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SAPP22 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE)
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as an acidulant, buffering agent, and leavening agent.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) releases carbon dioxide gas when exposed to heat, helping the dough rise and creating a light and airy texture in the final product.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) functions as a buffering agent in food and beverage products.

CAS Number: 7758-16-9
Molecular Formula: H5NaO7P2
Molecular Weight: 201.97
EINECS Number: 231-835-0

Synonyms: 7758-16-9, Disodium diphosphate, Sodium acid pyrophosphate, Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, DISODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE, H5WVD9LZUD, disodium;[hydroxy(oxido)phosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate, MFCD00014246, Disodium acid pyrophosphate, Dinatriumpyrophosphat, Disodiumpytophosphate, Dinatriumpyrophosphat [German], Disodium dihydrogen diphosphate, Disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate, HSDB 377, Pyrophosphoric acid, disodium salt, UNII-H5WVD9LZUD, Sodium pyrophosphate (Na2H2P2O7), EINECS 231-835-0, Sodium diphosphate dibasic, disodium hydrogen (hydrogen phosphonatooxy)phosphonate, Grahamsches salz, Glassy sodium phosphate, DSSTox_CID_8842, sodium dihydrogendiphosphate, EC 231-835-0, DSSTox_RID_78658, DSSTox_GSID_28842, SODIUMACIDPYROPHOSPHATE, Sodium pyrophosphate, dibasic, Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, CHEMBL3184949, EINECS 272-808-3, Tox21_200813, DISODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE [HSDB], DISODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE [INCI], DISODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE [VANDF], AKOS015916169, AKOS024418779, SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE [MI], Diphosphoric acid, sodium salt (1:2), SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE [FCC], NCGC00258367-01, SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE [VANDF], CAS-68915-31-1, di-sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate anhydrous.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) helps maintain the pH level of a solution, preventing it from becoming too acidic or too basic.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) has a dough reaction rate of 24 - 28. SAPP-28 is an all-purpose phosphate commonly used in prepared mixes, commercial baking powders, and cake doughnut mixes.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is often used as a leavening agent in baked goods, such as bread, cakes, and pastries.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a (tropically stable) acid carrier in baking powder, for improvement of flow properties in flour, for pH regulation, and in dental care products for prevention of tartar formation.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) gene is mapped to human chromosome 21q21.3.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) encodes a integral membrane protein.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is solubility in water is 13g Na2H2P2O7/100g H2O at 20 °C, and 20g at 80°C.
The usual commercial SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is the anhydrous, nonhygroscopic salt in powder form.

Above this temperature, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is converted to the anhydrous form.
This is important for controlling the texture and appearance of certain food items.
In some food products, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may serve as an emulsifying agent.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) helps to stabilize and maintain the uniform distribution of water and oil-based ingredients, preventing separation and improving the overall texture of the product.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can act as a sequestrant, which means it can bind to metal ions, helping to prevent their undesirable effects in food products, such as discoloration or off-flavors.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is sometimes used in the meat processing industry to improve the texture and moisture retention of meat products.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can enhance the binding properties of meat mixtures.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a source of phosphates, which can contribute to the nutritional profile of certain food products.
Phosphates are essential minerals that play a role in various physiological processes in the human body.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate)is a white powdered, non-flammable substance that is odorless, and has a bitter taste.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is often used as a sequestrant, buffering agent, and raising agent in baked foods, cheese and meat products.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), also known as disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, disodium pyrophosphate, is white crystalline powder, which has the relative density of 1.864 and can decompose into sodium metaphosphate when it is heated above 220℃.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is easily soluble in water and can form chelates with Cu2+ and Fe2+.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a soluble protein generated by sequential cleavage with α and γ secretase.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) reacts in stages and is desirable in baking applications for its slow action.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is available in a variety of grades that affect the speed of its action.
Because the resulting phosphate residue has an off-taste, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is usually used in very sweet cakes which mask the off-taste.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) and other sodium and potassium polyphosphates are widely used in food processing; in the E number scheme, they are collectively designated as E450, with the disodium form designated as E450(a).
In the United States, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use.
In canned seafood, it is used to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting.

Retorting achieves microbial stability with heat.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an acid source for reaction with baking soda to leaven baked goods.
In baking powder, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is often labeled as food additive E450.

In cured meats, it speeds the conversion of sodium nitrite to nitrite (NO−2) by forming the nitrous acid (HONO) intermediate, and can improve water-holding capacity.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also found in frozen hash browns and other potato products, where it is used to keep the color of the potatoes from darkening.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can leave a slightly bitter aftertaste in some products, but "the SAPP taste can be masked by using sufficient baking soda and by adding a source of calcium ions, sugar, or flavorings.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) occurs as a white, crystalline powder.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is soluble in water. The pH of a 1:100 aqueous solution is about.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may contain a suitable aluminum and/or calcium salt to control the rate of reaction in leavening systems.

The baking industry is the largest user Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate within the food industry.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate)s main function is the leavening reaction with Bicarbonate (baking powder).
To obtain high quality baked goods, an optimal leavening is required

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is Na2H2P2O7 with Chemical Formula.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a chemical derivative of phosphorus, an important element in life for all living things.
One of the most common elements. Foods, water, our body also occurs in natural.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) or sodium acid pyrophosphate is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a fast fermentation agent, quality improver, puffer, buffer, etc. in food processing, and is often used as an acidic ingredient in synthetic puffing agents such as bread and pastries.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is white powder or granule, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is mainly used in Baked products, ferment powder, fermentation Speed control agent, instant noodles, biscuits, cakes and pastries, shorten fermentation time, prolong storage period.
Bread, cakes, bread and other foods are characterized by spongy porous tissue to create a soft taste.

In order to achieve this, a sufficient amount of gas must be kept in the dough.
The water vapor produced by the heating of the air and moisture in the material mixture during baking can cause the product to produce some spongy tissue, but the amount of gas is far from enough.
The vast majority of the gas required is provided by puffing agents.

A commonly used compound puffer is a carbon dioxide gas produced by the action of sodium bicarbonate and acidic salts.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a widely used acidic salt, which is used in a variety of baked and fried foods.
The ROR value of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is the gas production rate, which refers to sodium bicarbonate and sodium acid pyrophosphate, in the environment of wet dough, the amount of carbon dioxide
actually released at 8 minutes accounts for the proportion of the total carbon dioxide volume released by the theory.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), SAPP in petroleum production, it can be used as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), SAPP can also be found in frozen hash browns and other potato products, where it is used to keep the color of the potatoes from darkening.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) serves as a buffering, chelating and leavening agent.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also known as Di-sodium Di-phosphate is an inorganic compound of sodium and pyrophosphate.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is white and soluble in water.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is manufactured with double drying process like other Pyrophosphates due to heating needed at a high temperature.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an anhydrous white powdered material, which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as an acidulant, buffering agent, and leavening agent.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) has a dough reaction rate of 24 - 28.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an all-purpose phosphate commonly used in prepared mixes, commercial baking powders, and cake doughnut mixes.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), or SAPP, is used in the food industry.

More specially, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used for certain types of baking powder and baking creams in addition to working as a leavening agent for prepared cake and doughnut mixes.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) maintains the natural white color of cooked potatoes.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is TongVo's high quality product, acts as a buffer, leaven, modifier, emulsifier, nutrient and canning preservative in foods, oil drilling, detergent, chemical stabiliser.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), also called tetrasodium pyrophosphate or tetrasodium phosphate.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a colorless, transparent crystalline chemical compound.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) has various functions such as a blowing agent, buffering agent, emulsifier, thickener and sequestrant.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is generally used in bakery products, canning seafood and preventing browning of potatoes.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), which is also used in soy-based products as an alternative to meat products, acts as a tartar control agent in toothpaste, serves to remove elements such as magnesium and calcium in oral secretions, and prevents the accumulation of these elements on the teeth.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), which is sometimes used in household detergents for the same purposes;

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) prevents the accumulation of similar types of elements on the clothes, but due to the high phosphate content it contains, it causes pollution in the waters and causes the growth of algae in contaminated waters.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also known as SAPP and Disodium Pyrophosphate is produced by heating sodium dihydrogen phosphate.
Applications include food &|beverage (popular leavening agent found in baking powder, used in very sweet cakes which mask the off-tast, canned seafood, it is used to maintain color and reduce purge, frozen hash browns and other potato products, where it is used to keep the color of the potatoes from darkening)|agriculture (pet food used in cat foods as a palatability additive, removal of hair and scurf in hog slaughter and feathers and scurf in poultry slaughter and |industrial (petroleum production, it can be used as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds, leather treatment to remove iron stains on hides, dairy
applications for cleaning, remove soapstone).

The gas production speed of compound puffer depends on the reaction speed of acid salt and sodium bicarbonate, and the SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is fast, medium and slow according to different gas production speed. Different products require different gas production speeds of SAPP.
The gas-producing rate of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a range value, not a fixed value, and is commonly expressed by ROR.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is Na2H2P2O7 with Chemical Formula.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a chemical derivative of phosphorus, an important element in life for all living things.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) are commonly used when certain common elements, such as sodium, calcium, potassium and aluminum, are combined with phosphate ions.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also prevents discoloration in potatoes and sugar syrups.

In canned tuna, it prevents harmless struvite crystals from forming.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
As a leavening acid which combines with baking soda to release carbon dioxide to improve the texture and volume of baked goods.

As a chelating agent to chelate iron to prevent discoloration in processed potato.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also known as Disodium pyrophosphate.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) chemical formula is (Na2H2P2O7).

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is widely used as thinner in oil well drilling muds and even as an industrial cleaner.
Aids in the removal of calcium and reduces pH in cement contaminated fluids.
At low concentration levels, it is fast-acting and effective.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) decreases the viscosity and gel strengths in freshwater drilling fluids.
Aids break up clay particles and sediments, which enables them to be extracted during oil well development.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the chemical clean up of fluids which have been contaminated by cement.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a deflocculant (thinner) in freshwater mud systems.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is often used to break up mud rings when water drilling and is also used to thin out cement before cementing casing.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2H2P2O7.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) consists of sodium cations (Na+) and dihydrogen pyrophosphate anions (H2P2O2−7).
The aqueous solution can be hydrolyzed to phosphoric acid by heating with dilute sulfuric acid or dilute mineral acid.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is usually used in food processing industry.

The leavening acid, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an important component of double acting baking powder as well as self rising flour.
When crystallized from water, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) forms a hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations, e.g. Ca2+.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is mainly used in the bakery industry at a leavening agent.
May also be blended with other phosphates and used for water retention in processed meats, and used to maintain the appearance and texture of uncooked fruits and vegetables.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an anhydrous white powdered material, which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate.

Melting point: decomposes 220℃ [MER06]
Density (hexahydrate): 1.86
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
storage temp.: -70°C
solubility: H2O: 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
form: white powder
color: White to Off-White
PH: 3.5-4.5 (20℃, 0.1M in H2O, freshly prepared)
Water Solubility: Fully miscible in water. Insoluble in alcohol and ammonia.
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.11
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.09
Merck: 13,8643
Stability: Stable.
InChI: InChI=1S/Na.H4O7P2.H/c;1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6;/h;(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6);
InChIKey: IQTFITJCETVNCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES O(P(O)(O)=O)P(O)(O)=O.[NaH]
LogP: -3.420 (est)

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) has neuroprotective, neurogenic and neurotrophic functions.
Amyloid precursor protein a also stimulates gene expression and protein expression.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is one of the two acid components used in commercial baking powders.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is reactive not only with sodium bicarbonate, but also with calcium salts, proteins and heat.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) gives baking powder the time and temperature element contributing to the "Double Acting" power.

Regular SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in cakes, sponges and refrigerated dough where a slower reactivity is desired.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a buffering and chelating agent, with many food and industrial uses.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to disperse and displace drilling muds to avoid mud being affected by cement contamination.

Solids carrying fluid or drilling mud must be removed from the perforation channels and the rock face to allow a good cement bond and complete fill-up of the voids.
Incorporating SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) into the spacer will help remove residual muds and provide a cleaner surface to which the cement can bond.
Those working with Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (SAPP) should wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment, including dust masks and eye protection.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is advisable to wear PPE while mixing all powdered products.
Avoid skin contact and do not inhale dust or allow contact with eyes.
In standard water drilling operations, the usual procedure to apply SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is to add one viscosity cup directly into the drill pipe at each connection.

In areas with very reactive clays, increased treatments will be required.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is polyvalent, and acts as a Lewis base, so is effective at binding polyvalent cations.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used during the phosphating process of metal treatment.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a builder in acid cleaners.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also sequesters Fe and Cu.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is moderately soluble in water, with a solubility of 15 g in 100 ml at 25°c.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in doughnuts and biscuits for its variable gas release rate during the mixing, bench action, and baking process.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in baking powder as a leavening agent.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in canned fish products to reduce the level of undesired struvite crystals (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate) by complexing the magnesium.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to sequester metals in processed potatoes.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also termed sapp, sodium acid pyrophosphate, acid sodium pyrophosphate, disodium diphosphate, and disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white, water-soluble that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.

When crystallised from water, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) forms hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) combines with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is available in a variety of grades that effect the speed of its action.
Because the resulting phosphate residue has an off-taste, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is usually used in very sweet cakes which mask the taste.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is designated in the USA as generally recognized as safe for food use.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in canned seafood to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting.
Retorting achieves microbial stability with heat.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an acid source for reaction with baking soda to leaven baked goods.
In baking powdeer, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is often labeled as food additive E450.
In cured meats, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) speeds the conversion of sodium nitrite to nitrite by forming the nitrous acid intermediate, and can improve waterholding capacity

Amyloid precursor protein α is an α-secretase-cleaved soluble protein that has been shown to have neuroprotective properties.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is derived from amyloid precursor protein.
Several G protein-coupled receptors are known to activate α-secretase-dependent processing of APP.

Uses:
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may be included in instant pudding and gelatin formulations to contribute to their texture and consistency.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, leather treatment products, hydraulic fluids, metal surface treatment products, non-metal- surface treatment products, lubricants and greases and metal working fluids.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the following areas: mining and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products, metals, fabricated metal products and machinery and vehicles.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used as a leavening chemical for bread to help it rise.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) used in sausage to enhance flavor and color.
In french fries, the chemical reduces levels of a carcinogen called acrylamide, according to an article from the Center for Science in the Public Interest.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also prevents discoloration in potatoes and sugar syrups.

In canned tuna, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) prevents harmless struvite crystals from forming.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in leather treatment to remove iron stains.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is widely used globally in food industry for baking reaction purpose.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also used to stabilize the solution of hydrogen peroxide against reduction.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in petroleum industry as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also has a wide use in dairy and poultry processes.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an inorganic compound, which consists sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
This is white in color and has water-soluble solids, which serve as a buffering and chelating agent.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is massively in various applications in Used as improving agent in food industry, pH regulating agent, metal ion complex agent, emulsion, dispersing agent and adhesive
agent.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is applied in the processing of meat and aquatic products in order to hold water, keep the meat fresh and tender, stabilize the natural color and prevent fat from putridity.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the production of yeast powder and cheese etc.
As a chelating agent to chelate iron to prevent discoloration in processed potato.

For industry, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is applied to oil area as a drilling fluid.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) Used as starter, used for baking food and controlling fermentation speed; It is used for instant noodles to reduce the rehydration time of finished products and is not sticky or rotten; It is used in biscuits and pastries to shorten the fermentation time, reduce the damage rate of products, loosen and tidy gaps, and prolong the storage period.
Release to the environment of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).

Other release to the environment of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic
construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines). Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (SAPP-28) can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, hydraulic fluids, pH regulators and water treatment products, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, heat transfer fluids, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes and textile treatment products and dyes.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the following areas: mining, building & construction work and scientific research and development.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used for the manufacture of: metals, fabricated metal products, machinery and vehicles, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).

Other release to the environment of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, hydraulic fluids, leather treatment products, lubricants and greases and metal working fluids.
Release to the environment of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation in materials, in the production of articles and as processing aid.

Other release to the environment of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is anhydrous form, pyrophosphate salt used in buffers.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a leavening agent, preservative, sequestrant, and buffer which is mildly acidic with a ph of 4.1.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is moderately soluble in water, with a solubility of 15 g in 100 ml at 25°c.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in doughnuts and biscuits for its variable gas release rate during the mixing, bench action, and baking process.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in baking powder as a leavening agent.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in canned fish products to reduce the level of undesired struvite crystals (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate) by complexing the magnesium.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to sequester metals in processed potatoes.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also termed sapp, sodium acid pyrophosphate, acid sodium pyrophosphate, disodium diphosphate, and disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate.
In leather treatment, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used to remove iron stains on hides during processing.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can stabilize hydrogen peroxide solutions against reduction.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used with sulfamic acid in some dairy applications for cleaning, especially to remove soapstone.
When added to scalding water, it facilitates removal of hair and scurf in hog slaughter and feathers and scurf in poultry slaughter.
In petroleum production, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in cat foods as a palatability additive.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a tartar control agent in toothpastes.
Release to the environment of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, formulation in materials and as processing aid.

Other release to the environment of SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may be used as leavening acid which combines with baking soda to release carbon dioxide to improve the texture and volume of baked goods.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is widely used as a leavening agent in baked goods, including bread, cakes, muffins, and pastries.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) helps create a light and fluffy texture by releasing carbon dioxide gas during the baking process.
In pancake mixes and batter formulations, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to provide leavening and contribute to the texture of the final product.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a key component of baking powder formulations.

When combined with a basic SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), it creates a double-acting baking powder, releasing gas both upon mixing and during baking.
Due to its ability to produce carbon dioxide gas quickly, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is utilized in instant pancake and waffle mixes, allowing for rapid leavening when the batter is mixed with water.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) acts as a dough conditioner in various dough formulations, improving the handling properties and the overall quality of the dough.

In the meat industry, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is employed as a phosphate source to enhance the water-binding capacity of meat products. This can result in improved juiciness and texture.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may be used in certain cheese and dairy products to control pH and improve texture.
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can also function as a sequestrant to bind metal ions.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used in seafood products, particularly in surimi and imitation seafood, to improve texture and enhance moisture retention.
In the production of potato-based snacks like chips and fries, SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used as a leavening agent to achieve a desirable texture.

Safety Profile:
Moderately toxic by ingestion and subcutaneous routes.
An irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of POx, and Na2O.,
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a source of phosphorus, and excessive intake of phosphorus can be a concern for individuals with certain health conditions, such as kidney problems.
In such cases, high phosphorus intake may contribute to imbalances in mineral metabolism.

Individuals with specific health concerns should consult with healthcare professionals or dietitians to determine appropriate dietary choices.
While rare, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to specific food additives, including SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate).
SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) in food products is subject to regulatory standards and guidelines.

SAPP22 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate)'s important for food manufacturers to comply with these regulations to ensure the safety of the final products.
Consumers can rely on regulatory agencies to set permissible levels of food additives and monitor their use in the food industry.



SAPP-28 (DISODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE)

Disodium pyrophosphate, commonly known as SAPP-28, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Na2H2P2O7.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is a sodium salt of pyrophosphoric acid.
The chemical structure of SAPP-28 consists of two phosphate groups linked by an oxygen bridge.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in various industries for its buffering, emulsifying, and thickening properties.

CAS Number: 7758-16-9
EC Number: 231-835-0



APPLICATIONS


SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is commonly used as a leavening agent in the baking industry, contributing to the rise of dough in various baked goods.
In the food industry, SAPP-28 serves as an emulsifying agent, aiding in the dispersion of fats and improving the texture of processed products.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) functions as a buffering agent, helping to control and maintain stable pH levels in certain food and beverage formulations.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed as a thickening agent in food products, enhancing their consistency and mouthfeel.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the water treatment industry to prevent scale formation and improve water quality.

In the manufacturing of processed cheeses, SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in the production of instant puddings and dessert mixes, contributing to their texture and consistency.
In the dairy industry, SAPP-28 is used in the manufacturing of evaporated and condensed milk to prevent crystallization and improve stability.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) finds application in the preparation of canned vegetables, helping to maintain the color, texture, and overall quality of the vegetables.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the formulation of certain salad dressings to prevent separation and enhance the overall mouthfeel.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is added to certain canned soups and stews to improve their viscosity and prevent settling of ingredients.
In the beverage industry, SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in some fruit juices and drinks to stabilize the color and prevent sedimentation.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) contributes to the preservation of canned beans and legumes, maintaining their texture and preventing overcooking during processing.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is applied in the production of icings and frostings for baked goods, aiding in texture improvement and stability.
In the seafood processing industry, the compound is used to enhance the texture of surimi-based products like imitation crab meat.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in certain cheese products to prevent caking and improve meltability during cooking.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) finds application in the production of instant rice and pasta dishes, contributing to their cooking characteristics and texture.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in the formulation of some whipped toppings to improve stability and prevent collapse.
In the cosmetic industry, SAPP-28 may be found in certain toothpaste formulations, contributing to its texture and stability.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the formulation of certain bath salts and personal care products to enhance their consistency.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is added to certain household cleaning products to improve their effectiveness in breaking down stains and soils.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is applied in certain metal cleaning formulations to prevent scale buildup and improve cleaning efficiency.

In the production of certain pharmaceuticals, Disodium pyrophosphate serves as a buffering agent and stabilizer in oral medications.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in some agricultural formulations as a dispersant and stabilizer for pesticides and fertilizers.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) contributes to the stability of certain ink formulations, preventing pigment settling and improving print quality.

