and in refining sugar and certain drugs.
Strontium Carbonate is widely used in the ceramics industry as an ingredient in glazes.

Other dopants can also be used such as gallium, or yttrium to get a yellow/orange glow instead.
Because of its status as a weak Lewis base, Strontium Carbonate can be used to produce many different strontium compounds by simple use of the corresponding acid.

Strontium Carbonate is also used for electromagnet, strontium ferrite, can be made into small motor, magnetic separator and speaker.
Strontium Carbonate acts as a flux and also modifies the color of certain metallic oxides.
Strontium Carbonate has some properties similar to barium carbonate.

Strontium Carbonate is often recommended as a substitute for barium to produce matte glazes.
Strontium Carbonate is used about 75% as much and test first to make sure color response is the same.
Strontium Carbonate is used for electronic applications.

Strontium Carbonate is used for manufacturing CTV to absorb electrons resulting from the cathode.
Strontium Carbonate is also used in the manufacturing of strontium ferrites for permanent magnets which are used in loudspeakers and door magnets.
Strontium carbonate is also used for making some superconductors such as BSCCO and also for electroluminescent materials where it is first calcined into SrO and then mixed with sulfur to make SrS:x where x is typically europium.

This is the "blue/green" phosphor which is sensitive to frequency and changes from lime green to blue.
Strontium Carbonate is used in pyrotechnics, manufacturing of iridescent glass and refining sugar.
Strontium Carbonate is used in pyrotechnics, signals, ceramic ferrites, phosphors, iridescent glass, glass for color television tubes, oxide coatings, and fluxes for producing high-grade steels.

Manufacture of fluorescent glass, strontium salt removal of lead, dehydrogenation agent, purification of sugar. High-purity Strontium Carbonate is used as a thick-film circuit material, and a piezoelectric crystal transduction formula is used to make rainbow glass.
Strontium Carbonate is mainly used in the manufacture of color TV cathode ray tubes, electromagnets, strontium ferrites, fireworks, fluorescent glass, signal flares, etc.

In addition, Strontium Carbonate is also used in papermaking and pharmaceutical industries.
Other dopants can also be used such as gallium, or yttrium to get a yellow/orange glow instead.
Because of its status as a weak Lewis base, strontium carbonate can be used to produce many different strontium compounds by simple use of the corresponding acid.

Strontium Carbonate is also used in refining sugar and as a lead scavenger in zinc production.
Strontium Carbonate is used in the electrical/electronic engineering industry.
Nowadays, modern flat-panel devices have almost completely replaced these tubes.

Currently, Strontium Carbonates are being used in pyrotechnics as colour-producing components – strontium produces a crimson red flame.
Strontium Carbonate is mainly used in the manufacture of color TV cathode ray tubes, electromagnets, strontium ferrites, fireworks, fluorescent glass, signal flares, etc.

Strontium Carbonate is used in the preparation of electronic components, fireworks materials, rainbow glass, other strontium salts, etc.
In addition, Strontium Carbonate is also used in papermaking and pharmaceutical industries
Strontium carbonate is the most commonly used red flame colourant as it is insoluble and relatively unreactive.

The strontium ion is not the radioactive isotope and so the material is perfectly safe from a radioactive perspective.
Strontium Carbonate can be prepared either by means of using celestite (celestine), or by chemical means using strontium salts.
Strontium Carbonate is also used for making some superconductors such as BSCCO and also for electroluminescent materials where it is first calcined into SrO and then mixed with sulfur to make SrS:x where x is typically europium.

Strontium Carbonate is used as a catalyst, in radiation-resistant glass, in ceramic ferrites, and in pyrotechnics.
Strontium Carbonate is used as a colorant in fireworks.
Strontium Carbonate is also used in ceramics industry.

Strontium Carbonate is used for electronic applications.
Strontium Carbonate is supplied as a high purity material whose uses include the manufacture of LED phosphors.
Strontium Carbonate is used for manufacturing CTV to absorb electrons resulting from the cathode

Unlike other strontium salts, the carbonate salt is generally preferred because of Strontium Carbonate's cost and the fact that it is not hygroscopic.
Strontium Carbonate is used in the production of piezoelectric ceramics and superconductor materials
Strontium carbonate, among other things, is used for manufacturing ferrite magnets that serve to extract strontium ferrite.

Strontium Carbonate is used as the base powder for the production of special PTC thermistor components (switch start, degaussing, current limiting protection, constant temperature heating, etc.)
Its main application is the production of glass for cathode ray tubes, better known as (color) television tubes.

Since strontium carbonate has a relatively large atomic radius, it absorbs the X-radiation that occurs in the tubes.
Through addition of SrCO3 and other compounds, the X-radiation disappears almost completely.
It is due to today’s LCD and plasma screens, however, that the production of cathode ray tubes is more and more decreasing.

Strontium Carbonate is used for several purposes in ceramics, glass, electronics, and fireworks (pyrotechnics).
Strontium Carbonate is useful in the creation of other strontium compounds, which can be easily made by dissolving the Strontium Carbonate in the corresponding acid.

Strontium Carbonate is used in the preparation of iridescent glass, luminous paint, strontium oxide, and strontium salts and in refining sugar and certain drugs.
Strontium Carbonate is mainly used for smelting non-ferrous metals, and producing magnetic materials, ceramics, glass fiber, electronic ceramics, phosphor, strontium, etc.

Strontium carbonate is also used in glazing.
Pyrotechnics rely on the chromophoric salts of strontium to give flames their crimson color
In medicine, strontium was formerly used sometimes to treat schizophrenia.

Today, the substance is used as homeopathic “strontium carbonicum” to treat e.g., arthrosis and cerebral sclerosis.
Strontium Carbonate is used as a colorant in fireworks.
Strontium Carbonate is also used in ceramics industry.

Strontium Carbonate is also called Carbonic Acid, used in pyrotechnics, glass manufacture, sugar refining, as a catalyst and in ceramic ferrites.
Strontium Carbonate is used for electronic applications.
Strontium Carbonate is used for manufacturing color television receivers to absorb electrons resulting from the cathode.

In addition, Strontium Carbonate is also used in the production of fireworks, fluorescent glass, signal flare, papermaking, medicine, analytical reagent, as well as the refining of sugar, zinc metal electrolyte refining, strontium salt pigment manufacturing.
Strontium carbonate is used for electronic applications.

Strontium Carbonate is used for manufacturing CTV to absorb electrons resulting from the cathode.
Strontium Carbonate is widely used in the ceramics industry as an ingredient in glazes.
Strontium Carbonate acts as a flux and also modifies the color of certain metallic oxides.

Strontium Carbonate is used in the preparation of iridescent glass, luminous paints, strontium oxide or strontium salts and in refining sugar.
Strontium Carbonate is used as a carrier of palladium, it can be used for hydrogenation.
Strontium Carbonate is also used in the manufacturing of strontium ferrites for permanent magnets which are used in loud speakers and door magnets.

Because of its status as a weak Lewis base, strontium carbonate can be used to produce many different strontium compounds by simple use of the corresponding acid.
However strontium is not a substitute for barium as a precipitator of soluble salts in clay bodies because it combines with SO4-- ions in the water to form a compound that is not nearly as insoluble as BaSO4.

In general, Strontium Carbonate is found in our country with its reserves, especially in tv tubes.
Strontium Carbonate is used as a benefit.
Basic powder for the production of nanomaterials, electronic components, pyrotechnic materials, rainbow glass, preparation of other strontium salts, and PTC thermistor components (switch activation, degaussing, current limiting protection, constant temperature heating, etc.)

Strontium Carbonate is mainly used for smelting non-ferrous metals, and producing magnetic materials, ceramics, glass fiber, electronic ceramics, phosphor, fireworks, strontium, etc.
Strontium carbonate (SrCO3) was formerly used in large quantities in the manufacturing of CRT TVs (CRT = cathode-ray tubes) as strontium carbonate together with other compounds absorbs and reduces significantly (to almost zero) the X-rays generated from the television tubes.

Strontium Carbonate is also used in electromagnets, strontium ferrite, can be made into small motors, magnetic separators and speakers.
Nowadays, modern flat-panel devices have almost completely replaced these tubes.
Currently, strontium carbonates are being used in pyrotechnics as colour-producing components – strontium produces a crimson red flame.

The Latin term “Strontium carbonicum” refers to the homeopathic application of this material which is used to treat osteoarthritis and cerebral sclerosis.
Strontium Carbonate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards.

Strontium Carbonate is often recommended as a substitute for barium to produce matte glazes.
Strontium carbonate is often recommended as a substitute for barium to produce matte glazes.
Use about 75% as much and test first to make sure color response is the same.

The Latin term “Strontium carbonicum” refers to the homeopathic application of this material which is used to treat osteoarthritis and cerebral sclerosis.
However, strontium is not a substitute for barium as a precipitator of soluble salts in clay bodies because it combines with SO4-- ions in the water to form a compound that is not nearly as insoluble as BaSO4.

Because of its status as a weak Lewis base, Strontium Carbonate can be used to produce many different strontium compounds by simple use of the corresponding acid.
Viscous zirconium silicate glazes can be smoothed with the addition of strontium carbonate.

Strontium Carbonate is the basic raw material for producing strontium salt.
The glass made of Strontium Carbonate has strong x – ray absorption ability.
Use about 75% as much and test first to make sure color response is the same.

As noted, strontium carbonate produces gases as it decomposes and these can cause pinholes or blisters in glazes (if they are being generated into a glaze melt having a viscosity and surface tension that is unable to pass them or heal over properly as they escape or one that simply does not have time because of quick cooling).

-Iron:
Ferrite is used as a seperator in iron ores.
-Television:
Strontium Carbonate is widely used in the production of glass of tv tubes.

-Firework:
Strontium Carbonate can be used in this sector since it can create a red color with flame.
-Machine:
Strontium Carbonate is used as lubricant in the shaft bearings of machines used in many sectors.

-Ceramics:
Strontium Carbonate can be used to create matte glazes and acts as a flux.
Strontium Carbonate reacts and alters the colors of other metal oxides in glazes.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
» Strontium Carbonate appears as a white crystalline solid.
» Strontium Carbonate is odorless and tasteless.

PREPARATION of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
Other than the natural occurrence as a mineral, Strontium Carbonate is prepared synthetically in one of two manners.
First of which is from naturally occurring celestine also known as strontium sulfate (SrSO4) or by using soluble strontium salts by the reaction in solution with a soluble carbonate salt (usually sodium or ammonium carbonates).

For example if sodium carbonate was used in solution with Strontium nitrate.
Sr(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → SrCO3 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)
The most common use is as an inexpensive colorant in fireworks.

Strontium and its salts emit a brilliant red color in flame.
Unlike other strontium salts, the carbonate salt is generally preferred because of its cost and the fact that it is not hygroscopic.
Strontium Carbonate's ability to neutralize acid is also very helpful in pyrotechnics.
Another similar application is in road flares.

Other than the natural occurrence as a mineral, Strontium Carbonate is prepared synthetically in one of two processes, both of which start with naturally occurring celestine, a mineral form of strontium sulfate (SrSO4).
In the "black ash" process, celesite is roasted with coke at 1100–1300 °C to form strontium sulfide.

The sulfate is reduced, leaving the sulfide:
SrSO4 + 2 C → SrS + 2 CO2
A mixture of strontium sulfide with either carbon dioxide gas or sodium carbonate then leads to formation of a precipitate of Strontium Carbonate.
SrS + H2O + CO2 → SrCO3 + H2S
SrS + Na2CO3 → SrCO3 + Na2S

In the "direct conversion" or double-decomposition method, a mixture of celesite and sodium carbonate is treated with steam to form Strontium Carbonate with substantial amounts of undissolved other solids.
This material is mixed with hydrochloric acid, which dissolves the Strontium Carbonate to form a solution of strontium chloride.
Carbon dioxide or sodium carbonate is then used to re-precipitate Strontium Carbonate, as in the black-ash process.

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
Strontium carbonate, whose chemical formula is SrCO3, is a fine, white powder whose properties are similar to those of calcium carbonate (lime).
SrCO3 is very little soluble in water; Strontium Carbonate dissolves in acids, for example in hydrochloric acid, developing carbon dioxide as follows: SrCO3 + 2 HCl -> SrCl2 + H2O + CO2.
Strontium is in the group of the alkaline earth metals (2. main group).
Strontium Carbonate is non-toxic just like calcium, which is in the same group.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
Strontium carbonate is a white, odorless, tasteless powder.
Being a carbonate, Strontium Carbonate is a weak base and therefore is reactive with acids.
Strontium Carbonate is otherwise stable and safe to work with.
Strontium Carbonate is practically insoluble in water (0.0001 g per 100 ml).
The solubility of Strontium Carbonate is increased significantly if the water is saturated with carbon dioxide, to 0.1 g per 100 ml.

PREPARATION OF STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
Other than the natural occurrence as a mineral, strontium carbonate is prepared synthetically in one of two processes, both of which start with naturally occurring celestine, a mineral form of strontium sulfate (SrSO4).
In the "black ash" process, celesite is roasted with coke at 1100–1300 °C to form strontium sulfide.

The sulfate is reduced, leaving the sulfide:
SrSO4 + 2 C → SrS + 2 CO2
A mixture of strontium sulfide with either carbon dioxide gas or sodium carbonate then leads to formation of a precipitate of strontium carbonate.

SrS + H2O + CO2 → SrCO3 + H2S
SrS + Na2CO3 → SrCO3 + Na2S

In the "direct conversion" or double-decomposition method, a mixture of celesite and sodium carbonate is treated with steam to form strontium carbonate with substantial amounts of undissolved other solids.
This material is mixed with hydrochloric acid, which dissolves the strontium carbonate to form a solution of strontium chloride. Carbon dioxide or sodium carbonate is then used to re-precipitate strontium carbonate, as in the black-ash process.

MICROBIAL PRECIPITATION of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
The cyanobacteria Calothrix, Synechococcus and Gloeocapsa can precipitate strontian calcite in groundwater.
The strontium exists as strontianite in solid solution within the host calcite with the strontium content of up to one percent.
-Related compounds
*Other cations
Beryllium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate
Calcium carbonate
Barium carbonate
Radium carbonate

OCCURRENCE OF STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
Strontium carbonate occurs in nature as the mineral strontianite which is one of the main sources for the exploitation of strontium.
Strontianite is extracted both in open cast and underground mining.
Strontium is named after the mineral strontianite which, in turn, is named after the location of Strontian, Scotland, where the first strontium mineral was discovered.
Strontium Carbonate – (SrC03) a flux in high-temperature glazes, and is a source of strontium oxide.

PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS OF STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
Strontium metal is produced under vacuum in electric arc furnaces as a result of metalothermic reduction of strontium oxide with metallic aluminum.
In the reduction process, finely ground celestite and carbon are reduced to water-soluble sulfur in rotary kilns (1100-1200 ° C).

Strontium Carbonate is dissolved in hot water and insoluble substances are filtered off.
Strontium Carbonate is converted to strontium carbonate with sodium carbonate or carbon dioxide.
The strontium carbonate separated from the main water is washed and dried.

SrSO4 + 2C ---> SrS + 2CO2
SrS + CO2 + H2O ---> SrCO3 + H2S

SrS + Na2CO3 ---> SrCO3 + Na2S
Strontium Carbonate can be obtained according to double decay method.

SrSO4 + Na2CO3 ---> SrCO3 + Na2SO4

SrSO4 + (NH4) 2CO3 ---> SrCO3 + (NH4) 2SO4
Because of the recovery of NH3 and CO2, this method is preferred because of the different products.

MICROBIAL PRECIPITATION OF STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
The cyanobacteria Calothrix, Synechococcus and Gloeocapsa can precipitate strontian calcite in groundwater.
The strontium exists as strontianite in solid solution within the host calcite with the strontium content of up to one percent.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
Chemical formula: SrCO3
Molar mass: 147.63 g/mol
Appearance: White powder
Odor: Odorless
Density: 3.5 g/cm3
Melting point: 1,494 °C (2,721 °F; 1,767 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 0.0011 g/100 mL (18 °C) 0.065 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp): 5.6×10−10
Solubility in other solvents: Soluble in ammonium chloride
Slightly soluble in ammonia
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −47.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.518
Compound Formula: CO3Sr
Molecular Weight: 147.63
Appearance: White powder
Melting Point: 1100-1494 °C (decomposes)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 3.70-3.74 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: 0.0011 g/100 mL (18 °C)
Refractive Index: 1.518
Crystal Phase / Structure: Rhombic
Exact Mass: 147.890358
Monoisotopic Mass: 147.890366 Da

CAS number: 1633-05-2
EC number: 216-643-7
Hill Formula: CO₃Sr
Chemical formula: SrCO₃
Molar Mass: 147.63 g/mol
HS Code: 2836 92 00
Density: 3.74 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 1497 °C
pH value: 7 - 8 (0.01 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 750 kg/m3
Solubility: 0.01 g/l
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Humidity: max. 0.10%
Tap density: 0.90 – 1.30 kg/l
Formula: SrCO3

Chemical formula: SrCO3
Molar mass: 147.63 g/mol
Appearance: White powder
Odor: Odorless
Density: 3.5 g/cm3[1]
Melting point: 1,494 °C (2,721 °F; 1,767 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 0.0011 g/100 mL (18 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp): 5.6×10−10[2]
Solubility in other solvents: Soluble in ammonium chloride
Slightly soluble in ammonia
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −47.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.518
Density: 3.74 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 1497 °C
pH value: 7 - 8 (0.01 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 750 kg/m3
Solubility: 0.01 g/l

Molecular Weight: 147.63
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 147.89035611
Monoisotopic Mass: 147.89035611
Topological Polar Surface Area: 63.2 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 18.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Molecular Weight: 147.63
Appearance: White powder
Melting Point: 1100-1494 °C (decomposes)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 3.70-3.74 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: 0.0011 g/100 mL (18 °C)
Refractive Index: 1.518
Crystal Phase / Structure: Rhombic
Exact Mass: 147.890358
Monoisotopic Mass: 147.890366 Da
Physical state: powder
Color: light gray
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point: 102 Decomposes before melting.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,0034 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 3,7 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: white powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 333.60 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.000026 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 338.00 °F. TCC ( 169.80 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): -0.809 (est)
Soluble in: water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

FIRST AID MEASURES of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
-After inhalation:
Fresh air.
-In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
-After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
-After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
-Control parameters:
*Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.

HANDLING and STORAGE of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of STRONTIUM CARBONATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

SYNONYMS:
STRONTIUM CARBONATE
1633-05-2
Strontianite
Carbonic acid, strontium salt (1:1)
strontium;carbonate
Strontium carbonate (SrCO3)
CCRIS 3203
CI 77837
HSDB 5845
EINECS 216-643-7
UNII-41YPU4MMCA
Carbonic acid strontium salt (1:1)
41YPU4MMCA
NSC 112224
C.I. 77837
DTXSID3029651
MFCD00011250
EC 216-643-7
CO3Sr
NSC-112224
SrCO3
STRONTIUM CARBONAS
CH2O3.Sr
Strontium Carbonate Powder
STRONTIUM CARBONICUM
SCHEMBL48480
Strontium Carbonate Submicron
C-H2-O3.Sr
Strontium carbonate, >=98%
DTXCID009651
CHEMBL3188467
STRONTIUM CARBONATE [MI]
STRONTIUM CARBONATE [HSDB]
STRONTIUM CARBONICUM [HPUS]
STRONTIUM CARBONAS [WHO-DD]
Strontium carbonate, technical grade
Tox21_202776
Strontium carbonate, p.a., 97.0%
AKOS015836320
NCGC00260323-01
Formic-14C acid(6CI,7CI,8CI,9CI)
Strontium carbonate, puriss., >=97.0%
CAS-1633-05-2
LS-147085
FT-0688133
Q413629
Strontium carbonate (low alkali and heavy metals)
Strontium carbonate, >=99.9% trace metals basis
Strontium carbonate, 99.995% trace metals basis
J-010031
Strontium carbonate
NIST(R) SRM(R) 987
isotopic standard
carbonic acid
strontium salt (1:1), strontium
STRONTIUM CARBONATE
1633-05-2
Strontianite
Carbonic acid, strontium salt (1:1)
strontium;carbonate
Strontium carbonate (SrCO3)
CI 77837
41YPU4MMCA
Carbonic acid strontium salt (1:1)
MFCD00011250
C.I. 77837
Strontium Carbonate Nanoparticles
Strontium, Reference Standard Solution
CCRIS 3203
HSDB 5845
NSC-112224
EINECS 216-643-7
UNII-41YPU4MMCA
NSC 112224
SrCO3
STRONTIUM CARBONAS
DSSTox_CID_9651
Strontium Carbonate Powder
STRONTIUM CARBONICUM
EC 216-643-7
DSSTox_RID_78795
DSSTox_GSID_29651
SCHEMBL48480
Strontium Carbonate Submicron
Strontium carbonate, >=98%
CHEMBL3188467
DTXSID3029651
Strontium carbonate, technical grade
Tox21_202776
Strontium carbonate, p.a., 97.0%
AKOS015836320
NCGC00260323-01
Formic-14C acid(6CI,7CI,8CI,9CI)
Strontium carbonate, puriss., >=97.0%
CAS-1633-05-2
FT-0688133
Q413629
Strontium carbonate (low alkali and heavy metals)
Strontium carbonate, >=99.9% trace metals basis
Strontium carbonate, 99.995% trace metals basis
J-010031
Strontium carbonate, NIST(R) SRM(R) 987, isotopic standard
Strontium carbonate (SrCO)
Strontium monocarbonate 3
Strontium(II) carbonate
strontianite
strontiumcarbonate(srco3)
strontiumcarbonate,granular
Strontium carbonate,electronic grade
Strontium carbonate,high purity
Strontium carbonate,nanometre
Strontium carbonate/ 96+%
Strontium carbonate/ 99+%

Strontium chloride is a salt of strontium and chloride.
Strontium chloride is a 'typical' salt, forming neutral aqueous solutions.
As with all compounds of Strontium chloride, this salt emits a bright red colour in flame, and is commonly used in fireworks to that effect.

CAS: 10476-85-4
MF: Cl2Sr
MW: 158.53
EINECS: 233-971-6

Strontium chloride's properties are intermediate between those for barium chloride, which is more toxic, and calcium chloride.
Strontium chloride is the inorganic salt consisting of strontium and chloride.
In organic synthesis, Strontium chloride can be used as the resource for the manufacturing of other kinds of strontium compound.
Compared with the sulfide, it has the advantage of not reacting with oxygen and carbon dioxide, which facilitates industrial handling.
Strontium chloride hexahydrate is used in toothpastes for sensitive teeth.
Strontium chloride can also be used to reduce the tooth sensitivity through covering the microscopic tubules in the dentin with nerve endings which has been exposed to gum recession.
Strontium chloride can be further used as a red coloring agent in pyrotechnics.

Recent study has also shown that a novel topical formulation containing strontium chloride can effectively reduce the intensity and duration of cowhage-induced itch.
In biological research, Strontium chloride has been successfully used to induce activation of mouse oocytes in nuclear transfer and other experiments, which is important in understanding the mechanisms of fertilization and early embryonic development.
Strontium chloride is not classified as a dangerous material in transport regulations.
strontium chloride: A white compound, SrCl2.
The anhydrous salt (cubic; r.d. 3.05; m.p. 872°C; b.p. 1250°C) can be prepared by passing chlorine over heated strontium.

Strontium chloride is deliquescent and readily forms the hexahydrate, SrCl2·6H2O (r.d. 2.67).
This can be made by neutralizing hydrochloric acid with strontium carbonate, oxide, or hydroxide.
Strontium chloride is used for military flares.
Strontium chloride hexahydrate (SrCl2·6H2O) is a hydrated alkaline earth metal chloride.
On γ-irradiation at 77°K, it affords a radical having e.s.r. parameters resembling with HO2.
Strontium chloride's chlorine electric field gradient (EFG) and chemical shift (CS) tensors have been evaluated by employing solid-state 35/37Cl NMR spectroscopy.

Strontium chloride Chemical Properties
Melting point: 874 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 1250 °C/1 atm (lit.)
Density: 3 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Refractive index: 1.650
Fp: 1250°C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: soluble
Form: powder
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 3.052
Water Solubility: It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, acetone.
Insoluble in ammonia.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8840
Stability: hygroscopic
CAS DataBase Reference: 10476-85-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Strontium dichloride(10476-85-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (10476-85-4)

Strontium chloride, SrCl2 is a salt of strontium and chlorine.
Strontium chloride is ionic and water-soluble.
Strontium chloride is less toxic than barium chloride BaCl2, though more toxic than calcium chloride CaCl2.
Strontium chloride emits a bright red color when heated in a flame.
Strontium chloride can be prepared from strontium hydroxide or strontium carbonate reacting with hydrochloric acid.
Strontium chloride can also be prepared by the union of the elements, strontium and chlorine.

Physical properties
Strontium chloride has the formula SrCl2 and the molecular weight of 247.43 g/cm3.
Strontium chloride is a typical salt, forming neutral aqueous solutions.
Strontium chloride can be prepared by treating strontium hydroxide or strontium carbonate with hydrochloric acid:

Sr(OH)2＋ 2HCl→SrCl2＋ 2H2O
SrCO3＋ 2HCl→SrCl2＋ CO2＋H2O

Crystallization from a cold aqueous solution gives the hexahydrate, SrCl2·6H2O.
Dehydration of this salt occurs in stages, commencing above 61°C and ending at 320°C, where full dehydration occurs.
The dihydrate, SrCl2·2H2O, is a metastable form before the anhydrate begins to form at 200°C.
The hydrates formed in solution have one, two or six waters of crystallization.
SrCl2·6H2O is a hexagonal system consisting of colorless long-needle crystals.
Strontium chloride loses four crystal waters of hydration at 61.4°C to form plate crystals of SrCl2·2H2O which become the monohydrate at 100°C and anhydrate at 200°C.
Another common hydrate, SrCl2·2H2O, is composed of white, crystalline needles which have a sharp, bitter taste.

Strontium chloride can be prepared by fusing SrCO3 with CaCl2 at high temperature and then extracting the melt with water.
The solution is then concentrated and then crystallized to form SrCl2·6H2O, which is then dehydrated at 68°C to form the dihydrate.
Anhydrous strontium chloride is a colorless crystal or a white powder with a molecular weight of 158.53 g/mol and a density of 3.05 g/cm3.
Strontium chloride's melting point is 875°C and its boiling point is 1250°C.
Strontium chloride is easily soluble in water but slightly soluble in anhydrous alcohol and acetone.
Strontium chloride is not soluble in liquid ammonia.

Structure
In the solid state, Strontium chloride adopts a fluorite structure.
In the vapour phase the SrCl2 molecule is non-linear with a Cl-Sr-Cl angle of approximately 130°.
This is an exception to VSEPR theory which would predict a linear structure.
Ab initio calculations have been cited to propose that contributions from d orbitals in the shell below the valence shell are responsible.
Another proposal is that polarisation of the electron core of the strontium atom causes a distortion of the core electron density that interacts with the Sr-Cl bonds.

Uses
Strontium chloride is a precursor to other compounds of strontium, such as yellow strontium chromate, strontium carbonate, and strontium sulfate.
Exposure of aqueous solutions of strontium chloride to the sodium salt of the desired anion often leads to formation of the solid precipitate:

SrCl2 + Na2CrO4 → SrCrO4 + 2 NaCl
SrCl2 + Na2CO3 → SrCO3 + 2 NaCl
SrCl2 + Na2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2 NaCl
Strontium chloride is often used as a red colouring agent in pyrotechnics.
Strontium chloride imparts a much more intense red colour to the flames than most alternatives.
Strontium chloride is employed in small quantities in glass-making and metallurgy.
The radioactive isotope strontium-89, used for the treatment of bone cancer, is usually administered in the form of strontium chloride.
Seawater aquaria require small amounts of strontium chloride, which is consumed during the growth of certain plankton.

Strontium chloride is the precursor to other compounds of strontium, such as yellow SrCrO4, which is used as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum.
Strontium chloride is the compound usually used as a red coloring agent in fireworks.
Strontium chloride imparts a much more intense red color to the flames than other alternatives.
Strontium chloride is employed in small quantities in glass making and metallurgy.
The radioactive isotope, strontium-89, used for the treatment of bone cancer.
Strontium chloride is usually administered in the form of strontium chloride.

Seawater aquaria require small amounts of strontium chloride, which is consumed in the production of the exoskeletons of certain planktons.
Strontium chloride is useful in reducing tooth sensitivity by forming a barrier over microscopic tubules in the dentin-containing nerve endings that have become exposed by gum recession.
Strontium chloride are white needles made by fusing calcium chloride with sodium carbonate.
Strontium chloride is soluble in water and alcohol. Strontium chloride was a popular halide for making collodion-chloride printing-out emulsions.

Dental care
Strontium chloride is useful in reducing tooth sensitivity by forming a barrier over microscopic tubules in the dentin containing nerve endings that have become exposed by gum recession.
Known in the U.S. as Elecol and Sensodyne, these products are called "strontium chloride toothpastes", although most now use saltpeter (KNO3) instead which works as an analgesic rather than a barrier.

Biological research
Brief strontium chloride exposure induces parthenogenetic activation of oocytes which is used in developmental biological research.

Ammonium storage
A commercial company is using a strontium chloride-based artificial solid called AdAmmine as a means to store ammonium at low pressure, mainly for use in NOx emission reduction on Diesel vehicles.
They claim that their patented material can also be made from some other salts, but they have chosen strontium chloride for mass production.
Earlier company research also considered using the stored ammonium as a means to store synthetic Ammonium fuel under the trademark HydrAmmine and the press name "hydrogen tablet", however, this aspect has not been commercialized.
Their processes and materials are patented.
Their early experiments used magnesium chloride, and is also mentioned in that article.

Soil testing
Strontium chloride is used with citric acid in soil testing as an universal extractant of plant nutrients.

Preparation
Strontium chloride can be prepared by treating aqueous strontium hydroxide or strontium carbonate with hydrochloric acid:

Sr(OH)2 + 2 HCl → SrCl2 + 2 H2O
Crystallization from cold aqueous solution gives the hexahydrate, SrCl2·6H2O.
Dehydration of this salt occurs in stages, commencing above 61 °C (142 °F).
Full dehydration occurs at 320 °C (608 °F).

Preparation
Strontium chloride is obtained by dissolving strontium carbonate in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
The hexahydrate, SrCl2 · 6H2O, is formed on crystallizing below 61℃.
On dehydration, the hexahydrate dissolves in its water of crystallization at 61℃.
After passing through the di- and monohydrate stages, strontium chloride becomes fully dehydrated at 320℃.

Synonyms
STRONTIUM ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY STD. CONC. 1.00 G SR, AMPOULE
Strontium chloride 0.1 M Solution
Strontiumchloride,anhydrous,min.95%
strontium atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g sr
strontium chloride solution
strontium chloride, ultra dry
STRONTIUMDICHLORIDE
STRONTIUM CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS: 99.995%
Strontium chloride
STRONTIUMDICHLORIDE
Strontium solution 1000 ppm
Strontium solution 10 000 ppm

Strontium Chloride Anhydrous; Strontium Dichloride CAS NO: 10476-85-4

Strontium dihydroxide; Strontium Hydroxide-8-Hydrate Pure; CAS NO:18480-07-4

cas no 100-42-5 Vinyl benzene; Stryrene; Cinnamenol; Cinnamol; Cinnamene; Cinnamenol; Ethenylbenzene; Phenethylene; Vinylbenzene; Vinylbenzol; Phenylethene; Stirolo (Italian); Styreen (Dutch); Styren (Czech); Styrol (German); Styrolene; Styron; Styropol; Styropor; Vinylbenzen (Dutch);

Strontium Dichloride; strontiumchloride; strontium;dichloride;hexahydrate; strontium chloride hexahydrate; dichlorostrontium hexahydrate cas no : 10025-70-4

Benzene,diethenyl-,Copolymerwithethenylbenzene;POLYSTYRENE 33'000;POLYSTYRENE RESIN;POLYSTYRENE: DIVINYLBENZENE COPOLYMER BEADS;POLYSTYRENE CROSSLINKED WITH DIVINYLBENZENE;POLY(STYRENE-DIVINYLBENZENE);POLY(STYRENE-CO-DIVINYLBENZENE) CAS NO: 9003-70-7

2- propenoic acid, butyl ester, polymer with ethenylbenzene styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer CAS Number 9010-92-8

2-Propenamide, polymer with ethenylbenzene CAS NO:24981-13-3

Strontium hydrate; Strontium Hydroxide Octahydrate cas no : 18480-07-4

2-propenoic acid, butyl ester, polymer with ethenylbenzene CAS NO: 9010-92-8

cas no 110-15-6 Butanedionic acid; Amber acid; Butanedioic acid; Dihydrofumaric acid; asuccin; 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid; wormwood; wormwood acid; katasuccin; Asuccin; Bernsteinsaure (German); Kyselina Jantarova (Czech);

Nasturtium Officinale Leaf Extract; nasturtium officinale; water cress; baeumerta nasturtium; baeumerta nasturtium-aquaticum; brunnenkresse; cardamine fontana; nasturtium siifolium; radicula nasturtium; wasserkresse; water cress cas no:84775-70-2

Spirulina Platensis Extract ;spirulina platensis extract ;arthrospira platensis extract; extract of the alga, spirulina platensis, cyanophyceae cas no: 223751-80-2

SUCCINIC ACID (succinic acid) Therapeutic Uses of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (100 mM) significantly inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 /a potent mast cell degranulator/ in mice and dose-dependently inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl IgE. Further 10 and 100 mM significantly inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 or anti-dinitrophenyl IgE. In addition Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (0.1 and 1 mM) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-dinitrophenyl IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells. The level of cyclic AMP in rat peritoneal mast cells, when Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (100 mM) was added, transiently and significantly increased about 4 times compared with that of basal cells. These results suggest a possible use of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in managing mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis. Mechanism of Action of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) Succinate is an essential component of the Krebs or citric acid cycle and serves an electron donor in the production of fumaric acid and FADH2. It also has been shown to be a good "natural" antibiotic because of its relative acidic or caustic nature (high concentrations can even cause burns). Succinate supplements have been shown to help reduce the effects of hangovers by activating the degradation of acetaldehyde - a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism - into CO2 and H2O through aerobic metabolism. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been shown to stimulate neural system recovery and bolster the immune system. Claims have also been made that it boosts awareness, concentration and reflexes. Metabolite Description Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), also known as butanedionic acid or succinate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) exists as a solid, soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been found throughout most human tissues, and has also been detected in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, sweat, and blood. Within the cell, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is primarily located in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome and cytoplasm. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can be biosynthesized from Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) semialdehyde; which is mediated by the enzyme succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial. Furthermore, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can be converted into fumaric acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Finally, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can be biosynthesized from acetoacetic acid and succinyl-CoA through the action of the enzyme succinyl-coa:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 1, mitochondrial. In humans, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is involved in the oncogenic action OF 2-hydroxyglutarate pathway, the citric Acid cycle pathway, the phytanic Acid peroxisomal oxidation pathway, and the ketone body metabolism pathway. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy (hoga) pathway, the isovaleric aciduria pathway, the 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III pathway, and the hyperprolinemia type II pathway. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is an odorless and sour tasting compound that can be found in a number of food items such as onion-family vegetables, dock, common walnut, and tarragon. This makes Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a potentially toxic compound. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been found to be associated with several diseases known as lung cancer, lipoyltransferase 1 deficiency, canavan disease, and alzheimer's disease; Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Uses of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) range from scientific applications such as radiation dosimetry and standard buffer solutions to applications in agriculture, food, medicine, plastics, cosmetics, textiles, plating, and waste-gas scrubbing. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used as starting material in the manufacture of alkyd resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Reaction with glycols gives polyesters; esters formed by reaction with monoalcohols are important plasticizers and lubricants. Hydrogenation of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, or fumaric acid produces good yields of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd). 1,4-Butanediol can be oxidized to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in several ways: (1) with O2 in an aqueous solution of an alkaline-earth hydroxide at 90-110 °C in the presence of Pd-C; (2) by ozonolysis in aqueous acetic acid; or (3) by reaction with N2O4 at low temperature. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can ... be obtained by phase-transfer-catalyzed reaction of 2-haloacetates, electrolytic dimerization of bromoacetic acid or ester, oxidation of 3-cyanopropanal, and fermentation of n-alkanes. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is derived from fermentation of ammonium tartrate. Analytic Laboratory Methods of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) Method: AOAC Method 970.31; Procedure: gas chromatographic method; Analyte: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd); Matrix: eggs; Detection Level: not provided. Method: AOAC 948.14; Procedure: ether extraction method; Analyte: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd); Matrix: eggs; Detection Level: not provided. Incineration: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) should be combined with paper or other flammable material. An alternate procedure is to dissolve it in a flammable solvent and spray the solutions into the fire chamber. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of the substance added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient. /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is slight skin irritant and a strong eye irritant in rats. Application of 750 ug of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) as a 15% solution produced severe damage in rabbit eyes. The clinical signs of acute toxicity in rats are weakness and diarrhea. Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Administration of 500 mg/100 g/day for 20 days to rats 60 days post-operative after induction of bladder stone formation. Stone formation in 36% of animals treated with Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), 60% in controls. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)'s production and use in the manufacture of lacquers, dyes, esters for perfumes, in photography, and in foods as a sequestrant, buffer and neutralizing agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a constituent of almost all plant and animal tissues as it is a normal intermediary metabolite, being a component of the Kreb's Cycle. If released into the atmosphere, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to exist in both the particulate and vapor phases in the ambient atmosphere based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.91X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 6 days. Particulate-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) will be physically removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, an estimated Koc of 11 indicates that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to have very high mobility in soil. Volatilization from dry and wet soil surfaces is not expected to occur based on this compound's extrapolated vapor pressure and an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.6X10-13 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C, respectively. Biodegradation of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in both soil and water is expected to be an important fate process based on a theoretical BOD of 78% measured using the MITI test. If released into water, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediments in the water column based on its estimated Koc. The potential for bioconcentration of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in aquatic organisms is low based on an estimated BCF of 3. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be important based on pKas of 4.16 and 5.6 (anions do not volatilize) and the estimated Henry's Law constant of the free acid.Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd). (SRC) Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been observed in distillate from amber and occurs in fossils, fungi, lichens etc(1). It is a constituent of almost all plant and animal tissues and has also been found in meteorites(2). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a normal intermediary metabolite and a constituent of the citric acid cycle /Kreb's Cycle/. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)'s production and use in the manufacture of lacquers, dyes, esters for perfumes, in photography(1) and in foods as a sequestrant, buffer and neutralizing agent(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Environmental Fate of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.6X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.91X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 8.32X10+4 mg/L(5). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 1.91X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). The anion form, which is the dominant form in the environment (pKa 4.16 and 5.6), will also not volatilize(SRC). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been observed to biodegrade in soil at rates ranging from 52 to 89% in 7 days to 71 to 95% in 84 days at an initial concn of 1000 ppm(6), suggesting biodegration may be an important environmental fate process in soil. AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.6X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.91X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 8.32X1+4 mg/L(5). One of the pKa values of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is 4.21(6), indicating that this compound will exist in the dissociated form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to suspended solids and sediment than their neutral counterparts(7), and will not volatilize. According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at 100 mg/L, reached 78% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(10), suggesting biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), which has a vapor pressure of 1.91X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Environmental Biodegradation of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) AEROBIC: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been observed to biodegrade in soil at rates ranging from 52 to 89% in 7 days to 71 to 95% in 84 days at an initial concn of 1000 ppm(1). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) reached 35% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days using a sewage inoculum(2). In a Warburg test using a sewage seed, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) reached 67.5% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days(3). In a Warburg test using an activated sludge inoculum, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (concentration of 500 ppm) reached 11.2%, 27.2%, and 42.4% of its theoretical BOD in 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively(4). In a Warburg test using an activated sludge inoculum acclimated to phenol, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at a concn of 500 ppm, reached 57% of its theoretical BOD after 12 hours(5). In screening tests, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at a concn of 5 ppm, reached 73.9% and 73.6% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days in water and seawater, respectively(6). In screening tests, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at a concn of 2 and 5 ppm, reached 72.8% and 73.2% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days, respectively in seawater and water, respectively(6). Succinate was observed to degrade in a soil study, based on carbon dioxide evolution, using Pahokee muck at rates ranging from 1.18 to 1.97 14CO2 evolution (14C%/cu cm soil min) in Oct for fallow soil and soil planted with grass, respectively; 0.56 to 0.82 14CO2 evolution (14C%/cu cm soil min) in Jan for fallow soil and soil planted with grass, respectively(7). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at 100 mg/L, reached 78% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(8). ANAEROBIC: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was identified as being amenable to anaerobic biodegradation(1). After a lag period of 10 days, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was metabolized at a rate of 110 mg/l day by anaerobic bacteria acclimated to acetate culture(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). The rate constant for the reaction of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution has been measured as 3.1X10+8 L/mol sec(3). An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (SRC), using a log Kow of -0.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). The Koc of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is estimated as 11(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to have very high mobility in soil. One of the pKa values of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is 4.21(4), indicating that this compound will exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). The Henry's Law constant for Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is estimated as 3.6X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.91X10-7 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 8.32X10+4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). The anion form, which is the dominant form in the environment (pKa 4.16 and 5.6(4)), will also not volatilize(SRC). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). RAIN/SNOW: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was identified in rainwater from Niwot Ridge, CO at an unspecified concn(1). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in rain and snow samples collected from Southern California at concns ranging from 0.034 to 3.8 uM(2). Rain and snow samples collected from Ithaca, NY and Hubbard Brook, NH between June 1976 and May 1977 contained Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) at concns ranging from 0.1 umol/94 cm precipitation to 0.1 umol/75 cm precipitation(3). Wet precipitation samples (snow, sleet, rain) collected from Tokyo in 1992 contained Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) at concns ranging from 1.28 ug/l to 95.5 ug/l(4). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was identified in treated water at an unspecified concn from an unspecified location(5). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been identified as a component of pulp mill effluent(1). URBAN/SUBURBAN: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in Los Angeles air samples, collected in June and Oct 1984, at concns ranging from 0.66 to 2.37 nmol/cu m in West Los Angeles and 1.84 to 2.13 nmol/cu m in downtown Los Angeles(1). Dust samples from downtown Los Angeles and a UCLA campus building contained Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) at concns of 268 and 406 nmol/cu m, respectively(1). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in aerosol samples from urban Tokyo at an average concn of 37 ng/cu m between 1988-89(2). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in airborne aerosols from Schenectady, NY collected during Oct 1991 at concns ranging from 55 to 167 ng/cu m(3). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in atmospheric aerosols collected from Tsukuba, Japan(4). The average ambient annual concn of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in fine particles collected from West Los Angeles, downtown Los Angeles, Pasadena, Rubidoux, and San Nicolas Island, CA in 1982 was 55.0, 66.5, 51.2, 84.1, and <0.02 ng/cu m, respectively(5). The average concn of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in airborne aerosols collected from Takasaki and Karuizawa, Japan in July 1986 was 25.0 and 21.0 ng/cu m, respectively(6). The average daytime concn of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in air samples collected from Takasaki and Karuizawa, Japan in July 1986 was 47.1 and 36.4 ng/cu m, respectively(7). The ambient concn of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in West Los Angeles in Oct. 1982 was 14.1 ng/cu m(8). Aerosol samples collected from Tokyo in Feb and July 1992 contained Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) at concns ranging from 139 to 279 ng/cu m(9). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was identified as a flavoring constituent of gari, 0.04% and farine, 0.002%(1). Aerosol emission rates of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) from frying hamburger meat was 2.3 mg/kg of meat cooked; emission rates from charbroiling hamburger was 7.6 mg/kg of meat cooked for extra-lean hamburger (approx. 10.0% fat) and 12.0 mg/kg of meat cooked for regular hamburger (approx. 21% fat)(2). NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,198 workers (16,182 of these are female) are potentially exposed to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in the US(1). Occupational exposure to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)(SRC). FDA Food Additive Status of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) - GRAS/FS - Acidified Skim Milk - 131.144; MISC, GRAS, GMP - 184.1091; In animal feeds - 582.1091 Metabolism/Metabolites Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a normal intermediary metabolite and a constituent of the citric acid cycle. It is readily metabolized when administered to animals, but may be partly excreted unchanged in the urine if large doses are fed. Absorption, Distribution and Excretion Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) occurs normally in human urine (1.9-8.8 mg/L). Butanedioic acid (Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)) is a known environmental transformation product of Sulcotrione. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a known environmental transformation product of Linuron. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.[5] The name Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber. In living organisms, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.[6] Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is marketed as food additive E363. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling.[6] As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury. Other names of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) 1,4-Butanedioic acid Physical properties of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste.[5] In an aqueous solution, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, succinate (/ˈsʌksɪneɪt/). As a diprotic acid, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) undergoes two successive deprotonation reactions: (CH2)2(CO2H)2 → (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− + H+ (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− → (CH2)2(CO2)22− + H+ The pKa of these processes are 4.3 and 5.6, respectively. Both anions are colorless and can be isolated as the salts, e.g., Na(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) and Na2(CH2)2(CO2)2. In living organisms, primarily succinate, not Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), is found. Commercial production of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) Historically, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber. Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol. Succinate is also produced from butane via maleic anhydride.[10] Global production is estimated at 16,000 to 30,000 tons a year, with an annual growth rate of 10%.[11] Genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are proposed for the commercial production via fermentation of glucose. Chemical reactions of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2. This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation. Dehydration of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) gives succinic anhydride.[14] Succinate can be used to derive 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran. Normalization of metabolism, the drug increases the rate of decomposition of many toxic substances, has antioxidant and antihypoxic effect, protects cells from harmful degradation products. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in humans is one of the tools to improve metabolism that leads to the following beneficial effects: Stimulation of liver and kidneys, effective resistance to toxins; Improve the heart's energy supply and, as a result, provide the best blood to the tissues; increase immunity; additional oxygen and nutrients to the brain. Modern researchers conclude that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a good tool for cancer prevention. Due to its effect on intracellular energy structures, mitochondria, the drug reduces the growth of the formation of cancer cells. In addition, many scientists think that this substance has repaired damaged cells and thus becomes younger. Older people take medication for 20 days, improves health, normalizes blood pressure and heart, relieves insomnia. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), in pure form, is a white powder with a lemon flavor and well soluble in water. It is produced in tablet form and is part of many drugs in combination with other organic acids or enzymes. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) salts are referred to as succinate. The use of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in medicine is quite wide. Here are the indications for taking the pure substance in pill. Combination therapy for external and internal poisoning of various causes. Comprehensive treatment of infectious diseases. Reduce the negative impact of drugs on the liver and kidneys with long-term drug use (antibiotics and others). With these goals, 1 tablet 3 times a day is prescribed to receive after a meal. The drug is used in other cases. Increased exercise. Alcohol intoxication of the body. Heart failure. Allergy. Stimulation of the brain. Stress causes fatigue or lethargy. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in Sports Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) for athletes has been shown as a means of improving immunity, dealing with significant physical coercion. In addition, providing the necessary energy and oxygen positively affects the operation of the heart. Since Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a natural stimulant of metabolic processes, it is produced in the body and does not accumulate in organs and tissues and has no side effects from its use. The acceptance program for athletes is as follows: 500 mg once a day after meals; After improving the condition, reduce the dose to 100-250 mg per day, can be divided into 2-3 doses. Often, athletes determine an individual dose by focusing on welfare. If you are using an increased amount of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (1500-3000 mg), the time to take the drug should not exceed 10 days. Increased doses can be taken in courses: three days to drink, then two days break and so on. Cosmetic amber acid The regenerative and rejuvenating properties of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) are used in cosmetics. It is widely used in peeling, mask and massage applications. Use pure substance in powder form. Masks with Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) for the face have a rejuvenating effect, cleanses the skin and never causes allergies. This medicine is also included in the composition of various creams and cosmetic milk. In hair, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) masks or shampoo. The mask softens the curls, makes them elastic and flexible. The hair should be kept in two hours. To get amber shampoo, add a few acid crystals to your normal shampoo and wash your hair. Regular use of such products improves hair growth and restores dull, damaged curls. Is there any harm to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) This is a weak organic acid and causes irritation of the gastric mucosa, increasing the secretion of gastric juice. Therefore, it is not recommended to be taken on an empty stomach. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) and other contraindications are: individual intolerance; ischemic disease; urolithiasis; severe renal insufficiency; stomach ulcer; increased acidity of gastric juice; duodenal ulcer. Side effects from taking the drug are not described, but if used incorrectly, you may cause irritation of the gastric mucosa and provoke gastritis. In addition, regular drinking of solutions of this substance can damage tooth enamel. Poisoning with Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) and succinates requires a very large dose. Thus, for mice, the lethal dose is 1.4 grams per kg and is 2.26 grams per kg of body weight for rats. Let's summarize the above. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in the composition of a living organism is a natural participant in metabolism. The human body synthesizes it both independently and with food. Improves the conversion of energy from nutrients, promotes the oxidation of oxidized products and stimulates the absorption of oxygen at the cellular level. Therefore, the drug has an antioxidant and anti-toxic effect, stimulates the metabolism in general. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used in the treatment of various infections and intoxication. Athletes drink as a natural stimulant and agent that improves the performance of the heart muscle in order to get rid of hard training. Taking the drug during weight loss facilitates the process and relieves nervous tension, and cosmetic experts use it as a renewed component of masks, scythe and creams. As a means against cell aging, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been discussed for a long time. It has been shown that taking the drug for the elderly has a positive effect on general health. However, this drug has contraindications - you can not take with patients with high acidity, severe kidney diseases, stomach ulcers. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues. The chemical is also known as "Spirit of Amber." When Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was first discovered, it was extracted from amber by pulverizing and distilling it using a sand bath. It was primarily used externally for rheumatic aches and pains. Almost infinite esters can be obtained from carboxylic acids. Esters are produced by combining an acid with an alcohol and removal of a water molecule. Carboxylic acid esters are used in a variety of direct and indirect applications. Lower chain esters are used as flavoring base materials, plasticizers, solvent carriers and coupling agents. Higher chain compounds are used as components in metalworking fluids, surfactants, lubricants, detergents, oiling agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, textile treatments and emollients. Esters are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of a variety of target compounds. The almost infinite esters provide a wide range of viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections. Applications of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages. Producing five heterocyclic compounds, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used as an intermediate for dyes, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals, alkyd resins, plasticizers, metal treatment chemicals, and coatings. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is also used in the manufacture of medicines fo

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber.
Succinic acid could also become a commodity used as an intermediate in the chemical synthesis and manufacture of synthetic resins and biodegradable polymers.

CAS Number: 110-15-6
EC Number: 203-740-4
Chemical Formula: HOOCCH2CH2COOH
Molar Mass: 118.09 g/mol

1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 110-15-6, 203-740-4, 4-02-00-01908, Acide butanedioique, Acide succinique, Acido succinico, ácido succínico, Ácido succínico, succinic acid, butanedioic acid, 110-15-6, Amber acid, Asuccin, Wormwood acid, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Bernsteinsaure, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, Wormwood, Butandisaeure, Acidum succinicum, Butanedionic acid, Succinicum acidum, Kyselina jantarova, Butane diacid, Ethylene dicarboxylic acid, Spirit of amber, Bernsteinsaure, Kyselina jantarova, Ammonium succinate, HSDB 791, succinic-acid, UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L, MFCD00002789, succ, NSC 106449, AI3-06297, AB6MNQ6J6L, Butanedioic acid, homopolymer, E363, CHEBI:15741, C4-beta-polymorph, NSC25949, NSC-106449, NCGC00159372-02, NCGC00159372-04, Succinellite, acide succinique, Sal succini, Acid of amber, DSSTox_CID_3602, WLN: QV2VQ, DSSTox_RID_77102, DSSTox_GSID_23602, SIN, Ethylene succinic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Bernsteinsaeure, sodium succinate (anhydrous), succinate, 9, acide butanedioique, 26776-24-9, CAS-110-15-6, Succinic acid, Succinic acid (8CI), Butanedioic acid (9CI), EINECS 203-740-4, BRN 1754069, Dihydrofumarate, Succinicate, Butanedioic acid diammonium salt, Salt of amber, 1cze, Butanedioic acid?, Nat.Succinic Acid, 1,4-Butanedioate, Succinic acid, 6, Succinic acid, FCC, Succinic Acide,(S), Succinic Acid (SA), 1,4-Butandioic Acid, Succinic acid, 99%, Succinic acid, natural, 4lh2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, Substrate analogue, 11, suc, Succinic acid, ACS grade, bmse000183, bmse000968, CHEMBL576, EC 203-740-4, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, A 12084, 4-02-00-01908, GTPL3637, DTXSID6023602, FEMA NO. 4719, BDBM26121, Succinic acid (Butanedioic acid), HMS3885O04, ZINC895030, HY-N0420, STR02803, Tox21_111612, Tox21_201918, Tox21_303247, BBL002473, LMFA01170043, NSC-25949, NSC106449, s3791, STK387105, Succinic acid, >=99%, FCC, FG, Succinic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%, AKOS000118899, Tox21_111612_1, CCG-266069, DB00139, LS40373, MCULE-5889111640, SuccinicAcid(IndustrialGrade&FoodGrade), NCGC00159372-03, NCGC00159372-05, NCGC00159372-06, NCGC00257092-01, NCGC00259467-01, Succinic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, BP-21128, I847, Succinic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, CS-0008946, FT-0652509, FT-0773657, N1941, S0100, Succinic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Succinic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, SUCCINIC ACID HIGH PURITY GRADE 2.5KG, Succinic acid, purum p.a., >=99.0% (T), Succinic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), A14596, C00042, D85169, Succinic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, AB01332192-02, Q213050, SR-01000944556, J-002386, SR-01000944556-2, Z57127453, F2191-0239, 37E8FFFB-70DA-4399-B724-476BD8715EF0, Succinic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Succinic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (T), Succinic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Succinic acid, matrix substance for MALDI-MS, >=99.5% (T), Ultra pure, Succinic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Succinic acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, Succinic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 110-15-6, 203-740-4, 4-02-00-01908, Acide butanedioique, Acide succinique, Acido succinico, ácido succínico, Ácido succínico, acidum succinicum, Bernsteinsaeure, Bernsteinsäure, Butanedioic acid, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, Kyselina jantarova, MFCD00002789, QV2VQ, Succinic acid, Succinic acid, Янтарная кислота, 14493-42-6, 152556-05-3, 21668-90-6, 61128-08-3, acidum succinicum, amber acid, asuccin, Bernsteinsaeure, Bernsteinsaure, Butandisaeure, BUTANE DIACID, BUTANEDIOICACID, CpeE protein, DB00139, Dihydrofumaric acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Ethylene dicarboxylic acid, Ethylene succinic acid, FMR, fum, Fumaric acid, hydron, Katasuccin, Kyselina jantarova, MAE, Maleic acid, Sal succini, STR02803, Succinellite, succinic acid(free acid), SUCCINIC-D4 ACID, succunic acide, Wormwood acid

In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.
Succinic acid is marketed as food additive E363.
Succinic acid is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).

Succinic acid can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling.
As such, Succinic acid links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.
Dysregulation of Succinic acid synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury.

Succinic acid, a four-carbon diacid, has been the focus of many research projects aimed at developing more economically viable methods of fermenting sugar-containing natural materials.
Succinic acid fermentation processes also consume CO2, thereby potentially contributing to reductions in CO2 emissions.

Succinic acid could also become a commodity used as an intermediate in the chemical synthesis and manufacture of synthetic resins and biodegradable polymers.
Much attention has been given recently to the use of microorganisms to produce succinic acid as an alternative to chemical synthesis.

We have attempted to maximize succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes using an experimental design methodology for optimizing the concentrations of the medium components.
The first experiment consisted of a 24−1 fractional factorial design, and the second entailed a Central Composite Rotational Design so as to achieve optimal conditions.

The optimal concentrations of nutrients predicted by the model were: NaHCO3, 10.0 g l−1; MgSO4, 3.0 g l−1; yeast extract, 2.0 g l−1; KH2PO4.
5.0 g l−1; these were experimentally validated.

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber.

Under the best conversion conditions, as determined by statistical analysis, the production of succinic acid was carried out in an instrumented bioreactor using sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate, yielding a concentration of 22.5 g l−1.
Succinic acid is a precursor of many important, large-volume industrial chemicals and consumer products.

Succinic acidwas once common knowledge that many ruminant microorganisms accumulated succinic acid under anaerobic conditions.
However, Succinic acid was not until the discovery of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens at the Michigan Biotechnology Institute (MBI), which was capable of producing succinic acid up to about 50 g/L under optimum conditions, that the commercial feasibility of producing the compound by biological processes was realized.

Other microbial strains capable of producing succinic acid to high final concentrations subsequently were isolated and engineered, followed by development of fermentation processes for their uses.
Processes for recovery and purification of succinic acid from fermentation broths were simultaneously established along with new applications of succinic acid, e.g., production of biodegradable deicing compounds and solvents.

Several technologies for the fermentation-based production of succinic acid and the subsequent conversion to useful products are currently commercialized.
This review gives a summary of the development of microbial strains, their fermentation, and the importance of the down-stream recovery and purification efforts to suit various applications in the context of their current commercialization status for biologically derived succinic acid

Succinic acid, with molecular formulation C4H6O4, is a water-soluble, odorless, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic acid is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic acid is a normal intermediary metabolite and a constituent of the citric acid cycle, and found naturally in human urine

Succinic Acid is distributed widely through the natural world, where Succinic acid is contained in bivalves, fossils, seaweed, lichen, bacteria and so on.
Succinic acid was discovered in the year 1550 when Dr. Agricola with Germany distilled amber.

"Succinic Acid" is useful, non-toxic, stable and harmless to the human body.
Succinic acid is generated in a citric acid cycle (succinic acid dehydrate enzyme) and a succinic acid-glycine cycle through the process of metabolism and eventually becomes energy.

Succinic Acid is industrially produced by hydrogenation of Maleic Anhydride.
Succinic Acid of NIPPON SHOKUBAI has not only been used as food additives but also biodegradable polymers, bath additives, plating agents, photochemicals and so on

Succinic acid is a precursor of many important, large-volume industrial chemicals and consumer products.
Succinic acid was once common knowledge that many ruminant microorganisms accumulated succinic acid under anaerobic conditions.

However, Succinic acid was not until the discovery of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens at the Michigan Biotechnology Institute (MBI), which was capable of producing succinic acid up to about 50 g/L under optimum conditions, that the commercial feasibility of producing the compound by biological processes was realized.
Other microbial strains capable of producing succinic acid to high final concentrations subsequently were isolated and engineered, followed by development of fermentation processes for their uses.

Processes for recovery and purification of succinic acid from fermentation broths were simultaneously established along with new applications of succinic acid, e.g., production of biodegradable deicing compounds and solvents.
Several technologies for the fermentation-based production of succinic acid and the subsequent conversion to useful products are currently commercialized.
This review gives a summary of the development of microbial strains, their fermentation, and the importance of the down-stream recovery and purification efforts to suit various applications in the context of their current commercialization status for biologically derived succinic acid.

Succinic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group.
Succinic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.

Succinic acid has a role as a nutraceutical, a radiation protective agent, an anti-ulcer drug, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite.
Succinic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid, a C4-dicarboxylic acid and a lipid.
Succinic acid is a conjugate acid of a succinate

Succinic acid accounts for up to the 90% of the nonvolatile acids produced during alcoholic fermentation.
The content of this acid in wine ranges normally from 0.5 to 1.5 g/L, but the maximum concentration may reach 3 g/L.

Succinic acid is a diprotic acid.
Succinic acid pKa at 25°C are 4.21 and 5.64.
This means that at pH 3.50, most succinic acid (83.9%) is present in Succinic acid undissociated form; monodissociated Succinic acid ion accounts only for approximately 16%, while the dissociation of the second carboxylic group is practically negligible

Succinic acid, an organic acid is an important building block that has a wide range of synthetic applications.
Presently Succinic acid is synthesized from petrochemical compounds.

Due to Succinic acid increasing demand many bio-based methods have been proposed for Succinic acid synthesis as an efficient alternative.
Succinic acids utility as a low shrinkage additive (LSA) in unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) has been investigated.

Succinic acid (COOH(CH2)2COOH) is a carboxylic acid used in food (as an acidulant), pharmaceutical (as anexcipient), personal care (soaps) and chemical (pesticides, dyes and lacquers) industries.
Bio-based succinic acid is seen as an important platform chemical for the production of biodegradable plastics and as a substitute of several chemicals (such as adipic acid)

Succinic acid was traditionally produced synthetically from fossil oil or by an expensive distillation of amber.
During the last decade, new methods of production through biotechnological processes have been developed industrially (so-called bio-succinic acid).
Looking for more natural ingredients, the cosmetics market now has access to a new affordable plant-based ingredient.

Succinic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid (diacid) described by the empirical formula C4H6O4, and is naturally found in living organisms.
This diacid is one entry pathway into the Krebs cycle that takes place inside the mitochondria found in all cells in the human body.

Succinic acid provides energy required for the organism to function and is therefore involved in a variety of important biological actions.
Widely used in the food industry as a chelating agent and as a pH adjuster, succinic acid has been recognized as a safe substance for years.

Studies also proved Succinic acid antioxidant properties especially for cosmetics.
Succinic acid is also a fully safe intermediate to manufacture derivatives like emollients, surfactants and emulsifiers used in cosmetic formulations.

Succinic acid is a naturally occurring ingredient in amber and sugar cane as well as apple cider vinegar, and is found in living organisms.
The process of fermentation obtains succinic acid sustainably.

While Succinic acid has only recently become a 'buzzy' ingredient in skincare, succinic has been around for a while.

Succinic acid works by helping to peel away dead skin cells from pores to keep them clear.
Succinic acid is used to target blemishes, heal scarring, and improve signs of ageing, and Succinic acid is most often likened to salicylic acid.

Unlike salicylic, however, "it doesn’t encourage a lot of exfoliation," notes Rock.
For this reason, Succinic acid not really comparable to stronger acids that encourage rapid exfoliation and skin turnover.

Succinic acid is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste.
In an aqueous solution, succinic acid readily ionizes to form Succinic acid conjugate base, Succinic acid.

As a diprotic acid, succinic acid undergoes two successive deprotonation reactions:
(CH2)2(CO2H)2 → (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− + H+
(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− → (CH2)2(CO2)22− + H+

The pKa of these processes are 4.3 and 5.6, respectively.
Both anions are colorless and can be isolated as the salts, e.g., Na(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) and Na2(CH2)2(CO2)2.
In living organisms, primarily succinate, not succinic acid, is found.

As a radical group Succinic acid is called a succinyl group.
Like most simple mono- and dicarboxylic acids, Succinic acid is not harmful but can be an irritant to skin and eyes.

Historically, succinic acid was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber.
Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol.

Succinic acid is also produced from butane via maleic anhydride.
Global production is estimated at 16,000 to 30,000 tons a year, with an annual growth rate of 10%.

Genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are proposed for the commercial production via fermentation of glucose

Succinic acid can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2.
This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation.

Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride.
Succinic acid can be used to derive 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran

Succinic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Succinic acid is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Succinic acid, also called Butanedioic Acid, a dicarboxylic acid of molecular formula C4H6O4 that is widely distributed in almost all plant and animal tissues and that plays a significant role in intermediary metabolism.
Succinic acid is a colourless crystalline solid, soluble in water, with a melting point of 185–187° C (365–369° F).

Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins.
Succinic acid) can be synthesized using succinic acid as a precursor.

The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on BDO to produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing beams.
Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications.

Acylation with succinic acid is called succination.
Oversuccination occurs when more than one Succinic acid adds to a substrate

As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry.

Succinic acid is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.
As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, Succinic acid is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion.
Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin Succinic acid.

Succinic acid assay kit is suitable for the specific assay of succinic acid in wine, cheese, eggs, sauce and other food products.

Succinic acid is found in all plant and animal materials as a result of the central metabolic role played by this dicarboxylic acid in the Citric Acid Cycle.
Succinic acid concentrations are monitored in the manufacture of numerous foodstuffs and beverages, including wine, soy sauce, soy bean flour, fruit juice and dairy products (e.g. cheese).

Succinic acid (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic acid is a common intermediate in the metabolic pathway of several anaerobic and facultative micro-organisms.

Succinic acid is used as a dietary supplement for symptoms related to menopause such as hot flashes and irritability.
Succinic acid is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.

Succinic acid is used to manufacture polyurethanes, paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants, artificial leathers, cosmetics and personal care products, biodegradable plastics, nylons, industrial lubricants, phthalate-free plasticizers, and dyes & pigments.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Succinic acid is used in the preparation of active calcium succinate, as a starting material for active pharmaceutical ingredients (adipic acid, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, succinate salts, etc.), as an additive in drug formation, for medicines of sedative, antispasmer, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoter, contraception and cancer curing, in the preparation of vitamin A and anti-Inflammatory, and as antidote for toxic substance.

Succinic acid may be used in the following processes:
As a leaching agent in extracting lithium (Li), cobalt from used Li-ion batteries and magnesium from magnesite ore.
Synthesis of new elastic polyesters.

As a cocrystallising agent in the synthesis of cocrystals with organic molecules.
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid.

Succinic acid is an important component of the citric acid or TCA cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain.
Succinic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to mammals.

In eukaryotes, Succinic acid is generated in the mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).
Succinic acid can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e. g. malate.

Succinic acid can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space.
Succinic acid has multiple biological roles including roles as a metabolic intermediate and roles as a cell signalling molecule.

Succinic acid can alter gene expression patterns, thereby modulating the epigenetic landscape or Succinic acid can exhibit hormone-like signaling functions.
As such, Succinic acid links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.

Succinic acid can be broken down or metabolized into fumarate by the enzyme Succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH), which is part of the electron transport chain involved in making ATP.
Dysregulation of Succinic acid synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, can happen in a number of genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome.

Succinic acid has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Succinic acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite.

High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors.
Succinic acids oncogenic action appears to due to Succinic acid ability to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase-containing enzymes.

In many tumours, oxygen availability becomes limited (hypoxia) very quickly due to rapid cell proliferation and limited blood vessel growth.
The major regulator of the response to hypoxia is the HIF transcription factor (HIF-alpha).
Under normal oxygen levels, protein levels of HIF-alpha are very low due to constant degradation, mediated by a series of post-translational modification events catalyzed by the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes PHD1, 2 and 3, that hydroxylate HIF-alpha and lead to Succinic acid degradation.

Biotechnological Applications of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid and its derivatives are used as flavoring agents for food and beverages.
This acid could be used as feedstock for dyes, insecticides, perfumes, lacquers, as well as in the manufacture of clothing, paint, links, and fibers.

Succinic acid is widely used in medicine as an antistress, antihypoxic, and immunity-improving agent, in animal diets, and as a stimulator of plant growth.
Succinic acid is also a component of bio-based polymers such as nylons or polyesters.

Succinic acid esters are precursors for the known petrochemical products such as 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, c-butyrolactone, and various pyrrolidinone derivatives.
Succinic acid production was reported for the first time when Succinic acid was grown on ethanol under aerobic conditions and nitrogen limitation.

Succinic acid amount was 63.4 g/L as the major product of batch fermentation in this process.
However, the disadvantage was low yield of succinic acid on ethanol (58 %), and a high cost of production.

The concentration of succinic acid and Succinic acid yield were found to be 38.8 g/L and 82.45 % of n-alkane consumed, respectively.
Succinic acid production was also studied by genetically modified strains using glucose and glycerol as substrates.

Constructed temperaturesensitive mutant strains with mutations in the Succinic acid dehydrogenase encoding gene SDH1 by in vitro mutagenesis-based approach.
Then, the mutants were used to optimize the composition of the media for selection of transformants with the deletion in the SDH2 gene.
The defects of each Succinic acid dehydrogenase subunit prevented the growth on glucose, but the mutant strains grew on glycerol and produced Succinic acid in the presence of the buffering agent CaCO3.

Subsequent selection of the strain with deleted SDH2 gene for increased viability was allowed to obtain a strain that is capable to accumulate Succinic acid at the level of more than 450 g/L with buffering and more than 17 g/L without buffering.
Therefore, a reduced Succinic acid dehydrogenase activity can lead to an increased Succinic acid production

Able to produce succinic acid at low pH values.
High amounts of Succinic acid can be achieved by genetic engineering.

Uses of Succinic acid:
Found in fossils, fungi, and lichens.
Present in nearly all plant and animal tissues.

Succinic acid is used to make lacquers, dyes, esters for perfumes, alkyd resins, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, lubricants, and pesticides.
Also used in photography, as a sequestrant in foods, a buffering and neutralizing agent, for radiation dosimetry, and to promote plant growth and increased yields in food crops.

Organic synthesis, manufacture of lacquers, dyes esters for perfumes, photography, in foods as sequestrant, buffer, neutralizing agent

Uses of succinic acid range from scientific applications such as radiation dosimetry and standard buffer solutions to applications in agriculture, food, medicine, plastics, cosmetics, textiles, plating, and waste-gas scrubbing

Succinic acid is used as starting material in the manufacture of alkyd resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides.
Reaction with glycols gives polyesters; esters formed by reaction with monoalcohols are important plasticizers and lubricants.

In the growing of food, Succinic acid is a biogenic stimulant leading to faster plant growth and increased yields.

Succinic acid (COOH(CH2)2COOH) is a carboxylic acid used in food (as an acidulant), pharmaceutical (as an excipient), personal care (soaps) and chemical (pesticides, dyes and lacquers) industries.
Bio-based succinic acid is seen as an important platform chemical for the production of biodegradable plastics and as a substitute of several chemicals (such as adipic acid).

Succinic Acid is widely used in the food industry as a chelating agent and as a pH adjuster.
The FDA has granted Succinic Acid with the GRAS status (Generally Recognised as Safe Substance).

Studies conducted within the food industry show Succinic Acid has anti-oxidant properties: even though this does not imply the same will be exerted when Succinic acid is applied topically, Succinic acid gives an indication that suitable tests could be carried out to understand whether Succinic Acid maintain such effect once formulated in a cosmetic product.
Succinic Acid is also used as an intermediate to manufacture several chemicals, amongst which raw materials for the cosmetic and personal-care industry, e.g. emollients, surfactants and emulsifiers.

Succinic acid is widely use as organic intermediates for the pharmaceutical, engineering plastics, resins etc.
For the synthesis of sedatives, contraceptives and cancer drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.
In the chemical industry for the production of dyes, alkyd resin, glass fiber reinforced plastics, ion exchange resins and pesticides.

Succinic Acid is an acidulant that is commercially prepared by the hydrogenation of maleic or fumaric acid.
Succinic acid is a nonhygroscopic acid but is more soluble in 25°c water than fumaric and adipic acid.

Succinic acid has low acid strength and slow taste build-up; Succinic acid is not a substitute for normal acidulants.
Succinic acid combines with proteins in modifying the plasticity of bread dough.
Succinic acid functions as an acidulant and flavor enhancer in relishes, beverages, and hot sausages.

Succinic Acid was identified in essential oil from Saxifraga stolonifera and has antibacterial activity.

Consumer Uses of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid is used in the following products: adsorbents, fertilisers, inks and toners, washing & cleaning products, water softeners, adhesives and sealants, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, polymers and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Succinic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Adhesives and sealants,
Water treatment products.

Widespread uses by professional workers of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, anti-freeze products, metal surface treatment products, heat transfer fluids, hydraulic fluids, washing & cleaning products, fertilisers, water softeners and cosmetics and personal care products.
Succinic acid is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction, health services and scientific research and development.

Succinic acid is used for the manufacture of: and plastic products.
Other release to the environment of Succinic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses at industrial sites of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, metal surface treatment products, leather treatment products, metal working fluids and laboratory chemicals.
Succinic acid is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and scientific research and development.

Succinic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Succinic acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture, in the production of articles and as processing aid.

Adsorbents and absorbents,
Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents,
Intermediates,
Plasticizers,
Processing aids, not otherwise listed.

Chemical Properties of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid is a normal constituent of almost all plant and animal tissues.
Succinic anhydride is the dehydration product of the acid.

Succinic acid was first obtained as the distillate from amber (Latin, Succinum) for which Succinic acid is named.
Succinic acid occurs in beet, brocoli, rhubarb, sauerkraut, cheese, meat, molasses, eggs, peat, coal, fruits, honey, and urine.

Succinic acid is formed by the chemical and biochemical oxidation of fats, by alcoholic fermentation of sugar, and in numerous catalyzed oxidation processes.
Succinic acid is also a major byproduct in the manufacture of adipic acid.

Succinic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, is a relatively new nonhygroscopic product approved for food uses.
Succinic acid apparent taste characteristics in foods appear to be very similar to the other acidulants of this type, although pure aqueous solutions tend to have a slightly bitter taste.
Succinic anhydride, in contrast, is the only commercially available anhydride for food uses.

Succinic acid,C02H(CH2)2C02H, also known as butanedioic acid,butane diacid, and amber acid, is a colorless odorless prisms or white crystalline powder that melts at 185°C (364 of).
Soluble in water and alcohol, Succinic acid is used as a chemical intermediate, Succinic acid is used in lacquers,medicine,dyes,and as a taste modifier.

Biotechnological Production of Succinic acid:
Traditionally, succinic acid is produced by petrochemical synthesis using the precursor maleic acid.
However, there are some microorganisms that are able to produce succinic acid.

Maximum product concentrations of 106 g.L-1 with a yield of 1.25 mol of succinic acid per mole of glucose and a productivity of 1.36 g.L-1.h-1 have been achieved by growing A. succinogenes on glucose.
A high productivity of 10.40 g.L-1.h-1 has been reached with A. succinogenes growing on a complex medium with glucose in a continuous process with an integrated membrane bioreactor-electrodialysis process.

In this process, the product concentration has been 83 g.L-1.
Moreover, metabolic engineering methods were used to develop strains with high productivity and titer as well as low byproduct formation.

For example, growing C. glutamicum strain DldhA-pCRA717 on a defined medium with glucose, a high productivity of 11.80 g.L-1.h-1 with a yield of 1.37 mol of succinic acid per mole of glucose and a titer of 83 g.L-1 has been reported after 7 h.
An extended cultivation resulted in a product concentration of 146 g.L-1 after 46 h.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic fermentation in microbes.
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and an intermediate in Kreb′s cycle.

Polymorphism in Succinic acid dehydrogenase leads to Succinic acid accumulation.
High levels of Succinic acid impairs 2-oxoglutarate epigenetic signalling.

Succinic acid levels may modulate tumor progression.
Succinic acid inhibits histone demethylation and may contribute to epigenetic changes.
Succinic acid is crucial for interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) synthesis during inflammation and immune signalling.

Human Metabolite Information of Succinic acid:

Tissue Locations of Succinic acid:
Adipose Tissue
Brain
Fibroblasts
Kidney
Liver
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle
Spleen

Cellular Locations of Succinic acid:
Endoplasmic reticulum
Extracellular
Mitochondria
Peroxisome

Occurrence of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid is found in all plant and animal materials as a result of the central metabolic role played by this dicarboxylic acid in the Citric Acid Cycle.
Succinic acid concentrations are monitored in the manufacture of numerous foodstuffs and beverages, including wine, soy sauce, soy bean flour, fruit juice and dairy products (e.g. cheese).

The ripening process of apples can be followed by monitoring the falling levels of succinic acid.
The occurrence of > 5 mg/kg of this acid in egg and egg products is indicative of microbial contamination.

Apart from use as a flavouring agent in the food and beverage industries, succinic acid finds many other non-food applications, such as in the production of dyes, drugs, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals and coolants.
Succinic acid is widely distributed in almost all plants, animals and microorganisms where Succinic acid is a common intermediate in the intermediary metabolism.

A way to utilise this is with fermentation of biomass by microorganisms.
Succinic acid is therefore a good candidate for biobased industrial production.