In the leather industry, the compound is used in some tanning processes to enhance the penetration of tanning agents.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) finds application in the production of certain photographic developers as a buffering and stabilizing agent.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is applied in the manufacturing of fire extinguishing agents, contributing to their stability and dispersion properties.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the formulation of certain adhesives and sealants to improve their consistency and stability.
In the ceramics industry, SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) may be used in glaze formulations to enhance fluidity and prevent settling.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is a versatile ingredient with applications in diverse industries, showcasing its importance in enhancing various product characteristics and performance.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) helps achieve the desired texture and meltability.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is applied in the production of canned seafood to enhance texture and prevent undesirable changes during processing.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in the formulation of certain dairy products to improve stability and prevent undesirable crystallization.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) finds application in the production of breakfast cereals to aid in the puffing process during manufacturing.
In the meat industry, SAPP-28 contributes to the enhancement of texture and moisture retention in processed meats.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in the preparation of instant noodles to improve their cooking characteristics and texture.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) plays a role in the stabilization of certain beverages, preventing the separation of ingredients and improving shelf life.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the preparation of seafood products, contributing to the preservation of their natural texture and flavor.
In the pet food industry, it is used as a processing aid to improve the consistency and palatability of pet food products.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) finds application in the production of gelatin desserts, aiding in gel formation and texture improvement.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in the manufacturing of canned fruits to prevent the browning of fruits and maintain visual appeal.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry in certain formulations as a stabilizing and buffering agent.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in the production of instant mashed potatoes to improve rehydration and texture.
In the textile industry, SAPP-28 is applied in certain dyeing processes to enhance color fastness.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the metal finishing industry as a dispersant and buffering agent in electroplating solutions.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) finds application in the production of certain cleaning products, contributing to their effectiveness.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in the cosmetics industry in the formulation of certain personal care products for stability and texture enhancement.

In the construction industry, SAPP-28 may be used in certain cement formulations to improve workability.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in oil well drilling fluids to control the viscosity and improve fluid properties.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is a versatile compound with applications spanning various industries, showcasing its utility in diverse formulations and processes.

In the textile industry, SAPP-28 is employed in dyeing processes to improve the color fastness of certain fabrics.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) finds application in the manufacturing of certain paper products to enhance the retention of fillers and improve paper quality.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the formulation of certain hydraulic fracturing fluids in the oil and gas industry.
In the production of certain ceramics, SAPP-28 may be used as a dispersant to improve the homogeneity of the clay mixture.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is added to some fire-resistant hydraulic fluids to improve their stability and prevent degradation.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the formulation of certain metal cleaners and polishes to improve cleaning efficacy.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is applied in the production of certain soldering fluxes to improve wetting and prevent oxidation during soldering processes.
In the fabrication of certain batteries, Disodium pyrophosphate may be used as a stabilizing agent in electrolyte solutions.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in the formulation of certain water-based drilling muds to control viscosity and improve fluid properties.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the production of certain photographic developers to control pH and improve the development process.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) may be added to certain antifreeze formulations to prevent the precipitation of minerals and improve fluid stability.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in the formulation of certain wood adhesives to enhance bonding properties.
In the construction industry, it may be applied in certain mortar formulations to improve workability.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in the manufacturing of certain air fresheners and deodorizers to improve dispersion.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in the formulation of certain pesticides and herbicides to improve stability and dispersion properties.
In the production of certain ceramics, it may be added to glazes to improve adhesion and prevent settling.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is applied in the formulation of certain metal coatings to improve adhesion and prevent corrosion.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the formulation of certain cutting fluids to improve cooling and lubrication during machining processes.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) finds application in the production of certain corrosion inhibitors to enhance protective coatings.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is employed in the formulation of certain electroplating solutions to improve bath stability.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in the production of certain textile auxiliaries to enhance dyeing processes.
In the electronics industry, SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) may be added to certain solder pastes to improve consistency and prevent separation.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is applied in the formulation of certain hydraulic fluids to improve lubrication and stability.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in the production of certain detergents and cleaning products to improve soil suspension.
In the agricultural industry, SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) may be applied in certain fertilizer formulations to improve nutrient dispersion and availability.



DESCRIPTION


Disodium pyrophosphate, commonly known as SAPP-28, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Na2H2P2O7.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is a sodium salt of pyrophosphoric acid.
The chemical structure of SAPP-28 consists of two phosphate groups linked by an oxygen bridge.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is used in various industries for its buffering, emulsifying, and thickening properties.

Disodium pyrophosphate, with the chemical formula Na2H2P2O7, is a sodium salt of pyrophosphoric acid.
This compound appears as a white, crystalline powder or granules, adding versatility to its applications.
SAPP-28 is soluble in water, making it suitable for various aqueous formulations in both food and industrial processes.

With a molecular weight of approximately 221.95 g/mol, SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) exhibits a moderate molecular mass.
The CAS Registry Number for SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is 7758-16-9, facilitating its unique identification in chemical databases.
In terms of emulsification, SAPP-28 serves as an effective agent, aiding the dispersion of fats in food processing.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) possesses buffering properties, contributing to the maintenance of stable pH levels in different applications.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) acts as a thickening agent, enhancing the texture of certain products in which it is incorporated.
SAPP-28 is known for its leavening capabilities, assisting in the rising of dough in baking processes.
Its water solubility makes it valuable in water treatment, where it helps prevent scale formation.
The sodium salt structure consists of two phosphate groups linked by an oxygen bridge.

As a food additive, Disodium pyrophosphate is subject to regulatory guidelines ensuring safe consumption.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is commonly used in the food industry to improve the quality and texture of processed products.
In industrial applications, SAPP-28 finds use in various formulations, contributing to product stability.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) plays a role in controlling the pH of certain solutions, ensuring optimal conditions for processes.
With its buffering capacity, it helps resist changes in acidity or alkalinity within specified ranges.
Disodium pyrophosphate is part of a group of phosphates used for diverse functions in food manufacturing.
As a crystalline powder, it provides ease of handling and uniform distribution in formulations.
In the presence of heat, SAPP-28 releases carbon dioxide gas, contributing to the leavening process in baking.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is a multifunctional ingredient, contributing to the sensory attributes of a wide range of food products.
The EC Number 231-835-0 is associated with SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) for regulatory purposes.
SAPP-28 has been studied and approved for use in specific applications where its properties are advantageous.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) is utilized in both household and industrial settings for its versatile functions.

SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate)'s versatility and compatibility with other ingredients make it a valuable additive in various formulations.
SAPP-28 (Disodium pyrophosphate) continues to be a subject of research, exploring novel applications and improving existing processes.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: Na2H2P2O7
Molecular Weight: Approximately 221.95 g/mol
Physical Form: White crystalline powder or granules
Solubility: Soluble in water
pH Level: May contribute to the acidity or alkalinity of a solution; pH depends on concentration and specific application.
Melting Point: Decomposes before melting; typically used in processes where high temperatures are involved.
Molar mass: 221.94 g/mol
Appearance: White odorless powder
Density: 2.31 g/cm3
Melting point: >600 °C
Solubility in water: 11.9 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Refractive index (nD): 1.4645 (hexahydrate)
Hydration State: Can exist as an anhydrous form or with varying degrees of hydration, including the monohydrate.
Appearance: Colorless to white, odorless crystalline material.
Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials and heat sources.
Stability: Generally stable under normal conditions but may decompose at high temperatures.
Compatibility: Compatible with water and many other chemicals; incompatible with strong acids, bases, and reducing agents.
Odor: Typically odorless.
Toxicity: Generally considered safe for specified applications, but toxicological data should be consulted for specific information.
Biodegradability: The compound is not considered readily biodegradable.
Environmental Impact: Considered non-hazardous when used according to recommended guidelines; should not be released into the environment without proper treatment.
Corrosiveness: Generally non-corrosive to common metals under normal conditions.
Flammability: Non-flammable.
Flash Point: Not applicable (non-flammable).
Vapor Pressure: Typically low.
Viscosity: Not applicable in its usual application but can contribute to viscosity changes in certain formulations.
Reactivity: Generally stable but may react with incompatible materials or under extreme conditions.
Electrical Conductivity: Not applicable in most typical uses.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
If respiratory irritation persists, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions occur.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes gently with water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring eyelids are held open.
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide the eye doctor with information about the substance.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, rinse the mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Provide the medical personnel with information about the substance ingested.


First Aid for Fire or Explosion:

In case of fire, use suitable extinguishing agents according to the surrounding fire.
Wear appropriate protective equipment to prevent exposure.


First Aid for Accidental Release:

Evacuate the affected area, and restrict access.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) as specified in the safety data sheet.
Ventilate the area and contain the spill, following proper procedures.


Notes to Medical Personnel:

Provide medical personnel with information on the chemical, including its composition and properties.
Emphasize the importance of obtaining professional medical care for any exposure or ingestion.


Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection as recommended in the safety data sheet.
Use respiratory protection if handling SAPP-28 in an area with inadequate ventilation.


Advice to Doctor:

Treat symptomatically and supportively.
Administer treatment based on the individual reactions and symptoms observed.


General Handling Precautions:

Follow all safety guidelines, including those outlined in the safety data sheet.
Use Disodium pyrophosphate in well-ventilated areas.
Avoid direct skin and eye contact.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling Conditions:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective clothing, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or a face shield, and protective clothing, as specified in the safety data sheet.

Ventilation:
Use SAPP-28 in a well-ventilated area or under an appropriate fume hood to minimize inhalation exposure.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact and inhalation of SAPP-28 dust or vapors.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling SAPP-28.

Prevention of Ingestion:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling SAPP-28.
Avoid ingestion and minimize the risk of accidental ingestion by using proper hygiene practices.

Storage Compatibility:
Store SAPP-28 away from incompatible materials as specified in the safety data sheet.
Keep away from strong acids, bases, and incompatible substances.

Control Measures:
Implement control measures to minimize exposure, including engineering controls and safe work practices.
Use containment measures to prevent spills and leaks.

Handling Procedures:
Follow all recommended handling procedures outlined in the safety data sheet.
Use SAPP-28 only for its intended purpose and according to established procedures.

Emergency Procedures:
Be familiar with emergency procedures in case of spills, leaks, or exposure incidents.
Have appropriate emergency equipment, such as eyewash stations and safety showers, available.


Storage Conditions:

Storage Temperature:
Store SAPP-28 in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Follow temperature recommendations specified in the safety data sheet.

Storage Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials for SAPP-28 storage.
Ensure containers are tightly sealed to prevent contamination and evaporation.

Segregation:
Segregate SAPP-28 from incompatible materials as specified in the safety data sheet.
Store away from sources of ignition and heat.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with the appropriate hazard information.
Follow labeling requirements as per regulatory guidelines.

Ventilation during Storage:
Ensure adequate ventilation in storage areas to prevent the buildup of vapors.
Consider the use of local exhaust ventilation or mechanical ventilation systems.

Fire Prevention:
Store SAPP-28 away from flammable materials.
Implement fire prevention measures in accordance with local regulations.

Security Measures:
Implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access to SAPP-28 storage areas.

Regular Inspection:
Regularly inspect storage areas for signs of damage, leaks, or other issues.
Address any deficiencies promptly.



SYNONYMS


Disodium diphosphate
Sodium acid pyrophosphate
Sodium pyrophosphate
Sodium pyrophosphate dibasic
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate
Tetrasodium diphosphate
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate anhydrous
Sodium pyrophosphate tetrabasic
Anhydrous disodium pyrophosphate
Pyrophosphoric acid disodium salt
Sodium diphosphate
Tetrasodium diphosphoric acid
Tetrasodium diphosphate anhydrous
Disodium diphosphate anhydrous
Sodium pyrophosphate dibasic anhydrous
Pyrophosphoric acid, disodium salt, tetrahydrate
Sodium diphosphonate
Sodium pyrophosphate anhydrous
Tetrasodium diphosphonate
Pyrophosphoric acid sodium salt
Sodium pyrophosphate tetrabasic anhydrous
Disodium pyrophosphate anhydrous
Sodium pyrophosphate dibasic anhydrous
Tetrasodium diphosphate hydrate
Pyrophosphoric acid, sodium salt, tetrahydrate
Disodium diphosphate hydrate
Sodium pyrophosphate tetrahydrate
Pyrophosphoric acid disodium salt hydrate
Tetrasodium diphosphate decahydrate
Disodium diphosphate decahydrate
Sodium pyrophosphate tetrabasic decahydrate
Sodium diphosphate hydrate
Pyrophosphoric acid sodium salt hydrate
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate hydrate
Sodium pyrophosphate tetrabasic hydrate
Disodium diphosphonate
Tetrasodium pyrophosphonate
Pyrophosphoric acid disodium salt
Sodium diphosphoric acid
Tetrasodium diphosphate hydrate
Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate
Pyrophosphoric acid sodium salt decahydrate
Tetrasodium diphosphate decahydrate
Disodium pyrophosphate decahydrate
Sodium diphosphate decahydrate
Pyrophosphoric acid disodium salt anhydrous
Tetrasodium diphosphate anhydrous
Disodium diphosphate anhydrous
Sodium pyrophosphate dibasic hydrate
Tetrasodium diphosphate tetrahydrate
Pyrophosphoric acid sodium salt tetrahydrate
Sodium diphosphate tetrahydrate
Disodium pyrophosphate tetrahydrate
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate tetrahydrate
Pyrophosphoric acid disodium salt tetrahydrate
Sodium pyrophosphate dibasic decahydrate
Tetrasodium diphosphate dibasic decahydrate
Disodium pyrophosphate dibasic decahydrate
Sodium diphosphate dibasic decahydrate
Pyrophosphoric acid sodium salt dibasic decahydrate
SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE)
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is white powder or granule, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a leavening agent commonly used in the bakery industry to improve the rise and texture of baked goods.


CAS Number: 7758-16-9
EC Number: 231-835-0
Chemical Formula: Na2H2P2O7



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SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is the naturally present or equipment iron that generates “after cooking darkening” in potatoes.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) stabilizes the color of potatoes and prevents the iron complex from forming a dark pigment due to its strong sequestering properties.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is white powder or granule, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a leavening agent commonly used in the bakery industry to improve the rise and texture of baked goods.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white, crystalline powder that is easy to handle and blend into bakery recipes.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate)is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a widely used acidic salt, which is used in a variety of baked and fried foods.
The ROR value of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is the gas production rate, which refers to sodium bicarbonate and sodium acid pyrophosphate, in the environment of wet dough, the amount of carbon dioxide actually released at 8 minutes accounts for the proportion of the total carbon dioxide volume released by the theory.


The gas production speed of compound puffer depends on the reaction speed of acid salt and sodium bicarbonate, and the SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is fast, medium and slow according to different gas production speed.
Different products require different gas production speeds of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate).


The gas-producing rate of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a range value, not a fixed value, and is commonly expressed by ROR.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a medium-speed fermentation agent and is usually a high-demand product.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white powder.


Relative density of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is 1.86.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol.
If its aqueous solution is heated together with diluted inorganic acid, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) will be hydrolyzed into phosphoric acid.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is hydroscopic, and when absorbing humidity it will become into a product with hexa-hydrates.
If SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is heated at a temperature above 220°C, it will be decomposed into sodium meta phosphate.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white powdered solid.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white powder.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) combines with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is available in a variety of grades that affect the speed of its action.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white crystalline powder structure.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is soluble in water.
the pH value of the 1:100 aqueous solution is around 4.
The dough contains appropriate aluminum and/or calcium salts, which determine the baking reaction rate.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white powder, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.
Water solution of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is alkaline.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2H2P2O7.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) consists of sodium cations (Na+) and dihydrogen pyrophosphate anions (H2P2O2−7).
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.


When crystallized from water, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) forms a hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature.
Pyrophosphate is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations, e.g. Ca2+.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is produced by heating sodium dihydrogen phosphate:
2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white powdered, non-flammable substance that is odorless, and has a bitter taste.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), also known as disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, disodium pyrophosphate, is white crystalline powder, which has the relative density of 1.864 and can decompose into sodium metaphosphate when it is heated above 220℃.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is easily soluble in water and can form chelates with Cu2+ and Fe2+.
The aqueous solution can be hydrolyzed to phosphoric acid by heating with dilute sulfuric acid or dilute mineral acid.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an anhydrous white powdered material, which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white crystalline powder.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is Na2H2P2O7 with Chemical Formula.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a chemical derivative of phosphorus, an important element in life for all living things.


Foods, water, our body also occurs in natural.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a kind of amorphous water-soluble linear polyphosphate, which is often used in food as a water retention agent, a quality improver, a pH adjuster, and a metal chelating agent.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) reacts with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to produce carbon dioxide gas, which helps dough and batter rise and gives baked goods a light and fluffy texture.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is commonly used in the production of cakes, muffins, and other baked goods that require a light and airy texture.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also helps to improve the shelf life and freshness of baked goods by preventing the growth of microorganisms.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also used in other food products, including processed meats, to improve texture and stability.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an all-purpose leavening phosphate.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate)'s delayed gas release is especially suited to institutional and commercial baking of large batches, where extended mixing and forming times are necessary.
The slow reaction rate is stabilized by a special process.


Doughnut applications employ SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) in combination with faster reacting SAPPs.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also used in the manufacturing of baking powders, either alone or in combination with MCP.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is mainly used in Baked products, ferment powder, fermentation Speed control agent, instant noodles, biscuits, cakes and pastries, shorten fermentation time, prolong storage period.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also can improve efficiencyand quality.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is mainly used in Baked products, ferment powder, fermentation Speed control agent, instant noodles, biscuits, cakes and pastries, shorten fermentation time, prolong storage period.


Generally, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) food grade is used as an acid component in baking powder; as a chelating agent or combines with other polyphosphates to sequester magnesium and iron ions, e.g. chelate iron during the processing of potatoes to prevent a dark discoloration.
In the bakery, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a slow leavening acid and it may contain a suitable aluminum and/or calcium salt to control the rate of reaction.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used Bakery, Canned SeaFood, Potato Products, and Bakery.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used together with baking powder as a leavening agent to release carbon dioxide.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is ideal for refrigerated doughs, cakes, muffins and pancake mixes where a slow reaction rate is desired.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is often used with fast-acting leavenings such as monocalcium phosphate in double-acting baking powder or sometimes added with another slow action leavening acid, GDL.
Canned seafood uses of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate): Struvite crystal is occasionally found in canned seafood, and SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to inhibit its formation, such as in canned tuna.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the food industry.
More specially, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used for certain types of baking powder and baking creams in addition to working as a leavening agent for prepared cake and doughnut mixes.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) maintains the natural white color of cooked potatoes.
In food processing industry, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as buffering, swelling agent, chelating agent, stabilizers, emulsifier and color improver.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can as leavening agent ,Sequestrant.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used during the phosphating process of metal treatment.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a builder in acid cleaners.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) also sequesters Fe and Cu.
Through the implementation of automation, high-end and internationalization strategies, our company optimizes and adjusts the industrial structure, continuously improves product quality and efficiency, and strives to build the company into a benchmark in the sodium tripolyphosphate in dog food, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) in cat food, sodium acid pyrophosphate 450 industry.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in food mainly for its two properties.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a leavening acid which combines with baking soda to release carbon dioxide to improve the texture and volume of baked goods.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a chelating agent to chelate iron to prevent discoloration in processed potato.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used slow reacting leavening agent.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used component of baking powder and self-raising flour.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a constituent of phosphate mixes in meat processing.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a constituent of emulsifying salts for cheese manufacture.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used for use in blanching solutions for preventing after-cooking darkening of potatoes.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a general buffer and acidifying agent in foodstuffs.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used cosmetics
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as an aerator acidulants in bakery.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a fast fermentation agent, quality improver, puffer, buffer, etc. in food processing, and is often used as an acidic ingredient in synthetic puffing agents such as bread and pastries.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used bread, cakes, bread and other foods are characterized by spongy porous tissue to create a soft taste.


In order to achieve this, a sufficient amount of gas must be kept in the dough.
The water vapor produced by the heating of the air and moisture in the material mixture during baking can cause the product to produce some spongy tissue, but the amount of gas is far from enough.


The vast majority of the gas required is provided by puffing agents.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is commonly used compound puffer is a carbon dioxide gas produced by the action of sodium bicarbonate and acidic salts.
Frozen raw dough, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in biscuits and bread products uses slow acidic sodium acid pyrophosphate, which requires the release of carbon dioxide at a slower starting rate during preparation and packaging, and a large release of gas during baking.


Low gas rate means that food-grade SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) and sodium bicarbonate emit no more than 22% of the total carbon dioxide in 8 minutes.
The cake class uses medium-speed type SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate), which produces a part of the gas in the early stage and then produces a part of the gas after heating.


If the initial baking gas production is too much, the volume is rapidly puffed, at this time the cake tissue has not condensed, the finished product is prone to collapse and the organization is thicker, and the latter can not continue to puff.
The fermentation used in the buns and buns, due to the relatively hard dough, needs to produce gas slightly faster, if the condensation after the production of gas too much, the finished product will appear "flowering" phenomenon.


As a leavening agent SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is applied to roast foodstuffs to control the fermentation speed.
When applied to instant noodles, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can shorten water resetting time and avoid stickiness and mushiness of the noodles.
When applied to crackers or cakes, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may shorten fermentation time, lower the breakage, make the porous space in good order and therefore lengthen the shelf life.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) and other sodium and potassium polyphosphates are widely used in food processing; in the E number scheme, they are collectively designated as E450, with the disodium form designated as E450(a).
In the United States, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use.


In canned seafood, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting.
Retorting achieves microbial stability with heat.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an acid source for reaction with baking soda to leaven baked goods.


In baking powder, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is often labeled as food additive E450.
In cured meats, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) speeds the conversion of sodium nitrite to nitrite (NO−2) by forming the nitrous acid (HONO) intermediate, and can improve water-holding capacity.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also found in frozen hash browns and other potato products, where it is used to keep the color of the potatoes from darkening.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can leave a slightly bitter aftertaste in some products, but "the SAPP taste can be masked by using sufficient baking soda and by adding a source of calcium ions, sugar, or flavorings."


In leather treatment, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used to remove iron stains on hides during processing.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can stabilize hydrogen peroxide solutions against reduction.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used with sulfamic acid in some dairy applications for cleaning, especially to remove soapstone.


When added to scalding water, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) facilitates removal of hair and scurf in hog slaughter and feathers and scurf in poultry slaughter.
In petroleum production, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in cat foods as a palatability additive.
Disodium pyrophosphate is used as a tartar control agent in toothpastes.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is one of the popular food additives and ingredients in most countries.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) acts as a buffer, leaven, modifier, emulsifier, nutrient and canning preservative in foods, oil drilling, detergent, chemical stabiliser.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as improving agent in food industry, pH regulating agent, metal ion complex agent, emulsion, dispersing agent and adhesive agent.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is applied in the processing of meat and aquatic products in order to hold water, keep the meat fresh and tender, stabilize the natural color and prevent fat from putridity.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also used in the production of yeast powder and cheese etc.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is often used as a sequestrant, buffering agent, and raising agent in baked foods, cheese and meat products.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as an acidulant, buffering agent, and leavening agent.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) has a dough reaction rate of 24 - 28. SAPP-28 is an all-purpose phosphate commonly used in prepared mixes, commercial baking powders, and cake doughnut mixes.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is mainly used in the bakery industry at a leavening agent.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may also be blended with other phosphates and used for water retention in processed meats, and used to maintain the appearance and texture of uncooked fruits and vegetables.


Phosphates are commonly used when certain common elements, such as sodium, calcium, potassium and aluminum, are combined with phosphate ions.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is generally involved in baking products, canning seafood and preventing the darkening of potatoes.
The leavening acid, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an important component of double acting baking powder as well as self rising flour.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) reacts in stages and is desirable in baking applications for its slow action.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as buffering agent, leavening agent, sequestrant agent.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used in canned food, ham, meat,baking powder and so on.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used Rapid leavening agent, quality improver, buffer agent, chelator, stabilizer, emulsifier, color improver, etc…
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is usually used in food processing industry.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used popular leavening agent found in baking powders.


In canned seafood, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) keeps potato color from darkening.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to remove iron stains on hides during processing.


SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used to stabilize hydrogen peroxide solutions against reduction.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as a tartar control agent in toothpastes.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in cat foods as a palatability additive.


When added to scalding water, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) facilitates removal of hair and scurf in hog slaughter and feathers and scurf in poultry slaughter
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the food industry as an emulsifying agent and quality improver agent.


-Potato products uses of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) can be used to replace sulfur dioxide, sulfites and bisulfites to maintain the appearance and texture of cooked potato products.

The application of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) reduces the dark color from after-cooking darkening in cooked and processed potato products, such as in oil-blanched french fries and potato salad.


-Food uses:
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) combines with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide:

Na2H2P2O7 + NaHCO3 → Na3HP2O7 + CO2 + H2O
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is available in a variety of grades that affect the speed of its action.
Because the resulting phosphate residue has an off-taste, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is usually used in very sweet cakes which mask the off-taste.



FUNCTION OF SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in canned seafood to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting.
Retorting achieves microbial stability with heat.

In cured meats, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) speeds the conversion of sodium nitrite to nitrite (NO2-) by forming the nitrous acid (HONO) intermediate, and can improve water-holding capacity.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is also found in frozen hash browns and other potato products, where it is used to keep the color of the potatoes from darkening.



HOW IS SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE) MADE?
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a condensed phosphate, commonly synthesized by the neutralization of phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate at the ratio of 1:1 to produce monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), and then heated approximately 250°C to remove the water.
2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O



APPEARANCE OF SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is a white free-flowing crystalline powder or granular.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) would hydrolyze to sodium orthophosphate if exposed to the environment.



SOLUBILITY OF SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is soluble 10g/100ml, 20°C in water.
The PH value of 1% solution of SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is 4-4.5.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is insoluble in ethanol.



CHARACTER OF SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is white monoclinic system crystalline powder or fused mass.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) has accessibility, easily soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.



SPECIFICATIONS OF SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is manufactured and packaged by Innophos.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is certified Kosher, NAFTA, Halal, and complies with FCC requirements.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) does not contain any allergens, animal derived materials, or GMO.



CHARACTERISTICS OF SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is an anhydrous, white powder with a pH (1% solution) value of 4.1-4.5.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is soluble at 13 grams per 100 grams saturated solution at 25°C.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used in the food industry as an emulsifying agent and quality improver agent, for example, including processed meat processed seafood, processed cheeses, noodles product.

SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) is used as quality improver in the process of canned food, fruit juice drinks, foodstuffs from milk or soybeans.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may tender the meat in canned ham and soften the skin of horse bean in canned horse bean.
SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate) may also serve as a softener or densifier in foodstuff industry.



IS SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE) SAFE?
Yes, SAPP-28 (Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate)'s safety when used as a food additive has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), as well as other authorities.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
CAS Number: 68915-31-1
PubChem: 24451
EC Number: 231-835-0
Chemical Formula: Na2H2P2O7
Appearance Format: Powder
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
PH value at 20 ° C (10 g / l): 4,0 - 4,7
Melting point / Melting range: 220 ° C
Density at 20 ° C: 1.1 g / cm³
Soluble in water with solubility solubility.
Chemical formula: Na2H2P2O7

Molecular Weight: 221.94
White crystalline powder or granules
Soluble in water
Appearance: White powder or granule
Assay (Na2H2P2O7) %: ≥95
Arsenic (As) %: ≤0.0003
Lead (Pb) %: ≤0.0002
Fluoride (F) %: ≤0.001
pH (1% sol.): 3.5-4.5
Water insoluble %: ≤0.1
Loss on ignition %: ≤0.5
Chemical formula: Na2H2P2O7
Molar mass: 221.936 g·mol−1
Appearance: White odorless powder

Density: 2.31 g/cm3
Melting point: > 600 °C
Solubility in water: 11.9 g/(100 mL) (20 °C)
Refractive index (nD): 1.4645 (hexahydrate)
Hazards:
Flash point: Non-flammable
Formula: Na2H2P2O7
Molecular weight: 221.94
CAS No.: 7758-16-9
EINCS No.: 231-835-0
EEC Classification: E 450(i)
Appearance: White fine powder.
Shelf life: 24 months in original package, under dry and cool storage conditions.
Maximum stack height: 18 months in original package, under dry and cool storage conditions.



FIRST AID MEASURES of SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SAPP-28 (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


SARCOSINATE

Sarcosinate generally refers to a type of compound known as an alkyl sarcosinate or a sarcosine derivative.
The term "sarcosinate" is often associated with sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, which is a surfactant commonly used in personal care and cosmetic products.

CAS Number: 137-16-6
EC Number: 205-290-4

Lauroyl sarcosine sodium salt, Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate, Sarcosinate, N-Lauroyl sarcosine sodium, Sodium dodecanoylsarcosinate, Lauroylsarcosinate sodium, N-Dodecanoylsarcosine sodium salt, Sodium lauroyl amino acid, Sarcosinate, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Laurilsarkosinat sodium, N-Lauroyl sarcosine sodium, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Laurylsarcosinate sodium, Sarcosinate, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Laurilsarkosinat sodium, N-Lauroyl sarcosine sodium, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, N-Lauroyl sarcosine sodium salt, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, Sodium N-lauroylsarkosinat, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Laurylsarcosinate sodium, Sarcosinate, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Laurilsarkosinat sodium, N-Lauroyl sarcosine sodium, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Sarcosinate, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Laurylsarcosinate sodium, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Laurilsarkosinat sodium, N-Lauroyl sarcosine sodium, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, Sodium N-lauroylsarkosinat, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Laurylsarcosinate sodium, Sarcosinate, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Laurilsarkosinat sodium, N-Lauroyl sarcosine sodium, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Sarcosinate, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Laurylsarcosinate sodium, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl, Laurilsarkosinat sodium, N-Lauroyl sarcosine sodium, Sodium sarcosinate of lauric acid, Sodium sarcosinate lauryl



APPLICATIONS


Sarcosinate finds application in facial cleansers, effectively removing dirt and impurities.
Sarcosinate is utilized in shampoos, providing a rich lather for thorough hair cleansing.

Sarcosinate acts as a mild surfactant in baby shampoos, ensuring a gentle cleaning experience.
Sarcosinate is employed in toothpaste formulations for its foaming and cleaning properties.
Sarcosinate contributes to the formulation of mild and gentle body washes.

Sarcosinate is incorporated into skincare products for its emulsifying and stabilizing effects.
Sarcosinate serves as a key ingredient in facial cleansers, promoting a luxurious texture.
Sarcosinate is used in hair care formulations to enhance texture and manageability.

Sarcosinate contributes to the viscosity and texture of various personal care items.
Sarcosinate is applied in liquid soaps and shower gels for effective cleansing.
Sarcosinate is found in sulfate-free shampoos, providing a mild yet effective cleansing experience.
Sarcosinate is utilized in bubble baths for its foaming properties and mildness.

Sarcosinate is incorporated into facial scrubs for its gentle exfoliating effects.
Sarcosinate is included in antiperspirant formulations for its skin-friendly properties.
Sarcosinate enhances the texture of shaving creams, ensuring a smooth application.

Sarcosinate is used in micellar water formulations for its effective makeup removal.
Sarcosinate is employed in sulfate-free body washes for a gentle cleansing experience.
Sarcosinate is added to hand sanitizers for its antimicrobial properties.

Sarcosinate contributes to the stability of emulsions in various cosmetic products.
Sarcosinate is used in sunscreens for its emulsifying and dispersing capabilities.
Sarcosinate is found in facial masks, contributing to their spreadability.
Sarcosinate is used in exfoliating scrubs, promoting a smoother skin texture.

Sarcosinate is employed in sulfate-free formulations, meeting the demand for milder products.
Sarcosinate enhances the performance of sulfate-free shampoos, ensuring effective cleansing.
Sarcosinate is included in mild makeup removers, catering to sensitive skin.

Sarcosinate is utilized in hand soaps, contributing to a rich lather and effective cleansing.
Sarcosinate is added to facial cleansers, providing a gentle yet thorough makeup removal.
Sarcosinate finds application in acne treatment formulations due to its mild and non-irritating nature.
Sarcosinate is incorporated into exfoliating scrubs, promoting the removal of dead skin cells.
Sarcosinate is used in intimate wash products for its gentle cleansing properties.

Sarcosinate is added to baby wipes, ensuring a mild and soothing experience for delicate skin.
Sarcosinate is found in bath gels, contributing to a luxurious and foamy lather.

Sarcosinate is used in sensitive skin formulations, such as hypoallergenic cleansers and lotions.
Sarcosinate is employed in antifungal foot creams for its cleansing and refreshing effects.
Sarcosinate is included in facial toners to enhance the removal of residual impurities.

Sarcosinate contributes to the formulation of sulfate-free body scrubs, ensuring gentle exfoliation.
Sarcosinate is utilized in mild makeup removers, catering to individuals with sensitive eyes and skin.

Sarcosinate is added to shower gels for its ability to create a creamy and luxurious lather.
Sarcosinate is employed in foaming cleansers, providing a refreshing and invigorating experience.
Sarcosinate finds application in facial peels, contributing to the removal of dead skin cells and promoting a brighter complexion.

Sarcosinate is used in gentle exfoliating masks, suitable for regular use on various skin types.
Sarcosinate is incorporated into male grooming products, such as beard washes and shaving creams.
Sarcosinate is added to exfoliating body washes, promoting smoother and softer skin.

Sarcosinate is found in intimate hygiene products, ensuring a mild and pH-balanced cleansing experience.
Sarcosinate is used in sulfate-free facial cleansers, meeting the demand for mild and effective formulations.
Sarcosinate contributes to the formulation of sulfate-free hair conditioners, promoting manageability and shine.

Sarcosinate is utilized in deodorant formulations, providing mild antimicrobial properties.
Sarcosinate is added to clarifying shampoos, assisting in the removal of product buildup and impurities.
Sarcosinate is employed in micellar cleansing waters, ensuring effective makeup removal with a gentle touch.
Sarcosinate is included in facial serums for its ability to enhance the penetration of active ingredients.

Sarcosinate is utilized in natural and organic formulations for its mild and skin-friendly properties.
Sarcosinate is added to mild facial scrubs, providing effective exfoliation without irritation.

Sarcosinate is found in gentle foaming cleansers, ensuring a comfortable cleansing experience.
Sarcosinate is incorporated into pre-shave products, contributing to a smooth and irritation-free shave.

Sarcosinate is used in bath bombs for its foaming action, creating an enjoyable bath experience.
Sarcosinate finds application in micellar foams, offering a convenient and gentle makeup removal solution.
Sarcosinate is included in sulfate-free hair masks, promoting hydration and manageability.

Sarcosinate is utilized in natural deodorant formulations for its mild cleansing and odor-neutralizing properties.
Sarcosinate is added to hypoallergenic hand sanitizers, ensuring effective and safe hand hygiene.

Sarcosinate is incorporated into exfoliating foot scrubs, promoting soft and smooth feet.
Sarcosinate contributes to the formulation of mild baby shampoos, catering to delicate infant hair and skin.
Sarcosinate is employed in sulfate-free body washes for individuals with skin sensitivities and allergies.

Sarcosinate is added to sulfate-free toothpaste formulations, promoting a gentle yet effective cleaning of the teeth.
Sarcosinate is utilized in natural makeup setting sprays, offering a refreshing and mild setting experience.
Sarcosinate is included in sulfate-free hand washes, ensuring a mild and nourishing cleansing experience.
Sarcosinate is found in sulfate-free hair styling products, providing a mild hold and natural feel to the hair.

Sarcosinate contributes to the formulation of sulfate-free hair color shampoos, ensuring color protection without harsh cleansing.
Sarcosinate is used in sulfate-free leave-in conditioners, promoting detangling and softness.
Sarcosinate is added to mild facial masks, contributing to a relaxing and pampering skincare routine.

Sarcosinate is employed in sulfate-free pet shampoos, ensuring a gentle yet effective cleaning experience for pets.
Sarcosinate is included in sulfate-free foaming body cleansers, providing a luxurious and mild lather.

Sarcosinate is found in sulfate-free intimate washes, catering to sensitive areas with a mild and pH-balanced cleansing.
Sarcosinate is utilized in sulfate-free bubble baths, ensuring a mild and enjoyable bathing experience.
Sarcosinate contributes to the formulation of sulfate-free facial mists, offering a refreshing and hydrating spritz.
Sarcosinate is added to sulfate-free hair volumizing products, providing lift and body without compromising on mildness.



DESCRIPTION


Sarcosinate generally refers to a type of compound known as an alkyl sarcosinate or a sarcosine derivative.
The term "sarcosinate" is often associated with sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, which is a surfactant commonly used in personal care and cosmetic products.

Sarcosinate is a water-soluble surfactant widely used in personal care products.
Sarcosinate is known for its excellent foaming properties in shampoos and cleansers.
Sarcosinate is an anionic surfactant derived from sarcosine and lauric acid.

Sarcosinate is valued for its mildness, making it suitable for sensitive skin formulations.
Sarcosinate is often employed as a key ingredient in mild and gentle facial cleansers.
Sarcosinate acts as an emulsifying agent in cosmetic formulations, promoting stability.

Sarcosinate is utilized in toothpaste formulations for its foaming and cleaning properties.
Sarcosinate is known for its ability to enhance the texture and feel of hair care products.
Sarcosinate contributes to the viscosity and texture of various personal care items.
Sarcosinate is used in body washes and shower gels for its cleansing efficacy.

Sarcosinate is a versatile ingredient in skincare, providing a luxurious feel to formulations.
Sarcosinate is commonly found in baby shampoos due to its mild and gentle nature.

Sarcosinate is often chosen for its compatibility with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients.
Sarcosinate is employed in facial cleansers for its effective removal of impurities.

Sarcosinate enhances the spreadability of skincare products, ensuring even application.
Sarcosinate is known to improve the lathering properties of cleansing products.
Sarcosinate is included in many sulfate-free formulations for its mildness.

Sarcosinate is a preferred ingredient in mild and hypoallergenic body washes.
Sarcosinate is valued for its stability in formulations with a wide pH range.

Sarcosinate is often chosen for its contribution to the overall sensory experience in personal care.
Sarcosinate is a popular choice in sulfate-free shampoos for its gentle cleansing.
Sarcosinate imparts a smooth and creamy texture to cosmetic products.

Sarcosinate is compatible with various cosmetic actives, making it a versatile ingredient.
Sarcosinate contributes to the improvement of lather in foaming formulations.
Sarcosinate is known for its mildness, making it suitable for daily skincare routines.



PROPERTIES


Melting point: 46 °C
Density: 1.033 g/mL at 20 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.02 hPa (20 °C)
RTECS: MC0598960
Flash point: 267℃
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility: H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: Powder
Specific Gravity: 1.03 (20/4℃)
Color: White
Odor: at 100.00?%. bland
PH: 7.0-9.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water (293 g/L).
Sensitive: Hygroscopic



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
Allow the person to rest in a comfortable position.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, immediately remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected skin area gently with plenty of water and mild soap.
If irritation persists, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, rinse eyes thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.


Ingestion:

If ingested accidentally and the person is conscious, rinse the mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center.


Note:

Always read and follow the safety instructions and handling guidelines provided by the product's Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
If symptoms persist or if there is uncertainty about the severity of the exposure, seek medical advice promptly.
Keep the product container or label with you when seeking medical attention, providing important information about the product.


Preventive Measures:

Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles when handling concentrated forms of the substance.
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Follow good hygiene practices, including washing hands thoroughly after handling the product.
Store the product in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials and heat sources.


Emergency Contacts:

Know the emergency contact numbers for poison control centers or relevant medical authorities in your region.
Provide emergency responders with detailed information about the product, including its composition, if available.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and safety goggles, to prevent skin and eye contact.
Use protective clothing as needed to minimize skin exposure.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Use local exhaust ventilation or wear respiratory protection if needed.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination of the product by using clean utensils and equipment.
Avoid contact with incompatible materials, and follow good hygiene practices.

Spill Response:
In case of spills, use appropriate absorbent materials to contain and clean up the spill.
Dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations.

Handling Precautions:
Follow established procedures for safe handling and use of the product.
Avoid creating dust during handling; if dust is generated, use appropriate respiratory protection.

Training:
Ensure that personnel handling the product are adequately trained on the potential hazards and safe handling practices.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store Lauroyl sarcosine sodium salt in a cool, dry place.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and exposure to moisture.

Temperature Control:
Store the product at temperatures recommended by the supplier to maintain stability.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures, as this may affect the product's performance.

Incompatible Materials:
Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.
Maintain separation from materials that may react with or degrade the product.

Container Compatibility:
Use containers made of materials compatible with Lauroyl sarcosine sodium salt.
Check for any signs of container deterioration or leaks regularly.

Labeling:
Ensure that storage containers are labeled with the product name, composition, and hazard information.
Keep safety data sheets readily accessible to personnel handling the product.

Security Measures:
Implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access to the storage area.

Prevention of Cross-Contamination:
Store Lauroyl sarcosine sodium salt away from other chemicals to prevent cross-contamination.

Fire Prevention:
Keep the product away from potential ignition sources.
Comply with local fire regulations and store away from flammable materials.
SARCOSINE ( Methylglycine)
oleoyl sarcosine; (Z)-N-methyl-N-(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl) glycine; nikkol sarcosinate OH; oleyl sarcosine cas no:110-25-8 
SARCOSYL
Sarcosyl is an anionic surfactant with an ability to denature proteins.
Due to Sarcosyl's microbicidal property, N-lauroylsarcosine is being considered as a potent anti-microbicide in topical formulations, especially against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (INCI), also known as sarcosyl, is an anionic surfactant derived from sarcosine used as a foaming and cleansing agent in shampoo, shaving foam, toothpaste, and foam wash products.

CAS: 137-16-6
MF: C15H28NO3.Na
MW: 293.38
EINECS: 205-281-5

Synonyms
n-methyl-n-(1-oxododecyl)glycine sodium salt;N-LAURYL SARCOSINE, SODIUM SALT;N-LAUROYLSARCOSINE NA-SALT;N-LAUROYLSARCOSINE SODIUM SALT;N-LAUROYLSARCOSINE SODIUM SALT HYDRATE;GARDOL;LAUROYLSARCOSINE, SODIUM SALT;N-Methylglycinol;137-16-6;Sodium lauroylsarcosinate;N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt;Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate;Sarkosyl NL;Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate;Sarkosyl;Gardol;Medialan LL-99;Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt;Glycine, N-methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt;Sarcosyl NL;Sarcosyl;Maprosyl 30;Compound 105;Hamposyl L-30;Sarcosyl NL 30;Sarkosyl NL 30;Sarkosyl NL 35;Sarkosyl NL 97;Sarkosyl NL 100;Sodium lauroylsarcosine;MFCD00042728;Sodium N-dodecanoyl-N-methylglycinate;Sodium N-lauroylsarcosine;N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium;N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium salt;N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine sodium salt;Lauroylsarcosine (sodium);DTXSID0027066;N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine, sodium salt;sodium [dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate;Glycine, N-methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt (1:1);632GS99618;Sodium N-Dodecanoylsarcosinate;N-Dodecanoylsarcosine Sodium Salt;Caswell No. 778B;Lauroylsarcosine (sodium salt);NSC-117874;sodium lauroyl sarcosine;SODIUM N-LAUROYL SARCOSINATE;EINECS 205-281-5;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000174;NSC 117874;n-lauryl sarcosine sodium salt;UNII-632GS99618;sodium 2-(N-methyldodecanamido)acetate;starbld0009501;GARDOL [MI];MEDIALAN LL-33;EC 205-281-5;N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine, sodium salt;SCHEMBL23451;Lauroylsarcosine, Sodium Salt;DTXCID907066;N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine sodium salt (1:1);CHEMBL1903482;KSAVQLQVUXSOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-M;Tox21_202996;AKOS015901704;SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE [II];NCGC00164323-01;NCGC00260541-01;SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE [INCI];AS-81025;CAS-137-16-6;SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE [VANDF];sodium;2-[dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate;HY-125920;SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE [USP-RS];CS-0103267;FT-0631797;L0019;NS00078145;S0597;E81236;A93451;Q309660;W-108241

Sarcosyl is amphiphilic due to the hydrophobic 12-carbon chain (lauroyl) and the hydrophilic carboxylate.
Since the nitrogen atom is in an amide linkage, the nitrogen is not pH active and is neutrally charged in all aqueous solutions regardless of pH.
The carboxylate has a pKa of about 3.6 and is therefore negatively charged in solutions of pH greater than about 5.5.
pH-sensitive vesicles can be prepared using this surfactant with another cationic or water-insoluble amphiphiles such as 1-decanol.
Addition of an mixture of equal parts of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and the non-ionic surfactant sorbitan monolaurate (S20) to a buffered water:ethanol solution led to the formation of micelle-like aggregates, even though neither surfactant formed micelles when present alone.
Such aggregates can help carry other small molecules, such as drugs, through the skin.