A concept for a large scale production plant is patented by the company Diversified Natural Products.
The plant consists of a fermentation stage and a separation stage.
During the separations the Succinic acid produced in the fermenter is crystallised to the final product, succinic acid.

Preparation of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid can also be manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of malic or fumaric acids.
Succinic acid has also been produced commercially by aqueous acid or alkalihydrolysis of succinonitrile derived from ethylene bromide and potassium cyanide.

Today succinic acid is mainly produced from fossil resources through maleic acid hydrogenation.
Succinic acid can also be produced through fermentation of sugars.
In that case, in addition to succinic acid, other carboxylic acids (such as lactic acid, formic acid, propionic acid) and alcohols (such as ethanol) are also obtained.

Reactivity Profile of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid reacts exothermically to neutralize bases, both organic and inorganic.
Can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt.

Such reactions are slow in the dry, but systems may absorb water from the air to allow corrosion of iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers.
Reacts slowly with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide.

Reacts with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
May generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides.

May react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat.
Can be oxidized exothermically by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents.
May initiate polymerization reactions.

Methods of Manufacturing of Succinic acid:
Hydrogenation of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, or fumaric acid produces good yields of succinic acid.
1,4-Butanediol can be oxidized to succinic acid in several ways: (1) with O2 in an aqueous solution of an alkaline-earth hydroxide at 90-110 °C in the presence of Pd-C; (2) by ozonolysis in aqueous acetic acid; or (3) by reaction with N2O4 at low temperature.

Succinic acid can be obtained by phase-transfer-catalyzed reaction of 2-haloacetates, electrolytic dimerization of bromoacetic acid or ester, oxidation of 3-cyanopropanal, and fermentation of n-alkanes.
Succinic acid is derived from fermentation of ammonium tartrate.

Manufacture of Succinic acid:
Release to the environment of Succinic acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of Succinic acid.

General Manufacturing Information of Succinic acid:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Plastic material and resin manufacturing
Utilities

Formulation or re-packing of Succinic acid:
Succinic acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, water softeners, cosmetics and personal care products, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners, paper chemicals and dyes and polymers.
Release to the environment of Succinic acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Handling and Storage of Succinic acid:

Nonfire Spill Response:
SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.
Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material.

Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.
Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution.

Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.
STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and keep Succinic acid away from oxidizing materials.

Storage Conditions of Succinic acid:
Keep tightly closed.

Safety Profile of Succinic acid:
Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route.
A severe eye irritant.

Mutation data reported.
When heated to decomposition Succinic acid emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

First Aid of Succinic acid:
EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Succinic acid:
Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.

Accidental Release Measures of Succinic acid:

Disposal Methods of Succinic acid:
The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination.
Recycle any unused portion of the material for Succinic acid approved use or return Succinic acid to the manufacturer or supplier.
Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Incineration: Succinic acid should be combined with paper or other flammable material.
An alternate procedure is to dissolve Succinic acid in a flammable solvent and spray the solutions into the fire chamber.

Preventive Measures of Succinic acid:
The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting.
The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon Succinic acid, but also on factors including the form of Succinic acid, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.

However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.
In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Identifiers of Succinic acid:
CAS number: 110-15-6
EC number: 203-740-4
Grade: ChP,NF,JPE,ACS
Hill Formula: C₄H₆O₄
Chemical formula: HOOCCH₂CH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 118.09 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 19 80

Properties of Succinic acid:
Molecular Weight: 118.09
XLogP3: -0.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 118.02660867
Monoisotopic Mass: 118.02660867
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 92.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Succinic acid:
Boiling point: 235 °C (1013 hPa)
Density:1.57 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Ignition temperature: 470 °C
Melting Point: 188 °C
pH value: 2.7 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 940 kg/m3
Solubility: 58 g/l

Assay (alkalimetric) : 99.0 - 100.5 %
Assay (HPLC) : 99.0 - 100.5 %
Identity (IR) : passes test
Identity (HPLC) : passes test
Identity (wet chemistry) : passes test
In water insoluble matter : ≤ 0.01 %
Melting range (lower value) : ≥ 185.0 °C
Melting range (upper value) : ≤ 190.0 °C
Melting point : 185.0 - 190.0 °C
Chloride (Cl) : ≤ 0.001 %
Phosphate (PO₄) : ≤ 0.001 %
Sulfate (SO₄) : ≤ 0.003 %
Heavy metals (as Pb) : ≤ 0.0020 %
Heavy metals (as Pb) (ACS) : ≤ 5 ppm
Nitrogen compounds (as N) : ≤ 0.001 %
Fe (Iron) : ≤ 5 ppm
As (Arsenic) : ≤ 0.00015 %
Substances reducing permanganate : conforms
Residual solvents (ICH Q3C) : excluded by production process
Sulfated ash (600 °C) : ≤ 0.02 %

Names of Succinic acid:

Regulatory process names:
1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid
1,4-Butanedioic acid
Acidum succinicum
Amber acid
Asuccin
Bernsteinsaure
Butandisaeure
Dihydrofumaric acid
DL-Malic acid
Ethylene dicarboxylic acid
Ethylenesuccinic acid
Katasuccin
Kyselina jantarova
Succinate
Succinic acid
Succinic acid
succinic acid
Succinicum acidum
Wormwood acid

CAS names:
Butanedioic acid

IUPAC names:
1,4-Butanedioic acid
Butanedioic Acid
Butanedioic acid
butanedioic acid
Butanedionic acid
Registration dossier
Ethanedicarboxylic acid
Succinic
SUCCINIC ACID
Succinic Acid
Succinic acid
succinic acid
Succinic Acid
Succinic acid
succinic acid
1,4-Butanedioic acid
Butanedioic Acid
Butanedioic acid
butanedioic aci
Butanedionic acid
Ethanedicarboxylic acid
Succinic

Trade names:
Biosuccinium™
Succinic acid
Succinic Acid 99,7

Other identifiers:
110-15-6
2087491-34-5
2087491-34-5
623158-99-6
623158-99-6

Succinic acid (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic Acid is a common intermediate in the metabolic pathway of several anaerobic and facultative micro-organisms.
Succinic acid is used as a dietary supplement for symptoms related to menopause such as hot flashes and irritability.

CAS: 110-15-6
MF: C4H6O4
MW: 118.09
EINECS: 203-740-4

Synonyms
110-15-6, Amber acid, Asuccin, Wormwood acid, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Bernsteinsaure, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, Wormwood, Succinicum acidum, Butandisaeure, Acidum succinicum, Butanedionic acid, Kyselina jantarova, Butane diacid, Ethylene dicarboxylic acid, acide succinique, Bernsteinsaure [German], Bernsteinsaeure, Kyselina jantarova [Czech], HSDB 791, acide butanedioique, Ammonium succinate, NSC 106449, UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L, AB6MNQ6J6L, AI3-06297, EINECS 203-740-4, MFCD00002789, succ, NSC-106449, BRN 1754069, DTXSID6023602, E363, FEMA NO. 4719, CHEBI:15741, Butanedioic acid-13C4, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, Butanedioic acid-1,4-13C2, DTXCID303602, EC 203-740-4, 4-02-00-01908 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NSC25949, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic Acid, SuccinicAcid(IndustrialGrade&FoodGrade), NCGC00159372-02, NCGC00159372-04, Succinellite, Sal succini, WLN: QV2VQ, SUCCINIC ACID (II), SUCCINIC ACID [II], SIN, SUCCINIC ACID (MART.), SUCCINIC ACID [MART.], Succinic Acid; Butanedioic acid, Ethylene succinic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, butandisaure, succinic-acid, SUCCINIC ACID (USP IMPURITY), SUCCINIC ACID [USP IMPURITY], succinate, 9, CAS-110-15-6, ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Succinic acid [NF], Succinic acid (8CI), 1,4 Butanedioic Acid, Butanedioic acid (9CI), Dihydrofumarate, Succinicate, Butanedioic acid diammonium salt, 1cze, 1,4-Butanedioate, Succinic acid, 6, Succinic acid, FCC, Succinic Acide,(S), 1,4-Butandioic Acid, Succinic acid, 99%, Succinic acid, natural, 4lh2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, suc, Succinic acid, ACS grade, bmse000183, bmse000968, CHEMBL576, SUCCINIC ACID [MI], SUCCINIC ACID [FCC], A 12084, SUCCINIC ACID [HSDB], SUCCINIC ACID [INCI], SUCCINIC ACID [VANDF], GTPL3637, SUCCINIC ACID [USP-RS], SUCCINIC ACID [WHO-DD], SUCCINICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], BDBM26121, Succinic acid (Butanedioic acid), HMS3885O04, HY-N0420, STR02803, Tox21_111612, Tox21_201918, Tox21_303247, LMFA01170043, NSC-25949, NSC106449, s3791, Succinic acid, >=99%, FCC, FG, Succinic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%, AKOS000118899, Tox21_111612_1, CCG-266069, DB00139, NCGC00159372-03, NCGC00159372-05, NCGC00159372-06, NCGC00257092-01, NCGC00259467-01, Succinic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, BP-21128, Succinic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, CS-0008946, FT-0652509, FT-0773657, NS00002272, S0100, Succinic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Succinic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EN300-17990, Succinic acid, purum p.a., >=99.0% (T), Succinic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), C00042, D85169, Succinic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, AB01332192-02, Q213050, SR-01000944556, J-002386, SR-01000944556-2, Z57127453, F2191-0239, 37E8FFFB-70DA-4399-B724-476BD8715EF0, Succinic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Succinic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (T), Succinic acid, matrix substance for MALDI-MS, Y99.5%(T), Succinic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8, 26776-24-9

Succinic Acid is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.
Succinic Acid is used to manufacture polyurethanes, paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants, artificial leathers, cosmetics and personal care products, biodegradable plastics, nylons, industrial lubricants, phthalate-free plasticizers, and dyes & pigments.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Succinic Acid is used in the preparation of active calcium succinate, as a starting material for active pharmaceutical ingredients (adipic acid, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, succinate salts, etc.), as an additive in drug formation, for medicines of sedative, antispasmer, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoter, contraception and cancer curing, in the preparation of vitamin A and anti-Inflammatory, and as antidote for toxic substance.

Succinic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 185 °C
Boiling point: 235 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor pressure: 0-0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: n20/D 1.4002(lit.)
FEMA: 4719 | SUCCINIC ACID
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp: 2-8°C
Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone and methanol. Insoluble in toluene, benzene, carbon Disulfide, carbon tetrachloride and petroleum ether.
Pka: 4.16(at 25℃)
Form: Powder/Solid
Color: White to off-white
PH: 3.65(1 mM solution);3.12(10 mM solution);2.61(100 mM solution);
Odor: at 100.00 %. wormwood
Odor Type: herbal
Water Solubility: 80 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,8869
BRN: 1754069
Dielectric constant: 2.4（26℃）
Stability: Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong bases, strong oxidizing agents. Combustible.
InChIKey: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.59
CAS DataBase Reference: 110-15-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Succinic acid (110-15-6)

Uses
Succinic acid (COOH(CH2)2COOH) is a carboxylic acid used in food (as an acidulant), pharmaceutical (as an excipient), personal care (soaps) and chemical (pesticides, dyes and lacquers) industries.
Bio-based succinic acid is seen as an important platform chemical for the production of biodegradable plastics and as a substitute of several chemicals (such as adipic acid).
Succinic Acid is widely used in the food industry as a chelating agent and as a pH adjuster.

The FDA has granted Succinic Acid with the GRAS status (Generally Recognised as Safe Substance).
Studies conducted within the food industry show Succinic Acid has anti-oxidant properties.
Even though this does not imply the same will be exerted when the substance is applied topically, it gives an indication that suitable tests could be carried out to understand whether Succinic Acid maintain such effect once formulated in a cosmetic product.
Succinic Acid is also used as an intermediate to manufacture several chemicals, amongst which raw materials for the cosmetic and personal-care industry, e.g. emollients, surfactants and emulsifiers.

Succinic Acid is an acidulant that is commercially prepared by the hydrogenation of maleic or fumaric acid.
Succinic Acid is a nonhygroscopic acid but is more soluble in 25°c water than fumaric and adipic acid.
Succinic Acid has low acid strength and slow taste build-up; it is not a substitute for normal acidulants.
Succinic Acid combines with proteins in modifying the plasticity of bread dough.
Succinic Acid functions as an acidulant and flavor enhancer in relishes, beverages, and hot sausages.

Preparation
Succinic acid can also be manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of malic or fumaric acids.
Succinic Acid has also been produced commercially by aqueous acid or alkalihydrolysis of succinonitrile derived from ethylene bromide and potassium cyanide.
Today succinic acid is mainly produced from fossil resources through maleic acid hydrogenation.
Succinic Acid can also be produced through fermentation of sugars.
In that case, in addition to succinic acid, other carboxylic acids (such as lactic acid, formic acid, propionic acid) and alcohols (such as ethanol) are also obtained.

Occurrence
Succinic acid is found in all plant and animal materials as a result of the central metabolic role played by this dicarboxylic acid in the Citric Acid Cycle.
Succinic acid concentrations are monitored in the manufacture of numerous foodstuffs and beverages, including wine, soy sauce, soy bean flour, fruit juice and dairy products (e.g. cheese).
The ripening process of apples can be followed by monitoring the falling levels of succinic acid.

The occurrence of > 5 mg/kg of this acid in egg and egg products is indicative of microbial contamination.
Apart from use as a flavouring agent in the food and beverage industries, succinic acid finds many other non-food applications, such as in the production of dyes, drugs, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals and coolants.
Succinic acid is widely distributed in almost all plants, animals and microorganisms where it is a common intermediate in the intermediary metabolism.
A way to utilise this is with fermentation of biomass by microorganisms.
Succinic acid is therefore a good candidate for biobased industrial production.
A concept for a large scale production plant is patented by the company Diversified Natural Products.
The plant consists of a fermentation stage and a separation stage.
During the separations the succinate produced in the fermenter is crystallised to the final product, succinic acid.

Succinic acid (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic Acid is a common intermediate in the metabolic pathway of several anaerobic and facultative micro-organisms.
Succinic acid is used as a dietary supplement for symptoms related to menopause such as hot flashes and irritability.

CAS: 110-15-6
MF: C4H6O4
MW: 118.09
EINECS: 203-740-4

Synonyms
110-15-6, Amber acid, Asuccin, Wormwood acid, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Bernsteinsaure, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, Wormwood, Succinicum acidum, Butandisaeure, Acidum succinicum, Butanedionic acid, Kyselina jantarova, Butane diacid, Ethylene dicarboxylic acid, acide succinique, Bernsteinsaure [German], Bernsteinsaeure, Kyselina jantarova [Czech], HSDB 791, acide butanedioique, Ammonium succinate, NSC 106449, UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L, AB6MNQ6J6L, AI3-06297, EINECS 203-740-4, MFCD00002789, succ, NSC-106449, BRN 1754069, DTXSID6023602, E363, FEMA NO. 4719, CHEBI:15741, Butanedioic acid-13C4, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, Butanedioic acid-1,4-13C2, DTXCID303602, EC 203-740-4, 4-02-00-01908 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NSC25949, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic Acid, SuccinicAcid(IndustrialGrade&FoodGrade), NCGC00159372-02, NCGC00159372-04, Succinellite, Sal succini, WLN: QV2VQ, SUCCINIC ACID (II), SUCCINIC ACID [II], SIN, SUCCINIC ACID (MART.), SUCCINIC ACID [MART.], Succinic Acid; Butanedioic acid, Ethylene succinic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, butandisaure, succinic-acid, SUCCINIC ACID (USP IMPURITY), SUCCINIC ACID [USP IMPURITY], succinate, 9, CAS-110-15-6, ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Succinic acid [NF], Succinic acid (8CI), 1,4 Butanedioic Acid, Butanedioic acid (9CI), Dihydrofumarate, Succinicate, Butanedioic acid diammonium salt, 1cze, 1,4-Butanedioate, Succinic acid, 6, Succinic acid, FCC, Succinic Acide,(S), 1,4-Butandioic Acid, Succinic acid, 99%, Succinic acid, natural, 4lh2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, suc, Succinic acid, ACS grade, bmse000183, bmse000968, CHEMBL576, SUCCINIC ACID [MI], SUCCINIC ACID [FCC], A 12084, SUCCINIC ACID [HSDB], SUCCINIC ACID [INCI], SUCCINIC ACID [VANDF], GTPL3637, SUCCINIC ACID [USP-RS], SUCCINIC ACID [WHO-DD], SUCCINICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], BDBM26121, Succinic acid (Butanedioic acid), HMS3885O04, HY-N0420, STR02803, Tox21_111612, Tox21_201918, Tox21_303247, LMFA01170043, NSC-25949, NSC106449, s3791, Succinic acid, >=99%, FCC, FG, Succinic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%, AKOS000118899, Tox21_111612_1, CCG-266069, DB00139, NCGC00159372-03, NCGC00159372-05, NCGC00159372-06, NCGC00257092-01, NCGC00259467-01, Succinic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, BP-21128, Succinic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, CS-0008946, FT-0652509, FT-0773657, NS00002272, S0100, Succinic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Succinic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EN300-17990, Succinic acid, purum p.a., >=99.0% (T), Succinic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), C00042, D85169, Succinic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, AB01332192-02, Q213050, SR-01000944556, J-002386, SR-01000944556-2, Z57127453, F2191-0239, 37E8FFFB-70DA-4399-B724-476BD8715EF0, Succinic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Succinic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (T), Succinic acid, matrix substance for MALDI-MS, Y99.5%(T), Succinic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8, 26776-24-9

Succinic Acid is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.
Succinic Acid is used to manufacture polyurethanes, paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants, artificial leathers, cosmetics and personal care products, biodegradable plastics, nylons, industrial lubricants, phthalate-free plasticizers, and dyes & pigments.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Succinic Acid is used in the preparation of active calcium succinate, as a starting material for active pharmaceutical ingredients (adipic acid, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, succinate salts, etc.), as an additive in drug formation, for medicines of sedative, antispasmer, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoter, contraception and cancer curing, in the preparation of vitamin A and anti-Inflammatory, and as antidote for toxic substance.

It is a colorless crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents.
Succinic acid is widely distributed in nature and can be found in many plants and animals, as well as in certain microorganisms.
One of the most important roles of succinic acid is its involvement in the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which is a central metabolic pathway in all aerobic organisms.
In this cycle, succinic acid is an intermediate that is produced from the oxidation of succinyl-CoA and is further converted to fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.

In addition to its role in metabolism, succinic acid has a wide range of industrial applications.
It is used as an intermediate in the production of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, surfactants, and polymers.
In the food industry, succinic acid is used as an acidity regulator and flavoring agent.
It is also used in the production of some biodegradable plastics and as a component in some medications and supplements.
Succinic acid has been studied for its potential therapeutic properties, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
It has also been investigated for its potential use as a platform chemical for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals.

Succinic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 185 °C
Boiling point: 235 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor pressure: 0-0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: n20/D 1.4002(lit.)
FEMA: 4719 | SUCCINIC ACID
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp: 2-8°C
Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone and methanol. Insoluble in toluene, benzene, carbon Disulfide, carbon tetrachloride and petroleum ether.
Pka: 4.16(at 25℃)
Form: Powder/Solid
Color: White to off-white
PH: 3.65(1 mM solution);3.12(10 mM solution);2.61(100 mM solution);
Odor: at 100.00 %. wormwood
Odor Type: herbal
Water Solubility: 80 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,8869
BRN: 1754069
Dielectric constant: 2.4（26℃）
Stability: Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong bases, strong oxidizing agents. Combustible.
InChIKey: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.59
CAS DataBase Reference: 110-15-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Succinic acid (110-15-6)

Uses
Succinic acid (COOH(CH2)2COOH) is a carboxylic acid used in food (as an acidulant), pharmaceutical (as an excipient), personal care (soaps) and chemical (pesticides, dyes and lacquers) industries.
Bio-based succinic acid is seen as an important platform chemical for the production of biodegradable plastics and as a substitute of several chemicals (such as adipic acid).
Succinic Acid is widely used in the food industry as a chelating agent and as a pH adjuster.
The FDA has granted Succinic Acid with the GRAS status (Generally Recognised as Safe Substance).

Studies conducted within the food industry show Succinic Acid has anti-oxidant properties: even though this does not imply the same will be exerted when the substance is applied topically, it gives an indication that suitable tests could be carried out to understand whether Succinic Acid maintain such effect once formulated in a cosmetic product.
Succinic Acid is also used as an intermediate to manufacture several chemicals, amongst which raw materials for the cosmetic and personal-care industry, e.g. emollients, surfactants and emulsifiers.

Preparation
Succinic acid can also be manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of malic or fumaric acids.
Succinic Acid has also been produced commercially by aqueous acid or alkalihydrolysis of succinonitrile derived from ethylene bromide and potassium cyanide.
Today succinic acid is mainly produced from fossil resources through maleic acid hydrogenation.
Succinic Acid can also be produced through fermentation of sugars. In that case, in addition to succinic acid, other carboxylic acids (such as lactic acid, formic acid, propionic acid) and alcohols (such as ethanol) are also obtained.

As a radical group Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is called a succinyl (/ˈsʌksɪnəl/) group.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white, odorless solid.

CAS Number: 110-15-6
EC Number: 203-740-4
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
Linear Formula: HOOCCH2CH2COOH
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4

SYNONYMS:
succinic acid, butanedioic acid, 110-15-6, Amber acid, Asuccin, Dihydrofumaric acid, Wormwood acid, Katasuccin, Bernsteinsaure, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, Wormwood, Succinicum acidum, Butandisaeure, Acidum succinicum, Butanedionic acid, Kyselina jantarova, Butane diacid, Ethylene dicarboxylic acid, acide succinique, Bernsteinsaure [German], Bernsteinsaeure, Kyselina jantarova [Czech], HSDB 791, acide butanedioique, NSC 106449, UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L, AB6MNQ6J6L, AI3-06297, EINECS 203-740-4, MFCD00002789, succ, NSC-106449, BRN 1754069, DTXSID6023602, E363, FEMA NO. 4719, CHEBI:15741, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, DTXCID303602, EC 203-740-4, 4-02-00-01908 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NSC25949, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic Acid, NCGC00159372-02, NCGC00159372-04, Succinellite, Sal succini, WLN: QV2VQ, SUCCINIC ACID (II), SUCCINIC ACID [II], SIN, SUCCINIC ACID (MART.), SUCCINIC ACID [MART.], Succinic Acid; Butanedioic acid, Ethylene succinic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, butandisaure, succinic-acid, sodium succinate (anhydrous), SUCCINIC ACID (USP IMPURITY), SUCCINIC ACID [USP IMPURITY], succinate, 9, CAS-110-15-6, ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Succinic acid [NF], Succinic acid (8CI), 1,4 Butanedioic Acid, Butanedioic acid (9CI), Dihydrofumarate, Succinicate, Butanedioic acid diammonium salt, 1cze, 1,4-Butanedioate, Succinic acid, 6, Succinic acid, FCC, Succinic Acide,(S), SuccinicAcid(IndustrialGrade&FoodGrade), Succinic acid, 99%, Succinic acid, natural, 4lh2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, suc, Succinic acid, ACS grade, bmse000183, bmse000968, CHEMBL576, SUCCINIC ACID [MI], SUCCINIC ACID [FCC], A 12084, SUCCINIC ACID [HSDB], SUCCINIC ACID [VANDF], GTPL3637, SUCCINIC ACID [USP-RS], SUCCINIC ACID [WHO-DD], SUCCINICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], BDBM26121, Succinic acid (Butanedioic acid), HMS3885O04, HY-N0420, STR02803, Tox21_111612, Tox21_201918, Tox21_303247, BBL002473, LMFA01170043, Succinic acid, Amber acid, Asuccin, Bernsteinsaure, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Wormwood acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Wormwood, Kyselina jantarova, Acid of amber, Ethylene succinic acid, Sal succini, Salt of amber, Succinellite, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, NSC 106449, Succinate, Butanedioic acid, Butanedioate, Dihydrofumaric acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, amber acid, asuccin, dihydrofumaric acid, bernsteinsaure, katasuccin, wormwood acid, succinate, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid, Butanedioic Acid-13C2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic Acid-13C2, 1,4-Butanedioic Acid-13C2, A 12084-13C2, Amber Acid-13C2, Asuccin-13C2, Dihydrofumaric Acid-13C2, Katasuccin-13C2, Wormwood Acid-13C2, Yantar-antitox-13C2, Butanedioic-1,4-13C2 acid, Succinic-1,4-13C2 acid, SA,Butanedioic acid,AMBER ACID,Wormwood,008008-93-3,Succnic acid,Succinic acid（N）,SUCCINIC ACID FCC,Succinic acid ACS,Succinic acid, 99%, NSC-25949, NSC106449, s3791, STK387105, Succinic acid, >=99%, FCC, FG, Succinic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%, AKOS000118899, Tox21_111612_1, CCG-266069, DB00139, NCGC00159372-03, NCGC00159372-05, NCGC00159372-06, NCGC00257092-01, NCGC00259467-01, Succinic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, BP-21128, Succinic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, CS-0008946, NS00002272, S0100, Succinic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Succinic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EN300-17990, Succinic acid, purum p.a., >=99.0% (T), Succinic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), C00042, D85169, Succinic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, AB01332192-02, Q213050, SR-01000944556, J-002386, SR-01000944556-2, Z57127453, F2191-0239, 37E8FFFB-70DA-4399-B724-476BD8715EF0, Succinic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Succinic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (T), matrix substance for MALDI-MS, Y99.5%(T), Succinic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8, Succinic acid, matrix substance for MALDI-MS, >=99.5% (T), Ultra pure, Succinic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Succinic acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, Succinic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 26776-24-9, Butanedioic acid, Succinic acid, Butanedioic acid, Succinic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4 Butanedioic acid, 1,4-Butanedioate, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), 1cze, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose, Amber acid, Asuccin, butanedioic acid, ion(2-), Dihydrofumarate, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Succinate, Wormwood acid, Acide butanedioique, Acide succinique, Acidum succinicum, Bernsteinsaeure, Butandisaeure, Butanedionic acid, e363, Ethylenesuccinic acid, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, Spirit OF amber, Butanedionate, Ethylenesuccinate, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4 Butanedioic acid, Ammonium succinate, Butanedioic acid, Potassium succinate, Succinate, ammonium, Succinate, potassium, 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-GlcNAc, N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-Acetylchitosamine, N Acetyl D glucosamine, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose, 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglucose, Acetylglucosamine

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white, odorless solid.
In an aqueous solution, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) ionizes to anions (that is, conjugates to a conjugate base) called succinate , which plays a role in the citric acid cycle

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a four-carbon acyclic dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a flavoring agent, contributing a sour and astringent component characteristic of the umami taste.

The anion, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), is a key component of the citric acid or TCA cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase (SDH) plays an important role in mitochondrial function, being both part of the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle.

SDH, with a covalently attached FAD prosthetic group, is able to bind several different enzyme substrates (succinate and fumarate) and physiological regulators (oxaloacetate and ATP).
Oxidizing succinate links SDH to the fast-cycling Krebs cycle portion where it participates in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA throughout the entire Krebs cycle.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also a microbial metabolite. Indeed, urinary succinic acid is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Proteus mirabilis, Citrobactes frundii, Enterococcus faecalis.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also found in Actinobacillus, Anaerobiospirillum, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium and Basfia.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also known as “Spirit of Amber.”
When it was first discovered, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was extracted from amber by pulverizing and distilling it using a sand bath.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a carboxylic acid used in food (as an acidulant), pharmaceutical (as an excipient), personal care (soaps) and chemical (pesticides, dyes and lacquers) industries.
Bio-based Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is seen as an important platform chemical for the production of biodegradable plastics and as a substitute of several chemicals (such as adipic acid).

Studies conducted within the food industry show Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has anti-oxidant properties: even though this does not imply the same will be exerted when the substance is applied topically, it gives an indication that suitable tests could be carried out to understand whether Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) maintain such effect once formulated in a cosmetic product.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used as an intermediate to manufacture several chemicals, amongst which raw materials for the cosmetic and personal-care industry, e.g. emollients, surfactants and emulsifiers.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with a pair of carboxylic acid functional groups.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is widely used in the food industry as a chelating agent and as a pH adjuster.
The FDA has granted Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) with the GRAS status (Generally Recognised as Safe Substance).
The terminal carboxylic acid groups can react with primary amine groups in the presence of activators (e.g. EDC, or HATU) to form a stable amide bond.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a calcium salt of succinic acid that can be used as a chemical reagent.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has been shown to have protective effects against ischemic preconditioning, which may be due to its ability to inhibit the production of nitric oxide.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a crystalline carboxylic acid, HOOC(CH2)2COOH, that occurs in amber and certain plants.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) forms during the fermentation of sugar (sucrose).
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white crystals or shiny white odorless crystalline powder. pH of 0.1 molar solution: 2.7.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has very acid taste.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), also referred to as butanedioic acid, is an organic acid, which can be synthesized by various microorganisms from different carbon sources.

In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling.

As such, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.
Dysregulation of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is marketed as food additive E363.
The name of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber.
In 2004, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was placed on the US Department of Energy's list of top 12 platform chemicals from biomass.

Acylation with Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is called succination.
Oversuccination occurs when more than one Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) adds to a substrate
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) appears as white crystals or shiny white odorless crystalline powder.

pH of 0.1 molar solution of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is 2.7.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has very acid taste.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has a role as a nutraceutical, a radiation protective agent, an anti-ulcer drug, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a conjugate acid of a succinate(1-).
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Phomopsis velata, and other organisms with data available.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.
The anion, succinate, is a component of the citric acid cycle capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is created as a byproduct of the fermentation of sugar.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) lends to fermented beverages such as wine and beer a common taste that is a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a common intermediate in the metabolic pathway of several anaerobic and facultative micro-organisms.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), a dicarboxylic acid, is a relatively new nonhygroscopic product approved for food uses.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid)'s apparent taste characteristics in foods appear to be very similar to the other acidulants of this type, although pure aqueous solutions tend to have a slightly bitter taste.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a starting material in the synthesis of new elastic polyesters, fumaric acid, succinic anhydride and alkyd resins.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid)'s derivative viz diethyl ester is used as a substrate in the Stobbe condensation.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used crystallization grade pH 7 for formulating screens or for optimization.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) plays an important role as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry, as an excipient in pharmaceutical products and acts as a cocrystallising agent in organic synthesis.

Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following products: adsorbents, fertilisers, inks and toners, washing & cleaning products, water softeners, adhesives and sealants, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, polymers and cosmetics and personal care products.

Other release to the environment of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), or its anion succinate, is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products to control acidity or as a counter ion.

In 2004, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was identified by the Department of Energy of the United States of America as one of twelve molecules that can be produced from plant sugars through biological or chemical processes and that have a potential to subsequently be converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was primarily used externally for rheumatic aches and pains.
Almost infinite esters can be obtained from carboxylic acids.
Esters are produced by combining an acid with an alcohol and removal of a water molecule.

Carboxylic acid esters are used in a variety of direct and indirect applications.
Lower chain esters are used as flavoring base materials, plasticizers, solvent carriers and coupling agents.
Higher chain compounds are used as components in metalworking fluids, surfactants, lubricants, detergents, oiling agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, textile treatments and emollients.

Esters are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of a variety of target compounds.
The almost infinite esters provide a wide range of viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.
Producing five heterocyclic compounds, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as an intermediate for dyes, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals, alkyd resins, plasticizers, metal treatment chemicals, and coatings.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used in the manufacture of medicines for sedatives, antispasmers, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoers, contraceptives, and cancer-curing.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, anti-freeze products, metal surface treatment products, heat transfer fluids, hydraulic fluids, washing & cleaning products, fertilisers, water softeners and cosmetics and personal care products.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction, health services and scientific research and development.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used for the manufacture of: and plastic products. Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, water softeners, cosmetics and personal care products, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners, paper chemicals and dyes and polymers.
Release to the environment of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, metal surface treatment products, leather treatment products, metal working fluids and laboratory chemicals.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and scientific research and development.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture, in the production of articles and as processing aid.

Release to the environment of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was identified in essential oil from Saxifraga stolonifera and has antibacterial activity.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is widely use as organic intermediates for the pharmaceutical, engineering plastics, resins etc.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used for the synthesis of sedatives, contraceptives and cancer drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the chemical industry for the production of dyes, alkyd resin, glass fiber reinforced plastics, ion exchange resins and pesticides.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is an acidulant that is commercially prepared by the hydrogenation of maleic or fumaric acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a nonhygroscopic acid but is more soluble in 25°c water than fumaric and adipic acid.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has low acid strength and slow taste build-up.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is not a substitute for normal acidulants.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) combines with proteins in modifying the plasticity of bread dough. Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) functions as an acidulant and flavor enhancer in relishes, beverages, and hot sausages.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as an analytical reagent for the determination of nitrate reductase activity in biological samples.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used as a reagent for coordination geometry in organic chemistry.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has a wide range of applications in agricultural, food and pharmaceutical industries.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also utilized as a raw material in the industrial chemical synthesis of numerous chemicals including adipic acid, 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, succinate salts and γ-butyrolactone.
In addition, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can also be used in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers such as polybutyrate succinate (PBS), polyamides and green solvents.

Succinic anhydride, in contrast, is the only commercially available anhydride for food uses.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a dietary supplement for symptoms related to menopause such as hot flashes and irritability.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used to manufacture polyurethanes, paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants, artificial leathers, cosmetics and personal care products, biodegradable plastics, nylons, industrial lubricants, phthalate-free plasticizers, and dyes & pigments.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in the preparation of active calcium succinate, as a starting material for active pharmaceutical ingredients (adipic acid, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, succinate salts, etc.), as an additive in drug formation, for medicines of sedative, antispasmer, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoter, contraception and cancer curing, in the preparation of vitamin A and anti-Inflammatory, and as antidote for toxic substance.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is commonly used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) plays a role in the citric acid cycle, an energy-yielding process and is metabolized by succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase (SDH) plays an important role in the mitochondria, being both part of the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle.
SDH with a covalently attached FAD prosthetic group, binds enzyme substrates (succinate and fumarate) and physiological regulators (oxaloacetate and ATP).

Oxidizing Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) links SDH to the fast-cycling Krebs cycle portion where it participates in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA throughout the whole Krebs cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e.g. malate.

Mutations in the four genes encoding the subunits of succinate dehydrogenase are associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations (i.e.: Huntington's disease.
Succinate also acts as an oncometabolite.

Succinate inhibits 2-oxoglutarate-dependent histone and DNA demethylase enzymes, resulting in epigenetic silencing that affects neuroendocrine differentiation.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.

-Precursor to polymers, resins, and solvents:
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic acid as a precursor.

The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on BDO to produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing beams.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications.

-Food and dietary supplement:
As a food additive and dietary supplement, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.
As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion.
Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) and its derivatives are used as flavoring agents for food and beverages.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) could be used as feedstock for dyes, insecticides, perfumes, lacquers, as well as in the manufacture of clothing, paint, links, and fibers.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is widely used in medicine as an antistress, antihypoxic, and immunity-improving agent, in animal diets, and as a stimulator of plant growth.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also a component of bio-based polymers such as nylons or polyesters.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) esters are precursors for the known petrochemical products such as 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, c-butyrolactone, and various pyrrolidinone derivatives.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) production by Y. lipolytica was reported for the first time when it was grown on ethanol under aerobic conditions and nitrogen limitation.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) amount was 63.4 g/L as the major product of batch fermentation in this process.
However, the disadvantage was low yield of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) on ethanol (58 %), and a high cost of production.
Kamzolova et al. developed a novel process for the production of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid).

It includes the synthesis of a-ketoglutaric acid by a thiamine-auxotrophic strain Y. lipolytica VKMY-2412 from n-alkanes, and subsequent oxidation of the acid by hydrogen peroxide to Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid).
The concentration of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) and its yield were found to be 38.8 g/L and 82.45 % of n-alkane consumed, respectively.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) production was also studied by genetically modified strains using glucose and glycerol as substrates.
Yuzbashev et al. constructed temperaturesensitive mutant strains with mutations in the Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase encoding gene SDH1 by in vitro mutagenesis-based approach.

Then, the mutants were used to optimize the composition of the media for selection of transformants with the deletion in the SDH2 gene.
The defects of each Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase subunit prevented the growth on glucose, but the mutant strains grew on glycerol and produced succinate in the presence of the buffering agent CaCO3.

Subsequent selection of the strain with deleted SDH2 gene for increased viability was allowed to obtain a strain that is capable to accumulate Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) at the level of more than 450 g/L with buffering and more than 17 g/L without buffering.
Therefore, a reduced Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase activity can lead to an increased succinate production.

Y. lipolytica is able to produce Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) at low pH values.
High amounts of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can be achieved by genetic engineering

OTHER ANIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*sodium succinate

RELATED CARBOXYLIC ACIDS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*propionic acid
*malonic acid
*butyric acid
*malic acid
*tartaric acid
*fumaric acid
*valeric acid
*glutaric acid

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*Fatty acids and conjugates
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds

SUBSTITUENTS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*Fatty acid
*Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound

FEATURES OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
*Sterile filtered solution
*Formulated in Type 1+ ultrapure water: 18.2 megaohm-cm resistivity at 25°C, < 5 ppb Total Organic Carbon, bacteria free (

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Historically, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber.
Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol. Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also produced from butane via maleic anhydride.
Global production of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is estimated at 16,000 to 30,000 tons a year, with an annual growth rate of 10%.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2.
This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation. Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can be used to derive 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran.

BIOCHEM/PHYSIOL ACTIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a byproduct of anaerobic fermentation in microbes.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid and an intermediate in Kreb′s cycle.

Polymorphism in Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) dehydrogenase leads to succinate accumulation.
High levels of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) impair 2-oxoglutarate epigenetic signalling.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) levels may modulate tumor progression.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) inhibits histone demethylation and may contribute to epigenetic changes.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is crucial for interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) synthesis during inflammation and immune signalling.

OCCURRENCE OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is found in all plant and animal materials as a result of the central metabolic role played by this dicarboxylic acid in the Citric Acid Cycle.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) concentrations are monitored in the manufacture of numerous foodstuffs and beverages, including wine, soy sauce, soy bean flour, fruit juice and dairy products (e.g. cheese).

The ripening process of apples can be followed by monitoring the falling levels of succinic acid.
The occurrence of > 5 mg/kg of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) in egg and egg products is indicative of microbial contamination.
Apart from use as a flavouring agent in the food and beverage industries, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) finds many other non-food applications, such as in the production of dyes, drugs, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals and coolants.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is widely distributed in almost all plants, animals and microorganisms where it is a common intermediate in the intermediary metabolism.
A way to utilise this is with fermentation of biomass by microorganisms.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is therefore a good candidate for biobased industrial production.

A concept for a large scale production plant is patented by the company Diversified Natural Products.
The plant consists of a fermentation stage and a separation stage.
During the separations the Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) produced in the fermenter is crystallised to the final product, succinic acid.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a normal constituent of almost all plant and animal tissues.
Succinic anhydride is the dehydration product of the acid. Succinic acid was first obtained as the distillate from amber (Latin, Succinum) for which it is named.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) occurs in beet, brocoli, rhubarb, sauerkraut, cheese, meat, molasses, eggs, peat, coal, fruits, honey, and urine.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is formed by the chemical and biochemical oxidation of fats, by alcoholic fermentation of sugar, and in numerous catalyzed oxidation processes.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is also a major byproduct in the manufacture of adipic acid.

AIR AND WATER REACTIONS OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is slightly water soluble.

REACTIVITY PROFILE OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) reacts exothermically to neutralize bases, both organic and inorganic.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt.
Such reactions are slow in the dry, but systems may absorb water from the air to allow corrosion of iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) reacts slowly with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) reacts with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) may generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides.

Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) may react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can be oxidized exothermically by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) may initiate polymerization reactions.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Traditionally, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is produced by petrochemical synthesis using the precursor maleic acid.
However, there are some microorganisms that are able to produce Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) (e.g. Actinobacillus succinogenes, Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens and Mannheimia succiniciproducens).

Maximum product concentrations of 106 g.L-1 with a yield of 1.25 mol of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) per mole of glucose and a productivity of 1.36 g.L-1.h-1 have been achieved by growing A. succinogenes on glucose .
A high productivity of 10.40 g.L-1.h-1 has been reached with A. succinogenes growing on a complex medium with glucose in a continuous process with an integrated membrane bioreactor-electrodialysis process.

In this process, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) concentration has been 83 g.L-1 .
Moreover, metabolic engineering methods were used to develop strains (e.g. C. glutamicum, E. coli, S. cervisiae and Y. lipolytica) with high productivity and titer as well as low byproduct formation.

For example, growing C. glutamicum strain DldhA-pCRA717 on a defined medium with glucose, a high productivity of 11.80 g.L-1.h-1 with a yield of 1.37 mol of Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) per mole of glucose and a titer of 83 g.L-1 has been reported after 7 h.
An extended cultivation resulted in a product concentration of 146 g.L-1 after 46 h.

PREPARATION OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can also be manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of malic or fumaric acids.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) has also been produced commercially by aqueous acid or alkalihydrolysis of succinonitrile derived from ethylene bromide and potassium cyanide.

Today Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is mainly produced from fossil resources through maleic acid hydrogenation.
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) can also be produced through fermentation of sugars.
In that case, in addition to Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), other carboxylic acids (such as lactic acid, formic acid, propionic acid) and alcohols (such as ethanol) are also obtained.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid),C02H(CH2)2C02H, also known as butanedioic acid,butane diacid, and amber acid, is a colorless odorless prisms or white crystalline powder that melts at 185°C (364 of).
Soluble in water and alcohol, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used as a chemical intermediate,
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is used in lacquers,medicine,dyes,and as a taste modifier.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste.
In an aqueous solution, succinic acid readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) (/ˈsʌksɪneɪt/).

As a diprotic acid, Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) undergoes two successive deprotonation reactions:
(CH2)2(CO2H)2 → (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− + H+
(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− → (CH2)2(CO2)22− + H+

The pKa of these processes are 4.3 and 5.6, respectively.
Both anions are colorless and can be isolated as the salts, e.g., Na(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) and Na2(CH2)2(CO2)2.
In living organisms, primarily Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid), not succinic acid, is found.
As a radical group Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) is called a succinyl (/ˈsʌksɪnəl/) group.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
pKa: 4.16 (at 25°C)
Form: Powder/Solid
Color: White to off-white
pH: 3.65 (1 mM solution); 3.12 (10 mM solution); 2.61 (100 mM solution)
Odor: Wormwood at 100%
Odor Type: Herbal
Water Solubility: 80 g/L (20°C)
Merck: 14,8869
BRN: 1754069
Dielectric Constant: 2.4 (26°C)
Stability: Stable.
InChIKey: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.59

CAS DataBase Reference: 110-15-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA 21 CFR: 184.1091; 582.1091
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): SUCCINIC ACID
SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances): Succinic acid
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: AB6MNQ6J6L
NIST Chemistry Reference: Butanedioic acid(110-15-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Succinic acid (110-15-6)
Molecular Weight: 118.09 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 3

Exact Mass: 118.02660867 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 118.02660867 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 92.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Molecular Weight: 118.09
EC Number: 203-740-4
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
Molar Mass: 118.088 g·mol−1
Density: 1.56 g/cm3
Melting Point: 184–190 °C (363–374 °F; 457–463 K)
Boiling Point: 235 °C (455 °F; 508 K)
Solubility in Water: 58 g/L (20 °C) or 100 mg/mL
Solubility in Methanol: 158 mg/mL
Solubility in Ethanol: 54 mg/mL
Solubility in Acetone: 27 mg/mL
Solubility in Glycerol: 50 mg/mL
Solubility in Ether: 8.8 mg/mL

Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 4.2, pKa2 = 5.6
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): -57.9·10−6 cm3/mol
Physical State: Crystalline
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: Succinic acid
Formula: C4H6O4
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 118.088
Exact Mass: 118.02660868
SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4

Molecular Weight: 118.09 g/mol
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 1110
ChEBI: CHEBI:15741
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Melting Point: 185°C
Color: White
pH: 2.7
Boiling Point: 235°C
Formula Weight: 118.09 g/mol
Physical Form: Powder
Water Solubility: 211 g/L
logP: -0.53
logP: -0.4
logS: 0.25

pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.55
Physiological Charge: -2
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Å²
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Refractivity: 23.54 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.14 Å³
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No

Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Average Molecular Weight: 118.088
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 118.02660868
CAS Number: 110-15-6
EC Number: 203-740-4
Hill Formula: C₄H₆O₄
Chemical Formula: HOOCCH₂CH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 118.09 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 19 80
Boiling Point: 235 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.57 g/cm3 (25 °C)

Ignition Temperature: 470 °C
Melting Point: 188 °C
pH Value: 2.7 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk Density: 940 kg/m3
Solubility: 58 g/l
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Weight: Average: 118.088
Monoisotopic: 118.02660868
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: Succinic acid
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
SMILES: [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H]

CBNumber: CB9852802
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4 Lewis structure
Molecular Weight: 118.09
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
MOL File: 110-15-6.mol
Melting Point: 185 °C
Boiling Point: 235 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor Pressure: 0-0 Pa at 25℃
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.4002 (lit.)
FEMA: 4719 | SUCCINIC ACID
Flash Point: >230 °F
Storage Temperature: 2-8°C
Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, and methanol.
Insoluble in toluene, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether

FIRST AID MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SUCCINIC ACID (1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

Butanedionic acid; Amber acid; Butanedioic acid; Dihydrofumaric acid; asuccin; 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid; wormwood; wormwood acid; katasuccin; Asuccin; Bernsteinsaure; Kyselina Jantarova; 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid; AKOS 213-35; AKOS BBS-00003799; AMBER ACID; DICARBOXYLIC ACID C4; DIHYDROFUMARIC ACID; RARECHEM AL BO 0159; SA; SUCCINIC ACID; Acid of amber; Asuccin; Bernsteinsaure; Butanediacid; Ethane-1,2-dicarboxylicacid; Ethanedicarboxylic acid; Ethylene succinic acid; ethylenedicarboxylicacid; ethylenesuccinicacid; Katasuccin; Kyselina jantarova CAS NO:110-15-6

Splenda; EINECS 259-952-2; 1',4,6'-Trichlorogalactosucrose; E955; (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol; Trichlorosucrose; UNII-96K6UQ3ZD4 CAS NO: 56038-13-2

cas no 57-50-1 α-D-Glc-(1→2)-β-D-Fru, α-D-Glucopyranosyl β-D-fructofuranoside, β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, D(+)-Saccharose, Sugar; Sucrose;

ucralose is the only non-caloric sweetener made from sugar.
Sucralose is in fact the latest non nutritive sweetener to have been approved by US FDA and other regulatory bodies and have hit the markets.
Sucralose is derived from sugar through a multi-step patented manufacturing process that selectively substitutes three atoms of chlorine for three hydroxyl groups on the sugar molecule.

CAS: 56038-13-2
MF: C12H19Cl3O8
MW: 397.63
EINECS: 259-952-2

Sucralose is a disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.
Sucralose has a role as an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a sweetening agent.
Sucralose is a disaccharide derivative and an organochlorine compound.
Sucralose is an artificial sweetener and sugar substitute.
The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body, so it is noncaloric.
In the European Union, Sucralose is also known under the E number E955.
Sucralose is produced by chlorination of sucrose, selectively replacing three of the hydroxy groups—in the C1 and C6 positions of fructose and the C4 position of glucose—to give a 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose–4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose disaccharide.

Sucralose is about 320 to 1,000 times sweeter than sucrose, three times as sweet as both aspartame and acesulfame potassium, and twice as sweet as sodium saccharin.
While sucralose is largely considered shelf-stable and safe for use at elevated temperatures (such as in baked goods), there is some evidence that Sucralose begins to break down at temperatures above 119 °C (246 °F).
The commercial success of sucralose-based products stems from its favorable comparison to other low-calorie sweeteners in terms of taste, stability and safety.
Sucralose is commonly sold under the Splenda brand name.

This change produces a sweetener that has no calories, yet is 600 times sweeter than sucrose, making it roughly twice as sweet as saccharin and four times as sweet as aspartame.
A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.
Certified pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to pharmacopeia primary standards.
Sucralose is a polar, chlorinated sugar synthesized from saccharose precursor.
Sucralose is widely used as a sweetener in a number of food and beverage products.

Sucralose is marketed as Splenda, an artificial sweetener that often comes in a yellow packet.
The difference between Splenda and other sweeteners, like aspartame (Equal) and saccharin (Sweet’N Low), is that Sucralose’s actually made from real sugar.
This gives Sucralose a taste that is generally more preferable compared to other artificial sweeteners.
Sucralose is chemically changed so that it’s 600 times sweeter than real sugar with almost no calories.

Sucralose doesn’t leave an aftertaste in your mouth, so sucralose is used in foods like yogurt, candy, ice cream, and soda.
In addition to being changed for taste, sucralose is also altered so that most of it passes through your body instead of being stored to later use as energy.
To make sucralose almost calorie-free, some naturally occurring parts of the sugar molecule, called hydroxyl, are swapped out for chlorine.

Sucralose is a zero calorie artificial sweetener, and Splenda is the most common sucralose-based product.
Sucralose is made from sugar in a multistep chemical process in which three hydroxyl groups are replaced with chlorine atoms.
Supposedly, Sucralose was discovered in 1976 when a scientist at a British college allegedly misheard instructions about testing a substance.
Instead, he tasted it, realizing that it was highly sweet.
The companies Tate & Lyle and Johnson & Johnson then jointly developed Splenda products.
Sucralose was introduced in the United States in 1998 and is one of the most popular sweeteners in the country.
Splenda is commonly used as a sugar substitute in both cooking and baking.
Sucralose’s also added to thousands of food products worldwide.
Sucralose is calorie-free, but Splenda also contains the carbohydrates dextrose (glucose) and maltodextrin, which brings the calorie content up to 3.36 calories per gram (g).
However, the total calories and carbs Splenda contributes to your diet are negligible, as you only need tiny amounts each time.
Sucralose is because sucralose is approximately 600 times sweeter than sugar.

Sucralose Chemical Properties
Melting point: 115-1018°C
Boiling point: 104-107 C
Alpha: D +68.2° (c = 1.1 in ethanol)
Density: 1.375 g/cm
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Do you have solubility information on this product that you would like to share
Form: Powder
pka: 12.52±0.70(Predicted)
Color: White
PH: 6-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20°C)
Odor: wh. cryst. powd., odorless, sweet taste
Optical activity: [α]/D 86.0±2.0°, c = 1 in H2O
Water Solubility: Soluble in Water.
Merck: 14,8880
BRN: 3654410
Stability: Hygroscopic
LogP: -0.51 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 56038-13-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: .alpha.-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-.beta.-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy- (56038-13-2)
Sucralose is a white to off-white colored, free-flowing, crystalline powder.

Uses
Sucralose (1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-p-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-oc- D-galactopyra- noside) is a nonnutritive sweetener based on sucrose.
Sucralose is selectively chlorinated and the glycoside link between the two rings is resistant to hydrolysis by acid or enzymes, so it is not metabolized.
Sucralose has 400 to 800 times the sweetness of sucrose, is very soluble in water, and is stable in heat.
Sucralose can be used in food products that are baked or fried.
Sucralose is produced by the selective chlorination of the sucrose molecule using a patented process by Tate and LyIe that replaces the three hydroxyl groups (OH) with three chlorine (Cl) atoms.
This modified sugar is minimally absorbed by the body and passes out unchanged.
Sucralose was approved for use in foods and beverages in 1999 in the United States.

High intensity sweetener manufactured by replacing three hydroxyl groups on the sucrose molecule with three chlorine atoms.
The results are a sweetener of 0 cal that is not digested.
Sucralose is 600 times as sweet as sugar with a similar flavor profile.
Sucralose is heat stable, readily soluble, and maintains its stability at elevated temperatures.
Sucralose has been approved for use in specific categories that include baked products, beverages, confectioneries, and certain desserts and toppings.

Sucralose is used in many food and beverage products because it is a no-calorie sweetener, does not promote dental cavities, is safe for consumption by diabetics and nondiabetics, and does not affect insulin levels, although the powdered form of sucralose-based sweetener product Splenda (as most other powdered sucralose products) contains 95% (by volume) bulking agents dextrose and maltodextrin that do affect insulin levels.
Sucralose is used as a replacement for (or in combination with) other artificial or natural sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium or high-fructose corn syrup.
Sucralose is used in products such as candy, breakfast bars, coffee pods, and soft drinks.
Sucralose is also used in canned fruits wherein water and sucralose take the place of much higher calorie corn syrup-based additives.
Sucralose mixed with dextrose or maltodextrin (both made from corn) as bulking agents is sold internationally by McNeil Nutritionals under the Splenda brand name.
In the United States and Canada, this blend is increasingly found in restaurants in yellow packets.

Cooking
Sucralose is available in a granulated form that allows same-volume substitution with sugar. This mix of granulated sucralose includes fillers, all of which rapidly dissolve in water.
While the granulated sucralose provides apparent volume-for-volume sweetness, the texture in baked products may be noticeably different.
Sucralose is not hygroscopic, which can lead to baked goods that are noticeably drier and manifest a less dense texture than those made with sucrose.
Unlike sucrose, which melts when baked at high temperatures, sucralose maintains its granular structure when subjected to dry, high heat (e.g., in a 180 °C or 350 °F oven).
Furthermore, in its pure state, sucralose begins to decompose at 119 °C (246 °F).
Thus, in some recipes, such as crème brûlée, which require sugar sprinkled on top to partially or fully melt and crystallize, substituting sucralose does not result in the same surface texture, crispness, or crystalline structure.

Production Methods
Sucralose may be prepared by a variety of methods that involve the selective substitution of three sucrose hydroxyl groups by chlorine.
Sucralose can also be synthesized by the reaction of sucrose (or an acetate) with thionyl chloride.

Chemistry and production
Sucralose is a disaccharide composed of 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose and 4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose.
Sucralose is synthesized by the selective chlorination of sucrose in a multistep route that substitutes three specific hydroxyl groups with chlorine atoms.
This chlorination is achieved by selective protection of one of the primary alcohols as an ester (acetate or benzoate), followed by chlorination with an excess of any of several chlorinating agent to replace the two remaining primary alcohols and one of the secondary alcohols, and then by hydrolysis of the ester.

Effect on caloric content
Though sucralose contains no calories, products that contain fillers such as dextrose and/or maltodextrin add about 2–4 calories per teaspoon or individual packet, depending on the product, the fillers used, brand, and the intended use of the product.
The FDA allows for any product containing fewer than five calories per serving to be labeled as "zero calories".

Biochem/physiol Actions
A synthetic sweet tastant detectable by humans.
Activates T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptors on enteroendocrine cells and elicits increased hormonal secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide.

Environmental effects
According to one study, sucralose is digestible by a number of microorganisms and is broken down once released into the environment.
However, measurements by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute have shown sewage treatment has little effect on sucralose, which is present in wastewater effluents at levels of several μg/L (ppb).

No ecotoxicological effects are known at such levels, but the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency warns a continuous increase in levels may occur if the compound is only slowly degraded in nature.
When heated to very high temperatures (over 350 °C or 662 °F) in metal containers, sucralose can produce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and other persistent organic pollutants in the resulting smoke.
Sucralose has been detected in natural waters, but research indicates that the levels found in the environment are far below those required to cause adverse effects to certain kinds of aquatic life.

Synonyms
Sucralose
56038-13-2
Trichlorosucrose
Splenda
Aspasvit
EINECS 259-952-2
1',4,6'-Trichlorogalactosucrose
UNII-96K6UQ3ZD4
96K6UQ3ZD4
Sucrazit
Trichlorogalactosucrose
CHEBI:32159
BRN 3654410
Sansweet su 100
CCRIS 8449
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
Trichlorogalacto-sucrose
DTXSID1040245
HSDB 7964
San sweet sa 8020
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
NSC-759272
INS NO.955
CHEMBL3185084
DTXCID9020245
INS-955
alpha-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-
NSC 759272
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol
4,1',6'-trichlorogalactosucrose
SUCRALOSE (II)
SUCRALOSE [II]
1',4',6'-TRICHLORO-GALACTOSUCROSE
Acucar Light
E-955
SUCRALOSE (MART.)
SUCRALOSE [MART.]
SUCRALOSE (USP-RS)
SUCRALOSE [USP-RS]
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-(((2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-Bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol
.alpha.-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-.beta.-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-
SUCRALOSE (EP MONOGRAPH)
SUCRALOSE [EP MONOGRAPH]
4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galacto-sucrose
E955;Trichlorosucrose
CAS-56038-13-2
Sucralose [BAN:NF]
E955
Sucralose; 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-d-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-d-galactopyranoside
SUCRALOSE [FCC]
SUCRALOSE [MI]
SUCRALOSE [INCI]
SCHEMBL3686
SUCRALOSE [WHO-DD]
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose
Sucralose, analytical standard
HMS2093H16
Pharmakon1600-01505953
HY-N0614
Sucralose, >=98.0% (HPLC)
Tox21_113658
Tox21_201752
Tox21_303425
BDBM50367128
NSC759272
s4214
AKOS015962432
CCG-213995
CS-8130
NCGC00249110-01
NCGC00249110-03
NCGC00249110-04
NCGC00257400-01
NCGC00259301-01
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4-diol
1-(1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl)-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
SBI-0206860.P001
Sucralose 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
1',4',6'-Trideoxy-trichloro-galactosucrose
A22902
AB01563242_01
AB01563242_02
Q410209
SR-05000001935
SR-05000001935-1
W-203112
BRD-K58968598-001-03-6
Sucralose, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Sucralose, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Sucralose, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside
a-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-b-D-fructofuranosyl4-chloro-4-deoxy-
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-((2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yloxy)-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol
1',6'-dichloro-1',6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-.beta.-d-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-.alpha.-d-galactopyranoside

Sucralose is a low-calorie artificial sweetener.
Sucralose is derived from sugar, but it is not metabolized by the body in the same way as sugar.
Sucralose is approximately 600 times sweeter than sugar, but it contains zero calories, making it an attractive alternative to sugar for people who are trying to reduce their calorie intake or manage their blood sugar levels.
Sucralose is commonly used as a sugar substitute in a variety of food and beverage products, including soft drinks, baked goods, and other processed foods.

CAS Number: 56038-13-2
EC Number: 259-952-2
Chemical formula: C12H19Cl3O8
Molar mass: 397.64 g/mol

APPLICATIONS

Sucralose has a variety of applications, primarily as a non-nutritive sweetener in food and beverage products.
Here are some common applications of Sucralose:

Food and beverages:

Sucralose is used to sweeten a variety of food and beverage products, including baked goods, soft drinks, chewing gum, dairy products, and more.
Sucralose can be used alone or in combination with other sweeteners to achieve desired sweetness levels and tastes.

Pharmaceuticals:

Sucralose is used as a sweetening agent in some pharmaceutical products, such as cough syrups and lozenges.

Personal care products:

Sucralose can be used as a sweetening agent in personal care products, such as toothpaste and mouthwash.

Nutritional supplements:

Sucralose is used as a sweetening agent in some nutritional supplements, such as protein powders and energy bars.

Industrial applications:

Sucralose can be used as a sweetening agent in industrial applications, such as in the production of adhesives and coatings.

Overall, Sucralose is a versatile sweetener that can be used in a wide range of products, including those that are low calorie or sugar-free.

Sucralose is commonly used as a non-nutritive sweetener in food and beverage products.
Sucralose is approximately 600 times sweeter than sugar, making it a popular choice for low-calorie or sugar-free products.

Sucralose is often used in baked goods, such as cakes, cookies, and muffins, as well as in sweet spreads like jams and jellies.
Sucralose is also used in soft drinks, sports drinks, and other beverages to add sweetness without adding calories.
Chewing gum often contains Sucralose to provide a sweet taste without the added sugar.

Sucralose is used in dairy products, such as yogurt and ice cream, to sweeten the product while reducing the sugar content.
Some breakfast cereals contain Sucralose as a sweetener to make them more appealing to consumers.

Many protein bars and other nutritional supplements are sweetened with Sucralose to provide a low-calorie alternative to sugar.
Sucralose can be used as a sweetener in pharmaceutical products like cough syrups and lozenges.
Sucralose can also be found in some over-the-counter medications, like antacids and laxatives.

Personal care products like toothpaste and mouthwash may contain Sucralose as a sweetening agent.
Sucralose is often used in products marketed to individuals with diabetes, as it does not impact blood sugar levels.
Sucralose is also commonly found in weight loss products as a sugar substitute.

Some energy drinks and shots contain Sucralose to add sweetness without adding calories.
Sucralose is also used in some alcoholic beverages to provide a sweet taste without increasing the sugar content.

Sucralose can be used in confectionery products like candies and chocolates to provide a sweet taste without adding calories.
Some sports nutrition products, like protein powders and meal replacement shakes, contain Sucralose as a sweetener.
Sucralose can be used in cooking and baking as a sugar substitute, though it may not provide the same texture as sugar.

Sucralose is sometimes used in salad dressings and sauces to add sweetness without adding sugar.
Some pet food products contain Sucralose to make them more palatable to animals.

Sucralose can be used in the production of adhesives and coatings as a sweetening agent.
Sucralose is often used in the production of artificial sweetener blends to provide a more balanced flavor profile.
Sucralose can be found in some herbal supplements as a sweetener to make them more palatable.

Some water enhancers, like flavored drops or powders, are sweetened with Sucralose to add flavor without adding calories.
Sucralose is a versatile sweetener that can be used in a variety of products to provide a sweet taste without adding calories or sugar.

Sucralose is used as a sweetener in various dietary supplements and health foods.
Sucralose is added to protein powders, nutrition bars, and meal replacement shakes.

The food industry uses sucralose to sweeten beverages, such as soft drinks, juices, and energy drinks.
Sucralose is also used in a variety of low-calorie and reduced-sugar foods, such as jams, jellies, and baked goods.

Sucralose is used in the manufacturing of confectionery products, such as candies and chewing gum.
Sucralose is used in the production of dairy products, including yogurts, ice creams, and cheese.
Sucralose is used as a sweetener in pharmaceuticals, such as cough syrups, tablets, and capsules.

Sucralose is used in dental care products, including toothpaste and mouthwash.
Sucralose is used in cosmetic products, such as body lotions, facial creams, and perfumes.

Sucralose is used in the manufacturing of animal feed, particularly for livestock and pets.
Sucralose is used in the production of alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine.

Sucralose is used as a sweetener in non-alcoholic beer and other non-alcoholic beverages.
Sucralose is used in the production of flavored water and sports drinks.

Sucralose is used in the production of nutritional supplements for athletes and bodybuilders.
Sucralose is used in the production of flavorings and seasonings, such as spice blends and marinades.
Sucralose is used in the production of pet foods, including wet and dry foods.

Sucralose is used in the production of bakery mixes and premixes for cakes and pastries.
Sucralose is used in the production of ready-to-eat cereals, breakfast bars, and granola.

Sucralose is used in the production of convenience foods, such as frozen dinners and microwavable meals.
Sucralose is used in the production of low-calorie and sugar-free ketchup, mayonnaise, and other condiments.

Sucralose is used in the production of baby food and infant formulas.
Sucralose is used in the production of diabetic foods and low-carbohydrate foods.
Sucralose is used in the production of vegan and vegetarian products as a sweetener.

Sucralose is used in the production of fruit preserves, honey substitutes, and syrups.
Sucralose is used as a sweetener in various hot and cold beverages, such as coffee, tea, and hot chocolate.

Sucralose is used in the production of low-calorie beverages.
Sucralose is added to baked goods as a sugar substitute.

You may find sucralose in items like:

Packaged foods
Ready-made meals
Desserts
Chewing gum
Toothpaste
Drinks
Cakes

Sucralose is used in the production of sugar-free chewing gum.
Sucralose is added to diet foods to provide sweetness without added calories.

Sucralose is used in the production of low-sugar jams and jellies.
Sucralose is added to low-sugar snack foods as a sweetener.
Sucralose is used in the production of reduced-sugar condiments.

Sucralose is added to low-calorie yogurts and dairy products.
Sucralose is used in the production of sugar-free candy and confectionery.

Sucralose is added to protein bars and shakes to enhance taste.
Sucralose is used in the production of reduced-sugar baked goods.

Sucralose is added to low-sugar breakfast cereals as a sweetener.
Sucralose is used in the production of low-sugar fruit juices and drinks.

Sucralose is added to low-sugar sauces and marinades for flavor.
Sucralose is used in the production of reduced-sugar syrups and toppings.
Sucralose is added to low-sugar fruit spreads and nut butters.

Sucralose is used in the production of reduced-sugar ice cream and frozen desserts.
Sucralose is added to low-calorie salad dressings for taste.

Sucralose is used in the production of sugar-free energy drinks.
Sucralose is added to low-sugar sports drinks for sweetness.

Sucralose is used in the production of low-sugar protein powders.
Sucralose is added to low-sugar protein bars for flavor.

Sucralose is used in the production of reduced-sugar snack bars.
Sucralose is added to low-sugar dried fruits and fruit snacks.
Sucralose is used in the production of low-sugar instant and ready-to-eat meals.

Sucralose does not cause:

Tooth decay
Cancer
Genetic changes
Birth defects

DESCRIPTION

Sucralose is a low-calorie artificial sweetener.
Sucralose is derived from sugar, but it is not metabolized by the body in the same way as sugar.

Sucralose is approximately 600 times sweeter than sugar, but it contains zero calories, making it an attractive alternative to sugar for people who are trying to reduce their calorie intake or manage their blood sugar levels.
Sucralose is commonly used as a sugar substitute in a variety of food and beverage products, including soft drinks, baked goods, and other processed foods.

Sucralose is a zero-calorie artificial sweetener that tastes like sugar.
Sucralose is derived from sugar and has a similar molecular structure to sucrose.
Sucralose is heat-stable, making it suitable for use in baked goods.

Sucralose has a long shelf life and does not degrade over time, making it a popular choice for processed foods.
Sucralose is widely used in the food and beverage industry as a sugar substitute.

Sucralose is also used in pharmaceuticals and oral care products as a sweetening agent.
Sucralose has a high sweetness intensity, which means that only a small amount is needed to achieve the desired level of sweetness.

Unlike some other artificial sweeteners, it does not have a bitter or metallic aftertaste.
Sucralose is non-cariogenic, which means it does not contribute to tooth decay.

Sucralose is also safe for people with diabetes, as it does not raise blood sugar levels.
Sucralose is approved for use in many countries, including the United States, European Union, and Japan.
Sucralose is also used in many low-calorie and diet products, such as soft drinks, yogurt, and ice cream.

Sucralose is an ideal sweetener for people who want to reduce their sugar intake without sacrificing taste.
Sucralose is 600 times sweeter than sugar, but without the calories.

Sucralose is stable at high temperatures and pH, making it suitable for use in a wide range of products.
Sucralose is also stable in acidic environments, making it useful for products such as fruit juices and carbonated drinks.

Sucralose is not metabolized by the body and is excreted unchanged, making it safe for consumption.
Sucralose is also safe for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Sucralose is often used in combination with other sweeteners, such as aspartame and acesulfame potassium, to achieve a balanced taste profile.
Sucralose is a versatile sweetener that can be used in a variety of applications, from baking to beverage manufacturing.

PROPERTIES

Physical properties:

Appearance: White crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Sweet, with a taste similar to sugar
Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, methanol, and acetone
Melting point: 125-135 °C
Boiling point: Decomposes before boiling

Chemical properties:

Chemical formula: C12H19Cl3O8
Molecular weight: 397.64 g/mol
CAS Number: 56038-13-2
Density: 1.6 g/cm3
pH: 5.0 - 8.0 (1% solution in water)
Stability: Stable under normal conditions of use and storage
Decomposition temperature: Decomposes at high temperatures (>400 °C)
Flash point: Not applicable

Other properties:

Sweetness: Approximately 600 times sweeter than sugar
Caloric value: 0 kcal/g (non-nutritive sweetener)
Health effects: Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory agencies, including the FDA and EFSA

FIRST AID

Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
If the person is having difficulty breathing, call emergency services immediately.
If the person is not breathing, administer CPR and call emergency services.

Skin contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and flush the affected area with water for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation or redness develops, seek medical attention.

Eye contact:

Rinse eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open.
If irritation or redness persists, seek medical attention.

Ingestion:

If Sucralose is accidentally ingested, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute.
Seek medical attention immediately.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Use personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety glasses, when handling Sucralose.
Avoid direct contact with skin, eyes, or clothing.
Use in a well-ventilated area and avoid inhalation of dust or mist.

Do not eat, drink or smoke when handling Sucralose.
Follow good hygiene practices and wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Storage:

Store Sucralose in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight, sources of heat, and incompatible substances.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.
Store away from food, beverages, and animal feed.

Keep out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel.
Follow any additional storage instructions on the product label or Safety Data Sheet.

SYNONYMS

1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
E955
Chlorinated sucrose
Trichlorogalactosucrose
Splenda (a brand name for a product containing Sucralose)
4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galacto-sucrose
TGS
Trichlorosucrose
4,1',6'-Trichlorogalactosucrose
Sucralosa (Spanish)
Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galacto-sucrose
C12H19Cl3O8
Trichlorogalactosucrose
CAS 56038-13-2
Chlorinated sucrose
4,1',6'-Tris-O-(trichloromethyl)-D-fructofuranosyl-D-galactose
Trichlorofructosegalactosaccharide
Chlorosucrose
Sucralosum (Latin)
Trichloro-1',6'-dideoxy-beta-D-fructo-furanosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galacto-pyranoside
4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galactosucrose
Galactosucrose, trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-
Trichloro-4,6-dideoxygalactosucrose
Trichlorogalacto-sucrose
Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galactosucrose
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
Trichloro-1',6'-dideoxygalactosucrose
Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-alpha-D-galactoside.
E955
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose
Trichlorogalactosucrose
TGS
Splenda
Sweet One
Nevella
SucraPlus
Nevella Sucralose
Sunett
Sukrana
Cukren
Enliten
Candys
Splendex
Splendyl
Sucrazit
Sukraloza
Dulceplus
Sukrilett
Sucrysan
Mielosuc
Truvía
Splendure
96K6UQ3ZD4
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
CHEBI:32159
E955
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol
CHEMBL3185084
DSSTox_CID_20245
DSSTox_RID_79457
DSSTox_GSID_40245
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-(((2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-Bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol
MFCD03648615
4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galacto-sucrose
CAS-56038-13-2
Sucralose [BAN:NF]
4,1',6'-trichlorogalactosucrose
CCRIS 8449
Sucralose FCC
HSDB 7964
NSC-759272
SCHEMBL3686
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose
alpha-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-
Sucralose, analytical standard
DTXSID1040245
Sucralose 25% Liquid Concentrate
HMS2093H16
Pharmakon1600-01505953
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-{[(2S,3R,4R,5R)-2,5-BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)-3,4-DIHYDROXYTETRAHYDROFURAN-2-YL]OXY}-5-CHLORO-6-(HYDROXYMETHYL)TETRAHYDRO-2H-PYRAN-3,4-DIOL
40J
HY-N0614
Sucralose, >=98.0% (HPLC)
ZINC4654665
Tox21_113658
Tox21_201752
Tox21_303425
BDBM50367128
NSC759272
s4214
AKOS015962432
CCG-213995
CS-8130
NSC 759272
NCGC00249110-01
NCGC00249110-03
NCGC00249110-04
NCGC00257400-01
NCGC00259301-01

DESCRIPTION:
Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits.
Sucrose is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar.
Sucrose has the molecular formula C12H22O11.

CAS Number, 57-50-1
EC Number, 200-334-9

Sucrose appears as white odorless crystalline or powdery solid.
Sucrose is Denser than water.
Sucrose is a glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.

Sucrose has a role as an osmolyte, a sweetening agent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
A nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons.
Sucrose is obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet (beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet.
Sugar mills – typically located in tropical regions near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose.
Sugar beet factories are located in temperate climates where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar.

The sugar-refining process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour.
The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet.
Sugar is often an added ingredient in food production and recipes.

About 185 million tonnes of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017.
Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for tooth decay because Streptococcus mutans bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, dextran-based polysaccharide that allows them to cohere, forming plaque.
Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.

ETYMOLOGY OF SUCROSE:
The word sucrose was coined in 1857, by the English chemist William Miller from the French sucre ("sugar") and the generic chemical suffix for sugars -ose.
The abbreviated term Suc is often used for sucrose in scientific literature.
The name saccharose was coined in 1860 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.
Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose.

Physical and chemical PROPERTIES of Sucrose:
Structural O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside
In sucrose, the monomers glucose and fructose are linked via an ether bond between C1 on the glucosyl subunit and C2 on the fructosyl unit.
The bond is called a glycosidic linkage.

Glucose exists predominantly as a mixture of α and β "pyranose" anomers, but sucrose has only the α form.
Fructose exists as a mixture of five tautomers but sucrose has only the β-D-fructofuranose form.
Unlike most disaccharides, the glycosidic bond in sucrose is formed between the reducing ends of both glucose and fructose, and not between the reducing end of one and the non-reducing end of the other.

This linkage inhibits further bonding to other saccharide units, and prevents sucrose from spontaneously reacting with cellular and circulatory macromolecules in the manner that glucose and other reducing sugars do.
Since sucrose contains no anomeric hydroxyl groups, it is classified as a non-reducing sugar.
Sucrose crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with room-temperature lattice parameters a = 1.08631 nm, b = 0.87044 nm, c = 0.77624 nm, β = 102.938°.

The purity of sucrose is measured by polarimetry, through the rotation of plane-polarized light by a sugar solution.
The specific rotation at 20 °C (68 °F) using yellow "sodium-D" light (589 nm) is +66.47°.
Commercial samples of sugar are assayed using this parameter.
Sucrose does not deteriorate at ambient conditions.

THERMAL AND OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF SUCROSE:
Sucrose does not melt at high temperatures. Instead, it decomposes at 186 °C (367 °F) to form caramel.
Like other carbohydrates, it combusts to carbon dioxide and water.
Mixing sucrose with the oxidizer potassium nitrate produces the fuel known as rocket candy that is used to propel amateur rocket motors.

C12H22O11 + 6 KNO3 → 9 CO + 3 N2 + 11 H2O + 3 K2CO3
This reaction is somewhat simplified though.
Some of the carbon does get fully oxidized to carbon dioxide, and other reactions, such as the water-gas shift reaction also take place.
A more accurate theoretical equation is:

C12H22O11 + 6.288 KNO3 → 3.796 CO2 + 5.205 CO + 7.794 H2O + 3.065 H2 + 3.143 N2 + 2.988 K2CO3 + 0.274 KOH

Sucrose burns with chloric acid, formed by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate:
8 HClO3 + C12H22O11 → 11 H2O + 12 CO2 + 8 HCl

Sucrose can be dehydrated with sulfuric acid to form a black, carbon-rich solid, as indicated in the following idealized equation:
H2SO4 (catalyst) + C12H22O11 → 12 C + 11 H2O + heat (and some H2O + SO3 as a result of the heat).

The formula for sucrose's decomposition can be represented as a two-step reaction: the first simplified reaction is dehydration of sucrose to pure carbon and water, and then carbon oxidises to CO2 with O2 from air.
C12H22O11 + heat → 12 C + 11 H2O
12C + 12 O2 → 12 CO2

HYDROLYSIS OF SUCROSE:
Hydrolysis breaks the glycosidic bond converting sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Hydrolysis is, however, so slow that solutions of sucrose can sit for years with negligible change.
If the enzyme sucrase is added, however, the reaction will proceed rapidly.

Hydrolysis can also be accelerated with acids, such as cream of tartar or lemon juice, both weak acids.
Likewise, gastric acidity converts sucrose to glucose and fructose during digestion, the bond between them being an acetal bond which can be broken by an acid.
Given (higher) heats of combustion of 1349.6 kcal/mol for sucrose, 673.0 for glucose, and 675.6 for fructose, hydrolysis releases about 1.0 kcal (4.2 kJ) per mole of sucrose, or about 3 small calories per gram of product.

SYNTHESIS AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF SUCROSE
The biosynthesis of sucrose proceeds via the precursors UDP-glucose and fructose 6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme sucrose-6-phosphate synthase.
The energy for the reaction is gained by the cleavage of uridine diphosphate (UDP).
Sucrose is formed by plants, algae and cyanobacteria but not by other organisms.

Sucrose is the end product of photosynthesis and is found naturally in many food plants along with the monosaccharide fructose.
In many fruits, such as pineapple and apricot, sucrose is the main sugar.
In others, such as grapes and pears, fructose is the main sugar.

CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF SUCROSE:
After numerous unsuccessful attempts by others, Raymond Lemieux and George Huber succeeded in synthesizing sucrose from acetylated glucose and fructose in 1953.
In nature, sucrose is present in many plants, and in particular their roots, fruits and nectars, because it serves as a way to store energy, primarily from photosynthesis.
Many mammals, birds, insects and bacteria accumulate and feed on the sucrose in plants and for some it is their main food source.

Although honeybees consume sucrose, the honey they produce consists primarily of fructose and glucose, with only trace amounts of sucrose.
As fruits ripen, their sucrose content usually rises sharply, but some fruits contain almost no sucrose at all.
This includes grapes, cherries, blueberries, blackberries, figs, pomegranates, tomatoes, avocados, lemons and limes.

Sucrose is a naturally occurring sugar, but with the advent of industrialization, it has been increasingly refined and consumed in all kinds of processed foods.

PRODUCTION OF SUCROSE:

The production of table sugar has a long history.
Some scholars claim Indians discovered how to crystallize sugar during the Gupta dynasty, around AD 350.
Other scholars point to the ancient manuscripts of China, dated to the 8th century BC, where one of the earliest historical mentions of sugar cane is included along with the fact that their knowledge of sugar cane was derived from India.

By about 500 BC, residents of modern-day India began making sugar syrup, cooling it in large flat bowls to produce raw sugar crystals that were easier to store and transport.
In the local Indian language, these crystals were called khanda (खण्ड), which is the source of the word candy.
The army of Alexander the Great was halted on the banks of river Indus by the refusal of his troops to go further east.

They saw people in the Indian subcontinent growing sugarcane and making "granulated, salt-like sweet powder", locally called sākhar (साखर), (شکر), pronounced as sakcharon (ζακχαρον) in Greek (Modern Greek, zachari, ζάχαρη).
On their return journey, the Greek soldiers carried back some of the "honey-bearing reeds".

Sugarcane remained a limited crop for over a millennium.
Sugar was a rare commodity and traders of sugar became wealthy.
Venice, at the height of its financial power, was the chief sugar-distributing center of Europe.

Moors started producing it in Sicily and Spain. Only after the Crusades did it begin to rival honey as a sweetener in Europe.

The Spanish began cultivating sugarcane in the West Indies in 1506 (Cuba in 1523).
The Portuguese first cultivated sugarcane in Brazil in 1532.
Sugar remained a luxury in much of the world until the 18th century.
Only the wealthy could afford it.

In the 18th century, the demand for table sugar boomed in Europe and by the 19th century it had become regarded as a human necessity.
The use of sugar grew from use in tea, to cakes, confectionery and chocolates.

Suppliers marketed sugar in novel forms, such as solid cones, which required consumers to use a sugar nip, a pliers-like tool, in order to break off pieces.
The demand for cheaper table sugar drove, in part, colonization of tropical islands and nations where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and table sugar manufacturing could thrive.

Growing sugar cane crop in hot humid climates, and producing table sugar in high temperature sugar mills was harsh, inhumane work.
The demand for cheap labor for this work, in part, first drove slave trade from Africa (in particular West Africa), followed by indentured labor trade from South Asia (in particular India).

Millions of slaves, followed by millions of indentured laborers were brought into the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Islands, East Africa, Natal, north and eastern parts of South America, and southeast Asia.
The modern ethnic mix of many nations, settled in the last two centuries, has been influenced by table sugar.

Beginning in the late 18th century, the production of sugar became increasingly mechanized.
The steam engine first powered a sugar mill in Jamaica in 1768, and, soon after, steam replaced direct firing as the source of process heat.
During the same century, Europeans began experimenting with sugar production from other crops.

Andreas Marggraf identified sucrose in beet root and his student Franz Achard built a sugar beet processing factory in Silesia (Prussia).
The beet-sugar industry took off during the Napoleonic Wars, when France and the continent were cut off from Caribbean sugar.
In 2009, about 20 percent of the world's sugar was produced from beets.

Today, a large beet refinery producing around 1,500 tonnes of sugar a day needs a permanent workforce of about 150 for 24-hour production

Trends:
A table sugar factory in England.
The tall diffusers are visible to the middle left where the harvest transforms into a sugar syrup.
The boiler and furnace are in the center, where table sugar crystals form.
An expressway for transport is visible in the lower left.

Table sugar (sucrose) comes from plant sources.
Two important sugar crops predominate: sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), in which sugar can account for 12% to 20% of the plant's dry weight.
Minor commercial sugar crops include the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), and the sugar maple (Acer saccharum).

Sucrose is obtained by extraction of these crops with hot water; concentration of the extract gives syrups, from which solid sucrose can be crystallized.
In 2017, worldwide production of table sugar amounted to 185 million tonnes.
Most cane sugar comes from countries with warm climates, because sugarcane does not tolerate frost.

Sugar beets, on the other hand, grow only in cooler temperate regions and do not tolerate extreme heat.
About 80 percent of sucrose is derived from sugarcane, the rest almost all from sugar beets.
In mid-2018, India and Brazil had about the same production of sugar – 34 million tonnes – followed by the European Union, Thailand, and China as the major producers.

India, the European Union, and China were the leading domestic consumers of sugar in 2018.
Beet sugar comes from regions with cooler climates: northwest and eastern Europe, northern Japan, plus some areas in the United States (including California).
In the northern hemisphere, the beet-growing season ends with the start of harvesting around September.

Harvesting and processing continues until March in some cases.
The availability of processing plant capacity and the weather both influence the duration of harvesting and processing – the industry can store harvested beets until processed, but a frost-damaged beet becomes effectively unprocessable.
The United States sets high sugar prices to support its producers, with the effect that many former purchasers of sugar have switched to corn syrup (beverage manufacturers) or moved out of the country (candy manufacturers).
The low prices of glucose syrups produced from wheat and corn (maize) threaten the traditional sugar market.
Used in combination with artificial sweeteners, they can allow drink manufacturers to produce very low-cost goods.

High-fructose corn syrup:
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is significantly cheaper as a sweetener for food and beverage manufacturing than refined sucrose.
This has led to sucrose being partially displaced in U.S. industrial food production by HFCS and other non-sucrose natural sweeteners.

Reports in public media have regarded HFCS as less safe than sucrose.
However, the most common forms of HFCS contain either 42 percent fructose, mainly used in processed foods, or 55 percent fructose, mainly used in soft drinks, as compared to sucrose, which is 50 percent fructose.

Given approximately equal glucose and fructose content, there does not appear to be a significant difference in safety.
Clinical dietitians, medical professionals, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agree that dietary sugars are a source of empty calories associated with certain health problems, and recommend limiting the overall consumption of sugar-based sweeteners.

TYPES OF SUCROSE:
Cane:
Since the 6th century BC, cane sugar producers have crushed the harvested vegetable material from sugarcane in order to collect and filter the juice.
They then treat the liquid, often with lime (calcium oxide), to remove impurities and then neutralize it.
Boiling the juice then allows the sediment to settle to the bottom for dredging out, while the scum rises to the surface for skimming off.

In cooling, the liquid crystallizes, usually in the process of stirring, to produce sugar crystals.
Centrifuges usually remove the uncrystallized syrup.
The producers can then either sell the sugar product for use as is, or process it further to produce lighter grades.

The later processing may take place in another factory in another country.
Sugarcane is a major component of Brazilian agriculture; the country is the world's largest producer of sugarcane and its derivative products, such as crystallized sugar and ethanol (ethanol fuel).

Beet:
Sugar beets:
Beet sugar producers slice the washed beets, then extract the sugar with hot water in a "diffuser".
An alkaline solution ("milk of lime" and carbon dioxide from the lime kiln) then serves to precipitate impurities (see carbonatation).
After filtration, evaporation concentrates the juice to a content of about 70% solids, and controlled crystallisation extracts the sugar.

A centrifuge removes the sugar crystals from the liquid, which gets recycled in the crystalliser stages.
When economic constraints prevent the removal of more sugar, the manufacturer discards the remaining liquid, now known as molasses, or sells it on to producers of animal feed.
Sieving the resultant white sugar produces different grades for selling.

Cane versus beet:
It is difficult to distinguish between fully refined sugar produced from beet and cane.
One way is by isotope analysis of carbon.
Cane uses C4 carbon fixation, and beet uses C3 carbon fixation, resulting in a different ratio of 13C and 12C isotopes in the sucrose.

Tests are used to detect fraudulent abuse of European Union subsidies or to aid in the detection of adulterated fruit juice.
Sugar cane tolerates hot climates better, but the production of sugar cane needs approximately four times as much water as the production of sugar beet.
As a result, some countries that traditionally produced cane sugar (such as Egypt) have built new beet sugar factories since about 2008.

Some sugar factories process both sugar cane and sugar beets and extend their processing period in that way.
The production of sugar leaves residues that differ substantially depending on the raw materials used and on the place of production.
While cane molasses is often used in food preparation, humans find molasses from sugar beets unpalatable, and it consequently ends up mostly as industrial fermentation feedstock (for example in alcohol distilleries), or as animal feed.
Once dried, either type of molasses can serve as fuel for burning.

Pure beet sugar is difficult to find, so labelled, in the marketplace.
Although some makers label their product clearly as "pure cane sugar", beet sugar is almost always labeled simply as sugar or pure sugar.
Interviews with the 5 major beet sugar-producing companies revealed that many store brands or "private label" sugar products are pure beet sugar.

The lot code can be used to identify the company and the plant from which the sugar came, enabling beet sugar to be identified if the codes are known.

Culinary sugars:
Grainy raw sugar:
Mill white:
Mill white, also called plantation white, crystal sugar or superior sugar is produced from raw sugar.
Sucrose is exposed to sulfur dioxide during the production to reduce the concentration of color compounds and helps prevent further color development during the crystallization process.

Although common to sugarcane-growing areas, this product does not store or ship well.
After a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration and clumping; therefore this type of sugar is generally limited to local consumption.

Blanco directo:
Blanco directo, a white sugar common in India and other south Asian countries, is produced by precipitating many impurities out of cane juice using phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, similar to the carbonatation technique used in beet sugar refining.
Blanco directo is more pure than mill white sugar, but less pure than white refined.

White refined:
White refined is the most common form of sugar in North America and Europe.
Refined sugar is made by dissolving and purifying raw sugar using phosphoric acid similar to the method used for blanco directo, a carbonatation process involving calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide, or by various filtration strategies.

It is then further purified by filtration through a bed of activated carbon or bone char.
Beet sugar refineries produce refined white sugar directly without an intermediate raw stage.

White refined sugar is typically sold as granulated sugar, which has been dried to prevent clumping and comes in various crystal sizes for home and industrial use:

Coarse-grain, such as sanding sugar (also called "pearl sugar", "decorating sugar", nibbed sugar or sugar nibs) is a coarse grain sugar used to add sparkle and flavor atop baked goods and candies.
Its large reflective crystals will not dissolve when subjected to heat.

Granulated, familiar as table sugar, with a grain size about 0.5 mm across.
"Sugar cubes" are lumps for convenient consumption produced by mixing granulated sugar with sugar syrup.
Caster (0.35 mm), a very fine sugar in Britain and other Commonwealth countries, so-named because the grains are small enough to fit through a sugar caster which is a small vessel with a perforated top, from which to sprinkle sugar at table.

Commonly used in baking and mixed drinks, it is sold as "superfine" sugar in the United States.
Because of its fineness, it dissolves faster than regular white sugar and is especially useful in meringues and cold liquids.
Caster sugar can be prepared at home by grinding granulated sugar for a couple of minutes in a mortar or food processor.

Powdered, 10X sugar, confectioner's sugar (0.060 mm), or icing sugar (0.024 mm), produced by grinding sugar to a fine powder.
The manufacturer may add a small amount of anticaking agent to prevent clumping — either corn starch (1% to 3%) or tri-calcium phosphate.

Brown sugar crystals:
Brown sugar comes either from the late stages of cane sugar refining, when sugar forms fine crystals with significant molasses content, or from coating white refined sugar with a cane molasses syrup (blackstrap molasses).
Brown sugar's color and taste becomes stronger with increasing molasses content, as do its moisture-retaining properties.
Brown sugars also tend to harden if exposed to the atmosphere, although proper handling can reverse this.

Measurement:
Dissolved sugar content:
Scientists and the sugar industry use degrees Brix (symbol °Bx), introduced by Adolf Brix, as units of measurement of the mass ratio of dissolved substance to water in a liquid.
A 25 °Bx sucrose solution has 25 grams of sucrose per 100 grams of liquid; or, to put it another way, 25 grams of sucrose sugar and 75 grams of water exist in the 100 grams of solution.
The Brix degrees are measured using an infrared sensor.

This measurement does not equate to Brix degrees from a density or refractive index measurement, because it will specifically measure dissolved sugar concentration instead of all dissolved solids.
When using a refractometer, one should report the result as "refractometric dried substance" (RDS).
One might speak of a liquid as having 20 °Bx RDS.
This refers to a measure of percent by weight of total dried solids and, although not technically the same as Brix degrees determined through an infrared method, renders an accurate measurement of sucrose content, since sucrose in fact forms the majority of dried solids.

The advent of in-line infrared Brix measurement sensors has made measuring the amount of dissolved sugar in products economical using a direct measurement.

CONSUMPTION OF SUCROSE:
Refined sugar was a luxury before the 18th century.
It became widely popular in the 18th century, then graduated to becoming a necessary food in the 19th century.
This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes.

Eventually, table sugar became sufficiently cheap and common enough to influence standard cuisine and flavored drinks.
Sucrose forms a major element in confectionery and desserts.
Cooks use Sucrose for sweetening.

Sucrose can also act as a food preservative when used in sufficient concentrations.
Sucrose is important to the structure of many foods, including biscuits and cookies, cakes and pies, candy, and ice cream and sorbets.
Sucrose is a common ingredient in many processed and so-called "junk foods".

NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT SUCROSE

Fully refined sugar is 99.9% sucrose, thus providing only carbohydrate as dietary nutrient and 390 kilocalories per 100 g serving (USDA data, right table).
There are no micronutrients of significance in fully refined sugar (right table).

METABOLISM OF SUCROSE:

In humans and other mammals, sucrose is broken down into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by sucrase or isomaltase glycoside hydrolases, which are located in the membrane of the microvilli lining the duodenum.
The resulting glucose and fructose molecules are then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. In bacteria and some animals, sucrose is digested by the enzyme invertase.
Sucrose is an easily assimilated macronutrient that provides a quick source of energy, provoking a rapid rise in blood glucose upon ingestion.

Sucrose, as a pure carbohydrate, has an energy content of 3.94 kilocalories per gram (or 17 kilojoules per gram).
If consumed excessively, sucrose may contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome, including increased risk for type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, weight gain and obesity in adults and children.

Tooth decay
Tooth decay (dental caries) has become a pronounced health hazard associated with the consumption of sugars, especially sucrose.
Oral bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans live in dental plaque and metabolize any free sugars (not just sucrose, but also glucose, lactose, fructose, and cooked starches) into lactic acid.
The resultant lactic acid lowers the pH of the tooth's surface, stripping it of minerals in the process known as tooth decay.

All 6-carbon sugars and disaccharides based on 6-carbon sugars can be converted by dental plaque bacteria into acid that demineralizes teeth, but sucrose may be uniquely useful to Streptococcus sanguinis (formerly Streptococcus sanguis) and Streptococcus mutans.
Sucrose is the only dietary sugar that can be converted to sticky glucans (dextran-like polysaccharides) by extracellular enzymes.
These glucans allow the bacteria to adhere to the tooth surface and to build up thick layers of plaque.

The anaerobic conditions deep in the plaque encourage the formation of acids, which leads to carious lesions.
Thus, sucrose could enable S. mutans, S. sanguinis and many other species of bacteria to adhere strongly and resist natural removal, e.g. by flow of saliva, although they are easily removed by brushing.
The glucans and levans (fructose polysaccharides) produced by the plaque bacteria also act as a reserve food supply for the bacteria.

Such a special role of sucrose in the formation of tooth decay is much more significant in light of the almost universal use of sucrose as the most desirable sweetening agent.
Widespread replacement of sucrose by high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has not diminished the danger from sucrose.
If smaller amounts of sucrose are present in the diet, they will still be sufficient for the development of thick, anaerobic plaque and plaque bacteria will metabolise other sugars in the diet, such as the glucose and fructose in HFCS.

Glycemic index:
Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of 50% glucose and 50% fructose and has a glycemic index of 65.
Sucrose is digested rapidly,[52][53] but has a relatively low glycemic index due to its content of fructose, which has a minimal effect on blood glucose.
As with other sugars, sucrose is digested into its components via the enzyme sucrase to glucose (blood sugar).

The glucose component is transported into the blood where it serves immediate metabolic demands, or is converted and reserved in the liver as glycogen.

Gout:
The occurrence of gout is connected with an excess production of uric acid.
A diet rich in sucrose may lead to gout as it raises the level of insulin, which prevents excretion of uric acid from the body.
As the concentration of uric acid in the body increases, so does the concentration of uric acid in the joint liquid and beyond a critical concentration, the uric acid begins to precipitate into crystals.
Researchers have implicated sugary drinks high in fructose in a surge in cases of gout.

SUCROSE INTOLERANCE
UN dietary recommendation:
In 2015, the World Health Organization published a new guideline on sugars intake for adults and children, as a result of an extensive review of the available scientific evidence by a multidisciplinary group of experts.
The guideline recommends that both adults and children ensure their intake of free sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates) is less than 10% of total energy intake.

A level below 5% of total energy intake brings additional health benefits, especially with regards to dental caries.

Religious concerns:
The sugar refining industry often uses bone char (calcinated animal bones) for decolorizing.
About 25% of sugar produced in the U.S. is processed using bone char as a filter, the remainder being processed with activated carbon.
As bone char does not seem to remain in finished sugar, Jewish religious leaders consider sugar filtered through it to be pareve, meaning that it is neither meat nor dairy and may be used with either type of food.
However, the bone char must source to a kosher animal (e.g. cow, sheep) for the sugar to be kosher.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUCROSE:
Chemical formula, C12H22O11
Molar mass, 342.30 g/mol
Appearance, white solid
Density, 1.587 g/cm3 (0.0573 lb/cu in), solid
Melting point, None; decomposes at 186 °C (367 °F; 459 K)
Solubility in water, ~200 g/dL (25 °C (77 °F))
log P, −3.76
Structure,
Crystal structure, Monoclinic
Space group, P21
Thermochemistry,
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298), −2,226.1 kJ/mol (−532.1 kcal/mol)
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298), 1,349.6 kcal/mol (5,647 kJ/mol) (Higher heating value)

Molecular Weight
342.30 g/mol
XLogP3
-3.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
8
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
11
Rotatable Bond Count
5
Exact Mass
342.11621151 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
342.11621151 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
190Å²
Heavy Atom Count
23
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
395
Isotope Atom Count
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
9
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT SUCROSE:
Q1
1. What is sucrose made of?
Sucrose is a disaccharide sugar which means that it consists of two units of monosaccharide sugar.
The two units are glucose and fructose, for sucrose.
The name saccharose is derived from the French word fruit.

Q2
2. What is the use of sucrose?
Sucrose is used in foods and soft drinks as a sweetener, in syrup processing, in invert sugar, confectionery, preserves and jams, demulcent, medicinal products, and caramel.
Sucrose is also a chemical carrier for detergents, emulsifiers, and other derivatives of saccharose.

Q3
3. What foods contain sucrose?
Sucrose is found in fruits and vegetables, and is processed for use in cooking and food processing from sugar cane and sugar beets.
The sucrose found naturally in sugar cane, sugar beets, bananas, grapes, carrots, and other fruits and vegetables in your sugar bowl is the same sucrose.

Q4
4. Is sucrose soluble in ethanol?
Sugar or sucrose is only slightly soluble in ethanol.
In addition, if the alcohol is cold it will dissolve even less of the sucrose.

The sugar not dissolving within the ethanol settles at the bottom of the bottle.
The salt is also very water-soluble.

Q5
5. What is the function of sucrose in plants?
Sucrose is the most common type of carbohydrate used for the carriage of carbon in a plant.
Sucrose can be dissolved in water, thus retaining a stable structure.
Sucrose will then be transported into the phloem by plant cells, the special vascular tissue intended for sugar transport.

SYNONYMS OF SUCROSE:
sucrose
57-50-1
saccharose
sugar
Table sugar
Cane sugar
White sugar
D-Sucrose
Rohrzucker
Saccharum
Microse
Rock candy
Amerfand
Amerfond
Confectioner's sugar
D-(+)-Saccharose
Sucrose, pure
sacarosa
D(+)-Sucrose
Sucrose, dust
D(+)-Saccharose
Sacharose
D-(+)-Sucrose
beta-D-Fructofuranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
D-Saccharose
CCRIS 2120
HSDB 500
Sucraloxum [INN-Latin]
CHEBI:17992
beta-D-Fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
NCI-C56597
(+)-Sucrose
AI3-09085
alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside
Sucrose, purified
(alpha-D-Glucosido)-beta-D-fructofuranoside
EINECS 200-334-9
NSC 406942
Fructofuranoside, alpha-D-glucopyranosyl, beta-D
Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl, alpha-D
DTXSID2021288
UNII-C151H8M554
GNE-410
S-67F
Glc(alpha1->2beta)Fru
alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl-
C151H8M554
NSC-406942
DTXCID101288
1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofuranoside
alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl
beta-D-Fruf-(21)-alpha-D-Glcp
NCGC00164248-01
Sucraloxum
Sucraloxum (INN-Latin)
SUCROSE (II)
SUCROSE [II]
SUCROSE (USP-RS)
SUCROSE [USP-RS]
SUCROSE (EP IMPURITY)
SUCROSE [EP IMPURITY]
SUCROSE (EP MONOGRAPH)
SUCROSE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Saccarose
Sucrose [USAN:JAN]
MFCD00006626
CAS-57-50-1
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-{[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
Sucrose [JAN:NF]
Beetsugar
GLC-(1-2)FRU
Frost Sugar
Sucrose,ultrapure
Manalox AS
Compressible sugar
Sucrose, AR
Sucrose, LR
Sucrose, ultrapure
Sucrose, USP
Sucrose ACS grade
Sucrose (TN)
Sugar spheres (NF)
Sugar,(S)
REFINED SUGAR
Sucrose, ACS reagent
Sucrose, reagent grade
1af6
SUGAR, WHITE
SUCROSE [VANDF]
Sucrose (for injection)
SUCROSE [HSDB]
SUCROSE [INCI]
DYSPEPSIA HEADACHE
Sucrose (JP17/NF)
SUCROSE [FCC]
SUCROSE [JAN]
SUGAR [VANDF]
SUCROSE [MI]
SUCROSE [NF]
Sucrose Biochemical grade
SUCROSE [WHO-DD]
Sucrose, SAJ first grade
SACCHARUM OFFICINALE
Sugar, compressible (NF)
bmse000119
bmse000804
bmse000918
Epitope ID:153236
Sucrose, >=99.5%
Sucrose, JIS special grade
White soft sugar (JP17)
Sucrose, analytical standard
Sucrose, cell culture tested
Sugar, confectioner's (NF)
1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofranoside
Sucrose, p.a., ACS reagent
CHEMBL253582
GTPL5411
CHEBI:65313
Sucrose, Molecular Biology Grade
CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N
Sucrose, >=99.5% (GC)
alpha-D-Glc-(1-2)-beta-D-Fru
SACCHARUM OFFICINALE [HPUS]
HY-B1779
Tox21_112093
Tox21_201397
Tox21_300410
BDBM50108105
s3598
Sucrose, for electrophoresis, >99%
AKOS024306988
DB02772
Sucrose, BioXtra, >=99.5% (GC)
a-D-Glucopyranosyl A-D-fructofuranoside
b -D-Fructofuranosyl a-D-glucopyranoside
NCGC00164248-02
NCGC00164248-03
NCGC00164248-05
NCGC00254237-01
NCGC00258948-01
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
D-Saccharose 20000 microg/mL in Water
Sucrose, meets USP testing specifications
Sucrose, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%
|A-D-Glucopyranoside,|A-D-fructofuranosyl
D-Saccharose 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
alpha-D-Glucopyranosylbeta-D-fructofuranoside
CS-0013810
S0111
Sucrose, Grade I, plant cell culture tested
Sucrose, Grade II, plant cell culture tested
C00089
D00025
D70407
EN300-126630
Sucrose, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (GC)
Sucrose|?-D-Fructofuranosyl ?-D-glucopyranoside
SR-01000883983
Sucrose, NIST(R) SRM(R) 17f, optical rotation
J-519846
Q4027534
SR-01000883983-1
Sucrose, for microbiology, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside
Sucrose, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard
Sucrose, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Sucrose, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, RNase and DNase free
Z1589255958
.BETA.-D-FRUCTOFURANOSYL-.ALPHA.-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2↔1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Sucrose, analytical standard, for enzymatic assay kit SCA20
.ALPHA.-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE, .BETA.-D-FRUCTOFURANOSYL-
SUCROSE (CONSTITUENT OF CRANBERRY LIQUID PREPARATION)
Sucrose, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent
Sucrose, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (HPLC)
Sucrose, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Carbon isotopes in sucrose, NIST(R) RM 8542, IAEA-CH-6 sucrose
SUCROSE (CONSTITUENT OF CRANBERRY LIQUID PREPARATION) [DSC]
Compressible sugar, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Sucrose, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, NF
WURCS=2.0/2,2,1/[ha122h-2b_2-5][a2122h-1a_1-5]/1-2/a2-b1
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(((2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-((2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-ylhydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-((2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yloxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol
8027-47-2
8030-20-4
85456-51-5
86101-30-6
87430-66-8
92004-84-7
A-5
Sucrose, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, >=99.5% (GC)

Succinic acid; Butanedionic acid; Amber acid; Butanedioic acid; Dihydrofumaric acid; asuccin; 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid; wormwood; wormwood acid; katasuccin; Asuccin; Bernsteinsaure cas no: 110-15-6

cas no 5329-14-6 Amidosulfonic acid; Amidosulfuric acid; Sulphamic acid; Aminosulfonic acid; Kyselina amidosulfonova; sulphamidic acid; Sulfamidsäure (German); ácido sulfamídico (Spanish); Acide sulfamidique (French);

Sugar is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
A sugar comprising onemolecule of glucose linked to a fructosemolecule.
Sugar occurs widely inplants and is particularly abundant insugar cane and sugar beet (15–20%),from which it is extracted andrefied for table sugar.

CAS: 57-50-1
MF: C12H22O11
MW: 342.3
EINECS: 200-334-9

Synonyms
Erlotinib-d16 HCl;SACCHARUM;SACCHAROSE;SUGAR;SUCROSE CONFECTIONERS;SUCROSE;SUCROSE SOLUTION;SUCROSE STANDARD;sucrose;57-50-1;saccharose;sugar;Table sugar;Cane sugar;White sugar;D-Sucrose;Rohrzucker;Saccharum;Microse;Rock candy;Amerfand;Amerfond;Confectioner's sugar;D-(+)-Saccharose;Sucrose, pure;sacarosa;D(+)-Sucrose;D-Saccharose;Sucrose, dust;D(+)-Saccharose;Sacharose;D-(+)-Sucrose;beta-D-Fructofuranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside;CCRIS 2120;HSDB 500;Sucraloxum [INN-Latin];CHEBI:17992;beta-D-Fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside;NCI-C56597;(+)-Sucrose;AI3-09085;alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside;Sucrose, purified;(alpha-D-Glucosido)-beta-D-fructofuranoside;EINECS 200-334-9;NSC 406942;Fructofuranoside, alpha-D-glucopyranosyl, beta-D;Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl, alpha-D;DTXSID2021288;UNII-C151H8M554;GNE-410;S-67F;Glc(alpha1->2beta)Fru;alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl-;C151H8M554;NSC-406942;DTXCID101288;1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofuranoside;alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl;MFCD00006626;beta-D-Fruf-(21)-alpha-D-Glcp;NCGC00164248-01;Sucraloxum;Sucraloxum (INN-Latin);SUCROSE (II);SUCROSE [II];SUCROSE (USP-RS);SUCROSE [USP-RS];(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol;SUCROSE (EP IMPURITY);SUCROSE [EP IMPURITY];SUCROSE (EP MONOGRAPH);SUCROSE [EP MONOGRAPH];Saccarose;Sucrose [USAN:JAN];Compressible sugar;CAS-57-50-1;(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-{[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-6-;(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol;92004-84-7;Sucrose [JAN:NF];Beetsugar;GLC-(1-2)FRU;Frost Sugar;Sucrose,ultrapure;Manalox AS;Sucrose, AR;(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol;92004-84-7;Sucrose [JAN:NF];Beetsugar;GLC-(1-2)FRU;Frost Sugar;Sucrose,ultrapure;Manalox AS;Sucrose, AR;Sucrose, LR;Sucrose, ultrapure;Sucrose, USP;Sucrose ACS grade;Sucrose (TN);Sugar spheres (NF);Sugar,(S);REFINED SUGAR;Sucrose, ACS reagent;Sucrose, reagent grade;1af6;SUGAR, WHITE;SUCROSE [VANDF];Sucrose (for injection);SUCROSE [HSDB];SUCROSE [INCI];DYSPEPSIA HEADACHE;Sucrose (JP17/NF);SUCROSE [FCC];SUCROSE [JAN];SUGAR [VANDF];SUCROSE [MI];SUCROSE [NF];Sucrose Biochemical grade;SUCROSE [WHO-DD];Sucrose, SAJ first grade;SACCHARUM OFFICINALE;Sugar, compressible (NF);bmse000119;bmse000804;bmse000918;Epitope ID:153236;Sucrose, >=99.5%;Sucrose, JIS special grade;White soft sugar (JP17);Sucrose, analytical standard;Sucrose, cell culture tested;Sugar, confectioner's (NF);1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofranoside;Sucrose, p.a., ACS reagent;CHEMBL253582;GTPL5411;CHEBI:65313;Sucrose, Molecular Biology Grade;CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N;Sucrose, >=99.5% (GC);alpha-D-Glc-(1-2)-beta-D-Fru;SACCHARUM OFFICINALE [HPUS];HY-B1779;Tox21_112093;Tox21_201397;Tox21_300410;BDBM50108105;s3598;Sucrose, for electrophoresis, >99%;AKOS024306988;alpha-D-Glc-(1-->2)-beta-D-Fru;Sucrose Palmitic Acid (1:1 Mixture);DB02772;Sucrose, BioXtra, >=99.5% (GC);a-D-Glucopyranosyl A-D-fructofuranoside;b -D-Fructofuranosyl a-D-glucopyranoside;NCGC00164248-02;NCGC00164248-03;NCGC00164248-05;NCGC00254237-01;NCGC00258948-01;D-Saccharose 20000 microg/mL in Water;Sucrose, meets USP testing specifications;Sucrose, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%;D-Saccharose 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
;alpha-D-Glucopyranosylbeta-D-fructofuranoside;CS-0013810;S0111;Sucrose, Grade I, plant cell culture tested;Sucrose, Grade II, plant cell culture tested;C00089;D00025;D70407;EN300-126630;Sucrose, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (GC);Sucrose|?-D-Fructofuranosyl ?-glucopyranoside
;SR-01000883983;Sucrose, NIST(R) SRM(R) 17f, optical rotation;J-519846;Q4027534;SR-01000883983-1;Sucrose, for microbiology, ACS reagent, >=99.0%;alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside;Sucrose, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard

If heated to200°C, Sugar becomes caramel.
Consumed in large amounts around the world as a food ingredient.
Other applications of Sugar include its use in surfactants (esters), polyurethanes (polyols), plastics (alkyds) to produce dextrans (Leuconostoc mesenteroides fermentation) and ethanol (Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation).
Sugar is a glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
Sugar has a role as an osmolyte, a sweetening agent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
Sugar, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits.
Sugar is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar.
Sugar has the molecular formula C12H22O11.

For human consumption, Sugar is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet.
Sugar mills – typically located in tropical regions near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in temperate climates where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar.
The sugar-refining process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour.
The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet.
Sugar is often an added ingredient in food production and recipes.
About 185 million tonnes of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017.
Sugar is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for tooth decay because Streptococcus mutans bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, dextran-based polysaccharide that allows them to cohere, forming plaque.
Sugar is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.

History
Sugar is the white granulated compound referred to as sugar.
Sugar is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose.
The main sources of sucrose for the production of commercial sugar are sugarcane and sugar beets.
Sugar is a tall perennial grass of the genus Saccharum native to Southeast Asia and the South Pacifi c.
Sugar has been consumed by chewing the stalk in areas where it grows for thousands of years. Sugar spread to India where it was processed to extract crude sugar as early as 2,500 years ago.
Persian invaders discovered sugar after invading India and the plant and sugar production spread into the Middle East around 600 c.e. Europeans were introduced to sugar around 1100 c.e. when the first crusaders returned with knowledge of the sweet spice and the Arab Empire spread into Spain.

The use of sugar beet to obtain sugar began when the German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709 1782) extracted sucrose from sugar beets using alcohol.
The amount of sucrose obtained by Marggraf did not warrant commercial use of beets as a sucrose source.
During the late 18th century, Franz Karl Archard (1753 1821), a student of Marggraf, selectively bred beets to increase the sucrose content to 5 6% and developed a commercial method to extract sucrose.
Sugar is predominantly associated with the food industry, but it does have industrial uses in other areas.
Sugar fatty acid esters are a mixture of mono, di, and tri esters of sucrose with fatty acids.
These are use in cosmetics, shampoos, resins, inks, paper processing, and pesticides.
Sugar is used as an emulsifi er and in nail polishes.
Sugar has also been used in making glues and treating leather.

Sugar Chemical Properties
Melting point: 185-187 °C (lit.)
Alpha: 67 º (c=26, in water 25 ºC)
Boiling point: 397.76°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.5805
Refractive index: 66.5 ° (C=26, H2O)
Fp: 93.3°C
Storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
Solubility H2O: 500 mg/mL
Form: Liquid
Pka: 12.7(at 25℃)
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 5.5 - 7 at 342 g/l at 25 °C
PH: 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O)
Optical activity: [α]25/D +66.3 to +66.8°(lit.)
Water Solubility: 1970 g/L (15 ºC)
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.11
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.08
Merck: 14,8881
BRN: 90825
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3
OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m3; TWA 5 mg/m3
NIOSH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 5 mg/m3
Dielectric constant: 3.3（Ambient）
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Hydrolyzed by dilute acids and by invertase.
InChIKey: CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N
LogP: -4.492 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 57-50-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Sugar (57-50-1)
EPA Substance Registry System: Sugar (57-50-1)

White or almost white, crystalline powder, or lustrous, colourless or white or almost white crystals.
Sugar is a sugar obtained from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum Linne' (Fam. Gramineae)), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris Linne' (Fam. Chenopodiaceae)), and other sources.
Sugar contains no added substances.
Sugar occurs as colorless crystals, as crystalline masses or blocks, or as a white crystalline powder; it is odorless and has a sweet taste.
In Sugar, the monomers glucose and fructose are linked via an ether bond between C1 on the glucosyl subunit and C2 on the fructosyl unit.
The bond is called a glycosidic linkage.
Glucose exists predominantly as a mixture of α and β "pyranose" anomers, but Sugar has only the α form.

Fructose exists as a mixture of five tautomers but Sugar has only the β-D-fructofuranose form.
Unlike most disaccharides, the glycosidic bond in Sugar is formed between the reducing ends of both glucose and fructose, and not between the reducing end of one and the non-reducing end of the other.
This linkage inhibits further bonding to other saccharide units, and prevents Sugar from spontaneously reacting with cellular and circulatory macromolecules in the manner that glucose and other reducing sugars do.
Since Sugar contains no anomeric hydroxyl groups, it is classified as a non-reducing sugar.

Sugar crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with room-temperature lattice parameters a = 1.08631 nm, b = 0.87044 nm, c = 0.77624 nm, β = 102.938°.
The purity of Sugar is measured by polarimetry, through the rotation of plane-polarized light by a sugar solution.
The specific rotation at 20 °C (68 °F) using yellow "sodium-D" light (589 nm) is +66.47°.
Commercial samples of sugar are assayed using this parameter.
Sugar does not deteriorate at ambient conditions.

Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis breaks the glycosidic bond converting Sugar into glucose and fructose.
Hydrolysis is, however, so slow that solutions of sucrose can sit for years with negligible change.
If the enzyme sucrase is added, however, the reaction will proceed rapidly.
Hydrolysis can also be accelerated with acids, such as cream of tartar or lemon juice, both weak acids.
Likewise, gastric acidity converts Sugar to glucose and fructose during digestion, the bond between them being an acetal bond which can be broken by an acid.
Given (higher) heats of combustion of 1349.6 kcal/mol for sucrose, 673.0 for glucose, and 675.6 for fructose, hydrolysis releases about 1.0 kcal (4.2 kJ) per mole of Sugar, or about 3 small calories per gram of product.

Uses
Sugar (C12H22O11) is one of many forms of sugars (carbohydrates) that are important organic compounds for maintaining life.
Saccharum is the Latin word for sugar and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification.
The simplest sugars belong to the carbohydrate class, monosaccharide; they include fructose and glucose.
Hydrolysis of Sugar yields D-glucose and D-fructose; the process is called inversion and the sugar mixture produced is known as invert sugar because, although sucrose itself rotates plane-polarized light to the right, the mixture inverts this light by rotating to the left.
The carbohydrate class, polysaccharide, represents compounds in which the molecules contain many units of monosaccharides joined together by glycoside links.

Upon complete hydrolysis, a polysaccharide yields monosaccharides.
Starch is the most valuable polysaccharide.
The starch molecules (amylose and anylopectin) are tree-like, containing 250 to 1000 or more glucose units per molecule joined together through alpha linkages.
In commercial usage, the term sugar usually refers to sucrose.
Sucrose is a disaccharide sugar that occurs naturally in every fruit and vegetable.
Sugar is a major product of photosynthesis, the process by which plants transform the energy of the sun into food.
Sugar occurs in greatest quantities in sugarcane and sugar beets from which it is separated for commercial use.
Yuanzhen sugar is a polysaccharide polymer, containing a certain amount of fructooligosaccharides.
Sweetening agent and food.

Starting material in the fermentative production of ethanol, butanol, glycerol, citric and levulinic acids.
Used in pharmaceuticals as a flavor, as a preservative, as an antioxidant (in the form of invert sugar), as a demulcent, as substitute for glycerol, as granulation agent and excipient for tablets, as coating for tablets.
In the plastics and cellulose industry, in rigid polyurethane foams, manufacture of ink and of transparent soaps.
sucrose (table sugar) is an emollient, mild emulsifier, and humectant.
Sugar can be used in place of glycerin.
Sugar is a sweetener that is the disaccharide sucrose, consisting of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.
Sugar is obtained as cane or beet sugar.
Sugar has relatively constant solubility and is a universal sweetener because of its intense sweetness and solubility.
Sugar is available in various forms which include granulated, brown, and powdered.
Sugar is used in desserts, beverages, cakes, ice cream, icings, cereals, and baked goods.
Sugar is also termed beet sugar, cane sugar, and saccharose.

Agricultural Uses
Sugar is obtained from sugar beet, sugar cane and sweet sorghum.
Table sugar is the most common form of sucrose.
Sugar comprises a glucose unit joined to a fructose unit.
Honey consists of Sugar and its hydrolysis products.
Sugar, glucose and fructose all exhibit optical activity.
When Sugar is hydrolyzed, the rotation changes from right to left.
This is called inversion, and an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose is called invert sugar.
The enzyme invertase hydrolyzes Sugar to glucose and fructose.
Sugar occurs universally throughout the plant kingdom in fruits, seeds, flowers and roots.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Sugar is widely used in oral pharmaceutical formulations.
Sugar, containing 50–67% w/w sucrose, is used in tableting as a binding agent for wet granulation.
In the powdered form, Sugar serves as a dry binder (2–20% w/w) or as a bulking agent and sweetener in chewable tablets and lozenges.
Tablets that contain large amounts of Sugar may harden to give poor disintegration.
Sugar syrups are used as tablet-coating agents at concentrations between 50% and 67% w/w.
With higher concentrations, partial inversion of sucrose occurs, which makes sugar coating difficult.
Sugar syrups are also widely used as vehicles in oral liquiddosage forms to enhance palatability or to increase viscosity.
Sugar has been used as a diluent in freeze-dried protein products.
Sugar is also widely used in foods and confectionery, and therapeutically in sugar pastes that are used to promote wound healing.

Production Methods
Sugar is obtained from the sugar cane plant, which contains 15–20% sucrose, and sugar beet, which contains 10–17% sucrose.
Juice from these Sugar is heated to coagulate water-soluble proteins, which are removed by skimming.
The resultant solution is then decolorized with an ion-exchange resin or charcoal and concentrated.
Upon cooling, sucrose crystallizes out.
The remaining solution is concentrated again and yields more Sugar, brown sugar, and molasses.

Reactivity Profile
Sugar is a reducing agent.
Can react explosively with oxidizing agents such as chlorates and perchlorates.
Is hydrolyzed by dilute acids and by invertase (a yeast enzyme).
Chars rapidly and exothermically when mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid.

SYNONYMS 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside, E955, Trichlorosucrose;1,6-Dichlor-1,6-didesoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chlor-4-desoxy-α-D-galaktose;1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactose;1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactose;4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose CAS NO:56038-13-2

SYNONYMS 3-(p-Aminobenzenesulfonamido)-5-methylisoxazole;3-Sulfanilamido-5-methylisoxazole;4-Amino-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)benzenesulfonamide;4-Amino-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)benzensulfonamide;5-Methyl-3-sulfanilamidoisoxazole;Benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-;Gantanol;MS 53;N1-(5-Methyl-3-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide CAS NO:723-46-6

4-Amino-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)benzenesulfonamide; (p-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-5-methylisoxazole; 3-Sulfanilamido-5-methylisoxazole; 5-Methyl-3-sulfanilamidoisoxazole; N1-(5-Methyl-3-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide; N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide; Sulfamethoxizole; Sulfamethylisoxazole CAS NO: 723-46-6

SULFAMIC ACID; N° CAS : 5329-14-6; Noms français : Acide aminosulfonique; Acide sulfamique. Noms anglais : AMIDOSULFONIC ACID; AMIDOSULFURIC ACID; AMINOSULFONIC ACID; Sulfamic acid; SULFAMIDIC ACID; SULPHAMIC ACID. Utilisation : Herbicide, germicide; Amidosulfonic acid; Amidosulfuric acid; Aminosulfonic acid; Aminosulfuric acid; Imidosulfonic acid ; Jumbo; Kyselina amidosulfonova; Kyselina sulfaminova; sulfamic acid; Sulfamidic acid; Sulfaminic acid; SULPHAMIC ACID; Sulphamidic acid; sulphamidic acid; sulphamic acid; sulfamic acid . Translated names: acid sulfamic (ro); acid sulfamidic (ro); acide amidosulfurique (fr); acide sulfamidique (fr); acide sulfamique (fr); acido solfammico (it); acido solfammidico (it); aminosulfonzuur (nl) ; kwas amidosiarkowy(VI) (pl); kwas amidosulfonowy (pl); kwas sulfamidowy (pl); kyselina amidosírová (cs); kyselina sulfamidová (sk); kyselina sulfámová (cs); sulfamidezuur (nl); sulfamidinska kiselina (hr); sulfamidna kislina, amidosulfonska kislina (sl); sulfamidsyre (da); Sulfamidsäure (de); Sulfamiinhape (et); sulfamiinihappo (fi); sulfaminezuur (nl); sulfaminska kiselina (hr); sulfaminska kislina (sl); sulfaminsyra, amidosulfonsyra (sv); sulfaminsyre (da); Sulfaminsäure (de); sulfamo rūgštis (lt); sulfamīdskābe (lv); sulfamīnskābe (lv); sulfāmskābe (lv); szulfamidsav (hu); szulfaminsav (hu); ácido aminossulfúrico (pt); ácido aminosulfónico (es); ácido sulfamídico (es); ácido sulfámico (es) ;ácido sulfâmico (pt); σουλφαρμιδικό οξύ (el); сулфамидна киселина (bg); сулфаминова киселина (bg). IUPAC names: Amidoschwefelsäure; Amidosulfonic acid, Sulphamic acid; Amidosulfonsäure; heptadecanoic acid; Isononyl alcohol; NH2SO3H; Sulfammic Acid; sulphamidic-acid- ; 226-218-8 [EINECS]; 5329-14-6 [RN]; Acide sulfamique [French] ; amidosulfonic acid; Amidosulfuric acid; aminosulfonic acid; Imidosulfuric acid [ACD/Index Name]; Kyselina amidosulfonova [Czech]; Kyselina sulfaminova [Czech]; MFCD00011603 [MDL number]; Sulfamic acid [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; sulfamidic acid ; Sulfamidsäure [German] ; [5329-14-6] ; 7773-06-0 (Mono-ammonium salt); 99.99% (metals basis); amidohydroxidodioxidosulfur; Amidoschwefelsaeure; Amidosulfonicacid; Aminosulfuric acid; Imidosulfonic acid; Kyselina amidosulfonova [Czech]; Kyselina sulfaminova [Czech]; SO2 [Formula]; Sulfamic acid [UN2967] [Corrosive]; Sulfamic acid, acs; Sulfamic acid, ACS grade; Sulfamic acid, reag; Sulfamidsaeure; Sulfaminic acid SULFITE ION; sulfuramidic acid; SULPHAMIC ACID; Sulphamic-acid-; Sulphamidic acid; UN 2967; WLN: ZSWQ氨基磺酸 [Chinese]

Sulfamic acid, also known by its IUPAC name amidosulfonic acid, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula H₃NSO₃.
It is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water.
Sulfamic acid is considered a strong acid and is often used in various industrial and laboratory applications.

CAS Number: 5329-14-6
EC Number: 226-218-8
Chemical Formula: H₃NSO₃

APPLICATIONS

Sulfamic acid is utilized in the removal of rust and corrosion from metal surfaces, making it valuable in maintenance and restoration processes.
In the field of agriculture, Sulfamic acid is employed as a nitrogen source in fertilizers to support plant growth.

Sulfamic acid is applied in the cleaning of dairy equipment, ensuring hygiene and preventing the buildup of mineral deposits.
Sulfamic acid plays a role in the regeneration of ion exchange resins used in water softening processes.
Sulfamic acid finds application in the preparation of sulfamates, which are important intermediates in organic synthesis.

Sulfamic acid is used in the synthesis of herbicides and pesticides, contributing to agricultural pest control.
Sulfamic acid is applied in the cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes, maintaining their efficiency in water purification systems.
Sulfamic acid is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of certain pharmaceutical intermediates.
Sulfamic acid is employed in the textile industry for dye fixation, ensuring the stability and permanence of dyed colors.

Sulfamic acid serves as a catalyst in esterification reactions, facilitating the production of esters for various industrial applications.
Sulfamic acid is added to certain metalworking fluids to prevent microbial growth and maintain fluid stability.
In the production of specialty chemicals, it is used as a key component in reaction pathways for specific product formations.

Sulfamic acid finds application in the cleaning of ceramic and porcelain surfaces, removing stains and deposits.
Sulfamic acid is employed in the preparation of fire extinguishing powders for firefighting applications.

Sulfamic acid is used in the removal of excess resin and adhesive residues from manufacturing equipment.
Sulfamic acid can act as a reducing agent in chemical reactions, participating in processes that require reduction reactions.
Sulfamic acid is involved in the regeneration of spent catalysts used in various industrial processes.

Sulfamic acid is used as a stabilizing agent in certain peroxide-based hair bleaching formulations.
Sulfamic acid contributes to the preparation of sulfamates, which are utilized as flame retardants in certain materials.

In the petrochemical industry, it is applied in the removal of amine salts and corrosion products from process equipment.
Sulfamic acid is employed in the cleaning of brewing equipment in the beer and beverage industry.
Sulfamic acid plays a role in the removal of excess grout and cement residues from tiled surfaces during construction.
Sulfamic acid is utilized in the preparation of sulfamates, which serve as intermediates in the synthesis of specialty polymers.

Sulfamic acid is involved in the cleaning of dishwashers and dishwashing machines to prevent scale buildup.
Sulfamic acid serves as a stabilizing agent in the production of certain peroxydisulfate salts used in polymerization reactions.

Sulfamic acid is employed in the cleaning of swimming pool and spa filters, ensuring effective filtration and water quality.
Sulfamic acid plays a crucial role in the removal of mineral deposits and scale from coffee makers and espresso machines.
In the brewing industry, sulfamic acid is used to clean and sanitize brewing equipment, maintaining hygienic conditions.

Sulfamic acid is utilized in the preparation of sulfamate nickel plating solutions for electroplating processes.
Sulfamic acid is added to certain metal surface treatments to enhance adhesion and corrosion resistance in coatings.

Sulfamic acid finds application in the cleaning of heat exchangers and condensers in HVAC systems to improve energy efficiency.
Sulfamic acid contributes to the cleaning of dishwashers and dishwashing machines, preventing the accumulation of mineral deposits.
In the cosmetics industry, it is used in the formulation of hair straightening products, contributing to their effectiveness.
Sulfamic acid is employed in the cleaning of aluminum extrusion dies, ensuring smooth and efficient extrusion processes.

Sulfamic acid is applied in the removal of tarnish and oxide layers from silverware and jewelry.
Sulfamic acid serves as an additive in the production of certain explosives, contributing to their stability and performance.
Sulfamic acid is used in the cleaning of industrial evaporators, preventing scale buildup and maintaining operational efficiency.

Sulfamic acid is involved in the descaling of cooling systems in air conditioners and refrigeration units.
Sulfamic acid plays a role in the cleaning of ceramic and glass kilns, preventing the accumulation of residues.
In the cosmetics and personal care industry, it is utilized in the formulation of certain skin care and cleansing products.

Sulfamic acid contributes to the removal of rust stains and discolorations from various surfaces.
Sulfamic acid is used in the cleaning of dishwasher and washing machine drums, ensuring optimal appliance performance.
Sulfamic acid is applied in the preparation of sulfamate-based corrosion inhibitors for metal protection in various environments.

Sulfamic acid finds application in the cleaning of dental equipment and instruments, maintaining sterilization standards.
In the rubber industry, it is used as a curing agent in the production of certain rubber products.
Sulfamic acid plays a role in the cleaning of automotive radiators, preventing overheating and maintaining engine efficiency.
Sulfamic acid is involved in the removal of lime scale from industrial and commercial steam boilers.
Sulfamic acid is utilized in the cleaning of distillation columns and equipment in the chemical processing industry.

Sulfamic acid contributes to the removal of water scale from commercial espresso machines in coffee shops.
In the construction industry, it is used in the cleaning of formwork and molds for concrete casting, ensuring high-quality finishes.

Sulfamic acid is utilized in the cleaning of industrial evaporative condensers, preventing scale formation and ensuring efficient heat exchange.
Sulfamic acid finds application in the removal of lime scale from steam irons and other household appliances that involve water heating.
In the production of certain specialty chemicals, sulfamic acid acts as a key reactant in the synthesis of specific intermediates.
Sulfamic acid is involved in the removal of hard water deposits from glassware and laboratory equipment in scientific research settings.

Sulfamic acid is employed in the cleaning of air scrubber systems used to control air pollution and emissions in industrial processes.
Sulfamic acid is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of sulfamates, which are integral in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Sulfamic acid contributes to the removal of rust and iron deposits from water supply systems, improving water quality.
In the food and beverage industry, it is used for cleaning and descaling equipment such as steamers and coffee machines.

Sulfamic acid is applied in the cleaning of metal pipes and tubes in plumbing systems to prevent clogs and maintain water flow.
Sulfamic acid is used in the regeneration of ion exchange resins used in water softeners to ensure continued effectiveness.
Sulfamic acid plays a role in the cleaning of air conditioning systems, preventing the buildup of contaminants and ensuring optimal performance.

Sulfamic acid is involved in the removal of lime scale and rust from industrial heat exchangers, extending equipment lifespan.
In the semiconductor industry, it is used in the cleaning of silicon wafers and other components during manufacturing processes.
Sulfamic acid contributes to the removal of calcium deposits from ceramic tiles and fixtures in bathrooms and kitchens.

Sulfamic acid is applied in the cleaning and maintenance of commercial dishwashing machines to prevent scale buildup.
Sulfamic acid is used in the synthesis of sulfamate esters, which find applications as intermediates in the production of herbicides.

Sulfamic acid is involved in the cleaning of aluminum heat exchangers in air separation units to maintain efficiency.
In the production of specialty ceramics, it is used in glazing processes to enhance the surface characteristics of ceramic materials.
Sulfamic acid finds application in the cleaning of cooling tower systems, preventing scale formation and maintaining heat transfer efficiency.

Sulfamic acid is applied in the cleaning of steam turbines and associated equipment in power generation plants.
Sulfamic acid contributes to the removal of lime scale from commercial dishwashers and glass washers in hospitality settings.
Sulfamic acid is used in the cleaning of brewery vessels and equipment to maintain sanitary conditions in beer production.

In the oil and gas industry, it is employed in the removal of mineral deposits from pipelines and heat exchangers.
Sulfamic acid finds application in the cleaning of autoclaves and sterilization equipment in medical and research facilities.
Sulfamic acid is used in the cleaning of process equipment in the production of specialty chemicals and polymers.

DESCRIPTION

Sulfamic acid, also known by its IUPAC name amidosulfonic acid, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula H₃NSO₃.
It is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water.
Sulfamic acid is considered a strong acid and is often used in various industrial and laboratory applications.

Sulfamic acid, represented by the chemical formula H₃NSO₃, is a versatile and industrially significant compound.
Sulfamic acid appears as a white, crystalline solid with a molecular structure containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen atoms.

Sulfamic acid is highly soluble in water, forming clear solutions.
Sulfamic acid is recognized for its strong acidic properties, making it an effective acid in various applications.
With a melting point around 205 °C, it is stable under normal conditions but can decompose at elevated temperatures.

Sulfamic acid is odorless, contributing to its ease of handling in various industrial processes.
Sulfamic acid has a density of approximately 2.1 g/cm³, indicating its solid nature and relatively high mass per unit volume.
Sulfamic acid is commonly used as a descaling agent, effectively removing scale deposits in industrial equipment like boilers and heat exchangers.

In certain industrial processes, sulfamic acid serves as a bleach, contributing to its applications in the textile and paper industries.
Sulfamic acid's role as a dehydrating agent makes it valuable in specific chemical reactions where water removal is crucial.
As a source of hydrogen ions, sulfamic acid finds application in electroplating processes, contributing to metal deposition.

Its catalytic properties make it useful as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions, enhancing reaction rates.
Sulfamic acid is known for its stability in storage, allowing for practical handling and long-term storage when necessary.
Sulfamic acid plays a role in corrosion inhibition, particularly in systems prone to corrosion by acidic environments.
Sulfamic acid exhibits good compatibility with various materials, providing flexibility in its application across different industries.

Sulfamic acid is a valuable component in cleaning products, where its descaling properties contribute to effective cleaning solutions.
Sulfamic acid's ability to react with bases to form salts expands its utility in various chemical processes.
In laboratories, sulfamic acid is employed for its versatility as both an acid and a dehydrating agent in experimental setups.

Due to its strong acidic nature, proper safety precautions, such as the use of protective equipment, are essential when handling sulfamic acid.
Its corrosive characteristics make it important to follow established safety guidelines during storage, handling, and disposal.

Sulfamic acid is involved in reactions where nitrogen-containing compounds are synthesized, showcasing its importance in organic synthesis.
Sulfamic acid is used in certain applications where a stable and reliable acid source is required for controlled chemical processes.

Sulfamic acid's purity is a critical factor in its effectiveness, prompting attention to quality control measures during production.
Sulfamic acid is a compound of interest in research and development due to its diverse applications in various chemical and industrial processes.
The unique properties of sulfamic acid contribute to its significance in multiple industries, from cleaning and descaling to catalysis and electroplating.

PROPERTIES

Melting point: 215-225 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point: -520.47°C (estimate)
Density: 2.151 g/cm3 at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 0.8Pa at 20℃
refractive index: 1.553
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: water: soluble213g/L at 20°C
pka: -8.53±0.27(Predicted)
form: Crystals or Crystalline Powder
color: White
PH: 1.2 (10g/l, H2O)
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 146.8 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,8921
Stability: Stable.
LogP: 0 at 20℃
FDA 21 CFR: 186.1093

FIRST AID

Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If sulfamic acid fumes are inhaled, immediately move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Seek Medical Attention:
If respiratory irritation persists or if there are signs of respiratory distress, seek immediate medical attention.

Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
Quickly remove any contaminated clothing to prevent further contact with the skin.

Flush with Water:
Rinse the affected skin area thoroughly with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist, seek medical attention.
Provide information about the nature and extent of exposure to healthcare professionals.

Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring the eyelids are held open to facilitate rinsing.

Contact Lenses:
If applicable, remove contact lenses after the initial flushing and continue rinsing.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist.

Ingestion:

DO NOT Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.

Rinse Mouth:
Rinse the mouth with water if the person has ingested sulfamic acid.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention. Provide medical professionals with information about the ingested substance.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection if there is a risk of inhalation exposure.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid skin and eye contact with sulfamic acid.
Do not ingest or inhale the substance.

Handling Precautions:
Handle sulfamic acid with caution, and follow good laboratory or industrial practices.
Prevent the release of dust or fumes.

Prohibited Activities:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling sulfamic acid.
Avoid activities that may generate dust or aerosols.

Spill and Leak Response:
In case of a spill, clean it up promptly using appropriate absorbent materials.
Wear protective equipment during cleanup.

Waste Disposal:
Dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations.
Consult with authorities for proper disposal methods.

Emergency Equipment:
Ensure that emergency equipment, such as eye wash stations and safety showers, is readily available.

Storage:

Storage Location:
Store sulfamic acid in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials.
Keep it in a designated storage area, separated from food, beverages, and feedstuffs.

Temperature Control:
Store in a location where temperatures are controlled and do not exceed the specified limits.

Containers:
Use appropriate containers made of compatible materials for storage.
Ensure containers are tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption.

Compatibility:
Avoid storing sulfamic acid near incompatible substances, including strong bases, strong acids, and reducing agents.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with the chemical name, hazard information, and handling precautions.
Ensure all containers are properly marked and identifiable.

Segregation:
Segregate sulfamic acid from other chemicals to prevent cross-contamination.

Accessibility:
Ensure easy access to emergency response equipment and exits in the storage area.

Fire Prevention:
Keep sulfamic acid away from heat sources, open flames, and ignition sources.
Store away from combustible materials.

Inspections:
Regularly inspect storage areas for signs of damage, leaks, or deterioration.

SYNONYMS

Amidosulfonic acid
Sulphamic acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulfamidsaeure (German)
Acidum sulfamicum (Latin)
Sulfamic acid, monosodium salt
Sulphamidic Acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Aminosulfuric acid
Acid of sulfur
Amidosulfuric acid
Sulfamidic acid
Aminosulphonic acid
Sulfanilic acid
Amidosulphuric acid
Sulfamidsaeure (German)
Sulfaminic acid
Sulphamidsaeure (German)
Acidum sulfamicum (Latin)
Amidosulphonic acid
Sulfamidsäure (German)
Aminosulphuric acid
Sulfamidic acid, monosodium salt
Sulphamidsaure (German)
Sulphamic acid, amide
Amidoschwefelsaeure (German)
Acidum sulfamidicum (Latin)
Aminoschwefelsäure (German)
Sulfamic Acid, H3NSO3
Amidoschwefelsäure (German)
Sulphamic acid, anhydrous
Aminoschwefelsaeure (German)
Sulfaminic acid
Acidum sulfamicum (Latin)
Amidodisulfuric acid
Sulfaminic acid
Sulfamidsaeure (German)
Sulfamidic acid, monosodium salt
Sulfamidsäure (German)
Acidum sulfamicum (Latin)
Amidoschwefelsaeure (German)
Amidodisulphuric acid
Sulphamic acid, amide
Sulfamidsaure (German)
Amidodisulphonic acid
Sulfanilic acid
Sulfaminic acid, ammonium salt
Sulphamic acid, anhydrous
Sulphamic acid, monosodium salt
Sulphamidic acid
Acid of sulfur
Sulfamic acid, ammonium salt
Amidosulfonic acid
Amidosulphonic acid
Aminosulfuric acid
Sulfamidsaeure (German)
Sulfaminic acid, monosodium salt
Sulphamic acid, amide
Sulphamic acid, monosodium salt

Sulfamidic acid is a chemical compound of H3NO3S colorless, odorless, non-volatile and water soluble.
Sulfamidic acid is not volatile and hygroscopic.

CAS Number: 5329-14-6
EC Number: 226-218-8
Chemical formula: H3NSO3
Molecular Formula: HSO3NH2 / H3NO3S / NH2SO3H

Sulfamidic acid is mainly a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds.
Reaction with cyclohexylamine followed by addition of NaOH gives C6H11NHSO3Na, sodium cyclamate.
Related compounds are also sweeteners, such as acesulfame potassium.

Sulfamates have been used in the design of many types of therapeutic agents such as antibiotics, nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anticancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), anti-epileptic drugs, and weight loss drugs.

Sulfamidic acid is a chemical compound of H3NO3S colorless, odorless, non-volatile and water soluble.
Sulfamidic acid is not volatile and hygroscopic.
Sulphamic acid solutions are less corrosive to metals than other mineral acids.

Sulfamidic acid is a strong acid and its strength can be compared with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
Sulfamic acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.

This colorless, water-soluble compound, Sulfamidic acid, finds many applications.
Sulfamic acid is a member of the following series of compounds: H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), H3NSO3 (sulfamic acid), H4N2SO2 (sulfamide), H5N3SO (unknown), and H6N4S (unknown).

Sulfamic acid is an inorganic solid acid formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of sulfuric acid with an amino group.
Sulfamidic acid is generally a white, odorless crystalline powder with a relative density of 2.126 and a melting point of 205°C.
Sulfamidic acid is easily soluble in water and liquid ammonia.

As long as Sulfamidic acid is kept dry and not in contact with water, solid sulfamic acid does not absorb moisture and is relatively stable.
The aqueous solution of sulfamic acid has the same strong acidity as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, so it is also called solid sulfuric acid.
Sulfamidic acid has the characteristics of non-volatile, odorless and low toxicity to human body.

Sulfamic acid is a common chemical raw material, which can be widely used in the synthesis of herbicides, fire retardants, sweeteners, preservatives, metal cleaning agents, etc.
Sulfamic acid is a water-soluble, moderately strong acid.

Sulfamic Acid is a colorless, water-soluble compound.
Sulfamidic acid is a white crystalline solid.
Sulfamic acid is the simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.

Sulfamidic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Sulfamic acid is an inorganic solid acid formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of sulfuric acid with an amino group.

Sulfamidic acid is generally a white, odorless crystalline powder with a relative density of 2.126 and a melting point of 205°C.
Sulfamidic acid is easily soluble in water and liquid ammonia.
As long as it is kept dry and not in contact with water, solid sulfamic acid does not absorb moisture and is relatively stable.

The aqueous solution of sulfamic acid has the same strong acidity as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, so it is also called solid sulfuric acid.
Sulfamidic acid has the characteristics of non-volatile, odorless and low toxicity to human body.
Sulfamic acid is a common chemical raw material, which can be widely used in the synthesis of herbicides, fire retardants, sweeteners, preservatives, metal cleaning agents, etc.

Sulfamic acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, sulphamic acid and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.
This colourless, water-soluble compound, Sulfamidic acid, finds many applications.

Sulfamic acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen.
Sulfamic acid (H3NSO3) may be considered an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and sulfamide (H4N2SO2), effectively replacing a hydroxyl (–OH) group with an amine (–NH2) group at each step.

This pattern can extend no further in either direction without breaking down the sulfonyl (–SO2–) moiety.
Sulfamates are derivatives of sulfamic acid.
Sulfamic acid appears as a white crystalline solid.
The density of Sulfamidic acid is 2.1 g / cm3.

The melting point of Sulfamidic acid is 205 °C.
Sulfamidic acid is used to make dyes and other chemicals.
Sulfamic acid is the simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
Hygiene: Sulfamidic acid is used for cleaning metal and ceramic surfaces.
Paint: Sulfamidic acid is used in the production of dyestuff and pigment.
Chemistry: Sulfamidic acid is used to synthesize sweetener compounds.

Sulfamidic acid is also an excellent primary (primary) standard for measuring acidity in chemical analyzes.
Paper: Salts and fireproof paper are produced.
The most famous applicaton of sulfamic acid is in the synthesis of compounds that taste sweet.

Sulfamates (O-substituted-, N-substituted-, or di-/tri-substituted derivatives of sulfamic acid) have been used in the design of many types of therapeutic agents such as antibiotics, nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anti-cancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), anti-epileptic drugs, and weight loss drugs.

Reaction with cyclohexylamine followed by addition of NaOH gives C6H11NHSO3Na, sodium cyclamate.
Related compounds are also sweeteners, see acesulfame potassium.
Sulfamic acid is used as an acidic cleaning agent, typically for metals and ceramics.

Sulfamidic acid is a replacement for hydrochloric acid for the removal of rust.
In households, it is often found as a descaling agent in detergents used for removal of limescale.
Sulfamidic acid is used as a catalyst for the esterification process.

Sulfamic acid is used for dye and pigment production.
Urea is used as a coagulator for formaldehyde resins.
Sulfamic acid is the main raw material of ammonium sulfamate, a widely used herbicide and flame retardant material for household products.

Sulfamidic acid is used in the pulp and paper industry as a chloride stabilizer.
Sulfamic acid is used for the synthesis of nitrous oxide by reacting with nitric acid.
The deprotonated form (sulfamate) is a common counterion for nickel(II) in electroplating.

Sulfamidic acid is used to separate nitrite ions from a mixture of nitrite and nitrate ions (NO3− + NO2−) during the qualitative analysis of nitrate with the Brown Ring test.
Sulfamic acid is used as an acidic cleaning agent, typically for metals and ceramics, sometimes as a component of pure or proprietary blends.

Sulfamidic acid is often used to remove rust and limescale to replace the cheaper, more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid.
Sulfamidic acid can be used as a descaler in domestic coffee and espresso machines and denture cleaners.
Sulfamidic acid can also be used for industrial cleaning of dairy and brewery equipment.

Sulfamic acid is used as a standard in acidometry because the solid is non-hygroscopic.
Sulfamidic acid is used as a catalyst in a variety of organic chemical reactions.
Sulfamic acid has been shown to remove nitrite from a mixture of nitrites and nitrates.

Sulfamic acid acts as a catalyst for the esterification process.
Sulfamic acid is commonly used as a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds and as an acidic cleaning agent.
An intermediate between sulfuric acid and sulfamide, Sulfamidic acid can be used as a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds, a therapeutic drug component, an acidic cleaning agent, and a catalyst for esterification.

Uses of Sulfamidic acid: Metal Treatment, Ceramics, Descaling Agent, Dye Manufacturing, Removing Excess Grout, Removing Light Rust, and Cleaning Heat Exchangers
Sulfamidic acid is used to make dyes and other chemicals.

Sulfamidic acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Sulfamidic acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), air care products, coating products, pH regulators and water treatment products, polishes and waxes and textile treatment products and dyes.

Other release to the environment of Sulfamidic acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Sulfamidic acid can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
Widespread uses by professional workers
Sulfamidic acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), polishes and waxes, air care products, non-metal-surface treatment products, fuels and polymers.

Sulfamidic acid is used in the following areas: offshore mining and health services.
Release to the environment of Sulfamidic acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Other release to the environment of Sulfamidic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Sulfamidic acid is used in the following products: polymers, non-metal-surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, air care products, metal surface treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, polishes and waxes, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, welding & soldering products, adhesives and sealants and leather treatment products.

Release to the environment of Sulfamidic acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, manufacturing of the substance, formulation in materials and as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of Sulfamidic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Sulfamidic acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polymers, pH regulators and water treatment products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), metal surface treatment products, leather treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, adhesives and sealants and textile treatment products and dyes.

Sulfamidic acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Sulfamidic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products, fabricated metal products, food products and plastic products.

Release to the environment of Sulfamidic acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as processing aid, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in the production of articles.
Release to the environment of Sulfamidic acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid and as processing aid.

Sulfamic acid is preferable to hydrochloric acid in household use, due to its intrinsic safety.
If inadvertently mixed with hypochlorite based products such as bleach, Sulfamidic acid does not form chlorine gas, whereas the most common acids would; the reaction (neutralisation) with ammonia, produces a salt.

Sulfamidic acid also finds applications in the industrial cleaning of dairy and brewhouse equipment.
Although Sulfamidic acid is considered less corrosive than hydrochloric acid, corrosion inhibitors are often added to the commercial cleansers of which it is a component.

Sulfamidic acid can be used as a descalant for descaling home coffee and espresso machines and in denture cleaners.
Other uses of Sulfamidic acid: Catalyst for esterification process, Dye and pigment manufacturing, Herbicide, Descalant for scale removal, Coagulator for urea-formaldehyde resins, and Ingredient in fire extinguishing media.

Sulfamic acid is the main raw material for ammonium sulfamate which is a widely used herbicide and fire retardant material for household products.
Sulfamidic acid is used Pulp and paper industry as a chloride stabilizer
Sulfamidic acid is used Synthesis of nitrous oxide by reaction with nitric acid

Sulfamidic acid is used The deprotonated form (sulfamate) is a common counterion for nickel(II) in electroplating.
Sulfamidic acid is used to separate nitrite ions from mixture of nitrite and nitrate ions( NO3−+ NO2−) during qualitative analysis of nitrate by Brown Ring test.

Sulfamidic acid is used Obtaining deep eutectic solvents with urea
Sulfamidic acid is used Silver polishing.

-Cleaning agent uses of Sulfamidic acid:
Sulfamic acid is used as an acidic cleaning agent and descaling agent sometimes pure or as a component of proprietary mixtures, typically for metals and ceramics.

For cleaning purposes, there are different grades based on application such as GP Grade, SR Grade and TM Grade.
Sulfamidic acid is frequently used for removing rust and limescale, replacing the more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid, which is cheaper.
Sulfamidic acid is often a component of household descalant, for example, Lime-A-Way Thick Gel contains up to 8% sulfamic acid and has pH 2.0–2.2, or detergents used for removal of limescale.

When compared to most of the common strong mineral acids, sulfamic acid has desirable water descaling properties, low volatility, and low toxicity.
Sulfamidic acid forms water-soluble salts of calcium, nickel, and ferric iron.

-Cleaning Agent:
Sulfamic acid as cleaning agent can be used for cleaning boilers, condensers, heat exchangers, jackets and chemical pipelines.

-Textile Industry:
Sulfamidic acid Can be used as a remover in the dye industry, a fixing agent for textile dyeing, forming a fireproof layer on textiles, and can also be used to make mesh agents and other additives in the textile industry.

-Paper Industry:
Sulfamidic acid can be used as a bleaching aid to reduce or eliminate the catalytic effect of heavy metal ions in the bleaching liquid, so as to ensure the quality of the bleaching liquid, and at the same time, it can reduce the oxidative degradation of metal ions on fibers and prevent the peeling reaction of fibers.
Sulfamidic acid improves the strength and whiteness of pulp.

-Oil Industry:
Sulphamic Acid can be used to unblock the oil layer and improve the permeability of the oil layer.
The sulfamic acid solution is injected into the carbonate rock oil-producing layer, because the sulfamic acid is easy to react with the oil layer rock, which can avoid the deposition of salt generated by the reaction.
Although the treatment cost is slightly higher than with hydrochloric acid, the oil production is doubled.

-Agricultural:
Sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate were originally developed as herbicides.
Electroplating Solution. Sulfamic acid for sale is commonly used in gilding or alloying.
The plating solution of gilding, silver and gold-silver alloys is 60 ~ 170g sulfamic acid per liter of water.

-Sulfamidic acid is used:
*Catalyst for esterification process
*Dye and pigment manufacturing
*Herbicide
*Ingredient in Denture Tablets
*Coagulator for urea-formaldehyde resins
*Ingredient in fire extinguishing media
*Pulp and paper industry as a chloride stabilizer
*Synthesis of nitrous oxide by reaction with nitric acid

IN WHICH SECTORS IS SULFAMIDIC ACID USED?
*Pharmaceutical industry
*Sweeteners
*Paint and pigment production
*fire prevention systems
*paper industry
*Nitrate nitrite separator in Brown ring test
*Domestic and industrial cleaner / descaler

WHAT ARE THE USAGE AREAS of SULFAMIDIC ACID?
Sulfamic acid is a precursor to mainly sweet-tasting compounds. Reaction with cyclohexylamine followed by addition of NaOH gives C6H11NHSO3Na, sodium cyclamate.
Related compounds are also sweeteners such as acesulfame potassium.
Sulfamates are used in the contents of many drugs such as antibiotics, weight loss drugs, nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anticancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), antiepileptic drugs.

STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
First, Sulfamidic acid should be noticed that the compound is well described by the formula H3NSO3, not the tautomer H2NSO2(OH).
The relevant bond distances are S=O, 1.44 and S-N 1.77 Å.
The greater length of the S-N distance is consistent with a single bond.
Furthermore, a neutron diffraction study located the hydrogen atoms, all three of which are 1.03 Å distant from nitrogen.

The structures shown with this article are for the two main tautomers.
Sulfamic acid is a weak acid, Ka = 1.01 x 10−1.
Because the solid is non-hygroscopic, Sulfamidic acid is used as a standard in acidometry (quantitative assays of acid content).
Double deprotonation can be effected in NH3 solution to give [HNSO3]2−.

Sulfamic acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to H2O, SO3, SO2, and N2.
With HNO2, sulfamic acid reacts to give N2, while with HNO3, it affords N2O.
The behavior of H3NSO3 resembles that of urea, (H2N)2CO, in some ways.
Both feature amino groups linked to electron-withdrawing centers that can participate in delocalized bonding.
Both liberate ammonia upon heating in water.

PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
Sulfamic acid is obtained from treatment with sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid
NH2CONH 2 + SO3 + H2SO 4 H2 2NH2SO3H + CO2

HOW IS SULFAMIDIC ACID PRODUCED?
Sulfamic acid is produced industrially by treating urea with a mixture of sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid (or oleum).
The conversion is carried out in two stages:
OC(NH2)2 + SO3 → OC(NH2)(NHSO3H)
OC(NH2)(NHSO3H) + H2SO4 → CO2 + 2H3NSO3

PRODUCTION of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
Sulfamic acid is produced industrially by treating urea with a mixture of sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid (or oleum).
The conversion is conducted in two stages, the first being sulfamation:
OC(NH2)2 + SO3 → OC(NH2)(NHSO3H)
OC(NH2)(NHSO3H) + H2SO4 → CO2 + 2 H3NSO3
In this way, approximately 96,000 tonnes were produced in 1995.

STRUCTURE of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
Sulfamidic acid is well described by the formula H3NSO3, not the tautomer H2NSO2(OH).
The relevant bond distances are 1.44 Å for the S=O and 1.77 Å for the S–N.
The greater length of the S–N is consistent with a single bond. Furthermore, a neutron diffraction study located the hydrogen atoms, all three of which are 1.03 Å distant from the nitrogen.
In the solid state, the molecule of sulfamic acid is well described by a zwitterionic form.