Sarcosyl, like sodium lauryl sulfate, is a cleansing and foaming agent, but that is where the similarities end.
Derived from sarcosine, an amino acid that occurs naturally in the body, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate is frequently heralded for being a thorough cleanser but also for being gentle.
Sarcosyl works by attracting excess oil and dirt, then carefully removing the grime from the hair by emulsifying it so it rinses easily away with water.
In addition to cleaning the hair, regular use of a shampoo with Sarcosyl has also been shown to improve the appearance of the hair (especially locks that are damaged) by boosting shine and body.

Sarcosyl is a synthetic or plant-derived surfactant (cleansing agent) that also works as an emulsifier, which is a type of ingredient that keeps unlike substances from separating.
Sarcosyl is most often used in face and body cleansers and shampoos but is sometimes also used in leave-on products.
In cleansing formulas, Sarcosyl can contribute to a foaming effect.
This safe, amino acid-based surfactant works well with various glycols, silicones, solvents, and phosphate esters, making it very versatile to formulate with.
Offers excellent chemical stability and is known to be gentle on skin.
Sarcosyl is a common source of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate in cosmetic products.
Safety assessments have confirmed that this ingredient is non-irritating and non-sensitising when applied to human skin in amounts up to 15% in rinse-off and 5% in leave-on products.
Sarcosyl is approved for use in cosmetics.

Sarcosyl is mild, biodegradable anionic surfactants derived from fatty acids and sarcosine (amino acid).
These compounds features lather building and resistance to sebum delathering in cleaners, polymers, industrial chemicals, petroleum and lubricant products.
Sarcosyl is often seen in shampoos, bath, cleansing and shaving products as a foaming agent, surfactant, and hair conditioning agent.
Sarcosyl has the ability to enhance the appearance and feel of hair by improving body, suppleness and sheen, especially in hair that is chemically damaged.
Sarcosyl also serves to clean skin and hair by mixing with oil and dirt and enabling them to be rinsed away.
As a modified fatty acid, Sarcosyl is thought to be more soluble, and have increased crystallinity and acidity compared to its original fatty acid composition.
Sarcosyl can reduce the irritation caused by the residue of traditional surfactants on the skin with it's good compatibility properties.
As Sarcosyl has good biodegrability, it is in accordance with the requirement of environmental protection.

Sarcosyl has mild refatting properties that helps to bring softeness and moisture to the skin.
Sarcosyl is especially useful in haircare products where it aids volume and helps smooth the hair folicle surface.
Sarcosyl has some anti-static properties which further enchance its usefullness in haircare products.
Sarcosyl is a cleansing agent that is widely used in products like shampoos, toothpastes and other wash products.
Sarcosyl produces a generous amount of foam that makes the application and feel of the products much better.
In its raw form, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate can be either powder or liquid that is mild in nature.
Sarcosyl is basically the salt of lauryl sarcosinate.
The chemical formula of Sarcosyl is C15H28NNaO3.

Sarcosyl is a surfactant that is used in water treatment, wastewater treatment, and as a detergent.
Sarcosyl is also used as an analytical tool for the titration calorimetry of sodium salts.
Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate is a sodium salt that belongs to the group of sodium salts.
Sarcosyl has been shown to have biological properties such as permeability through human serum and biodegradability.
The salt form of Sarcosyl has an electrochemical impedance spectrum which can be used to identify it.

Sarcosyl is a mild, biodegradable anionic surfactant derived from fatty acids and sarcosine (amino acid).
Sarcosyl feature lather building and resistance to sebum delathering in cleaners, polymers, industrial chemicals, petroleum and lubricant products.
Sarcosyl can be used as a foaming and cleansing agent for shampoo, shaving foams, and foam washes.
Sarcosyl is also used as a corrosion inhibitor and in formulating textile treatment agents.

Sarcosyl Chemical Properties
Melting point: 46 °C
Density: 1.033 g/mL at 20 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.02 hPa (20 °C)
RTECS: MC0598960
Fp: 267℃
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility: H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: Powder
Specific Gravity: 1.03 (20/4℃)
Color: White
Odor: at 100.00?%. bland
PH: 7.0-9.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water (293 g/L).
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.2
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.06
Merck: 14,4368
BRN: 5322974
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 0.37
CAS DataBase Reference: 137-16-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Sarcosyl (137-16-6)

Uses
Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (INCI), also known as sarkosyl, is a white powder derived from sarcosine, which make it is fate-free and biodegradable.
Sarcosyl is amphiphilic due to the hydrophobic 12-carbon chain (lauroyl) and the hydrophilic carboxylate.
Sarcosyl is personal care products as well as in household and industrial applications, and it is used as a co-surfactant in cleanser formulations such as shampoos and body washes.
Sarcosyl can also be used in oral care applications such as toothpastes and incorporated into syndet and combo bars.
The typical usage levels range from 1-5% on an active basis.

Sarcosyl is mild, biodegradable anionic surfactants derived from sarcosine used as a foaming and cleansing agent in shampoo, shaving foam, toothpaste, and foam wash products.
The surfactant is amphiphilic due to the hydrophobic 12-carbon chain (lauroyl) and the hydrophilic carboxylate.
Sarcosyl is a high foam, eco-friendly surfactant.
Sarcosyl has good chlorine stability with anti-corrosion properties.
This surfactant has excellent ocular tolerance and gentleness.

Sarcosyl is often seen in shampoos, bath, cleansing and shaving products as a foaming agent, surfactant, and hair conditioning agent.
Sarcosyl has the ability to enhance the appearance and feel of hair by improving body, suppleness and sheen, especially in hair that is chemically damaged.
Sarcosyl also serves to clean skin and hair by mixing with oil and dirt and enabling them to be rinsed away.
As a modified fatty acid, Sarcosyl is thought to be more soluble, and have increased crystallinity and acidity compared to its original fatty acid composition.

Sarcosyl is used for solubilization and separation of membrane proteins and glycoprotein's; reported to inhibit hexokinase.
Sarcosyl is useful in concentrated salt solutions used in the cell lysis step during RNA purification (helps avoid excessive foaming).
Sarcosyl has been used to indicate paramagnetic anisotropy sign change in micelle mesophage.
Inhibits bacterial flora of human saliva/gut at 0.25% as well as acting as a fungi static agent in aqueous dispersion (1%).

Suitable for
-solubilization and separation of membrane proteins
-lysis of cells during the isolation of RNA
-inhibition of hexokinase

Biochem/physiol Actions
Sarcosyl is an anionic surfactant which also has protein denaturant potency.
In addition, Sarcosyl has been shown as a microbicide for sexually transmitted diseases.

Sarcosyl is primarily a purifying and cleansing agent that can be found in a variety of personal care products such as face cleansers, shampoos and scrubs.

Hair care: Sarcosyl has the ability to clean and condition the hair while producing a good amount of foam that makes cleaning easier.
Sarcosyl is also mild on the scalp so it does not damage it.

Skin care: In skin care products, Sarcosyl is added because of its excellent cleansing properties.
This ingredient leaves the skin clean, smooth and supple while also improving the texture of the surface.
Sardunya Yağı
GERANIUM OIL; geranium oil; pelargonium graveolens stem leaf oil; essential oil obtained from the stems of the plant, bourbon geranium, pelargonium graveolens l., geraniaceae; CAS NO:8000-46-2
SARIMSAK AROMASI
garlic flavor; garlic flavor natural; black garlic flavor; roasted garlic flavor; fire roasted garlic flavor; herb garlic flavor; smoked garlic flavor
Sarımsak Ekstraktı
Allium Sativum Bulb Extract ;extract of the bulb of the garlic, allium sativum l., liliaceae; allium pekinense bulb extract; extract of the bulb of the garlic, allium sativum l., liliaceae; garlic extract cas no:8008-99-9
Sarımsak Yağı
GARLIC OIL ; garlic oil; allium sativum bulb oil; garlic oil; allium sativum bulb oil CAS NO:8000-78-0
SARKOSYL
CAS Number: 137-16-6
EC-Number : 205-281-5
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)10CON(CH3)CH2COONa / C15H28NNaO3



APPLICATIONS


Addition of an mixture of equal parts of Sarkosyl and the non-ionic surfactant sorbitan monolaurate (S20) to water led to the formation of micelle-like aggregates, even though neither surfactant formed micelles when present alone.
Such aggregates can help carry other small molecules, such as drugs, through the skin.
Sarkosyl is a detergent that is structurally related to SDS, except that Sarkosyl has an additional polar and rigid peptide bondlinkage within the hydrophobic backbone.

Sarkosyl, a mild, biodegradable anionic surfactant (N-lauroyl-sarcosine) derived from fatty acids and sarcosine, is used in preparing solubilised fractions of biological materials.

Sarkosyl is produced basing on biomimetics, which are raw materials imitating naturally occurring chemical compounds and fatty acids (raw materials of plant origin).
Furthermore, Sarkosyl is provided as an aqueous solution with the active substance content of approx. 30%.
Sarkosyl, A mild, biodegradable cleansing agent that is also a very good team-player next to other cleaning agents.

Sarkosyl is known for its good foam-boosing abilities while improving the mildness of the formula.
Moreover,Sarkosyl belongs to anionic surfactant of amino acid category.
Sarkosyl is an ionic surfactant useful in a wide range of solubilization and permeation applications from solubilization of membrane proteins to enhancement of skin permeability in transdermal applications.


Uses of Sarkosyl:

Sarkosyl is an anionic detergent used for cell lysis during the extraction of RNA
Furthermore, Sarkosyl is also suitable for the solubilization of membrane protein

Sarkosyl is an ionic detergent that is reportedly an inhibitor of hexokinase.
Moreover, Sarkosyl solution is used as a 10% Sterile Solution for cell lysis in RNA purification protocols and membrane solubilization.
Sarkosyl is used as a detergent, foaming agent, and antienzyme for dentifrices.

Sarkosyl is permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products.
These surfactants have good foaming properties, also at a higher pH range.

Amino-acid surfactants such as Sarkosyl have good tolerance to highly alkaline environment and may be used as aids in foam formation, evenat high pH values that in case of other surfactants decrease foaming efficiency.
Sarkosyl is an ionic surfactant derived from sarcosine, used as a foaming and cleansing agent in shampoo, shaving foam andfoam wash products.

In molecular biology experiments, sarkosyl is used to inhibit the initiation of DNA transcription.
Sarkosyl is widely used in various industries (cosmetics, detergents, household and industrial cleaning, agro-chemicals,textiles processing).

The recommendations for use range from 1% to 5% depending on the cosmetic, but Sarkosyl can go up to 40%.
Sarkosyl is a cleanser and foaming agent that helps with the effectiveness and feel of our toothpaste.

Sarkosyl is very mild, but it is also very effective.
Furthermore, Sarkosyl is an anionic surfactant derived from sarcosine used as a foaming and cleansing agent in shampoo, shaving foam,toothpaste, and foam wash products.

This surfactant, Sarkosyl, is amphiphilic due to the hydrophobic 12-carbon chain (lauroyl) and the hydrophilic carboxylate.
Since the nitrogen atom is in an amide linkage, the nitrogen is not pH active and is neutrally charged in all aqueous solutionsregardless of pH.
Sarkosyl has a pKa of about 3.6 and is therefore negatively charged in solutions of pH greater than about 5.5.
pH-sensitive vesicles can be prepared using this surfactant with another cationic or water-insoluble amphiphiles such as 1-decanol.

Sarkosyl is quite mild with superior foaming capacity, and its skin feeling is mild, smooth and comfortable.
More to that, Sarkosyl, Sulfate-free anionic surfactant, providing dense lather and aiding foam stability.
Sarkosyl Can be used in clear formulations and is stable over a wide pH range. Ideal co-surfactant.

Foam stability is better in the weakly acid than in the alkaline pH range.
Sarkosyl is excellent foaming power in electrolyte-containing solutions.

Sarkosyl is soluble in water in any ratio and forms clear solutions.
Moreover, Sarkosyl is the salt of lauroyl sarcosine (produced by the breakdown of creatine or caffeine), a modified fatty acid.

Sarkosyl is very mild, but also very effective.
What’s more, FDA approved as an indirect food additive, and CIR approved when used in rinse-off products, or in leave-onproducts at concentrations of 5% or less.
Such rigidity added to the N-terminus of the hydrophobic chain could lead to a decrease in Sarkosyl's ability to be insertedfreely into hydrophobic membrane bilayers and proteins.

This could explain why Sarkosyl is milder than SDS in its ability to denature and disrupt membrane and protein structures.
Because of a similar difference in side-chain structure, the bile acid detergent CHAPS is rendered milder than the strongly denaturing sodium cholate, which inactivates integral membrane proteins, such as the serotonin 1A receptor.

Sarkosyl is mild, biodegradable anionic surfactants derived from fatty acids and sarcosine (amino acid).
These compounds features lather building and resistance to sebum delathering in cleaners, polymers, industrial chemicals,petroleum and lubricant products.

As Sarkosyl has good biodegrability, it is in accordance with the requirement of environmental protection.
Sarkosyl is an anionic surfactant from the group of amino-acid surfactants with.


Some advantages of Sarkosyl:

Anionic surfactant very gentle for skin,
Very good foaming properties,
Reduces the irritant effect of other surfactants on skin,
Excellent cleaning properties,
Provides Provides the skin long-term comfort and softness sensation,
Due to high absorbtion on the surface of hair, reduction of static electricity and binding, provides the hair soft and silky sensation,
It is easily biodegradable,
Based on renewable raw materials of plant-origin,
Contains no preservatives,
May be used in the presence of oxidizing agents.


Other uses of Sarkosyl:

Sarkosyl is an ionic detergent used to denature proteins in hybridization, nucleic acid purification, and electrophoresis.
Further, Sarkosyl is used in concentrated salt solutions as a detergent because SDS is insoluble in concentrated salt solutions.
Sarkosyl (Anionic) used to solubilise proteins.

Hydrophobic membrane proteins are suited to more non ionic detergents.
Sarkosyl is used mild baby shampoo, facial cleansers, liquid soaps, shaving product or toothpaste.

Sarkosyl is an anionic surfactant derived from sarcosine used as a foaming and cleansing agent in shampoo, shaving foam,toothpaste, and foam wash products.

Cosmetic Uses of Sarkosyl:

antistatic agents, cleansing agents, foaming agents, hair conditioning, skin conditioning,surfactants, surfactant - emulsifying, and viscosity controlling agents.
Sarkosyl is used shampoos, especially very mild baby shampoos, body washing liquids, shower gels, bath lotion, bubblebaths,
gentle liquid soaps, materials for face cleaning and care, toothpastes, shaving foams, household and industrial cleaningproduct, and glass cleaning concentrates.

Sarkosyl is used as anionic surfactant, especially resistant to chlorine.
More to that, Sarkosyl is used as a secondary surfactant in cosmetics-detergent due to its foam-increasing feature.

Sarkosyl is used in consistent bleach (2-5%), detergent and cosmetics (3-10%), baby shampoo (3-8%).
Moreover, Sarkosyl can reduce the irritation caused by the residue of traditional surfactants on the skin with it's good compatibilityproperties.
Sarkosyl and sodium lauroyl sarcosinate are surfactants used as ingredients in shampoos, baby and face cleansers, bathlotions and toothpastes.

Sarkosyl is used in household and professional detergents for hard surface cleaning, in particular for car cleaning, too.
For the manufacture of hair shampoos and body cleansing products Sarkosyl is often best combined as mild Co-surfactantwith alkyl ether sulphates.
Sarkosyl can be combined with other anionic surfactants commonly used in cosmetics and improves skin compatibility.

Sarkosyl is often seen in shampoos, bath, cleansing and shaving products as a foaming agent, surfactant, and hairconditioning agent.
More to that, Sarkosyl has the ability to enhance the appearance and feel of hair by improving body, suppleness and sheen, especially inhair that is chemically damaged.
Sarkosyl also serves to clean skin and hair by mixing with oil and dirt and enabling them to be rinsed away.

As a modified fatty acid, Sarkosyl is thought to be more soluble, and have increased crystallinity and acidity compared to its original fatty acid composition.
Sarkosyl is an anionic specialty surfactant.

Sarkosyl is particularly mild, and is suitable for sensitive skin and sensitive areas.
Further to that, Sarkosyl improves foam and thickening properties of formulations.
Sarkosyl is Suitable for shampoos, foam baths, shower gels, syndet bars, detergents, creamy shower products, and babyproducts.


Functions of Sarkosyl:
Sarkosyl is often seen in shampoos, bath, cleansing and shaving products as a foaming agent, surfactant, and hairconditioning agent.
Further, Sarkosyl has the ability to enhance the appearance and feel of hair by improving body, suppleness and sheen, especially inhair that is chemically damaged.

Sarkosyl also serves to clean skin and hair by mixing with oil and dirt and enabling them to be rinsed away.
As a modified fatty acid, Sarkosyl is thought to be more soluble, and have increased crystallinity and acidity compared to its original fatty acid composition.

Antistatic:
Sarkosyl reduces static electricity by neutralizing the electrical charge on a surface.

Cleaning agent:
Sarkosyl helps to keep a surface clean.

Emulsifying agent:
Sarkosyl promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil).

Foaming agent:
Sarkosyl captures small bubbles of air or other gases in a small volume of liquid by changing the surfacetension of the liquid.

Hair conditioner:
Sarkosyl leaves hair easy to comb, supple, soft and shiny and/or gives volume, lightness and shine.

Skin conditioning agent:
Sarkosyl keeps the skin in good condition.

Surfactant:
Sarkosyl reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the even distribution of the productduring use.

Viscosity control agent:
Sarkosyl increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics.

Other uses of Sarkosyl:

Sarkosyl is a powerful anionic surfactant that confers mild detergency, excellent foaming and lathering characteristics.
Moreover, Sarkosyl displays synergy with other detergents.
Sarkosyl is wetting agent.

Sarkosyl is enzyme inhibitor in oral care.
Further, Sarkosyl is corrosion inhibitor.
Sarkosyl, a powerful yet mild anionic surfactant produced from a natural fatty acid and the amino acid sarcosine, is supplied as thesodium salt at 30% activity.



DESCRIPTION


Sarkosyl is an anionic detergent used for cell lysis during the extraction of RNA.
Further, Sarkosyl is also suitable for the solubilization of membrane protein.

Sarkosyl, also known as Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, is a surfactant derived from vegetable fatty acids and Sarcosine (naturalamines, an amino acid found naturally in the body).
Furthermore, Sarkosyl is often used as a secondary surfactant to increase and improve lather in body gels, but Sarkosyl also has greatbenefits in shampoos or conditioners as Sarkosyl is antistatic and improves hair flexibility.
Sarkosyl is a mild yet powerful hypoallergenic, non-irritating surfactant with excellent synergistic effect with othersurfactants and exceptional creamy foaming properties.

Sarkosyl was sold as a special ingredient called "Gardol" in Colgate "Dental Cream", as toothpaste was then called, during the 1950s through the mid-1960s in the US and the mid-1970s in France.
Moreover, Sarkosyl's current use as a preventive dentifrice is in Arm & Hammer Baking Soda Toothpaste, a Church & Dwight product,where Sarkosyl is used as a surfactant.

Sarkosyl Reduces irritation and offers moisture.
More to that, Sarkosyl is Suitable Vegan, its origin is vegetable and it is Biodegradable.
Sarkosyl is derived from sarcosine, a natural amino acid found in the human body and just about every type of biologicalmaterial from animals to plants.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Weight: 293.38
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: characteristic
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: ca.8 at 30 g/l at 20 °C
Melting point/freezing point
Melting point: 146 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 350 - 410 °C at 1.013 hPa -
Flash point: 267 °C
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0,02 hPa at 20 °C
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: at 20 °C soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical formula: C15H28NNaO3
Molar mass: 293.383 g·mol−1
Melting point: 140 °C (284 °F; 413 K)
Assay Percent Range: ≥95 %
Color: White
Molecular Formula: C15H28NNaO3
Linear Formula: NaO2CCH2N(CH3)CO(CH2)10CH3
Melting Point: 45°C
pH: 7.5 to 8.5
Quantity: 500g
Merck Index: 15, 4401
pH: 7-9 (10% solution in water)
Solubility: ≥ 10% (in water at 20°C)
Absorbance of a 1% solution in water
260 nm: < 0.08
280 nm: < 0.06
340 nm: < 0.04



FIRST AID


If inhaled

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

If breathing stops:
Mouth-to-mouth breathing or artificial respiration.
Oxygen if necessary.
Immediately call in physician.

In case of skin contact

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

In case of eye contact

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Ensure all equipment is electrically grounded before beginning transfer operations.
Work under hood.
Do not inhale Sarkosyl.
Avoid generation of vapours/aerosols.

Hygiene measures:

Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with Sarkosyl.

Storage conditions:

Tightly closed.