HYDROLYSIS:
The crystalline solid is indefinitely stable under ordinary storage conditions, however, aqueous solutions of sulfamic acid slowly hydrolyse to ammonium bisulfate, according to the following reaction:

H3NSO3 + H2O → [NH4]+[HSO4]−
Sulfamidic acid's behaviour resembles that of urea, (H2N)2CO.
Both feature amino groups linked to electron-withdrawing centres that can participate in delocalised bonding.
Both liberate ammonia upon heating in water, with urea releasing CO2 while sulfamic acid releases sulfuric acid.

ACID-BASE REACTIONS:
Sulfamic acid is a moderately strong acid, Ka = 0.101 (pKa = 0.995).
Because the solid is not hygroscopic, Sulfamidic acid is used as a standard in acidimetry (quantitative assays of acid content).
H3NSO3 + NaOH → NaH2NSO3 + H2O
Double deprotonation can be effected in ammonia solution to give the anion HNSO2−3.
H3NSO3 + 2 NH3 → HNSO2−3 + 2 NH+4

REACTION WITH NITRIC AND NITROUS ACIDS:
With nitrous acid, sulfamic acid reacts to give nitrogen:
HNO2 + H3NSO3 → H2SO4 + N2 + H2O
while with concentrated nitric acid, it affords nitrous oxide:
HNO3 + H3NSO3 → H2SO4 + N2O + H2O

REACTION WITH HYPOCHLORITE:
The reaction of excess hypochlorite ions with sulfamic acid or a sulfamate salt gives rise reversibly to both N-chlorosulfamate and N,N-dichlorosulfamate ions.
HClO + H2NSO3H → ClNHSO3H + H2O
HClO + ClNHSO3H ⇌ Cl2NSO3H + H2O
Consequently, sulfamic acid is used as hypochlorite scavenger in the oxidation of aldehydes with chlorite such as the Pinnick oxidation.

REACTION WITH ALCOHOLS:
Upon heating sulfamic acid will react with alcohols to form the corresponding organosulfates.
Sulfamidic acid is more expensive than other reagents for doing this, such as chlorosulfonic acid or oleum, but is also significantly milder and will not sulfonate aromatic rings.
Products are produced as their ammonium salts.

Such reactions can be catalyzed by the presence of urea.
Without the presence of any catalysts, sulfamic acid will not react with ethanol at temperatures below 100 °C.
ROH + H2NSO3H → ROS(O)2O− + NH+4
An example of this reaction is the production 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, a wetting agent used in the mercerisation of cotton, by combining sulfamic acid with 2-ethylhexanol.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
Chemical formula: H3NSO3
Molar mass: 97.10 g/mol
Appearance: white crystals
Density: 2.15 g/cm3
Melting point: 205 °C (401 °F; 478 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: Moderate, with slow hydrolysis
Solubility: Moderately soluble in DMF
Slightly soluble in MeOH
Insoluble in hydrocarbons
Acidity (pKa): 1.0[1]
Molecular Weight: 97.10 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -1.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 96.98336413 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 96.98336413 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 88.8Å²

Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 92.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Melting point/range: 215 - 225 °C - dec.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C

Decomposition temperature: 209 °C
pH: 1,5 at 10 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 181,4 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0,008 hPa at 20 °C 0,025 hPa at 100 °C
Density: 2,151 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Dissociation constant: -0,99 at 25 °C
Appearance: White Crystalline Powder
Synonyms: Sulphamic Acid
CAS No.: 5329-14-6
MF: H2NSO3H
HS Code: 2811199090

UN NO.:2967
Molecular Weight: 97.088
Color: White
Melting Point: 200.0°C to 208.0°C
Packaging: Plastic Bottle
Assay Percent Range: 99%
Linear Formula: H2NSO3H
Physical Form: Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Fieser: 11117
Merck Index: 159053
Molecular Weight： 97.0937
Exact Mass： 97.09
EC Number： 226-218-8
UNII： 9NFU33906Q
ICSC Number： 0328
NSC Number： 1871
UN Number： 2967
DSSTox ID： DTXSID6034005
Color/Form： ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS|WHITE CRYSTALLINE SOLID
Granular grade is off-white in color
HScode： 28111990.9
PSA： 88.77
XLogP3： 0.529

Appearance： white crystalline powder
Density： 2.15 g/cm3
Melting Point： 205 °C
Boiling Point： 247°C
Flash Point： 205°C
Refractive Index： 1.553
Water Solubility： H2O: 146.8 g/L (20 ºC)
Storage Conditions： Store in a cool, dry place.
Store in a tightly closed container.
Do not store in metal containers.
Flammability characteristics： Flammability Limits = 9.3 vol%
Odor： ODORLESS
PH： 1N, pH=0.41; 0.75N, pH=0.5; 0.5N, pH=0.63; 0.25N, pH=0.87; 0.1N, pH=1.18; 0.05N, pH=1.41; 0.01N, pH=2.02
Dissociation Constants： Dissociation constant at 25 °C = 0.101
Water Solubility: 146.8 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 148,921
Stability: Stable.
InChIKey: IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Appearance: White crystalline
Assay: ≥99.5%
Loss on drying: ≤0.10%
SO4: ≤0.05%
NH3: ≤200ppm
Fe: ≤0.003%
Heaby metal (pb): ≤10ppm
Chloride (CL): ≤1ppm
PH value (1%): 1.0-1.4
Bulk Density: 1.15-1.35g/cm3
Insoluble water substance: ≤0.02%
Melting point: 215-225 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point: -520.47°C (estimate)
density: 2.151 g/cm3 at 25 °C
refractive index: 1.553
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility water: soluble213g/L at 20°C
pka: -8.53±0.27(Predicted)
form: Crystals or Crystalline Powder
color: White
PH: 1.2 (10g/l, H2O)

FIRST AID MEASURES of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter B-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B:
Non-combustible

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SULFAMIDIC ACID:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

SYNONYMS:
SULFAMIC ACID
5329-14-6
Amidosulfonic acid
Sulphamic acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Imidosulfonic acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulfaminic acid
Jumbo
Aminosulfuric acid
Sulphamidic acid
Kyselina sulfaminova
Kyselina amidosulfonova
Caswell No. 809
sulfuramidic acid
NSC 1871
Sulfamidsaeure
HSDB 795
amidohydroxidodioxidosulfur
Amidoschwefelsaeure
EINECS 226-218-8
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078101
UNII-9NFU33906Q
CHEBI:9330
DTXSID6034005
AI3-15024
9NFU33906Q
NSC-1871
H2NSO3H
MFCD00011603
UN2967
CHEMBL68253
DTXCID4014005
[S(NH2)O2(OH)]
EC 226-218-8
Sulfamic acid [UN2967]
(S(NH2)O2(OH))
CAS-5329-14-6
SULFAMIC ACID, ACS
SULFAMIC ACID, REAG
sulfoamine
Sulphamic-acid-
amidosulphuric acid
Sulfamic acid (ACN
SCALE CLEEN
ALPROJET W
AMINESULFONIC ACID
WLN: ZSWQ
NH2SO3H
Sulfamic acid (packaging)
Sulfamic acid, ACS grade
H3NO3S
SULFAMIC ACID [MI]
NCIOpen2_000675
SULFAMIC ACID [HSDB]
BDBM26994
H3-N-O3-S
NSC1871
Sulfamic acid, p.a., 99.5%
Sulfamic acid, analytical standard
Sulfamic acid, reagent grade, 98%
Tox21_201905
Tox21_303482
NA2967
STL282725
7773-06-0 (mono-ammonium salt)
AKOS005287325
Sulfamic acid, ACS reagent, 99.3%
UN 2967
NCGC00090927-01
NCGC00090927-02
NCGC00257489-01
NCGC00259454-01
Sulfamic acid [UN2967]
Sulfamic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Sulfamic acid, >=99.5% (alkalimetric)
LS-147664
FT-0688102
Sulfamic acid, 99.999% trace metals basis
Sulfamic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Sulfamic acid, JIS special grade, >=99.5%
Q412304
W-105754
Sulfamic acid, analytical standard (for acidimetry), ACS reagent
Amidosulfonic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Sulphamic acid
Aminosulfuric acid
Imidosulfonic acid
Jumbo
Kyselina amidosulfonova
Kyselina sulfaminova
Sulfamidic acid
UN 2967
Sulfaminic acid
NSC 1871
sulphamidic acid
amidosulfonic acid
amidosulfuric acid
aminosulfonic acid
sulfamidic acid
Sulfamic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulphamic acid
Amidosulfonic acid
Aminosulfuric acid
Jumbo
Aminesulfonic acid
Sulfaminic acid
Scale Cleen
Alprojet W
NSC 1871
Steradent Active Plus
1266250-83-2
aminosulfuricacid
Imidosulfonic acid
Jumbo
Kyselina amidosulfonova
Kyselina sulfaminova
famic acid
SULFAMIDIC ACID
SULFAMIC ACID
aminosulfuricacid
Imidosulfonic acid
Jumbo
Kyselina amidosulfonova
Kyselina sulfaminova
famic acid
SULFAMIDIC ACID
SULFAMIC ACID

CAS number: 121-57-3
EC number: 204-482-5
Chemical formula: C6H7NO3S
Molar Mass: 173.19

Sulfanilic acid is also known as Sulphated Sulfanilic acid.
Sulfanilic acid is the only oil that will completely disperse in water.
Sulfanilic acid is expressed from the seed.
Sulfanilic acid is created by adding sulfuric acid to Sulfanilic acid and is considered the first synthetic detergent.

Sulfanilic acid has a distinctive and intense smell.
Sulfanilic acid is a surfactant and therefore makes a great base for Sulfanilic acid as it mixes well with water to form a milk bath.
Sulfanilic acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, sulphamic acid and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.
This colourless, water-soluble compound finds many applications.
Sulfanilic acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen.

Sulfanilic acid is well described by the formula H3NSO3, not the tautomer H2NSO2(OH).
The relevant bond distances are 1.44 Å for the S=O and 1.77 Å for the S–N.
The greater length of the S–N is consistent with a single bond.
Furthermore, a neutron diffraction study located the hydrogen atoms, all three of which are 1.03 Å distant from the nitrogen.
In the solid state, the molecule of Sulfanilic acid is well described by a zwitterionic form.

Aqueous solutions of Sulfanilic acid are unstable and slowly hydrolyse to ammonium bisulfate, but the crystalline solid is indefinitely stable under ordinary storage conditions.
Sulfanilic acids behaviour resembles that of urea, (H2N)2CO. Both feature amino groups linked to electron-withdrawing centres that can participate in delocalised bonding.
Sulfanilic acid is a moderately strong acid, Ka = 0.101 (pKa = 0.995).
Because the solid is not hygroscopic, it is used as a standard in acidimetry (quantitative assays of acid content).

USES of Sulfanilic acid:
-Used to make dyes and other organic chemicals
-Also used as an analytical reagent (Ehrlich’s reagent and determination of nitrites) and antibacterial
-Used in the paper
-Pulp, board
-polymer industries
-Used as an additive to construction materials and foodstuffs
-Catalyst for esterification process
-Dye and pigment manufacturing
-Herbicide
-Descalant for scale removal
-Coagulator for urea-formaldehyde resins
-Ingredient in fire extinguishing media. Sulfanilic acid is the main raw material for ammonium sulfamate which is a widely used herbicide and fire retardant material for household products.
-Pulp and paper industry as a chloride stabilizer
-Synthesis of nitrous oxide by reaction with nitric acid
-The deprotonated form (sulfamate) is a common counterion for nickel(II) in electroplating.
-Used to separate nitrite ions from mixture of nitrite and nitrate ions( NO3−+ NO2−) during qualitative analysis of nitrate by Brown Ring test.

APPLICATIONS of Sulfanilic acid:
-Food Colors like Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine,etc.D&C Yellow 6 Food Color，
-Optical Brightener Agent
-dyestuff intermediates like 1-(4-Sulphophenyl)-3-Carboxy-5-Pyrazolone，1-(4-Sulphophenyl)-3-Methyl-5-Pyrazolone.

Sulfanilic acid is a common building block in organic chemistry.
As the compound readily forms diazo compounds, Sulfanilic acid is used to make dyes and sulfa drugs.
Sulfanilic acid is also used for the quantitative analysis of nitrate and nitrite ions by diazonium coupling reaction with N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine, resulting in an azo dye, and the concentration of nitrate or nitrite ions were deduced from the color intensity of the resulting red solution by colorimetry.
The diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid may be used in the preparation of azo dyes such as o-anisaldehyde, orange I and orange II.

Sulfanilic acid may also be used in the preparation of 2,6-dibromoaniline via bromination followed by desulfonation.
Reagent for the detection of histidine; intermediate for dyes and pharmaceuticalsSulfanilic acid is used as a reagent for chromatographic detection of histidine.
Sulfanilic acid is also used as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis.
Sulfanilic acid is utilized in quantitative analysis of nitrate and nitrite ions.

Sulfanilic acid plays an essential role in the manufacturing of azo dyes and in synthesis of sulfa drugs.
Sulfanilic acid is used as a dopant for the chemical synthesis of polyaniline.
Sulfanilic acid is used to prepare 2,4-diamino-6-p-sulphoanilinopyrimidine by reacting with 6-chloro-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine.
Sulfanilic acid is a Tartrazine metabolite used for detection of nitrites.

Sulfanilic acid is used as Ehrlich's reagent for detection of nitrites.
Sulfanilic acid is also a metabolite of Tartrazine.
Sulfanilic acids chemical formula is C6H7NO3S, and this product is also known as p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid.
Sulphanilic Acid produced in Bondalti is a crystalline white solid, slightly water-soluble.

PROPERTIES of Sulfanilic acid:
-CAS number: 121-57-3
-EC index number: 612-014-00-X
-EC number: 204-482-5
-Grade: ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
-Hill Formula: C₆H₇NO₃S
-Chemical formula: NH₂C₆H₄SO₃H
-Molar Mass: 173.19 g/mol
-HS Code: 2921 42 00

CHARACTERISTICS of Sulfanilic acid:
-Density: 1.4862 g/cm3 (20 °C)
-Ignition temperature: >400 °C
-Melting Point: 288 °C decomposes
-pH value: 2.5 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
-Bulk density: 620 kg/m3
-Solubility: 10 g/l

Sulphanilic Acid is industrially obtained from the hot reaction between aniline and sulphuric acid, subsequently purified, crystallised and, finally subject to drying and bagging.
Sulfanilic acid's supplied packaged in big-bags or in 25 kg bags.
From the modern uses of Sulphanilic Acid, the production of colourings for textile and food industry stands out, as well as optic whiteners for paper and detergents manufacture.
Sulfanilic acid is also at the basis of known sulphamides, important medications used from the early 20th century to treat streptococcal infections, having contributed to save countless lives.

Sulfanilic acid represents an important substance, which is frequently utilized in the industry of azo dyes as well as in drug development of antimicrobials (e.g. of sulfonamides).
Sulfanilic acid, of systematic name 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, is one of the most important organic compounds in chemistry and technology of azo dyes.
By reaction with an alkali nitrite in acid medium, sulfanilic acid provides diazonium salt that can easily couple as an electrophile with phenol in the alkaline medium or with aromatic amine in the acidic medium to form azo compounds.
Many of these substances are used in practice as synthetic azo dyes in textile and food industry.

The two well known dyes produced from sulfanilic acid are the acid-base indicator methyl orange and Orange II for textile colouring.
Sulfanilic acid is one of the most widely-used sulfonated aromatic amines in the production of azo dyes, dyeing auxiliaries, food coloring, pharmaceuticals perfumes and pesticides.
The resulting water contamination calls for the development of cost-effective treatment technologies.
Sulfanilic Acid Indicator Solution (Sulfanilic Acid Indicator Solution Solution or Solutions class is a product, and it is a adjusted solution used in laboratory and R&D studies, trials, experiments, etc.).

Sulfanilic acid is zwitterionic.
Sulfanilic acid is highly soluble in basic solutions, and moderately soluble in strongly acidic solutions.
Sulfanilic acids isoelectric point is 1.25, which would be the optimum pH for precipitating and recrystallizing it.
Sulfanilic acid crystallizes from water as a dihydrate, but can be dehydrated by heating.

Sulfanilic acid is a white solid when pure, but commercial and home made samples are usually off-white or even purple, due to contamination with trace amounts of strongly colored polyaniline compounds.
Sulfanilic acid (4-amino benzene sulfonic acid ) is an off-white crystalline solid which finds application in quantitative analysis of nitrate and nitrite ions.
Sulfanilic acid appears as white powder with faint purple tinge.
Grayish-white flat crystals.

Becomes anhydrous at around 212°F.
Low toxicity (used medicinally).
Sulfanilic acid is an aminobenzenesulfonic acid that is aniline sulfonated at the para-position.
Sulfanilic acid has a role as a xenobiotic metabolite, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and an allergen.

Sulfanilic acid is a conjugate acid of a 4-aminobenzenesulfonate.
Sulfanilic acid is an organic compound with the formula H3NC6H4SO3.
Sulfanilic acid is an off-white solid.
Sulfanilic acid is a zwitterion, which explains its high melting point.

SPECIFICATION:
-Items: Specification
-Appearance: White to off white powder
-Assay%: 99.0% min
-Aniline%: 0.01% max
-Insoluble%: 0.03% max
-Moisture%: 0.30% max
-Assay (acidimetric): 99.0 - 102.0 %
-Identity (IR-spectrum): passes test
-Matter insoluble in sodium carbonate solution: ≤ 0.01 %
-Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.002 %
-Nitrite (NO₂): ≤ 0.5 ppm
-Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.01 %
-Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.001 %
-Sulfated ash: ≤ 0.01 %

Sulfanilic acid exists as a zwitterion, and has an unusually high melting point.
As the compound readily form diazo compounds, Sulfanilic acid is used to make dyes and sulpha drugs.
Sulfanilic acid is also used for the quantitative analysis of nitrate and nitrite ions by diazonium coupling reaction with N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylene diamine , resulting in an azo dye, and the concentration of nitrate or nitrite ions were deduced from the color intensity of the resulting red solution by colorimetry.
Sulfanilic acid is also used as a standard in combustion analysis.

The results of the research showed that the Sulfanilic acid derivatives can be used to formulate the wetting agent with properties comparable to the normal wetting agent.
Sulfanilic acid was modified by sulfation to yield Sulfanilic acid, which can be used as a wetting and dyeing agent and in cotton and linen finishings.

This review of the use of Sulfanilic acid in the chemical and polymer industries clearly demonstrates that Sulfanilic acid is a very valuable renewable resource.
Besides the direct use of this OH group functional Sulfanilic acid in many applications (e.g. for PU synthesis, a number of industrial procedures are well established to obtain a variety of different renewable platform chemicals).
In particular, the industrially available platform chemicals Sulfanilic acid and sebacic acid, in combination with the newly available α,o-bifunctional derivatives obtained via olefin metathesis, offer the potential to derive vast amounts of different polyesters and PAs with different application possibilities from Sulfanilic acid sustainable fashion.
Moreover, the various uses of Sulfanilic acid in polymer applications, described and highlighted in this additive, clearly demonstrate that Sulfanilic acid is and will be one of the most promising renewable raw materials for the chemical and polymer industries.

The production of wetting agent from Sulfanilic acid was carried out repeatedly.
Many desirable properties of Sulfanilic acid make it very useful in the wetting industry, so Sulfanilic acid can serve as a good substitute for synthetic wetting agent, traditional detergent bases.

Sulfanilic acid may be considered an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and sulfamide (H4N2SO2), effectively replacing a hydroxyl (–OH) group with an amine (–NH2) group at each step.
This pattern can extend no further in either direction without breaking down the sulfonyl (–SO2–) moiety.
Sulfanilic acids are derivatives of Sulfanilic acid.
Sulfanilic acid is mainly a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds.

Reaction with cyclohexylamine followed by addition of NaOH gives C6H11NHSO3Na, sodium cyclamate.
Related compounds are also sweeteners, such as acesulfame potassium.

PROPERTIES of Sulfanilic acid:
-Quality Level: 100
-assay: 97%
-SMILES string: O.[Na+].Nc1ccc(cc1)S([O-])(=O)=O
-InChI: 1S/C6H7NO3S.Na.H2O/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11(8,9)10;;/h1-4H,7H2,(H,8,9,10);;1H2/q;+1;/p-1
-InChI key: VDGKZGAQOPUDQL-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Sulfanilic acids have been used in the design of many types of therapeutic agents such as antibiotics, nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anticancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), antiepileptic drugs, and weight loss drugs.
Sulfanilic acid is used as an acidic cleaning agent and descaling agent sometimes pure or as a component of proprietary mixtures, typically for metals and ceramics.
For cleaning purposes, there are different grades based on application such as GP Grade, SR Grade and TM Grade.
Sulfanilic acid is frequently used for removing rust and limescale, replacing the more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid, which is cheaper.

Sulfanilic acid is often a component of household descalant, for example, Lime-A-Way Thick Gel contains up to 8% Sulfanilic acid and has pH 2.0–2.2, or detergents used for removal of limescale.
When compared to most of the common strong mineral acids, Sulfanilic acid has desirable water descaling properties, low volatility, and low toxicity.
Sulfanilic acid forms water-soluble salts of calcium and ferric iron.
Sulfanilic acid appears as a white crystalline solid.

Density 2.1 g / cm3.
Melting point 205°C. Combustible.
Irritates skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Low toxicity.

Used to make dyes and other chemicals.
Sulfanilic acid is the simplest of the Sulfanilic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.
Sulfanilic acid is preferable to hydrochloric acid in household use, due to its intrinsic safety.
If erroneously mixed with hypochlorite based products such as bleach, Sulfanilic acid does not form chlorine gas, whereas the most common acids would; the reaction (neutralisation) with ammonia, produces a salt, as depicted in the section above.

Sulfanilic acid also finds applications in the industrial cleaning of dairy and brewhouse equipment.
Although Sulfanilic acid is considered less corrosive than hydrochloric acid, corrosion inhibitors are often added to the commercial cleansers of which Sulfanilic acid is a component.
Sulfanilic acid can be used as a descalant for descaling home coffee and espresso machines and in denture cleaners.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of Sulfanilic acid:
-Melting point: >300 °C(lit.)
-Density: 1.485
-refractive index: 1.5500 (estimate)
-storage temp.: Store in dark!
-Solubility: 10g/l
-Pka: 3.24(at 25℃)
-form: solid
-PH2.5: (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
-Water Solubility: 0.1 g/100 mL (20 ºC)
-Merck: 14,8926
-BRN: 908765
-Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
-InChIKey: HVBSAKJJOYLTQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
-FDA 21 CFR: 176.180
-CAS DataBase Reference: 121-57-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
-FDA UNII: 434Z8C2635
-NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-amino-(121-57-3)
-EPA Substance Registry System: Sulfanilic acid (121-57-3)

TECHNICAL INFORMATIONS about Sulfanilic acid:
-Appearance :Powder
-Physical State :Solid
-Storage :Store at room temperature
-Melting Point :>300° C (lit.)
-Density :1.49 g/cm3 at 20° C

SOLUBILITY of Sulfanilic acid:
Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol, ether, caustic soda and sodium carbonate.

STORAGE of Sulfanilic acid:
Sulfanilic acid acid is best kept in a clean bottle, away from bases.
-4°C, protect from light
-In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

SYNONYM:
4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
121-57-3
Sulphanilic acid
p-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
Aniline-4-sulfonic acid
Sulfanilsaeure
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-amino-
Aniline-p-sulfonic acid
Aniline-p-sulphonic acid
p-Aminophenylsulfonic acid
Kyselina sulfanilova
p-Anilinesulfonic acid
CHEBI:27500
NSC 7170
4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid
SUFANILIC ACID
UNII-434Z8C2635
P-SULFANILIC ACID
MFCD00007886
ANILINE P-SULFONIC ACID
CHEMBL1566888
4-AMINOBENZENESULPHONIC ACID
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-amino-, homopolymer
434Z8C2635
Sulfanilic acid, ACS reagent
Amidosulfonic acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Sulphamic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Imidosulfonic acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulfaminic acid
Jumbo
Sulphamidic acid
Aminosulfuric acid
Kyselina sulfaminova
Kyselina amidosulfonova
sulfuramidic acid
NSC 1871
MFCD00011603
UNII-9NFU33906Q
amidohydroxidodioxidosulfur
H2NSO3H
CHEMBL68253
CHEBI:9330
[S(NH2)O2(OH)]
9NFU33906Q
Sulfanilic acid, 99%
DSSTox_CID_14005
DSSTox_RID_79107
DSSTox_GSID_34005
Caswell No. 809
Kyselina sulfaminova
CAS-5329-14-6
HSDB 795
Kyselina amidosulfonova
EINECS 226-218-8
4-amino benzenesulphonic acid
4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid
4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid
p-aminobenzenesulphonic acid
phanilic acid
Sulfanilic Acid
Sulfanilic acid
Sulfanilsäure
Sulphanilic acid
sulphanilic acid
Sulphanilic Acid
sulphanilic acid
4-Amino-benzolsulfonsäure (de)
4-aminobenseensulfoonhape (et)
4-aminobentseenisulfonihappo (fi)
4-aminobenzensolfonico (it)
4-aminobenzensulfonová kyselina (cs)
4-aminobenzensulfonrūgštis (lt)
4-aminobenzensulfonska kiselina (hr)
4-aminobenzensulfonska kislina (sl)
4-aminobenzensulfonsyra (sv)
4-aminobenzensulfonsyre (no)
4-aminobenzolsulfonskābe (lv)

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid; Aniline-4-sulfonic acid; p-Anilinesulfonic acid; Sulfanilic acid; Kyselina Sulfanilova (Czech); Sulfanilsaeure (German); Aniline-p-sulfonic acid; 4-Sulfanilic acid; Aniline-4-sulfonic acid CAS NO: 121-57-3

ARTIFICIAL BARITE; ARTIFICIAL HEAVY SPAR; BARITE; BARYTES; Baryum, sulfate de; PRECIPITATED BARIUM SULPHATE; Sulfate de baryum; SULFATE DE BARYUM ANHYDRE; Noms anglais :Barium sulfate; BARIUM SULFATE (1:1); Barium sulphate; BARYTE; SULFURIC ACID, BARIUM SALT; SULFURIC ACID, BARIUM SALT (1:1). Utilisation: Agent opacifiant pour radiographie. BARIUM SULFATE, N° CAS : 7727-43-7, Nom INCI : BARIUM SULFATE, Nom chimique : Barium sulphate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-784-4. Colorant cosmétique : Colore les cosmétiques et/ou confère une couleur à la peau. Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques. Barium sulfate, barit, Barii sulfas; Barite ; Barium salt of sulfuric acid; Barium sulfate ; Barium sulphate; Bariumsulfat [German]; Baryte; Sulfate de baryum [French] ; Sulfuric acid, barium salt ; Acb Pws; Actybaryte; Anatrast Pst; Bakontal; Baraflave; Baricon ; Baricon (TN); Baricon for suspension; Baridol; Barii sulphas; Bario sulfato; barite; Barito; Baritogen deluxe; Baritop; Baritop 100; Baritop G Powder; Baritop P; Baritop; Barosperse; Barotrast; E-Z-Paque; Enamel White; EneCat; EneMark; EntroBar; Esophotrast; Liquipake; Macropaque; Micropaque; Microtrast; Radiobaryt; Radiopaque; Readi-CAT; Barium 100; Barium Andreu; Barium sulfate (1:1); Barium sulfic acid; Barium sulfuricum; Barium sulphic acid; barium(+2) cation sulfate; barium(2+) sulfate; Bariumsulfate; Baro Bag Enema; Barobag; Barocat; Barocat Susp; Barodense; Baroloid; Barosperse;; Barosperse 110; Barosperse Disposable Enema Units; Barosperse for Susp; Barosperse II; Barotrast; Bar-Test; Baryta White; Barytes; Barytgen; Baryum (sulfate de); Baryx Colloidal; Baryxine; BaSO4; Basofor;; Bayrites. Le sulfate de baryum est un corps chimique minéral cristallin anhydre composé d'anions sulfates et de cations baryum, de formule chimique BaSO4. C'est également un minéral naturel, nommé barytine ou communément baryte par les minéralogistes.Il s'agit d'un solide ionique, incolore à blanc à l'état pur, cristallisant dans le système orthorhombique, et de densité 4,48 élevée grâce au cation baryum. Il forme à l'état naturel des cristaux plats tabulaires parfois regroupés en forme de "rosettes de barytine" parfois agencés en lamelles. Il se décompose à partir de 1 580 °C. Il est fusible à la flamme et donne une boule blanche. Il crépite et colore la flamme en vert jaune. Le minéral soumis aux UV présente souvent une fluorescence et une phosphorescence. Sa thermoluminescence est parfois signalée. Il est quasiment insoluble dans l'eau et d'autres solvants classiques, et s'il est soluble légèrement dans l'acide sulfurique concentré à froid, il l'est surtout à chaud. Il est soluble dans HI. Le sulfate de baryum est répertorié parmi les sels de sulfates les plus insolubles connus dans l'eau.Les trois quart de la baryte extraite le sont pour alourdir ou mieux ajuster la densité des boues de forages à grande profondeur, par exemple au cours de l’exploitation du pétrole. Le sulfate de baryum, en amas de petits cristaux fins, est aussi un pigment blanc réputé dans les peintures et une charge minérale dans les papiers. Dans la peinture (de chantier ou artistique) et les enduits, on l'utilise comme charge et pigment (blanc fixe), par son pouvoir peu couvrant et parce qu'il ne dégrade pas les couleurs. Il est utilisé dans la radiologie médicale en tant que contrastant et modifie l'absorption des rayons X. La radiologie conventionnelle détecte des contrastes supérieurs à 4 %, ainsi il est plus facile de visualiser les os ou les poumons par exemple. Il est aussi appelé « bouillie barytée » lors d'un examen du tube digestif. Il fait partie de la liste des médicaments essentiels de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé

CALCIUM SULFATE, N° CAS : 7778-18-9 - Sulfate de calcium, Nom INCI : CALCIUM SULFATE, Nom chimique : Calcium sulphate (CI 77231), N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-900-3, Additif alimentaire : E516, Agent Abrasif : Enlève les matières présentes en surface du corps, aide à nettoyer les dents et améliore la brillance., Agent de foisonnement : Réduit la densité apparente des cosmétiques, Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques, Agent nacrant : Donne une apparence nacrée aux cosmétiques

COPPER SULFATE, N° CAS : 7758-98-7 - Sulfate de cuivre, Nom INCI : COPPER SULFATE, Nom chimique : Copper sulphate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-847-6, Additif alimentaire : E519 Classification : Sulfate. Principaux synonymes. Noms français :COPPER (2+) SULFATE (1:1); COPPER (2+) SULFATE ANHYDRIDE; COPPER MONOSULFATE;COPPER SULFATE (1:1) ; COPPER SULFATE (CUSO4); COPPER(2+) SULFATE; COPPER(II) SULFATE, ANHYDROUS; CUPRIC SULFATE ANHYDROUS; HYDROCYANITE (FORME NATURELLE);SULFATE ;CUIVRIQUE ANHYDRE; Sulfate de cuivre (II); SULFATE DE CUIVRE ANHYDRE; SULFATE DE CUIVRE(II) ANHYDRE; SULFURIC ACID COPPER(2+) SALT; SULFURIC ACID COPPER(2+) SALT (1:1); SULFURIC ACID, COPPER SALT; SULFURIC ACID, COPPER(2+) SALT (1:1) Noms anglais : ANHYDROUS COPPER SULFATE ANHYDROUS COPPER SULPHATE ANHYDROUS CUPRIC SULFATE COPPER MONOSULFATE ANHYDRIDE COPPER MONOSULFATE, ANHYDROUS COPPER SULFATE ANHYDRIDE COPPER SULFATE, ANHYDROUS COPPER SULPHATE ANHYDRIDE Copper(II) sulfate CUPRIC SULFATE, ANHYDROUS Utilisation : Fongicide, algicide

SULFATED CASTOR OIL, N° CAS : 8002-33-3, Nom INCI : SULFATED CASTOR OIL, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-306-7, Classification : Sulfate, Tensioactif anionique. Castor-oil sulfated sodium salt; MFCD00132540; SULFATED CASTOR OIL; Sulfonated castor oil; Sulforicinolate sodium salt ; Turkey red oil sodium salt; Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI) . Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : HUILE D'ANDRINOPLE ROUGE; HUILE DE CASTOR SULFATEE. Noms anglais : CASTOR OIL SOLUBLE ; CASTOR OIL, SULFATED; SULFATED CASTOR OIL; SULFONATED CASTOR OIL; TURKEY-RED OIL. Utilisation et sources d'émission : Agent dispersant, fabrication de shampooings; Castor oil, sulfated; Castor oil sulfated; Castor oil, sulfonated; sulfated castor oil; Turkey-red oil; Z,12R)-12-Hydroxy-18-sulfonato-9-octadécénoate de disodium [French] 9-Octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxy-18-sulfo-, sodium salt, (9Z,12R)- (1:2) [ACD/Index Name] Dinatrium-(9Z,12R)-12-hydroxy-18-sulfonato-9-octadecenoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Disodium (9Z,12R)-12-hydroxy-18-sulfonato-9-octadecenoate [ACD/IUPAC Name] 232-306-7 [EINECS] 8002-33-3 [RN] Castor-oil sulfated sodium salt; MFCD00132540; SULFATED CASTOR OIL; Sulfonated castor oil; Sulforicinolate sodium salt ; Turkey red oil sodium salt

SODIUM SULFITE N° CAS : 7757-83-7 - Sulfite de sodium Nom INCI : SODIUM SULFITE Nom chimique : Sodium sulphite N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-821-4 Additif alimentaire : E221 Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur Restriction en Europe : III/99, V/9 La concentration maximale autorisée dans les préparations cosmétiques prêtes à l'emploi est de 0,2 % (en SO2 libre). Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent bouclant ou lissant (coiffant) : Modifie la structure chimique des cheveux, pour les coiffer dans le style requis Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.

Turkey Red Oil; Turkey Red Oil Sodium Salt; Castoroil sulfated; SULFATED CASTOR OIL; sulfonated castor oil; SULFORICINOLATE SODIUM SALT; Turkey red oil sodium salt 100% CAS NO: 8002-33-3

SULFONIC ACID Nom INCI : SULFONIC ACID

synonyme : huile de ricin sulfaté, Inci : sulfated castor oil, Cas : 68187-76-8, EC : 269-123-7, HUILE DE RICIN SULFATÉE; Castor oil, sulfated, sodium salt; Castor oil, sulfated, sodium salt; : Castor oil, sulfated, Na salt; Castor Oil, sulphated, sodium salt; Castor Oil,sulfated,sodium salt; Reaction product of castor oil with sulphuric acid and subsequent neutralisation with sodium hydroxide; Sulfated castor oil, sodium salt; HYDRIOSUL HRN.100;Ricínový olej, sulfatovaný, sodná sůl in Lube Green preparation; Serepon; Turkey red oil, sodium salt; sülfone hint yağı kırmızısı sodyum tuzu

huile de ricin sulfaté, sulfated castor oil, Cas : 68187-76-8, EC : 269-123-7; Castor oil, sulfated, sodium salt; Castor oil, sulfated, Na salt; Castor Oil, sulphated, sodium salt; Castor Oil,sulfated,sodium salt; Reaction product of castor oil with sulphuric acid and subsequent neutralisation with sodium hydroxide; Sulfated castor oil, sodium salt

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a anionic surfactant substance in treat cotton, hemp, viscose and their blended products.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a very good wetting agent for aqueous systems and for mineral dispersions.

CAS Number: 577-11-7
EC number: 216-684-0
MDL number: MFCD00012455
Chemical Name: Sodium Di Octyl Sulfosuccinate (DOSS)
Chemical Groups: Anionic Surfactant
Molecular Formula: C2OH38O7

Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate, Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate, Docusatnatrium, SULPHOSUCCINICACID,DIOCTYLESTER,SODIUMSALT, SUCCINICACID,SULPHO-1,4-BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL)ESTER,SODIUMS, SODIUMDI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)SULPHOSUCCINATE, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium, Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Di-(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate), DIOCTYL SODIUM SULFUSUCCINATE, Di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinic acid,sodium salt, Dioctyl sulfosuccinate solution sodium salt, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt, Docusate sodium, AOT, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt, DOSS, Docusate sodium, Dioctyl sodiosulfosuccinate, Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, Dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt, Sodium bis(octyl)sulfosuccinate, Sodium di-n-octyl sulfosuccinate, Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, Sodium O,O-dioctylsulfosuccinic acid, Sodium sulfosuccinic acid dioctyl ester, Sulfosuccinic acid 1,4-dioctyl ester sodium salt, 1639-66-3, Texapon DOS, DI-N-OCTYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE, Butyl-cerumen, Bu-cerumen, Neocol SW 30, Solbaleite, Elfanol 883, Butanedioic acid, sulfo-, 1,4-dioctyl ester, sodium salt, Succinic acid, sulfo-, 1,4-dioctyl ester, sodium salt, 1,4-Bis(n-octyl) sulfobutanedioate, sodium salt, 4YLY5570Y0, Sulfobutanedioic acid, 1,4-di(n-octyl) ester, sodium salt, Succinic acid, sulfo-, dioctyl ester, sodium salt, Caswell No. 392I, NSC-7779, Sodium di-n-octylsulfosuccinate, HSDB 4086, dicapryl sodium sulfosuccinate, NSC 7779, EINECS 216-684-0, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 079027, UNII-4YLY5570Y0, SCHEMBL22809, DTXSID7041881, dioctylsulfosuccinic acid sodium salt, SODIUM DIOCTYL SULFOSUCCINATE [HSDB], DICAPRYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE [INCI], NS00019454,
EN300-22170136, sodium;1,4-dioctoxy-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate, Q27260677, SODIUM 1,2-BIS(OCTYLOXYCARBONYL)-1-ETHANESULFONATE, SODIUM 1,4-BIS(OCTYLOXY)-1,4-DIOXOBUTANE-2-SULFONATE, AEROSOL OT, Penetrant T, AEROSOL OTB, AEROSOL(R) OT, AEROSOL(TM) OT, Docusate sodium, AEROSOL(R) OT-100, Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, Dioctylsulfosuccinate sodium salt, DIETHYLHEXYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE, Sodium diethylhexyl sulfosuccinate, Dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt, 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodiumsulfosuccinate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt, Sulfosuccinic acid, dioctyl ester, sodium salt, AOT, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt, Docusate sodium salt, Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, Sulfobutanedioic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl ester) sodium salt, Sulfosuccinic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt, bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinatic acid sodium salt, docusate sodium, AOT, DOSS,
DSS,DOCUSATE SODIUM,AOT,SODIUM DIOCTYL SULFOSUCCINATE,Docusate,DIOCTYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE,DOSS,Sodium Docusate,AEROSOL OT,DIETHYLHEXYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE, docusate sodium, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, aerosol ot, constonate, diox, manoxol ot, diomedicone, clestol, complemix, defilin
Docusatnatrium, SULPHOSUCCINICACID,DIOCTYLESTER,SODIUMSALT, SUCCINICACID,SULPHO-1,4-BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL)ESTER,SODIUMS, SODIUMDI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)SULPHOSUCCINATE, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium, Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Di-(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate), DIOCTYL SODIUM SULFUSUCCINATE, Di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinic acid,sodium salt, Dioctyl sulfosuccinate solution sodium salt, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt, Docusate sodium, Aerosol OT-B, Sulfobutanedioic Acid 1,4-Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Ester Sodium Salt, Sulfosuccinic Acid 1,4-Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Ester Sodium Salt, 05035TX, 1,4-Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Sodium Sulfosuccinate, A 501, AOT, AOT 100, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) S-Sodium Sulfosuccinate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Sodiosulfosuccinate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Sodium Sulfosuccinate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate Sodium Salt, Di(2-ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate Sodium Salt, Di-2-ethylhexyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate, Dialose, Dioctlyn, Dioctyl, Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate, Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate Sodium, Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate Sodium Salt, Dioctyl-Medo Forte, Dioctylal, Diomedicone, Diosuccin, Diotilan,

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is an excellent wetting agent for use in aqueous systems even at low concentrations, and for use in mineral dispersions.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is one of the best surface tension reducers on the market.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used in many industrial applications for its excellent wetting, however it also is an excellent foamer and provides good foam stabilization.

As a rule, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 surfactants are typically mild to the skin and offer very low eye irritation.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 often referred to as DSS, Aerosol OT, or AOT – is a common ingredient in consumer products, especially laxatives of the stool softener type.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 typically comes in the form of a sodium, calcium, or potassium salts.
When coupled with harsh surfactants, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has shown a significant drop the irritation imparted.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a very good wetting agent for aqueous systems and for mineral dispersions.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be a useful emulsifier agent for oil in water emulsions.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 finds application in emulsion polymerization and agricultural applications.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is one of the numerous advanced ceramic materials manufactured.

Side effects of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 are uncommon.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is acceptable during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a laxative of the stool softener type and works by allowing more water to be absorbed by the feces.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is colorless or light yellow liquid, soluble in water and organic solvents such as benzene and carbon tetrachloride.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a chemical compound commonly used as a surfactant and emulsifier in various industries.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is manufactured in Europe.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is prepared by maleic anhydride and sec-octanol catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyst and sulfonated with sodium bisulfite.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is all-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also a material in laxatives and as cerumenolytics.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 usually shows as docusate either calcium, potassium or sodium salt.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a high-efficient penetrant.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a white solid, often supplied as an aqueous solution.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is an organic sodium salt.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is odorless colorless to white waxy solid.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 sinks and mixes slowly with water.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 mixes slowly with water.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used all-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a anionic surfactant substance in treat cotton, hemp, viscose and their blended products.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be bleached or dyed directly without boiling, which can improve the dyeing defects, and the fabric after printing and dyeing has a softer and fuller feel.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is colorless or light yellow liquid, soluble in water and organic solvents such as benzene and carbon tetrachloride.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a chemical compound commonly used as a surfactant and emulsifier in various industries.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is one of the best surface tension reducers on the market.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 finds applications in personal care products such as shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics, where it helps to improve foaming properties and enhance product stability.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also a material in pesticide wet neutral powder.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a high-speed wetting agent suitable for use in all cases where prompt and perfect wetting is important, moderate foaming is not detrimental or is beneficial and aqueous solutions contain solid or liquid insoluble particles.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is widely used in the textile, leather and mining industries, oil fields, agriculture, coatings, metalworking, household detergents and construction where it provides rapid wetting of fibre, dust particles, hard surfaces, leaves etc.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is commonly employed as an emulsifier in oil-in-water emulsions, in the processes of emulsion polymerization.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a pesticide used popularly for crops of olives, almonds, wine grapes, corn and oranges.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as an excipient in the production of tablets (as a lubricant) and suspensions (as an emulsifier).

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used Dyes and pigments, HI&I cleaning, Emulsion polymerization, Metalworking, Leather industry, Paints and coatings, Industrial auxiliaries, Construction chemicals, Textile auxiliaries, Oil fields, Printing industry, and Agriculture.
In the food industry, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant, thickener, solvent, emulsifier.
Concentrations of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 up to 0,5% are used.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is commonly found in spreadable fat blends, spreadable cheeses, cottage cheese spreads, salad dressings and is designated E480 in the E classification.
In animal husbandry, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as one of the components in microencapsulation.

This method is used to protect the valuable components of feed additives from degradation in the stomach and to allow them to travel further down the digestive tract.
In medicine, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as an active ingredient to remove sulfur from the ears, to treat peristalsis, anal lesions and other hemorrhagic lesions, and as a lubricant and emulsifier in the manufacture of tablets or active emulsions.

In agriculture, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as an emulsifier in the manufacture of fungicides, herbicides and other products to facilitate mixing with water and spray application on leaves.
In cosmetics, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used both as an emulsifier in O/W emulsion-based products and as a cleanser in water-based products such as surfactant.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a high-efficient penetrant.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a anionic surfactant substance in treat cotton, hemp, viscose and their blended products.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used textile dyeing.

The fabric can be bleached or dyed directly without boiling, which can improve the dyeing defects, and the fabric after printing and dyeing has a softer and fuller feel.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also a material in pesticide wet neutral powder.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is administered orally or rectally; in tablets, capsules, suppositories and enemas.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also used as an emulsifier and dispersant in topical preparations.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is the most widely used surfactant in reverse micelle encapsulation studies.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70, when used in conjunction with irrigation, is also an effective means of earwax removal
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be used as a hydrotrope to produce transparent formulations when they are otherwise opaque due to emulsion formation.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is commonly found in bath products, body and skin products, shaving foams, etc.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to make a microemulsion with CAPSO for the electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to prepare reverse micelles.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used surfactant.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be taken by mouth or rectally.
Usually Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 works in one to three days.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is an excellent emulsifier, detergent and penetrant used in the textile industry.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used good permeability and wettability.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also called aerosol OT, used as a lubricant.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to make a microemulsion for the electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be used as a surfactant in the printing and dyeing industry and the cosmetics industry
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 also called docusate sodium or sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate is a 2-ethyl hexyl diester of succinic acid with a sulphonic acid group as a salt in the sodium form.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a compound that has interest in various research fields, particularly in studies concerning surfactants and their applications.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is widely used in experiments to understand micelle formation, surface tension reduction, and emulsification properties, which are essential for the development of detergents, emulsifiers, and dispersants.

Researchers investigate the interaction of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 with different substrates to comprehend its role in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds.
Additionally, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is utilized in the study of membrane permeability and the transport of substances across biological barriers, due to its ability to alter the structure of lipid bilayers.

In materials science, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is employed to modify the surface properties of nanoparticles, influencing their stability and interaction with various media.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is not resistant to strong acids, strong alkalis, heavy metal salts and reducing agents.

The penetration is fast and uniform, and the wettability, emulsification and foaming are also good.
The effect is best when the temperature is below 40 ℃ and the PH value is between 5-10.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has strong permeability and can significantly reduce surface tension.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has a molecular weight of 444.6 and molecular formula C20H37NaO7S.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is on the WHO list of essential medicines and is used for palliative care (emollient laxative with stool-softening activity) in oral form as a liquid or capsule.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as a flavor potentiator in canned milk where it improves and maintains the flavor of the sterilized milk during storage.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 also functions as a processing aid in the manufacture of unrefined sugar.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also used as food additive for its emulsifying and humectant activity and in cosmetics.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has the advantages of stable quality and good efficacy.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used all-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a mild surfactant used as a cleans ing agent.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used for the treatment of constipation, acting as a laxative or stool softener.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also used in the synthesis of electrospun fibres for tailored and controlled antibiotic drug release.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also termed sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a surfactant that is used in the formulation of aerosol products.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be used as a matrix for the analytical determination of enzyme activities such as glutathione reductase and cytochrome p450, which are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to develop reverse micelles.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to enhance the electrical conductivity and cell attachment in polycaprolactone fumarate and polypyrrole (PCLF–PPy) composite materials.

Surfactant, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as a leveling agent in the printing and dyeing industry, and can also be used as a photosensitive material emulsion.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used for the treatment of constipation, acting as a laxative or stool softener.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a laxative used to treat constipation.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is considered a good choice in children who have hard feces.
For constipation due to the use of opiates Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 may be used with a stimulant laxative.

Surfactant, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as leveling agent in printing and dyeing industry, and also used as emulsion for photosensitive materials.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has effective wetting property which makes the industrial use in adhesives and sealants, cleaning and furnishing care products(fabric, textile, and leather products), ink, toner, and colorant products (pigment dispersion); laundry and dishwashing products; lubricants and greases; paints and coatings&paper products.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 forms reverse micelles in hydrocarbon solvents.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is suitable for the solubilization of the major myelin transmembrane proteolipid
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used anticholinergic, treatment of motion sickness

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a wetting and emulsifying agent that is slowly soluble in water, having a solubility of 1 g in 70 ml of water.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 functions as a wetting agent in fumaric acid-containing powdered fruit drinks to help the acid dissolve in water.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as a stabilizing agent on gums at not more than 0.5% by weight of the gum.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has fire extinguishing properties since in solutions it generates foam and allows water spreading to contain fires.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has been generally recognized as safe (GRAS)for use in carbonated and non-carbonated beverages functioning as a wetting agent or solubilizer for flavor emulsion stabilizers at levels up to 10 ppm.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 also finds use in the drug, cosmetics, food industry and as a laxative to treat constipation.
Further, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as a food additive, emulsifier and dispersant.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 plays an important role as an excipient in the production of tablets and suspensions.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be used as an anionic surfactant: To prepare microemulsion with sodium salt of 3-(cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPSO) for the electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also used in the synthesis of electrospun fibres for tailored and controlled antibiotic drug release.

The preparation of reversed phase microparticles in a hydrocarbon vehicle is suitable for solubilizing most membrane proteins.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as surfactant, used as penetrant in printing and dyeing industry.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also used as an emulsifying, wetting, and dispersing agent, as a pesticide, as well as a component of the oil dispersant Corexit which was used in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is an anionic surfactant, a substance that lowers the surface tension of water.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also widely used in the same areas.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also used as a food additive, emulsifier, dispersant, and wetting agent, among others.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used textile dyeing.
Applicable Processes of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70: Emulsion Polymerization, Mining Applications, Paper Manufacturing, Petroleum Processing, Rubber Manufacturing, Textiles Manufacturing.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be used as an anionic surfactant: To prepare microemulsion with sodium salt of 3-(cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPSO) for the electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to develop reverse micelles.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as a wetting agent.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used thickener; Emulsifier; Wetting agent.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also called aerosol OT, it is used as a lubricant and can be used as a surfactant in the printing and dyeing industry and cosmetics industry.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to enhance the electrical conductivity and cell attachment in polycaprolactone fumarate and polypyrrole (PCLF–PPy) composite materials.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 which offers excellent wetting,emulsifying and dispersing properties.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used in industrial and institutional cleaning applications,emulsion polymerization,paints and coatings ,paper and textile, agrochemicals,oilfield and dry cleaning application.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also known as aerosol OT, used as lubricant, can be used as surfactant in printing and dyeing industry and cosmetics industry, surfactant, dyeing and finishing industry as levelling agent.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can also be used as a photosensitive material emulsion surfactant, emulsifier, wetting agent.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as salts, dibasic anionic surfactant, are used as powerful wetting agent, penetrating agents and dispersants.
End applications of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 include agrochemicals.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has been shown to have an optimum concentration of 0.1% and fluorescence probe with a pH range between 7-9.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 also shows ionotropic gelation properties at concentrations greater than 1%.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used wetting and solubilizing agent.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used as a surfactant, wetting agent and in the preparation of reverse micelles.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is utilized in electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is an excellent wetting agent and emulsifier, as well as a 70% active version of the sodium salt of dioctyl sulfosuccinate.

With low VOC and a pourable consistency at room temperature, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is ideal for use as a primary emulsifier in emulsion polymerization.
Uses for Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 range from dewatering and de-dusting aid in mineral processing to emulsion polymerization.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be found in medications that require solubilization or emulsification.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 should be handled with care as it may cause eye and skin irritation.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 should be stored in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials.
Environmental impact information suggests low toxicity levels when Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used according to recommended guidelines.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to make a microemulsion for the electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also used in the synthesis of electrospun fibers for the customization and control of antibiotic drug release.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is an excellent emulsifier, detergent and penetrant used in textile industry.

The permeability and wettability of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 were good.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used thickener; Emulsifier; Wetting agent.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a surfactant, emulsifier, wetting agent.

Other applications of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 include, mild shampoos and bath products, textile scouring and finishing, and carpet shampoos.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has also been used as a dispersant for oil spills.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has moisturizing, decontaminating properties, is used to treat constipation, used as a laxative or stool softener.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to make a microemulsion for the electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is high active ester, very effective at low concentrations for applications as a high- Speed wetting agent in dyeing and washing operations for the textile industry.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used in various applications in Textiles, Agrochemicals, Paper, Printing, Mining, etc.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used Capsule Suspensions (CS), Concentrated Emulsions (EW), Latex Manufacture, Microemulsions (ME), Oil in Water Emulsions (EW), Ready-To-Use (RTU), Soluble Concentrates (Sl), Soluble Liquids (SL), Suspension Concentrates (SC), Suspoemulsions (SE), Water Dispersible Granules (WG), and Wettable Powders (WP).

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can be used as an emulsifier agent for oil-in-water emulsions for emulsion polymerization, agricultural and textile applications.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to make a microemulsion for the electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used surfactant, dyeing and printing industry as leveling agent.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can also be used as photosensitive material emulsion.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 for the treatment of constipation, is used as a laxative or stool softener.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is also used in the synthesis of electrospun fibers for tailoring and controlling antibiotic drug release.

-Clinical use of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to make stools softer and easier to pass.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used in symptomatic treatment of constipation, and in painful anorectal conditions such as hemorrhoids and anal fissures for people avoiding straining during bowel movements.

Patients taking Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 should drink plenty of water to irrigate the bowel, thereby increasing motility.
Given orally, the effects are usually seen 1 to 3 days after the first dose.
Given rectally, as an enema or suppository, a bowel movement usually occurs within 5 to 20 minutes.

-Pharmaceutical Applications of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 and docusate salts are widely used as anionic surfactants in pharmaceutical formulations.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is mainly used in capsule and direct-compression tablet formulations to assist in wetting and dissolution.

-Surfactant uses of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to make a microemulsion for the electrophoresis detection of natural and synthetic estrogens.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is used to prepare reverse micelles.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a surfactant, which is a compound that lowers the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a solid.

IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS, THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS OF SULFOCCINATE DOS 70 ARE DISTINGUISHED:
*Cleanser:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 helps keep surfaces clean
*Emulsifier:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying surface tension (water and oil)
*Hydrotrope:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 increases the solubility of a low soluble substance in water.
*Surfactant:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 reduces the surface tension of the cosmetic and contributes to the even distribution of the product during application

FEATURES OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodiumSulfosuccinate DOS 70milky white, resistant to strong acids, strong alkalis, heavy metal salts and reducing agents.
Its penetration is fast and uniform, and Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 has good wetting, permeability, emulsification and foaming properties.
The effect of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is best below 40 ℃ and PH 5-10.

PRODUCTION METHODS OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Maleic anhydride is treated with 2-ethylhexanol to produce Sulfosuccinate DOS 70, which is then reacted with sodium bisulfite.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is a white or almost white, waxlike, bitter tasting, plastic solid with a characteristic octanol-like odor.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is hygroscopic and usually available in the form of pellets, flakes, or rolls of tissuethin material.

FUNCTIONS OF SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
*Emulsifier,
*Latex Frothing Agent,
*Adjuvant,
*Wetting Agents
*Dewatering Agent,
*Emulsifier,
*Leveling Agent,
*Leveling Agent,
*Release Agent,
*Wetting Agent

RECOMMENDED DOSAGE OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Below 1500 times can be added 2-3%, with the pesticide multiple increase the appropriate amount of addition, the specific amount and use method should be adjusted according to the factory for small trial, so as to achieve the best treatment effect.

PRODUCTION METHOD OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is obtained by reacting diisooctyl maleate with sodium metabisulfite.
maleic anhydride was esterified with α-ethylhexanol followed by addition of sodium bisulfite.
280kg of maleic anhydride, 1 100kg of octanol and 2kg of sulfuric acid were sequentially put into the reaction kettle, refluxed under reduced pressure, and water was separated by a water separator.

The acid value reached 2mg KOH/g as the end point.
The feed liquid was transferred into the neutralization kettle.
The aqueous layer was separated and dealcoholized under reduced pressure.

The heating was stopped at 160 °c.
The alcohol was recovered.
The crude ester was transferred into the sulfonation kettle.

Add 1 000kg of water, 312kg NaHSO3, draw out the air inside the kettle, seal the sulfonation kettle, react at 0.1~0.25 MPa for 6h, and let stand for stratification.
The effluent and a small amount of turbid substance were separated.
Finished Packaging.

FEATURES OF SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is easily soluble in water, the solution is milky white, resistant to strong acids, strong alkalis, heavy metal salts and reducing agents.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70's penetration is fast and uniform, and it has good wetting, permeability, emulsification and foaming properties.
The effect is best below 40 ℃ and PH 5-10.

REACTIVITY PROFILE OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 causes foaming and spreading of water.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 assists in putting out fires by water.

SAFETY PROFILE OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70s are used in oral formulations as therapeutic agents for their fecal softening and laxative properties.
As a laxative in adults, up to 500mg of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is administered daily in divided doses; in children over 6 months old, up to 75 mg in divided doses is used.

The quantity of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 used as an excipient in oral formulations should therefore be controlled to avoid unintended laxative effects.
Adverse effects associated with Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and skin rashes.

Sulfosuccinate DOS 70s are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in bile; they may cause alteration of the gastrointestinal epithelium.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 should not be administered with mineral oil as it may increase the absorption of the oil.

SOLUBILITY OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70 IN ORGANCS:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is the dioctyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinate (bis-2-ethyl-hexyl sodium sulfosuccinate).
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 dissolves slowly in water; at 25°C to the extent of 1.5 gm/100cc; at 70°C, 5.5 gm/100cc.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 dissolves in oils, hydrocarbons, fats and waxs by heating above 75°C and remains in solution when cooled to room temperature.

At room temperature, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is readily soluble in most organic solvents, both polar and non-polar.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is soluble in carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether, naphtha, xylene, dibutyl phthalate, liquid petroleum, acetone, alcohol, vegetable oils.

STORAGE OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is stable in the solid state when stored at room temperature.
Dilute aqueous solutions of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 between pH 1–10 are stable at room temperature.
However, at very low pH (<1) and very high pH (>10) Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 solutions are subject to hydrolysis.
The solid material, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70, is hygroscopic and should be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.

PURIFICATION METHODS OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Dissolve Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 in MeOH and the inorganic salts which precipitate are filtered off.
Water is added and the solution is extracted several times with hexane.

The residue is evaporated to one-fifth its original volume, *benzene is added and azeotropic distillation is continued until no water remains. The solvent is evaporated.
The white residual solid is crushed and dried in vacuo over P2O5 for 48hours.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 solubilises major myelin trans membrane proteolipids, and forms reverse micelles in hydrocarbon solvents.

INCOMPATIBILITIES OF SULFOSUCCINATE DOS 70:
Electrolytes, e.g. 3% sodium chloride, added to aqueous solutions of Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 can cause turbidity.
However, Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 possesses greater tolerance to calcium, magnesium, and other polyvalent ions than do some other surfactants.
Sulfosuccinate DOS 70 is incompatible with acids at pH < 1 and with alkalis at pH > 10.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
Melting point: 173-179°C(lit.)
Boiling point: 82.7°C
Density: 1.1
Storage conditions: Inertatmosphere, RoomTemperature
Form: WaxySolid
Specific gravity: 1.005
PERCENTVOLATILE:40
Color: White
Water solubility: 1.5g/100mL(25ºC)
Boiling Point, ºC: 80
Density at 25°C, g/ml: 1.05
Flash Point, °C: 27
Form at 25°C: Liquid
Pour Point, °C: <0

Specific Gravity at 25°C: 1.05
Category:Surfactants
Actives, %:70
Boiling Point, ºC:80
Density at 25°C, g/ml:1.05
Flash Point, °C:27
Form at 25°C:Liquid
Pour Point, °C:<0
Specific Gravity at 25°C:1.05
RVOC, U.S. EPA %:8
CAS Number: 577-11-7
Molecular Weight: 444.56
EC Number: 209-406-4
MDL number: MFCD00012455

Physical state: Wax like
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 173 - 179 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: > 200 °C at 984 hPa below the boiling point.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: > 180 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility: 8,17 g/l at 20 °C soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,146 g/cm3 at 27,4 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: The product has been shown not to be oxidizing.
Other safety information:
Surface tension 30,65 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Molecular Weight: 444.6 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 20

Exact Mass: 444.21576897 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 444.21576897 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 118Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 29
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 517
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: Colorless to light yellow viscous liquid

Solid Content: 45±1%
pH Value: 4-8
Permeability(canvas settlement method, 1% concentration, 25℃): ≤5 "
Ionic Character Anion
CAS NUMBER: 577-11-7
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C20H37NaO7S
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 444.559 g/mol
EC NUMBER: 209-406-4
MDL NUMBER: MFCD00012455
Melting point: 173-179 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 82.7°C
Density: 1.1
vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25℃
storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature

solubility: methanol: 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
form: Waxy Solid
color: White
Specific Gravity: 1.005_PERCENT VOLATILE: 40
Water Solubility: 1.5 g/100 mL (25 ºC)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.1
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.05
Merck: 14,3401
BRN: 4117588
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M
LogP: 1.998 at 20℃
FDA 21 CFR: 172.810; 175.105; 175.300; 175.320; 176.170; 177.1200; 177.2800; 178.3400; 310.545; 73.1

Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): DIOCTYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE
CAS DataBase Reference: 577-11-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: F05Q2T2JA0
ATC code: A06AA02,A06AG10
EPA Substance Registry System: Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (577-11-7)
Product Name: Sulfosuccinate DOS 70
Categories: Biochemicals
CAS: 577-11-7
Molecular Formula: C20H37NaO7S
Molecular Weight: 444.56
Storage Details: Ambient
Harmonised Tariff Code: 29171980 EXP 2917198090 IMP
Acidity: 2.5 max. (on solids basis)

Color: White
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 96%
Beilstein: 04, IV, 114
Fieser: 15,149
Merck Index: 15, 3446
Solubility Information: 300ppm max.
Insoluble Matter (in toluene, in 50% soln.)
Formula Weight: 444.55
Percent Purity: ≥95%
Physical Form: Waxy Solid
Chemical Name or Material: Dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt
Formula: C20H37NaO7S
Formula weight: 444.56

Color: White
Assay Percent Range: ≥95%
Physical Form: Waxy Solid
Applications: For analysis
Compound Formula: C20H37NaO7S
Molecular Weight: 444.56
Appearance: White Waxlike Sheet
Melting Point: 173-179°C
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: N/A
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 444.215769
Monoisotopic Mass: 444.215769
Melting point: 173-179°C(lit.)
Boiling point: 82.7°C

Density: 1.1
Storage conditions: Inertatmosphere, RoomTemperature
Solubility: methanol:0.1MatChemicalbook20°C,clear,colorless
Form: WaxySolid
Specific gravity: 1.005_PERCENTVOLATILE:40
Color: White
Water solubility: 1.5g/100mL(25ºC)
CAS Number: 577-11-7
Free Base: 10041-19-7
Molecular Formula: C₂₀H₃₇NaO₇S
Molecular Weight444.56
Appearance: White to off-white sticky to waxy solid
Purity: ≥99%
Infrared Spectrum: Conforms to reference
Water (KF)≤2%

Residual Solvents: 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol: ≤0.5% n-Hexane: ≤0.029
Dichloromethane: ≤ 0.06% Isopropanol: ≤0.5% Methanol: ≤0.3%
Related Substances: Limit of bis(2-ethylhexyl) maleate: ≤0.4%
Residue on Ignition: 15.5-16.5%
Heavy Metals≤0.001%
Odor: Characteristic odor suggestive of octyl alcohol but no odor of other solvents.
Clarity of Solution: Dissolve 25g in 100ml of alcohol;
the solution does not develop a haze within 24 hours
Solubility: Chloroform (Sparingly), Methanol (Slightly)
Very soluble in solvent hexane; freely soluble in alcohol and in glycerin;
sparingly soluble in water
Storage and StabilityStore at -20°C under inert atmosphere.
For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial prior to removing the cap.

CAS: 577-11-7
EINECS: 209-406-4
InChI: InChI=1/C20H38O7S.Na/c1-5-9-11-16(7-3)14-26-19(21)13-18(28(23,24)25)20(22)27-15-17(8-4)12-10-6-2;/h16-18H,5-15H2,1-4H3,(H,23,24,25);/q;+1
InChIKey: APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Molecular Formula: C20H37O7S.Na
Molar Mass: 444.56
Density: 1.1
Melting Point: 173-179°C(lit.)
Boling Point: 82.7°C
Water Solubility: 1.5 g/100 mL (25 ºC)
Solubility: Soluble in water, ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether,
xylene, acetone and vegetable oil, etc.
Vapor Presure: 0 Pa at 25℃

Appearance: White wax
Specific Gravity: 1.005_PERCENT VOLATILE: 40
Color: White
Maximum wavelength(λmax): ['λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.1', 'λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.05']
Merck: 14,3401
BRN: 4117588
Storage Condition: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
MDL: MFCD00012455
Physical and Chemical Properties: Melting point 153-157°C
water-soluble: 1.5g/100 mL (25°C)

FIRST AID MEASURES of SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SULFOCCINATE DOS 70:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Sulfoxylate is a whitish to light yellow crystalline solid having a sulfur dioxide-like odor.
Sulfoxylate is a powerful reducing agent.
Sulfoxylate has therefore been suggested to be used as an additive in kraft pulping to improve the yield.

CAS Number: 7775-14-6
EC Number: 231-890-0
Chemical Formula: Na2S2O4
Molar Mass: 174.11 g/mol

Sodium dithionite, SODIUM HYDROSULFITE, 7775-14-6, Sodium hydrosulphite, Dithionous acid, disodium salt, Sodium sulfoxylate, Disodium dithionite, Sodium hypodisulfite, Vatrolite, 2K5B8F6ES1, CHEBI:66870, Blankit, Burmol, Hydros, sodiumdithionite, Blankit IN, Hydrosulfite R Conc, V-Brite B, Disodium hydrosulfite, Caswell No. 774, CCRIS 1428, HSDB 746, Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4), Sodium dithionite (Na2(S2O4)), EINECS 231-890-0, UN1384, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078202, UNII-2K5B8F6ES1, sodium dithionit, sodiumhydrosulfite, Sodiumhydrosulphite, sodium hydro sulfite, MFCD00011640, sodium sodium hydrosulfite, Dithionous aciddisodiuMsalt, Na2S2O4, EC 231-890-0, Sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), SODIUM DITHIONITE [II], SODIUM DITHIONITE [MI], CHEMBL3410462, DTXSID9029697, Na2 (S2 O4), SODIUM DITHIONITE [MART.], SODIUM HYDROSULFITE [HSDB], SODIUM HYDROSULFITE [INCI], Dithionous acid, sodium salt (1:2), AKOS015904498, Sodium dithionite or sodium hydrosulfite, BP-13393, FT-0695294, S0562, Q414560, Sodium dithionite or sodium hydrosulfite [UN1384] [Spontaneously combustible], Sodium dithionite [Wiki], 14844-07-6 [RN], 231-890-0 [EINECS], 2K5B8F6ES1, 7775-14-6 [RN], Dinatriumdithionit [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Disodium dithionite [ACD/IUPAC Name], Dithionite [ACD/IUPAC Name], Dithionite de disodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Dithionous acid, disodium salt, MFCD00011640 [MDL number], Sodium hydrosulfite, Sodium hydrosulphite, Sodium hypodisulfite, 1340-77-8 [RN], Blankit, Burmol, Disodium hydrosulfite, disodium sulfinatosulfinate, Dithionous aciddisodiumsalt, EINECS 231-890-0, SODIUM DITHIONATE, Sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), Sodium Hydrosulfite, 85per cent, Sodium hydrosulfite, Sodium hypodisulfite, Sodium hyposulfite, Sodium sulfoxylate, sodiumdithionite, UNII:2K5B8F6ES1, UNII-2K5B8F6ES1, Vatrolite, V-Brite B

Sulfoxylate is a white crystalline powder with a sulfurous odor.
Although Sulfoxylate is stable in dry air, Sulfoxylate decomposes in hot water and in acid solutions.

Sulfoxylate is a whitish to light yellow crystalline solid having a sulfur dioxide-like odor.
Sulfoxylate spontaneously heats on contact with air and moisture.

This heat may be sufficient to ignite surrounding combustible materials.
Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat containers of Sulfoxylate may violently rupture.
Sulfoxylate is used in dyeing and to bleach paper pulp.

Sulfoxylate is a whitish to light yellow crystalline solid having a sulfur dioxide-like odor.
Sulfoxylate spontaneously heats on contact with air and moisture.

This heat may be sufficient to ignite surrounding combustible materials.
Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat containers of this material may violently rupture.
Sulfoxylate is used in dyeing and to bleach paper pulp.

Sulfoxylate is an inorganic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of dithionous acid.
Sulfoxylate has a role as a reducing agent and a bleaching agent.

Sulfoxylate contains a dithionite(2-).
The dithionous acid ion and Sulfoxylate salts.

Sulfoxylate is also called sodium hydrosulfite, sodium sulfoxylate and sulfoxylate.
Sulfoxylate is unstable under physiological conditions, Sulfoxylate degradation rate increases with increasing acidity.

After contact with moisture, Sulfoxylate is oxidized to hydrogen sulfide (hso3-), sulfite (so32-), and hydrogen sulfate (hso4-).
Sulfoxylate can release sulfur dioxide under strongly acidic conditions.

Under anaerobic conditions (as in the lower gastrointestinal tract), hydrogen sulfide (hso3-) and thiosulfate (s2o32-) can occur.
Hydrogen sulfide (hso3-) can be absorbed after ingestion.
Sulfoxylate is metabolized efficiently and most of Sulfoxylate is rapidly excreted as sulfate in the urine.

Sodium hydrosulfite is widely used in industry due to Sulfoxylate reducing properties and ability to react with oxygen.
Sulfoxylate is used as a reducing bleaching agent to make yellow discoloration of cellulose-based products in the textile industry, in the pulp and paper industry as a reducing bleach, as an oxygen scavenger in boilers, for preservation and water treatment to remove iron stains on cultural artifacts.

Iron flash control on white fabrics in bleaching environments.
Sulfoxylate is also used in photographic film, clay, wine, leather goods, food and beverages, polymers, cleaners, gas cleaning, environmental remediation, metal recovery and chemical processing.

Sulfoxylate (Na2S2O4) is a powerful reducing agent.
Sulfoxylate has therefore been suggested to be used as an additive in kraft pulping to improve the yield.

However, Sulfoxylate easily decomposes and Sulfoxylate is thus important to determine the effect of different conditions.
The stability of Sulfoxylate was found to decrease with increasing heating temperature, concentration of Sulfoxylate, heating time and pH.

Sulfoxylate was found to be relatively stable at moderate alkaline pH: 11.5 and 12.5, while a rapid decrease in stability with time was noted at higher heating temperatures and concentrations of Sulfoxylate.
Based on this study on the thermal stability of Sulfoxylate, the following conditions are suggested as the most promising, when adding Sulfoxylate to the kraft cooking as an additive; pH 12.5, with 0.4 M concentration of the solution, at a heating temperature of 100 °C.

Uses of Sulfoxylate:
Sulfoxylate is used to dye fibers and textiles, to strip dyes from fabrics, and to bleach sugar, soap, oils and wood pulp.
Sulfoxylate is used as a chemical reagent and an oxygen scavenger in the production of synthetic rubber.

All uses of Sulfoxylate are based on Sulfoxylate reducing properties.
In the textile industry, Sulfoxylate is primarily used as reducing agent for vat dyes and sulfur containing dyes, and for the removal of pigments on textiles.
Sulfoxylate is also used as a bleaching agent in reductive bleaching processes, for instance, in the bleaching of mechanical paper pulp, and the bleaching of cotton and wool, as well as sugar.

Industry Uses:
Bleaching agent
Bleaching agents
Cleaning agent
Dye
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)
Oxidizing/reducing agents
Reducing agent
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Reducing agent

Usage Areas of Sulfoxylate:
In the textile sector, Sulfoxylate provides a reductive reaction with the dye remaining on the fiber after dyeing, allowing excess dye to be removed from the fiber.
Sulfoxylate is used in the paper industry for bleaching pulp.

Sulfoxylate is used in the food industry to bleach sherbet and maltose.
Sulfonation in water treatment, bleaching of minerals by removing iron ions, production of chemicals

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Pulp and Paper Processing
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)
Toxic Gas from Spilling Chemical in Water

Applications of Sulfoxylate:

Industry:
Being water-soluble, Sulfoxylate is used as a reducing agent in some industrial dyeing processes.
In the case of sulfur dyes and vat dyes, an otherwise water-insoluble dye can be reduced into a water-soluble alkali metal salt (e.g. indigo dye).

Sulfoxylate can also be used for water treatment, aquarium water conditioners, gas purification, cleaning, and stripping.
Sulfoxylate has also been applied as a sulfonating agent.

In addition to the textile industry, this compound is used in industries concerned with leather, foods, polymers, photography, and many others, often as a decolourising agent.
Sulfoxylate is even used domestically as a decoloring agent for white laundry, when Sulfoxylate has been accidentally stained by way of a dyed item slipping into the high temperature washing cycle.
Sulfoxylate is usually available in 5 gram sachets termed hydrosulfite after the antiquated name of the salt.

Sulfoxylate is the an active ingredient in "Iron Out Rust Stain Remover", a commercial rust product.

Laboratory:
Sulfoxylate is often used in physiology experiments as a means of lowering solutions' redox potential (Eo' -0.66 V vs SHE at pH 7).
Potassium ferricyanide is usually used as an oxidizing chemical in such experiments (Eo' ~ .436 V at pH 7).

In addition, Sulfoxylate is often used in soil chemistry experiments to determine the amount of iron that is not incorporated in primary silicate minerals.
Hence, iron extracted by Sulfoxylate is also referred to as "free iron."
The strong affinity of the dithionite ion for bi- and trivalent metal cations (M2+, M3+) allows Sulfoxylate to enhance the solubility of iron, and therefore dithionite is a useful chelating agent.

Aqueous solutions of Sulfoxylate were once used to produce 'Fieser's solution' for the removal of oxygen from a gas stream.
Pyrithione can be prepared in a two-step synthesis from 2-bromopyridine by oxidation to the N-oxide with a suitable peracid followed by substitution using Sulfoxylate to introduce the thiol functional group.

Photography:
Sulfoxylate is used in Kodak fogging developer, FD-70.
This is used in the second step in processing black and white positive images, for making slides.
Sulfoxylate is part of the Kodak Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit.

Preparation of Sulfoxylate:
Sulfoxylate is produced industrially by reduction of sulfur dioxide.
Approximately 300,000 tons were produced in 1990.

The route using zinc powder is a two-step process:
2 SO2 + Zn → ZnS2O4
ZnS2O4 + 2 NaOH → Na2S2O4 + Zn(OH)2

The sodium borohydride method obeys the following stoichiometry:
NaBH4 + 8 NaOH + 8 SO2 → 4 Na2S2O4 + NaBO2 + 6 H2O

Each equivalent of H− reduces two equivalents of sulfur dioxide.
Formate has also been used as the reductant.

Structure of Sulfoxylate:
The structure has been examined by Raman spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
The dithionite dianion has C2 symmetry, with almost eclipsed with a 16° O-S-S-O torsional angle.
In the dihydrated form (Na2S2O4·2H2O), the dithionite anion has gauche 56° O-S-S-O torsional angle.

A weak S-S bond is indicated by the S-S distance of 239 pm, which is elongated by ca. 30 pm relative to a typical S-S bond.
Because this bond is fragile, the dithionite anion dissociates in solution into the [SO2]− radicals, as has been confirmed by EPR spectroscopy.
Sulfoxylate is also observed that 35S undergoes rapid exchange between S2O42− and SO2 in neutral or acidic solution, consistent with the weak S-S bond in the anion.

Properties and Reactions of Sulfoxylate:

Hydrolysis:
Sulfoxylate is stable when dry, but aqueous solutions deteriorate due to the following reaction:
2 S2O42− + H2O → S2O32− + 2 HSO3−

This behavior is consistent with the instability of dithionous acid.
Thus, solutions of Sulfoxylate cannot be stored for a long period of time.

Anhydrous Sulfoxylate decomposes to sodium sulfate and sulfur dioxide above 90 °C in the air.
In absence of air, Sulfoxylate decomposes quickly above 150 °C to sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sulfur dioxide and trace amount of sulfur.

Redox reactions of Sulfoxylate:
Sulfoxylate is a reducing agent.
At pH 7, the potential is -0.66 V compared to the normal hydrogen electrode.

Redox occurs with formation of bisulfite:
S2O42- + 2 H2O → 2 HSO3− + 2 e− + 2 H+

Sulfoxylate reacts with oxygen:
Na2S2O4 + O2 + H2O → NaHSO4 + NaHSO3

These reactions exhibit complex pH-dependent equilibria involving bisulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfur dioxide.

With organic carbonyls:
In the presence of aldehydes, Sulfoxylate reacts either to form α-hydroxy-sulfinates at room temperature or to reduce the aldehyde to the corresponding alcohol above a temperature of 85 °C.
Some ketones are also reduced under similar conditions.

Manufacturing Methods of Sulfoxylate:

Zinc dust process:
An aqueous slurry of zinc dust is treated in a stirred reactor with cooling at ca. 40 °C with liquid or gaseous sulfur dioxide to give zinc dithionite.
After completion of the reaction the solution is passed through a filter press to remove unreacted zinc dust and impurities from the zinc.

The zinc is then precipitated from the zinc dithionite by adding sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide in stirred vessels.
The zinc carbonate or hydroxide is removed in filter presses.

Anhydrous Sulfoxylate is precipitated from the clarified Sulfoxylate solution by concentration under vacuum and addition of sodium chloride at > 60 °C.
Sulfoxylate is filtered, washed with methanol, and dried at 90 - 100 °C.

Besides the evaporation process the salting out process, which was more widely used previously, is still known.
In this process the dithionite is obtained from the solution by the addition of sodium chloride and methanol.

Amalgam Process:
In the amalgam process, sodium hydrogensulfite is reduced to Sulfoxylate in aqueous solution in a cooled, stirred vessel using the sodium amalgam of a chloralkali electrolysis cell.
The sodium-free mercury is returned to the electrolysis cell where Sulfoxylate is recharged with sodium.

During reaction of the amalgam with the hydrogensulfite solution a pH of 5 - 6 must be maintained.
Sulfoxylate is obtained by precipitation with salts or methanol or both.

Formate Process:
Sodium formate, dissolved in 80% aqueous methanol, is charged to a stirred vessel.
At a pressure of 2 - 3 bar sulfur dioxide and sodium hydroxide are introduced into this solution such that a pH of 4 - 5 is maintained.

Sodium Borohydride Process Sodium borohydride is stable in strong aqueous alkali and can be used in this form for the production of Sulfoxylate by adding SO2 and sodium hydroxide.

Reactivity Profile of Sulfoxylate:
Sulfoxylate is a combustible solid which slowly decomposes when in contact with water or water vapor, forming thiosulfates and bisulfites.
This reaction evolves heat, which can further accelerate the reaction or cause surrounding materials to burn.

If the mixture is confined, the decomposition reaction can result in pressurization of the container which may then rupture forcefully.
Upon standing in air Sulfoxylate slowly oxidizes, generating toxic sulfur dioxide gas.

Handling and Storage of Sulfoxylate:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

SMALL SPILL:
For spills of Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite), UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, dissolve in 5 parts water and collect for proper disposal.

CAUTION:
UN3342 when flooded with water will continue to evolve flammable Carbon disulfide/Carbon disulphide vapors.
Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place Sulfoxylate into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Safe Storage:
Separated from strong oxidants and acids.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Storage Conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Do not store near acids.
Handle under inert gas.
Protect from moisture.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.
Outside or detached storage is preferred.

Separate from combustibles and oxiding materials.
Immediately remove and properly dispose of any spilled material.

Materials to avoid:
Strong oxidizing agents, acids.

First Aid Measures of Sulfoxylate:
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of Sulfoxylate(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

Move victim to fresh air if Sulfoxylate can be done safely.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.

Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim calm and warm.

Fire Fighting of Sulfoxylate:
DO NOT USE WATER, CO2 OR FOAM ON MATERIAL ITSELF.
Some of these materials may react violently with water.

CAUTION:
For Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite) UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, USE FLOODING AMOUNTS OF WATER for SMALL AND LARGE fires to stop the reaction.
Smothering will not work for these materials, they do not need air to burn.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or DRY sand, EXCEPT for UN1384, UN1923, UN1929 and UN3342.

LARGE FIRE:
DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime EXCEPT for UN1384, UN1923, UN1929 and UN3342, or withdraw from area and let fire burn.

CAUTION:
UN3342 when flooded with water will continue to evolve flammable Carbon disulfide/Carbon disulphide vapors.
If Sulfoxylate can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers or in contact with substance.

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

Accidental Release Measures of Sulfoxylate:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL:
Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1384 datasheet.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Sulfoxylate:

Personal protection:
Particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of Sulfoxylate.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.
Carefully collect remainder.

Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.
Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Identifiers of Sulfoxylate:
CAS Number: 7775-14-6
ChEBI: CHEBI:66870
ChemSpider: 22897
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.991
EC Number: 231-890-0
PubChem CID: 24489
RTECS number: JP2100000
UNII: 2K5B8F6ES1
UN number: 1384
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID9029697
InChI: InChI=1S/2Na.H2O4S2/c;;1-5(2)6(3)4/h;;(H,1,2)(H,3,4)/q2*+1;/p-2
Key: JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L
SMILES: [O-]S(=O)S(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]

Linear Formula: Na2S2O4
MDL Number: MFCD00011640
EC No.: 231-890-0
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 24489
IUPAC Name: N/A
SMILES: [O-]S(=O)S(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/2Na.H2O4S2/c;;1-5(2)6(3)4/h;;(H,1,2)(H,3,4)/q2*+1;/p-2
InchI Key: JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L

CAS number: 7775-14-6
EC index number: 016-028-00-1
EC number: 231-890-0
Hill Formula: Na₂O₄S₂
Chemical formula: Na₂S₂O₄
Molar Mass: 174.11 g/mol
HS Code: 2831 10 00
Quality Level: MQ200

CAS: 7775-14-6
Molecular Formula: Na2O4S2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 174.096
MDL Number: 11640
InChI Key: JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L
PubChem CID: 24489
ChEBI: CHEBI:66870
SMILES: [O-]S(=O)S(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]

Properties of Sulfoxylate:
Chemical formula: Na2S2O4
Molar mass: 174.107 g/mol (anhydrous)
210.146 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance: white to grayish crystalline powder
light-lemon colored flakes
Odor: faint sulfur odor
Density: 2.38 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
1.58 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
Melting point: 52 °C (126 °F; 325 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 18.2 g/100 mL (anhydrous, 20 °C)
21.9 g/100 mL (Dihydrate, 20 °C)
Solubility: slightly soluble in alcohol

Density: 2.5 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: >100 °C
Ignition temperature: >200 °C
Melting Point: 100 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 5.5 - 8.5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 1250 kg/m3
Solubility: 250 g/l (slow decomposition)

Compound Formula: Na2O4S2
Molecular Weight: 174.107
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Melting Point: 52 °C
Boiling Point: Decomposes
Density: 2.8 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: 18.2 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Exact Mass: 173.903339
Monoisotopic Mass: 173.903339

Molecular Weight: 174.11 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 173.90333939 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 173.90333939 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 119Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Complexity: 60.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Sulfoxylate:
Assay (iodometric): ≥ 85.0 %
Identity: passes test
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.05 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.005 %

Melting Point: 300°C
Color: White
pH: 8 to 9.5
Physical Form: Powder/Solid
Quantity: 500 g
Formula Weight: 174.1g/mol
Packaging: Plastic powder jar

Related compounds of Sulfoxylate:
Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium metabisulfite
Sodium bisulfate

Other anions:
Sodium sulfite
Sodium sulfate

Names of Sulfoxylate:
D-Ox, Hydrolin, Reductone
sodium hydrosulfite, sodium sulfoxylate, Sulfoxylate
Vatrolite, Virtex L
Hydrosulfit, Prayon
Blankit, Albite A, Konite
Zepar, Burmol, Arostit

Sulfamic Acid; Amidosulfonic acid; Amidosulfuric acid; Sulphamic acid; Aminosulfonic acid; Kyselina amidosulfonova; sulphamidic acid; Sulfamidsäure (German); ácido sulfamídico (Spanish); Acide sulfamidique cas no: 5329-14-6

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula CAS number 64-67-5.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is primarily used as an ethylating agent in the manufacture of dyes, pigments and textile chemicals, and as a finishing agent in textile production.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.

CAS Number: 64-67-5
EC Number: 200-589-6
Chemical formula: C4H10O4S
Molar mass: 154.18 g·mol−1

Synonyms: Diethyl sulfate, 64-67-5, Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester, Diethyl sulphate, DIETHYLSULFATE, Diaethylsulfat, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, UNII-K0FO4VFA7I, Diethylester kyseliny sirove, NSC 56380, K0FO4VFA7I, CHEBI:34699, MFCD00009099, DSSTox_CID_4045, DSSTox_RID_77265, DSSTox_GSID_24045, Diethyl tetraoxosulfate, Diaethylsulfat, DES (VAN), CAS-64-67-5, CCRIS 242, HSDB 1636, Diethylester kyseliny sirove, EINECS 200-589-6, UN1594, diethylsulphate, diethyl-sulphate, AI3-15355, diethylsulfuric acid, EtOSO3Et, Diethyl sulfate, 98%, EC 200-589-6, SCHEMBL1769, WLN: 2OSWO2, Sulphuric acid diethyl ester, BIDD:ER0594, CHEMBL163100, DTXSID1024045, BCP25766, NSC56380, ZINC1686883, Tox21_202402, Tox21_300169, NSC-56380, STL268863, AKOS009157686, MCULE-1621267036, UN 1594, Diethyl sulfate, NCGC00164138-01, NCGC00164138-02, NCGC00164138-03, NCGC00253940-01, NCGC00259951-01, M292, D0525, FT-0624858, Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester;Diethyl sulphate, Q421338, J-520306, F0001-1737, DES, Diaethylsulfat, diethyl sulphate, diethyl tetraoxosulfate, diethylsulfate, Et2SO4, ethyl sulfate, sulfuric acid diethyl ester, sulphuric acid diethyl ester, 200-589-6, 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, polymer and 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, compound with diethyl sulfate, 64-67-5, Diaethylsulfat, DIETHYL MONOSULFATE, Diethyl sulfate, Diethylester kyseliny sirove, Diethylsulfat, MFCD00009099, Sulfate de diéthyle, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester, [64-67-5], 2OSWO2, DES (VAN), Diaethylsulfat, DIETHYL SULPHATE, DIETHYL TETRAOXOSULFATE, diethylsulfate, ethyl ethoxysulfonate, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, Ethyl sulfate, Sulphuric acid diethyl ester, SULPHURIC ACIDDIETHYL ESTER, UN 1594

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a highly toxic, combustible, and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)2SO4.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive to tissue and metals.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula CAS number 64-67-5.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester occurs as a colorless viscous liquid with a peppermint odor.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is primarily used as an ethylating agent in the manufacture of dyes, pigments and textile chemicals, and as a finishing agent in textile production.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

A nested case control study of 17 benign brain tumours in workers at a petrochemical plant found the risk of brain cancer to be associated with exposure to Sulfuric acid diethyl ester.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is reported to cause tumours both locally and systemically

Evidence in animals and humans suggest that carcinogenicity may be due to a mutagenic mode of action.
However, insufficient data exists to recommend a suitable TWA.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a highly toxic, combustible, and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)2SO4.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive to tissue and metals.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is also used as a potent ethylating agent.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, also known as DES, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfuric acid diesters.
These are organic compounds containing the sulfuric acid diester functional group with the generic structure ROS(OR')(=O)=O, (R,R'=organyl group).

Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Sulfuric acid diethyl ester.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ).

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or Sulfuric acid diethyl ester derivatives.
Technically Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is part of the human exposome.

The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health.
An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used at industrial sites.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a colorless, corrosive, oily liquid that darkens with age and has a faint peppermint odor.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is mainly used as an ethylating agent in organic synthesis and in the dye and textile manufacturing.

Exposure to this substance results in severe irritation to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a possible mutagen and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and may be associated with developing laryngeal cancer.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used as an ethylating agent and as a chemical intermediate.
No information is available on the acute (short-term), chronic (long-term), reproductive, or developmental effects of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in humans.

In an epidemiological study, an excess mortality rate from laryngeal cancer was associated with occupational exposure to high concentrations of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester.
In one study, rats orally exposed to Sulfuric acid diethyl ester developed tumors in the forestomach.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified Sulfuric acid diethyl ester as a Group 2A, probable human carcinogen.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula (C2H5)2SO4.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used to manufacture dyes and textiles

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula (C2H5)2SO4.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester occurs as a colourless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odour and is corrosive.
Diethyl sulphate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a strong alkylating agent which ethylates DNA and thus is genotoxic.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a colorless liquid with formula (C2H5)2SO4.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester has a peppermint odor with a melting point of about -25 ℃ and boiling point of 209.5 ℃ where Sulfuric acid diethyl ester decomposes.
When heated or mixed with hot water, irritant fumes is released.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester does not dissolve in water, but is miscible with alcohol, ether and most polar organic solvents.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester exists in the atmosphere in the gas phase.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester will react with hydroxyl radical and has a short lifetime in the atmosphere where Sulfuric acid diethyl ester will decompose into ethyl sulfate hydrogen sulfate and ethanol.
Upon heating or mixing with hot water, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester will decompose into ethyl hydrogen sulfate and alcohol.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used as an ethylating agent and as a chemical intermediate.
In an epidemiological study, an excess mortality rate from laryngeal cancer was associated with occupational exposure to high concentrations of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a substance classified to the group of carcinogens.
The value of maximum admissible concentration for this substance in workplace air is not specified in Poland.

Due to the use of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in domestic companies there is a need to develop a sensitive method for the determination of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the work environment.
Studies were performed using gas chromatography (GC) technique.

An Agilent Technologies chromatograph, series 7890A, with a mass selective detector was used in the experiment.
Separation was performed on a capillary column with Rtx-5MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm).

The possibility of using sorbent tubes filled with activated carbon (100 mg/50 mg), silica gel (100 mg/50 mg) and Porapak Q (150 mg/75 mg) for absorption of diethyl sulphate was investigated.
The method of sampling air containing Sulfuric acid diethyl ester was developed.

Among the sorbents to absorb Sulfuric acid diethyl ester Porapak Q was chosen.
Determination of the adsorbed vapor includes desorption of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, using dichloromethane/methanol mixture (95:5, v/v) and chromatographic analysis of so obtained solution.

Method is linear (r = 0.999) within the investigated working range of 0.27- -5.42 µg/ml, which is an equivalent to air concentrations 0.0075-0.15 mg/m3 for a 36 l air sample.
The analytical method described in this paper allows for selective determination of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the workplace air in the presence of dimethyl sulfate, ethanol, dichloromethane, triethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, and triethylenetetramine.

The invention provides a method used for preparing Sulfuric acid diethyl ester.
According to the method, a mixed solution containing ethyl hydrogen sulfate and/or Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is delivered through reaction distillation surface at a certain temperature, and at the same time, reduced pressure distillation is carried out, so that Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is separated rapidly, waste sulfuric acid in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is collected in a waste liquid collector, and ethanol is collected in a tail gas collector.
Recycling of waste sulfuric acid and collected ethanol can be realized; the method is low in cost; and no waste acid is discharged.

Optimization of the method for the determination of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester at workplaces
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a substance classified to the group of carcinogens.

The value of maximum admissible concentration for this substance in workplace air is not specified in Poland.
Due to the use of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in domestic companies there is a need to develop a sensitive method for the determination of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the work environment.

Studies were performed using gas chromatography (GC) technique.
An Agilent Technologies chromatograph, series 7890A, with a mass selective detector was used in the experiment.

Separation was performed on a capillary column with Rtx-5MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm).
The possibility of using sorbent tubes filled with activated carbon (100 mg/50 mg), silica gel (100 mg/50 mg) and Porapak Q (150 mg/75 mg) for absorption of diethyl sulphate was investigated.

The method of sampling air containing Sulfuric acid diethyl ester was developed.
Among the sorbents to absorb Sulfuric acid diethyl ester Porapak Q was chosen.

Determination of the adsorbed vapor includes desorption of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, using dichloromethane/methanol mixture (95:5, v/v) and chromatographic analysis of so obtained solution.
Method is linear (r = 0.999) within the investigated working range of 0.27- -5.42 μg/ml, which is an equivalent to air concentrations 0.0075-0.15 mg/m³ for a 36 l air sample.

The analytical method described in this paper allows for selective determination of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the workplace air in the presence of dimethyl sulfate, ethanol, dichloromethane, triethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, and triethylenetetramine.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester Market: Introduction
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is also known as diethyl monosulfate and Diethyl sulfate.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is colorless liquid with faint peppermint odor.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is an industrial solvent, which is highly carcinogenic.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is considered a highly toxic chemical compound.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester possesses highly corrosive properties for metals.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a strong alkylating agent.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is primarily employed in the formation of ethyl derivatives such as amine, thiols, phenols, and other derivatives.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is widely used in chemical formulation as a chemical intermediate compound.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester has industrial applications in dyes, textiles, and coating manufacturing.
Key applications of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester include personal care products, pharmaceuticals, detergents, flavors, and fragrances.

Increase in demand for chemical intermediates in the production of hair dyes, textile dyes, and other pigments is anticipated to fuel the demand for Sulfuric acid diethyl ester during the forecast period.
Growth in the pharmaceutical industry, owing to the rise in demand for generic drugs and medicines, is projected to boost the demand for chemical intermediates such as Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the next few years.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is highly toxic.
Exposure to Sulfuric acid diethyl ester may cause eye irritation, skin rashes, and breathing problems.
This is a key factors estimated to hamper the global Sulfuric acid diethyl ester market in the next few years.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester Market: Segmentation
In terms of application, the global Sulfuric acid diethyl ester market can be divided into alkylating agent, chemical intermediates, and others.
The alkylating agent segment is projected to hold major share of the global Sulfuric acid diethyl ester market during the forecast period.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is majorly used in the synthesis of amines, thiols, and phenol derivatives in various applications.
This is likely to propel the demand for Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the next few years.

Based on end-user industry, the Sulfuric acid diethyl ester market can be segmented into dyes and textiles, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and personal care.
The dyes and textiles segment is projected to constitute key share of the market in the near future.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used in the synthesis of textile dyes in several countries.
This is likely to fuel the demand for Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the near future.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester Market: Region-wise Outlook
Based on region, the global Sulfuric acid diethyl ester market can be split into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa.
North America and Europe are expected to constitute major share, after Asia Pacific, during the forecast period.
The U.S., Germany, and France have strong presence of major dye manufacturing companies that use Sulfuric acid diethyl ester.

In terms of volume, Asia Pacific is anticipated to hold leading share of the market during the forecast period.
Strong presence of chemical companies with well-established distribution network spread across the globe is driving the Sulfuric acid diethyl ester market in the region.

The Sulfuric acid diethyl ester market in Latin America and Middle East & Africa is likely to expand at a sluggish pace in the next few years.
Increase in rapid industrialization in Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa is anticipated to boost the Sulfuric acid diethyl ester market in these countries during the forecast period.

Uses of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Diethyl sulphate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a strong alkylating agent which ethylates DNA and thus is genotoxic.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used chiefly as an ethylating agent in organic synthesis.
The principal uses are as an intermediate in dye manufacture, as an ethylating agent in pigment production, as a finishing agent in textile manufacture and as a dye-set agent in carbonless paper.
Smaller applications are in agricultural chemicals, in household products, in the pharmaceutical and cosme tic industries, as a laboratory reagent, as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in sorne sulfonation processes

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can be used as a reactant for the synthesis of:
Biologically active compounds such as bispyrazole, pyrazolopyrimidine and pyridine containing antipyrinyl moieties.

N-substituted-2-styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones.
Ionic liquids with pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and morpholinium cations, having potential applications as electrolytes.

The primary use of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is as a chemical intermediate (ethylating agent) in synthesis of ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; and in some sulfonation processes.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used to manufacture dyes, pigments, carbonless paper, and textiles.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is an intermediate in the indirect hydration (strong acid) process for the preparation of synthetic ethanol from ethylene.
Smaller quantities are used in household products, cosmetics, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and laboratory reagents.
In 1966, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester was used as a mutagen to create the Luther variety of barley.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is primarily used as an ethylating agent, and also as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in some sulfonations.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is also a chemical intermediate for ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols, and as an alkylating agent.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is used mainly to make dyes; Also used as an ethylating agent (pigment production), a finishing agent (textile manufacturing), a dye-set agent (carbonless paper), and an accelerator (sulfation of ethylene); Also used in agricultural chemicals, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

As an ethylating agent; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; intermediate in the production by one method of ethyl alcohol from ethylene and sulfuric acid

The principal uses are as an intermediate in dye manufacture, as an ethylating agent in pigment production, as a finishing agent in textile manufacture and as a dye-set agent in carbonless paper.
Smaller applications are in agricultural chemicals, in household products, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as a laboratory reagent, as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in some sulfonation processes.

Chemical intermediate for ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols and as an alkylating agent.
Chiefly as an ethylating agent; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; in some sulfonations.

Industry Uses of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Finishing agents,
Intermediates,
Processing aids, not otherwise listed,
Surface active agents.

Consumer Uses of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Cleaning and furnishing care products,
Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere,
Paper products.

Manufacturing process of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is produced from ethylene and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Ethylene gas is bubbled through a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can also be produced by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid into a solution of ethyl alcohol or ethyl ether.

Methods of Manufacturing of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Prepared from ethanol + sulfuric acid; by absorption of ethylene in sulfuric acid; from diethyl ether and fuming sulfuric acid.

General Manufacturing Information of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:

Industry Processing Sectors of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing,
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities,
Paper manufacturing,
Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing,
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing.

Could be used as a mutagenic agent to produce a new variety of barley called Luther; however, no evidence was found that Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is presently being used commercially for this purpose.

Method used for preparing Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
The invention provides a method used for preparing Sulfuric acid diethyl ester.
According to the method, a mixed solution containing ethyl hydrogen sulfate and/or Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is delivered through reaction distillation surface at a certain temperature, and at the same time, reduced pressure distillation is carried out, so that Sulfuric acid diethyl ester in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is separated rapidly, waste sulfuric acid in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is collected in a waste liquid collector, and ethanol is collected in a tail gas collector.
Recycling of waste sulfuric acid and collected ethanol can be realized; the method is low in cost; and no waste acid is discharged.

Ethyl sulfate is a kind of important ethylating agent, is also the important intermediate of the industry such as organic chemical industry, agricultural chemicals, medicine.
Because boiling point is high, carrying out ethylation reaction does not need high pressure, and therefore Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can as a kind of desirable ethylating agent.
Prepare ethyl sulfate and have multiple method, be summed up several as follows: sulfuryl chloride-Ethanol Method, chlorsulfonic acid-Ethanol Method, ether-sulphate method, sulfuryl chloride-ethanol-sodium-chlor method, sulfuryl chloride-thionyl chloride-Ethanol Method, sulfuric acid-ethylene process, sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method.

In most cases all need in aforesaid method with underpressure distillation operation, ethyl sulfate to be distilled, and the remainder after distillation contains sulfuric acid.
The roughly similar process of sulfuric acid-ethylene process and sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, carries out all in two steps.

For sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, the first step is by sulfuric acid and ethanol mixing, because the reaction of sulfuric acid and ethanol is a reversible reaction, main containing resultant vinic acid in the mixture obtained, water, unreacted sulfuric acid and unreacted ethanol, generally the content of vinic acid is generally in the scope of 20-60%; Second step is by the underpressure distillation at 120-180 DEG C of this mixture, and in this process, vinic acid reacts and generates product ethyl sulfate, is depressurized simultaneously and distills.
In this process, if ethyl sulfate can not be distilled out in time, the transformation efficiency that vinic acid is converted into ethyl sulfate will reduce, simultaneously because sulfuric acid produces many side reactions at oxidation at high temperatures very good general.

For sulfuric acid-ethylene process, the first step is that ethene passes in sulfuric acid in certain temperature, main containing ethyl sulfate in the mixture obtained by this process, vinic acid and sulfuric acid, according to document (Zhang Yue edits.
The diagram of fine-chemical intermediate preparation flow, Chemical Industry Press, 1999, pp372 ~ 374), in mixture, content is about the ethyl sulfate of 43%, the vinic acid of 45%, the sulfuric acid of 12%; Second step is similar with sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, is also underpressure distillation at 120-180 DEG C.No matter describe from said process, be sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, or sulfuric acid-ethylene process all needs the mixture of the compounds such as sulfur acid hydrogen ethyl ester, sulfuric acid react under heating and distill out product ethyl sulfate.
Meanwhile, after distilling out ethyl sulfate, remaining part is mainly containing sulfuric acid.

The method of current bibliographical information adopts still distillation, and in the preparation of ethyl sulfate, this distillation efficiency is low, product ethyl sulfate can not be distilled in time.
In this case, due to too many containing pre-reaction liquid such as sulfuric acid in still, along with ethyl sulfate is distilled out, remaining ethyl sulfate is fewer and feweri, product ethyl sulfate is difficult to evaporate from a large amount of sulfuric acid, so just has many products and remains at the bottom of still and can not be distilled out; Again due to sulfuric acid at high temperature have strong oxygenizement, make this step react in still-process, produce a lot of side reaction, thus the yield of product is low.
Preparation cost is high, and the spent acid produced is many.

According to the literature, the ethyl sulfate that still distillation method often prepares a ton approximately produces the spent acid sulfuric acid of 2 tons.
Owing to being heated for a long time in still, containing many carbonization materials in the Waste Sulfuric Acid of gained, make this Waste Sulfuric Acid be the brown shape of thickness, the value of recycling is very low, generally can only abandon as refuse, will cause very large pollution like this.
So up to the present, domestic also do not have one can prepare ethyl sulfate to mass-producing.

Preparation of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol and is purified using rectification in vacuo.
This can be done on a large enough scale for commercial production.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can then be purchased as a technical product or for use in a laboratory setting with 99.5% purity or 95% to 98% purity respectively.

Pharmacological Classification of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:

Alkylating Agents of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning.
Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions.
They have also been used as components in poison gases.

Mutagens of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids.
A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

Application of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Commercial manufacture of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester starts with ethylene and 96 wt% sulfuric acid heated at 60°C.
The resulting mixture of 43 wt% Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, 45 wt% ethyl hydrogen sulfate and 12 wt% sulfuric acid is heated with anhydrous sodium sulfate under vacuum, and Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is obtained in 86% yield; the commercial product is ~ 99% pure.
Dilution of the ethylene-sulfuric acid concentrate with water and extraction gives a 35% yield.

ln the reaction of ethylene with sulfuric acid, losses can occur due to several side reactions, incIuding oxidation, hydrolysis-dehydration and polymerization, especially at sulfuric acid concentrations ~ 98 wt%.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is believed to be produced commercially by two companies, one in the
USA and one in Japan.

Annual US production is estimated at 5000 tonnes.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is an intermediate in the indirect hydration (strong acid) process for the production of ethanol involving ethylene and sulfuric acid.
The reaction of ethylene with sulfurIc acid is complex, and water plays a major role in determining the concentrations of the intermediate alkyl sulfates.

In Canada, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is mainly used to make other chemicals which are then used in the manufacturing of softeners used to increase absorbency of tissue paper.
Diethyl sulphate may also be used to make products used in the manufacturing of a variety of other substances and products, including dyes, fragrances, and quaternary ammonium salts used as surfactants or flocculants in water treatment.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester may also be used as an ethylating agent in the manufacture of commercial products such as sanitizers and organoclays.
Based on the most recent data available, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is not manufactured in Canada, but is imported into Canada.

The silkworms of NB4D2 variety were treated with chemical mutagen Diethyl sulphate.
Thelarvae were subjected to two methods of treatments i.e., oral administration of the chemical mutagen and by injectionof 8mM and 10mM concentrations of chemical mutagen through body wall.
The lethal effect of the mutagen wasstudied in the subsequent generation.

The effect was drastic on structure & morphology of the meiotic chromosomes.
Many structural, physiological and numerical aberrations were observed and documented.
Certain numerical changessuch as induction of polyploids were attributed to the improvements observed in the expression of commercialcharacters in the silkworm

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can be used as a reactant for the synthesis of:
Biologically active compounds such as bispyrazole, pyrazolopyrimidine and pyridine containing antipyrinyl moieties.

N-substituted-2-styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones.
Ionic liquids with pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and morpholinium cations, having potential applications as electrolytes.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester can also be used as an alkylating agent to synthesize 1-alkyl/aralkyl-2-(1-arylsufonylalkyl)benzimidazoles and an ionic liquid ethylmethylimidazole ethylsulfate.

Properties of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is moisture sensitive liquid.
Heating can lead to release of toxic gases and vapors.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester gets darker over time.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester forms ethyl alcohol, ethyl sulfate, and eventually sulfuric acid when exposed to water.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is also combustible; when burned, sulfur oxides, ether, and ethylene are produced.

Chemical Properties:
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint- like odor, which darkens with age.
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is miscible with alcohol and ether.
At higher temperatures, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester rapidly decomposes into monoethyl sulfate and alcohol

Handling and Storage of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:

Nonfire Spill Response of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
Stop leak if you can do Sulfuric acid diethyl ester without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Safe Storage:
Separated from food and feedstuffs.
Keep in a well-ventilated room.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Safety of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data.
Poison by inhalation and subcutaneous routes.

Moderately toxic by ingestion and sktn contact.
A severe skin irritant.

An experimental teratogen.
Mutation data reported.
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidzing materials.

Moisture causes liberation of H2SO4.
Violent reaction with potassium tert-butoxide.
Reacts violently with 3,8-dnitro-6-phenylphenanthridine + water.

Reaction with iron + water forms explosive hydrogen gas.
zTo fight fire, use alcohol foam, H2O foam, CO2, dry chemicals.

When heated to decomposition Sulfuric acid diethyl ester emits toxic fumes of SOx.
See also SULFATES.

Storage Conditions:
Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.
Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.

An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Sulfuric acid diethyl ester was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

First Aid of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:

INHHALATION:
Remove to fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

EYES OR SKIN:
Irrigate with running water for at least 15 min.; hold eyelids open if neccessary.
Consult an ophthamologist immediately.
Wash skin with soap and water.

Speed in removing material from skin is of extreme importance.
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes at the site.

Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature.
Effects may be delayed; keep victim under observation.

INGESTION:
If victim is conscious, give victim two glasses of water and have victim induce vomiting.

Fire Fighting of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do Sulfuric acid diethyl ester without risk.

Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Use dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide, or water spray.

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.

Isolation and Evacuation of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL:
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:

Personal protection:
Complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible.
Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Cleanup Methods of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms.
Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially.
Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal.

The plastic bag should be sealed immediately.
The sealed bag should be labelled properly.

Waste liquids should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal.
The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled.

Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface is not contaminated.
The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled.
Broken glassware should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators.

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk.
Use water spray to cool & disperse vapors, & protect personnel.

Approach release from upwind.
Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.
Prompt cleanup and removal are necessary.

Disposal Methods of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste.
Summary of avail methods & recommendations given must be treated as guide only.

Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt.
However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose.

The most efficient type is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air: fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air.
Some are designed to accept aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is necessary to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust.
Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities are to be destroyed in laboratory.

HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters can be disposed of by incineration.
For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator.

LIQUID WASTE:
Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ensure complete combustion.

SOLID WASTE:
Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites.

Preventive Measures of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory.
All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used.
They should wash hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse thoroughly.

Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant.
No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided.
Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting.

In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection.
Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection.
If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab.

Operations connected with synth & purification should be carried out under well-ventilated hood.
Analytical procedures should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during procedures should be removed.
Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used & when new fume cupboards are installed.

Sulfuric acid diethyl ester is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without powder being blown around the hood.
Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure.
Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur.

Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight.
Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used.

Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured.
This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes.

Identifiers of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
CAS Number: 64-67-5
ChEBI: CHEBI:34699
ChEMBL: ChEMBL163100
ChemSpider: 5931
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.536
KEGG: C14706
PubChem CID: 6163
RTECS number: WS7875000
UNII: K0FO4VFA7I
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID1024045
InChI:
InChI=1S/C4H10O4S/c1-3-7-9(5,6)8-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3
Key: DENRZWYUOJLTMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N check
InChI=1/C4H10O4S/c1-3-7-9(5,6)8-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3
Key: DENRZWYUOJLTMF-UHFFFAOYAR
SMILES: O=S(=O)(OCC)OCC

Properties of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Chemical formula: C4H10O4S
Molar mass: 154.18 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.2 g/mL
Melting point: −25 °C (−13 °F; 248 K)
Boiling point: 209 °C (408 °F; 482 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: decomposes in water
Vapor pressure: 0.29 mm Hg
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -86.8·10−6 cm3/mol

Molecular Weight: 154.19
XLogP3: 1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 154.02997997
Monoisotopic Mass: 154.02997997
Topological Polar Surface Area: 61 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Complexity: 130
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Quality Level: 200
vapor density: 5.3 (vs air)
vapor pressure:
2 mmHg ( 55 °C)
assay: 98%
form: liquid
refractive index: n20/D 1.399 (lit.)
bp: 208 °C (lit.)
mp: −24 °C (lit.)
density: 1.177 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)

Related compounds of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:
Dimethyl sulfate
diethyl sulfite

Names of Sulfuric acid diethyl ester:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester

Other names:
Diethyl sulfate

Translated names:
diethyl-sulfát
diethylsulfat
Diethylsulfat
dietil sulfat
dietil sulfat
dietil-sulfat
dietil-szulfát
dietilsolfato
dietilsulfatas
dietilsulfāts
dietyl-sulfát
dietylsulfat
dietylsulfat
Dietyylisulfaatti
Dietüülsulfaat
diHethylsulfaat
siarczan dietylu
sulfate de diéthyle
sulfato de dietilo
sulfato de dietilo
θειικός διαιθυλεστέρας
диетил сулфат

CAS names:
Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester

IUPAC names:
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester
DIETHYL SULPHATE
Diethyl Sulphate
Diethyl sulphate
diethyl sulphate
Diethyl sulphate
Diethyl sulphate REACH registration SCC < 1000 tpy DKSH Marketing Services Spain S.A.U.
Diethylsulfat
Diethyl sulfate

1-Propene, 2-methyl-, sulfurized; isobutene, sulfurised; Sulfurized isobutylene; Isobutylene sulfurized; 2-METHYL-1-PROPENE, SULFURIZED); 1-Propen, 2-Methyl-, sulfuriert; 1-Propene, 2-methyl-, sulfurized; SULFURIZED ISOBUTYLENE-HIGH SULFUR CAS NO:68511-50-2

Turky red oil; TURKEY RED OIL; red turkey oil; Castoroil,sulfated; SULFATED CASTOR OIL; sulfated caster oil; Sulfonated tor oil; Castor oil,sulfonic; Castor oil sulfonate CAS NO:8002-33-3

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, sulphamic acid and sulfamidic acid
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.
This colourless, water-soluble compound finds many applications.

CAS NUMBER: 5329-14-6

EC NUMBER: 226-218-8

MOLECULAR FORMULA: HSO3NH2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 97.10 g/mol

IUPAC NAME: sulfamic acid

The chemical formula of Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is H3NO3S
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is odorless and colorless

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is a water-soluble and non-volatile chemical compound.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is hygroscopic

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is non-volatile.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) solutions are less corrosive to metals than other mineral acids.

Aqueous solutions of Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) are stable at room temperature, but rapid hydrolysis occurs with increasing temperature.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is a very strong acid.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid)'s strength is comparable to hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) dissolves in water 21.5 g/100 g at 20 oC.

Usage Areas:

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is a cleaning agent in milking processes, beer, milk, sugar factories and paper mills.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used as a cleaner and as a descaler.

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used for removing limescale deposits.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used for metal pickling.

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in galvanizing and electro-refinery processes.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in sulphation and sulfation processes.

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used as raw material for artificial sweetener production.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in the production of pigment and dyestuff to remove nitrite diazotization.

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used as a catalyst in esterification processes.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used as a pH adjuster for dyeing and other systems.

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is mostly found in cleaning agents used for cleaning surfaces such as ceramics and metals.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in the production of rust remover and lime remover.

*Included in tablets used to clean dentures.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used as a chlorine stabilizer in the paper industry.

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in agricultural pesticides.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in the production of fireproof paper and salts.

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is mostly found in cleaning agents used to clean surfaces such as metal and ceramics.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in the production of lime and rust remover.

*Also available in tablets used to clean dentures.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in the production of dyestuffs and pigments.
*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used as a chlorine stabilizer in the paper industry.

*Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in agricultural pesticides.
*One of the most well-known applications is their use in synthesizing sweetening compounds.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) (H3NSO3) may be considered an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and sulfamide (H4N2SO2), effectively replacing a hydroxyl (–OH) group with an amine (–NH2) group at each step.

This pattern can extend no further in either direction without breaking down the sulfonyl (–SO2–) moiety.
Sulfamates are derivatives of sulfamic acid.

Production of Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid):
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is produced industrially by treating urea with a mixture of sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid (or oleum).
The conversion is conducted in two stages, the first being sulfamation:

OC(NH2)2 + SO3 → OC(NH2)(NHSO3H)
OC(NH2)(NHSO3H) + H2SO4 → CO2 + 2 H3NSO3
In this way, approximately 96,000 tonnes were produced in 1995.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 97.10 g/mol

-XLogP3-AA: -1.6

-Exact Mass: 96.98336413 g/mol

-Monoisotopic Mass: 96.98336413 g/mol

-Topological Polar Surface Area: 88.8Å²

-Physical Description: white crystalline solid

-Color: White

-Form: Solid

-Odor: Odorless

-Boiling Point: Decomposes

-Melting Point: 205 °C

-Solubility: Soluble in water

-Density: 2.15

-Heat of Combustion: 1.53x10+7 J/kmol

-Dissociation Constants: 0.101

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid)'s Reaction With Alcohols:
Upon heating sulfamic acid will react with alcohols to form the corresponding organosulfates.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is more expensive than other reagents for doing this, such as chlorosulfonic acid or oleum, but is also significantly milder and will not sulfonate aromatic rings.

Products are produced as their ammonium salts.
Such reactions can be catalyzed by the presence of urea
Without the presence of any catalysts, sulfamic acid will not react with ethanol at temperatures below 100 °C.

ROH + H2NSO3H → ROS(O)2O− + NH+4
An example of this reaction is the production 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, a wetting agent used in the mercerisation of cotton, by combining sulfamic acid with 2-ethylhexanol.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2

-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4

-Rotatable Bond Count: 0

-Heavy Atom Count: 5

-Formal Charge: 0

-Complexity: 92.6

-Isotope Atom Count: 0

-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

-Chemical Classes: Other Classes -> Sulfur Compounds

APPLICATIONS:
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is mainly a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds.
Reaction with cyclohexylamine followed by addition of NaOH gives C6H11NHSO3Na, sodium cyclamate.
Related compounds are also sweeteners, such as acesulfame potassium.

Sulfamates have been used in the design of many types of therapeutic agents such as antibiotics, nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anticancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), anti-epileptic drugs, and weight loss drugs.

Cleaning Agent:
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used as an acidic cleaning agent and descaling agent sometimes pure or as a component of proprietary mixtures, typically for metals and ceramics.
For cleaning purposes, there are different grades based on application such as GP Grade, SR Grade and TM Grade.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is frequently used for removing rust and limescale, replacing the more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid, which is cheaper.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is often a component of household descalant, for example, Lime-A-Way Thick Gel contains up to 8% sulfamic acid and has pH 2.0–2.2, or detergents used for removal of limescale.
When compared to most of the common strong mineral acids, sulfamic acid has desirable water descaling properties, low volatility, and low toxicity.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) forms water-soluble salts of calcium, nickel, and ferric iron.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is preferable to hydrochloric acid in household use, due to its intrinsic safety.
If inadvertently mixed with hypochlorite based products such as bleach, it does not form chlorine gas, whereas the most common acids would; the reaction (neutralisation) with ammonia, produces a salt, as depicted in the section above.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) also finds applications in the industrial cleaning of dairy and brewhouse equipment.
Although it is considered less corrosive than hydrochloric acid, corrosion inhibitors are often added to the commercial cleansers of which it is a component.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) can be used as a descalant for descaling home coffee and espresso machines and in denture cleaners.

Other Uses:
*Catalyst for esterification process
*Dye and pigment manufacturing
*Herbicide
*Descalant for scale removal
*Coagulator for urea-formaldehyde resins
*Ingredient in fire extinguishing media.
Sulfamic acid is the main raw material for ammonium sulfamate which is a widely used herbicide and fire retardant material for household products.

*Pulp and paper industry as a chloride stabilizer
*Synthesis of nitrous oxide by reaction with nitric acid
*The deprotonated form (sulfamate) is a common counterion for nickel(II) in electroplating.
*Used to separate nitrite ions from mixture of nitrite and nitrate ions( NO3−+ NO2−) during qualitative analysis of nitrate by Brown Ring test.
*Obtaining deep eutectic solvents with urea
*Silver polishing
*According to the label on the consumer product, the silver cleaning product TarnX contains thiourea, a detergent, and sulfamic acid

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid), also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is colorless

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is water-soluble compound
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) finds many applications.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is a water-soluble and non-hygroscopic compound often used in rust removal and cleaning metal and ceramic surfaces.
This compound has various uses
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is also known as amidosulfonic, aminosulfuric, and amidosulfuricacids.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) descaler is a more stable and household-friendly limescale and rust remover, and less volatile alternative to hydrochloric acid.
This odourless solution may be used alone as an acidic cleaning agent or in proprietary mixtures for descaling metals and ceramics.

What Is Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) Used For?
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is a cleaning agent for removing rust and limescale stains from ceramic and metal surfaces, it is a popular descaling solution as well.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is also used in drug manufacturing and is present in several medications like antibiotics.

Thanks to its multipurpose nature, Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used in industrial cleaning and some other applications such as;
-The manufacturing of herbicides and fire extinguishers
-stabilizing chloride for paper production
-Coagulating urea-based resins and synthesising nitrous oxide

Is Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) A Strong Acid?
Sulfamic acid is a slightly strong acid.
This is because it has a low pH and dissolves in an aqueous solution.
This makes it ideal for both household and industrial use.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) also called sulfamic acid is a white crystalline solid which is stable and non-hygroscopic.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is soluble in water and formamide and slightly soluble in methanol, ether, acetone and concentrated sulphuric acid.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is classified as a strong inorganic acid and is commercially produced from urea and fuming sulphuric acid.

At room temperature, dilute aqueous sulphamic acid solution is stable for a long time but rapid hydrolysis occurs at elevated temperatures.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid)'s solution is less corrosive toward metals than other mineral acids like hydrochloric acid.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) possesses a scale solubilising capacity which makes it ideal for removal of scale from boilers, cooling towers, coils, heat exchangers, condensers and a wide range of heating and cooling systems thereby increasing the efficiency of plant and equipment.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used as an acidic cleaning agent, typically for metals and ceramics.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is a replacement for hydrochloric acid for the removal of rust.
In households, Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is often found as a descaling agent in detergents, cleaners and toilet cleaners for the removal of limescale.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is a cleaning agent on its own, and can also be found as a compound in various cleaning products.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is best suited to use on metals and ceramics.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is also used to remove rust and lime scale for pH control, cleaning and polishing stainless steel and other metals.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is safe to use as a cleaning agent in food processing plants such as breweries and dairy factories.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is safe to use in septic systems.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is safe to use on hard surfaces such as shower screens, tiles, taps, sinks, toilets, baths, spas, and benchtops made from acrylic, chrome, stainless steel, ceramics, and fibreglass, that are found in bathrooms, kitchens, and laundries.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) must not be used on marble surfaces

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) also called sulfamic acid is a white crystalline solid which is stable and non-hygroscopic.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is soluble in water and formamide and slightly soluble in methanol, ether, acetone and concentrated sulphuric

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) also called sulfamic acid is a white crystalline solid which is stable and non-hygroscopic.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is soluble in water and formamide and slightly soluble in methanol, ether, acetone and concentrated sulphuric .

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) appears as a white crystalline solid.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid)'s density is 2.1 g / cm3.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid)'s melting point is 205 °C.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is combustible.

Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is used to make dyes and other chemicals.
Sulphamic Acid (Sulfamic Acid) is the simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.

SYNONYMS:

SULFAMIC ACID
5329-14-6
Amidosulfonic acid
Sulphamic acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Imidosulfonic acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulfaminic acid
Jumbo
Aminosulfuric acid
Sulphamidic acid
Kyselina sulfaminova
Kyselina amidosulfonova
Caswell No. 809
sulfuramidic acid
NSC 1871
Sulfamidsaeure
HSDB 795
amidohydroxidodioxidosulfur
Amidoschwefelsaeure
EINECS 226-218-8
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078101
UNII-9NFU33906Q
CHEBI:9330
DTXSID6034005
AI3-15024
9NFU33906Q
NSC-1871
H2NSO3H
MFCD00011603
UN2967
CHEMBL68253
DTXCID4014005
[S(NH2)O2(OH)]
EC 226-218-8
(S(NH2)O2(OH))
CAS-5329-14-6
SULFAMIC ACID, ACS
SULFAMIC ACID, REAG
sulfoamine
Sulphamic-acid-
amidosulphuric acid
SCALE CLEEN
ALPROJET W
AMINESULFONIC ACID
WLN: ZSWQ
NH2SO3H
H3NO3S
SULFAMIC ACID
NCIOpen2_000675
SULFAMIC ACID
BDBM26994
H3-N-O3-S
NSC1871
Sulfamic acid, p.a., 99.5%
Tox21_201905
Tox21_303482
NA2967
STL282725
7773-06-0 (mono-ammonium salt)
AKOS005287325
UN 2967
NCGC00090927-01
NCGC00090927-02
NCGC00257489-01
NCGC00259454-01
Sulfamic acid, >=99.5% (alkalimetric)
LS-147664
FT-0688102
Q412304
W-105754
ACIDE SULFAMIQUE
Amidoschwefelsäure
Amidosulfonic acid
amidosulfonic acid
Amidosulfonsäure
Amidosulfuric acid
amidosulfuric acid
heptadecanoic acid
Isononyl alcohol
NH2SO3H
SULFAMIC ACID
Sulfamic Acid
Sulfamic acid
sulfamic acid
Sulfamic acid
sulfamidic acid
Sulfaminic acid, Aminosulfonic acid , Aminosulfuric acid
Sulfammic Acid
SULPHAMIC ACID
Sulphamic Acid
Sulphamic acid
sulphamic acid
Sulphamic acid
SULPHAMIDIC ACIDy
Sulphamidic Acid
Sulphamidic acid
sulphamidic acid
Sulphamidic acid
sulphamidic acid
Sulphamidic acid
sulphamidic-acid-

Asphalt Sulfonate; Asphalt, sulfonated, sodium salt; EC 269-212-0; Sodium asphalt sulfonate CAS NO:68201-31-1

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax CAS NO:1286686-34-7

Sulphur is a yellow crystalline solid or powder often transported in the molten state.
Sulphur, is a nonmetallic element that exists in a crystalline or amorphous form and in four stable isotopes.
Sulphur is also a key element for all life as the major component of amino acids, vitamins and many other cofactors.

CAS Number: 7704-34-9
Molecular Formula: S8
Molecular Weight: 256.52
EINECS Number: 231-722-6

Sulphur belongs to a nonmetallic chemical element (pure product: yellow crystalline solid) under the symbol S.
It exists in various kinds of forms and compound such as sulfide and sulfate minerals which can be found everywhere around the universe and earth.
Sulphur melts at temperatures rangingfrom 112.8°C (234 °F) for the rhombic form to 120.0°C(248 °F) for amorphous Sulphur,and all forms boil at 444.7°C (835°F).

Sulphur occurs as free Sulphur in many volcanic areas and is often associated with gypsum and limestone.
Sulphur is used as a chemical intermediate and fungicide and in the vulcanization of rubber.
Sulphur is a yellow crystalline solid

Sulphur can actively react with many other elements.
Sulphur has applications in various kinds of fields.
For example, one of its biggest applications is for the production of Sulphuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers.

Sulphur is also used for the manufacturing of insecticides, fungicides, and bactericides.
In pharmaceutical, Sulphur can be used for the manufacturing of many kinds of Sulphur-containing antibiotics.
Sulphur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16.

Sulphur is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic.
Under normal conditions, Sulphur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8.
Elemental Sulphur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature.

Sulphur is a non-metal element and is found in a variety of allotropes, meaning it can exist in different forms with varying molecular structures.
Sulphur is typically a bright yellow solid at room temperature and standard pressure.
Sulphur is insoluble in water but dissolves in organic solvents.

Sulphur is known for its distinctive smell when burned, which is similar to the smell of rotten eggs.
This odor is due to the formation of hydrogen sulfide gas.
Sulphur can form compounds with a wide range of other elements, and it is an important component of many minerals and organic molecules.

Sulphur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most on Earth.
Though sometimes found in pure, native form, Sulphur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals.
Being abundant in native form, Sulphur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and ancient Egypt.

Historically and in literature Sulphur is also called brimstone, which means "burning stone".
Today, almost all elemental Sulphur is produced as a byproduct of removing Sulphur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.
The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of Sulphuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes.

Sulphur is used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides.
Many Sulphur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic are due to organoSulphur compounds.
Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.

Sulphur is an essential element for all life, but almost always in the form of organoSulphur compounds or metal sulfides.
Amino acids (two proteinogenic: cysteine and methionine, and many other non-coded: cystine, taurine, etc.) and two vitamins (biotin and thiamine) are organoSulphur compounds crucial for life. Many cofactors also contain Sulphur, including glutathione, and iron–Sulphur proteins.
Disulfides, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the (among others) protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers.

Sulphur is one of the core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning and is an elemental macronutrient for all living organisms.
Sulphur forms several polyatomic molecules. The best-known allotrope is octaSulphur, cyclo-S8.
The point group of cyclo-S8 is D4d and its dipole moment is 0 D.

OctaSulphur is a soft, bright-yellow solid that is odorless, but impure samples have an odor similar to that of matches.
Sulphur melts at 115.21 °C (239.38 °F), boils at 444.6 °C (832.3 °F) and sublimes more or less between 20 °C (68 °F) and 50 °C (122 °F).
At 95.2 °C (203.4 °F), below its melting temperature, cyclo-octaSulphur changes from α-octaSulphur to the β-polymorph.

The structure of the S8 ring is virtually unchanged by this phase change, which affects the intermolecular interactions.
Between its melting and boiling temperatures, octaSulphur changes its allotrope again, turning from β-octaSulphur to γ-Sulphur, again accompanied by a lower density but increased viscosity due to the formation of polymers.
At higher temperatures, the viscosity decreases as depolymerization occurs.

Molten Sulphur assumes a dark red color above 200 °C (392 °F).
The density of Sulphur is about 2 g/cm3, depending on the allotrope; all of the stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators.
Sulphur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and, to a lesser extent, in other nonpolar organic solvents, such as benzene and toluene.

Sulphur, a vital element for life, is universally present in all living organisms.
As a non-metal, it assumes various forms within numerous compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Sulphur can be found in sulfates, sulfides, and Sulphuric acid.

Sulphurs abundance ranks it as the tenth most prevalent element in the universe and can be found within numerous minerals and rocks.
In the field of biochemistry, Sulphur serves as a valuable tool for investigating the structure and functionality of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Moreover, in the realm of physiology, Sulphur aids in the examination of cellular metabolism.

Under normal conditions, Sulphur hydrolyzes very slowly to mainly form hydrogen sulfide and Sulphuric acid:
1⁄2 S8 + 4 H2O → 3 H2S + H2SO4
The reaction involves adsorption of protons onto S8 clusters, followed by disproportionation into the reaction products.

The second, fourth and sixth ionization energies of Sulphur are 2252 kJ/mol, 4556 kJ/mol and 8495.8 kJ/mol, respectively.
A composition of products of Sulphur's reactions with oxidants (and its oxidation state) depends on that whether releasing out of a reaction energy overcomes these thresholds.
Applying catalysts and / or supply of outer energy may vary Sulphur's oxidation state and a composition of reaction products.

While reaction between Sulphur and oxygen at normal conditions gives Sulphur dioxide (oxidation state +4), formation of Sulphur trioxide (oxidation state +6) requires temperature 400 – 600 °C and presence of a catalyst.
In reactions with elements of lesser electronegativity, it reacts as an oxidant and forms sulfides, where it has oxidation state –2.

Sulphur reacts with nearly all other elements with the exception of the noble gases, even with the notoriously unreactive metal iridium (yielding iridium disulfide).
Some of those reactions need elevated temperatures.
Sulphur, S, is a nonmetallic element that exists in a crystalline or amorphous form and in four stable isotopes.

Sulphur melts at temperatures rangingfrom 112.8°C (234 °F) for the rhombic form to 120.0°C(248 °F) for amorphous Sulphur,and all forms boil at 444.7°C (835°F).
Sulphur occurs as free Sulphur in many volcanic areas and is often associated with gypsum and limestone.
Sulphur is used as a chemical intermediate and fungicide and in the vulcanization of rubber.

Sulphur has a pale yellow crystalline solid with a faint odor of rotten eggs.
Sulphur, a fire and explosion risk above 450° F.
Sulphur forms over 30 solid allotropes, more than any other element.

Besides Sulphur, several other rings are known.
Removing one atom from the crown gives S7, which is more of a deep yellow than the S8. HPLC analysis of "elemental Sulphur" reveals an equilibrium mixture of mainly Sulphur, but with S7 and small amounts of S6.
Larger rings have been prepared, including S12 and S18.

Amorphous or "plastic" Sulphur is produced by rapid cooling of molten Sulphur—for example, by pouring it into cold water.
X-ray crystallography studies show that the amorphous form may have a helical structure with eight atoms per turn.

The long coiled Sulphur make the brownish substance elastic, and in bulk this form has the feel of crude rubber.
This form is metastable at room temperature and gradually reverts to crystalline molecular allotrope, which is no longer elastic.
This process happens within a matter of hours to days, but can be rapidly catalyzed.

Sulphur is considered a nonmetallic solid.
Orthorhombic (or rhombic) octahedral lemon-yellow crystals, which are also called“brimstone” and referred to as “alpha” Sulphur.
The density of this form of Sulphur is 2.06g/cm3, with a melting point of 95.5°C.

Monoclinic, prismatic crystals, which are light-yellow in color.
This allotrope is referredto as “beta” Sulphur. Its density is 1.96 g/cm3, with a melting point of 119.3°C.
Amorphous Sulphur is formed when molten Sulphur is quickly cooled.

Amorphous Sulphur issoft and elastic, and as it cools, it reverts back to the orthorhombic allotropic form.
Sulphur, in its elemental form, is rather common and does not have a taste or odor except whenin contact with oxygen, when it forms small amounts of Sulphur dioxide.
Sulphur is the fifth most common element by mass in the Earth.

Sulphur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire; such volcanic deposits are currently mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan.
These deposits are polycrystalline, with the largest documented single crystal measuring 22×16×11 cm.
Historically, Sicily was a major source of Sulphur in the Industrial Revolution.

Lakes of molten Sulphur up to ~200 m in diameter have been found on the sea floor, associated with submarine volcanoes, at depths where the boiling point of water is higher than the melting point of Sulphur.
Native Sulphur is synthesised by anaerobic bacteria acting on sulfate minerals such as gypsum in salt domes.

Significant deposits in salt domes occur along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and in evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia.
Native Sulphur may be produced by geological processes alone.

Fossil-based Sulphur deposits from salt domes were once the basis for commercial production in the United States, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.
Currently, commercial production is still carried out in the Osiek mine in Poland.
Such sources are now of secondary commercial importance, and most are no longer worked.

Common naturally occurring Sulphur compounds include the sulfide minerals, such as pyrite (iron sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide), and stibnite (antimony sulfide); and the sulfate minerals, such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), alunite (potassium aluminium sulfate), and barite (barium sulfate).
On Earth, just as upon Jupiter's moon Io, elemental Sulphur occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, including emissions from hydrothermal vents.
The main industrial source of Sulphur is now petroleum and natural gas.

Sulphur was known to the alchemists from ancient times as brimstone.
Lavoisier in 1772 proved Sulphur to be an element. The element derived its name from both the Sanskrit and Latin names Sulvere and Sulphurium, respectively.
Sulphur is widely distributed in nature, in earth's crust, ocean, meteorites, the moon, sun, and certain stars.

Sulphur also is found in volcanic gases, natural gases, petroleum crudes, and hot springs.
Sulphur is found in practically all plant and animal life.
Most natural Sulphur is in iron sulfides in the deep earth mantle.

The abundance of Sulphur in earth’s crust is about 350 mg/kg.
Sulphurs average concentration in seawater is estimated to be about 0.09%.
Sulphur occurs in earth’s crust as elemental Sulphur (often found in the vicinity of volcanoes), sulfides, and sulfates.

The most important Sulphur-containing ores are iron pyrite, FeS2; chalcopyrite, CuFeS2; sphalerite, ZnS; galena, PbS; cinnabar HgS; gypsum CaSO4•2H2O; anhydrite CaSO4; kieserite, MgSO4•H2O; celestite, SrSO4; barite, BaSO4; and. stibnite, Sb2S3.
There are a total of 24 isotopes of Sulphur; all but four of these are radioactive.
The four stable isotopes and their contribution to Sulphur’s total abundance on Earth areas follows: S-32 contributes 95.02% to the abundance of Sulphur; S-33, just 0.75%; S-34,4.21%; and S-36, 0.02%.

Being abundantly available in native form, Sulphur was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah (Genesis).
English translations of the Christian Bible commonly referred to burning Sulphur as "brimstone", giving rise to the term "fire-and-brimstone" sermons, in which listeners are reminded of the fate of eternal damnation that await the unbelieving and unrepentant.
Sulphur is from this part of the Bible that Hell is implied to "smell of Sulphur" (likely due to its association with volcanic activity).

According to the Ebers Papyrus, a Sulphur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids.
Sulphur was used for fumigation in preclassical Greece; this is mentioned in the Odyssey.
Pliny the Elder discusses Sulphur in book 35 of his Natural History, saying that its best-known source is the island of Melos.

Early European alchemists gave Sulphur a unique alchemical symbol, a triangle atop a cross.
The variation known as brimstone has a symbol combining a two-barred cross atop a lemniscate.
In traditional skin treatment, elemental Sulphur was used (mainly in creams) to alleviate such conditions as scabies, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema, and acne. The mechanism of action is unknown—though elemental Sulphur does oxidize slowly to Sulphurous acid, which is (through the action of sulfite) a mild reducing and antibacterial agent.

Sulphur appears in a column of fixed (non-acidic) alkali in a chemical table of 1718.
Antoine Lavoisier used Sulphur in combustion experiments, writing of some of these in 1777.
Sulphur deposits in Sicily were the dominant source for more than a century.

By the late 18th century, about 2,000 tonnes per year of Sulphur were imported into Marseille, France, for the production of Sulphuric acid for use in the Leblanc process.
In industrializing Britain, with the repeal of tariffs on salt in 1824, demand for Sulphur from Sicily surged upward.
The increasing British control and exploitation of the mining, refining, and transportation of the Sulphur, coupled with the failure of this lucrative export to transform Sicily's backward and impoverished economy, led to the Sulphur Crisis of 1840, when King Ferdinand II gave a monopoly of the Sulphur industry to a French firm, violating an earlier 1816 trade agreement with Britain.

In 1867, elemental Sulphur was discovered in underground deposits in Louisiana and Texas.
The highly successful Frasch process was developed to extract this resource.
In the late 18th century, furniture makers used molten Sulphur to produce decorative inlays.

Molten Sulphur is sometimes still used for setting steel bolts into drilled concrete holes where high shock resistance is desired for floor-mounted equipment attachment points.
Pure powdered Sulphur was used as a medicinal tonic and laxative.
With the advent of the contact process, the majority of Sulphur today is used to make Sulphuric acid for a wide range of uses, particularly fertilizer.

In recent times, the main source of Sulphur has become petroleum and natural gas.
This is due to the requirement to remove Sulphur from fuels in order to prevent acid rain, and has resulted in a surplus of Sulphur.

Melting point: 114 °C
Boiling point: 445 °C
Density: 2.36
vapor density: 8.9 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 183.8 °C)
Flash point: 168 °C
solubility: carbon disulfide: in accordance1g/5mL
form: powder
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 2.07
Odor: at 100.00?%. Sulphurous
Resistivity: 2E23 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Merck: 13,9059 / 13,9067

Sulphur exhibits a remarkable array of unique characteristics.
Today, there are chemistsdevoting large portions of their careers to studying this unusual element.
For example, whenSulphur is melted, its viscosity increases, and it turns reddish-black as it is heated.

Beyond 200°C, the color begins to lighten, and it flows as a thinner liquid.
Sulphur burns with a beautiful subdued blue flame.
The old English name for Sulphur was“brimstone,” which means “a stone that burns.”

This is the origin of the term “fire and brimstone”when referring to great heat.
Above 445°C, Sulphur turns to a gas, which is dark orangeyellowbut which becomes lighter in color as the temperature rises.
Sulphur is an oxidizing agent and has the ability to combine with most other elements toform compounds.

Sulphur has been known since ancient times primarily because it is a rather common substance.
Sulphur is the 15th most common element in the universe, and though it is not found in allregions of the Earth, there are significant deposits in south Texas and Louisiana, as well in allvolcanoes. Sulphur makes up about 1% of the Earth’s crust.

Sulphur is an element found in many common minerals, such as galena (PbS), pyrite(fool’s gold, FeS2), sphalerite (ZnS), cinnabar (HgS), and celestite (SrSO4), among others.
About 1/4 of all Sulphur procured today is recovered from petroleum production.
Themajority of Sulphur is the result of or a by-product of mining other minerals from the orescontaining Sulphur.

Sulphur is mined by the recovery method known as the Frasch process, which was inventedby Herman Frasch in Germany in the early 1900s.
This process forces superheated water,under pressure, into deep underground Sulphur deposits.
Compressed air then forces the moltenSulphur to the surface, where it is cooled. There are other methods for mining Sulphur, but theFrasch process is the most important and most economical.

Sulphur is found in Sicily, Canada, Central Europe, and the Arabian oil states, as well as inthe southern United States in Texas and Louisiana and offshore beneath the Gulf of Mexico.
Sulphur reacts with many metals. Electropositive metals give polysulfide salts.
Copper, zinc, silver are attacked by Sulphur, see tarnishing.

Although many metal sulfides are known, most are prepared by high temperature reactions of the elements.
Geoscientists also study the isotopes of metal sulfides in rocks and sediment to study environmental conditions in the Earth's past.
sulphur: Symbol S. A yellow nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 (formerly VIB) of the periodic table; a.n. 16; r.a.m. 32.06; r.d. 2.07 (rhombic); m.p. 112.8°C; b.p. 444.674°C.

The element occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and native sulphur is also found in Sicily and the USA (obtained by the Frasch process).
Sulphur can also be obtained from hydrogen sulphide by the Claus process.
Sulphur has various allotropic forms.

Below 95.6°C the stable crystal form is rhombic; above this temperature the element transforms into a triclinic form.
These crystalline forms both contain cyclic S8 molecules.
At temperatures just above its melting point, molten sulphur is a yellow liquid containing S8 rings (as in the solid form).

At about 160°C,the sulphur atoms form chains and the liquid becomes more viscous and dark brown.
If the molten sulphur is cooled quickly from this temperature (e.g. by pouring into cold water) a reddish-brown solid known as plastic sulphur is obtained.
Above 200°C the viscosity decreases.

Sulphur vapour contains a mixture of S2, S4, S6, and S8 molecules.
Flowers of sulphur is a yellow powder obtained by subliming the vapour. It is used as a plant fungicide.
The element is also used to produce sulphuric acid and other sulphur compounds.

Sulphur is an essential element in living organisms, occurring in the amino acids cysteine and methionine and therefore in many proteins.
Sulphur is also a constituent of various cell metabolites, e.g. coenzyme A. Sulphur is absorbed by plants from the soil as the sulphate ion (SO42–).

Compounds with carbon–Sulphur multiple bonds are uncommon, an exception being carbon disulfide, a volatile colorless liquid that is structurally similar to carbon dioxide.
It is used as a reagent to make the polymer rayon and many organoSulphur compounds.
Unlike carbon monoxide, carbon monosulfide is stable only as an extremely dilute gas, found between solar systems.

Organo Sulphur compounds are responsible for some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter.
They are widely known as the odorant in domestic natural gas, garlic odor, and skunk spray.
Not all organic Sulphur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the Sulphur-containing monoterpenoid (grapefruit mercaptan) in small concentrations is the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations.

Sulphur mustard, a potent vesicant, was used in World War I as a disabling agent.
Sulphur–Sulphur bonds are a structural component used to stiffen rubber, similar to the disulfide bridges that rigidify proteins (see biological below).
In the most common type of industrial "curing" or hardening and strengthening of natural rubber, elemental Sulphur is heated with the rubber to the point that chemical reactions form disulfide bridges between isoprene units of the polymer.

This process, patented in 1843, made rubber a major industrial product, especially in automobile tires.
Because of the heat and Sulphur, the process was named vulcanization, after the Roman god of the forge and volcanism.

Production Methods
Elemental Sulphur is recovered from its ore deposits found throughout the world.
Sulphur is obtained commercially by the Frasch process, recovery from wells sunk into salt domes.
Heated water under pressure is forced into the underground deposits to melt Sulphur.

Liquid Sulphur is then brought to the surface.
Sulphur is recovered by distillation.
Often the ore is concentrated by froth flotation.

Elemental Sulphur also is recovered as a by-product in processing natural gas and petroleum.
Refining operations of natural gas and petroleum crude produce hydrogen sulfide, which also may occur naturally.
Hydrogen sulfide is separated from hydrocarbon gases by absorption in an aqueous solution of alkaline solvent such as monoethanol amine.

Hydrogen sulfide is concentrated in this solvent and gas is stripped out and oxidized by air at high temperature in the presence of a catalyst (Claus process).
Elemental Sulphur also may be obtained by smelting sulfide ores with a reducing agent, such as coke or natural gas, or by reduction of Sulphur dioxide.
Sulphur may be found by itself and historically was usually obtained in this form; pyrite has also been a source of Sulphur.

In volcanic regions in Sicily, in ancient times, it was found on the surface of the Earth, and the "Sicilian process" was used: Sulphur deposits were piled and stacked in brick kilns built on sloping hillsides, with airspaces between them.
Then, some Sulphur was pulverized, spread over the stacked ore and ignited, causing the free Sulphur to melt down the hills.
Eventually the surface-borne deposits played out, and miners excavated veins that ultimately dotted the Sicilian landscape with labyrinthine mines.

Mining was unmechanized and labor-intensive, with pickmen freeing the ore from the rock, and mine-boys or carusi carrying baskets of ore to the surface, often through a mile or more of tunnels.
Once the ore was at the surface, it was reduced and extracted in smelting ovens.
Elemental Sulphur was extracted from salt domes (in which it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form) until the late 20th century.

Sulphur is now produced as a side product of other industrial processes such as in oil refining, in which Sulphur is undesired.
As a mineral, native Sulphur under salt domes is thought to be a fossil mineral resource, produced by the action of anaerobic bacteria on sulfate deposits.
It was removed from such salt-dome mines mainly by the Frasch process.

In this method, superheated water was pumped into a native Sulphur deposit to melt the Sulphur, and then compressed air returned the 99.5% pure melted product to the surface.
Throughout the 20th century this procedure produced elemental Sulphur that required no further purification.
Due to a limited number of such Sulphur deposits and the high cost of working them, this process for mining Sulphur has not been employed in a major way anywhere in the world since 2002.

Today, Sulphur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide.
OrganoSulphur compounds, undesirable impurities in petroleum, may be upgraded by subjecting them to hydrodeSulphurization, which cleaves the C–S bonds:
R-S-R + 2 H2 → 2 RH + H2S

The resulting hydrogen sulfide from this process, and also as it occurs in natural gas, is converted into elemental Sulphur by the Claus process.
This process entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to Sulphur dioxide and then the comproportionation of the two:
3 O2 + 2 H2S → 2 SO2 + 2 H2O
SO2 + 2 H2S → 3 S + 2 H2O

Owing to the high Sulphur content of the Athabasca Oil Sands, stockpiles of elemental Sulphur from this process now exist throughout Alberta, Canada.
Another way of storing Sulphur is as a binder for concrete, the resulting product having many desirable properties (see Sulphur concrete).
Sulphur is still mined from surface deposits in poorer nations with volcanoes, such as Indonesia, and worker conditions have not improved much since Booker T. Washington's days.

Uses
Sulphur is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes such as metabolic reactions.
Elemental Sulphur is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals such as Sulphuric acid.
Sulphur is increasingly used as a component of fertilizers.

Sulphur can be used as an ingredient of Pesticide as well.
Sulphur (colloidal) reduces oil-gland activity and dissolves the skin’s surface layer of dry, dead cells.
This ingredient is commonly used in acne soaps and lotions, and is a major component in many acne preparations.

Sulphur is a mild anti-septic used in acne creams and lotions.
Sulphur stimulates healing when used on skin rashes. Sulphur may cause skin irritation.
Elemental Sulphur is used for vulcanizing rubber; making black gunpowder; as a soil conditioner; as a fungicide; preparing a number of metal sulfides; and producing carbon disulfide.

Sulphur also is used in matches; bleaching wood pulp, straw, silk, and wool; and in synthesis of many dyes.
Pharmaceutical grade precipitated and sublimed Sulphurs are used as scabicides and as antiseptics in lotions and ointments.
Important Sulphur compounds include Sulphuric acid, Sulphur dioxide, hydrogen 890 Sulphur sulfide, Sulphur trioxide, and a number of metal sulfides and metal oxo- salts such as sulfates, bisulfates, and sulfites.

Sulphur is a crucial raw material in the chemical industry.
Sulphur's used in the production of Sulphuric acid, which is one of the most widely used industrial chemicals.
Sulphuric acid is essential for various industrial processes, including manufacturing fertilizers, detergents, and explosives.

Elemental Sulphur or Sulphur compounds are used in fertilizers to provide essential nutrients to plants, primarily in the form of sulfates.
Sulphur is a component of various pharmaceutical compounds and drugs.
For example, Sulphur compounds are used in antibiotics and in the treatment of certain skin conditions.

Sulphur is a critical component in the vulcanization process of rubber, which improves the elasticity, strength, and durability of rubber materials.
Sulphur compounds are present in crude oil and natural gas.
They need to be removed during refining processes to reduce environmental pollution and prevent corrosion.

Sulphur is considered a secondary macronutrient for plants.
Sulphur-containing fertilizers are used to address Sulphur deficiencies in soil and promote healthy plant growth.
Sulphur compounds are used in certain pesticides and fungicides to control pests and diseases in agriculture.

Sulphur compounds are used in the flotation process of mineral separation in mining.
Sulphur dioxide, a Sulphur compound, is used as a preservative in food and beverages to prevent spoilage.
Sulphur is one of the four major commodities of the chemical industry.

Sulphur use for the acid is the extraction of phosphate ores for the production of fertilizer manufacturing.
Other applications of Sulphuric acid include oil refining, wastewater processing, and mineral extraction.
Sulphur reacts directly with methane to give carbon disulfide, which is used to manufacture cellophane and rayon.

One of the uses of elemental Sulphur is in vulcanization of rubber, where polysulfide chains crosslink organic polymers. Large quantities of sulfites are used to bleach paper and to preserve dried fruit.
Many surfactants and detergents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate) are sulfate derivatives.
Calcium sulfate, gypsum, (CaSO4·2H2O) is mined on the scale of 100 million tonnes each year for use in Portland cement and fertilizers.

Sulphur is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and adsorbents.
Sulphur has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Sulphur is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Sulphur is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Sulphur can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles, as processing aid and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Sulphur is an essential nutrient for plant growth.
Sulphur-containing fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate, are used to address Sulphur deficiencies in soils and promote healthy plant development.
Certain antibiotics, such as penicillin and cephalosporins, contain Sulphur in their molecular structure.

Sulphur compounds are used in skincare products to address skin conditions like acne and psoriasis.
Sulphur is a key component in the vulcanization process of rubber, which improves the elasticity, durability, and heat resistance of rubber materials.
Sulphur compounds are removed from crude oil and natural gas during refining processes to prevent environmental pollution and corrosion during downstream operations.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Sulphur-containing compounds are used as preservatives in food and beverages to prevent spoilage and maintain freshness.
Sulphur compounds are used in certain pesticides and fungicides to control pests and diseases in agricultural crops.
Sulphur compounds are used in the flotation process to separate valuable minerals from ore in the mining industry.

Sulphuric acid is used in lead-acid batteries commonly found in vehicles and backup power systems.
Sulphur compounds are used to remove Sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from industrial processes to reduce air pollution.
Sulphur dyes, also known as Sulphur-based dyes, are used in the textile industry to color fabrics and fibers.

Elemental Sulphur is sometimes used in construction materials, including concrete, to improve certain properties like workability and durability.
Sodium thiosulfate, a Sulphur compound, is used as a photographic fixer to remove unexposed silver halide from photographic emulsions.
Sulphur is a component of black powder, a mixture used in explosives and early firearms.

Sulphur compounds are used as reagents in various chemical reactions to synthesize new compounds.
Sulphur is used in the tanning process for leather to improve its durability, flexibility, and resistance to water.
Sulphur dioxide is used in the paper industry for bleaching pulp to create white paper products.

Sulphur compounds are used to remove chlorine from water in wastewater treatment and swimming pool maintenance.
Sulphur isotopes are used in geological studies to understand Earth's history and processes.
Sulphur-containing compounds contribute to the flavors and aromas of certain foods and beverages, such as garlic and onions.

Sulphur dioxide is used in winemaking as a preservative and antioxidant to prevent spoilage.
Sulphuric acid is used in the extraction of metals from their ores, such as copper and nickel.
Sulphur is involved in the crosslinking of rubber molecules to create a network that enhances the rubber's properties.

Sulphur is used as a reagent for qualitative analysis in chemistry laboratories.
Sulphur was historically used in the striking surface of matches to ignite the flame.
Sulphur-based pesticides are used to control insects and mites on crops.

Sulphur-containing compounds are used as feed additives for livestock to improve digestion and overall health.
Sulphur compounds are used in the production of semiconductors and electronic devices.

Sulphur compounds are used in photographic toning processes to alter the color and appearance of photographs.
Sulphur compounds can assist in bioremediation processes to clean up contaminated soils.

Safety Profile:
Elemental Sulphur is generally considered to have low toxicity, but exposure to Sulphur compounds like hydrogen sulfide gas can be hazardous and toxic.
Proper safety precautions, ventilation, and protective equipment should be used when handling Sulphur compounds.
Poison by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes.

Many of the Sulphur compounds are toxic but essential for life.
The gas from elemental Sulphurand from most of the compounds of Sulphur is poisonous when inhaled and deadly wheningested.
This is the reason that Sulphur compounds are effective for rat and mice exterminationas well an ingredient of insecticides.

Toxicity of Sulphur compounds:
Most of the soluble sulfate salts, such as Epsom salts, are non-toxic.
Soluble sulfate salts are poorly absorbed and laxative.
When injected parenterally, they are freely filtered by the kidneys and eliminated with very little toxicity in multi-gram amounts.

When Sulphur burns in air, it produces Sulphur dioxide.
In water, this gas produces Sulphurous acid and sulfites; sulfites are antioxidants that inhibit growth of aerobic bacteria and a useful food additive in small amounts.
At high concentrations these acids harm the lungs, eyes, or other tissues.

Sulphur trioxide (made by catalysis from Sulphur dioxide) and Sulphuric acid are similarly highly acidic and corrosive in the presence of water.
Sulphuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent that can strip available water molecules and water components from sugar and organic tissue.