Storage class:

Storage class (TRGS 510): 10: Combustible liquids



SYNONYMS


Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate
Sarcosyl
Sarkosyl NL
Sodium N-dodecanoyl-N-methylglycinate
Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate solution
N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine, sodium salt
Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate
Compound 105
Gardol
Hamposyl L-30; Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt
Maprosyl 30
Medialan LL-99
N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine, sodium salt
N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium
N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium salt
Sarcosyl NL
Sarcosyl NL 30
Sarkosyl NL
Sarkosyl NL 100
Sarkosyl NL 30
Sarkosyl NL 35
Sarkosyl NL 97
Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate
Sodium N-lauroylsarcosine
Sodium lauroylsarcosine
Glycine, N-methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt
Sarcosine, N-lauroyl-, sodium salt (8CI)
N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt
N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt
sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate
sodium lauroylsarcosinate
sarkosyl NL
137-16-6
Sodium lauroylsarcosinate
Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate
N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt
Sarkosyl NL
Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate
Gardol
Sarkosyl
Medialan LL-99
Glycine, N-methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt
Sarcosyl NL
Maprosyl 30
Compound 105
Hamposyl L-30
Sarcosyl NL 30
Sarkosyl NL 30
Sarkosyl NL 35
Sarkosyl NL 97
Sarkosyl NL 100
Sodium lauroylsarcosine
MFCD00042728
Sodium N-lauroylsarcosine
N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium
Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt
sodium lauroyl sarcosine
N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium salt
sodium [dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate
n-lauryl sarcosine sodium salt
N-Dodecanoylsarcosine Sodium Salt
N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine, sodium salt
sodium 2-(N-methyldodecanamido)acetate
Glycine, N-methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt (1:1)
632GS99618
Sarcosine, N-lauroyl-, sodium salt
Sodium N-Dodecanoylsarcosinate
Caswell No. 778B
NSC-117874
SODIUM N-LAUROYL SARCOSINATE
EINECS 205-281-5
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000174
NSC 117874
N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine sodium salt
UNII-632GS99618
starbld0009501
GARDOL [MI]
MEDIALAN LL-33
N-Lauroylsarcosine-S-salt
DSSTox_CID_7066
EC 205-281-5
N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine, sodium salt
DSSTox_RID_78298
DSSTox_GSID_27066
SCHEMBL23451
Lauroylsarcosine, Sodium Salt
N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine sodium salt (1:1)
CHEMBL1903482
DTXSID0027066
SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINE 1KG
Tox21_202996
AKOS015901704
SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE [II]
NCGC00164323-01
NCGC00260541-01
SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE [INCI]
AS-81025
CAS-137-16-6
SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE [VANDF]
sodium;2-[dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate
DB-042377
SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE [USP-RS]
CS-0103267
FT-0631797
L0019
S0597
E81236
A934513
Q309660
W-108241
SARKOSYL O                    
cas no 111-20-6 1,8-Octanedicarboxylic Acid; Sebacinsaure; Decanedioic Acid; 1,10-Decanedioic Acid; n-Decanedioic Acid; Acide sebacique; Dicarboxylic acid C10; Sebacinsaure; Decanedioic Acid;
SAS 60
Sulfonic acids, C10-18-alkane, sodium salts; Sodium Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate; n-Alkyl (C10-C18) sulfonic acids, sodium salts; Sulfonic acids, C10-18-Alkane, sodium salts; SECONDARYALKANESULFONATE; sek.Alkan(C-C17)-sulfonate; Alkyl aryl sodium sulfonate; ALKYL(C10-C18)SULPHONICACIDS; Sodium C14-17 alcohol sulfonate; SODIUM C14-17 ALKYL SEC SULFONATE; C10-18ALKANESULFONICACIDS,SODIUMSALTS; (C10-18)alkanesulfonic acid, CAS NO : 68037-49-0
SAS 60 Alkane Sulfonate
Sodium Alkane Sulfonate; Secondary alkane sulfonate; sulfonic acids; C10-18-Alkane sodium salts; Sodium C14-17 alkyl sulfonate CAS NO: 93763-92-9
Scandium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Sanolin Patent Blue V 85 01 FOOD BLUE 5:2 Sanolin Patent Blue V 85 01 is a water soluble powder dye that is recommended for the coloration of personal care products, cosmetics, fabric & home care products as well as industrial and institutional cleaners. Benefits Meets requirements for cosmetic industry High microbiological purity Recommended for use in products bearing eco-labels
SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT
SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT = PIGMENT RED 104


CAS Number: 12656-85-8
EC Number: 235-759-9
Formula: PbCrO4, PbMoO4, PbSO4
Chemical Name: Lead ( Sulfo) Molybdated Chromate


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is also popularly known as Scarlet Chrome.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is a quinacridone pigment.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment offers light fastness, weather fastness, solvent fastness and acid/alkali fastness.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is suitable for masterbatch preparation & plastics.


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is compatible with HDPE, PVC, PP, PE, NR, EVA rubber and LLDPE.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is approved by REACH (EU 1907/2006).
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment has been classified as Pigment Red 104 and number 77605 (Molybdate Orange/Red) in the Colour Index, a directory of pigments and dyes published by the UK Society of Dyers and Colourists and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is dark orange or light red solid.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is insoluble in water.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is solid solution of lead chromate, lead molybdate, and lead sulfate.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment are inorganic pigments which provide Orange, Scarlet and Red shades.

Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is one of several shades of orange red pigment, with good lightfastness, but a tendency to become dark when exposed to air.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is resistant to heat, but susceptible to reaction with acids and alkalis.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is fine, dark-orange or light-red powder.


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is a solid solution of lead chromate, lead molybdate and lead sulfate.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment pigment is also popularly known as Scarlet Chrome.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is highly stabilized and offers very good resistance to light and weather.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment contains a very low content of acid-soluble lead.


The various hues of Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment depends on the interrelationship of three factors: chemical composition, crystal structure, and particle size /Lead chromate pigments/
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is a brilliant orange pigment made by coprecipitation of lead chromate and lead molybdate often in the presence of lead sulfate and used in plastics, protective coatings and printing inks.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is a combination of lead chromate with molybdenum salts.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT:
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment has excellent covering and hiding power and is widely used in paints.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is used in the manufacture of Synthetic enamels and is highly recommended for Liquid Inks, Coating, Powder coating, inks, Offset inks, Screen inks, Liquid inks, Flexography Packaging inks, Masterbatch additives, PVC, Polyolefins (PP/HDPE/LDPE) etc.
Their basic chemical composition is PbCr4.PbSO4. bMoO4.


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment has been widely used in the Plastics and Coatings industry because of their bright yellow colour and high hiding power.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is used as a pigment in paints, printing inks, plastics, paper, rubber, and textile printing.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is with very good light and weather fastness and 240ºC heat resistance.


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is used Paints,Printing Inks,Rubber,Leather Pastes,Linoleum,PVC Leather Cloth,Paper Coating.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is used a chrome-based inorganic color pigment used in printing inks.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is used as with many of the inorganic pigments.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is mainly used for export and commercial, non-consumer uses, such as additives for paints and coatings, printing inks and in plastics.


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is also used in traffic paint striping to improve safety/visibility for highways and airports, and for safety identification paints on buses, ambulances and fire trucks.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment can also be found in industrial paints for automotive finishes, industrial and agricultural equipment, industrial baking enamels and air-dried finishes.


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is used in the manufacture of synthetic enamels and is highly recommended for Liquid Inks.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment particles can be coated with metal oxides, metal phosphates, silicates that yield stabilized pigments with high color brilliance, as well as resistance to light, weathering, sulfur dioxide, and temperature.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment has been widely used in coatings and plastics for many decades during the 20th century because of its bright color and high hiding power.


Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment had a brief history of use by artists for several decades in the last century.
Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment has not been rated for lightfastness by the ASTM, but independent studies have shown that this grade has good resistance to light, weathering, high temperatures and sulfur dioxide and can be used with all other pigments without alteration.


-Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment uses and applications include:
Pigment in maintenance paints, masterbatches, printing inks, lacquers, enamels, plastics, rubber
-Water-Based Paint uses of Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment:
In water-solved paints, Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is an opaque, highly staining, intense reddish orange pigment.


-Oil Paint:
In oil paint, Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment is an opaque pigment with excellent tinting strength and exhibits very good resistance to light.
-Plastics use of Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment:
Polyolefins, PS, ABS, PVC, silicones and rubber


-Coatings use of Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment:
Liquid architectural and industrial, powder, coil and stoving coatings
-Industrial uses of Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment:
High temperature processing, only resistant and Nubiterm grades


-Material applications of Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment:
*Painting industry (production of traffic paints, construction paints)
*Rubber industry
*Production of colored inks
*Used in the plastics industry as a coloring agent
Production of industrial coatings


-Applications of Scarlet Molybdate Orange Pigment:
*Industrial Coatings
*Powder Coatings



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT:
Lead Content: 60-65%
Specific Gravity: 6.0 g/cm3
Ph: 6-8
Oil Absorption: 20 g/100g (+10%)
Moisture Content: Max.1%
Water Soluble Salts: Max.1%
Sieve Residue on 45 μ. Max.0.5%
Soluble Pb content (0.07 nHCl): Max.3%
Heat Resistance: 220-240 ℃
Acid Resistance (1-5): 2-3
Alkali Resistance (1-5): 4
Light Fastness (1-8): Full shade
Reduced Shade (1:10): 7-8, 6-7
Weather ability (1-5): 4
Resistance to Sulphur Dioxide (1-5): 4
Physical Form: Powder
Specific Gravity: 5.2
Oil Absorption Value (ml/100gm): 15 to 25
Moisture Content: 0.5% Max
Water Solubility: 0.5% Max
Bulk Density (gm/cc): 0.95 to 1.05

Molecular Weight: 9.9e+02
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 12
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 995.68472
Monoisotopic Mass: 997.68691
Topological Polar Surface Area: 249 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 18
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 187
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 6
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specific Gravity: 5.6 gms/cc
Oil Absorption: 24 g/100 gm
PH: 6-8
Moisture: 1% Max
Water Soluble Matter: 1% Max
Residue on sieve: 0.5 % Max
Acid Resistance: 3 – 4 (1 - 5 scale)
Alkali Resistance: 1 - 2 (1 - 5 scale)
Sulphur Dioxide resistance: 2 (1 - 5 scale)
Solvent fastness: 5 (1 - 5 scale)
Weather Stability: 3 (1 - 5 scale)
Density: 5.2-5.8
Light Resistance: 5-6
Oil Absorption: ≤22
Water Resistance: 5
Migration Resistance: 5
Oil Resistance: 5
Solvent Resistance: 5
Alcohol Resistance: 5

Acid Resistance: 4-5
Heat Resistance ℃: 220
Alkali Resistance: 4-5
Form: Powder
Colour: Red
Odour: Odourless
Change in conditionMelting point/Melting range: > 800°C
Boiling point/Boiling range: Undetermined.
Flash point: Not applicable.
Flammability (solid, gaseous): Product is not flammable.
Density at 20°C: 5 - 6 g/cm³
Solubility in / Miscibility with
Water: Slightly soluble.
pH-value at 20°C: 6 - 9
Organic solvents: 0,0 %
Solids content: 100,0 %



FIRST AID MEASURES of SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT:
-General information:
Immediately remove any clothing soiled by the product.
-After inhalation:
Take affected persons into fresh air and keep quiet.
Call a doctor immediately.
-After skin contact:
Immediately wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
-After eye contact:
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water.
Seek immediate medical advice.
-After swallowing:
Drink plenty of water and provide fresh air.
Call for a doctor immediately.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT:
-Person-related safety precautions:
Wear protective equipment.
-Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow to enter sewers/ surface or ground water.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT:
-Suitable extinguishing agents:
Use fire extinguishing methods suitable to surrounding conditions.
CO2, powder or water spray.
Fight larger fires with water spray or alcohol resistant foam.
-Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained respiratory protective device.
-Additional information:
Collect contaminated fire fighting water separately.
It must not enter the sewage system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT:
-Additional information about design of technical facilities:
No further data.
-Ingredients with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:
Not required.
-Personal protective equipment:
*General protective and hygienic measures:
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of work.
Shower or take a bath at the end of work.
Store protective clothing separately.
*Protection of hands:
Protective gloves.
*Eye protection:
Tightly sealed goggles
*Body protection:
Protective work clothing.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT:
-Handling:
*Information about fire - and explosion protection:
The product is not flammable.
-Storage:
*Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:
No special requirements.
*Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Not required.
*Further information about storage conditions:
Store in dry conditions.
Store in a cool place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT:
-Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used according to specifications.



SYNONYMS:
C.I. 77605
C.I. Pigment Red 104
CI 77605
CI Pigment Red 104
Chrome vermilion
Horna Molybdate Orange MLH 84SQ
Krolor Orange RKO 786D
Lead Chromate Molybdate Sulfate Red
Mineral Fire Red 5DDS
Mineral Fire Red 5GGS
Mineral Fire Red 5GS
Molybdate Chrome Orange
Molybdate Orange Y 786D
Molybdate Orange YE 421D
Molybdate Orange YE 698D
Molybdate Red
Molybdate Red AA3
Molybden Red
Molybdenum Red
Molybdenum orange
Pigment Red 104
Renol Molybdate Red RGS
Vynamon Scarlet BY
Vynamon Scarlet Y
C.I. Pigment Red 104
12656-85-8
dioxido(dioxo)chromium
dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum
lead(2+);sulfate
Molybdate Orange YE 421D
Molybdenum Red
Chrome vermilion
Molybdate Red
Molybden Red
Molybdenum orange
Vynamon Scarlet Y
Vynamon Scarlet BY
Molybdate Red AA3
Pigment Red 104
MOLYBDATE ORANGE
Molybdate Chrome Orange
Mineral Fire Red 5GS
CI Pigment Red 104
Mineral Fire Red 5DDS
Mineral Fire Red 5GGS
Renol Molybdate Red RGS
Krolor Orange RKO 786D
Molybdate Orange Y 786D
Molybdate Orange YE 698D
HSDB 4211
Horna Molybdate Orange MLH 84SQ
NCI-C54626
Lead Chromate Molybdate Sulfate Red
EINECS 235-759-9
Silica Encapsulated Pigment Red 204
CI 77605
C.I. 77605
EC 235-759-9
Molybdenum orange [Chromium and chromium compounds]
C.I. 77605
Chrome Vermilion
Horna Molybdate Orange MLH 84SQ
Krolor Orange KO 906D
Krolor Orange RKO 786D
Lead chromate molybdate sulfate red
Mineral Fire Red5DDS
Mineral Fire Red 5GGS
Mineral Fire Red 5GS
MolybdateOrange Y 786D
Molybdate Orange YE 421D
Molybdate Orange YE 698D
MolybdateRed
Molybdate Red AA 3
Molybden Red
Molybdenum Red
Molybdenum
C.I. 77605
C.I. Pigment Red 104
Chrome vermilion
CI 77605
CI Pigment Red 104
EC 235-759-9
EINECS 235-759-9
Horna Molybdate Orange MLH 84SQ
HSDB 4211
Krolor Orange RKO 786D
Lead chromate molybdate
Lead chromate molybdate sulfate Red
Mineral Fire Red 5DDS
Mineral Fire Red 5GGS
Mineral Fire Red 5GS
Molybdate Chrome Orange
Molybdate Orange Y 786D
Molybdate Orange YE 421D
Molybdate Orange YE 698D
Molybdate Red
Molybdate Red AA3
Molybden Red
Molybdenum orange
Molybdenum Red
NCI-C54626
Pigment Red 104
Renol Molybdate Red RGS
Silica Encapsulated Pigment Red 204
Vynamon Scarlet BY
Vynamon Scarlet Y
C.I. Pigment Red 104
Lead chromate molybdate sulfate Red
Molybdate Orange
Superlist Names C.I. Pigment Red 104
Molybdate Orange
Molybdenum orange [Chromium and chromium compounds]
Pigment red 104
Chrome scarlet
CI 77605
Molybdate orange
Molybdate red
Molybdenum orange Orange chrome
Renol Molybdate Red RGS
Vynamon Scarlet BY
Vynamon Scarlet Y
Molybdate orange

SCARLET MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT
Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is an azo pigment, which can be produced industrially by a diazotization and coupling sequence in which diazotized dinitroaniline is coupled into β-naphthol.
Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is a useful research chemical.
There are 52 kinds of commercial dosage forms of the pigment, which is one of the important orange pigments.

CAS: 3468-63-1
MF: C16H10N4O5
MW: 338.27
EINECS: 222-429-4

Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is one of the important orange pigment product.
There are two different particle size products.
Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is an orange-colored pigment used in printing inks, paints, and plastics.
Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is a blend of diarylide yellow and quinacridone red pigments that is chemically stable and has good lightfastness.
the use of 'Scarlet molybdate orange pigment' Pigment orange 5 is a synthetic organic pigment used in a variety of industries.

Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is commonly used in printing inks, paints, and plastics.
Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is also used to produce bright and vibrant colors in fabrics, cosmetics, and other products.
Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is also used in the manufacturing of construction materials such as bricks and tiles.
Scarlet molybdate orange pigment is also used in the production of automotive coatings, printing inks, and inks for decorative applications.

Scarlet molybdate orange pigment Chemical Properties
Melting point: 306°C(lit.)
Boiling point: 474.44°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.3138 (rough estimate)
Refractive index: 1.6300 (estimate)
Storage temp.: Amber Vial, -20°C Freezer
solubility: Chloroform (Very Slightly), Tetrahydrofuran (Slightly, Heated)
Form: Solid
Colour Index: 12075
Pka: 13.45±0.50(Predicted)
Color: Orange to Dark Red
BRN: 964718
LogP: 3.610 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 3468-63-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Scarlet molybdate orange pigment (3468-63-1)

Synonyms
3468-63-1
Permanent Orange
Dinitroaniline Orange
Dinitroaniline Red
Permansa Orange
Permatone Orange
Light Orange R
Hansa Orange RN
Orange No. 203
Silopol Orange R
Carnelio Red 2G
Irgalite Red 2G
Permanent Red GG
Fastona Red 2G
Oralith Red 2GL
Siegle Orange 2S
Silosol Orange RN
Siloton Orange RL
Chromatex Orange R
Graphtol Red 2GL
Irgalite Red 2GW
Irgalite Red PV8
Versal Orange RNL
Dinitraniline Orange
Lake Red 2GL
Permanent Orange GG
Permanent Orange HD
Isol Fast Red 2G
Calcotone Orange 2R
Syton Fast Red 2G
D and C Orange No. 17
Helio Fast Orange RN
Helio Fast Orange RT
Signal Orange Y-17
D&C Orange 17
Lutetia Fast Orange R
Monolite Fast Red 2G
Helio Fast Orange 3RN
Helio Fast Orange 3RT
Irgalite Fast Red 2GL
Nippon Orange X-881
11048 Orange
Segnale Light Orange RN
Monolite Fast Orange 2R
Segnale Light Orange RNG
Dainichi Permanent Red GG
Permanent Orange DN Toner
1-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol
Brilliant tangerine 13030
Signal Orange Orange Y-17
C.I. 12075
Dinitroaniline Orange ND-204
Monolite Fast Paper Orange 2R
Permanent Orange (VAN)
Permaton Orange XL 45-3015
D&C Orange No. 17
Permanent Orange Toner RA-5650
Permanent red 2G
D & C Orange No. 17
CCRIS 4902
1-((2,4-Dinitrophenyl)azo)-2-naphthol
EINECS 222-429-4
NSC 15975
1-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalen-2-ol
BRN 0964718
CI 12075
UNII-E27LT0986O
AI3-30759
1-((2,4-Dinitrophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenol
HSDB 7721
2-Naphthalenol, 1-((2,4-dinitrophenyl)azo)-
E27LT0986O
2-NAPHTHOL, 1-((2,4-DINITROPHENYL)AZO)-
NSC-15975
1-(2,4-Dinitrophenylazo)-2-naphthol
D& Orange 17
2-Naphthalenol, 1-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)azo]-
EC 222-429-4
D &C Orange No. 17
4-16-00-00231 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
C16H10N4O5
C16-H10-N4-O5
Dinitraniline orange; (Hansa orange RN)
Dinitraniline orange; (Hansa orange RN)
1-((2,4-Dinitrophenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen-2-ol
1-[(2,4-DINITROPHENYL)AZO]-2-NAPHTHALENOL
2-naftalenol, 1-[2-(2,4-dinitrofenil) diazenil]-
DNA ORANGE
D+C Orange No. 17
DAIDAI203
DAIDAI203 [INCI]
SCHEMBL305524
SCHEMBL375610
CHEMBL1982121
DTXSID6029258
SCHEMBL13474931
DTXSID10859809
2-Naphthol,4-dinitrophenyl)azo]-
HY-D0352
NSC15975
MFCD00059524
2-Naphthalenol,4-dinitrophenyl)azo]-
D&C ORANGE NO. 17 (DELISTED)
LS-95430
NCI60_001177
C.I.12075
CS-0010357
P0587
P2886
D91975
1-[(E)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)diazenyl]-2-naphthol
W-109901
(E)-1-((2,4-dinitrophenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen-2-ol
1-[(E)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalen-2-ol
2-Naphthalenol, 1-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)diazenyl)-
Q27276766
1-[2-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazono]naphthalene-2(1H)-one
ETHYL4-METHYL-2-PHENYL-1,3-THIAZOLE-5-CARBOXYLATE
Schizandra chinensis
schisandra chinensis extract; five flavor berry extract; kadsura chinensis extract; maximowiczia amurensis extract; schizandra chinensis extract CAS NO:223748-53-6
SCI (SODIUM COCOYL ISETHIONATE)
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a mild soap-free cleansing agent known for its ability to mitigate disruption of skin’s barrier.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is derived from coconut and is regarded as compatible with sensitive skin.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate)’s an anionic surfactant, meaning a cleansing agent with a negative instead of a positive charge.