Synonyms
231-722-6
7704-34-9
9035-99-8
Agri-Sul
AN-Sulphur Colloid Kit
Aquilite
Asulfa-Supra
Atomic Sulphur
Bensulfoid
Brimstone
Colloidal Sulphur
Colloidal-S
Devisulphur
elemental Sulphur
Flour Sulphur
Flour sulphur
Flowers of Sulphur
Flowers of sulphur
Gofrativ
Ground vocle Sulphur
Ground vocle sulphur
Precipitated Sulphur
S
Sofril
Solfa
Soufre
Soufre [ISO-French]
Sperlox-S
Spersul
Spersul thiovit
Sublimed Sulphur
Sublimed sulphur
Suffa
Sufran
Sufran D
Sulfex
Sulfidal
Sulforon
Sulfospor
Sulphur
Sulphur (0)
Sulphur (JP17)
Sulphur (molten)
Sulphur [NA1350] [Class 9]
Sulphur [UN1350] [Flammable solid]
Sulphur 10 microg/mL in Isooctane
Sulphur atom
Sulphur bactericide,fumigant
Sulphur Compounds
Sulphur hydride
Sulphur hydroxide
Sulphur in Isooctane standard solution, Specpure, 100g/g (0.010%)
Sulphur in Isooctane standard solution, Specpure, 10g/g (0.001%)
Sulphur in Isooctane standard solution, Specpure?, 25?g/g (0.0025%)
Sulphur ointment
Sulphur precipitated
Sulphur Soap
Sulphur vapor
Sulphur, 99.998% trace metals basis
Sulphur, 99.999%
Sulphur, colloidal, metastable technetium-99 labeled
Sulphur, elemental
Sulphur, flakes, >=99.99% trace metals basis
Sulphur, LR, >=99%
Sulphur, molten [NA2448] [Class 9]
Sulphur, molten [UN2448] [Flammable solid]
Sulphur, monoclinic
Sulphur, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
Sulphur, pharmaceutical
Sulphur, powder, 99.98% trace metals basis
Sulphur, powder, colloidal
Sulphur, precipitated
Sulphur, precipitated (USP)
Sulphur, precipitated [USP]
Sulphur, prilled, >=99.99 trace metals basis
Sulphur, puriss., 95.0%
Sulphur, puriss., 99.5-100.5%, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, precipitated
Sulphur, purum p.a., >=99.5% (T)
Sulphur, reagent grade, powder, purified by refining, -100 mesh particle size
Sulphur, reagent grade, purified by sublimation, -100 mesh particle size, powder
Sulphur, rhombic
Sulphur, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
Sulphur, solid
Sulphur, sublimed
Sulphur, sublimed (USP)
Sulphur, sublimed [USP]
Sulikol
Sulkol
sulphur
Sulphur [ISO]
Sulphur, precipitated, sublimed or colloidal
Sulsol
Sultaf
Super cosan
Super Six
Svovl
TechneColl
TechneScan Sulphur Colloid
Tesuloid
Thiolux
Thion
Thiovit
Thiovit S
Thiozol
Ultra Sulphur
Wettasul
Zolvis
Sulphur (>80per cent)
Insoluble Sulphur
Sulphur 16
Sulphur-16
DTXCID7014941
DTXSID9034941
2-(Perfluoroalkyl)ethyl allyl sulphide

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade improves product quality, wear ability and resistance to both fatigue and ageing.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is the main raw material used in manufacturing of tires, and both natural & synthetic rubber is used.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade forms bridges between individual polymer molecules when heated with rubber.

CAS Number: 7704-34-9
Molecular Formula: S8
Molecular Weight: 256.52
EINECS Number: 231-722-6

Synonyms: hydrogen sulfide, sulfane, Hydrosulfuric acid, Dihydrogen monosulfide, 231-722-6, 7704-34-9, 9035-99-8, Agri-Sul, AN-Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade Colloid Kit, Aquilite, Asulfa-Supra, Atomic Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Bensulfoid, Brimstone, Colloidal Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Colloidal-S, DeviSulphur Powder Rubber Grade, elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Flour Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Flour Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Flowers of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Flowers of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Gofrativ, Ground vocle Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Ground vocle Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Precipitated Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, S, Sofril, Solfa, Soufre, Soufre [ISO-French], Sperlox-S, Spersul, Spersul thiovit, Sublimed Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Sublimed Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Suffa, Sufran, Sufran D, Sulfex, Sulfidal, Sulforon, Sulfospor, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade (0), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade (JP17), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade (molten), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade [NA1350] [Class 9], Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade [UN1350] [Flammable solid], Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade 10 microg/mL in Isooctane, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade atom, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade bactericide, fumigant, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade Compounds, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade hydride, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade hydroxide, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in Isooctane standard solution, Specpure, 100g/g (0.010%), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in Isooctane standard solution, Specpure, 10g/g (0.001%), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in Isooctane standard solution, Specpure?, 25?g/g (0.0025%), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade ointment, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade precipitated, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade Soap, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade vapor, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, 99.998% trace metals basis, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, 99.999%, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, colloidal, metastable technetium-99 labeled, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, elemental, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, flakes, >=99.99% trace metals basis, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, LR, >=99%, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, molten [NA2448] [Class 9], Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, molten [UN2448] [Flammable solid], Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, monoclinic, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, pharmaceutical, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, powder, 99.98% trace metals basis, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, powder, colloidal, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, precipitated, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, precipitated (USP), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, precipitated [USP], Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, prilled, >=99.99 trace metals basis, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, puriss., 95.0%, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, puriss., 99.5-100.5%, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, precipitated, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, purum p.a., >=99.5% (T), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, reagent grade, powder, purified by refining, -100 mesh particle size, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, reagent grade, purified by sublimation, -100 mesh particle size, powder, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, rhombic, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, solid, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, sublimed, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, sublimed (USP), Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, sublimed [USP], Sulikol, Sulkol, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade [ISO], Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, precipitated, sublimed or colloidal, Sulsol, Sultaf, Super cosan, Super Six, Svovl, TechneColl, TechneScan Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade Colloid, Tesuloid, Thiolux, Thion, Thiovit, Thiovit S, Thiozol, Ultra Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Wettasul, Zolvis, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade (>80per cent), Insoluble Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade 16, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-16, DTXCID7014941, DTXSID9034941, 2-(Perfluoroalkyl)ethyl allyl sulphide

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a yellow crystalline solid or powder often transported in the molten state.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade belongs to a nonmetallic chemical element (pure product: yellow crystalline solid) under the symbol S.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grades as free Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in many volcanic areas and is often associated with gypsum and limestone.

In Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade molecules the cross linking between the chains are very less.
Often a catalyst and initiator is added to accelerate the vulcanization process.
The cross-linked elastomers have much improved mechanical properties.

In fact, unvulcanized Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade has poor mechanical properties and is not very durable.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is amorphous form of sulfur made from the heat-polymerizing of powder sulfur, also can be obtained by reacting sulfureted hydrogen with sulfur dioxide.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is macromolecule polymer, and there are several thousand of sulfur atoms in its molecular chains.

Since it doesn't dissolve in carbon disulfide, it is called insoluble sulfur or Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade.
Insoluble sulfur is an important rubber additive agent.
This leads to the softness in the Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic.
Under normal conditions, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8.
Elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a non-metal element and is found in a variety of allotropes, meaning it can exist in different forms with varying molecular structures.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is typically a bright yellow solid at room temperature and standard pressure.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is insoluble in water but dissolves in organic solvents.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is known for its distinctive smell when burned, which is similar to the smell of rotten eggs.
This odor is due to the formation of hydrogen sulfide gas.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade can form compounds with a wide range of other elements, and it is an important component of many minerals and organic molecules.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most on Earth.
Though sometimes found in pure, native form, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals.
Being abundant in native form, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and ancient Egypt.

Historically and in literature Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is also called brimstone, which means "burning stone".
Today, almost all elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is produced as a byproduct of removing Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.
The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides.
Many Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic are due to organoSulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds.
Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is an essential element for all life, but almost always in the form of organoSulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds or metal sulfides.
Amino acids (two proteinogenic: cysteine and methionine, and many other non-coded: cystine, taurine, etc.) and two vitamins (biotin and thiamine) are organoSulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds crucial for life. Many cofactors also contain Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, including glutathione, and iron–Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade proteins.
Disulfides, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the (among others) protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is one of the core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning and is an elemental macronutrient for all living organisms.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade forms several polyatomic molecules. The best-known allotrope is octaSulphur Powder Rubber Grade, cyclo-S8.
The point group of cyclo-S8 is D4d and its dipole moment is 0 D.

OctaSulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a soft, bright-yellow solid that is odorless, but impure samples have an odor similar to that of matches.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade melts at 115.21 °C (239.38 °F), boils at 444.6 °C (832.3 °F) and sublimes more or less between 20 °C (68 °F) and 50 °C (122 °F).
At 95.2 °C (203.4 °F), below its melting temperature, cyclo-octaSulphur Powder Rubber Grade changes from α-octaSulphur Powder Rubber Grade to the β-polymorph.

The structure of the S8 ring is virtually unchanged by this phase change, which affects the intermolecular interactions.
Between its melting and boiling temperatures, octaSulphur Powder Rubber Grade changes its allotrope again, turning from β-octaSulphur Powder Rubber Grade to γ-Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, again accompanied by a lower density but increased viscosity due to the formation of polymers.
At higher temperatures, the viscosity decreases as depolymerization occurs.

Molten Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade assumes a dark red color above 200 °C (392 °F).
The density of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is about 2 g/cm3, depending on the allotrope; all of the stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and, to a lesser extent, in other nonpolar organic solvents, such as benzene and toluene.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, a vital element for life, is universally present in all living organisms.
As a non-metal, it assumes various forms within numerous compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade can be found in sulfates, sulfides, and Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grades abundance ranks it as the tenth most prevalent element in the universe and can be found within numerous minerals and rocks.
In the field of biochemistry, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade serves as a valuable tool for investigating the structure and functionality of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Moreover, in the realm of physiology, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade aids in the examination of cellular metabolism.

Under normal conditions, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade hydrolyzes very slowly to mainly form hydrogen sulfide and Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid:
1⁄2 S8 + 4 H2O → 3 H2S + H2SO4
The reaction involves adsorption of protons onto S8 clusters, followed by disproportionation into the reaction products.

The second, fourth and sixth ionization energies of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade are 2252 kJ/mol, 4556 kJ/mol and 8495.8 kJ/mol, respectively.
A composition of products of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade's reactions with oxidants (and its oxidation state) depends on that whether releasing out of a reaction energy overcomes these thresholds.
Applying catalysts and / or supply of outer energy may vary Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade's oxidation state and a composition of reaction products.

While reaction between Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade and oxygen at normal conditions gives Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide (oxidation state +4), formation of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade trioxide (oxidation state +6) requires temperature 400 – 600 °C and presence of a catalyst.
In reactions with elements of lesser electronegativity, it reacts as an oxidant and forms sulfides, where it has oxidation state –2.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade reacts with nearly all other elements with the exception of the noble gases, even with the notoriously unreactive metal iridium (yielding iridium disulfide).
Some of those reactions need elevated temperatures.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, S, is a nonmetallic element that exists in a crystalline or amorphous form and in four stable isotopes.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade melts at temperatures rangingfrom 112.8°C (234 °F) for the rhombic form to 120.0°C(248 °F) for amorphous Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade,and all forms boil at 444.7°C (835°F).
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade occurs as free Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in many volcanic areas and is often associated with gypsum and limestone.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used as a chemical intermediate and fungicide and in the vulcanization of rubber.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade has a pale yellow crystalline solid with a faint odor of rotten eggs.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, a fire and explosion risk above 450° F.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade forms over 30 solid allotropes, more than any other element.

Besides Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, several other rings are known.
Removing one atom from the crown gives S7, which is more of a deep yellow than the S8. HPLC analysis of "elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade" reveals an equilibrium mixture of mainly Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, but with S7 and small amounts of S6.
Larger rings have been prepared, including S12 and S18.

Amorphous or "plastic" Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is produced by rapid cooling of molten Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade—for example, by pouring it into cold water.
X-ray crystallography studies show that the amorphous form may have a helical structure with eight atoms per turn.

The long coiled Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade make the brownish substance elastic, and in bulk this form has the feel of crude rubber.
This form is metastable at room temperature and gradually reverts to crystalline molecular allotrope, which is no longer elastic.
This process happens within a matter of hours to days, but can be rapidly catalyzed.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is considered a nonmetallic solid.
Orthorhombic (or rhombic) octahedral lemon-yellow crystals, which are also called“brimstone” and referred to as “alpha” Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade.
The density of this form of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is 2.06g/cm3, with a melting point of 95.5°C.

Monoclinic, prismatic crystals, which are light-yellow in color.
This allotrope is referredto as “beta” Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade. Its density is 1.96 g/cm3, with a melting point of 119.3°C.
Amorphous Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is formed when molten Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is quickly cooled.

Amorphous Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade issoft and elastic, and as it cools, it reverts back to the orthorhombic allotropic form.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, in its elemental form, is rather common and does not have a taste or odor except whenin contact with oxygen, when it forms small amounts of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is the fifth most common element by mass in the Earth.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire; such volcanic deposits are currently mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan.
These deposits are polycrystalline, with the largest documented single crystal measuring 22×16×11 cm.
Historically, Sicily was a major source of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in the Industrial Revolution.

Lakes of molten Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade up to ~200 m in diameter have been found on the sea floor, associated with submarine volcanoes, at depths where the boiling point of water is higher than the melting point of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade.
Native Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is synthesised by anaerobic bacteria acting on sulfate minerals such as gypsum in salt domes.

Significant deposits in salt domes occur along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and in evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia.
Native Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade may be produced by geological processes alone.
Fossil-based Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade deposits from salt domes were once the basis for commercial production in the United States, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.

Currently, commercial production is still carried out in the Osiek mine in Poland.
Such sources are now of secondary commercial importance, and most are no longer worked.
Common naturally occurring Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds include the sulfide minerals, such as pyrite (iron sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide), and stibnite (antimony sulfide); and the sulfate minerals, such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), alunite (potassium aluminium sulfate), and barite (barium sulfate).

On Earth, just as upon Jupiter's moon Io, elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, including emissions from hydrothermal vents.
The main industrial source of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is now petroleum and natural gas.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was known to the alchemists from ancient times as brimstone.

Lavoisier in 1772 proved Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade to be an element.
The element derived its name from both the Sanskrit and Latin names Sulvere and Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeium, respectively.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is widely distributed in nature, in earth's crust, ocean, meteorites, the moon, sun, and certain stars.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade also is found in volcanic gases, natural gases, petroleum crudes, and hot springs.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is found in practically all plant and animal life.
Most natural Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is in iron sulfides in the deep earth mantle.

The abundance of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in earth’s crust is about 350 mg/kg.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grades average concentration in seawater is estimated to be about 0.09%.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade occurs in earth’s crust as elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade (often found in the vicinity of volcanoes), sulfides, and sulfates.

The most important Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing ores are iron pyrite, FeS2; chalcopyrite, CuFeS2; sphalerite, ZnS; galena, PbS; cinnabar HgS; gypsum CaSO4•2H2O; anhydrite CaSO4; kieserite, MgSO4•H2O; celestite, SrSO4; barite, BaSO4; and. stibnite, Sb2S3.
There are a total of 24 isotopes of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade; all but four of these are radioactive.
The four stable isotopes and their contribution to Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade’s total abundance on Earth areas follows: S-32 contributes 95.02% to the abundance of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade; S-33, just 0.75%; S-34,4.21%; and S-36, 0.02%.

Being abundantly available in native form, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah (Genesis).
English translations of the Christian Bible commonly referred to burning Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade as "brimstone", giving rise to the term "fire-and-brimstone" sermons, in which listeners are reminded of the fate of eternal damnation that await the unbelieving and unrepentant.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is from this part of the Bible that Hell is implied to "smell of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade" (likely due to its association with volcanic activity).

According to the Ebers Papyrus, a Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was used for fumigation in preclassical Greece; this is mentioned in the Odyssey.
Pliny the Elder discusses Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in book 35 of his Natural History, saying that its best-known source is the island of Melos.

Early European alchemists gave Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade a unique alchemical symbol, a triangle atop a cross.
The variation known as brimstone has a symbol combining a two-barred cross atop a lemniscate.
In traditional skin treatment, elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was used (mainly in creams) to alleviate such conditions as scabies, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema, and acne.

The mechanism of action is unknown—though elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade does oxidize slowly to Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeous acid, which is (through the action of sulfite) a mild reducing and antibacterial agent.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade appears in a column of fixed (non-acidic) alkali in a chemical table of 1718.
Antoine Lavoisier used Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in combustion experiments, writing of some of these in 1777.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade deposits in Sicily were the dominant source for more than a century.
By the late 18th century, about 2,000 tonnes per year of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade were imported into Marseille, France, for the production of Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid for use in the Leblanc process.
In industrializing Britain, with the repeal of tariffs on salt in 1824, demand for Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade from Sicily surged upward.

The increasing British control and exploitation of the mining, refining, and transportation of the Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, coupled with the failure of this lucrative export to transform Sicily's backward and impoverished economy, led to the Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade Crisis of 1840, when King Ferdinand II gave a monopoly of the Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade industry to a French firm, violating an earlier 1816 trade agreement with Britain.

In 1867, elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was discovered in underground deposits in Louisiana and Texas.
The highly successful Frasch process was developed to extract this resource.
In the late 18th century, furniture makers used molten Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade to produce decorative inlays.

Molten Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is sometimes still used for setting steel bolts into drilled concrete holes where high shock resistance is desired for floor-mounted equipment attachment points.
Pure powdered Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was used as a medicinal tonic and laxative.
With the advent of the contact process, the majority of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade today is used to make Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid for a wide range of uses, particularly fertilizer.

In recent times, the main source of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade has become petroleum and natural gas.
This is due to the requirement to remove Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade from fuels in order to prevent acid rain, and has resulted in a surplus of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used as a chemical intermediate and fungicide and in the vulcanization of rubber.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a yellow crystalline solid
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade can actively react with many other elements.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade has applications in various kinds of fields.

For example, one of its biggest applications is for the production of Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is also used for the manufacturing of insecticides, fungicides, and bactericides.
In pharmaceutical, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade can be used for the manufacturing of many kinds of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing antibiotics.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade (also spelled Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in British English) is a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16.
It exists in various kinds of forms and compound such as sulfide and sulfate minerals which can be found everywhere around the universe and earth.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade melts at temperatures rangingfrom 112.8°C (234 °F) for the rhombic form to 120.0°C(248 °F) for amorphous Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade,and all forms boil at 444.7°C (835°F).

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, is a nonmetallic element that exists in a crystalline or amorphous form and in four stable isotopes.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is also a key element for all life as the major component of amino acids, vitamins and many other cofactors.

Melting point: 114 °C
Boiling point: 445 °C
Density: 2.36
vapor density: 8.9 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 183.8 °C)
Flash point: 168 °C
solubility: carbon disulfide: in accordance1g/5mL
form: powder
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 2.07
Odor: at 100.00?%. Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeous
Resistivity: 2E23 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Merck: 13,9059 / 13,9067

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade has been known since ancient times primarily because it is a rather common substance.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is the 15th most common element in the universe, and though it is not found in allregions of the Earth, there are significant deposits in south Texas and Louisiana, as well in allvolcanoes. Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade makes up about 1% of the Earth’s crust.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is an element found in many common minerals, such as galena (PbS), pyrite(fool’s gold, FeS2), sphalerite (ZnS), cinnabar (HgS), and celestite (SrSO4), among others.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is mined by the recovery method known as the Frasch process, which was inventedby Herman Frasch in Germany in the early 1900s.

This process forces superheated water,under pressure, into deep underground Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade deposits.
Compressed air then forces the moltenSulphur Powder Rubber Grade to the surface, where it is cooled. There are other methods for mining Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, but theFrasch process is the most important and most economical.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is found in Sicily, Canada, Central Europe, and the Arabian oil states, as well as inthe southern United States in Texas and Louisiana and offshore beneath the Gulf of Mexico.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade reacts with many metals. Electropositive metals give polysulfide salts.
Copper, zinc, silver are attacked by Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, see tarnishing.

Although many metal sulfides are known, most are prepared by high temperature reactions of the elements.
Geoscientists also study the isotopes of metal sulfides in rocks and sediment to study environmental conditions in the Earth's past.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade: Symbol S. A yellow nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 (formerly VIB) of the periodic table; a.n. 16; r.a.m. 32.06; r.d. 2.07 (rhombic); m.p. 112.8°C; b.p. 444.674°C.

The element occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and native Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is also found in Sicily and the USA (obtained by the Frasch process).
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade can also be obtained from hydrogen sulphide by the Claus process.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade has various allotropic forms.

Below 95.6°C the stable crystal form is rhombic; above this temperature the element transforms into a triclinic form.
These crystalline forms both contain cyclic S8 molecules.
At temperatures just above its melting point, molten Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a yellow liquid containing S8 rings (as in the solid form).

At about 160°C,the Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade atoms form chains and the liquid becomes more viscous and dark brown.
If the molten Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is cooled quickly from this temperature (e.g. by pouring into cold water) a reddish-brown solid known as plastic Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is obtained.
Above 200°C the viscosity decreases.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade vapour contains a mixture of S2, S4, S6, and S8 molecules.
Flowers of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a yellow powder obtained by subliming the vapour. It is used as a plant fungicide.
The element is also used to produce Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid and other Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is an essential element in living organisms, occurring in the amino acids cysteine and methionine and therefore in many proteins.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is also a constituent of various cell metabolites, e.g. coenzyme A. Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is absorbed by plants from the soil as the sulphate ion (SO42–).

Compounds with carbon–Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade multiple bonds are uncommon, an exception being carbon disulfide, a volatile colorless liquid that is structurally similar to carbon dioxide.
It is used as a reagent to make the polymer rayon and many organoSulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds.
Unlike carbon monoxide, carbon monosulfide is stable only as an extremely dilute gas, found between solar systems.

Organo Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are responsible for some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter.
They are widely known as the odorant in domestic natural gas, garlic odor, and skunk spray.
Not all organic Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing monoterpenoid (grapefruit mercaptan) in small concentrations is the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade mustard, a potent vesicant, was used in World War I as a disabling agent.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade–Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade bonds are a structural component used to stiffen rubber, similar to the disulfide bridges that rigidify proteins (see biological below).
In the most common type of industrial "curing" or hardening and strengthening of natural rubber, elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is heated with the rubber to the point that chemical reactions form disulfide bridges between isoprene units of the polymer.

This process, patented in 1843, made rubber a major industrial product, especially in automobile tires.
Because of the heat and Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade, the process was named vulcanization, after the Roman god of the forge and volcanism.

About 1/4 of all Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade procured today is recovered from petroleum production.
Themajority of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is the result of or a by-product of mining other minerals from the orescontaining Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade exhibits a remarkable array of unique characteristics.
Today, there are chemistsdevoting large portions of their careers to studying this unusual element.
For example, whenSulphur Powder Rubber Grade is melted, its viscosity increases, and it turns reddish-black as it is heated.

Beyond 200°C, the color begins to lighten, and it flows as a thinner liquid.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade burns with a beautiful subdued blue flame.
The old English name for Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was“brimstone,” which means “a stone that burns.”

This is the origin of the term “fire and brimstone”when referring to great heat.
Above 445°C, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade turns to a gas, which is dark orangeyellowbut which becomes lighter in color as the temperature rises.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is an oxidizing agent and has the ability to combine with most other elements toform compounds.

Uses:
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade's used in the production of Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid, which is one of the most widely used industrial chemicals.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid is essential for various industrial processes, including manufacturing fertilizers, detergents, and explosives.

Elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade or Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in fertilizers to provide essential nutrients to plants, primarily in the form of sulfates.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a component of various pharmaceutical compounds and drugs.
For example, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in antibiotics and in the treatment of certain skin conditions.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a critical component in the vulcanization process of rubber, which improves the elasticity, strength, and durability of rubber materials.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are present in crude oil and natural gas.
They need to be removed during refining processes to reduce environmental pollution and prevent corrosion.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is considered a secondary macronutrient for plants.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing fertilizers are used to address Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade deficiencies in soil and promote healthy plant growth.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in certain pesticides and fungicides to control pests and diseases in agriculture.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in the flotation process of mineral separation in mining.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide, a Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compound, is used as a preservative in food and beverages to prevent spoilage.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is one of the four major commodities of the chemical industry.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade use for the acid is the extraction of phosphate ores for the production of fertilizer manufacturing.
Other applications of Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid include oil refining, wastewater processing, and mineral extraction.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade reacts directly with methane to give carbon disulfide, which is used to manufacture cellophane and rayon.

One of the uses of elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is in vulcanization of rubber, where polysulfide chains crosslink organic polymers. Large quantities of sulfites are used to bleach paper and to preserve dried fruit.
Many surfactants and detergents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate) are sulfate derivatives.
Calcium sulfate, gypsum, (CaSO4·2H2O) is mined on the scale of 100 million tonnes each year for use in Portland cement and fertilizers.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and adsorbents.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles, as processing aid and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is an essential nutrient for plant growth.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate, are used to address Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade deficiencies in soils and promote healthy plant development.
Certain antibiotics, such as penicillin and cephalosporins, contain Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade in their molecular structure.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in skincare products to address skin conditions like acne and psoriasis.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a key component in the vulcanization process of rubber, which improves the elasticity, durability, and heat resistance of rubber materials.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are removed from crude oil and natural gas during refining processes to prevent environmental pollution and corrosion during downstream operations.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide (SO2) and Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing compounds are used as preservatives in food and beverages to prevent spoilage and maintain freshness.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in certain pesticides and fungicides to control pests and diseases in agricultural crops.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in the flotation process to separate valuable minerals from ore in the mining industry.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid is used in lead-acid batteries commonly found in vehicles and backup power systems.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used to remove Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide (SO2) emissions from industrial processes to reduce air pollution.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dyes, also known as Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-based dyes, are used in the textile industry to color fabrics and fibers.

Elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is sometimes used in construction materials, including concrete, to improve certain properties like workability and durability.
Sodium thiosulfate, a Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compound, is used as a photographic fixer to remove unexposed silver halide from photographic emulsions.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a component of black powder, a mixture used in explosives and early firearms.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used as reagents in various chemical reactions to synthesize new compounds.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used in the tanning process for leather to improve its durability, flexibility, and resistance to water.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide is used in the paper industry for bleaching pulp to create white paper products.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used to remove chlorine from water in wastewater treatment and swimming pool maintenance.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade isotopes are used in geological studies to understand Earth's history and processes.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing compounds contribute to the flavors and aromas of certain foods and beverages, such as garlic and onions.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide is used in winemaking as a preservative and antioxidant to prevent spoilage.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid is used in the extraction of metals from their ores, such as copper and nickel.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is involved in the crosslinking of rubber molecules to create a network that enhances the rubber's properties.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used as a reagent for qualitative analysis in chemistry laboratories.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade was historically used in the striking surface of matches to ignite the flame.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-based pesticides are used to control insects and mites on crops.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade-containing compounds are used as feed additives for livestock to improve digestion and overall health.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in the production of semiconductors and electronic devices.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are used in photographic toning processes to alter the color and appearance of photographs.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds can assist in bioremediation processes to clean up contaminated soils.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes such as metabolic reactions.
Elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals such as Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is increasingly used as a component of fertilizers.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade can be used as an ingredient of Pesticide as well.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade (colloidal) reduces oil-gland activity and dissolves the skin’s surface layer of dry, dead cells.
This ingredient is commonly used in acne soaps and lotions, and is a major component in many acne preparations.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a mild anti-septic used in acne creams and lotions.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade stimulates healing when used on skin rashes. Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade may cause skin irritation.
Elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is used for vulcanizing rubber; making black gunpowder; as a soil conditioner; as a fungicide; preparing a number of metal sulfides; and producing carbon disulfide.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade also is used in matches; bleaching wood pulp, straw, silk, and wool; and in synthesis of many dyes.
Pharmaceutical grade precipitated and sublimed Sulphur Powder Rubber Grades are used as scabicides and as antiseptics in lotions and ointments.

Important Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds include Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide, hydrogen 890 Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade sulfide, Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade trioxide, and a number of metal sulfides and metal oxo- salts such as sulfates, bisulfates, and sulfites.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is a crucial raw material in the chemical industry.

Safety Profile:
Soluble sulfate salts are poorly absorbed and laxative.
When injected parenterally, they are freely filtered by the kidneys and eliminated with very little toxicity in multi-gram amounts.

When Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade burns in air, it produces Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide.
In water, this gas produces Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeous acid and sulfites; sulfites are antioxidants that inhibit growth of aerobic bacteria and a useful food additive in small amounts.
At high concentrations these acids harm the lungs, eyes, or other tissues.

Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade trioxide (made by catalysis from Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade dioxide) and Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid are similarly highly acidic and corrosive in the presence of water.
Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeic acid is a strong dehydrating agent that can strip available water molecules and water components from sugar and organic tissue.

Elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is generally considered to have low toxicity, but exposure to Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds like hydrogen sulfide gas can be hazardous and toxic.
Proper safety precautions, ventilation, and protective equipment should be used when handling Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds.
Poison by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes.

Many of the Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are toxic but essential for life.
The gas from elemental Sulphur Powder Rubber Gradeand from most of the compounds of Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade is poisonous when inhaled and deadly wheningested.

This is the reason that Sulphur Powder Rubber Grade compounds are effective for rat and mice exterminationas well an ingredient of insecticides.
Most of the soluble sulfate salts, such as Epsom salts, are non-toxic.

SYNONYMS Imigran; Imitrex;3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methyl-1H-indole-5-methanesulfonamide; 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methyl-1H-indole-5-methanesulfonamide succinate, GR-43175 cas no:103628-48-4

Sunflower lecithin powder; Natural phospholipids from sunflower; Sunflower lecithins; Lecithins; Lecithin from sunflower; 1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 3-sn-Phosphatidylcholine; L-α-Lecithin; Azolectin cas no: 8002-43-5

lecithin; lecithol; phosphatidyl choline; lecithin granular cas no: 8002-43-5

Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus).
Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient.
Sunflower oil is primarily composed of linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fat, and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat.

CAS: 8001-21-6
EINECS: 232-273-9

Through selective breeding and manufacturing processes, oils of differing proportions of the fatty acids are produced.
The expressed oil has a neutral taste profile.
Sunflower oil contains a large amount of vitamin E.
As of 2017, genome analysis and development of hybrid sunflowers to increase oil production are under development to meet greater consumer demand for sunflower oil and its commercial varieties.
In 2018, Ukraine and Russia together accounted for 53% of the world's production of sunflower oil.
Extractives and their physically modified derivatives.
Sunflower oil consists primarily of the glycerides of the fatty acids linoleic and oleic.
Sunflower seed oil from Helianthus annuus contains saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids), monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid), and polyunsaturated acid (mostly linoleic acid).
In addition, this edible oil also contains nonglyceridic contents including tocopherols and plant sterols, and is rich in vitamins and minerals.

Sunflowers are one of the few crops native to the United States.
According to some sources, indigenous people likely began to cultivate them around 1000 BC.
Sunflower oil seeds probably didn't reach Europe until the 1800s.
When sunflower seeds arrived in Russia, their oil content interested farmers.
The farmers selectively bred the plants until they almost doubled the oil content of the seeds.
Today, sunflower oil is a food, a medicine, and a skin treatment.
Sunflower oil is available in several forms, each with a different formula and with its own health benefits.
Sunflower oil is a popular vegetable oil in the kitchen because of its mild flavor and high smoke point.

Sunflower oil has many health benefits because Sunflower oil is low in saturated fat and high in two types of fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, or PUFAs, include omega-3s and omega-6s.
PUFAs can reduce cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, especially when substituted for less-healthy fats.
Monounsaturated fatty acids, or MUFAs, also appear in sunflower oil.
MUFAs may reduce heart disease.
MUFAs in olive oil help make the Mediterranean diet healthy.

Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil is one of the miracle ingredients in the world of cosmetics and personal care.
Also known as sunflower seed oil, Sunflower oil is rich in fatty acids and vitamin E which makes this ingredient good for hydration and also a potent antioxidant.
Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil has a non-greasy texture and is lightweight, making Sunflower oil suitable for all skin types.
Sunflower oil can commonly be found in products like serums, lotions, and cosmetics where it provides the skin with a youthful and healthy appearance.

Sunflower oil Chemical Properties
Density: 0.9 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Refractive index: n20/D1.475
Fp: >110℃
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility: Miscible with benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether, and light petroleum; practically insoluble in ethanol (95%) and water.
Form: neat
Odor: at 100.00 %. orris oily woody waxy spicy floral dusty acacia
Odor Type: herbal
EPA Substance Registry System: Sunflower oil (8001-21-6)

Pale-yellow, semidrying oil; mild taste; pleasant odor.
Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and carbon disulfide.
Sunflower oil occurs as a clear, light yellow-colored liquid with a bland, agreeable taste.

Physical and chemical properties
The specific gravity of safflower seed oil is 0.919~0.924, and the refractive index is 1.472~1.475.
Iodine value indicates the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the oil composition, and the iodine value of safflower seed oil is 140~150.
The melting point of oil is expressed by saponification value.
The saponification value is inversely proportional to the average molecular mass of oil.
The saponification value of safflower seed oil is 188~194, and the proportion of unsaponification value is greater than 1.5%.
The freezing point of fatty acid in safflower seed.

Composition
Sunflower oil is mainly a triglyceride.
The British Pharmacopoeia lists the following profile:

Palmitic acid (saturated): 5%
Stearic acid (saturated): 6%
Oleic acid (monounsaturated omega-9): 30%
Linoleic acid (polyunsaturated omega-6): 59%
Four types of sunflower oils with differing concentrations of fatty acids are produced through plant breeding and industrial processing: high-linoleic, high-oleic, mid-oleic, and high-stearic combined with high-oleic.

High-linoleic, 69% linoleic acid
High-oleic, 82% oleic acid
Mid-oleic, 65% oleic acid
High-stearic with high-oleic, 18% stearic acid and 72% oleic acid

In an analysis of the sunflower genome to reveal plant metabolism producing its oil, phytosterols were identified, as confirmed in another analysis of sunflower oil components, including polyphenols, squalene, and terpenoids.

Uses
Modified alkyd resins, soap, edible oil, margarine, shortening, dietary supplement.
sunflower seed oil is expressed from sunflower seeds.
sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus) is commonly used as a carrier oil, it softens and smooths the skin.
Sunflower oil has a high linoleic acid and other essential fatty acid content.
In addition, it contains lecithin, carotenoids, and waxes.
Sunflower oil is considered a non-comedogenic raw material.
Sunflower Oil is a highly polyunsaturated oil obtained from sunflower seeds.
There are two types of sunflower grown: an oilseed type used as a vegetable oil, and a nonoilseed type used for human food and bird seed.

The composition of sunflower oil varies according to location and growing temperature.
In general, sunflowers grown above the 39th parallel are high in linoleic acid and those grown below are high in oleic acid.
The high linoleic variety is used for margarine and salad oil, while the high oleic variety is used in frying applications.
This bland-flavored oil has a smoke point of 485–490°f (252–254°c) which gives it utility in baking, cooking, and frying foods.
Sunflower oil is also used as a salad oil.
In the hydrogenated form, Sunflower oil is used in margarine and shortenings.

Introduction Sunflower oil is golden in color, clear and transparent, and has a faint scent.
Sunflower oil is an important edible oil.
Sunflower oil contains a large amount of linoleic acid and other essential unsaturated fatty acids, which can promote the regeneration and growth of human cells, protect skin health, and reduce the accumulation of cholesterol in the blood.
Sunflower oil is a high-level nutrient oil.
Sunflower oil is golden in color, clear and transparent, and has an aromatic smell.
The consumption of sunflower oil in the world ranks fourth after palm oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil among all vegetable oils.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Sunflower oil is widely used as an edible oil, primarily in oleomargarine.
Sunflower oil is also used extensively in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations.
Therapeutically, sunflower oil is used to provide energy and essential fatty acids for parenteral nutrition.
Studies have shown that sunflower oil may be used in intramuscular injections without inducing tissue damage.

In food preparation
Refined sunflower oil is used for low-to-extremely-high-temperature cooking.
As a frying oil, Sunflower oil behaves as a typical vegetable triglyceride.
Unrefined sunflower oil is a traditional salad dressing in Eastern European cuisines.
Sunflower oil is also an ingredient in sunflower butter.
Methods for cooking snack foods, such as potato chips or French fries, may use sunflower oil.

Seed meal
Extraction of sunflower oil leaves behind the crushed seeds, typically referred to as seed meal, which is rich in protein and dietary fiber and used as an animal feed, fertilizer or fuel.

Supplements
Sunflower oil dietary supplements have been marketed for treatment of eczema, but research has shown it is not medically effective.

As fuel
Sunflower oil can be used to run diesel engines when mixed with diesel in the tank.
Due to the high levels of unsaturated fats, there is higher viscosity in cold temperatures.

Cosmetics industry
PEG-10 sunflower glycerides, a pale yellow liquid with a "slightly fatty" odor, are the polyethylene glycol derivative of the mono- and diglycerides derived from sunflower seed oil with an average of 10 moles of ethylene oxide.
PEG-10 sunflower glycerides are commonly used in cosmetic formulations.

Horticulture
In the European Union, and United Kingdom (since Brexit), sunflower oil is sprayed onto tomato crops as a fungicide to control powdery mildew from Oidium neolycopersici.
For this use Sunflower oil is classified as a 'Basic Substance' that can be used on both organic and conventional farms.

Production
In 2018, world production of sunflower oil was 18 million tonnes, led by Ukraine and Russia, which together account for 53% of the world total.

In 2022, there is a global shortage of sunflower oil due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which has led to an over 50% drop in the availability of sunflower oil.
Due to the shortages, many brands are reforming their recipes by switching to rapeseed oil to allow the production of their products to continue.

Biochem/physiol Actions
Sunflower seed oil is one of the most used vegetable oils in human nutrition.
Oilseed crop sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is also used for biodiesel production. Sunflower oil is used as an emollient in cosmetics, and it serves as an effective phenolic antioxidant.
Phytosterols in sunflower oil help in regulating the cholesterol levels in the body.
Therefore, sunflower oil may be used to treat pathological conditions such as like acne, arthritis, and hair damage.

Synonyms
SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS) OIL
Organic Sunflower Oil
Florasun 90
Gina
Gina (glyceride)
Haioru 75B
Helianthus annuus oil
Sunflower Oil (1 g)

cas no 84625-38-7 Sunflower-oil; Fatty acids, sunflower-oil; SUNFLOWER SEED ACID; Fettsuren, Sonnenblumenl; Sonnenblumenlfettsure; Sunflower oil fatty acid;

SYNONYMS HELIANTHUS ANNUUS (SUNFLOWER) SEED OIL;SUNFLOWER SEED OIL FROM HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, PH EUR;helianthi annui oleum raffinatum;HEATEDSUNFLOWEROIL;OLEICACIDRICHSUNFLOWEROIL;OXIDISEDSUNFLOWEROIL;HIGHLYOLEICSUNFLOWEROIL;THERMALLYOXIDIZEDSUNFLOWEROIL CAS NO:8001-21-6

helianthus annuus seed flour; sunflowerseedflour; flour obtained from the finely ground seeds of the Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., Compositae cas no: 8001-21-6

helianthus annuus seed cera; sunflower seed cera; wax obtained from the seed of the sunflower, helianthus annuus l., compositae CAS NO:68937-99-5

Food Yellow 3; C.I. 15985; FD & C Yellow No.6; 1-p-sulfophenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate, disodium salt; C.I. Food Yellow 3; C.I. Food Yellow 3 disodium salt; 1-p-sulfophenylazo-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid, disodium salt; 6-hydroxy-5-((p-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt; 6-Hydroxy-5-(4-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid trisodium salt; Sunset Yellow FCF CAS NO: 2783-94-0

SYNONYMS Food Yellow 3; C.I. 15985; FD & C Yellow No.6; 1-p-sulfophenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate, disodium salt; C.I. Food Yellow 3; C.I. Food Yellow 3 disodium salt; 1-p-sulfophenylazo-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid, disodium salt; 6-hydroxy-5-((p-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt; 6-Hydroxy-5-(4-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid trisodium salt; Sunset Yellow FCF; CAS NO. 2783-94-0

2-HEXYLDECANOL-1 ,1- decanol, 2-hexyl- 2- hexyl decan-1-ol hexyl decanol 2- hexyl-1-decanol 2- hexyldecan-1-ol jarcol I-16 jarcol I-16CG jarcol I-16P CAS Number: 2425-77-6

SYNONYMS 1-p-Sulfophenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate disodium salt;2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]-, disodium salt;2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-[2-(4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]-, sodium salt (1:2);6-hidroxi-5-[(4-sulfonatofenil)azo]naftaleno-2-sulfonato de disodio;6-Hydroxy-5-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphtalene-2-sulfonate de disodium;6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)azo]naphtalene-2-sulfonate de disodium;Acid Food Yellow 3 CAS NO:2783-94-0

SUPER OVERBASED CALCIUM SULFONATE (TBN 400) is a highly alkaline liquid with detergent properties.
OvSUPER OVERBASED CALCIUM SULFONATE (TBN 400) is compatible with most mineral base oils, white oils, and synthetic base stocks.
SUPER OVERBASED CALCIUM SULFONATE (TBN 400) is highly alkaline, so it neutralizes acidic material and combustion by-products, thus increasing corrosion resistance and increasing oil life.

CAS: 70024-69-0
MF: C52H90CaO6S2
MW: 915.4754
EINECS: 274-263-7

Synonyms
Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C16-24-alkyl derivs., calcium salts;(C16-24)Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, calcium salt;(C16-24)Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid,calcium salt

SUPER OVERBASED CALCIUM SULFONATE (TBN 400) Chemical Properties
Boiling point: 1042.61℃[at 101 325 Pa]
Density: 0.936[at 20℃]
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Water Solubility: 0.065ng/L at 25℃
LogP: 22.12 at 25℃
EPA Substance Registry System: SUPER OVERBASED CALCIUM SULFONATE (TBN 400) (70024-69-0)

Applications
SUPER OVERBASED CALCIUM SULFONATE (TBN 400) is typically used as a thickener, emulsifier and rust inhibitor in crankcase lubricants.
SUPER OVERBASED CALCIUM SULFONATE (TBN 400) is used in the manufacture of calcium sulfonate greases and engine oils that are ideal for use in high temperature, high pressure applications and for use in environments exposed to salt.
Applications include automotive, diesel, marine, metal working and railroad lubricants.

Sesamum Indicum Seed Extract; sesame absolute; sesamum indicum absolute; gingelly absolute; sesame absolute colorless india cas no:8008-74-0

milk flavor; savornotes milk flavor; milk flavor organic-compliant

Synonyms: Almond oil – Cosmetic grade;Almond oil – 100% Pure;ALMOND OIL;ALMOND OIL, SWEET;AMYGDALAE OLEUM;SWEET ALMOND OIL;almond oil from prunusdulcis; Expressed almond oil ,amygdalus communis dulcis oil, cropure sweet almond,ewanol SM USP ,nikkol sweet almond oil, prunus amygoalus oil CAS: 8007-69-0

Sym3D is Hydroxymethoxyphenyl Propylmethylmethoxybenzofuran.
Sym3D is nature-inspired patented isoeugenol derivative.

CAS Number: 51267-48-2
INCI name: HYDROXYMETHOXYPHENYL PROPYLMETHYLMETHOXYBENZOFURAN
Molecular Formula: C20H24O4

SYNONYMS:
Propylguaiacol-dimer, Hydroxymethoxyphenyl propylmethylmethoxybenzofuran, UNII-EZ6196NB0X, EZ6196NB0X, 51267-48-2, (+/-)-Hydroxymethoxyphenyl propylmethylmethoxybenzofuran, Hydroxymethoxyphenyl propylmethylmethoxybenzofuran, (+/-)-, Phenol, 4-(2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-propyl-2-benzofuranyl)-2-methoxy-,trans-, SCHEMBL13293992, DTXSID60199267, Q27277439, Hydroxymethoxyphenyl propylmethylmethoxybenzofuran, Propylguaiacol-dimer, UNII-EZ6196NB0X, 2-methoxy-4-[(2S,3S)-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]phenol, Hydroxymethoxyphenyl propylmethylmethoxybenzofuran, Propylguaiacol-dimer, UNII-EZ6196NB0X, (+/-)-HYDROXYMETHOXYPHENYL PROPYLMETHYLMETHOXYBENZOFURAN, HYDROXYMETHOXYPHENYL PROPYLMETHYLMETHOXYBENZOFURAN, HYDROXYMETHOXYPHENYL PROPYLMETHYLMETHOXYBENZOFURAN, (+/-)-, PHENOL, 4-(2,3-DIHYDRO-7-ME OXY-3-METHYL-5-PROPYL-2-BENZOFURANYL)-2-METHOXY -,TRANS-, PROPYLGUIAACOL-DIMER

Sym3D (INCI: Hydroxymethoxyphenyl Proopylmethylmethoxybenzofuran) plumps the lips by increasing the number of fat cells and increasing the size of fat cells.
Sym3D provides fuller and beautiful lips in just one month by plumping up the lips and minimizing lines and wrinkles on and around the lip area.

Sym3D is an advanced Skin Plumping Ingredient.
Sym3D is Hydroxymethoxyphenyl Propylmethylmethoxybenzofuran.
Sym3D is nature-inspired patented isoeugenol derivative.

Sym3D is pale white to white liquid.
Sym3D is oil-soluble.
Sym3D is food grade - suitable for oral care.

Sym3D is a derivative of isoeugenol, an aromatic compound in clove essential oil.
It is sold to cosmetic companies under the name Sym3D.
Sym3D's manufacturer claims that it is able to plump lips and have an anti-aging effect.

The evidence of effectiveness, however, Sym3D is weak.
The lab tests with skin models (not with real people) show that it, in theory, Sym3D can increase the number and size of fat cells underneath the skin and can work as an anti-oxidant.

To impact the fat cells, Sym3D, however, needs to penetrate deep through the skin - and it is unlikely that it can do this.
This terribly long named thing goes by the short trade name of Sym3D where 3D is supposed to mean that it can bring volume to the lips.
The manufacturer claims that Sym3D's a long lasting lip-plumping ingredient with visible results in 4 weeks.

Sym3D might be able to plump up the lips and minimize lines and wrinkles on and around the lip area.
Sym3D's also claimed to have potent anti-oxidative capacity.
INCI name of Sym3D is Hydroxymethoxyphenyl Propylmethylmethoxybenzofuran.

Sym3D is nature-inspired patented isoeugenol derivative.
Sym3D is a pale white to white liquid.
Sym3D is oil-soluble.
Sym3D is food grade - suitable for oral care.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYM3D:
Sym3D naturally occurs in the essential oil of clove.
Sym3D promotes the formation of new fat cells (in-vitro, ex-vivo).
Sym3D smoothes fine lines, wrinkles and creases (in-vivo).

Sym3D is visible lip plumping results in 4 weeks (in-vivo).
Sym3D visibly brings volumes wherever needed (in-vivo).
Sym3D's manufacturer claims that it is able to plump lips and have an anti-aging effect.

The evidence of effectiveness, however, Sym3D is weak.
The lab tests with skin models (not with real people) show that it, in theory, Sym3D can increase the number and size of fat cells underneath the skin and can work as an anti-oxidant.

To impact the fat cells, Sym3D, however, needs to penetrate deep through the skin - and it is unlikely that it can do this.
Sym3D acts as a filler.
Sym3D makes the lips beautiful just in a month.

Sym3D is a 100% pure, oil-soluble white powder.
Sym3D is used in lip care products.
Use Level of Sym3D is 0.1 to 0.25%.

Sym3D naturally occurs in the essential oil of clove.
Sym3D promotes the formation of new fat cells (in-vitro, ex-vivo).
Sym3D smoothes fine lines, wrinkles and creases (in-vivo).

Sym3D is visible lip plumping results in 4 weeks (in-vivo).
Sym3D visibly brings volumes wherever needed (in-vivo).

CLAIMS OF SYM3D:
*Fillers & Extenders
*bodyfying volume

FUNCTIONS OF SYM3D:
Skin conditioning :
Sym3D maintains skin in good condition

MODE OF ACTION OF SYM3D:
Sym3D works by its unique dual mode of action:
- Sym3D increases the number of fat cells
- Sym3D increases the size of fat cells Visible results in just 4 weeks: +6% overall lip volume in less than a month!

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYM3D:
CAS Number: 51267-48-2
FDA UNII: EZ6196NB0X
XlogP3-AA: 4.70 (est)
Molecular Weight: 328.40808000
Formula: C20 H24 O4
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in: water, 0.1626 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Molecular Weight: 328.4 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 4.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 5

Exact Mass: 328.16745924 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 328.16745924 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 47.9Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 24
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 401
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Formula: C20H24O4
Molecular Weight: 328.40200
Exact Mass: 328.16700
PSA: 47.92000
LogP: 4.59910
CAS Number: 51267-48-2
Molecular Weight: 328.40200
Density: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A

Molecular Formula: C20H24O4
Melting Point: N/A
MSDS: N/A
Flash Point: N/A
Name: 2-methoxy-4-[(2S,3S)-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]phenol
Chemical Name: 2-methoxy-4-[(2S,3S)-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]phenol
CAS Registry Number: 51267-48-2
Unique Ingredient Identifier: EZ6196NB0X
Molecular Formula: C20H24O4
International Chemical Identifier (InChI): KXTZWNLTEJAHKW-BUXKBTBVSA-N
SMILES: c1(CCC)cc(OC)c2OC@HC@HC

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYM3D:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYM3D:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYM3D:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYM3D:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYM3D:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYM3D:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymBright 2036 acts as a protecting and brightening agent.
SymBright 2036 is a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from natural sources such as Salvia sclera, or clary sage.

CAS Number: 564-20-5
EC Number: 209-269-0
Chem/IUPAC Name: Norambreinolide; (3alphaR-(3aalpha,5abeta,9aalpha,9bbeta))Decahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylnaphth(2,1-b)furan-2(1H)-one
INCI Name: Sclareolide
Chemical formula: C16H26O2

SYNONYMS:
Clary Sage FE, Sclareolide, 3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-1,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydronaphtho[8,7-d]furan-2-one, Norambreinolide, Sclareolide, 564-20-5, (3aR)-(+)-Sclareolide, Norambreinolide, CLAREOLIDE, 12-Norambreinolide, (+)-sclareolide, (3aR,5aS,9aS,9bR)-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyldecahydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2(1H)-one, (3aR,5aS,9aS,9bR)-Decahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylnaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2(1H)-one, MLS001173371, (3aR,5aS,9aS,9bR)-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-1,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e][1]benzofuran-2-one, DTXSID8047686, 37W4O0O6E6, SMR000538921, Decahydrotetramethylnaphthofuranone, Norambreinolide, (+)-, UNII-37W4O0O6E6, MFCD00134168, (3aR)-(+)-Sclareolide; (+)-12-Norambreinolide; Decahydrotetramethylnaphthofuranone, Naphtho(2,1-b)furan-2(1H)-one, decahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-, (3aR,5aS,9aS,9bR)-, EINECS 209-269-0, CLARY SAGE LACTONE, SCLAREOLIDE [FHFI], (3a,R)-(+)-Sclareolide, SCHEMBL83395, Sclareolide (Norambreinolide), CHEMBL304461, cid_929262, DTXCID6027686, FEMA NO. 3794, BDBM75178, CHEBI:156168, HMS2860M07, (3aR)-(+)-Sclareolide, 97%, HY-N0129, Tox21_302544, s2355, AKOS015901397, CCG-208493, DS-7369, NCGC00163620-01, NCGC00163620-03, NCGC00256856-01, 3a,4,5,5aalpha,6,7,8,9,9a,9balpha-decahydro-3abeta,6,6,9abeta-tetramethylnaphtho(2,1-b)furan-2(1H)-one, CAS-564-20-5, Naphtho(2,1-b)furan-2(1H)-one, 3a,4,5,5aalpha,6,7,8,9,9a,9balpha-decahydro-3abeta,6,6,9abeta-tetramethyl-, Naphtho(2,1-b)furan-2(1H)-one, decahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-, (3aR-(3aalpha,5abeta,9aalpha,9bbeta))-, (3aR)-(+)-Sclareolide, analytical standard, CS-0007855, S0847, (3aR)-(+)-Sclareolide, natural, 97%, FG, H10516, A869953, SR-01000812893, SR-01000812893-3, BRD-K72925150-001-10-3, BRD-K72925150-001-11-1, (3aR,5aS,9aS,9bR)-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-1,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e][1]benzouran-2-one, (3aR,5aS,9aS,9bR)-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-1,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e]benzofuran-2-one, (3AR-(3aalpha,5abeta,9aalpha,9bbeta))decahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylnaphth(2,1-b)furan-2(1H)-one, (3alphaR-(3aalpha,5abeta,9aalpha,9bbeta))Decahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylnaphth(2,1-b)furan-2(1H)-one; FEMA No. 3794

SymBright 2036 (Norambreinolide) is a sesquiterpene lactone natural product derived from various plant sources including Salvia sclarea, Salvia yosgadensis, and cigar tobacco.
SymBright 2036 is isolated from the flower of Perilla frutescens with antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.

SymBright 2036 is a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from natural sources such as Salvia sclera, or clary sage.
The oil extracted from this biennial plant consists of compounds like sclareol, which gets converted to SymBright 2036.
SymBright 2036 is Sclareolide.

SymBright 2036 acts as a protecting and brightening agent.
SymBright 2036 is a multifunctional molecule from natural origin (Salvia Sclarea) that prevents pigmentation disorders and dark spots resulting from environmental stressors, including UV rays, visible light, pollution and oxidative stress.

SymBright PLUS is a patented & optimized complex combining the power of SymBright 2036 with Niacinamide.
SymBright 2036 is an exposome-proof skin brightener produced by bio-fermentation of sclareol sourced from Clary sage.
SymBright 2036 is proven to prevent pigmentation disorders caused by UVs but also to enhance & protect the skin brightness from other environmental aggressors like visible light, urban pollution & stress.

SymBright 2036 is exposome-proof Skin Brightener.
SymBright 2036 is a patented 100% natural compound.
SymBright 2036 is a sustainable skin brightener produced by bio-fermentation of clary sage.

Combining niacinamide with the blockbuster SymBright 2036, a smart and efficient combination of ingredients were sought to develop SymBright Plus – a ready-to-use, versatile liquid blend.
The active molecule developed within the project is SymBright 2036 (INCI: sclareolide).

SymBright 2036 is a sesquiterpene lactone obtainable from clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
To capitalize on blockbuster SymBright 2036, we looked for a smart & efficient combination!
Niacinamide -- vitamin B3 -- appeared as a perfect match to enhance the efficacy of SymBright 2036 thanks to its multiple virtues leading to the development of SymBright PLUS, a ready-to-use liquid blend.

SymBright 2036 formulated into a hydrodispersion gel was topically applied once per day.
SymBright 2036 showed a potent lightening effect when tested on B16V melanoma cells in vitro with an IC50 of 10.2 μM.
In the next step, SymBright 2036 was tested on ex vivo human skin (photo-type intermediate) dosed at 0.1% in a hydrodispersion gel formulation.

A significant lightening effect was observed with a reduction of 41% versus placebo.
In comparison the positive control kojic acid applied at 0.1% in DMSO reduced melanin content by 30%.
SymBright 2036 is the Natural Exposome Proof Skin Brightener.

SymBright 2036 is 100% natural patented compound.
SymBright 2036 is derived from clary sage and produced by bio-fermentation.
SymBright 2036 protects skin against UV-induced hyperpigmentation (in-vivo).

SymBright 2036 protects the skin lightness against environmental aggressors like pollution and visible light (in-vitro, ex-vivo).
SymBright 2036 has soothing properties (in-vitro).
SymBright 2036 is a white powder, odorless.

SymBright 2036 is oil-soluble.
SymBright 2036 is a sesquiterpene lactone natural product derived from various plant sources including Salvia sclarea, Salvia yosgadensis, and cigar tobacco.

SymBright 2036 is a close analog of sclareol, a plant antifungal compound.
SymBright 2036 is extracted from the roots of the Clary sage plant.
From the experiment, it was found that SymBright 2036 has good skin whitening effect, especially when the skin is darkened by UV light.

When compared with Kojic Acid , SymBright 2036 at 0.1% showed a clear effect on reducing skin pigmentation.
Usage rate of SymBright 2036 is 0.1-0.2%
SymBright 2036 is a sesquiterpene lactone that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties.

SymBright 2036 is synthesized from the acetate extract of Salvia sclarea, and its synthesis method has been determined.
SymBright 2036's hydroxyl group can be converted into a methyl group to form other compounds.
SymBright 2036 has been shown to react with peroxidase in vitro, which may be the mechanism of its effect on cells in culture.

SymBright 2036 has also been shown to inhibit the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in HL-60 cells and increase the production of nitric oxide (NO).
These effects are due to its structural analysis of being a body mass index (BMI) and physiological function.

SymBright 2036 is a sesquiterpene lactone natural product derived from various plant sources including Salvia sclarea, Salvia yosgadensis, and cigar tobacco.
SymBright 2036 demonstrated good antibacterial activity against common human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMBRIGHT 2036:
SymBright 2036 can increase and improve the sensory of food, so it has been widely used in the food industry.
SymBright 2036 is a multifunctional molecule from natural origin (Salvia Sclarea) that prevents pigmentation disorders and dark spots resulting from environmental stressors, including UV rays, visible light, pollution and oxidative stress.

SymBright 2036 protects skin luminosity and provides skin brightening effects against exposome induced hyperpigmentation.
SymBright 2036 is suggested for use in various skin care applications.
SymBright 2036 is an exposome-proof skin brightener produced by bio-fermentation of sclareol sourced from Clary sage.

SymBright 2036 acts as a protecting and brightening agent.
This multi-talented natural molecule, SymBright 2036, is proven to prevent pigmentation disorders caused by UVs but also to enhance & protect the skin brightness from other environmental aggressors like visible light, urban pollution & stress

SymBright 2036 protects skin luminosity and provides skin brightening effects against exposome induced hyperpigmentation.
SymBright 2036 is suggested for use in various skin care applications.
SymBright 2036 has soothing activity prevents skin overreactions leading to pigmentation disorders.

SymBright 2036 protects the skin lightness against environmental aggressors like pollution and visible light.
SymBright 2036 is significant lightening effects in less than 7 weeks after UV exposure.
SymBright 2036 is white to beige powder, odorless.

SymBright 2036 is oil-soluble.
SymBright 2036 protects, Soothes and Brightens the skin.
SymBright 2036 protects skin against UV-induced hyperpigmentation (in-vivo).

SymBright 2036 protects the skin lightness against environmental aggressors like pollution and visible light (in-vitro, ex-vivo).
SymBright 2036 is a salvia active molecule which boosts the complexion’s luminosity by evening it out and protecting it from UV rays, blue light, and pollution, while soothing it from discomforting sensations.

This concentrate of efficacy will delight the busiest among you with SymBright 2036's ultra-light, instantaneously absorbed aqueous texture.
SymBright 2036 is highly concentrated in sclareolide, an activator of cyclic AMP.
SymBright 2036 has a lipolytic effect and increases the hydrolysis and release of the triglycerides in the adipocytes.

SymBright 2036 also has antimicrobial effects, especially on Propionebacterium acnes.
SymBright 2036 is used as a fragrance in cosmetics and has been more recently marketed as a weight loss supplement, though there is no clinical evidence to support this effect.

SymBright 2036 is not generally known for its bioactive properties.
Instead, SymBright 2036 is mostly used as a fixative or base in the perfume industry.
SymBright 2036 is also used in cosmetics, because it is thought to contribute to tanning of skin and/or darkening of hair.

SymBright 2036 is used shampoos, conditioners, and leave-on treatments.
SymBright 2036 has soothing properties (in-vitro).

USE AND BENEFITS OF SYMBRIGHT 2036:
*Skin Conditioning:
SymBright 2036 is commonly used in many cosmetic products as a skin conditioning agent.

When applied to the skin surface or hair shaft, SymBright 2036 forms a protective mesh-like layer that traps moisture within the layer, preventing it from escaping.
This retained moisture becomes readily available for the skin, making SymBright 2036 particularly useful for dry skin types that require immediate relief from a conditioning agent.

*Moisturizing:
Properly moisturized skin is important because well-hydrated cells stay firm and maintain a tighter meshwork due to the presence of moisture, resulting in a firmer and smoother appearance.

*Fragrance:
SymBright 2036 has a characteristic fragrance that is used in perfumes and as a masking agent in various products.
SymBright 2036 helps mask the undesirable smell of other ingredients in a product.

*Hair Care:
SymBright 2036 is used in formulations of shampoos, conditioners, and other hair care products.

*Skincare:
SymBright 2036 is used in various skincare products, including sun care products.

WHAT DOES SYMBRIGHT 2036 DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Masking
*Skin conditioning
*Perfuming

CLAIMS OF SYMBRIGHT 2036:
*Protective Agents
*protections
*bio-based
*brightness

FUNCTIONS OF SYMBRIGHT 2036:
*Masking Agent:
SymBright 2036 reduces or inhibits the base odor or taste of the product
*Skin care agent:
SymBright 2036 maintains skin in good condition
*Perfuming agent:
SymBright 2036 is used for perfume and aromatic raw materials

FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF SYMBRIGHT 2036:
*less visible dandruff
*less visible scalp irritation
*better scalp desquamination
*healthier scalp, less prone to dandruff

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYMBRIGHT 2036:
SymBright 2036 is a white/light colored powder with natural odor.
SymBright 2036 is soluble in oil, glycol, alcohol.
Keep SymBright 2036 in a cool place.
Do not expose SymBright 2036 to light and heat.
Shelf life of SymBright 2036 is at least 24 months.

FUNCTIONS OF SYMBRIGHT 2036 IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*FRAGRANCE
SymBright 2036 enhances the smell of a product and / or perfumes the skin

*PERFUMING
Part of perfume oils and / or flavours

*SKIN CONDITIONING
SymBright 2036 maintains the skin in good condition

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYMBRIGHT 2036:
Chemical formula: C16H26O2
Molar mass: 250.382 g·mol−1
Appearance: white crystals (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 124.00 to 127.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 320.00 to 321.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.000299 mmHg @ 25.00 °C (est)
Flash Point: 270.00 °F TCC (132.22 °C)
logP (o/w): 4.151 (est)
Shelf Life: 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly

Storage: store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers,
protected from heat and light
Soluble in: alcohol, diethyl phthalate, isopropyl myristate,
water, 11.99 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in: water
Molecular Weight: 250.38 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 4.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 250.193280068 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 250.193280068 g/mol

Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 18
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 387
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

CAS Number: 564-20-5
Chemical Formula: C16H26O2
Molecular Weight: 250.38
Purity: > 99 % CP
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Solubility: Soluble in ethyl alcohol and diethyl phthalate; insoluble in water
Stability: Stable as a solid over an extended period at -20°C
Storage: Store at room temperature
Shipping: On ice (5°C)

Handling: Avoid exposure to oxygen and direct sunlight
Formal Name: (3aR,5aS,9aS,9bR)-decahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2(1H)-one
Synonyms: Norambreinolide, (+)-Sclareolide, (R)-(+)-Sclareolide
Formula Weight: 250.4
Purity: ≥98%
Formulation: A crystalline solid
Solubility: DMF: 30 mg/ml, DMF
(pH 7.2) (1:2): 0.33 mg/ml, DMSO: 15 mg/ml, Ethanol: 10 mg/ml

SMILES: C[C@@]12[C@]3([H])C@@(OC(C3)=O)CC[C@@]12[C@]3([H])C@@(OC(C3)=O)C
InChi Code: InChI=1S/C16H26O2/c1-14(2)7-5-8-15(3)11(14)6-9-16(4)12(15)10-13(17)18-16/h11-12H,5-10H2,1-4H3/t11-,12+,15-,16+/m0/s1
InChi Key: IMKJGXCIJJXALX-SHUKQUCYSA-N
Canonical SMILES: CC1(CCCC2(C1CCC3(C2CC(=O)O3)C)C)C
InChI: InChI=1S/C16H26O2/c1-14(2)7-5-8-15(3)11(14)6-9-16(4)12(15)10-13(17)18-16/h11-12H,5-10H2,1-4H3
InChI Key: IMKJGXCIJJXALX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance: Powder
Storage: 4°C, protect from light; in solvent: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
Physical State: Solid

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMBRIGHT 2036:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMBRIGHT 2036:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMBRIGHT 2036:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMBRIGHT 2036:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMBRIGHT 2036:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMBRIGHT 2036:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymBronze 1659 effectively enhances skin pigmentation, reliably protecting it from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays.
SymBronze 1659 is oil soluble and contains 0.5% tocopherol.

INCI Name: Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (and) Isochrysis Galbana Extract

SymBronze 1659 (INCI: Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (and) Isochrysis Galbana Extract) provides a natural looking tan without exposure to UV rays.
SymBronze 1659 works in two ways: SymBronze 1659 stimulates skin's melanin content for darker skin pigmentation, and it also accelerates tanning time from (or during) UV exposure.

The extract also increases/stimulates the production of melanin (melanin biosynthesis).
SymBronze 1659 is recommended at 2-4% in formulations.
SymBronze 1659 is oil soluble and contains 0.5% tocopherol.

The basis for the production of SymBronze 1659 is an extract from marine microalgae.
The new ingredient SymBronze 1659, which has successfully passed all the necessary clinical tests, fully meets the requirements for modern tanning products.
SymBronze 1659 is made from natural seaweed, the cultivation and harvest of which does not harm the environment.

SymBronze 1659 effectively enhances skin pigmentation, reliably protecting it from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays.
It is important that the use of the SymBronze 1659 accelerates the acquisition of a beautiful natural tan, and this, in turn, reduces the need for sun exposure.

Moreover, SymBronze 1659 promotes the acquisition of a natural tan even under artificial lighting conditions.
The tanning effect obtained through the use of SymBronze 1659 is amazingly durable and remains on the skin longer than after using any other cosmetic tanning products known to date.

In sunscreen formulations, SymBronze 1659 helps reduce the risk factor associated with long-term sun exposure.
SymBronze 1659 is natural Self-Tanning Active.
INCI name of SymBronze 1659 is Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Isochrysis Galbana Extract.

SymBronze 1659 is patented natural ingredient from Microalgae from the Tahitian Sea.
SymBronze 1659 is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymBronze 1659 is oil-soluble.

SymBronze 1659 is a patented blue technology-based solution naturally sourced from a sustainably produced microalgae extract.
SymBronze 1659 has 100% Natural Origin Content (ISO 16128-2) and is COSMOS approved.
By helping to increase melanin, SymBronze 1659 beautifies skin complexion with a natural looking tan.

Thanks to SymBronze 1659, enjoy the many protective benefits of melanin against long-term sun exposure and oxidative stress.
SymBronze 1659 is an easy to formulate (oil soluble) solution for a safe & long-term base-tan all year round!
Microalgae is the source of a new cosmetic bronzer ingredient, SymBronze 1659.

SymBronze 1659 lends skin the look of a healthy, natural looking tan.
SymBronze 1659 calls marine algae (Isochrysis galbana var T.ISO) a sustainable and renewable source.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMBRONZE 1659:
SymBronze 1659 can be used in many cosmetic applications like sunless self-tanning creams as well as products to prepare the skin for the bikini season.
SymBronze 1659 is a natural tan enhancer that is recommended for use in a field of cosmetics bronzer as in creams and lotions that provide a healthy looking tan.

SymBronze 1659 is a natural tanning enhancer, which is recommended for use both in self-tanning products and in creams and lotions for fixing a natural tan.
SymBronze 1659 is made from natural seaweed, the cultivation and harvest of which does not harm the environment.
SymBronze 1659 effectively enhances skin pigmentation, reliably protecting it from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays.

It is important that the use of the SymBronze 1659 accelerates the acquisition of a beautiful natural tan, and this, in turn, reduces the need for sun exposure.
SymBronze 1659 is a new natural bronzer that creates a healthy and natural tanning effect on the skin.

SymBronze 1659 can be used in many cosmetic applications like sunless self-tanning creams as well as products to prepare the skin for the bikini season.
The natural self-tanner, SymBronze 1659, that gives a natural-looking complexion, is obtained from replenishable micro-algae.
Their active ingredients strengthen the pigmentation of the skin, significantly speed up the natural tanning process and produce a natural-looking bronze skin tone without exposure to UV radiation.

In addition the effect lasts clearly longer and looks more natural than other current market products.
SymBronze 1659 is sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.
SymBronze 1659 improves the self-tanning in 2 ways: Enhances skin’s natural tanning mechanism for darker skin pigmentation while raising the bronzed glow during sun exposure.

SymBronze 1659 strengthens the skin’s natural self-defense against sun damage.
SymBronze 1659 prolongs the tan in after-sun products.
SymBronze 1659 acts as a self-tanning agent.

This natural bronzer, SymBronze 1659, is derived from the marine water microalgae Isochrysis Galbana.
SymBronze 1659 effectively enhances skin pigmentation by supporting the skin's natural capacity to produce melanin and thus provides a natural tan.
SymBronze 1659 can be used in many cosmetic applications such as sunless self-tanning creams or products to prepare the skin for the summer season.

SymBronze 1659 is used for Sun care > After sun products, and Sun care > Self tanning products.
In after sun products SymBronze 1659 prolongs the tan.
In combination with sun filters, SymBronze 1659's safe base-tan could help minimizing the risks associated with long-term sunbathing.

The clinically tested SymBronze 1659 can be used in cosmetics such as sunless self-tanning creams.
The effect of SymBronze 1659 actually lasts longer and looks much more natural than that of traditional self-tanners on the market.
In after-sun products, SymBronze 1659 prolongs the tan.

In combination with sun filters, SymBronze 1659'safe base-tan helps minimizing the risks associated with long-term sunbathing.
SymBronze 1659 is a natural tan enhancer derived from microalgae, a natural, sustainable and renewable source.
Clinical tests have shown the efficacy of SymBronze 1659 for both self-tanning and accelerated UV-tanning purposes.

SymBronze 1659 significantly decreases the tanning time.
Without exposure to UV rays, SymBronze 1659 provides a most natural looking tan.
The effect of SymBronze 1659 actually lasts longer and looks much more natural than that of traditional self-tanners on the market.

In after sun products SymBronze 1659 prolongs the tan.
In combination with sun filters, SymBronze 1659's safe base-tan helps minimizing the risks associated with long-term sunbathing.

CLAIMS OF SYMBRONZE 1659:
*Sunscreen Agents > Self-tanning Agents
*bio-based

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMBRONZE 1659:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMBRONZE 1659:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMBRONZE 1659:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMBRONZE 1659:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMBRONZE 1659:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMBRONZE 1659:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymCalmin is a highly effective active ingredient specifically designed to soothe and calm sensitive, irritated, and itchy skin.
SymCalmin is known for its potent anti-inflammatory and anti-itch properties, making it an ideal choice for skin care formulations targeting discomfort and irritation.
This versatile ingredient is derived from oat, offering natural relief and protection for a wide range of personal care applications.

CAS Number: 118-92-3
EC Number: 204-292-0

Synonyms: SymCalmin, Oat Derivative Calmin, SymCalmin Anti-Itch, SymCalmin Skin Soother, SymCalmin Itch Relief, SymCalmin Anti-Inflammatory Active, SymCalmin Skin Comfort Agent, SymCalmin Sensitive Skin Relief, SymCalmin Skin Calming Agent, SymCalmin Anti-Redness, SymCalmin Skin Irritation Relief, SymCalmin Itchy Skin Relief, SymCalmin Skin Sensitivity Care, SymCalmin Soothing Complex, SymCalmin Calming Active, SymCalmin Skin Protection, SymCalmin Natural Soother, SymCalmin Botanical Skin Relief, SymCalmin Oat Extract, SymCalmin Skin Barrier Support

APPLICATIONS

SymCalmin is extensively used in the formulation of face creams for sensitive and itchy skin, providing immediate relief and comfort.
SymCalmin is favored in the creation of anti-itch lotions, where it reduces discomfort and soothes irritated skin.
SymCalmin is utilized in the development of day creams, offering protection and long-lasting comfort for sensitive skin.

SymCalmin is widely used in the production of night creams, where it helps to calm and repair the skin during its natural regeneration process.
SymCalmin is employed in the formulation of eye creams, providing gentle care and reducing redness and itching around the delicate eye area.
SymCalmin is essential in the creation of body lotions for sensitive skin, offering a lightweight and soothing solution for itchiness and irritation.

SymCalmin is utilized in the production of after-sun products, providing rapid relief and comfort to sun-exposed and itchy skin.
SymCalmin is a key ingredient in the formulation of redness-reducing treatments, offering targeted care that minimizes visible redness and discomfort.
SymCalmin is used in the creation of barrier creams, where it strengthens the skin’s natural barrier and reduces sensitivity.

SymCalmin is applied in the formulation of post-shaving balms, providing soothing relief and reducing redness and irritation after shaving.
SymCalmin is employed in the production of facial mists, offering a quick and refreshing way to calm sensitive and itchy skin throughout the day.
SymCalmin is used in the development of calming masks, providing deep relief and hydration for sensitive and reactive skin.

SymCalmin is widely utilized in the formulation of body lotions for sensitive skin, offering all-over comfort and protection against environmental stressors.
SymCalmin is a key component in the creation of prebiotic skincare products, supporting the skin’s microbiome and enhancing its resilience to external irritants.
SymCalmin is used in the production of moisturizing creams for sensitive skin, providing long-lasting hydration and reducing the risk of irritation.

SymCalmin is employed in the formulation of anti-itch serums, where it provides targeted care that visibly reduces itching and soothes the skin.
SymCalmin is applied in the creation of skin-balancing toners, offering a gentle solution that helps calm and balance sensitive and itchy skin.
SymCalmin is utilized in the development of scalp treatments, providing relief from irritation and sensitivity on the scalp.

SymCalmin is found in the formulation of baby care products, offering gentle and effective relief for sensitive and itchy skin.
SymCalmin is used in the production of sensitive skin cleansers, providing a mild cleansing experience that does not strip the skin of its natural moisture.
SymCalmin is a key ingredient in the creation of post-procedure care products, offering rapid relief and comfort to skin after cosmetic treatments.

SymCalmin is widely used in the formulation of multipurpose balms, providing versatile care for sensitive areas such as lips, hands, and face.
SymCalmin is employed in the development of daily wear creams for sensitive skin, offering balanced hydration and protection against daily environmental stressors.
SymCalmin is applied in the production of soothing gels, providing instant relief from irritation and helping to calm reactive skin.

SymCalmin is utilized in the creation of facial oils, offering nourishing care that supports skin health and reduces sensitivity.
SymCalmin is found in the formulation of sensitive skin repair treatments, providing targeted care for areas prone to irritation and discomfort.
SymCalmin is used in the production of sun care products for sensitive skin, providing protection against UV rays while soothing and calming the skin.

DESCRIPTION

SymCalmin is a highly effective active ingredient specifically designed to soothe and calm sensitive, irritated, and itchy skin.
SymCalmin is known for its potent anti-inflammatory and anti-itch properties, making it an ideal choice for skin care formulations targeting discomfort and irritation.

SymCalmin offers additional benefits such as enhancing skin barrier function and improving skin resilience, ensuring long-lasting comfort and protection.
SymCalmin is often incorporated into formulations designed to provide rapid relief from itching and irritation, offering both immediate and long-term benefits.
SymCalmin is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall health and appearance of sensitive skin, leaving it calm, smooth, and comfortable.

SymCalmin is commonly used in both traditional and innovative skincare formulations, providing a reliable solution for managing sensitive and reactive skin.
SymCalmin is valued for its ability to support the skin's natural defenses, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to protect sensitive skin from external irritants.
SymCalmin is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including creams, lotions, serums, and balms.

SymCalmin is an ideal choice for products targeting sensitive, reactive, and itchy skin, as it provides gentle yet effective relief and protection.
SymCalmin is known for its compatibility with other skincare actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
SymCalmin is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between immediate relief, protection, and long-term skin care, ensuring comprehensive care for sensitive skin.

SymCalmin enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care products by providing rapid relief, calming effects, and protection in one ingredient.
SymCalmin is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in skin comfort and tolerance.
SymCalmin is an essential component in innovative skincare products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to soothe and protect sensitive skin.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: C10H12O2
Common Name: SymCalmin (Oat Derivative Calmin)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Clear to slightly yellow liquid
Density: Approx. 1.04 g/cm³
Melting Point: N/A (liquid at room temperature)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >100°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymCalmin is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymCalmin is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymCalmin to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymCalmin.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymCalmin in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymCalmin at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymCalmin away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymCalmin to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymCare O is a premium skin care ingredient designed to provide deep hydration, nourishment, and protection to the skin, particularly for dry and mature skin types.
SymCare O is known for its ability to enhance skin elasticity, improve moisture retention, and protect the skin from environmental stressors, making it ideal for use in various personal care formulations.
This versatile ingredient is suitable for a wide range of applications, offering both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits to promote healthy, radiant skin.

Synonyms: SymCare O, Skin Nourishing Complex O, SymCare Hydration O, SymCare Moisturizing O, SymCare Barrier Repair O, SymCare Elasticity Boost O, SymCare O Skin Complex, SymCare O Hydration Blend, SymCare O Skin Protector, SymCare O Emollient Complex, SymCare O Skin Revitalizer, SymCare O Skin Restorer, SymCare O Protective Complex, SymCare O Moisture Barrier, SymCare O Skin Conditioning, SymCare O Hydration Enhancer, SymCare O Anti-Aging Complex, SymCare O Skin Rejuvenator, SymCare O Hydration Shield, SymCare O Nourishing Blend

APPLICATIONS

SymCare O is extensively used in the formulation of face creams, providing deep and long-lasting hydration that improves skin elasticity and texture.
SymCare O is favored in the creation of night creams, where it supports skin regeneration and repair, delivering intensive nourishment while you sleep.
SymCare O is utilized in the development of moisturizing serums, offering a concentrated dose of hydration and nutrients to rejuvenate dry and mature skin.

SymCare O is widely used in the production of body lotions, providing all-over hydration and protection for dry and rough skin, leaving it soft and supple.
SymCare O is employed in the formulation of anti-aging creams, where it helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles while improving skin firmness.
SymCare O is essential in the creation of hand creams, offering hydration and protection against environmental stressors, particularly in harsh weather conditions.

SymCare O is utilized in the production of eye creams, helping to hydrate and smooth the delicate skin around the eyes, reducing puffiness and dark circles.
SymCare O is a key ingredient in the formulation of barrier creams, providing a protective layer that shields the skin from environmental damage and moisture loss.
SymCare O is used in the creation of soothing lotions, offering relief from irritation and supporting skin recovery, especially for sensitive skin types.

SymCare O is applied in the formulation of after-sun lotions, providing soothing relief and hydration to sun-exposed skin, helping to prevent peeling and dryness.
SymCare O is employed in the production of scalp treatments, helping to nourish and protect the scalp while supporting healthy hair growth.
SymCare O is used in the development of baby care products, providing gentle and effective hydration and protection for delicate skin.

SymCare O is widely utilized in the formulation of lip care products, providing deep hydration and protection to keep lips soft, smooth, and protected from chapping.
SymCare O is a key component in the creation of multipurpose balms, offering versatile care for dry, cracked skin on lips, hands, and body.
SymCare O is used in the production of prebiotic skincare products, supporting the skin’s natural microbiome while providing hydration and protection.

SymCare O is employed in the formulation of body butters, offering rich and intensive moisture for very dry areas like elbows, knees, and heels.
SymCare O is applied in the creation of skin-conditioning treatments, providing long-lasting moisture and protection for sensitive and dry skin types.
SymCare O is utilized in the development of hydrating toners, offering a boost of moisture and skin-calming effects to prepare the skin for subsequent skincare steps.

SymCare O is found in the formulation of cleansing milks and creams, providing gentle cleansing with added hydration and skin-conditioning benefits.
SymCare O is used in the production of moisturizing sprays, offering a lightweight and refreshing boost of hydration for on-the-go skincare.
SymCare O is a key ingredient in the creation of anti-pollution skincare products, offering a protective barrier against environmental pollutants while nourishing the skin.

SymCare O is widely used in the formulation of skin repair treatments, providing nourishment and support for damaged or irritated skin, promoting recovery.
SymCare O is employed in the development of anti-aging serums, offering deep hydration and rejuvenation for mature skin, helping to restore a youthful glow.
SymCare O is applied in the production of skin balms, providing targeted care for extremely dry and sensitive skin areas, helping to restore moisture and comfort.

SymCare O is utilized in the creation of facial oils, offering intensive nourishment and hydration that improves skin texture and radiance.
SymCare O is found in the formulation of daily wear creams, offering a balance of hydration, protection, and anti-aging benefits for everyday use.
SymCare O is used in the production of specialized skincare treatments for conditions like eczema and dermatitis, offering soothing relief and hydration for sensitive skin.

DESCRIPTION

SymCare O is a premium skin care ingredient designed to provide deep hydration, nourishment, and protection to the skin, particularly for dry and mature skin types.
SymCare O is known for its ability to enhance skin elasticity, improve moisture retention, and protect the skin from environmental stressors, making it ideal for use in various personal care formulations.

SymCare O offers additional benefits such as skin repair and rejuvenation, making it an excellent choice for products aimed at treating dry, sensitive, or aging skin.
SymCare O is often incorporated into formulations designed to improve skin texture and resilience, ensuring long-lasting hydration and protection.
SymCare O is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall health and appearance of the skin, leaving it soft, smooth, and radiant.

SymCare O is commonly used in both traditional and innovative skincare formulations, providing a gentle yet effective solution for maintaining healthy, hydrated skin.
SymCare O is valued for its ability to support the skin's natural barrier, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to protect the skin from environmental aggressors.
SymCare O is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including moisturizers, serums, creams, and balms.

SymCare O is an ideal choice for products targeting dry, mature, and sensitive skin, as it provides gentle yet effective hydration, nourishment, and protection.
SymCare O is known for its compatibility with other skincare actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
SymCare O is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between hydration, protection, and skin care, ensuring comprehensive skin health benefits.

SymCare O enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care products by providing deep hydration, nourishing relief, and protection in one ingredient.
SymCare O is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in skin hydration, elasticity, and comfort.
SymCare O is an essential component in innovative skincare products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to improve skin health and appearance.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: N/A (Proprietary blend of active ingredients)
Common Name: SymCare O (Hydration and Skin Nourishing Complex)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow to amber liquid
Density: Approx. 0.95-1.05 g/cm³
Melting Point: N/A (liquid at room temperature)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymCare O is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymCare O is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymCare O to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymCare O.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymCare O in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymCare O at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymCare O away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymCare O to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymCare W2 is a multifunctional skin care ingredient specifically formulated to provide hydration, soothing, and protective benefits to sensitive and dry skin.
SymCare W2 is known for its ability to enhance skin barrier function, reduce irritation, and provide long-lasting moisture, making it ideal for use in various personal care applications.
This gentle yet effective ingredient is suitable for a wide range of formulations, offering both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits to improve skin health and appearance.

Synonyms: SymCare W2, Skin Hydration Complex W2, SymCare Soothing W2, SymCare Moisturizing W2, SymCare Barrier Protection W2, SymCare Sensitive Skin W2, SymCare W2 Hydration Blend, SymCare W2 Skin Soother, SymCare Dry Skin Care W2, SymCare W2 Protective Complex, SymCare W2 Skin Conditioner, SymCare W2 Moisture Barrier, SymCare W2 Skin Repair, SymCare W2 Emollient Complex, SymCare W2 Hydration Shield, SymCare W2 Skin Calming, SymCare W2 Hydration Enhancer, SymCare W2 Skin Restorer, SymCare W2 Moisturizing Agent, SymCare W2 Skin Barrier Fortifier

APPLICATIONS

SymCare W2 is extensively used in the formulation of moisturizers, providing deep and long-lasting hydration for dry and sensitive skin.
SymCare W2 is favored in the creation of face creams, where it enhances skin barrier function, reducing moisture loss and improving skin resilience.
SymCare W2 is utilized in the development of soothing lotions, offering relief from irritation and supporting skin recovery.

SymCare W2 is widely used in the production of serums, where it delivers concentrated hydration and calming benefits for sensitive skin.
SymCare W2 is employed in the formulation of body lotions, providing all-over hydration and protection for dry and rough skin.
SymCare W2 is essential in the creation of night creams, offering intensive moisture and repair while supporting the skin's natural regeneration process.

SymCare W2 is utilized in the production of eye creams, helping to hydrate and soothe the delicate skin around the eyes, reducing signs of fatigue and dryness.
SymCare W2 is a key ingredient in the formulation of sensitive skin products, offering gentle care that calms and protects the skin from external aggressors.
SymCare W2 is used in the creation of hand creams, providing hydration and protection against dryness, especially in harsh environmental conditions.

SymCare W2 is applied in the formulation of after-sun lotions, providing soothing relief and hydration to sun-exposed skin.
SymCare W2 is employed in the production of barrier creams, offering a protective layer that shields the skin from environmental stressors and irritants.
SymCare W2 is used in the development of baby care products, providing gentle and effective hydration and protection for delicate skin.

SymCare W2 is widely utilized in the formulation of anti-aging creams, where it helps to maintain skin elasticity and moisture, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
SymCare W2 is a key component in the creation of skin repair treatments, providing nourishment and support for damaged or irritated skin.
SymCare W2 is used in the production of face masks, offering deep hydration and soothing benefits that leave the skin feeling refreshed and revitalized.

SymCare W2 is employed in the formulation of cleansing milks and creams, providing gentle cleansing with added hydration and skin-soothing benefits.
SymCare W2 is applied in the creation of hydrating toners, offering a boost of moisture and calming effects to prepare the skin for subsequent skincare steps.
SymCare W2 is utilized in the development of skin conditioning treatments, providing long-lasting moisture and protection for sensitive and dry skin types.

SymCare W2 is found in the formulation of scalp treatments, helping to soothe and hydrate the scalp, reducing dryness and irritation.
SymCare W2 is used in the production of body butters, offering rich and intensive moisture for dry areas like elbows, knees, and heels.
SymCare W2 is a key ingredient in the creation of hydrating body washes, providing a gentle cleansing experience that leaves the skin soft and moisturized.

SymCare W2 is widely used in the formulation of leave-on skin treatments, providing continuous hydration and protection throughout the day.
SymCare W2 is employed in the development of moisturizing sprays, offering a lightweight and refreshing boost of hydration for on-the-go skincare.
SymCare W2 is applied in the production of skin balms, providing targeted care for extremely dry and sensitive skin areas.

SymCare W2 is utilized in the creation of prebiotic skincare products, supporting the skin’s natural microbiome while providing hydration and protection.
SymCare W2 is found in the formulation of daily wear creams, offering a balance of hydration, protection, and soothing benefits for everyday use.
SymCare W2 is used in the production of skin-calming gels, providing instant relief from irritation and dryness while promoting skin healing.

SymCare W2 is a key component in the development of multi-functional skincare products, offering combined benefits of hydration, soothing, and protection.
SymCare W2 is widely employed in the formulation of skin creams designed for extreme weather conditions, providing durable hydration and protection against environmental factors.
SymCare W2 is used in the creation of specialized skincare treatments for conditions like eczema and dermatitis, offering soothing relief and hydration for sensitive skin.

DESCRIPTION

SymCare W2 is a multifunctional skin care ingredient specifically formulated to provide hydration, soothing, and protective benefits to sensitive and dry skin.
SymCare W2 is known for its ability to enhance skin barrier function, reduce irritation, and provide long-lasting moisture, making it ideal for use in various personal care applications.

SymCare W2 offers additional benefits such as skin calming and repair, making it an excellent choice for products aimed at treating dry, sensitive, or irritated skin.
SymCare W2 is often incorporated into formulations designed to improve skin texture and resilience, ensuring long-lasting hydration and protection.
SymCare W2 is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall health and appearance of the skin, leaving it soft, smooth, and well-hydrated.

SymCare W2 is commonly used in both traditional and innovative skincare formulations, providing a gentle yet effective solution for maintaining healthy, hydrated skin.
SymCare W2 is valued for its ability to support the skin's natural barrier, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to protect the skin from environmental aggressors.
SymCare W2 is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including moisturizers, serums, creams, and balms.

SymCare W2 is an ideal choice for products targeting sensitive, dry, and irritated skin, as it provides gentle yet effective hydration, soothing, and protection.
SymCare W2 is known for its compatibility with other skincare actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
SymCare W2 is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between hydration, protection, and skin care, ensuring comprehensive skin health benefits.

SymCare W2 enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care products by providing deep hydration, soothing relief, and protection in one ingredient.
SymCare W2 is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in skin hydration and comfort.
SymCare W2 is an essential component in innovative skincare products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to improve skin health and appearance.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: N/A (Proprietary blend of active ingredients)
Common Name: SymCare W2 (Hydration and Skin Protection Complex)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow to amber liquid
Density: Approx. 0.95-1.05 g/cm³
Melting Point: N/A (liquid at room temperature)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymCare W2 is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymCare W2 is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymCare W2 to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymCare W2.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymCare W2 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymCare W2 at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymCare W2 away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymCare W2 to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymClariol is a glycol and a volatile organic compound.
SymClariol is a skin moisturizer with excellent antimicrobial properties.

CAS Number: 1119-86-4
EC Number: 214-288-2
INCI Names: Decylene Glycol
Molecular formula: C10-H22-O2

SYNONYMS:
AI3-16595, 2-Decanediol, 1,2-DECANEDIOL, Decan-1,2-diol, decane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Decanediol >1,2-Decandiol, 98%, 1,2-Decanediol 98%, 1,2-Decanediol,98%, 1,2-DIHYDROXYDECANE, 1,2-Decylene Glycol, 1,2-Dihydroxydecane, NSC 28662, SymClariol, n-Decane-1,2-diol, Decane-1,2-diol, Decylene Glycol, decane-1,2-diol, Decan-1,2-diol

SymClariol is a white powder.
SymClariol is a glycol that is decane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
SymClariol has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antioxidant and a human metabolite.

SymClariol is a glycol and a volatile organic compound.
SymClariol derives from a hydride of a decane.
SymClariol is a skin moisturizer with excellent antimicrobial properties.

SymClariol is a compound that functions as a chemical intermediate in research and development.
SymClariol acts as a building block in the synthesis of various polymers, including polyesters and polyurethanes.
SymClariol participates in condensation reactions, where it reacts with other compounds to form high molecular weight polymers.

At the molecular level, SymClariol undergoes reactions with carboxylic acids and isocyanates to form ester and urethane linkages, respectively.
These reactions contribute to the formation of polymeric materials with diverse properties, such as flexibility, durability, and thermal stability.
In this context, SymClariol serves as a key component in the production of polymers with tailored characteristics for specific applications in materials science and engineering.

SymClariol's mode of action involves participating in chemical reactions that lead to the formation of polymeric materials with desired properties.
SymClariol has multifunctional emollient with anti-microbial properties.
SymClariol is suitable for rinse-off and leave-on cosmetics.

SymClariol is ideal for scalp care, face care, foot care, skin care.
SymClariol is suitable for oily skin.
SymClariol is off-white waxy solid with light characteristic odor.

SymClariol is soluble in some cosmetic esters, glycols and ethanol
SymClariol is compliant solution for Skin Protection.
SymClariol, also known by its INCI decylene glycol, has been part of our Cosmetic Ingredients portfolio for more than 15 years.

SymClariol is a very versatile cosmetic multifunctional if you use it in the right way and for its real benefits.
SymClariol is a multifunctional moisturizing ingredient with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
SymClariol is a white waxy substance.

SymClariol is soluble in glycols and ethyl alcohol.
SymClariol is stable over a wide temperature range and pH 3-11.
SymClariol is suitable for the care of oily skin prone to acne. P. bacterium has high activity against acne bacteria.

The synergistic effect of SimClariole together with alpha-hydroxy acids against P. bacterium acne has been proven.
The use of SymClariol with SimClariole leads to a decrease in the amount of sebum and the number of inflammation foci (acne).
SymClariol is effective as a deodorizing ingredient.

There is no data on SymClariol's incompatibility with other cosmetic ingredients.
SymClariol has two -OH groups in its structure, which gives it the chemical property of attracting many other positive ions.
This property can be lethal to microorganisms because many of their vital enzymes can bind to this group, rendering them inactive or dead.

Therefore, SymClariol is especially useful for bacterial problems such as acne or body odor.
SymClariol also has moisturizing properties and creates a short-term thin film on the skin surface.
This reduces the potential for irritation that other preservatives may cause.

SymClariol is useful in hand wash, hair care, shower gels, deodorants and skin care products.
SymClariol or Decylene Glycol is an antimicrobial agent that has been proven to reduce sebum production.
SymClariol is also a great moisturizer that is considered to be extremely nourishing for the skin.

SymClariol makes the skin soft and supple.
SymClariol, a multifunctional active ingredient from its successful range of 1,2-alkanediols.
SymClariol (INCI: decylene glycol) is a moisturizing ingredient for topical preparations and also performs well as a hair conditioner.

SymClariol is 1,2-Decanediol, which is a moisturizer with excellent anti-microbial properties.
This multi-functional ingredient, SymClariol, is suitable for many personal care applications.
SymClariol is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 to < 100 tonnes per annum.

SymClariol is a glycol that is decane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
SymClariol has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antioxidant and a human metabolite.
SymClariol is a glycol and a volatile organic compound.

SymClariol derives from a hydride of a decade.
SymClariol comes with the most lipophilic nature (fat- and oil-soluble, not water soluble) of Symrise’s 1,2-alkanediol range.
Its physico-chemical nature combined with antimicrobial activity make SymClariol the ideal cosmetic ingredient for protecting the skin rather than the product.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMCLARIOL:
SymClariol is used as an antimicrobial agent in cosmetics.
SymClariol also suppresses the fluidity of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in the phospholipid membrane of liposomes.
Preparation of 1-decene by deoxygenation of 1, SymClariol with formic acid.

SymClariol is used to Synthesis of EDOT-C8.
Among other functions, SymClariol supports dandruff control concepts.
SymClariol also works well in skin care products for acne-prone and oily skin.

In addition, SymClariol is suitable for rinse-off or leave-on personal care formulations including hair and skincare products.
SymClariol is a patented ingredient that has clinical data on various effects along with the effect of preventing unpleasant body odor as a raw material that can help with acne skin care, scalp itching and dandruff, and also has antiseptic booster effects.

SymClariol is a component with antimicrobial activity (in particular, it is effective against the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes and Corynebacterium xerosis), has an anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effect.
SymClariol suppresses the growth of bacteria that cause unpleasant odors.

SymClariol belonged to the protection product portfolio and is now reported to be part of the skin protection and hygiene range.
The change is due to the fact that its benefits apply to different parts of the body, for example, SymClariol helps control dandruff, and it works in care products for oily and acne-prone skin.

In addition, SymClariol is an ally in foot care products because it helps prevent odors.
SymClariol is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
SymClariol can go into foot care products, as it prevents odours and comes with protective properties.

SymClariol is used in the following products: air care products, perfumes and fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.

Other release to the environment of SymClariol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of SymClariol is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

SymClariol is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, perfumes and fragrances and cosmetics and personal care products.
Release to the environment of SymClariol can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Release to the environment of SymClariol can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.

Release to the environment of SymClariol can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
SymClariol is used cosmetic or dermatological preparations in combination with alpha or beta hydroxy acids to combat acne and Propionibasterium acnes infections as well as in products against germs that cause bad odor, antibacterial soaps and dandruff products.

SymClariol is a versatile cosmetic emollient that supports hygiene concepts by helping to limit the overgrowth of microorganisms from scalp to toe.
SymClariol balances sebum content and acne on skin.
SymClariol acts as a multifunctional skin conditioning emollient with antimicrobial and deodorant properties.

SymClariol supports all kinds of cosmetic hygiene concepts in skin-, face & foot care.
SymClariol also brings additional benefits for the scalp supporting modern anti-dandruff concepts on acne.
SymClariol reduces the amount of sebum on skin.

SymClariol is used across the full range of personal care applications in rinse-off and leave-on.
SymClariol is a versatile cosmetic emollient that supports hygiene concepts by helping to limit the overgrowth of microorganisms from scalp to toe, in particular on scalp, face and feet.

SymClariol balances sebum content and acne on skin.
SymClariol has a balancing effect on the scalp microbiome when used in a professional hair care range.
SymClariol is an emollient with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin from scalp to toe.

Among other functions, SymClariol supports dandruff control concepts.
SymClariol also works well in skin care products for acne-prone and oily skin.
SymClariol can go into foot care products, too, as it prevents odors and comes with protective properties.

SymClariol is suitable for rinse-off or leave-on personal care formulations including hair and skin care products.
This makes SymClariol the perfect addition to the hygiene portfolio for cosmetic ingredients.

THE BENEFITS OF SYMCLARIOL:
- Moisturizer
- Broad spectrum anti-microbial activity for anti-acne,deodorant, hygiene, preservative booster and other applications
- Excellent activity against acne causing P. acnes; shows synergism with Alpha Hydroxy Acids against P. acnes
- Reduces sebum content on acne skin
- Foam and viscosity booster for shampoo and shower gel formulations
- Excellent safety profile

WHAT EFFECT DOES SYMCLARIOL HAVE AGAINST ACNE?
SymClariol has excellent antimicrobial properties against Propionibacterium acnes.
This is a bacterium that plays a major role in the formation of acne spots.
A study shows that SymClariol helps with problems with impure skin and acne.
Subjects aged 21 to 49 with impure skin who used SymClariol had a better complexion after just three weeks than those who were given a placebo.

FUNCTION OF SYMCLARIOL:
SymClariol is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent with activity in anti-acne products, deodorant, hygiene products, preservative and other applications.

CLAIMS OF SYMCLARIOL:
*Antiperspirants / Deo-actives
*Antimicrobials
*Conditioning Agents
*Moisturizing Agents
*Anti-dandruff Agents
*Anti-acne Agents
*Sebum Absorption / Shining Reducing
*Moisturizing
*Wash-Off / Rinse

FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF SYMCLARIOL:
1. High quality products
2. Fast delivery
3. Additional products can be ordered, please contact us for details

BENEFITS OF SYMCLARIOL:
Multifunctional option also for deo
• Additional skin protecting benefits (foot care...)
• Good for smart combinations with SymDeo® B125
• Supporting anti-microbial product performance

PROPERTIES OF SYMCLARIOL:
• Off-white waxy solid, light characteristic odor
• Soluble in cosmetic esters and glycols
• Dosage: up to 1.0%
• pH of use: 3 to 12
• Up to 100°C

SYNTHESIS OF SYMCLARIOL:
A homogeneous clear solution is prepared by adding 3 moles of acetone to 1 mole of a mixture of 1-nonene oxide and 1-decene oxide at room temperature.
After 50 grams of 5% aqueous sulfuric acid to the solution, the acetone is evaporated off and the resulting solution is neutralized by adding an aqueous sodium hydroxide.

The neutralized solution is extracted with pet ether and the extract dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate.
The pet ether is stripped off and a mixture of 1,2-nonanediol and SymClariol is obtained by distilling under vacuo.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYMCLARIOL:
CBNumber: CB0240666
Molecular Formula: C10H22O2
Molecular Weight: 174.28
MDL Number: MFCD00010739
MOL File: 1119-86-4.mol
Melting point: 48-50 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 255 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.9418 (rough estimate)
Vapor pressure: 0.004Pa at 20℃
Refractive index: 1.4561 (estimate)
Flash point: 113 °C
Storage temp.: -20°C Freezer

Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly),
DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
pKa: 14.48±0.20 (Predicted)
Form: Solid
Color: White to Off-White
Water Solubility: 579mg/L at 20℃
InChI: InChI=1S/C10H22O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-10(12)9-11/h10-12H,2-9H2,1H3
InChIKey: YSRSBDQINUMTIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C(O)C(O)CCCCCCCC
LogP: 1.99 at 22.4℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 1119-86-4 (CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA UNII: S57M60MI88

Synonyms: decane-1,2-diol; Decan-1,2-diol
IUPAC Name: decane-1,2-diol
Canonical SMILES: CCCCCCCCC(CO)O
InChI: YSRSBDQINUMTIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI Key: InChI=1S/C10H22O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-10(12)9-11/h10-12H,2-9H2,1H3
Boiling Point: 255 °C
Melting Point: 48-50 °C
Flash Point: 113 °C
Density: 0.94 g/ml
Application: This product is suitable for scientific research.
Assay: 98%
EC Number: 214-288-2
CAS Number: 1119-86-4
Molecular Weight: 174 g/mol
Molecular Formula: C10-H22-O2

Physical Properties:
Appearance: white waxy solid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 255.00 to 256.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.003000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C (est)
Flash Point: 252.00 °F (TCC) / 122.40 °C (est)
logP (o/w): 2.558 (est)
Soluble in: alcohol, water (316.6 mg/L @ 25 °C, est)
Insoluble in: water
Molecular Weight: 174.28 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 2.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2

Rotatable Bond Count: 8
Exact Mass: 174.161979940 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 174.161979940 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 83.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMCLARIOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMCLARIOL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMCLARIOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMCLARIOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMCLARIOL:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMCLARIOL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymControl Care is a COSMOS approved ingredient produced from the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica using a blue biotechnology process.
SymControl Care has been shown ex-vivo and in-vivo to significantly reduce sebum overproduction, sooth the skin and strengthen the skin barrier, for a healthy and balanced look.
SymControl Care has been also shown to have prebiotic efficacy.

CAS: MIXTURE

SymControl Care is an effective scalp sebum regulator that also protects the hair fiber.
SymControl Care reduces the production of sebum on the scalp and makes hair less oily in only one week.
SymControl Care makes hair healthier and offers protection against damages caused by harmful UV radiation.
SymControl Care is developed for shampoo, conditioner and hair tonic.
SymControl Care is a renewable microalgae-based ingredient that results from blue biotechnology.
SymControl Care also protects against stress, pollution, nutrition and intensive treatment.
SymControl Care is COSMOS, Halal and Kosher certified.

SymDeo B125 is a highly effective, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent used in personal care formulations for its potent odor-neutralizing properties.
SymDeo B125 is particularly valued in deodorant products due to its ability to target and inhibit the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
The gentle formulation of SymDeo B125 makes it suitable for use in a wide range of personal care applications, ensuring long-lasting freshness and skin comfort.

CAS Number: 55406-53-6
EC Number: 259-627-5

Synonyms: SymDeo B125, Triclosan, Antimicrobial Agent SymDeo, Deodorant Active SymDeo B125, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial B125, SymDeo Odor Control Agent, SymDeo Antibacterial B125, Deodorant Additive SymDeo B125, Skin-Friendly Antimicrobial, SymDeo B125 Deodorant Active, Triclosan Antimicrobial Agent, SymDeo B125 Deodorant Preservative, SymDeo Plus Antimicrobial, SymDeo Odor Neutralizer, Triclosan Deodorant Active, SymDeo Antimicrobial Plus B125, SymDeo Skin Conditioner B125, SymDeo B125 Preservative, SymDeo B125 Anti-Bacterial Agent, Triclosan Deodorant Preservative, SymDeo B125 Active Ingredient

APPLICATIONS

SymDeo B125 is extensively used as an active ingredient in deodorant formulations, providing effective odor control by neutralizing the bacteria responsible for body odor.
SymDeo B125 is favored in the production of antiperspirants, where it helps to control sweat and prevent the development of unpleasant odors throughout the day.
SymDeo B125 is utilized in the formulation of body sprays, offering a refreshing and protective layer that prevents bacterial growth on the skin.

SymDeo B125 is widely used in the development of roll-on deodorants, ensuring smooth application and consistent odor protection with each use.
SymDeo B125 is employed in the production of stick deodorants, providing a solid, easy-to-apply form of odor protection that is gentle on the skin.
SymDeo B125 is essential in the formulation of deodorant creams, combining moisturizing and deodorizing effects to protect sensitive skin areas.

SymDeo B125 is utilized in the creation of deodorant wipes, providing portable and convenient odor protection that can be used anytime, anywhere.
SymDeo B125 is a key ingredient in the formulation of natural and organic deodorants, offering effective odor control while aligning with clean beauty standards.
SymDeo B125 is used in the production of underarm powders, providing a dry and comfortable feel with enhanced odor protection.

SymDeo B125 is applied in the formulation of foot deodorants, where it helps to prevent foot odor by controlling the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
SymDeo B125 is employed in the production of intimate deodorants, ensuring gentle and effective odor control in delicate and sensitive areas.
SymDeo B125 is used in the creation of multifunctional body lotions that offer both moisturizing benefits and long-lasting odor protection.

SymDeo B125 is widely utilized in the formulation of deodorant soaps and body washes, providing an additional layer of odor protection during cleansing routines.
SymDeo B125 is a key component in the development of fabric deodorant sprays, helping to neutralize odors on clothing and maintain freshness.
SymDeo B125 is used in the production of sports deodorants, offering robust and long-lasting protection against sweat and odor during physical activity.

SymDeo B125 is employed in the formulation of deodorant balms, providing a soothing application while effectively controlling body odor.
SymDeo B125 is applied in the creation of gender-specific deodorants, offering tailored odor protection that meets the specific needs of different skin types.
SymDeo B125 is utilized in the development of deodorant mists, providing a lightweight and refreshing alternative to traditional deodorant products.

SymDeo B125 is found in the formulation of hair deodorants, offering odor protection for the scalp and hair, particularly in high-humidity conditions.
SymDeo B125 is used in the production of deodorant patches, providing targeted odor control for specific areas of the body.
SymDeo B125 is a key ingredient in the creation of travel-sized deodorants, ensuring compact and effective odor protection while on the go.

SymDeo B125 is widely used in the development of deodorant-infused skincare products, offering dual benefits of odor control and skin care.
SymDeo B125 is employed in the formulation of deodorant roll-ons with added skincare benefits, such as soothing and hydrating effects.
SymDeo B125 is applied in the production of deodorant bars, providing a solid and convenient form of odor protection.

SymDeo B125 is utilized in the creation of deodorant powders for sensitive skin, ensuring effective odor control without causing irritation.
SymDeo B125 is found in the formulation of deodorant sticks with added fragrances, offering both odor protection and a pleasant scent.
SymDeo B125 is used in the production of deodorant creams with natural ingredients, providing a clean and effective approach to odor control.

SymDeo B125 is a key component in the development of deodorant gels, offering a cooling sensation along with reliable odor protection.
SymDeo B125 is widely used in the formulation of deodorant sprays with quick-drying properties, ensuring a comfortable and dry feel throughout the day.
SymDeo B125 is employed in the creation of deodorant foams, providing a unique and innovative form of odor protection.

SymDeo B125 is applied in the production of deodorant balms with added skin-nourishing ingredients, offering both odor control and skincare benefits.
SymDeo B125 is used in the formulation of deodorant lotions with anti-inflammatory properties, ensuring gentle and effective odor protection for sensitive skin.
SymDeo B125 is found in the development of eco-friendly deodorants, providing sustainable and effective odor control solutions.

SymDeo B125 is utilized in the creation of deodorant products designed for active lifestyles, ensuring long-lasting protection against sweat and odor.
SymDeo B125 is widely employed in the production of multifunctional deodorants that offer additional benefits such as moisturizing, soothing, or skin protection.
SymDeo B125 is a critical ingredient in the development of fragrance-free deodorants, offering effective odor protection without added scents.

SymDeo B125 is used in the creation of deodorant-infused textiles, providing odor protection directly from clothing materials.
SymDeo B125 is applied in the formulation of deodorant serums, offering a concentrated and effective form of odor protection.
SymDeo B125 is a key ingredient in the production of deodorants with natural extracts, ensuring a gentle and effective approach to odor control.

SymDeo B125 is employed in the development of deodorant sprays with enhanced antimicrobial properties, providing extra protection against odor-causing bacteria.
SymDeo B125 is utilized in the creation of specialized deodorants for athletes, offering robust and long-lasting odor protection.
SymDeo B125 is widely used in the formulation of deodorants with skin-soothing ingredients, ensuring a comfortable and irritation-free experience.

DESCRIPTION

SymDeo B125 is a highly effective, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent used in personal care formulations for its potent odor-neutralizing properties.
SymDeo B125 is particularly valued in deodorant products due to its ability to target and inhibit the growth of odor-causing bacteria.

SymDeo B125 is a versatile ingredient that offers powerful odor control while being gentle on the skin, making it suitable for a wide range of personal care applications.
SymDeo B125 is often incorporated into deodorant formulations for sensitive skin, providing effective protection without causing irritation.
SymDeo B125 is recognized for its stability in various formulations, maintaining its efficacy throughout the product's shelf life.

SymDeo B125 is commonly used in both traditional and natural deodorant products, aligning with consumer demands for clean and effective personal care solutions.
SymDeo B125 is an essential component in multifunctional personal care products, where it provides deodorant protection along with additional skincare benefits.
SymDeo B125 is valued for its ability to maintain effectiveness in challenging conditions, such as high humidity and heat, making it ideal for use in sports and outdoor products.

SymDeo B125 is known for its compatibility with other active ingredients, allowing formulators to create products with multiple benefits, such as deodorant creams that also moisturize and soothe the skin.
SymDeo B125 is often chosen for formulations that require long-lasting odor protection, ensuring users remain fresh and confident throughout the day.
SymDeo B125 is a preferred ingredient for products targeting both men and women, offering tailored odor protection that meets the needs of different skin types.

SymDeo B125 is a key ingredient in the development of products designed for sensitive areas, such as intimate deodorants, where gentle yet effective odor control is essential.
SymDeo B125 is recognized for its environmental friendliness, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional deodorant actives without compromising on efficacy.
SymDeo B125 is an ideal choice for formulators looking to create innovative deodorant products that stand out in the market for their performance and safety.

SymDeo B125 is widely used in formulations that prioritize skin health, providing odor protection without disrupting the skin's natural balance.
SymDeo B125 is a reliable ingredient for creating personal care products that offer a pleasant user experience, with smooth application and no residue.
SymDeo B125 enhances the overall effectiveness of deodorant and skincare products by providing comprehensive protection against odor while being gentle on the skin.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: C12H7Cl3O2
Common Name: SymDeo B125 (Triclosan)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Density: 1.55 g/cm³
Melting Point: 56-58°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohols and organic solvents
Flash Point: >150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymDeo B125 is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymDeo B125 is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of dust or vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymDeo B125 to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymDeo B125.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymDeo B125 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of dust and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where dust or vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymDeo B125 at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymDeo B125 away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymDeo B125 to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymDeo MPP is a highly effective deodorant active used in personal care formulations to provide long-lasting odor protection.
SymDeo MPP is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of odor-causing bacteria, making it a popular choice in deodorant and antiperspirant products.
The unique composition of SymDeo MPP allows it to offer broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity while being gentle on the skin.

CAS Number: 7487-88-9
EC Number: 231-298-2

Synonyms: SymDeo MPP, Magnesium Potassium Phosphonates, Deodorant Active MPP, Antimicrobial Agent MPP, SymDeo Deodorant Active, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial, Deodorant Additive MPP, SymDeo Magnesium Potassium Phosphonates, Deodorant Preservative MPP, Personal Care Deodorant MPP, SymDeo Antimicrobial Complex, SymDeo MPP Complex, SymDeo Phosphonate Complex, Deodorant Protection MPP, SymDeo Skin-Friendly Active, Odor Control Agent MPP, SymDeo MPP Preservative, SymDeo Antimicrobial Active, MPP Deodorant Additive, SymDeo Phosphonate Active, SymDeo MPP Phosphonate, SymDeo Odor Neutralizer, SymDeo MPP Preservative Complex, SymDeo MPP Deodorant

APPLICATIONS

SymDeo MPP is extensively used as an active ingredient in deodorant formulations, providing effective odor control by inhibiting the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
SymDeo MPP is favored in the production of antiperspirants, where it enhances the product's ability to keep the skin dry and odor-free throughout the day.
SymDeo MPP is utilized in the formulation of body sprays, offering long-lasting odor protection without causing irritation.

SymDeo MPP is widely used in the development of roll-on deodorants, ensuring even application and consistent odor control.
SymDeo MPP is employed in the production of stick deodorants, providing a smooth and non-irritating application while effectively controlling odor.
SymDeo MPP is essential in the formulation of deodorant creams, offering a gentle yet effective solution for odor protection in sensitive skin areas.

SymDeo MPP is utilized in the creation of deodorant wipes, providing convenient and portable odor protection for on-the-go use.
SymDeo MPP is a key ingredient in the formulation of natural and organic deodorants, aligning with clean beauty trends while ensuring effective odor control.
SymDeo MPP is used in the production of underarm powders, offering a dry and fresh feeling with enhanced odor protection.

SymDeo MPP is applied in the formulation of foot deodorants, providing antimicrobial protection that helps prevent foot odor and maintain freshness.
SymDeo MPP is employed in the production of intimate deodorants, ensuring gentle and effective odor control in sensitive areas.
SymDeo MPP is used in the creation of multi-functional body lotions that offer both moisturizing benefits and odor protection.

SymDeo MPP is widely utilized in the formulation of deodorant soaps and body washes, providing an extra layer of odor protection during cleansing.
SymDeo MPP is a key component in the development of deodorant sprays for clothing and fabrics, helping to neutralize odors and maintain freshness.
SymDeo MPP is used in the production of sports deodorants, offering long-lasting protection against sweat and odor, even during intense physical activity.

SymDeo MPP is employed in the formulation of deodorant balms, providing a smooth and soothing application with effective odor control.
SymDeo MPP is applied in the creation of gender-specific deodorants, offering tailored odor protection that meets the needs of different skin types.
SymDeo MPP is utilized in the development of deodorant mists, providing a lightweight and refreshing alternative to traditional deodorant products.

SymDeo MPP is found in the formulation of hair deodorants, offering odor protection for the scalp and hair, especially in high-humidity conditions.
SymDeo MPP is used in the production of deodorant patches, providing targeted odor control for specific areas of the body.
SymDeo MPP is a key ingredient in the creation of travel-friendly deodorants, ensuring compact and effective odor protection on the go.

SymDeo MPP is widely used in the development of deodorant-infused skincare products, offering dual benefits of odor control and skin care.
SymDeo MPP is employed in the formulation of deodorant roll-ons with added skincare benefits, such as moisturization and soothing effects.
SymDeo MPP is applied in the production of deodorant bars, providing a solid and long-lasting form of odor protection.

SymDeo MPP is utilized in the creation of deodorant powders for sensitive skin, ensuring effective odor control without causing irritation.
SymDeo MPP is found in the formulation of deodorant sticks with added fragrances, offering both odor protection and a pleasant scent.
SymDeo MPP is used in the production of deodorant creams with natural ingredients, ensuring a clean and effective approach to odor control.

SymDeo MPP is a key component in the development of deodorant gels, offering a cooling sensation along with reliable odor protection.
SymDeo MPP is widely used in the formulation of deodorant sprays with quick-drying properties, ensuring a comfortable and dry feel.
SymDeo MPP is employed in the creation of deodorant foams, providing a unique and innovative form of odor protection.

SymDeo MPP is applied in the production of deodorant balms with added skin-nourishing ingredients, offering both odor control and skincare benefits.
SymDeo MPP is used in the formulation of deodorant lotions with anti-inflammatory properties, ensuring gentle and effective odor protection for sensitive skin.
SymDeo MPP is found in the development of eco-friendly deodorants, providing sustainable and effective odor control solutions.

SymDeo MPP is utilized in the creation of deodorant products designed for active lifestyles, ensuring long-lasting protection against sweat and odor.
SymDeo MPP is widely employed in the production of multifunctional deodorants that offer additional benefits such as moisturizing, soothing, or skin protection.
SymDeo MPP is a critical ingredient in the development of fragrance-free deodorants, offering effective odor protection without added scents.

SymDeo MPP is used in the creation of deodorant-infused textiles, providing odor protection directly from clothing materials.
SymDeo MPP is applied in the formulation of deodorant serums, offering a concentrated and effective form of odor protection.
SymDeo MPP is a key ingredient in the production of deodorants with natural extracts, ensuring a gentle and effective approach to odor control.

SymDeo MPP is employed in the development of deodorant sprays with enhanced antimicrobial properties, providing extra protection against odor-causing bacteria.
SymDeo MPP is utilized in the creation of specialized deodorants for athletes, offering robust and long-lasting odor protection.
SymDeo MPP is widely used in the formulation of deodorants with skin-soothing ingredients, ensuring a comfortable and irritation-free experience.

DESCRIPTION

SymDeo MPP is a highly effective deodorant active used in personal care formulations to provide long-lasting odor protection.
SymDeo MPP is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of odor-causing bacteria, making it a popular choice in deodorant and antiperspirant products.

SymDeo MPP is a versatile ingredient that provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, ensuring comprehensive protection against a wide range of microorganisms.
SymDeo MPP is often incorporated into deodorant formulations designed for sensitive skin, as it is gentle and non-irritating while still offering powerful odor control.
SymDeo MPP is recognized for its stability in various formulations, maintaining its efficacy throughout the product's shelf life.

SymDeo MPP is commonly used in both traditional and natural deodorants, aligning with consumer demands for clean and effective personal care products.
SymDeo MPP is an essential component in multi-functional personal care products, where it provides deodorant protection along with other skincare benefits.
SymDeo MPP is valued for its ability to maintain effectiveness in challenging conditions, such as high humidity and heat, making it ideal for use in sports and outdoor products.

SymDeo MPP is known for its compatibility with other active ingredients, allowing formulators to create products with multiple benefits, such as deodorant creams that also moisturize and soothe the skin.
SymDeo MPP is often chosen for formulations that require long-lasting odor protection, ensuring users remain fresh throughout the day.
SymDeo MPP is a preferred ingredient for products targeting both men and women, offering tailored odor protection that meets the needs of different skin types.

SymDeo MPP is a key ingredient in the development of products designed for sensitive areas, such as intimate deodorants, where gentle yet effective odor control is essential.
SymDeo MPP is recognized for its environmental friendliness, as it offers a sustainable alternative to traditional deodorant actives without compromising on efficacy.
SymDeo MPP is an ideal choice for formulators looking to create innovative deodorant products that stand out in the market for their performance and safety.

SymDeo MPP is widely used in formulations that prioritize skin health, providing odor protection without disrupting the skin's natural balance.
SymDeo MPP is a reliable ingredient for creating deodorants that offer a pleasant user experience, with smooth application and no residue.
SymDeo MPP enhances the overall effectiveness of deodorant products by providing comprehensive protection against odor while being gentle on the skin.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: MgKPO4
Common Name: SymDeo MPP (Magnesium Potassium Phosphonates)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: White to off-white powder
Density: 2.2 g/cm³
Melting Point: 120°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohols and organic solvents
Flash Point: >150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymDeo MPP is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymDeo MPP is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of dust.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymDeo MPP to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymDeo MPP.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymDeo MPP in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of dust and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where dust may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymDeo MPP at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymDeo MPP away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymDeo MPP to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymDeo Plus is a highly effective deodorant active ingredient designed to provide long-lasting odor protection in personal care formulations.
SymDeo Plus is known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which effectively inhibits the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
This multifunctional ingredient is gentle on the skin, making it suitable for a wide range of deodorant and antiperspirant products.

CAS Number: 68140-48-7
EC Number: 268-761-3

Synonyms: SymDeo Plus, Ethylhexylglycerin, Deodorant Active SymDeo Plus, SymDeo Antimicrobial Plus, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial SymDeo, SymDeo Deodorant Active, Ethylhexyl Glyceryl Ether, Deodorant Additive SymDeo, Skin-Friendly Antimicrobial, SymDeo Plus Deodorant, SymDeo Plus Ethylhexylglycerin, Ethylhexyl Glyceryl Ether Plus, SymDeo Broad-Spectrum Deodorant, Antimicrobial Preservative SymDeo, SymDeo Plus Antimicrobial, Deodorant Protection SymDeo, SymDeo Skin Conditioner Plus, SymDeo Plus Preservative, SymDeo Plus Odor Neutralizer, SymDeo Plus Active Ingredient, SymDeo Plus Anti-Bacterial Agent

APPLICATIONS

SymDeo Plus is extensively used as an active ingredient in deodorant formulations, offering long-lasting odor protection by effectively neutralizing odor-causing bacteria.
SymDeo Plus is favored in the production of antiperspirants, where it helps to reduce sweat and control body odor throughout the day.
SymDeo Plus is utilized in the formulation of body sprays, providing a refreshing and protective layer that prevents the growth of bacteria on the skin.

SymDeo Plus is widely used in the development of roll-on deodorants, ensuring smooth application and consistent odor protection with each use.
SymDeo Plus is employed in the production of stick deodorants, offering a solid and easy-to-apply form of odor protection that is gentle on the skin.
SymDeo Plus is essential in the formulation of deodorant creams, combining moisturizing and deodorizing effects to protect sensitive skin areas.

SymDeo Plus is utilized in the creation of deodorant wipes, providing portable and convenient odor protection that can be used anytime, anywhere.
SymDeo Plus is a key ingredient in the formulation of natural and organic deodorants, offering effective odor control that aligns with clean beauty standards.
SymDeo Plus is used in the production of underarm powders, providing a dry and comfortable feel with enhanced odor protection.

SymDeo Plus is applied in the formulation of foot deodorants, where it helps to prevent foot odor by controlling the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
SymDeo Plus is employed in the production of intimate deodorants, ensuring gentle and effective odor control in delicate and sensitive areas.
SymDeo Plus is used in the creation of multifunctional body lotions that offer both moisturizing benefits and long-lasting odor protection.

SymDeo Plus is widely utilized in the formulation of deodorant soaps and body washes, providing an additional layer of odor protection during cleansing routines.
SymDeo Plus is a key component in the development of fabric deodorant sprays, helping to neutralize odors on clothing and maintain freshness.
SymDeo Plus is used in the production of sports deodorants, offering robust and long-lasting protection against sweat and odor during physical activity.

SymDeo Plus is employed in the formulation of deodorant balms, providing a soothing application while effectively controlling body odor.
SymDeo Plus is applied in the creation of gender-specific deodorants, offering tailored odor protection that meets the specific needs of different skin types.
SymDeo Plus is utilized in the development of deodorant mists, providing a lightweight and refreshing alternative to traditional deodorant products.

SymDeo Plus is found in the formulation of hair deodorants, offering odor protection for the scalp and hair, particularly in high-humidity conditions.
SymDeo Plus is used in the production of deodorant patches, providing targeted odor control for specific areas of the body.
SymDeo Plus is a key ingredient in the creation of travel-sized deodorants, ensuring compact and effective odor protection while on the go.

SymDeo Plus is widely used in the development of deodorant-infused skincare products, offering dual benefits of odor control and skin care.
SymDeo Plus is employed in the formulation of deodorant roll-ons with added skincare benefits, such as soothing and hydrating effects.
SymDeo Plus is applied in the production of deodorant bars, providing a solid and convenient form of odor protection.

SymDeo Plus is utilized in the creation of deodorant powders for sensitive skin, ensuring effective odor control without causing irritation.
SymDeo Plus is found in the formulation of deodorant sticks with added fragrances, offering both odor protection and a pleasant scent.
SymDeo Plus is used in the production of deodorant creams with natural ingredients, providing a clean and effective approach to odor control.

SymDeo Plus is a key component in the development of deodorant gels, offering a cooling sensation along with reliable odor protection.
SymDeo Plus is widely used in the formulation of deodorant sprays with quick-drying properties, ensuring a comfortable and dry feel throughout the day.
SymDeo Plus is employed in the creation of deodorant foams, providing a unique and innovative form of odor protection.

SymDeo Plus is applied in the production of deodorant balms with added skin-nourishing ingredients, offering both odor control and skincare benefits.
SymDeo Plus is used in the formulation of deodorant lotions with anti-inflammatory properties, ensuring gentle and effective odor protection for sensitive skin.
SymDeo Plus is found in the development of eco-friendly deodorants, providing sustainable and effective odor control solutions.

SymDeo Plus is utilized in the creation of deodorant products designed for active lifestyles, ensuring long-lasting protection against sweat and odor.
SymDeo Plus is widely employed in the production of multifunctional deodorants that offer additional benefits such as moisturizing, soothing, or skin protection.
SymDeo Plus is a critical ingredient in the development of fragrance-free deodorants, offering effective odor protection without added scents.

SymDeo Plus is used in the creation of deodorant-infused textiles, providing odor protection directly from clothing materials.
SymDeo Plus is applied in the formulation of deodorant serums, offering a concentrated and effective form of odor protection.
SymDeo Plus is a key ingredient in the production of deodorants with natural extracts, ensuring a gentle and effective approach to odor control.

SymDeo Plus is employed in the development of deodorant sprays with enhanced antimicrobial properties, providing extra protection against odor-causing bacteria.
SymDeo Plus is utilized in the creation of specialized deodorants for athletes, offering robust and long-lasting odor protection.
SymDeo Plus is widely used in the formulation of deodorants with skin-soothing ingredients, ensuring a comfortable and irritation-free experience.

DESCRIPTION

SymDeo Plus is a highly effective deodorant active ingredient designed to provide long-lasting odor protection in personal care formulations.
SymDeo Plus is known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which effectively inhibits the growth of odor-causing bacteria.

SymDeo Plus is a versatile ingredient that offers gentle yet powerful odor control, making it suitable for a wide range of personal care applications.
SymDeo Plus is often incorporated into deodorant formulations for sensitive skin, as it provides effective protection without causing irritation.
SymDeo Plus is recognized for its stability in various formulations, maintaining its efficacy throughout the product's shelf life.

SymDeo Plus is commonly used in both traditional and natural deodorant products, aligning with consumer demands for clean and effective personal care solutions.
SymDeo Plus is an essential component in multifunctional personal care products, where it provides deodorant protection along with additional skincare benefits.
SymDeo Plus is valued for its ability to maintain effectiveness in challenging conditions, such as high humidity and heat, making it ideal for use in sports and outdoor products.

SymDeo Plus is known for its compatibility with other active ingredients, allowing formulators to create products with multiple benefits, such as deodorant creams that also moisturize and soothe the skin.
SymDeo Plus is often chosen for formulations that require long-lasting odor protection, ensuring users remain fresh and confident throughout the day.
SymDeo Plus is a preferred ingredient for products targeting both men and women, offering tailored odor protection that meets the needs of different skin types.

SymDeo Plus is a key ingredient in the development of products designed for sensitive areas, such as intimate deodorants, where gentle yet effective odor control is essential.
SymDeo Plus is recognized for its environmental friendliness, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional deodorant actives without compromising on efficacy.
SymDeo Plus is an ideal choice for formulators looking to create innovative deodorant products that stand out in the market for their performance and safety.

SymDeo Plus is widely used in formulations that prioritize skin health, providing odor protection without disrupting the skin's natural balance.
SymDeo Plus is a reliable ingredient for creating personal care products that offer a pleasant user experience, with smooth application and no residue.
SymDeo Plus enhances the overall effectiveness of deodorant and skincare products by providing comprehensive protection against odor while being gentle on the skin.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: C11H24O3
Common Name: SymDeo Plus (Ethylhexylglycerin)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid
Density: 0.96 g/cm³
Melting Point: N/A (liquid at room temperature)
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohols and organic solvents
Flash Point: 150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymDeo Plus is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymDeo Plus is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymDeo Plus to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymDeo Plus.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymDeo Plus in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymDeo Plus at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymDeo Plus away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymDeo Plus to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymDetox 1711 is a proteasome activity booster that promotes the cell’s natural detoxifying mechanisms.
SymDetox 1711 purifies and regenerates the skin cells by enhancing natural defense mechanisms.
SymDetox 1711 also provides additional protection against visible light induced long-term pigmentation.

CAS: 1449076-27-0
MF: C15H27NO3
MW: 269.37978
EINECS: 805-324-3

Synonyms
3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl 3-(dimethylcarbamoyl)propanoate;3,3, 5-trimethylcyclohexanol succinate dimethylamide

The present invention concerns mixtures with cis-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl esters and trans-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl esters, the use of cis-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl esters as fragrance substances and individual cis-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl esters and their uses.
VP (3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate), also known as SymDetox 1711, is an extremely toxic organophosphate nerve agent of the V-series.
Agent VP belongs to a class of organophosphates known as 3-pyridyl phosphonates.
These agents are extremely potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Synthesis
Methylphosphonic dichloride and triethylamine are dissolved in benzene.
SymDetox 1711 is then slowly added while stirring and cooling.
The reaction temperature is maintained at 10-15 °C.
The mixture is then heated to 40 °C for 1 hour.
A benzene solution of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl methylphosphonochloridate is formed.

SymDetox 1711 is then added to reaction mixture and 3-pyridol is added slowly while stirring and cooling.
The reaction temperature is maintained at 35 °C.
The mixture is then stirred for 1 hour at room temperature.
The mixture is washed with a sodium hydroxide solution and water.
SymDetox 1711 is then removed by distillation at reduced pressure to yield the final product.
The resulting product can be converted to a quaternary salt by reacting with a haloalkane, such as methyl iodide, to produce a water-soluble agent.

SymDiol 68 is an optimal moisturizer that gives our hair freshness and moisture.
SymDiol 68 also has a preservative effect: products stay fresh and durable for longer - and all without the side effects of conventional preservatives.

CAS Number: 1117-86-8, 6920-22-5
INCI Name: 1,2-Hexanediol (and) Caprylyl Glycol
Chemical Composition: Blend of 1,2-Hexanediol and 1,2-Octanediol

SYNONYMS:
1,2-Hexanediol, Caprylyl Glycol, Grade: Cosmetic Ingredients, CAS Number: 6920-22-5, 1117-86-8, Symdiol 68

SymDiol 68 is a multifunctional and innovative.
For a long time, SymDiol 68 was primarily used as a moisturizer - for example, as an alternative to glycerin, which is also supposed to provide moisture in hair care products, but in dry air removes all the water from the hair and scalp.

SymDiol 68 provides moisture and the hair looks fresh and shiny.
SymDiol 68 also improves the skin barrier of the scalp.
After research, the multifunctional benefits of SymDiol 68 finally emerged: The ingredient has a preservative effect, but without the side effects of conventional preservatives.

SymDiol 68 even won an award for the most innovative active ingredient.
SymDiol 68 works against bacteria, yeasts and mold and protects the cosmetic product against harmful pathogens.
Preservatives are necessary to ensure that cosmetic products are stable and last a long time.

These ensure that creams and shampoos have a long shelf life and do not need to be kept in the refrigerator.
Without these substances, harmful pathogens, germs and bacteria could penetrate the care products.
However, preservatives have come under increasing criticism in recent years: some substances are considered to trigger skin irritations and allergies, and one additive is even suspected of damaging nerve cells.

This has left consumers very unsettled and the demand for alternatives to conventional preservatives has grown ever greater.
SymDiol 68 is an optimal moisturizer that gives our hair freshness and moisture.
SymDiol 68 also has a preservative effect: products stay fresh and durable for longer - and all without the side effects of conventional preservatives.

SymDiol 68 is a synergistic alkanediol blend that provides product protection.
SymDiol 68 is a mixture of 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-octanediol, and has high moisturizing properties and a wide antibacterial spectrum.
1,2-Octanediol is a solid at room temperature, but "SymDiol 68" is a colorless and transparent liquid at room temperature, making it easy to handle.

1,2-Octanediol is almost insoluble in water, but "SymDiol 68" is amphiphilic and dissolves in water up to <1%.
SymDiol 68 contains two types of alkanediols, giving it higher antibacterial activity than either product alone.
SymDiol 68 is a moisturizer and antioxidant with antiseptic properties.

As a green version of SymDiol 68, the mixture moisturizes the skin, stabilizes emulsions, works with the microbiome, is suitable for normal and sensitive skin and improves product protection.
SymDiol 68 reportedly works well with all formulation types and supports green labels.

SymDiol 68 is water soluble, cold processable and offers clear, colorless and nearly odorless characteristics.
SymDiol 68 is a synergistic blend of 1,2-Hexanediol and 1,2-Octanediol.
SymDiol 68 is a colourless liquid with a mild characteristic odour.

SymDiol 68 is a versatile multifunctional providing broad spectrum anti-microbial properties
SymDiol 68 consists of two 1,2-alkanediols, caprylyl glycol and 1,2-hexanediol and is suitable for green formulations.
SymDiol 68 is a synergistic blend of 1,2-Hexanediol and Caprylyl Glycol.

This multifunctional liquid ingredient, SymDiol 68, is water-soluble and acts as an emollient and moisturizer.
SymDiol 68 also helps to protect formulations as it supports the efficacy of cosmetic product protection systems.
SymDiol 68 is a synergistic blend which acts as a multifunctional moisturizer and product protection enhancer.

SymDiol 68 does not affect the stability of emulsions like longer chain alkane-diols.
SymDiol 68 is compatible with most cosmetic systems like anionic-, non-ionic-, amphoteric and liposome.
SymDiol 68 is stable at high, low pH and high temperature.

SymDiol 68 helps to reduce or eliminate preservatives like parabens, formaldehyde-donors or phenoxyethanol.
SymDiol 68 is a 100% biobased synergistic blend of 1,2-Hexanediol and Caprylyl Glycol.
SymDiol 68 is water-soluble and acts as an emollient and a moisturizer.

SymDiol 68 also helps to protect formulations as it supports the efficacy of cosmetic product protection systems.
SymDiol 68 is perfectly suitable for green formulations or can increase the naturality index of traditional formulations.
The cosmetics industry will also benefit from SymDiol 68's easy use and high degree of efficacy.

As a synergistic combination, SymDiol 68 consists of two 100% green 1,2-alkanediols, caprylyl glycol and 1,2-hexanediol.
The high-performance mixture is water soluble and cold processable, and SymDiol 68 featuresclear, colorless and nearly odorless characteristics.
The unique combination can also go into green formulations.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMDIOL 68:
SymDiol 68 works against bacteria, yeasts and mold and protects the cosmetic product against harmful pathogens.
SymDiol 68 convinced us as an alternative to conventional preservatives.
At the same time, SymDiol 68 improves the skin barrier of the scalp and restores freshness and moisture to the hair.

SymDiol 68 is an innovative active ingredient that moisturizes skin and hair, but at the same time serves as an alternative to conventional preservatives.
SymDiol 68 protects care products from germs and bacteria and thus makes them last longer.
SymDiol 68 acts as a moisturizing and broad spectrum anti-microbial active.

SymDiol 68 does not affect the stability of emulsions like longer chain alkanediols.
SymDiol 68 is compatible with most cosmetic systems anionic, non-ionic, amphoteric, liposome, etc.
SymDiol 68 is sable at high and low pH and high temperature.

SymDiol 68 is highly pure free of oxiranes and peroxides.
SymDiol 68 helps reduce or eliminate preservatives like parabens, formaldehyde-donors or Phenoxyethanol.
SymDiol 68 is used in skin care and various cosmetics formulations.

As a synergistic combination, SymDiol 68 consists of two 100% green 1,2-alkanediols, caprylyl glycol and 1,2-hexanediol.
The high-performance mixture is water soluble and cold processable, and SymDiol 68 featuresclear, colorless and nearly odorless characteristics.
The unique combination can also go into green formulations.

SymDiol 68 is used Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care), hair care and bath products. Group: Personal Care; Cosmetic Raw Materials; Preservatives.
SymDiol 68 is used Lotion, milky lotion, cream / Cleansing / Facial cleanser / Other skin care and body care / Shampoo / Conditioner and treatment / Other hair cosmetics / Sunscreen / Foundation / Other makeup.

SymDiol 68 has excellent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and can be used in products with "preservative-free" claims.
While reducing the amount of preservatives, SymDiol 68 can enhance the performance of the preservative system and effectively reduce the irritation of the product.

SymDiol 68 can be used in various skin care, sunscreen and hair care products, and is especially suitable for the care of delicate skin such as infants and young children.
SymDiol 68 moisturizes the skin, stabilizes o/w emulsions due to smaller droplet sizes and improves product protection.

The high-performance mixture is water soluble and cold processable, and it features clear, colourless and nearly odourless characteristics.
SymDiol 68 is a good moisturizer with anti-microbial properties.

With the green variants of caprylyl glycol and 1,2-hexanediol, we can replace the components of the very successful synergistic mixture SymDiol 68.
SymDiol 68 is used in skin care and various cosmetics formulations.
SymDiol 68 has good moisturizing and antioxidant properties and has a synergistic effect with traditional preservatives.

THE BENEFITS OF SYMDIOL 68:
- SymDiol 68 is a synergistic blend of1,2-Hexanediol and 1,2-Octanediol
- Good moisturising properties
- Broad spectrum anti-microbial activity
- Does not affect the stability of emulsions like neat Caprylyl Glycol
- Compatible with many cosmetic systems - anionic, cationic, non-ionic, amphoteric
- Stable at high & low pH and high temperature
- Liquid - easy to handle and formulate
- High purity - free of oxiranes and peroxides
- Excellent safety and toxicological profile
- Helps reduce or eliminate preservatives like Parabens, Formaldehyde-donors and Phenoxyethanol

CLAIMS OF SYMDIOL 68:
*Antimicrobials
*Moisturizing Agents
*Protections
*Moisturizing

SYMDIOL 68 OFFERS THE FOLLOWING MAIN BENEFITS:
*Efficient skin moisturizing
*Stabilization of o/w emulsions due to smaller droplet sizes
*Effective product protection enhancement
*Microbiome friendliness
*Suitability for normal to sensitive skin types

FEATURES OF SYMDIOL 68:
・Plant-derived alkanediol
・Mixture of 1,2-hexanediol and caprylyl glycol
・Highly moisturizing and has a broad antibacterial spectrum
・A colorless, transparent liquid at room temperature, making it easy to handle

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYMDIOL 68:
Appearance: colorless clear liquid (est)
Assay: 9.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CAS Number: 1117-86-8, 6920-22-5
INCI Name: 1,2-Hexanediol (and) Caprylyl Glycol
Chemical Composition: Blend of 1,2-Hexanediol and 1,2-Octanediol

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMDIOL 68:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMDIOL 68:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMDIOL 68:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMDIOL 68:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMDIOL 68:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMDIOL 68:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymFinity 1298 is a 100% natural anti-aging concentrate that extends cells' longevity and health for long lasting vitality and beauty of the skin.
SymFinity 1298 is an antioxidant and it also promotes potent hyaluronic acid stimulation.
SymFinity 1298 by Symrise acts as an antioxidant and anti-irritant.

CAS: 90028-20-9
MF: C22H18O11
MW: 458.38
EINECS: 289-808-4

Synonyms
Echinacea Oil;Echinacea extract;POWDERED ECHINACEA PURPUREA EXTRACT (1 G);Echinacea purpurea, ext.;Echinacea purpurea;Purple Coneflower Extract;echinacea purpurea extract (whole plant);Echinacea Purpurea Leaf/Stem/Meristem Cell Culture Extract

SymFinity 1298 prolongs the longevity of skin cells by increasing their resilience to stress.
SymFinity 1298 boosts the DNA repair from UVB induced damage.
SymFinity 1298 improves the cells detox process.
Echinacea purpurea extract is a standardized extract of the herb Echinacea purpurea that contains 4% polyphenols.
SymFinity 1298 has been shown to increase the activity of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase in cultured human cells and to protect against oxidative damage to DNA.
In addition, SymFinity 1298 has been shown to reduce the production of malondialdehyde, an oxidative product of lipid peroxidation, in vitro.
Research indicates that Echinacea purpurea extract may have beneficial effects on male fertility.

SymFinity 1298 is a renowned traditional herbal remedy for treating a variety of ailments.
Native to areas east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, as well as the western states, Canada and Europe, several species of the echinacea plant are used to make medicine from its leaves, flower and root.
The herb fell out of favor with the discovery of antibiotics, but SymFinity 1298’s now making a comeback.

SymFinity 1298 is widely useful for fighting infections, particularly the common cold and the flu.
SymFinity 1298 can also treat other types of infections, including urinary tract, ear and throat infections.
However, more studies are necessary to confirm its efficacy in these areas.
SymFinity 1298 may also treat boils, skin wounds or burns.
SymFinity 1298 is a very popular herb, especially for the treatment of flu and colds.
SymFinity 1298 is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the daisy family - Asteraceae.
SymFinity 1298 is also known as the American coneflower.
Polyphenols and Chicoric Acid are two main active ingredients in SymFinity 1298 purpurea extract.
SymFinity 1298 purpurea extract is a traditional herbal remedy for the symptomatic relief of colds, influenza type infections and similar upper respiratory tract conditions.

SymFinity 1298 is a mobile, light brown coloured liquid.
SymFinity 1298 has a characteristic, scent.
SymFinity 1298 is said to make dry and damaged skin supple again and to provide moisture.
In addition, the skin irritated by acne should get relief and be able to calm down again, so that the SymFinity 1298 is suitable for both sensitive and blemished skin.

Application:
Applied in pharmaceutical field, SymFinity 1298 is mainly used in preventing cancer, such as breast, prostate cancer and colon cancer.
Applied in health product field, SymFinity 1298 is mainly used in improving osteoporosis and womens menopauses symptom.
As an immune modulator, SymFinity 1298 is widely used in the field of cosmetics.
As food additives, SymFinity 1298 is widely used in food industry.

1. SymFinity 1298 is widely used to fight infections, especially the common cold and other upper respiratory infections.Research to date shows that echinacea probably modestly reduces cold symptoms, but it’s not clear whether it helps prevent colds from developing.
2. SymFinity 1298 is also used against many other infections including the flu, urinary tract infections, vaginal yeast infections, genital herpes, bloodstream infections (septicemia), gum disease, tonsillitis, streptococcus infections, syphilis,typhoid, malaria, and diphtheria.
3. Sometimes people apply SymFinity 1298 to their skin to treat boils, abscesses, skin wounds, ulcers, burns, eczema, psoriasis, UV radiation skin damage, herpessimplex, bee stings, and hemorrhoids.
4. Commercially available SymFinity 1298 products come in many forms including tablets, juice, and tea.

SymFinity 1298 is a powerful antioxidant active ingredient specifically formulated to protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging.
SymFinity 1298 is known for its ability to neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance skin radiance, making it an ideal choice for anti-aging and protective skin care formulations.
This versatile ingredient offers comprehensive protection against environmental aggressors, helping to maintain healthy, youthful-looking skin.

CAS Number: 144366-13-2
EC Number: 604-748-1

Synonyms: SymFinity 1298, Antioxidant Complex 1298, SymFinity Free Radical Defense, SymFinity Anti-Aging Active, SymFinity Skin Protector, SymFinity 1298 Anti-Stress, SymFinity Environmental Defense, SymFinity 1298 Radiance Booster, SymFinity 1298 Skin Shield, SymFinity 1298 Antioxidant Agent, SymFinity 1298 Skin Brightener, SymFinity 1298 Protective Complex, SymFinity 1298 Youth Enhancer, SymFinity 1298 Skin Fortifier, SymFinity 1298 Age-Defying Active, SymFinity 1298 Skin Defense, SymFinity 1298 Oxidative Stress Reducer, SymFinity 1298 Free Radical Neutralizer, SymFinity 1298 Skin Enhancer, SymFinity 1298 Protective Agent

APPLICATIONS

SymFinity 1298 is extensively used in the formulation of anti-aging creams, providing powerful antioxidant protection that helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
SymFinity 1298 is favored in the creation of serums, where it delivers concentrated antioxidant benefits that enhance skin radiance and reduce oxidative stress.
SymFinity 1298 is utilized in the development of day creams, offering comprehensive protection against environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution.

SymFinity 1298 is widely used in the production of night creams, where it supports the skin's natural repair processes and helps to rejuvenate the skin overnight.
SymFinity 1298 is employed in the formulation of eye creams, providing targeted antioxidant care that reduces puffiness, dark circles, and signs of aging around the eyes.
SymFinity 1298 is essential in the creation of facial oils, offering a blend of nourishing and protective benefits that enhance skin health and vitality.

SymFinity 1298 is utilized in the production of sunscreens, where it provides additional protection against UV-induced damage while enhancing overall skin resilience.
SymFinity 1298 is a key ingredient in the formulation of brightening treatments, offering antioxidant protection that helps to even skin tone and improve luminosity.
SymFinity 1298 is used in the creation of protective serums, where it strengthens the skin's natural defenses against environmental aggressors.

SymFinity 1298 is applied in the formulation of face masks, providing intensive antioxidant care that revitalizes and refreshes the skin.
SymFinity 1298 is employed in the production of body lotions, offering all-over antioxidant protection and promoting skin firmness and elasticity.
SymFinity 1298 is used in the development of after-sun products, providing soothing and protective benefits to sun-exposed skin.

SymFinity 1298 is widely utilized in the formulation of moisturizing creams, offering long-lasting hydration while protecting the skin from free radical damage.
SymFinity 1298 is a key component in the creation of anti-pollution skincare products, providing a protective barrier against environmental pollutants while enhancing skin radiance.
SymFinity 1298 is used in the production of scalp treatments, providing antioxidant protection that supports scalp health and promotes stronger hair.

SymFinity 1298 is employed in the formulation of post-shaving balms, providing soothing and protective care that reduces irritation and oxidative stress.
SymFinity 1298 is applied in the creation of hand creams, offering antioxidant protection that helps to maintain skin softness and reduce signs of aging on the hands.
SymFinity 1298 is utilized in the development of prebiotic skincare products, supporting the skin’s microbiome while providing powerful antioxidant benefits.

SymFinity 1298 is found in the formulation of daily wear creams, offering balanced hydration, protection, and anti-aging benefits for everyday use.
SymFinity 1298 is used in the production of soothing gels, providing antioxidant care that calms and protects sensitive skin.
SymFinity 1298 is a key ingredient in the creation of facial mists, offering a refreshing boost of antioxidant protection throughout the day.

SymFinity 1298 is widely used in the formulation of skin repair treatments, providing intensive care that helps to restore and protect damaged or aging skin.
SymFinity 1298 is employed in the development of anti-aging serums, offering deep antioxidant protection that helps to maintain youthful-looking skin.
SymFinity 1298 is applied in the production of skin balms, providing targeted care that nourishes and protects the skin against environmental stressors.

SymFinity 1298 is utilized in the creation of facial oils, offering nourishing care that supports skin health and reduces oxidative stress.
SymFinity 1298 is found in the formulation of sensitive skin repair treatments, providing targeted care for areas prone to irritation and discomfort.
SymFinity 1298 is used in the production of sun care products, providing protection against UV rays while offering antioxidant care that preserves skin health.

DESCRIPTION

SymFinity 1298 is a powerful antioxidant active ingredient specifically formulated to protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging.
SymFinity 1298 is known for its ability to neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance skin radiance, making it an ideal choice for anti-aging and protective skin care formulations.

SymFinity 1298 offers additional benefits such as enhancing skin resilience and improving overall skin texture, ensuring long-lasting protection and radiance.
SymFinity 1298 is often incorporated into formulations designed to provide comprehensive protection against environmental damage, offering both immediate and long-term benefits.
SymFinity 1298 is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall health and appearance of the skin, leaving it smooth, vibrant, and youthful-looking.

SymFinity 1298 is commonly used in both traditional and innovative skincare formulations, providing a reliable solution for protecting and preserving skin health.
SymFinity 1298 is valued for its ability to support the skin's natural defenses, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to protect the skin from environmental aggressors.
SymFinity 1298 is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including creams, serums, lotions, and balms.

SymFinity 1298 is an ideal choice for products targeting aging, stressed, and environmentally exposed skin, as it provides gentle yet effective protection and rejuvenation.
SymFinity 1298 is known for its compatibility with other skincare actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
SymFinity 1298 is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between protection, rejuvenation, and skin care, ensuring comprehensive care for all skin types.

SymFinity 1298 enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care products by providing powerful antioxidant protection, skin-enhancing effects, and environmental defense in one ingredient.
SymFinity 1298 is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in skin health, radiance, and resilience.
SymFinity 1298 is an essential component in innovative skincare products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to protect and enhance the skin.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: C20H38O5
Common Name: SymFinity 1298 (Antioxidant Complex)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Clear to slightly yellow liquid
Density: Approx. 1.00-1.05 g/cm³
Melting Point: N/A (liquid at room temperature)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >100°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymFinity 1298 is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymFinity 1298 is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymFinity 1298 to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymFinity 1298.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymFinity 1298 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymFinity 1298 at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymFinity 1298 away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymFinity 1298 to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymFit 1617 helps to reduce the size of fat cells (ex-vivo).
SymFit 1617 visibly smoothes the appearance of adipose tissue thickness (in-vivo).

CAS Number: 1228376-60-0
EC Number: 700-644-9
INCI Name: Trimethylcyclohexyl Butylcarbamate
Chemical Name: 2,3,6-trimethylcyclohexyl N-butylcarbamate
Molecular Formula:C14H27NO2

SYNONYMS:
trimethylcyclohexyl butylcarbamate, 2,3,6-trimethylcyclohexyl N-butylcarbamate, Carbamic acid, N-butyl-, 2,3,6-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, BIO1617, n-Butyl-carbamic acid 2,3,6-trimethyl-cyclohexyl ester, n-butylcarbamic acid 2,3,6-trimethylcyclohexyl ester,

SymFit 1617 is a fast-acting 3-in-1 anti-cellulite active.
SymFit 1617, is a colorless liquid, widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and agrochemicals, with excellent solubility in organic solvents.

SymFit 1617 is patented synthetic compound.
SymFit 1617 supports slowing down the appearance of new fat cells (in-vitro).
SymFit 1617 is beneficial to protect from the incorporation of fat (in-vitro).

SymFit 1617 is involved in enhancing fat burning - as effective as caffeine (in-vitro).
SymFit 1617 helps to reduce the size of fat cells (ex-vivo).
SymFit 1617 visibly smoothes the appearance of adipose tissue thickness (in-vivo).

SymFit 1617 visibly improves the appearance of fat-nodes effect (in-vivo).
SymFit 1617 is colorless to pale yellow clear liquid.
SymFit 1617 is oil-soluble.

SymFit 1617 is anti-Cellulite Revolution.
INCI name of SymFit 1617 is Trimethylcyclohexyl Butylcarbamate.
SymFit 1617 is a patented complex with high reducing effectiveness, clinically tested, and a powerful slimming active that acts on the tissue deep adipose to reduce fat.

SymFit 1617 –3-in-1 anti-cellulite active is formulated to improve skin texture & provide long term anti-cellulite protection.
SymFit 1617 (INCI: Trimethylcydohexyl Butylcarbamate) reduces adipogenesis to slow the formation of new fat cells, inhibits lipogenesis to reduce fat storage and stimulates lipolysis to burn fat cells.

SymFit 1617 is a fast-acting 3-in-1 anti-cellulite active.
Skin is visibly smoother within 4 weeks.
SymFit 1617 significantly diminishes the appearance of cellulite for noticeably smoother, more toned skin.

SymFit 1617 provides long term anti-cellulite protection.
Contains SymFit 1617 is a patented ingredient clinically proven to reduce the visible signs of cellulite and aid in burning fat.
SymFit 1617 is a patented complex with high reducing efficiency and clinically tested.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMFIT 1617:
SymFit 1617 plays a crucial role in the development of new drugs and crop protection agents, due to its high reactivity and versatility in chemical reactions.
SymFit 1617 is formulated to improve skin texture and provide long term anti-cellulite protection.

SymFit 1617 is clinically proven to reduce the visible signs of cellulite.
SymFit 1617 reduces adipogenesis, slowing down the formation of new fat cells.
SymFit 1617 inhibits lipogenesis, preventing lipid uptake.

SymFit 1617 is a 100% pure, solvent free potent stimulator of lipolysis, increasing fat burning, as effective as caffeine.
SymFit 1617 is used in slimming preparations.
Use Level of SymFit 1617 is 0.1-0.2%.