CAS: 61789-32-0
MF: C2Na6O47S20
MW: 1555.23182
EINECS: 263-052-5

Anionic surfactants are the most common type due to their ability to lift and suspend dirt, oil, and debris, allowing them to be washed away.
Suppliers of SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) tout its gentle foaming action as a desirable quality for consumers, even though the foam itself has little cleansing ability.
In addition to skin care formulations, SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a popular ingredient in hair products.
Their report surveyed products containing up to 49.4% in rinse-off formulas and 17% for leave-on products.

SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a powder in its raw material form.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a fine white Powder and far superior to the SCI granules, flakes or needles currently available on the market.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is naturally derived and biodegradeable while being suitable for Vegans.
Commonly known as Baby Foam due to its exceptional mildness, SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a surfactant that is comprised of a type of sulphonic acid called SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) as well as the fatty acid – or sodium salt ester – obtained from Coconut Oil.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a traditional substitute for sodium salts that are derived from animals, namely sheep and cattle.

SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a particularly mild surfactant derived from coconut.
Surfactants are organic compounds which aid the blending of liquids which do not ordinarily mix, most obviously oil and water.
The isethionate has both a hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water fearing) element and is therefore attracted to water and oil alike.

SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is biodegradable, non-toxic and vegan friendly.
Alongside its binding potential SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) can attract dirt from the skin and hair which can then be washed off with water.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is very gentle on the skin and scalp and suitable for all skin types including infants.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate)'s high foaming capacity maintains the moisture in skin.

SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a surfactant that is used in pharmaceutical preparations for skin care.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) has good stability and activity index, and can easily be solubilized in water and ethanol.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) has been shown to have antioxidant properties, which may be due to its ability to scavenge free radicals.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) also has moisturizing properties, which may be due to the presence of glycerin and fatty esters.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) can be found in fruit extracts, such as mangoes and papaya.

Uses
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) has high foaming capabilities which will not dry out your skin.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is very popular in water free products like solid shampoo bars and solid soap bars.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) can be used in Shampoos, Bubble Bath products, Bath Bombs, Soap Bars and Body Wash Bases.
Please be aware SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a very fine powder, so use in a well ventilated area when manufacturing your products and be sure to wear appropriate face mask and goggles.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a gentle surfactant derived from coconut oil that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products.
This white, powdery substance has gained popularity due to its mild, non-irritating nature, making SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) suitable for a variety of personal care applications.

SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is a sodium salt of the coconut fatty acid ester of isethionic acid.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is an anionic surfactant, meaning it carries a negative charge that helps to create a lather and lift dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair.

SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is safe for regular use when formulated within the recommended concentrations for personal care products.
The Cosmetics Ingredient Review (CIR), an independent panel of expert scientists responsible for evaluating the safety of cosmetic ingredients, has established guidelines for the safe use of SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) in various types of products.
The ingredient can be used daily, but SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is recommended to only be used twice on hair per day to maintain follicle health.

SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) exhibits high foaming ability, producing a stable, rich and velvety lather that does not dehydrate the skin, making it ideal for addition to water-free products as well as skin care, hair care, and bath products.
This high-performance surfactant, which is equally effective in both hard and soft water, is a popular choice for addition to liquid shampoos and bar shampoos, liquid soaps and bar soaps, bath butters and bath bombs, and to shower gels, to name a few foaming products.

This lightly-scented and conditioning cleansing agent is gentle enough for use on the delicate skin of babies, making SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) an ideal surfactant for makeup as well as personal care products and natural toiletries.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate)'s emulsifying property, which allows water and oil to mix, makes it a popular ingredient in soaps and shampoos, as it encourages dirt to attach itself to them, which in turn makes SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) easier for it to be washed away.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate)'s deluxe foaming capacity and conditioning effects leave the hair and skin feeling hydrated, soft, and silky-smoothe.

To incorporate SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) into a formulation, it is recommended that the chips be crushed prior to melting, as this helps to increase their melting rate.
Next, SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) must be heated slowly on low heat in order to allow for easy mixing with other surfactants.
SCI (Sodium cocoyl isethionate) is recommended that the surfactant phase be mixed using a high shear stick blender.
This approach helps to prevent the excess foaming that could potentially occur if the stick blender is used to mix all ingredients together at once.
Finally, the surfactant mixture can be added to the rest of the formulation.

Synonyms
Sodium cocoyl isethionate
61789-32-0
Cocoyl sodium isethionate
Fatty acids, coconut oil, sulfoethyl esters, sodium salts
Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salts
Sodium 2-(butyryloxy)ethanesulfonate
SCI (SODIUM COCOYL ISETHIONATE)
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a combination of a type of sulphonic acid called Isethionic Acid and a fatty acid or sodium salt ester which is derived from coconut oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) Powder is a particularly mild surfactant derived from coconut.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is known to be non-allergic, non-irritating and non-toxic, hence used in a wide range of beauty products and toiletries.

CAS Number: 61789-32-0
Molecular Formula: C2Na6O47S20
Molecular Weight: 1555.23182
EINECS Number: 263-052-5

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate is known for its mild and gentle cleansing properties.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a chemical compound commonly used in the formulation of personal care and cosmetic products, especially in skincare, haircare, and bath products.
This surfactant is used as a cleansing agent in many skincare, haircare, cleaning products.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) effectively removes dirt, oils, and impurities from the skin and hair without causing excessive dryness or irritation, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) has the ability to create a rich and stable lather in products like shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers, enhancing the overall user experience.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is considered to be biodegradable, which means it can break down in the environment over time, making it a more environmentally friendly choice compared to some other surfactants.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is derived from coconut oil, which is a natural source, and this can be an appealing feature for consumers looking for more natural or plant-based ingredients in their personal care products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is less likely to cause skin and eye irritation compared to harsher surfactants, which makes it a preferred choice for products intended for sensitive skin or for use on the face.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, making it suitable for use in various product formulations.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can be used in various types of personal care products, including shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, bar soaps, solid shampoo bars, baby care products, and more.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is often used in solid formulations like shampoo bars and soap bars, contributing to their stability and effectiveness.

In addition to its cleansing abilities, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can also act as an emulsifier, helping to mix and stabilize oil and water-based ingredients in products.
Many manufacturers prioritize responsibly sourced ingredients, and SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can be sourced sustainably, aligning with environmentally conscious practices.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s created by combining sodium isethionate with coconut oil fatty acids.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) has been a predominant ingredient in syndet bar formulation for more than thirty years.
Although cost effective and well recognized for good skin compatibility, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is not regularly found in liquid detergent systems due to its limited solubility in water.

The solubility of SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) in water is unfavorable in terms of enthalpy of solvation.
When setting up equilibrium of solubilization, there are three possible phases, and three methods have been developed to prevent SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) from recrystallizing in aqueous solutions.
The first focuses on tying SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) ions within micelles made of secondary surfactants.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)s are organic compounds which aid the blending of liquids which do not ordinarily mix, most obviously oil and water.
The isethionate has both a hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water fearing) element and is therefore attracted to water and oil alike.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) Powder is biodegradable, non-toxic and vegan friendly.

Alongside its binding potential SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can attract dirt from the skin and hair which can then be washed off with water.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is very gentle on the skin and scalp and suitable for all skin types including infants.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) high-performance surfactant, which is equally effective in both hard and soft water, is a popular choice for addition to liquid shampoos and bar shampoos, liquid soaps and bar soaps, bath butters and bath bombs, and to shower gels, to name a few foaming products.

The odour of SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can vary batch to batch, our last batch had little odour, this new batch has some odour.
In tests Fragrance Oil covers any odour however weaker Essential Oils such as Grapefruit and Citrus may not entirely cover the odour of the SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate).
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used as a surfactant or co-surfactant (for cleansing properties and lather) in products such as shampoos, shampoo bars, body washes, and hand soaps.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used as a fine white powder that has a mild scent.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a type of surfactant, which means it has the ability to lower the surface tension of liquids and enhance the spreadability of products.
This makes it useful for creating foaming and cleansing properties in various personal care products.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s high foaming capacity maintains the moisture in skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a cleansing ingredient used in skincare and haircare formulations.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is derived from coconut oil.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is primarily used in soaps, cleansers, shampoos, and cleansing products due to its surfactant abilities.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is usually used in concentrations that range between 10-25%.
There are considered to be no issues with irritation, sensitivity, or toxicity at these concentrations.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a gentle surfactant derived from coconut oil that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is typically derived from coconut oil, hence the "cocoyl" part of its name.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a sodium salt produced from coconut oil.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a traditional substitute for sodium salts that are derived from animals, namely sheep and cattle.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) exhibits high foaming ability, producing a stable, rich and velvety lather that does not dehydrate the skin, making it ideal for addition to water-free products as well as skin care, hair care, and bath products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is an anionic compound and is also known as sodium isethionate.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is also known as ‘Baby Foam’ because it is a surfactant which is exceptionally mild.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a fine white powder which has a mild odour.
This white, powdery substance has gained popularity due to its mild, non-irritating nature, making it suitable for a variety of personal care applications.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a sodium salt of the coconut fatty acid ester of isethionic acid.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is an anionic surfactant, meaning it carries a negative charge that helps to create a lather and lift dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) also known as SCI, is a gentle surfactant which adds high foaming and cleansing properties to a cosmetic formula.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) typically comes in flake, noodle or powder form.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) Raw Material is a surfactant that is comprised of a type of sulphonic acid called Isethionic Acid as well as the fatty acid – or sodium salt ester – obtained from Coconut Oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a popular substitute for animal-derived sodium salts, such as sodium tallowate, which comes from cattle and sheep.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) help to lift oil and dirt from the skin allows it to be washed away.
This is why SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can be found in products that help to cleanse the skin and hair.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a sodium salt ester, or a fatty acid derived from coconut oil.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a solid, gentle anionic surfactant made from coconut oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is really versatile and good, and is considered natural.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used to create solid cleansers and opaque liquid cleansers.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a natural ingredient that is derived from coconuts, specifically coconut oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a surfactant and is often seen in hair care products like shampoos because of its ability to help water to mix with oil and dirt, allowing them to be more easily rinsed away.
The process includes mixing a natural sulfonic acid called isethionic acid with the fatty acids that naturally occur in coconut oil.

Much like coconut oil, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) provides incredibly moisturizing properties, especially when compared to other surfactants with similar cleansing and foaming properties.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is the Sodium salt of the coconut fatty acid ester of Sisethionic acid which functions as a surfactant-cleansing agent (Nikitakis, 1988).

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is in the form of a fine white powder that consists of active ingredient plus minor impurities and has a mild odor.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is stable at a pH of 6-8 and hydrolyzes outside of this pH range.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) Powder is a high foaming mild surfactant.

Due to SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)s excellent lathering and mildness it is suitable for use in Syndet bars, shampoos, shower gels, liquid soaps and facial cleansers.
Also high temperatures and how this ingredient is stored may affect the odour.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) aids in mixing oil and water-based ingredients in formulations, creating stable and homogeneous products.

Due to SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)s mild nature, it is often used in products targeted at people with sensitive or irritated skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is derived from coconut and is regarded as compatible with sensitive skin.

Density: 1110[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.002Pa at 20℃
pka: 0.36[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 102mg/L at 23℃
LogP: -0.41 at 20℃

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)’s an anionic surfactant, meaning a cleansing agent with a negative instead of a positive charge.
Anionic surfactants are the most common type due to their ability to lift and suspend dirt, oil, and debris, allowing them to be washed away.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) produces a rich, creamy lather when mixed with water, enhancing the cleansing experience in products like shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is produced by reacting sodium isethionate with fatty acids derived from coconut oil or other chlorides.
The mixture is then heated to remove water and distilled to remove excess fatty acids.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a mild soap-free cleansing agent known for its ability to mitigate disruption of skin’s barrier.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) Powder, often called baby foam, is a specialty anionic powder surfactant made from all vegetable, renewable resources, primarily coconut.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used to impart extra mildness, good after feel, and good foaming in many personal care and cleansing products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) powder is an excellent foamer in hard or soft water.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a naturally-derived ingredient that comes from the fatty acids that are present in isethionic acid and coconut oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is well-suited for cleansing products designed for delicate areas of the body, such as the face and intimate hygiene products, where gentle yet effective cleaning is essential.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can help reduce the potential for skin and scalp irritation, making it a preferred choice for individuals with conditions like eczema, psoriasis, or sensitive skin.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) has good rinse-off properties, which means it can be easily and thoroughly washed away, reducing the likelihood of product residue buildup on the skin or hair.
In finished cosmetic products, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is typically used at low concentrations and is considered to have low toxicity, minimizing the risk of adverse effects when used as directed.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) contributes to the smooth and creamy texture of certain personal care products, enhancing the overall feel and application.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) helps improve the stability and shelf life of products, maintaining their performance over time.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is often compatible with various active ingredients, allowing for the incorporation of additional beneficial components like moisturizers, vitamins, or exfoliants in a product.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can be used in a wide pH range, making it versatile for formulating products with different pH requirements.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is considered hypoallergenic, which means it is less likely to trigger allergic reactions in most individuals.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) acts as a foam booster in formulations, contributing to a luxurious and satisfying lather in products like foaming cleansers.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) manufacturers offer cruelty-free and vegan-friendly versions of the ingredient, catering to consumers who prioritize ethical and sustainable choices.

These fatty acids are reacted with SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) and the mixture is heated to remove any water left behind.
In its raw form, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) appears as a fine white powder.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is considered more environmentally friendly compared to some other surfactants, as it can biodegrade more readily.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) helps remove dirt, oils, and impurities from the skin or hair without excessively stripping away natural oils, which can help maintain skin and hair hydration.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is seen as an ingredient in a variety of soaps and cleansing products.

This powerful ingredient is common in many soaps and cleansers as it effectively washes away dirt and oil without leading to dryness or irritation.
The mixture is then heated to remove extra water as well as distilled to remove any unnecessary fatty acids.
As a surfactant, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) creates a wet feeling, it solubilizes oils and reduces surface tension, and can aid in foaming as well.

Uses:
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s often used in shampoos to create a creamy lather that helps cleanse the hair and scalp without stripping away natural oils excessively.
This makes SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) suitable for daily use and for people with sensitive scalps.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)s solid form makes it suitable for creating solid cleansing bars and shampoo bars, which are convenient for travel and reduce the need for liquid products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can be used in products designed to have a creamy and moisturizing texture, helping to create a balance between cleansing and hydration.

In makeup removers, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) assists in breaking down makeup products while being gentle on the skin around the eyes and face.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used in shampoos to create a rich lather, cleanse the hair and scalp, and remove dirt and excess oils.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s found in body washes and shower gels to provide a foamy lather and gentle cleansing for the skin.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used in facial cleansers to remove makeup, dirt, and oils from the face without causing irritation.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s included in bar soaps to enhance lathering and cleansing properties.
In cream-based cleansers, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) helps to emulsify and remove makeup and impurities from the skin.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used in baby shampoos, body washes, and other baby care products for gentle cleaning.
Products designed for sensitive skin often contain SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) due to its mild and non-irritating properties.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used in solid shampoo bars, creating a lather and effectively cleansing the hair.

In some toothpaste formulations, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) acts as a foaming agent to enhance texture and user experience.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s often used in shaving creams and foams to create a smooth and comfortable shaving experience, reducing irritation and razor burn.
Due to its mild nature, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s used in products for individuals with sensitive or easily irritated scalps, such as dandruff shampoos and scalp treatments.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can be found in natural, organic, and sulfate-free formulations as a milder alternative to traditional sulfate-based surfactants.
In body washes and shower gels, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) produces a luxurious foam that effectively cleanses the skin without leaving it dry or irritated.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s used in facial cleansers to remove makeup, dirt, and impurities from the skin while maintaining a gentle cleansing experience.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)s mild nature makes it suitable for various skin types.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is commonly found in solid cleansing bars, such as facial cleansing bars, body bars, and even shampoo bars, due to its ability to produce a rich lather.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) might be used in foaming or cleansing face masks to provide a cleansing aspect as the mask is washed off.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can be found in cosmetic products like facial cleanser creams, makeup removers, and even in some toothpaste formulations for its foaming and cleaning properties.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can be included in exfoliating products like scrubs and cleansers to help remove dead skin cells and impurities while still maintaining a gentle cleansing action.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a good sulfate-free alternative for people who want to avoid commonly known surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s sometimes used in pet shampoos to provide a gentle cleansing action for pets' skin and fur.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used in liquid hand soaps to create a foaming action that effectively cleanses the hands without overly drying the skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used as a surfactant-cleansing agent in cosmetic formulations.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s sometimes used in bath bombs and other bath products to create a luxurious foaming and cleansing experience when added to bathwater.
In some cases, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) might be used in creams and lotions to help with emulsification, creating a smooth and well-mixed product.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is a mild, high-foaming surfactant.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) leaves the skin with a soft afterfeel, which is why it is sometimes referred to as "baby foam".
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is an ingredient derived from coconut oil.
In cosmetics and personal care products, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is used primarily in the preparation of bath soaps and cleansing products.

This ingredient is also used in the formulation of shampoos, tonics, dressings, other hair grooming aids and skin cleansing preparations.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)s gentle properties make it suitable for use in baby shampoos, body washes, and bath products.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s often included in products designed for sensitive or easily irritated skin, as it cleanses without causing excessive dryness or irritation.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is slightly to practically nontoxic, with an oral LD50 of 24.33 g/kg for rats.

Safety Profile:
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) in powder form can be irritating to the eyes and skin.
Proper handling and safety precautions are essential when working with the pure chemical.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) powder can irritate the respiratory system.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is generally mild, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to it.
Patch testing should be performed when formulating products, especially for individuals with known skin sensitivities.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is considered to be more biodegradable compared to some other surfactants, its impact on the environment can still vary depending on factors such as formulation, usage, and disposal.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, some people might have sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s important to avoid getting the product in the eyes and to rinse thoroughly with water if it does happen.
In some cases, certain surfactants can contribute to clogged pores and breakouts, particularly in individuals with acne-prone or sensitive skin.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)'s generally a good practice to use products with environmentally friendly formulations whenever possible.
Like many surfactants, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) can cause irritation if it comes into direct contact with the eyes.

Synonyms:
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate)
61789-32-0
COCONUT FATTY ACID, 2-SULFOETHYL ESTER, SODIUM SALT
FATTY ACIDS, COCONUT OIL, SULFOETHYL ESTERS, SODIUM SALTS
IGEPON AC-78
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) [INCI]
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) [MI]
SODIUM COCOYL ISETIONATE [MART.]
SODIUM ISETHIONATE COCONUT ESTER
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) [WHO-DD]
518XTE8493
SCI (SODIUM COCOYL ISETHIONATE) COSMETIC GRADE
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a combination of a type of sulphonic acid called Isethionic Acid and a fatty acid or sodium salt ester which is derived from coconut oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is known for its mild and gentle cleansing properties.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade effectively removes dirt, oils, and impurities from the skin and hair without causing excessive dryness or irritation, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

CAS Number: 61789-32-0
Molecular Formula: C2Na6O47S20
Molecular Weight: 1555.23182
EINECS Number: 263-052-5

Synonyms: SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade, 61789-32-0, COCONUT FATTY ACID, 2-SULFOETHYL ESTER, SODIUM SALT, FATTY ACIDS, COCONUT OIL, SULFOETHYL ESTERS, SODIUM SALTS, IGEPON AC-78, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade [INCI], SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade [MI], SODIUM COCOYL ISETIONATE [MART.], SODIUM ISETHIONATE COCONUT ESTER, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade [WHO-DD], 518XTE8493.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is derived from coconut oil, which is a natural source, and this can be an appealing feature for consumers looking for more natural or plant-based ingredients in their personal care products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is less likely to cause skin and eye irritation compared to harsher surfactants, which makes it a preferred choice for products intended for sensitive skin or for use on the face.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, making it suitable for use in various product formulations.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can be used in various types of personal care products, including shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, bar soaps, solid shampoo bars, baby care products, and more.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is often used in solid formulations like shampoo bars and soap bars, contributing to their stability and effectiveness.

In addition to its cleansing abilities, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can also act as an emulsifier, helping to mix and stabilize oil and water-based ingredients in products.
Many manufacturers prioritize responsibly sourced ingredients, and SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can be sourced sustainably, aligning with environmentally conscious practices.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's created by combining sodium isethionate with coconut oil fatty acids.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade has been a predominant ingredient in syndet bar formulation for more than thirty years.
Although cost effective and well recognized for good skin compatibility, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is not regularly found in liquid detergent systems due to its limited solubility in water.

The solubility of SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade in water is unfavorable in terms of enthalpy of solvation.
When setting up equilibrium of solubilization, there are three possible phases, and three methods have been developed to prevent SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade from recrystallizing in aqueous solutions.
The first focuses on tying SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade ions within micelles made of secondary surfactants.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grades are organic compounds which aid the blending of liquids which do not ordinarily mix, most obviously oil and water.
The isethionate has both a hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water fearing) element and is therefore attracted to water and oil alike.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade Powder is biodegradable, non-toxic and vegan friendly.

Alongside its binding potential SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can attract dirt from the skin and hair which can then be washed off with water.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is very gentle on the skin and scalp and suitable for all skin types including infants.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade high-performance surfactant, which is equally effective in both hard and soft water, is a popular choice for addition to liquid shampoos and bar shampoos, liquid soaps and bar soaps, bath butters and bath bombs, and to shower gels, to name a few foaming products.