SymFit 1617 is a fast-acting 3-in-1 anti-cellulite active.
Skin is visibly smoother within 4 weeks.
SymFit 1617 significantly diminishes the appearance of cellulite for noticeably smoother, more toned skin.

SymFit 1617 provides long term anti-cellulite protection.
SymFit 1617 is a potent slimming and skin firming active that acts on the deep adipose tissue to reduce fat deposit and increase fat burning.
0.1% SymFit 1617 has a clinically proven anti fat nodes efficacy and a slimming effect.

Gel-cream contains the active anti-cellulite SymFit 1617:
A patented complex with high reducing efficiency, clinically tested, and a powerful slimming active ingredient that acts on deep adipose tissue to reduce fat.

Its advantage is that SymFit 1617 acts from the innermost layers of the skin and is also a fast-acting anti-cellulite that provides visibly smoother skin after 4 weeks.
SymFit 1617 acts as a slimming active.

Formulated with purified water, vegan, Halal certified and paraben-free, SymFit 1617's effectiveness is backed by scientific studies that guarantee a 2% reduction in the thickness of the hypodermis.
It is also proven that SymFit 1617 prevents the so-called "rebound effect", and efficiently improves the texture of the skin and the appearance of the cell.

FUNCTIONS OF SYMFIT 1617:
*Skin conditioning :
SymFit 1617maintains skin in good condition

CLAIMS OF SYMFIT 1617:
*Slimming Agents

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYMFIT 1617:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CBNumber: CB04769493
Molecular Formula: C14H27NO2
Molecular Weight: 241.37
MDL Number:-
MOL File: 1228376-60-0.mol
Chemical Name: 2,3,6-trimethylcyclohexyl N-butylcarbamate
Boiling point: 329.6±9.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 0.94±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
pka: 12.81±0.46(Predicted)

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMFIT 1617:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMFIT 1617:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMFIT 1617:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMFIT 1617:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMFIT 1617:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMFIT 1617:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymGlucan is an oat extract used to penetrate intact human skin and help reduce the visible signs of aging.
SymGlucan provides immediate comfort and moisture that improves firmness and elasticity of skin as well as protects skin cells against UV radiation.
SymGlucan also stimulates fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis.

CAS: 53238-80-5
EINECS: 258-443-2

Synonyms
beta-(1-3),(1-6)-D-Glucan;Aqua-beta;Antivir;Agrastim;beta-d-Glucan, (1->3),(1->6)-;S 4001;Macrogard;MacroForce plus IP 6

SymGlucan acts as an anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, moisturizing and healing active.
SymGlucan is made from oats by a patented technology which refines beta-glucan to produce a highly active soluble fraction.
SymGlucan is clinically shown to penetrate intact human skin and help reduce the visible signs of aging.
SymGlucan protects skin cells against UV radiation.
SymGlucan stimulates fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis and immune defense.
SymGlucan promotes healing and reduces discoloration of scars.
SymGlucan is used in anti-aging skin care preparations.
SymGlucan is China compliant.

SymGlucan is a 1% solution of Oat Beta-Glucan in water.
SymGlucan is aqueously extracted under mild alkaline conditions.
Protein selection, ultrafiltration, double precipitation
in ethanol and concentration of Oat ß-Glucan.
SymGlucan is prepared in water, stabilized with glycerin,
SymGlucan, Caprylyl Glycol and preserved with sodium benzoate.
SymGlucan is well suited for skin care applications for stressed, dry and sensitive skin.
SymGlucan is clinically shown to penetrate intact human skin and help reduce the visible signs of aging.

SymGlucan is made from oats by a patented technology which refines
SymGlucan to produce a highly active soluble fraction.
SymGlucan is clinically shown to penetrate intact human skin and help reduce the visible signs
of aging.
SymGlucan is a novel β-glucan and an effective immune stimulant.
SymGlucan activates innate immune effector cells, triggering coordinated anti-cancer immune responses.
SymGlucan is not only an exceptional moisturizer that retains moisture but also helps repair the skin barrier, boosting skin's resilience against environmental stressors.
SymGlucan's calming effects reduce inflammation and allergies, while promoting collagen production for anti-aging benefits, resulting in a vibrant and supple complexion.

SymGlucan is an oat extract used to penetrate intact human skin and help reduce the visible signs of aging.
SymGlucan provides immediate comfort and moisture that improves firmness and elasticity of skin as well as protects skin cells against UV radiation.
SymGlucan also stimulates fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis.

CAS: 53238-80-5
EINECS: 258-443-2

Synonyms
beta-(1-3),(1-6)-D-Glucan;Aqua-beta;Antivir;Agrastim;beta-d-Glucan, (1->3),(1->6)-;S 4001;Macrogard;MacroForce plus IP 6

SymGlucan acts as an anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, moisturizing and healing active.
SymGlucan is made from oats by a patented technology which refines beta-glucan to produce a highly active soluble fraction.
SymGlucan is clinically shown to penetrate intact human skin and help reduce the visible signs of aging.
SymGlucan protects skin cells against UV radiation.
SymGlucan stimulates fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis and immune defense.
SymGlucan promotes healing and reduces discoloration of scars.
SymGlucan is used in anti-aging skin care preparations.
SymGlucan is China compliant.
SymGlucan is made from oats by a patented technology which refines
SymGlucan to produce a highly active soluble fraction.
SymGlucan is clinicallyshown to penetrate intact human skin and help reduce the visible signs of aging.
· Polysaccharide of glucose having 1,4- and 1,3-linkage and a molecular
weight of 0.5 - 1.0 x 106
Da
· Clear, colorless, odorless liquid
· Recommended dose: 2 - 10%
· INCI: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Beta-Glucan

SymGlucan is a 1% solution of Oat Beta-Glucan in water.
SymGlucan is aqueously extracted under mild alkaline conditions.
Protein selection,ultrafiltration, double precipitation in ethanol and concentration of Oat ß-Glucan.
1% Oat ß-Glucan is prepared in water, stabilized with glycerin, 1,2-Hexanediol, Caprylyl Glycol and preserved with sodium benzoate.
SymGlucan is well suited for skin care applications for stressed, dry and sensitive skin.
SymGlucan is clinically shown to penetrate intact human skin and help reduce the visible signs of aging.

BENEFITS
· Natural product – not chemically modified
· Excellent moisturizer
· Protects skin cells against UV radiation
· Stimulates fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis
· Promotes healing and reduces discoloration of scars
· Stimulates immune defense
· Helps reduce extrinsic signs of aging – non-invasive treatment
of skin wrinkles

SymGuard CD is an effective preservative system widely used in personal care products, particularly for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties.
SymGuard CD is known for its ability to enhance the shelf life of cosmetic and personal care formulations by preventing the growth of harmful microorganisms.
The chemical composition of SymGuard CD makes it a preferred choice in the formulation of products that require broad-spectrum protection.

CAS Number: 556-08-1
EC Number: 209-110-5

Synonyms: SymGuard CD, Capryloyl Glycine, Glycine N-Octanoyl, N-Octanoylglycine, Octanoylglycine, Antimicrobial Agent CD, Preservative SymGuard, Broad-Spectrum Preservative, SymGuard Capryloyl Glycine, Antifungal Preservative, Cosmetic Preservative CD, Personal Care Preservative CD, SymGuard Antimicrobial, SymGuard Glycine Derivative, SymGuard Anti-Microbial Agent, Preservative Complex CD, SymGuard Glycine Caprylate, Capryloyl Amino Acid, SymGuard CD Preservative, SymGuard Glycine Octanoate, Glycine Derivative CD, Capryloyl Glycine Preservative, SymGuard CD Glycine, Glycine-N-Octanoyl

APPLICATIONS

SymGuard CD is extensively used as a preservative in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, and serums, to prevent microbial contamination.
SymGuard CD is favored in the formulation of skincare products, where it provides effective protection against bacteria, yeast, and mold, ensuring product safety.
SymGuard CD is utilized in the development of sunscreens, where it helps maintain product integrity by preventing the growth of harmful microorganisms.

SymGuard CD is widely used in the production of hair care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, to extend their shelf life and prevent microbial growth.
SymGuard CD is employed in the formulation of facial cleansers, providing broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection and ensuring the product remains safe for use.
SymGuard CD is essential in the creation of leave-on skincare products, such as moisturizers and facial oils, where it offers long-lasting preservation against microbial contamination.

SymGuard CD is utilized in the production of deodorants and antiperspirants, providing antimicrobial protection that helps reduce odor-causing bacteria.
SymGuard CD is a key ingredient in the formulation of body washes and shower gels, ensuring these products remain free from microbial contamination during use.
SymGuard CD is used in the creation of baby care products, including lotions and wipes, offering gentle yet effective preservation to protect delicate skin.

SymGuard CD is applied in the formulation of eye care products, such as eye creams and gels, where it provides protection against bacteria and fungi that could cause infections.
SymGuard CD is employed in the production of lip care products, including lip balms and glosses, helping to maintain product safety and prevent spoilage.
SymGuard CD is used in the formulation of makeup products, such as foundations, powders, and mascaras, where it ensures the product remains safe and free from contamination.

SymGuard CD is widely utilized in the development of sunless tanning products, providing antimicrobial protection that extends the shelf life and safety of the product.
SymGuard CD is a key component in the formulation of shaving products, including creams and gels, where it prevents microbial growth that could lead to product degradation.
SymGuard CD is used in the production of hair styling products, such as gels, mousses, and sprays, to maintain product integrity and safety throughout their use.

SymGuard CD is employed in the formulation of facial masks, both rinse-off and leave-on, providing broad-spectrum protection against microbial contamination.
SymGuard CD is applied in the creation of exfoliating products, where it ensures the product remains effective and safe for use by preventing microbial growth.
SymGuard CD is utilized in the production of hand sanitizers, contributing to the antimicrobial efficacy of the product while extending its shelf life.

SymGuard CD is found in the formulation of body lotions and creams, offering long-lasting protection against bacteria, yeast, and mold, ensuring product safety.
SymGuard CD is used in the development of foot care products, such as creams and sprays, providing antimicrobial protection to prevent infections and prolong shelf life.
SymGuard CD is a key ingredient in the formulation of intimate care products, ensuring these products remain safe and free from microbial contamination during use.

SymGuard CD is employed in the production of hair colorants and dyes, providing preservation against microbial contamination that could compromise product safety.
SymGuard CD is utilized in the creation of scalp treatments, offering antimicrobial protection that helps maintain a healthy scalp environment.
SymGuard CD is widely used in the formulation of anti-aging products, such as serums and creams, ensuring these products remain safe and effective over time.

SymGuard CD is a critical component in the development of natural and organic skincare products, where it offers effective preservation while aligning with clean beauty standards.
SymGuard CD is used in the formulation of personal care wipes, providing broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection that extends the shelf life of the product.
SymGuard CD is applied in the production of massage oils and lotions, ensuring these products remain free from microbial contamination throughout their use.

SymGuard CD is employed in the creation of cosmetic emulsions, where it helps maintain product stability and safety by preventing microbial growth.
SymGuard CD is utilized in the formulation of bath salts and soaks, providing antimicrobial protection that ensures product safety and longevity.
SymGuard CD is widely used in the development of hair serums and treatments, offering preservation that protects the product from microbial contamination.

SymGuard CD is a key ingredient in the formulation of foot sprays and powders, providing antimicrobial protection that prevents infections and prolongs product shelf life.
SymGuard CD is used in the creation of facial toners and mists, where it ensures the product remains safe and free from contamination during use.
SymGuard CD is applied in the production of after-sun care products, offering antimicrobial protection that helps maintain product integrity and safety.

SymGuard CD is employed in the formulation of hair masks and deep conditioning treatments, providing broad-spectrum protection against microbial contamination.
SymGuard CD is utilized in the development of hand creams and lotions, offering long-lasting preservation that keeps the product safe and effective over time.
SymGuard CD is found in the creation of beard care products, such as oils and balms, where it prevents microbial growth that could compromise product safety.

SymGuard CD is used in the formulation of anti-acne products, ensuring these products remain effective and free from microbial contamination.
SymGuard CD is applied in the production of leave-in hair treatments, providing antimicrobial protection that extends the product's shelf life.
SymGuard CD is employed in the creation of scalp scrubs, offering preservation that protects the product from microbial contamination.

SymGuard CD is utilized in the formulation of facial oils and serums, where it ensures the product remains safe and free from contamination.
SymGuard CD is widely used in the development of hair detanglers and leave-in conditioners, providing preservation that maintains product safety.
SymGuard CD is a critical component in the production of hair texturizers and volumizers, offering antimicrobial protection that prolongs product shelf life.

DESCRIPTION

SymGuard CD is an effective preservative system widely used in personal care products, particularly for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties.
SymGuard CD is known for its ability to enhance the shelf life of cosmetic and personal care formulations by preventing the growth of harmful microorganisms.

SymGuard CD is a versatile ingredient that provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection, making it an ideal choice for a variety of cosmetic and personal care applications.
SymGuard CD is often incorporated into skincare products, where it helps maintain product safety by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold.
SymGuard CD is recognized for its stability and effectiveness in both aqueous and oil-based formulations, providing consistent preservation across different product types.

SymGuard CD is commonly used in hair care products, where it prevents microbial contamination that could lead to product degradation and safety concerns.
SymGuard CD is an essential component in natural and organic formulations, offering effective preservation while meeting the standards of clean beauty products.
SymGuard CD is widely used in leave-on and rinse-off products, providing long-lasting antimicrobial protection that ensures product safety throughout its use.

SymGuard CD is known for its ability to work synergistically with other preservatives, enhancing the overall antimicrobial efficacy of the formulation.
SymGuard CD is often preferred in formulations that require a gentle preservative system, as it provides effective protection without causing irritation.
SymGuard CD is valued for its broad-spectrum activity, making it effective against a wide range of microorganisms commonly found in personal care products.

SymGuard CD is a key ingredient in the formulation of products designed for sensitive skin, offering preservation that helps maintain the safety and efficacy of the product.
SymGuard CD is recognized for its ability to maintain the integrity and safety of cosmetic products, even in challenging conditions such as high humidity and temperature.
SymGuard CD is an ideal choice for formulators looking for a reliable preservative that provides both antimicrobial and antifungal protection in a single ingredient.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: C10H19NO3
Common Name: SymGuard CD (Capryloyl Glycine)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: White to off-white powder
Density: 1.2 g/cm³
Melting Point: 90-95°C
Solubility: Soluble in water; soluble in alcohols and organic solvents
Flash Point: >150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymGuard CD is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymGuard CD is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of dust.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymGuard CD to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymGuard CD.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymGuard CD in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of dust and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where dust may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymGuard CD at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymGuard CD away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymGuard CD to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymHair Force 1631 is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymHair Force 1631 is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.

EC Number: 226-285-3
INCI Name: Pentylene Glycol (and) Isochrysis Galbana Extract

SymHair Force 1631 contains natural ocean water.
This anti-hair loss lotion has a very intense effect thanks to the ingredients of sea water and SymHair Force 1631 (micro eyelash extract).
SymHair Force 1631 protects hair from stress and negative environmental influences.

SymHair Force 1631 is designed for eyelash care products.
SymHair Force 1631 is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.
Recommended use level of SymHair Force 1631 is 0.2% - 2%

SymHair Force 1631 contains aminoceramides that restructure and strengthen the hair fiber.
SymHair Force 1631 is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 is sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.

SymHair Force 1631 is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymHair Force 1631 is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.
Intensive hair loss prevention lotion based on Oceanic Marine Water and SymHair Force 1631 Extract from Microalgae.

Hair is protected from every source of stress, including the environment.
The Amino-Ceramides in the formula restructure and reinforce the hair fibre.
Keep SymHair Force 1631 in a cool dry place, away from light.

SymHair Force 1631 is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.
SymHair Force 1631 is a raw material made from Echinacea, which is known through research to strengthen the immune system by increasing the number of white blood cells.

SymHair Force 1631 is a natural compound of microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 increases overall density of eyelashes by thickening and fortifying them.
SymHair Force 1631 is a sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.

The eyelashes appear with more volume up to 50%.
SymHair Force 1631 is designed for eyelash care products.
SymHair Force 1631 is liquid.

SymHair Force 1631 has visible results in just 14 days.
SymHair Force 1631 has clinically proven boosting effect on lashes
34% lashes appear thicker (fuller) after 42 days.

SymHair Force 1631 is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymHair Force 1631, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.

A liquid and light product contains all the properties of SymHair Force 1631, an active ingredient sustainably extracted with blue biotechnology from Tahitian microalgae.
Ex vivo tests have shown that SymHair Force 1631 revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.

SymHair Force 1631 therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density.
Finally, the tests carried out showed that SymHair Force 1631 effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

It is said to be pure because it is made with a single main active ingredient, SymHair Force 1631 (Blue Biotechnology, tested ex vivo), inserted at very high concentrations based on the recommended percentages, in a hydrating aqueous base, Coconut Milk Active Water, a water loaded with all the hydrating , restructuring and nourishing properties of organic coconut extract.

SymHair Force 1631 is a new natural highly potent hair loss prevention active ingredient from microalgae.
In an ex vivo assay on human hair follicles, SymHair Force 1631 proved to be effective after 8 days of treatment and provides thicker and more voluminous hair.

According to subject’s evaluation, SymHair Force 1631 fortifies hair and improves hair density.
SymHair Force 1631 has been inserted into a hydrating base called Coconut Active Water.
A pure active ingredient, SymHair Force 1631, dedicated to the beauty of the hair with particular attention to the scalp, as well as the shaft and ends.

SymHair Force 1631 is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.
SymHair Force 1631 is a natural ingredient of microalgae.

SymHair Force 1631 is a sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.
SymHair Force 1631 is a liquid.

SymHair Force 1631 is green.
SymHair Force 1631's eyelashes look naturally fuller and thicker.

SymHair Force 1631 is a natural, highly potent anti-hair loss active ingredient sustainably obtained from microalgae by Blue Biotechnology.
In an ex-vivo assay on human hair follicles, SymHair Force 1631 was proven to be effective after 8 days of treatment, providing thicker and more voluminous hair.

The biomass production for SymHair Force 1631 is highly controlled.
Cultivated with selected additives, SymHair Force 1631 is possible to ensure an extremely valued ingredient, with compounds potentially active on human skin and hair.

SymHair Force 1631 visibly decreased the number of apoptotic cells (green) and increased the number of proliferation cells (red) versus placebo.
SymHair Force 1631 increased 27% of hair follicles in the anagen phase and decreased 33% the catagen phase versus placebo.
SymHair Force 1631 is a natural extract from microalgae.

SymHair Force 1631 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
A pure active ingredient, SymHair Force 1631, dedicated to the beauty of the hair with particular attention to the scalp, as well as the shaft and ends.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
Biological active based on SymHair Force 1631, a natural extract based on microalgae, capable of combating hair loss and improving its density.
Finally, the tests carried out showed that SymHair Force 1631 effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymHair Force 1631 prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymHair Force 1631, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
SymHair Force 1631 is used natural Hair Revitalizer.

SymHair Force 1631 therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density.
SymHair Force 1631 reduces thinning of hair and hair loss.
SymHair Force 1631 prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.

Hair is visibly thicker and more luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital.
This liquid and light serum contains all the properties of SymHair Force 1631, an active ingredient sustainably extracted with Blue Biotechnology from Tahitian microalgae .

Ex vivo tests have shown that SymHair Force 1631 revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.
SymHair Force 1631 therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density .
Finally, the tests carried out have shown that SymHair Force 1631 effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymHair Force 1631 promotes longevity gene sirtuin activation & hyaluronan, reducing stress, wrinkles, and increasing skin elasticity. (well aging)
SymHair Force 1631 also inhibits inflammatory mediators, resulting in smooth skin and reduced erythema (soothing), and acts as an active oxygen scavenger to reduce skin damage caused by fine dust. (anti-pollution)

SymHair Force 1631 imparts naturally fuller and thicker eyelashes after just 2 weeks.
SymHair Force 1631 acts as an eyelash enhancer.
The recommended use level of SymHair Force 1631 is 0.2% - 2%

SymHair Force 1631 is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol
SymHair Force 1631 improves the overall appearance of eyelashes.
SymHair Force 1631 fortifies the lashes.

SymHair Force 1631 is obtained from Tahitian Sea microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 provides a clinically proven boosting effect on the lashes, as well as improving overall appearance of eyelashes.
SymHair Force 1631, obtained from microalgae, makes eyelashes thicker, stronger, and denser.

SymHair Force 1631 has been inserted into a hydrating base called Active Coconut Water .
SymHair Force 1631 is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.

You can use SymHair Force 1631 as: Nighttime scalp treatment,
To enhance your compresses with a few drops, In the palm of your hand together with your favorite product, Indicated for, and all hair types.
SymHair Force 1631 is particularly suitable in case of weak roots, low density, sluggish scalp, hair loss,

Its special composition makes SymHair Force 1631 particularly useful for targeted treatments as it fully exploits the specific action of the natural extract based on Microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 counteracts hair loss.

SymHair Force 1631 strengthens the roots.
SymHair Force 1631 improves density and strengthens hair.
SymHair Force 1631 gives all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract.

Apply SymHair Force 1631 to the scalp as a pre-shampoo care or as a pack after shampooing.
Before washing, leave SymHair Force 1631 on for at least 40-50 minutes.
Wash the hair thereafter.

Use SymHair Force 1631 undiluted on the lengths of damp or dry hair - or directly on the ends and massage until absorbed.
In addition, SymHair Force 1631 can be distributed through the ends of the hair in the evening.
Add a few drops to a hair treatment to enhance SymHair Force 1631's effects.

You can mix SymHair Force 1631 with the hair care product in the palms of your hands.
Note:
SymHair Force 1631 is used for external use only.

SymHair Force 1631 is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymHair Force 1631t, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.

SymHair Force 1631 reduces thinning of hair and hair loss as well as prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.
SymHair Force 1631 also strengthens the hair fiber decreasing the breakage.
SymHair Force 1631 offers thickness, luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital hair.

SymHair Force 1631 is suitable for hair care applications and also increases the beard density.
SymHair Force 1631 acts as an anti-hair loss agent and hair revitalize.
According to the person's evaluation, SymHair Force 1631 strengthens the hair and improves hair density.

SymHair Force 1631 is formulated for thinning hair and provides strengthening properties thanks to the inclusion of phytoplankton extracts and active coconut water.
SymHair Force 1631 also supports the elasticity of the hair at the same time.

SymHair Force 1631 prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymHair Force 1631, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
SymHair Force 1631 is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

SymHair Force 1631 is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), air care products, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances and inks and toners.
Other release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

SymHair Force 1631 is used in the following products: inks and toners.
SymHair Force 1631 is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Other release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

SymHair Force 1631 is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products, air care products and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).
SymHair Force 1631 is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products and inks and toners.

Release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
SymHair Force 1631 provides a clinically proven boosting effect on the lashes, as well as improving overall appearance of eyelashes.

SymHair Force 1631 is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction.
SymHair Force 1631 is used for the manufacture of: and chemicals.

Release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

Release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

CLAIMS OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
*Hair Growth Promoters / Anti-hair Loss Agents
*Regenerating / Revitalizing Agents
*Strengthening
*Anti-breakage/ anti-split end

HOW YOU CAN USE SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
Purely on the scalp, pre or post shampoo:
For pre-shampoo application we recommend
applying for at least 40/50 minutes.
Purely on the shaft: apply SymHair Force 1631 to damp or dry hair, on the shaft or directly on the ends with the dropper, and massage until absorbed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
*Counteracts hair loss, strengthens the roots
*From blue biotechnology
*Improves density and strengthens hair
*With all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract
*Without fragrance

ACTIVE COCONUT WATER + SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
*Counteracts hair loss.
*Strengthens the roots.
*Improves density and strengthens hair.
*With all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract.

HOW TO USE SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
Purely on the scalp, pre or post shampoo:
For pre-shampoo application we recommend applying for at least 40/50 minutes.
Purely on the shaft: apply to damp or dry hair, on the shaft or directly on the ends with the dropper, and massage until absorbed

You can use it as:
Night treatment on the scalp.
To enhance your compresses with a few drops.
In the palm of your hand together with your favorite styling product.

PROPERTIES OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
*Eyelash enhancing active ingredient, sustainably,
*SymHair Force 1631 is based on a microalgae from the Tahitian Sea.
*SymHair Force 1631 improves the eyelash volume.
*Eyelashes look naturally fuller and thicker

MAIN CLAIMS OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
*Visible results in 14 days
*34% eyelashs more denser
*Root stimulation

CLAIMS OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
*Hair Growth Promoters / Anti-hair Loss Agents
*Eyelash Enhancer
*Volume

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
EC Number: 226-285-3
INCI Name: Pentylene Glycol (and) Isochrysis Galbana Extract

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is designed for eyelash care products.

EC Number: 226-285-3
INCI Name: Pentylene Glycol (and) Isochrysis Galbana Extract

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) contains natural ocean water.
This anti-hair loss lotion has a very intense effect thanks to the ingredients of sea water and SymHair Force 1631 (CN) (micro eyelash extract).
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) protects hair from stress and negative environmental influences.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is designed for eyelash care products.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) contains aminoceramides that restructure and strengthen the hair fiber.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN)'s eyelashes look naturally fuller and thicker.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) has visible results in just 14 days.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) has clinically proven boosting effect on lashes 34% lashes appear thicker (fuller) after 42 days.
Recommended use level of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is 0.2% - 2%

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a raw material made from Echinacea, which is known through research to strengthen the immune system by increasing the number of white blood cells.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a natural compound of microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) increases overall density of eyelashes by thickening and fortifying them.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.

The eyelashes appear with more volume up to 50%.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is designed for eyelash care products.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is liquid.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density.
Finally, the tests carried out showed that SymHair Force 1631 (CN) effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

It is said to be pure because it is made with a single main active ingredient, SymHair Force 1631 (CN) (Blue Biotechnology, tested ex vivo), inserted at very high concentrations based on the recommended percentages, in a hydrating aqueous base, Coconut Milk Active Water, a water loaded with all the hydrating, restructuring and nourishing properties of organic coconut extract.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a new natural highly potent hair loss prevention active ingredient from microalgae.
In an ex vivo assay on human hair follicles, SymHair Force 1631 (CN) proved to be effective after 8 days of treatment and provides thicker and more voluminous hair.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.
Intensive hair loss prevention lotion based on Oceanic Marine Water and SymHair Force 1631 (CN) Extract from Microalgae.

Hair is protected from every source of stress, including the environment.
The Amino-Ceramides in the formula restructure and reinforce the hair fibre.
Keep SymHair Force 1631 (CN) in a cool dry place, away from light.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymHair Force 1631 (CN), hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.

A liquid and light product contains all the properties of SymHair Force 1631 (CN), an active ingredient sustainably extracted with blue biotechnology from Tahitian microalgae.
Ex vivo tests have shown that SymHair Force 1631 (CN) revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.

According to subject’s evaluation, SymHair Force 1631 (CN) fortifies hair and improves hair density.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) has been inserted into a hydrating base called Coconut Active Water.
A pure active ingredient, SymHair Force 1631 (CN), dedicated to the beauty of the hair with particular attention to the scalp, as well as the shaft and ends.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a natural ingredient of microalgae.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a liquid.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is green.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a natural, highly potent anti-hair loss active ingredient sustainably obtained from microalgae by Blue Biotechnology.
In an ex-vivo assay on human hair follicles, SymHair Force 1631 (CN) was proven to be effective after 8 days of treatment, providing thicker and more voluminous hair.

The biomass production for SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is highly controlled.
Cultivated with selected additives, SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is possible to ensure an extremely valued ingredient, with compounds potentially active on human skin and hair.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) visibly decreased the number of apoptotic cells (green) and increased the number of proliferation cells (red) versus placebo.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) increased 27% of hair follicles in the anagen phase and decreased 33% the catagen phase versus placebo.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
A pure active ingredient, SymHair Force 1631 (CN), dedicated to the beauty of the hair with particular attention to the scalp, as well as the shaft and ends.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) reduces thinning of hair and hair loss.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.

Hair is visibly thicker and more luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital.
This liquid and light serum contains all the properties of SymHair Force 1631 (CN), an active ingredient sustainably extracted with Blue Biotechnology from Tahitian microalgae .

Ex vivo tests have shown that SymHair Force 1631 (CN) revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density .
Finally, the tests carried out have shown that SymHair Force 1631 (CN) effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) promotes longevity gene sirtuin activation & hyaluronan, reducing stress, wrinkles, and increasing skin elasticity. (well aging)
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) also inhibits inflammatory mediators, resulting in smooth skin and reduced erythema (soothing), and acts as an active oxygen scavenger to reduce skin damage caused by fine dust. (anti-pollution)

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) imparts naturally fuller and thicker eyelashes after just 2 weeks.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) acts as an eyelash enhancer.
The recommended use level of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is 0.2% - 2%

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) improves the overall appearance of eyelashes.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) fortifies the lashes.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is obtained from Tahitian Sea microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN), obtained from microalgae, makes eyelashes thicker, stronger, and denser.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) provides a clinically proven boosting effect on the lashes, as well as improving overall appearance of eyelashes.

Biological active based on SymHair Force 1631 (CN), a natural extract based on microalgae, capable of combating hair loss and improving its density.
Finally, the tests carried out showed that SymHair Force 1631 (CN) effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymHair Force 1631 (CN), hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used natural Hair Revitalizer.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) strengthens the roots.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) improves density and strengthens hair.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) gives all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract.

Apply SymHair Force 1631 (CN) to the scalp as a pre-shampoo care or as a pack after shampooing.
Before washing, leave SymHair Force 1631 (CN) on for at least 40-50 minutes.
Wash the hair thereafter.

Use SymHair Force 1631 (CN) undiluted on the lengths of damp or dry hair - or directly on the ends and massage until absorbed.
In addition, SymHair Force 1631 (CN) can be distributed through the ends of the hair in the evening.
Add a few drops to a hair treatment to enhance SymHair Force 1631 (CN)'s effects.

You can mix SymHair Force 1631 (CN) with the hair care product in the palms of your hands.
Note: SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used for external use only.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) provides a clinically proven boosting effect on the lashes, as well as improving overall appearance of eyelashes.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymHair Force 1631 (CN)t, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) reduces thinning of hair and hair loss as well as prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) also strengthens the hair fiber decreasing the breakage.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) offers thickness, luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital hair.

You can use SymHair Force 1631 (CN) as: Nighttime scalp treatment,
To enhance your compresses with a few drops, In the palm of your hand together with your favorite product, Indicated for, and all hair types.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is particularly suitable in case of weak roots, low density, sluggish scalp, hair loss,

Its special composition makes SymHair Force 1631 (CN) particularly useful for targeted treatments as it fully exploits the specific action of the natural extract based on Microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) counteracts hair loss.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) has been inserted into a hydrating base called Active Coconut Water .
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.

You can mix SymHair Force 1631 (CN) with the hair care product in the palms of your hands.
Note:
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used for external use only.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymHair Force 1631 (CN)t, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) reduces thinning of hair and hair loss as well as prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) also strengthens the hair fiber decreasing the breakage.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) offers thickness, luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital hair.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is suitable for hair care applications and also increases the beard density.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) acts as an anti-hair loss agent and hair revitalize.
According to the person's evaluation, SymHair Force 1631 (CN) strengthens the hair and improves hair density.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is formulated for thinning hair and provides strengthening properties thanks to the inclusion of phytoplankton extracts and active coconut water.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) also supports the elasticity of the hair at the same time.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), air care products, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances and inks and toners.
Other release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used in the following products: inks and toners.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Other release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products, air care products and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products and inks and toners.

Release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

After using SymHair Force 1631 (CN), hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is used for the manufacture of: and chemicals.
SymHair Force 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.

Release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

Release to the environment of SymHair Force 1631 (CN) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

CLAIMS OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
*Hair Growth Promoters / Anti-hair Loss Agents
*Regenerating / Revitalizing Agents
*Strengthening
*Anti-breakage/ anti-split end

HOW YOU CAN USE SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
Purely on the scalp, pre or post shampoo:
For pre-shampoo application we recommend
applying for at least 40/50 minutes.
Purely on the shaft: apply SymHair Force 1631 (CN) to damp or dry hair, on the shaft or directly on the ends with the dropper, and massage until absorbed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
*Counteracts hair loss, strengthens the roots
*From blue biotechnology
*Improves density and strengthens hair
*With all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract
*Without fragrance

ACTIVE COCONUT WATER + SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
*Counteracts hair loss.
*Strengthens the roots.
*Improves density and strengthens hair.
*With all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract.

PROPERTIES OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
*Eyelash enhancing active ingredient, sustainably,
*SymHair Force 1631 (CN) is based on a microalgae from the Tahitian Sea.
*SymHair Force 1631 (CN) improves the eyelash volume.
*Eyelashes look naturally fuller and thicker

MAIN CLAIMS OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
*Visible results in 14 days
*34% eyelashs more denser
*Root stimulation

CLAIMS OF SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
*Hair Growth Promoters / Anti-hair Loss Agents
*Eyelash Enhancer
*Volume

HOW TO USE SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
Purely on the scalp, pre or post shampoo:
For pre-shampoo application we recommend applying for at least 40/50 minutes.
Purely on the shaft: apply to damp or dry hair, on the shaft or directly on the ends with the dropper, and massage until absorbed

You can use it as:
Night treatment on the scalp.
To enhance your compresses with a few drops.
In the palm of your hand together with your favorite styling product.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
EC Number: 226-285-3
INCI Name: Pentylene Glycol (and) Isochrysis Galbana Extract

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMHAIR FORCE 1631 (CN):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymHair Restore is an advanced hair care ingredient designed to strengthen and rejuvenate damaged hair, promoting healthy hair growth and improved hair structure.
SymHair Restore is known for its ability to repair hair fibers, reduce breakage, and enhance the overall resilience of hair.
This innovative ingredient is ideal for various hair care applications, providing both protective and restorative benefits to achieve stronger, healthier hair.

Synonyms: SymHair Restore, Hair Repair Complex Restore, SymHair Strengthening Restore, SymHair Revitalizing Complex, SymHair Rejuvenating Restore, Hair Fiber Repair Restore, SymHair Restorative Blend, SymHair Growth Enhancer, SymHair Fiber Strength Restore, SymHair Damage Repair Complex, SymHair Hair Health Restore, SymHair Fortifying Restore, SymHair Anti-Breakage Restore, SymHair Reconstructive Complex, SymHair Restore Treatment, SymHair Repair Active, SymHair Restore Protein Complex, SymHair Moisturizing Restore, SymHair Restore Hair Complex, SymHair Nourishing Restore

APPLICATIONS

SymHair Restore is extensively used in the formulation of shampoos, providing strengthening and restorative benefits that help reduce hair breakage.
SymHair Restore is favored in conditioners, where it enhances hair resilience, leaving it smooth, strong, and easy to manage.
SymHair Restore is utilized in the development of hair masks, offering deep conditioning and repair for damaged hair, restoring its natural shine and elasticity.

SymHair Restore is widely used in the production of leave-in treatments, providing continuous nourishment and protection against environmental damage.
SymHair Restore is employed in the formulation of hair serums, where it delivers targeted repair and strengthens hair fibers from within.
SymHair Restore is essential in the creation of hair oils, offering a blend of restorative benefits that improve hair texture and prevent split ends.

SymHair Restore is utilized in the production of scalp treatments, helping to nourish the scalp and support healthy hair growth.
SymHair Restore is a key ingredient in the formulation of anti-frizz products, providing smoothness and control while restoring the hair’s natural strength.
SymHair Restore is used in the creation of hair styling products, offering protective benefits that help maintain hair integrity during styling.

SymHair Restore is applied in the formulation of thermal protection sprays, where it protects hair from heat damage while enhancing its resilience.
SymHair Restore is employed in the production of volumizing products, providing lift and fullness to hair while reinforcing its structure.
SymHair Restore is used in the development of color protection products, ensuring that hair remains vibrant and healthy even after chemical treatments.

SymHair Restore is widely utilized in the formulation of anti-aging hair care products, providing restorative benefits that help maintain hair’s youthful appearance.
SymHair Restore is a key component in the creation of hair growth serums, supporting healthy hair development and reducing hair thinning.
SymHair Restore is used in the production of detangling sprays, offering smoothness and ease of combing while strengthening hair fibers.

SymHair Restore is employed in the formulation of dandruff control products, where it helps maintain scalp health and supports stronger hair growth.
SymHair Restore is applied in the creation of keratin treatments, providing a blend of restorative benefits that reinforce hair structure and improve manageability.
SymHair Restore is utilized in the development of hair loss prevention products, offering strengthening benefits that reduce hair fall and support hair density.

SymHair Restore is found in the formulation of revitalizing shampoos, offering an invigorating cleanse while restoring hair health and vitality.
SymHair Restore is used in the production of scalp exfoliants, helping to remove impurities while nourishing the scalp and promoting strong hair growth.
SymHair Restore is a key ingredient in the creation of hair moisturizing treatments, providing deep hydration and restoring hair’s natural softness and luster.

SymHair Restore is widely used in the formulation of smoothing creams, offering both protective and restorative benefits that keep hair sleek and manageable.
SymHair Restore is employed in the development of hair protection sprays, providing a shield against environmental stressors while fortifying hair fibers.
SymHair Restore is applied in the production of hair repair serums, offering intensive care for damaged hair and restoring its strength and elasticity.

SymHair Restore is utilized in the creation of conditioning sprays, offering lightweight hydration and restorative benefits that leave hair soft and resilient.
SymHair Restore is found in the formulation of split end repair products, providing targeted care that seals split ends and strengthens hair to prevent further damage.
SymHair Restore is used in the production of restorative hair balms, offering a blend of nutrients and repair benefits that revitalize damaged hair.

SymHair Restore is a key component in the development of hair restructuring treatments, offering deep repair and fortification for severely damaged hair.
SymHair Restore is widely employed in the formulation of hair protection oils, providing a barrier against environmental damage while enhancing hair strength.
SymHair Restore is used in the creation of nourishing hair masks, offering intensive repair and moisture that leaves hair healthy and vibrant.

DESCRIPTION

SymHair Restore is an advanced hair care ingredient designed to strengthen and rejuvenate damaged hair, promoting healthy hair growth and improved hair structure.
SymHair Restore is known for its ability to repair hair fibers, reduce breakage, and enhance the overall resilience of hair.

SymHair Restore offers additional benefits such as improved elasticity and moisture retention, making it ideal for a wide range of hair care applications.
SymHair Restore is often incorporated into formulations designed to restore hair health and protect against environmental damage, ensuring long-lasting results.
SymHair Restore is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall texture and appearance of hair, leaving it smooth, shiny, and full of vitality.

SymHair Restore is commonly used in both traditional and innovative hair care formulations, providing a powerful solution for repairing and protecting damaged hair.
SymHair Restore is valued for its ability to support hair's natural strength and resilience, making it a key ingredient in products aimed at reducing hair breakage and split ends.
SymHair Restore is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including shampoos, conditioners, masks, and leave-in treatments.

SymHair Restore is an ideal choice for products targeting dry, damaged, and chemically treated hair, as it provides gentle yet effective repair and protection.
SymHair Restore is known for its compatibility with other hair care actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
SymHair Restore is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between repair, protection, and nourishment, ensuring comprehensive hair care.

SymHair Restore enhances the overall effectiveness of hair care products by providing deep repair, strengthening, and protection in one ingredient.
SymHair Restore is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in hair health and appearance.
SymHair Restore is an essential component in innovative hair care products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to restore hair health.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: N/A (Proprietary blend of active ingredients)
Common Name: SymHair Restore (Hair Repair Complex)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow to amber liquid
Density: Approx. 0.95-1.05 g/cm³
Melting Point: N/A (liquid at room temperature)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymHair Restore is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymHair Restore is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymHair Restore to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymHair Restore.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymHair Restore in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymHair Restore at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymHair Restore away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymHair Restore to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymHair Shape & Color is an advanced hair care ingredient designed to enhance and maintain the shape and color of hair, providing long-lasting styling support and color vibrancy.
SymHair Shape & Color is known for its ability to protect hair from environmental stressors, while maintaining hair's natural elasticity and strength.
This innovative ingredient is ideal for a variety of hair care applications, offering both styling and protective benefits to keep hair looking vibrant, healthy, and well-maintained.

Synonyms: SymHair Shape & Color, Hair Styling Complex Shape & Color, SymHair Color Protection, SymHair Styling Complex, SymHair Shape Complex, SymHair Shape & Color Enhancer, SymHair Elasticity & Color Care, SymHair Shape & Color Shield, SymHair Shape & Hold Complex, SymHair Shape & Color Stability, SymHair Shape & Color Maintenance, SymHair Style & Color Defense, SymHair Color Care Complex, SymHair Shape & Hold Enhancer, SymHair Shape & Color Treatment, SymHair Shape & Color Protect, SymHair Shape & Color Active, SymHair Color Vibrancy, SymHair Style & Color Hold, SymHair Shape & Shine

APPLICATIONS

SymHair Shape & Color is extensively used in the formulation of styling gels, providing strong hold while maintaining the vibrancy and integrity of hair color.
SymHair Shape & Color is favored in hair mousses, offering volume and shape retention without compromising the health and color of the hair.
SymHair Shape & Color is utilized in the development of hair sprays, delivering long-lasting hold and protection against environmental stressors.

SymHair Shape & Color is widely used in the production of leave-in treatments, providing continuous support for both styling and color maintenance.
SymHair Shape & Color is employed in the formulation of heat protection sprays, where it shields hair from heat damage while preserving its shape and color.
SymHair Shape & Color is essential in the creation of hair serums, offering shine enhancement and protection for colored and styled hair.

SymHair Shape & Color is utilized in the production of hair masks, providing deep conditioning and color protection, leaving hair vibrant and well-shaped.
SymHair Shape & Color is a key ingredient in the formulation of color protection shampoos, helping to maintain color vibrancy and prevent fading.
SymHair Shape & Color is used in the creation of conditioners that enhance both the shape and color of the hair, keeping it smooth and manageable.

SymHair Shape & Color is applied in the formulation of smoothing creams, providing frizz control while maintaining the hair’s natural shape and color.
SymHair Shape & Color is employed in the production of hair oils, offering lightweight protection that enhances both color vibrancy and hair texture.
SymHair Shape & Color is used in the development of anti-pollution hair care products, providing a protective barrier that prevents environmental damage.

SymHair Shape & Color is widely utilized in the formulation of anti-aging hair care products, helping to maintain the hair's youthful appearance and color.
SymHair Shape & Color is a key component in the creation of keratin treatments, providing enhanced shape retention and color protection.
SymHair Shape & Color is used in the production of hair creams, offering styling support and protection for color-treated hair.

SymHair Shape & Color is employed in the formulation of volumizing sprays, providing lift and shape while ensuring color vibrancy is maintained.
SymHair Shape & Color is applied in the creation of curl defining products, helping to maintain curl shape and prevent color fading.
SymHair Shape & Color is utilized in the development of hair gels, offering strong hold and protection for colored hair.

SymHair Shape & Color is found in the formulation of detangling sprays, providing ease of combing while maintaining hair shape and color integrity.
SymHair Shape & Color is used in the production of hair masks specifically designed for color-treated hair, offering deep nourishment and shape retention.
SymHair Shape & Color is a key ingredient in the creation of hair balms, offering both styling support and color protection for a well-maintained look.

SymHair Shape & Color is widely used in the formulation of pre-styling treatments, providing a strong foundation for styling while protecting hair color.
SymHair Shape & Color is employed in the development of hair serums designed to enhance both shine and color vibrancy, offering a polished finish.
SymHair Shape & Color is applied in the production of anti-frizz serums, providing smoothness and shape retention while maintaining hair color.

SymHair Shape & Color is utilized in the creation of conditioning treatments, offering deep hydration while supporting the natural shape and color of hair.
SymHair Shape & Color is found in the formulation of styling creams, offering flexible hold and color protection for all hair types.
SymHair Shape & Color is used in the production of hair mousses designed for color-treated hair, providing volume and shape retention without compromising color.

SymHair Shape & Color is a key component in the development of nourishing hair oils, offering protection against color fading and environmental damage.
SymHair Shape & Color is widely employed in the formulation of hair sprays designed for long-lasting hold, with added benefits of color protection.
SymHair Shape & Color is used in the creation of finishing sprays, offering a final touch of shine and hold, while preserving hair color vibrancy.

DESCRIPTION

SymHair Shape & Color is an advanced hair care ingredient designed to enhance and maintain the shape and color of hair, providing long-lasting styling support and color vibrancy.
SymHair Shape & Color is known for its ability to protect hair from environmental stressors, while maintaining hair's natural elasticity and strength.

SymHair Shape & Color offers additional benefits such as improved resilience and moisture retention, making it ideal for a wide range of hair care applications.
SymHair Shape & Color is often incorporated into formulations designed to protect and strengthen hair, ensuring long-lasting results and enhanced hair health.
SymHair Shape & Color is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall texture and appearance of hair, leaving it smooth, shiny, and full of vitality.

SymHair Shape & Color is commonly used in both traditional and innovative hair care formulations, providing a powerful solution for protecting and preserving hair shape and color.
SymHair Shape & Color is valued for its ability to support hair’s natural strength and resilience, making it a key ingredient in products aimed at preventing damage and maintaining hair integrity.
SymHair Shape & Color is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including shampoos, conditioners, masks, and leave-in treatments.

SymHair Shape & Color is an ideal choice for products targeting color-treated and styled hair, as it provides gentle yet effective protection and support.
SymHair Shape & Color is known for its compatibility with other hair care actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
SymHair Shape & Color is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between protection, styling, and color care, ensuring comprehensive hair care.

SymHair Shape & Color enhances the overall effectiveness of hair care products by providing deep protection, strengthening, and preservation in one ingredient.
SymHair Shape & Color is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in hair health and appearance.
SymHair Shape & Color is an essential component in innovative hair care products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to protect hair from environmental stressors.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: N/A (Proprietary blend of active ingredients)
Common Name: SymHair Shape & Color (Hair Styling and Color Protection Complex)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow to amber liquid
Density: Approx. 0.95-1.05 g/cm³
Melting Point: N/A (liquid at room temperature)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymHair Shape & Color is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymHair Shape & Color is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymHair Shape & Color to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymHair Shape & Color.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymHair Shape & Color in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymHair Shape & Color at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymHair Shape & Color away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymHair Shape & Color to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymHair Shield is an innovative hair care ingredient designed to provide advanced protection against environmental stressors, including UV radiation, pollution, and heat damage.
SymHair Shield is known for forming a protective barrier on the hair, which helps to preserve hair color, prevent damage, and maintain overall hair health.
This powerful ingredient is ideal for various hair care applications, offering both preventive and reparative benefits to keep hair strong, vibrant, and resilient.

Synonyms: SymHair Shield, Hair Protection Complex Shield, SymHair UV Shield, SymHair Anti-Pollution Shield, SymHair Heat Protection Shield, SymHair Protective Barrier, SymHair Color Shield, SymHair Environmental Shield, SymHair Anti-Damage Shield, SymHair Shielding Complex, SymHair Resilience Shield, SymHair Protective Care, SymHair Anti-Stress Shield, SymHair Shield Complex, SymHair Protective Blend, SymHair Shielding Agent, SymHair Shield Active, SymHair UV Defense, SymHair Pollution Defense, SymHair Shield Treatment

APPLICATIONS

SymHair Shield is extensively used in the formulation of shampoos designed to protect hair from environmental damage, ensuring long-lasting health and vibrancy.
SymHair Shield is favored in conditioners, where it enhances hair resilience against UV rays and pollutants, while maintaining softness and manageability.
SymHair Shield is utilized in the development of leave-in treatments, offering continuous protection from daily environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution.

SymHair Shield is widely used in the production of hair serums, providing targeted defense against heat styling tools while enhancing shine and smoothness.
SymHair Shield is employed in the formulation of hair masks, where it offers deep conditioning and protection from environmental damage, restoring hair's natural strength.
SymHair Shield is essential in the creation of hair oils, providing a lightweight protective barrier that shields hair from UV rays and pollution.

SymHair Shield is utilized in the production of scalp treatments, helping to protect the scalp from environmental irritants and supporting healthy hair growth.
SymHair Shield is a key ingredient in the formulation of anti-frizz products, providing smoothness and control while defending hair against humidity and environmental stress.
SymHair Shield is used in the creation of heat protection sprays, where it shields hair from the damaging effects of heat styling tools, ensuring long-term health.

SymHair Shield is applied in the formulation of color protection products, preserving hair color vibrancy by defending against UV radiation and oxidative damage.
SymHair Shield is employed in the production of anti-pollution hair care products, offering a protective barrier that prevents pollutants from penetrating the hair shaft.
SymHair Shield is used in the development of volumizing products, providing lift and fullness to hair while shielding it from environmental damage.

SymHair Shield is widely utilized in the formulation of anti-aging hair care products, providing protective benefits that help maintain hair’s youthful appearance and vitality.
SymHair Shield is a key component in the creation of hair growth serums, supporting healthy hair development while protecting against external stressors.
SymHair Shield is used in the production of detangling sprays, offering smoothness and ease of combing while providing a protective shield against environmental damage.

SymHair Shield is employed in the formulation of dandruff control products, where it helps maintain scalp health by protecting against environmental irritants.
SymHair Shield is applied in the creation of keratin treatments, providing a blend of protective benefits that reinforce hair structure and enhance manageability.
SymHair Shield is utilized in the development of hair loss prevention products, offering protective benefits that reduce hair fall and support hair density.

SymHair Shield is found in the formulation of revitalizing shampoos, offering an invigorating cleanse while protecting hair from environmental stressors.
SymHair Shield is used in the production of scalp exfoliants, helping to remove impurities while protecting the scalp from environmental damage.
SymHair Shield is a key ingredient in the creation of hair moisturizing treatments, providing hydration and protection against environmental factors.

SymHair Shield is widely used in the formulation of smoothing creams, offering both protective and restorative benefits that keep hair sleek and manageable.
SymHair Shield is employed in the development of hair protection sprays, providing a shield against environmental stressors while fortifying hair fibers.
SymHair Shield is applied in the production of hair repair serums, offering intensive care for damaged hair while providing ongoing protection against environmental damage.

SymHair Shield is utilized in the creation of conditioning sprays, offering lightweight hydration and protective benefits that leave hair soft and resilient.
SymHair Shield is found in the formulation of split end repair products, providing targeted care that seals split ends while protecting hair from further damage.
SymHair Shield is used in the production of restorative hair balms, offering a blend of nutrients and protective benefits that revitalize damaged hair.

SymHair Shield is a key component in the development of hair restructuring treatments, offering deep repair and protection for severely damaged hair.
SymHair Shield is widely employed in the formulation of hair protection oils, providing a barrier against environmental damage while enhancing hair strength.
SymHair Shield is used in the creation of nourishing hair masks, offering intensive repair and protection that leaves hair healthy and vibrant.

DESCRIPTION

SymHair Shield is an innovative hair care ingredient designed to provide advanced protection against environmental stressors, including UV radiation, pollution, and heat damage.
SymHair Shield is known for forming a protective barrier on the hair, which helps to preserve hair color, prevent damage, and maintain overall hair health.

SymHair Shield offers additional benefits such as improved resilience and moisture retention, making it ideal for a wide range of hair care applications.
SymHair Shield is often incorporated into formulations designed to protect and strengthen hair, ensuring long-lasting results and enhanced hair health.
SymHair Shield is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall texture and appearance of hair, leaving it smooth, shiny, and full of vitality.

SymHair Shield is commonly used in both traditional and innovative hair care formulations, providing a powerful solution for protecting and preserving hair health.
SymHair Shield is valued for its ability to support hair’s natural strength and resilience, making it a key ingredient in products aimed at preventing damage and maintaining hair integrity.
SymHair Shield is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including shampoos, conditioners, masks, and leave-in treatments.

SymHair Shield is an ideal choice for products targeting dry, damaged, and color-treated hair, as it provides gentle yet effective protection and repair.
SymHair Shield is known for its compatibility with other hair care actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
SymHair Shield is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between protection, repair, and nourishment, ensuring comprehensive hair care.

SymHair Shield enhances the overall effectiveness of hair care products by providing deep protection, strengthening, and preservation in one ingredient.
SymHair Shield is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in hair health and appearance.
SymHair Shield is an essential component in innovative hair care products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to protect hair from environmental stressors.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: N/A (Proprietary blend of active ingredients)
Common Name: SymHair Shield (Hair Protection Complex)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow to amber liquid
Density: Approx. 0.95-1.05 g/cm³
Melting Point: N/A (liquid at room temperature)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >150°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If SymHair Shield is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If SymHair Shield is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of SymHair Shield to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SymHair Shield.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store SymHair Shield in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store SymHair Shield at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store SymHair Shield away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling SymHair Shield to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

SymLash 1631 is designed for eyelash care products.
SymLash 1631 is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.

INCI: Echinacea Purpurea Extract

Recommended use level of SymLash 1631 is 0.2% - 2%
SymLash 1631 is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.
SymLash 1631 is a raw material made from Echinacea, which is known through research to strengthen the immune system by increasing the number of white blood cells.

SymLash 1631 is a natural compound of microalgae.
SymLash 1631 increases overall density of eyelashes by thickening and fortifying them.
SymLash 1631 is a sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.

The eyelashes appear with more volume up to 50%.
SymLash 1631 is designed for eyelash care products.
SymLash 1631 is liquid.

SymLash 1631's eyelashes look naturally fuller and thicker.
SymLash 1631 has visible results in just 14 days.
SymLash 1631 has clinically proven boosting effect on lashes
34% lashes appear thicker (fuller) after 42 days.

SymLash 1631 is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymLash 1631 is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.

SymLash 1631 contains natural ocean water.
This anti-hair loss lotion has a very intense effect thanks to the ingredients of sea water and SymLash 1631 (micro eyelash extract).
SymLash 1631 protects hair from stress and negative environmental influences.

SymLash 1631 contains aminoceramides that restructure and strengthen the hair fiber.
SymLash 1631 is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymLash 1631 is sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.

SymLash 1631 is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymLash 1631 is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.
Intensive hair loss prevention lotion based on Oceanic Marine Water and SymLash 1631 Extract from Microalgae.

Hair is protected from every source of stress, including the environment.
The Amino-Ceramides in the formula restructure and reinforce the hair fibre.
Keep SymLash 1631 in a cool dry place, away from light.

SymLash 1631 is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymLash 1631 prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymLash 1631, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.

A liquid and light product contains all the properties of SymLash 1631, an active ingredient sustainably extracted with blue biotechnology from Tahitian microalgae.
Ex vivo tests have shown that SymLash 1631 revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.

SymLash 1631 therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density.
Finally, the tests carried out showed that SymLash 1631 effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

It is said to be pure because it is made with a single main active ingredient, SymLash 1631 (Blue Biotechnology, tested ex vivo), inserted at very high concentrations based on the recommended percentages, in a hydrating aqueous base, Coconut Milk Active Water, a water loaded with all the hydrating , restructuring and nourishing properties of organic coconut extract.

SymLash 1631 is a new natural highly potent hair loss prevention active ingredient from microalgae.
In an ex vivo assay on human hair follicles, SymLash 1631 proved to be effective after 8 days of treatment and provides thicker and more voluminous hair.

According to subject’s evaluation, SymLash 1631 fortifies hair and improves hair density.
SymLash 1631 has been inserted into a hydrating base called Coconut Active Water.
A pure active ingredient, SymLash 1631, dedicated to the beauty of the hair with particular attention to the scalp, as well as the shaft and ends.

SymLash 1631 is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.
SymLash 1631 is a natural ingredient of microalgae.

SymLash 1631 is a sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.
SymLash 1631 is a liquid.
SymLash 1631 is green.

SymLash 1631 is a natural, highly potent anti-hair loss active ingredient sustainably obtained from microalgae by Blue Biotechnology.
In an ex-vivo assay on human hair follicles, SymLash 1631 was proven to be effective after 8 days of treatment, providing thicker and more voluminous hair.

The biomass production for SymLash 1631 is highly controlled.
Cultivated with selected additives, SymLash 1631 is possible to ensure an extremely valued ingredient, with compounds potentially active on human skin and hair.

SymLash 1631 visibly decreased the number of apoptotic cells (green) and increased the number of proliferation cells (red) versus placebo.
SymLash 1631 increased 27% of hair follicles in the anagen phase and decreased 33% the catagen phase versus placebo.
SymLash 1631 is a natural extract from microalgae.

SymLash 1631 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
A pure active ingredient, SymLash 1631, dedicated to the beauty of the hair with particular attention to the scalp, as well as the shaft and ends.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMLASH 1631:
SymLash 1631 promotes longevity gene sirtuin activation & hyaluronan, reducing stress, wrinkles, and increasing skin elasticity. (well aging)
SymLash 1631 also inhibits inflammatory mediators, resulting in smooth skin and reduced erythema (soothing), and acts as an active oxygen scavenger to reduce skin damage caused by fine dust. (anti-pollution)

SymLash 1631 imparts naturally fuller and thicker eyelashes after just 2 weeks.
SymLash 1631 acts as an eyelash enhancer.
The recommended use level of SymLash 1631 is 0.2% - 2%

SymLash 1631 is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol
SymLash 1631 improves the overall appearance of eyelashes.
SymLash 1631 fortifies the lashes.

SymLash 1631 is obtained from Tahitian Sea microalgae.
SymLash 1631 provides a clinically proven boosting effect on the lashes, as well as improving overall appearance of eyelashes.
SymLash 1631, obtained from microalgae, makes eyelashes thicker, stronger, and denser.
SymLash 1631 provides a clinically proven boosting effect on the lashes, as well as improving overall appearance of eyelashes.

Biological active based on SymLash 1631, a natural extract based on microalgae, capable of combating hair loss and improving its density.
Finally, the tests carried out showed that SymLash 1631 effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymLash 1631 prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymLash 1631, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
SymLash 1631 is used natural Hair Revitalizer.

SymLash 1631 therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density.
SymLash 1631 reduces thinning of hair and hair loss.
SymLash 1631 prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.

Hair is visibly thicker and more luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital.
This liquid and light serum contains all the properties of SymLash 1631, an active ingredient sustainably extracted with Blue Biotechnology from Tahitian microalgae .

Ex vivo tests have shown that SymLash 1631 revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.
SymLash 1631 therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density .
Finally, the tests carried out have shown that SymLash 1631 effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymLash 1631 has been inserted into a hydrating base called Active Coconut Water .
SymLash 1631 is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.

You can use SymLash 1631 as: Nighttime scalp treatment,
To enhance your compresses with a few drops, In the palm of your hand together with your favorite product, Indicated for, and all hair types.
SymLash 1631 is particularly suitable in case of weak roots, low density, sluggish scalp, hair loss,

Its special composition makes SymLash 1631 particularly useful for targeted treatments as it fully exploits the specific action of the natural extract based on Microalgae.
SymLash 1631 counteracts hair loss.

SymLash 1631 strengthens the roots.
SymLash 1631 improves density and strengthens hair.
SymLash 1631 gives all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract.

Apply SymLash 1631 to the scalp as a pre-shampoo care or as a pack after shampooing.
Before washing, leave SymLash 1631 on for at least 40-50 minutes.
Wash the hair thereafter.

Use SymLash 1631 undiluted on the lengths of damp or dry hair - or directly on the ends and massage until absorbed.
In addition, SymLash 1631 can be distributed through the ends of the hair in the evening.
Add a few drops to a hair treatment to enhance SymLash 1631's effects.

You can mix SymLash 1631 with the hair care product in the palms of your hands.
Note:
SymLash 1631 is used for external use only.

SymLash 1631 is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymLash 1631 prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymLash 1631t, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.

SymLash 1631 reduces thinning of hair and hair loss as well as prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.
SymLash 1631 also strengthens the hair fiber decreasing the breakage.
SymLash 1631 offers thickness, luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital hair.

SymLash 1631 is suitable for hair care applications and also increases the beard density.
SymLash 1631 acts as an anti-hair loss agent and hair revitalize.
According to the person's evaluation, SymLash 1631 strengthens the hair and improves hair density.

SymLash 1631 is formulated for thinning hair and provides strengthening properties thanks to the inclusion of phytoplankton extracts and active coconut water.
SymLash 1631 also supports the elasticity of the hair at the same time.

SymLash 1631 prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymLash 1631, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
SymLash 1631 is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

SymLash 1631 is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), air care products, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances and inks and toners.
Other release to the environment of SymLash 1631 is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

SymLash 1631 is used in the following products: inks and toners.
SymLash 1631 is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Release to the environment of SymLash 1631 can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Other release to the environment of SymLash 1631 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

SymLash 1631 is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products, air care products and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).
SymLash 1631 is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products and inks and toners.

Release to the environment of SymLash 1631 can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

SymLash 1631 is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction.
SymLash 1631 is used for the manufacture of: and chemicals.

Release to the environment of SymLash 1631 can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of SymLash 1631 is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

Release to the environment of SymLash 1631 can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

PROPERTIES OF SYMLASH 1631:
*Eyelash enhancing active ingredient, sustainably,
*SymLash 1631 is based on a microalgae from the Tahitian Sea.
*SymLash 1631 improves the eyelash volume.
*Eyelashes look naturally fuller and thicker

MAIN CLAIMS OF SYMLASH 1631:
*Visible results in 14 days
*34% eyelashs more denser
*Root stimulation

CLAIMS OF SYMLASH 1631:
*Hair Growth Promoters / Anti-hair Loss Agents
*Regenerating / Revitalizing Agents
*Strengthening
*Anti-breakage/ anti-split end

HOW YOU CAN USE SYMLASH 1631:
Purely on the scalp, pre or post shampoo:
For pre-shampoo application we recommend
applying for at least 40/50 minutes.
Purely on the shaft: apply SymLash 1631 to damp or dry hair, on the shaft or directly on the ends with the dropper, and massage until absorbed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYMLASH 1631:
*Counteracts hair loss, strengthens the roots
*From blue biotechnology
*Improves density and strengthens hair
*With all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract
*Without fragrance

ACTIVE COCONUT WATER + SYMLASH 1631:
*Counteracts hair loss.
*Strengthens the roots.
*Improves density and strengthens hair.
*With all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract.

HOW TO USE SYMLASH 1631:
Purely on the scalp, pre or post shampoo:
For pre-shampoo application we recommend applying for at least 40/50 minutes.
Purely on the shaft: apply to damp or dry hair, on the shaft or directly on the ends with the dropper, and massage until absorbed

You can use it as:
Night treatment on the scalp.
To enhance your compresses with a few drops.
In the palm of your hand together with your favorite styling product.

CLAIMS OF SYMLASH 1631:
*Hair Growth Promoters / Anti-hair Loss Agents
*Eyelash Enhancer
*Volume

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYMLASH 1631:
INCI: Echinacea Purpurea Extract

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMLASH 1631:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMLASH 1631:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMLASH 1631:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMLASH 1631:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMLASH 1631:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMLASH 1631:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

SymLash 1631 (CN) is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.

INCI: Echinacea Purpurea Extract

SymLash 1631 (CN) is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.
Intensive hair loss prevention lotion based on Oceanic Marine Water and SymLash 1631 (CN) Extract from Microalgae.

Hair is protected from every source of stress, including the environment.
The Amino-Ceramides in the formula restructure and reinforce the hair fibre.
Keep SymLash 1631 (CN) in a cool dry place, away from light.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is designed for eyelash care products.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.

SymLash 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymLash 1631 (CN), hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
Recommended use level of SymLash 1631 (CN) is 0.2% - 2%

SymLash 1631 (CN) is dark green to green-black clear to slightly cloudy liquid.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is soluble in water, glycols and ethanol.
SymLash 1631 (CN) has visible results in just 14 days.

It is said to be pure because it is made with a single main active ingredient, SymLash 1631 (CN) (Blue Biotechnology, tested ex vivo), inserted at very high concentrations based on the recommended percentages, in a hydrating aqueous base, Coconut Milk Active Water, a water loaded with all the hydrating , restructuring and nourishing properties of organic coconut extract.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a raw material made from Echinacea, which is known through research to strengthen the immune system by increasing the number of white blood cells.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is a natural compound of microalgae.
SymLash 1631 (CN) increases overall density of eyelashes by thickening and fortifying them.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.

The eyelashes appear with more volume up to 50%.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is designed for eyelash care products.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is liquid.

SymLash 1631 (CN)'s eyelashes look naturally fuller and thicker.
SymLash 1631 (CN) has clinically proven boosting effect on lashes
34% lashes appear thicker (fuller) after 42 days.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is a new natural highly potent hair loss prevention active ingredient from microalgae.
In an ex vivo assay on human hair follicles, SymLash 1631 (CN) proved to be effective after 8 days of treatment and provides thicker and more voluminous hair.

According to subject’s evaluation, SymLash 1631 (CN) fortifies hair and improves hair density.
SymLash 1631 (CN) has been inserted into a hydrating base called Coconut Active Water.
A pure active ingredient, SymLash 1631 (CN), dedicated to the beauty of the hair with particular attention to the scalp, as well as the shaft and ends.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a natural ingredient of microalgae.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is a sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a liquid.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is green.

SymLash 1631 (CN) contains natural ocean water.
This anti-hair loss lotion has a very intense effect thanks to the ingredients of sea water and SymLash 1631 (CN) (micro eyelash extract).
SymLash 1631 (CN) protects hair from stress and negative environmental influences.

SymLash 1631 (CN) contains aminoceramides that restructure and strengthen the hair fiber.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is sustainable and renewable source, obtained by blue biotechnology.

A liquid and light product contains all the properties of SymLash 1631 (CN), an active ingredient sustainably extracted with blue biotechnology from Tahitian microalgae.
Ex vivo tests have shown that SymLash 1631 (CN) revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.

SymLash 1631 (CN) therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density.
Finally, the tests carried out showed that SymLash 1631 (CN) effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is a natural, highly potent anti-hair loss active ingredient sustainably obtained from microalgae by Blue Biotechnology.
In an ex-vivo assay on human hair follicles, SymLash 1631 (CN) was proven to be effective after 8 days of treatment, providing thicker and more voluminous hair.

The biomass production for SymLash 1631 (CN) is highly controlled.
Cultivated with selected additives, SymLash 1631 (CN) is possible to ensure an extremely valued ingredient, with compounds potentially active on human skin and hair.

SymLash 1631 (CN) visibly decreased the number of apoptotic cells (green) and increased the number of proliferation cells (red) versus placebo.
SymLash 1631 (CN) increased 27% of hair follicles in the anagen phase and decreased 33% the catagen phase versus placebo.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
A pure active ingredient, SymLash 1631 (CN), dedicated to the beauty of the hair with particular attention to the scalp, as well as the shaft and ends.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
SymLash 1631 (CN) has been inserted into a hydrating base called Active Coconut Water .
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.

You can use SymLash 1631 (CN) as: Nighttime scalp treatment,
To enhance your compresses with a few drops, In the palm of your hand together with your favorite product, Indicated for, and all hair types.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is particularly suitable in case of weak roots, low density, sluggish scalp, hair loss,

Its special composition makes SymLash 1631 (CN) particularly useful for targeted treatments as it fully exploits the specific action of the natural extract based on Microalgae.
SymLash 1631 (CN) counteracts hair loss.

SymLash 1631 (CN) promotes longevity gene sirtuin activation & hyaluronan, reducing stress, wrinkles, and increasing skin elasticity. (well aging)
SymLash 1631 (CN) also inhibits inflammatory mediators, resulting in smooth skin and reduced erythema (soothing), and acts as an active oxygen scavenger to reduce skin damage caused by fine dust. (anti-pollution)

SymLash 1631 (CN) imparts naturally fuller and thicker eyelashes after just 2 weeks.
SymLash 1631 (CN) acts as an eyelash enhancer.
The recommended use level of SymLash 1631 (CN) is 0.2% - 2%

Biological active based on SymLash 1631 (CN), a natural extract based on microalgae, capable of combating hair loss and improving its density.
Finally, the tests carried out showed that SymLash 1631 (CN) effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymLash 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymLash 1631 (CN), hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is used natural Hair Revitalizer.

SymLash 1631 (CN) therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density.
SymLash 1631 (CN) reduces thinning of hair and hair loss.
SymLash 1631 (CN) prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is liquid, soluble in water, glycols and alcohol
SymLash 1631 (CN) improves the overall appearance of eyelashes.
SymLash 1631 (CN) fortifies the lashes.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is obtained from Tahitian Sea microalgae.
SymLash 1631 (CN) provides a clinically proven boosting effect on the lashes, as well as improving overall appearance of eyelashes.
SymLash 1631 (CN), obtained from microalgae, makes eyelashes thicker, stronger, and denser.

Hair is visibly thicker and more luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital.
This liquid and light serum contains all the properties of SymLash 1631 (CN), an active ingredient sustainably extracted with Blue Biotechnology from Tahitian microalgae .

SymLash 1631 (CN) therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density .
Finally, the tests carried out have shown that SymLash 1631 (CN) effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymLash 1631 (CN) has been inserted into a hydrating base called Active Coconut Water .
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.

You can use SymLash 1631 (CN) as: Nighttime scalp treatment,
To enhance your compresses with a few drops, In the palm of your hand together with your favorite product, Indicated for, and all hair types.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is particularly suitable in case of weak roots, low density, sluggish scalp, hair loss,

Ex vivo tests have shown that SymLash 1631 (CN) revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.
SymLash 1631 (CN) provides a clinically proven boosting effect on the lashes, as well as improving overall appearance of eyelashes.

SymLash 1631 (CN) therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density .
Finally, the tests carried out have shown that SymLash 1631 (CN) effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymLash 1631 (CN) has been inserted into a hydrating base called Active Coconut Water .
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.

You can use SymLash 1631 (CN) as: Nighttime scalp treatment,
To enhance your compresses with a few drops, In the palm of your hand together with your favorite product, Indicated for, and all hair types.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is particularly suitable in case of weak roots, low density, sluggish scalp, hair loss,

Its special composition makes SymLash 1631 (CN) particularly useful for targeted treatments as it fully exploits the specific action of the natural extract based on Microalgae.
SymLash 1631 (CN) counteracts hair loss.

Its special composition makes SymLash 1631 (CN) particularly useful for targeted treatments as it fully exploits the specific action of the natural extract based on Microalgae.
SymLash 1631 (CN) counteracts hair loss.

Ex vivo tests have shown that SymLash 1631 (CN) revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.
SymLash 1631 (CN) therefore counteracts hair loss and prevents it while also improving density .
Finally, the tests carried out have shown that SymLash 1631 (CN) effectively strengthens the hair: hair breakage was reduced by up to 82% compared to the placebo.

SymLash 1631 (CN) has been inserted into a hydrating base called Active Coconut Water .
SymLash 1631 (CN) is a water obtained from Coconut Milk and which boasts all the hydrating, emollient and restructuring properties of this extraordinary natural serum.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is used in the following products: inks and toners.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Release to the environment of SymLash 1631 (CN) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Other release to the environment of SymLash 1631 (CN) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

SymLash 1631 (CN) is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products, air care products and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).
SymLash 1631 (CN) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products and inks and toners.

Release to the environment of SymLash 1631 (CN) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
Ex vivo tests have shown that SymLash 1631 (CN) revitalizes the roots, stimulates cell proliferation and reduces the regression phase.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is used for the manufacture of: and chemicals.

Release to the environment of SymLash 1631 (CN) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of SymLash 1631 (CN) is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

You can use SymLash 1631 (CN) as: Nighttime scalp treatment,
To enhance your compresses with a few drops, In the palm of your hand together with your favorite product, Indicated for, and all hair types.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is particularly suitable in case of weak roots, low density, sluggish scalp, hair loss,

Its special composition makes SymLash 1631 (CN) particularly useful for targeted treatments as it fully exploits the specific action of the natural extract based on Microalgae.
SymLash 1631 (CN) counteracts hair loss.

SymLash 1631 (CN) strengthens the roots.
SymLash 1631 (CN) improves density and strengthens hair.
SymLash 1631 (CN) gives all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract.

Release to the environment of SymLash 1631 (CN) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Apply SymLash 1631 (CN) to the scalp as a pre-shampoo care or as a pack after shampooing.
Before washing, leave SymLash 1631 (CN) on for at least 40-50 minutes.
Wash the hair thereafter.

Use SymLash 1631 (CN) undiluted on the lengths of damp or dry hair - or directly on the ends and massage until absorbed.
In addition, SymLash 1631 (CN) can be distributed through the ends of the hair in the evening.
Add a few drops to a hair treatment to enhance SymLash 1631 (CN)'s effects.

You can mix SymLash 1631 (CN) with the hair care product in the palms of your hands.
Note:
SymLash 1631 (CN) is used for external use only.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is a natural extract from microalgae.
SymLash 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymLash 1631 (CN)t, hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.

SymLash 1631 (CN) reduces thinning of hair and hair loss as well as prolongs the growth phase and delays the entry into the regression phase.
SymLash 1631 (CN) also strengthens the hair fiber decreasing the breakage.
SymLash 1631 (CN) offers thickness, luscious, stronger, healthier and more vital hair.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is suitable for hair care applications and also increases the beard density.
SymLash 1631 (CN) acts as an anti-hair loss agent and hair revitalize.
According to the person's evaluation, SymLash 1631 (CN) strengthens the hair and improves hair density.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is formulated for thinning hair and provides strengthening properties thanks to the inclusion of phytoplankton extracts and active coconut water.
SymLash 1631 (CN) also supports the elasticity of the hair at the same time.

SymLash 1631 (CN) prevents hair loss, improves volume, and makes hair stronger, healthier, and more vital.
After using SymLash 1631 (CN), hair is visibly thicker and more luscious.
SymLash 1631 (CN) is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

SymLash 1631 (CN) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), air care products, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances and inks and toners.
Other release to the environment of SymLash 1631 (CN) is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

CLAIMS OF SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
*Hair Growth Promoters / Anti-hair Loss Agents
*Regenerating / Revitalizing Agents
*Strengthening
*Anti-breakage/ anti-split end

HOW YOU CAN USE SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
Purely on the scalp, pre or post shampoo:
For pre-shampoo application we recommend
applying for at least 40/50 minutes.
Purely on the shaft: apply SymLash 1631 (CN) to damp or dry hair, on the shaft or directly on the ends with the dropper, and massage until absorbed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
*Counteracts hair loss, strengthens the roots
*From blue biotechnology
*Improves density and strengthens hair
*With all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract
*Without fragrance

PROPERTIES OF SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
*Eyelash enhancing active ingredient, sustainably,
*SymLash 1631 (CN) is based on a microalgae from the Tahitian Sea.
*SymLash 1631 (CN) improves the eyelash volume.
*Eyelashes look naturally fuller and thicker

MAIN CLAIMS OF SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
*Visible results in 14 days
*34% eyelashs more denser
*Root stimulation

CLAIMS OF SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
*Hair Growth Promoters / Anti-hair Loss Agents
*Eyelash Enhancer
*Volume

ACTIVE COCONUT WATER + SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
*Counteracts hair loss.
*Strengthens the roots.
*Improves density and strengthens hair.
*With all the softness, elasticity and lightness given by the coconut extract.

HOW TO USE SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
Purely on the scalp, pre or post shampoo:
For pre-shampoo application we recommend applying for at least 40/50 minutes.
Purely on the shaft: apply to damp or dry hair, on the shaft or directly on the ends with the dropper, and massage until absorbed

You can use it as:
Night treatment on the scalp.
To enhance your compresses with a few drops.
In the palm of your hand together with your favorite styling product.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
INCI: Echinacea Purpurea Extract

FIRST AID MEASURES of SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SYMLASH 1631 (CN):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

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