The odour of SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can vary batch to batch, our last batch had little odour, this new batch has some odour.
In tests Fragrance Oil covers any odour however weaker Essential Oils such as Grapefruit and Citrus may not entirely cover the odour of the SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used as a surfactant or co-surfactant (for cleansing properties and lather) in products such as shampoos, shampoo bars, body washes, and hand soaps.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used as a fine white powder that has a mild scent.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a type of surfactant, which means it has the ability to lower the surface tension of liquids and enhance the spreadability of products.
This makes it useful for creating foaming and cleansing properties in various personal care products.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's high foaming capacity maintains the moisture in skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a cleansing ingredient used in skincare and haircare formulations.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is derived from coconut oil.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is primarily used in soaps, cleansers, shampoos, and cleansing products due to its surfactant abilities.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is usually used in concentrations that range between 10-25%.
There are considered to be no issues with irritation, sensitivity, or toxicity at these concentrations.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a gentle surfactant derived from coconut oil that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is typically derived from coconut oil, hence the "cocoyl" part of its name.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a sodium salt produced from coconut oil.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a traditional substitute for sodium salts that are derived from animals, namely sheep and cattle.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade exhibits high foaming ability, producing a stable, rich and velvety lather that does not dehydrate the skin, making it ideal for addition to water-free products as well as skin care, hair care, and bath products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is an anionic compound and is also known as sodium isethionate.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is also known as ‘Baby Foam’ because it is a surfactant which is exceptionally mild.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a fine white powder which has a mild odour.
This white, powdery substance has gained popularity due to its mild, non-irritating nature, making it suitable for a variety of personal care applications.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a sodium salt of the coconut fatty acid ester of isethionic acid.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is an anionic surfactant, meaning it carries a negative charge that helps to create a lather and lift dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade also known as SCI, is a gentle surfactant which adds high foaming and cleansing properties to a cosmetic formula.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade typically comes in flake, noodle or powder form.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade Raw Material is a surfactant that is comprised of a type of sulphonic acid called Isethionic Acid as well as the fatty acid – or sodium salt ester – obtained from Coconut Oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a popular substitute for animal-derived sodium salts, such as sodium tallowate, which comes from cattle and sheep.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade help to lift oil and dirt from the skin allows it to be washed away.
This is why SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can be found in products that help to cleanse the skin and hair.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a sodium salt ester, or a fatty acid derived from coconut oil.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a solid, gentle anionic surfactant made from coconut oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is really versatile and good, and is considered natural.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used to create solid cleansers and opaque liquid cleansers.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a natural ingredient that is derived from coconuts, specifically coconut oil.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a surfactant and is often seen in hair care products like shampoos because of its ability to help water to mix with oil and dirt, allowing them to be more easily rinsed away.
The process includes mixing a natural sulfonic acid called isethionic acid with the fatty acids that naturally occur in coconut oil.

Much like coconut oil, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade provides incredibly moisturizing properties, especially when compared to other surfactants with similar cleansing and foaming properties.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is the Sodium salt of the coconut fatty acid ester of Sisethionic acid which functions as a surfactant-cleansing agent (Nikitakis, 1988).
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is in the form of a fine white powder that consists of active ingredient plus minor impurities and has a mild odor.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is stable at a pH of 6-8 and hydrolyzes outside of this pH range.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade Powder is a high foaming mild surfactant.
Due to SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grades excellent lathering and mildness it is suitable for use in Syndet bars, shampoos, shower gels, liquid soaps and facial cleansers.

Also high temperatures and how this ingredient is stored may affect the odour.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade aids in mixing oil and water-based ingredients in formulations, creating stable and homogeneous products.
Due to SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grades mild nature, it is often used in products targeted at people with sensitive or irritated skin.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is derived from coconut and is regarded as compatible with sensitive skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade has the ability to create a rich and stable lather in products like shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers, enhancing the overall user experience.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is considered to be biodegradable, which means it can break down in the environment over time, making it a more environmentally friendly choice compared to some other surfactants.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a chemical compound commonly used in the formulation of personal care and cosmetic products, especially in skincare, haircare, and bath products.
This surfactant is used as a cleansing agent in many skincare, haircare, cleaning products.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade Powder is a particularly mild surfactant derived from coconut.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is known to be non-allergic, non-irritating and non-toxic, hence used in a wide range of beauty products and toiletries.

Density: 1110[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.002Pa at 20℃
pka: 0.36[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 102mg/L at 23℃
LogP: -0.41 at 20℃

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade helps remove dirt, oils, and impurities from the skin or hair without excessively stripping away natural oils, which can help maintain skin and hair hydration.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is seen as an ingredient in a variety of soaps and cleansing products.
This powerful ingredient is common in many soaps and cleansers as it effectively washes away dirt and oil without leading to dryness or irritation.

The mixture is then heated to remove extra water as well as distilled to remove any unnecessary fatty acids.
As a surfactant, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade creates a wet feeling, it solubilizes oils and reduces surface tension, and can aid in foaming as well.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade’s an anionic surfactant, meaning a cleansing agent with a negative instead of a positive charge.

Anionic surfactants are the most common type due to their ability to lift and suspend dirt, oil, and debris, allowing them to be washed away.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade produces a rich, creamy lather when mixed with water, enhancing the cleansing experience in products like shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is produced by reacting sodium isethionate with fatty acids derived from coconut oil or other chlorides.

The mixture is then heated to remove water and distilled to remove excess fatty acids.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a mild soap-free cleansing agent known for its ability to mitigate disruption of skin’s barrier.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade Powder, often called baby foam, is a specialty anionic powder surfactant made from all vegetable, renewable resources, primarily coconut.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used to impart extra mildness, good after feel, and good foaming in many personal care and cleansing products.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade powder is an excellent foamer in hard or soft water.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a naturally-derived ingredient that comes from the fatty acids that are present in isethionic acid and coconut oil.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is well-suited for cleansing products designed for delicate areas of the body, such as the face and intimate hygiene products, where gentle yet effective cleaning is essential.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can help reduce the potential for skin and scalp irritation, making it a preferred choice for individuals with conditions like eczema, psoriasis, or sensitive skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade has good rinse-off properties, which means it can be easily and thoroughly washed away, reducing the likelihood of product residue buildup on the skin or hair.

In finished cosmetic products, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is typically used at low concentrations and is considered to have low toxicity, minimizing the risk of adverse effects when used as directed.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade contributes to the smooth and creamy texture of certain personal care products, enhancing the overall feel and application.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade helps improve the stability and shelf life of products, maintaining their performance over time.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is often compatible with various active ingredients, allowing for the incorporation of additional beneficial components like moisturizers, vitamins, or exfoliants in a product.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can be used in a wide pH range, making it versatile for formulating products with different pH requirements.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is considered hypoallergenic, which means it is less likely to trigger allergic reactions in most individuals.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade acts as a foam booster in formulations, contributing to a luxurious and satisfying lather in products like foaming cleansers.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade manufacturers offer cruelty-free and vegan-friendly versions of the ingredient, catering to consumers who prioritize ethical and sustainable choices.
These fatty acids are reacted with SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade and the mixture is heated to remove any water left behind.

In its raw form, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade appears as a fine white powder.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is considered more environmentally friendly compared to some other surfactants, as it can biodegrade more readily.

Uses:
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can be found in natural, organic, and sulfate-free formulations as a milder alternative to traditional sulfate-based surfactants.
In body washes and shower gels, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade produces a luxurious foam that effectively cleanses the skin without leaving it dry or irritated.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's used in facial cleansers to remove makeup, dirt, and impurities from the skin while maintaining a gentle cleansing experience.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grades mild nature makes it suitable for various skin types.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is commonly found in solid cleansing bars, such as facial cleansing bars, body bars, and even shampoo bars, due to its ability to produce a rich lather.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade might be used in foaming or cleansing face masks to provide a cleansing aspect as the mask is washed off.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can be found in cosmetic products like facial cleanser creams, makeup removers, and even in some toothpaste formulations for its foaming and cleaning properties.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can be included in exfoliating products like scrubs and cleansers to help remove dead skin cells and impurities while still maintaining a gentle cleansing action.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a good sulfate-free alternative for people who want to avoid commonly known surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's sometimes used in pet shampoos to provide a gentle cleansing action for pets' skin and fur.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used in liquid hand soaps to create a foaming action that effectively cleanses the hands without overly drying the skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used as a surfactant-cleansing agent in cosmetic formulations.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's sometimes used in bath bombs and other bath products to create a luxurious foaming and cleansing experience when added to bathwater.
In some cases, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade might be used in creams and lotions to help with emulsification, creating a smooth and well-mixed product.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is a mild, high-foaming surfactant.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade leaves the skin with a soft afterfeel, which is why it is sometimes referred to as "baby foam".
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is an ingredient derived from coconut oil.
In cosmetics and personal care products, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used primarily in the preparation of bath soaps and cleansing products.

This ingredient is also used in the formulation of shampoos, tonics, dressings, other hair grooming aids and skin cleansing preparations.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grades gentle properties make it suitable for use in baby shampoos, body washes, and bath products.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's often included in products designed for sensitive or easily irritated skin, as it cleanses without causing excessive dryness or irritation.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is slightly to practically nontoxic, with an oral LD50 of 24.33 g/kg for rats.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's often used in shampoos to create a creamy lather that helps cleanse the hair and scalp without stripping away natural oils excessively.
This makes SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade suitable for daily use and for people with sensitive scalps.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grades solid form makes it suitable for creating solid cleansing bars and shampoo bars, which are convenient for travel and reduce the need for liquid products.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can be used in products designed to have a creamy and moisturizing texture, helping to create a balance between cleansing and hydration.
In makeup removers, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade assists in breaking down makeup products while being gentle on the skin around the eyes and face.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used in shampoos to create a rich lather, cleanse the hair and scalp, and remove dirt and excess oils.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's found in body washes and shower gels to provide a foamy lather and gentle cleansing for the skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used in facial cleansers to remove makeup, dirt, and oils from the face without causing irritation.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's included in bar soaps to enhance lathering and cleansing properties.

In cream-based cleansers, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade helps to emulsify and remove makeup and impurities from the skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used in baby shampoos, body washes, and other baby care products for gentle cleaning.
Products designed for sensitive skin often contain SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade due to its mild and non-irritating properties.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is used in solid shampoo bars, creating a lather and effectively cleansing the hair.
In some toothpaste formulations, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade acts as a foaming agent to enhance texture and user experience.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's often used in shaving creams and foams to create a smooth and comfortable shaving experience, reducing irritation and razor burn.
Due to its mild nature, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's used in products for individuals with sensitive or easily irritated scalps, such as dandruff shampoos and scalp treatments.

Safety Profile:
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is considered to be more biodegradable compared to some other surfactants, its impact on the environment can still vary depending on factors such as formulation, usage, and disposal.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, some people might have sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's important to avoid getting the product in the eyes and to rinse thoroughly with water if it does happen.

In some cases, certain surfactants can contribute to clogged pores and breakouts, particularly in individuals with acne-prone or sensitive skin.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade's generally a good practice to use products with environmentally friendly formulations whenever possible.
Like many surfactants, SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade can cause irritation if it comes into direct contact with the eyes.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade in powder form can be irritating to the eyes and skin.
Proper handling and safety precautions are essential when working with the pure chemical.

SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade powder can irritate the respiratory system.
SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) cosmetic grade is generally mild, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to it.
Patch testing should be performed when formulating products, especially for individuals with known skin sensitivities.

SCI SODIUM COCOYLISETHIONATE
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a sodium salt ester, or a fatty acid derived from coconut oil.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a natural ingredient that is derived from coconuts, specifically coconut oil.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is seen as an ingredient in a variety of soaps and cleansing products.

CAS Number: 61789-32-0
Molecular Formula: C2Na6O47S20
Molecular Weight: 1555.23182
EINECS Number: 263-052-5

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a solid, gentle anionic surfactant made from coconut oil.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is really versatile and good, and is considered natural.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is used to create solid cleansers and opaque liquid cleansers.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a surfactant and is often seen in hair care products like shampoos because of its ability to help water to mix with oil and dirt, allowing them to be more easily rinsed away.
The process includes mixing a natural sulfonic acid called isethionic acid with the fatty acids that naturally occur in coconut oil.
Much like coconut oil, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate provides incredibly moisturizing properties, especially when compared to other surfactants with similar cleansing and foaming properties.

This powerful ingredient is common in many soaps and cleansers as it effectively washes away dirt and oil without leading to dryness or irritation.
The mixture is then heated to remove extra water as well as distilled to remove any unnecessary fatty acids.
As a surfactant, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate creates a wet feeling, it solubilizes oils and reduces surface tension, and can aid in foaming as well.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a chemical compound commonly used in the formulation of personal care and cosmetic products, especially in skincare, haircare, and bath products.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's high foaming capacity maintains the moisture in skin.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a cleansing ingredient used in skincare and haircare formulations.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is derived from coconut oil. It is primarily used in soaps, cleansers, shampoos, and cleansing products due to its surfactant abilities.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate help to lift oil and dirt from the skin allows it to be washed away.
This is why SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate can be found in products that help to cleanse the skin and hair.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is used as a fine white powder that has a mild scent.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a type of surfactant, which means it has the ability to lower the surface tension of liquids and enhance the spreadability of products.
This makes it useful for creating foaming and cleansing properties in various personal care products.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is usually used in concentrations that range between 10-25%.
There are considered to be no issues with irritation, sensitivity, or toxicity at these concentrations.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a gentle surfactant derived from coconut oil that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is typically derived from coconut oil, hence the "cocoyl" part of its name.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a sodium salt produced from coconut oil.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a traditional substitute for sodium salts that are derived from animals, namely sheep and cattle.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate exhibits high foaming ability, producing a stable, rich and velvety lather that does not dehydrate the skin, making it ideal for addition to water-free products as well as skin care, hair care, and bath products.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is an anionic compound and is also known as sodium isethionate.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a popular substitute for animal-derived sodium salts, such as sodium tallowate, which comes from cattle and sheep.

This ingredient has high foaming properties, making SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate a useful addition to cosmetic and personal care products.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is also known as ‘Baby Foam’ because it is a surfactant which is exceptionally mild.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a fine white powder which has a mild odour.

This white, powdery substance has gained popularity due to its mild, non-irritating nature, making it suitable for a variety of personal care applications.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a sodium salt of the coconut fatty acid ester of isethionic acid.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is an anionic surfactant, meaning it carries a negative charge that helps to create a lather and lift dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate also known as SCI, is a gentle surfactant which adds high foaming and cleansing properties to a cosmetic formula.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate typically comes in flake, noodle or powder form.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate Raw Material is a surfactant that is comprised of a type of sulphonic acid called Isethionic Acid as well as the fatty acid – or sodium salt ester – obtained from Coconut Oil.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a combination of a type of sulphonic acid called Isethionic Acid and a fatty acid or sodium salt ester which is derived from coconut oil.
This surfactant is used as a cleansing agent in many skincare, haircare, cleaning products.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is known to be non-allergic, non-irritating and non-toxic, hence used in a wide range of beauty products and toiletries.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate Powder is a particularly mild surfactant derived from coconut.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionates are organic compounds which aid the blending of liquids which do not ordinarily mix, most obviously oil and water.

The isethionate has both a hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water fearing) element and is therefore attracted to water and oil alike.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate Powder is biodegradable, non-toxic and vegan friendly.
Alongside its binding potential it can attract dirt from the skin and hair which can then be washed off with water.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is very gentle on the skin and scalp and suitable for all skin types including infants.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate high-performance surfactant, which is equally effective in both hard and soft water, is a popular choice for addition to liquid shampoos and bar shampoos, liquid soaps and bar soaps, bath butters and bath bombs, and to shower gels, to name a few foaming products.

The odour of SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate can vary batch to batch, our last batch had little odour, this new batch has some odour.
In tests Fragrance Oil covers any odour however weaker Essential Oils such as Grapefruit and Citrus may not entirely cover the odour of the SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is used as a surfactant or co-surfactant (for cleansing properties and lather) in products such as shampoos, shampoo bars, body washes, and hand soaps.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's created by combining sodium isethionate with coconut oil fatty acids. (source)
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate has been a predominant ingredient in syndet bar formulation for more than thirty years.
Although cost effective and well recognized for good skin compatibility, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is not regularly found in liquid detergent systems due to its limited solubility in water.

The solubility of SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate in water is unfavorable in terms of enthalpy of solvation.
When setting up equilibrium of solubilization, there are three possible phases, and three methods have been developed to prevent SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate from recrystallizing in aqueous solutions.
The first focuses on tying SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate ions within micelles made of secondary surfactants.

The second focuses on the exchange of sodium ions with ammonium ions (and/or triethanolammonium).
The third centers on emulsification of SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate and the subsequent change of micelles into emulsified oil drops.
A combination of two or three of these methods will enable the formulator to use SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate as the primary surfactant in liquid detersive systems.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is the Sodium salt of the coconut fatty acid ester of Sisethionic acid which functions as a surfactant-cleansing agent (Nikitakis, 1988).
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is in the form of a fine white powder that consists of active ingredient plus minor impurities and has a mild odor (Estrin et al., 1982b).
Sodium Cocoyl lsethionate i s stable at a pH of 6-8 and hydrolyzes outside of this pH range (Hunting, 1983).

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate Powder is a high foaming mild surfactant.
Due to SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionates excellent lathering and mildness it is suitable for use in Syndet bars, shampoos, shower gels, liquid soaps and facial cleansers.
Also high temperatures and how this ingredient is stored may affect the odour.

Density: 1110[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.002Pa at 20℃
pka: 0.36[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 102mg/L at 23℃
LogP: -0.41 at 20℃

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate aids in mixing oil and water-based ingredients in formulations, creating stable and homogeneous products.
Due to SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionates mild nature, it is often used in products targeted at people with sensitive or irritated skin.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is derived from coconut and is regarded as compatible with sensitive skin.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate’s an anionic surfactant, meaning a cleansing agent with a negative instead of a positive charge.
Anionic surfactants are the most common type due to their ability to lift and suspend dirt, oil, and debris, allowing them to be washed away.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate helps remove dirt, oils, and impurities from the skin or hair without excessively stripping away natural oils, which can help maintain skin and hair hydration.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate produces a rich, creamy lather when mixed with water, enhancing the cleansing experience in products like shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is produced by reacting sodium isethionate with fatty acids derived from coconut oil or other chlorides.
The mixture is then heated to remove water and distilled to remove excess fatty acids.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a mild soap-free cleansing agent known for its ability to mitigate disruption of skin’s barrier.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a naturally-derived ingredient that comes from the fatty acids that are present in isethionic acid and coconut oil.

These fatty acids are reacted with sodium isethionate and the mixture is heated to remove any water left behind.
In its raw form, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate appears as a fine white powder.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is considered more environmentally friendly compared to some other surfactants, as it can biodegrade more readily.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate Powder, often called baby foam, is a specialty anionic powder surfactant made from all vegetable, renewable resources, primarily coconut.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is used to impart extra mildness, good after feel, and good foaming in many personal care and cleansing products.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate powder is an excellent foamer in hard or soft water.

Uses:
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is used in liquid hand soaps to create a foaming action that effectively cleanses the hands without overly drying the skin.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is used as a surfactant-cleansing agent in cosmetic formulations.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's sometimes used in bath bombs and other bath products to create a luxurious foaming and cleansing experience when added to bathwater.

In some cases, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate might be used in creams and lotions to help with emulsification, creating a smooth and well-mixed product.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a mild, high-foaming surfactant.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate leaves the skin with a soft afterfeel, which is why it is sometimes referred to as "baby foam".

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is an ingredient derived from coconut oil.
In cosmetics and personal care products, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is used primarily in the preparation of bath soaps and cleansing products.
This ingredient is also used in the formulation of shampoos, tonics, dressings, other hair grooming aids and skin cleansing preparations.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionates gentle properties make it suitable for use in baby shampoos, body washes, and bath products.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's often included in products designed for sensitive or easily irritated skin, as it cleanses without causing excessive dryness or irritation.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is slightly to practically nontoxic, with an oral LD50 of 24.33 g/kg for rats.

Dermal application of 1.0-36.0% w/w aqueous Sodium Cocoyl lsethionate to rats for 28 days did not produce any significant toxic effects.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's often used in shampoos to create a creamy lather that helps cleanse the hair and scalp without stripping away natural oils excessively.
This makes SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate suitable for daily use and for people with sensitive scalps.

In body washes and shower gels, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate produces a luxurious foam that effectively cleanses the skin without leaving it dry or irritated.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's used in facial cleansers to remove makeup, dirt, and impurities from the skin while maintaining a gentle cleansing experience.
Its mild nature makes it suitable for various skin types.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is commonly found in solid cleansing bars, such as facial cleansing bars, body bars, and even shampoo bars, due to its ability to produce a rich lather.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is a good sulfate-free alternative for people who want to avoid commonly known surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's sometimes used in pet shampoos to provide a gentle cleansing action for pets' skin and fur.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionates solid form makes it suitable for creating solid cleansing bars and shampoo bars, which are convenient for travel and reduce the need for liquid products.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate can be used in products designed to have a creamy and moisturizing texture, helping to create a balance between cleansing and hydration.
In makeup removers, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate assists in breaking down makeup products while being gentle on the skin around the eyes and face.

SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's often used in shaving creams and foams to create a smooth and comfortable shaving experience, reducing irritation and razor burn.
Due to its mild nature, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's used in products for individuals with sensitive or easily irritated scalps, such as dandruff shampoos and scalp treatments.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate can be found in natural, organic, and sulfate-free formulations as a milder alternative to traditional sulfate-based surfactants.

In some cases, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate might be used in foaming or cleansing face masks to provide a cleansing aspect as the mask is washed off.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate can be found in cosmetic products like facial cleanser creams, makeup removers, and even in some toothpaste formulations for its foaming and cleaning properties.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate can be included in exfoliating products like scrubs and cleansers to help remove dead skin cells and impurities while still maintaining a gentle cleansing action.

Safety Profile:
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's important to avoid getting the product in the eyes and to rinse thoroughly with water if it does happen.
In some cases, certain surfactants can contribute to clogged pores and breakouts, particularly in individuals with acne-prone or sensitive skin.
While SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, some people might have sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient.

While SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate is considered to be more biodegradable compared to some other surfactants, its impact on the environment can still vary depending on factors such as formulation, usage, and disposal.
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate's generally a good practice to use products with environmentally friendly formulations whenever possible.
Like many surfactants, SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate can cause irritation if it comes into direct contact with the eyes.

Synonyms:
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate
61789-32-0
COCONUT FATTY ACID, 2-SULFOETHYL ESTER, SODIUM SALT
FATTY ACIDS, COCONUT OIL, SULFOETHYL ESTERS, SODIUM SALTS
IGEPON AC-78
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate [INCI]
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate [MI]
SODIUM COCOYL ISETIONATE [MART.]
SODIUM ISETHIONATE COCONUT ESTER
SCI Sodium Cocoylisethionate [WHO-DD]
518XTE8493
SEBACIC ACID
DESCRIPTION:
Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula HO2C(CH2)8CO2H.
Sebacic acid is a white flake or powdered solid.
Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles.

CAS Number: 111-20-6
EC Number: 203-845-5

Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil.
In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.
Sebacic acid can be used as a surfactant in the lubricating oil industry to increase the antirust properties of lubricating oils on metals.


Sebacic acid is a white granular powder.
Melting point of Sebacic acid is 153 °F.
Sebacic acid is Slightly soluble in water.

Sebacic acid Sublimes slowly at 750 mmHg when heated to melting point.
Sebacic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.
Sebacic acid has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite.

Sebacic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid.
Sebacic acid is a conjugate acid of a sebacate(2-) and a sebacate.
Sebacic acid derives from a hydride of a decane.

Sebacic acid is a natural product found in Isatis tinctoria, Euglena gracilis, and other organisms with data available.

Sebacic acid is a castor oil-derived dicarboxylic acid.
Sebacic acid is widely used to produce polymers, plasticizers, lubricants, and corrosion retardants.
Sebacic acid can act as a pH corrector in the cosmetic products formulations.
Sebacic acid is also used as a precursor to prepare sebacate esters such as diisopropyl sebacate, diethylhexyl sebacate, and dibutyl sebacate.


Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms.
Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid.
In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), also known as glutaric aciduria type II (GAII), a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion.

Sebacic acid is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism.
Sebacic acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition.
Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles.

Sebacic acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.
Sebacic acid is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.
Sebacic acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials


Sebacic acid is a dicarboxylic acid obtained from the dry distillation of castor oil.
Sebacic acid is derived from castor oil.
Two molecules are needed to obtain a castor sebacic acid.

Castor oil is obtained from the fruit seed of castor (Ricinus communis L.) a large shrub that grows mainly in India, Brazil and China.
The seed has an oil content of 40-50%.
Sebacic acid is solid at room temperature and melts above 130 ° C.

Sebacic acid Is in the form of white crystalline solid (powder or granules depending of the manufacturer).
Sebacic acid is Stabilizer in alkyd resins, maleic and other polyesters, polyurethanes, fibers, paints, candles and perfumes, low temperature lubricants and hydraulic fluids.


Sebacic Acid is a linear dicarboxylic acid whose main ingredient is castor oil obtained from castor seeds.
Castor oil is a long-chain dibasic acid consisting of 10 carbon atoms obtained by our original alkaline melting method, and has been our main product for many years.

Sebacic Acid Ester (DOS, DBS) is used as a cold-resistant plasticizer for many resins including vinyl chloride, and is also used for 6,10-nylon raw materials, hot melt adhesives, condenser electrolytes, coolants (antifreeze), and water solubility.
Sebacic Acid is used as a raw material for industrial products such as machine oil.
In recent years, it has been attracting attention as a carbon-neutral product made from plants.

A secondary alcohol obtained as a by-product of Sebacic Acid, it is a colorless and transparent liquid with adhesiveness and aromaticity.
In addition, as a carbon-neutral green chemical product made from plants, Sebacic Acid is used as a raw material for ester oils for cosmetics, raw materials for fragrances, high boiling point solvents, defoamers, and raw materials for surfactants.
Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms.
Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid.
In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) or glutaric aciduria type II (GAII) are a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion.
Sebacic acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition.

Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles.
Sebacic Acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.

Sebacic Acid is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.
Sebacic Acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials.



USES OF SEBACIC ACID:
Sebacic acid is used in Plasticizers
Sebacic acid is used in Lubricants
Sebacic acid is used in Hydraulic Fluids

Sebacic acid is used in Cosmetics
Sebacic acid is used in Candles
Sebacic acid is used in Buffering

Sebacic acid is used in pH Regulating Agent
Sebacic acid is used in pH Adjuster
Sebacic acid is used in Adhesives & Sealants

Sebacic acid is used in Paints & Coatings
Sebacic acid is used in Personal Care Products


PRODUCTION OF SEBACIC ACID:
Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil.
Octanol & glycerin is a byproduct.
Sebacic acid can also be obtained from decalin via the tertiary hydroperoxide, which gives cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid.

Potential medical significance:
Sebum is a secretion by skin sebaceous glands.
It is a waxy set of lipids composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%).
Included in the free fatty acid secretions in sebum are polyunsaturated fatty acids and sebacic acid. Sebacic acid is also found in other lipids that coat the skin surface.

Human neutrophils can convert sebacic acid to its 5-oxo analog, i.e., 5-oxo-6E,8Z-octadecenoic acid, a structural analog of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and like this oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid is an exceptionally potent activator of eosinophils, monocytes, and other pro-inflammatory cells from humans and other species.
This action is mediated by the OXER1 receptor on these cells.
It is suggested that sebacic acid is converted to its 5-oxo analog during, and thereby stimulates pro-inflammatory cells to contribute to the worsening of, various inflammatory skin conditions

APPLICATIONS OF SEBACIC ACID:
Sebacic acid has been used in the synthesis of:
• biodegradable and elastomeric polyesters [poly(glycerol sebacate)]
• novel bio-nylon, PA5.10
• novel temperature-response hydrogel based on poly(ether-ester anhydride) nanoparticle for drug-delivery applications

KEY BENEFITS OF SEBACIC ACID:

In cosmetic products, sebacic acid can act as a pH corrector.
In plastics, sebacic acid can be used to provide better flexibility and lower melting temperature.
For lubricants and anti-corrosion applications, sebacic acid is used to produce a salt derivative that can be used as a coolant for aircraft, automotive and truck engines.

Here are the attributes that make sebacic acid as flexible as it is.
• Excellent lubricity
• Low temperature fluidity
• Higher thermal stability
• High flash points
• Low pour points









CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEBACIC ACID:
Chemical formula C10H18O4
Molar mass 202.250 g•mol−1
Density 1.209 g/cm3
Melting point 131 to 134.5 °C (267.8 to 274.1 °F; 404.1 to 407.6 K)
Boiling point 294.4 °C (561.9 °F; 567.5 K) at 100 mmHg
Solubility in water 0.25 g/L
Acidity (pKa) 4.720, 5.450
Molecular Weight
202.25 g/mol
XLogP3
2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
4
Rotatable Bond Count
9
Exact Mass
202.12050905 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
202.12050905 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count
14
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
157
Isotope Atom Count
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Boiling point 295 °C (133 hPa)
Density 1.210 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point 133 - 137 °C
Vapor pressure 1 hPa (183 °C)
Bulk density 600 - 620 kg/m3
Solubility 1 g/l
Assay (GC, area%) ≥ 98.0 % (a/a)
Melting range (lower value) ≥ 131 °C
Melting range (upper value) ≤ 134 °C
Identity (IR) passes test
vapor pressure 1.3 hPa (183 °C)
Quality Level 200
assay ≥98.0% (GC)
form powder
potency 3400-14500 mg/kg LD50, oral (Rat) >2000 mg/kg LD50, skin (Rat)
bp 295 °C/133 hPa
mp 130-133 °C
solubility 1 g/L
density 1.21 g/cm3
bulk density 600‑620 kg/m3
storage temp. 2-30°C
Melting Point: 274.1°F (NTP, 1992)
Vapor Pressure: 1 mmHg at 361°F ; 100 mmHg at 562.1°F; 760 mmHg at 666.1°F (NTP, 1992)
Specific Gravity: 1.2075 at 68°F (NTP, 1992)
Boiling Point: 563°F at 100 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
Molecular Weight: 202.28 (NTP, 1992)
Water Solubility: less than 1 mg/mL at 70°F (NTP, 1992)


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SEBACIC ACID:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


SYNONYMS OF SEBACIC ACID:
1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid
decanedioic acid
decanedioic acid, disodium salt
decanedioic acid, sodium salt
disodium decanedioate
disodium sebacate
sebacic acid
sebacic acid, aluminum salt
sebacic acid, disodium salt
sebacic acid, monocadmium salt
sebacic acid, sodium salt
sebacic acid
DECANEDIOIC ACID
111-20-6
1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid
1,10-Decanedioic acid
Sebacinsaure
Decanedicarboxylic acid
n-Decanedioic acid
Acide sebacique
Sebacinsaeure
USAF HC-1
Ipomic acid
Sebacinsaure [German]
Seracic acid
NSC 19492
Acide sebacique [French]
UNII-97AN39ICTC
1,8-dicarboxyoctane
26776-29-4
CCRIS 2290
EINECS 203-845-5
97AN39ICTC
BRN 1210591
DTXSID7026867
CHEBI:41865
AI3-09127
NSC19492
NSC-19492
octane-1,8-dicarboxylic acid
POLY(SEBACIC ANHYDRIDE)
DTXCID806867
EC 203-845-5
4-02-00-02078 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SEBACIC ACID (MART.)
SEBACIC ACID [MART.]
SebacicAcid
CAS-111-20-6
n-Decanedioate
Iponic acid
disodium-sebacate
4-oxodecanedioate
MFCD00004440
1,10-Decanedioate
DECANEDIOC ACID
Sebacic acid, 94%
Sebacic acid, 99%
Dicarboxylic acid C10
1i8j
1l6s
1l6y
1,8-Octanedicarboxylate
WLN: QV8VQ
D05QIT
SEBACIC ACID [MI]
SCHEMBL3977
NCIOpen2_008624
SEBACIC ACID [INCI]
CHEMBL1232164
Decanedioic acid (Sebacic acid)
FEMA NO. 4943
1,8-OCTANEDCARBOXYLIC ACID
Sebacic acid, >=95.0% (GC)
Tox21_201778
Tox21_303263
BBL011473
LMFA01170006
s5732
STL146585
AKOS000120056
CCG-266598
CS-W015503
DB07645
GS-6713
HY-W014787
NCGC00164361-01
NCGC00164361-02
NCGC00164361-03
NCGC00257150-01
NCGC00259327-01
BP-27864
NCI60_001628
LS-144686
FT-0696757
EN300-19796
C08277
A894762
Q413454
Q-201703
Z104475420
301CFA7E-7155-4D51-BD2F-EB921428B436
1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid; Decanedioic acid; Octane-1,8-dicarboxylic acid







SEBACIC ACID
Sebacic Acid is an organic dicarboxylic acid.
Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)8(CO2H)2.
Sebacic Acid is a white flake or powdered solid.
Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles.


CAS Number: 111-20-6
EC Number: 203-845-5
MDL Number: MFCD00004440
Molecular formula: C10H18O4 / HOOC(CH2)8COOH


Sebacic acid is a white granular powder.
Melting point of Sebacic Acid is 153 °F.
Sebacic Acid is slightly soluble in water.


Sebacic Acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.
Sebacic Acid has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite.
Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles.


Sebacic Acid sublimes slowly at 750 mmHg when heated to melting point.
Sebacic Acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Sebacic Acid is a urinary metabolite that has been identified as an anti-fatigue biomarker.


In its purest form, Sebacic Acid is a powdered crystal or white flaky substance.
In its pure state Sebacic Acid is a white flake or powdered crystal. Sebacic Acidt is described as non-hazardous, though in its powdered form it can be prone to flash ignition (a typical risk in handling fine organic powders).


Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum (tallow) is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles.
Sebacic Acid is white flaky crystals.
Sebacic Acid is slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether.


Sebacic Acid is also the raw material for the production of alkyd resins (used as surface coatings, plasticized nitrocellulose coatings, and urea resin varnishes) and polyurethane rubber, cellulose resins, vinyl resins, and synthetic rubber plasticizers, softeners, and solvents.
Sebacic Acid’s a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid that is non-hazardous, though it can be vulnerable to flash ignition in its powder form.


One of the most common uses for sebacic acid is in the manufacturing of candles.
Sebacic Acid sublimes slowly at 750 mm Hg when heated to melting point.;DryPowder; DryPowder, PelletsLargeCrystals; OtherSolid; PelletsLargeCrystals;Solid;WHITE POWDER WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.


Sebacic acid also shows up in the industrial industry, being used as a monomer and intermediate for various products and materials.
Sebacic Acid is white flaky crystal.
Sebacic Acid is slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether.


Sebacic Acid is a derivative of castor oil, with the vast majority of world production occurring in China which annually exports over 20,000 metric tonnes, representing over 90 % of global trade of the product.
Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil.


Sebacic Acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid.
Sebacic Acid is a conjugate acid of a sebacate(2-) and a sebacate.
Sebacic Acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum.


Sebacic Acid’s mostly colorless but can be a light shade of yellow.
Sebacic Acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms.
Sebacic Acid is a normal urinary acid.


Sebacic Acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms.
Sebacic Acid is a normal urinary acid.
Sebacic Acid is an acid derived from castor oil.


Sebacic Acid is sold in the form of a white, granular powder and sometimes referred to by either of its chemical names: 1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid.
Sebacic Acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition.
Sebacic Acid also has a mild odor to it, though nothing that stands out.


There are two ways that sebacic acid can be produced: castor oil and adipic acid.
Sebacic Acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition.
Sebacic Acid’s far more common for sebacic acid to be derived from castor oil, as the process is green and cost effective.


To make the sebacic acid, the castor oil is heated to high temperatures with alkali.
Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles.
Sebacic Acid is a white granular powder.


The purity of Sebacic Acid is based on the type of reaction it has. Generally, modern conversion technology leads to a purer product.
Sebacic Acid's Melting point is 153°F.
Sebacic Acid is slightly soluble in water.


Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms.
Sebacic Acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids.
These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms.


Sebacic Acid is made from castor oil and belongs to the homologous series of dicarboxylic acids.
The best known application of Sebacic Acid is the production of polyamides.
Sebacic Acid, a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC) (CH2)8(COOH), is a naturally occurring chemical derivative of castor oil which has been proven safe in vivo.


Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid.
Sebacic Acid is a natural product found in Isatis tinctoria, Euglena gracilis, and other organisms with data available.
Sebacic Acid is a natural C10 liquid fatty acid, directly produced from castor oil.


Sebacic acid is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism.
Sebacic Acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms.


Sebacic Acid is a normal urinary acid.
Sebacic acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition.
Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles.


Sebacic acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.
Sebacic Acid has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite.
Sebacic Acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid.


Sebacic Acid is a conjugate acid of a sebacate(2-) and a sebacate.
Sebacic Acid derives from a hydride of a decane.
Sebacic acid acts as a plasticizer, solvent and softener.


Sebacic Acid is a white flake or powdered solid.
Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles.
Sebacic Acid is manufactured by splitting of castor oil followed by fusion with caustic.


Sebacic Acid sublimes slowly at 750 mmHg when heated to melting point.
Sebacic Acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.
Sebacic Acid is white crystalline powder or granular form slightly dissolves in water, completely dissolves in ethanol or ether but not in benzene.


Sebacic acid is high end derivative of castor oil and it is also called "DECANEDIOIC ACID".
Sebacic Acid's Melting point is 153 °F.
Sebacic Acid is slightly soluble in water.


Sebacic Acid is a derivative of castor oil.
Sebacic Acid is a white granular powder.
Sebacic Acid is a natural liquid fatty acid, directly produced from castor oil.


Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil.
Sebacic Acid is an organic dicarboxylic acid.
Sebacic Acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)8(CO2H)2.


Sebacic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.
Sebacic Acid has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite.
Sebacic Acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid.


Sebacic Acid is a conjugate acid of a sebacate(2-) and a sebacate.
Sebacic Acid derives from a hydride of a decane.
Sebacic acid is a natural product found in Isatis tinctoria, Euglena gracilis, and other organisms with data available.


Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms.
Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid.
In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) or glutaric aciduria type II (GAII) are a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion.


Sebacic acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition.
Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles.
Sebacic acid is a dicarboxylic acid obtained from the dry distillation of castor oil.


Sebacic Acid is derived from castor oil.
Two molecules are needed to obtain a castor sebacic acid.
Castor oil is obtained from the fruit seed of castor (Ricinus communis L.) a large shrub that grows mainly in India, Brazil and China.


The seed has an oil content of 40-50%.
It is solid at room temperature and melts above 130 ° C. Is in the form of white crystalline solid (powder or granules depending of the manufacturer).
Stabilizer in alkyd resins, maleic and other polyesters, polyurethanes, fibers, paints, candles and perfumes, low temperature lubricants and hydraulic fluids.
Sebacic Acid derives from a hydride of a decane.


Sebacic Acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid which is a derivative of castor oil.
Sebacic Acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition.
Sebacic Acid is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)(CH2)8(COOH), and is naturally occurring.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SEBACIC ACID:
Sebacic Acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Sebacic Acid is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.
Sebacic Acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials.


In the industrial setting, Sebacic Acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used in plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.
Sebacic Acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics, and painting materials.
Sebacic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, fuels, lubricants and greases, coating products and fertilisers.


Release to the environment of Sebacic Acid can occur from industrial use: of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Release to the environment of Sebacic Acid can occur from industrial use: of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Sebacic Acid also works as a buffering & neutralizing agent.


Other release to the environment of Sebacic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).


Sebacic Acid is used in skin care, hair care and sun care formulations.
Sebacic Acid is used as a topical emollient.
Sebacic Acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.


Sebacic Acid is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.
Sebacic Acid can be used as a corrosion inhibitor in metalworking fluids and as a complexing agent in greases.
Cosmetic Uses of Sebacic Acid: buffering agents


Release to the environment of Sebacic Acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Sebacic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).
Sebacic Acid can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones) and leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture).


Sebacic Acid is used in the following products: biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, plant protection products, water softeners and water treatment chemicals.
Sebacic Acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.


Sebacic Acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Sebacic Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Sebacic Acid is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, polymers, coating products, lubricants and greases and cosmetics and personal care products.
In the industrial setting, Sebacic Acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.


Sebacic Acid is a urinary metabolite that has been identified as an anti-fatigue biomarker.
Sebacic Acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.
Sebacic Acid is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.


Release to the environment of Sebacic Acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture, manufacturing of the substance and formulation in materials.


Sebacic Acid can be used as plasticizers for plastics and cold-resistant rubber, as well as for polyamide, polyurethane, alkyd resin, synthetic lubricating oil, lubricating oil additives, spices, coatings, cosmetics, etc.
Sebacic Acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, water treatment chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, water softeners and polymers.


Sebacic Acid is widely used in the preparation of sebacic acid esters, such as dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl sebacate.
Sebacic Acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Sebacic Acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.


Sebacic Acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials.
Sebacic Acid is used as source material for various products.
In addition, Sebacic Acid is used as a crosslinker in the adhesives industry, as a plasticizer in the plastics industry, as a component of lubricants and as an extender in packaging films.


Sebacic Acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products and rubber products.
Sebacic Acid can be used as a synthesis intermediate for sebacates esters which can be used as emollients, masking agent, film forming agent, hair or skin conditioning agent, SPF Booster, etc.


Release to the environment of Sebacic Acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Sebacic Acid can also be used as raw material for producing nylon 1010, nylon 910, nylon 810, nylon 610, nylon 9 and high temperature resistant lubricating oil diethylhexyl ester.


Sebacic Acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials.
Release to the environment of Sebacic Acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.


Sebacic Acid can be used as a surfactant in the lubricating oil industry to increase the antirust properties of lubricating oils on metals.
Sebacic Acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, fuels, lubricants and greases, coating products and fertilisers.
Sebacic Acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.


Sebacic Acid is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.
Sebacic Acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Sebacic Acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials.


Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, and sebum is Latin for tallow. These terms refer to the use of sebacic acid in the manufacturing of candles.
In particular, Sebacic Acid is used as a thickener in lithium complex grease.
In addition, Sebacic Acid can be used as an intermediate in the production of aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials as well as in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.


Sebacic Acid is also used in the synthesis of polyamide, as nylon, and of alkyd resins.
But as stated above, sebacic acid has a lot of uses for the industrial setting.
Sebacic Acid's anti-corrosive properties make it a useful addition to metalworking fluids and antifreeze.


Sebacic Acid is also an additive and thickener for grease and lubricants, as well as an intermediate in paints and other coatings.
When used in a mixture with other dibasic acids Sebacic Acid is especially effective as a ferrous corrosion inhibitor for metalworking fluids, engine coolants, metal cleaners, aqueous hydraulic fluids.


Sebacic Acid can also be used as a complexing agent for lithium complex grease which will increase dropping point and improve mechanical stability.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).


Sebacic Acid is used as a raw material for alkyd and polyester resins, plasticizers, polyester rubbers, and polyamide synthetic fibers.
Sebacic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, plasticizers and more.
Sebacic Acid can also be used as an intermediate for antiseptics, aromatics and painting products.


Sebacic Acid is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.
Sebacic Acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials.
Sebacic Acid is used as a stabilizer in alkyd resins, maleic and other polyesters, polyurethanes, and fibers.


Sebacic Acid is also used in paint products, candles, perfumes, low temperature lubricants, and hydraulic fluids, and to make nylon.
Sebacic Acid is largely used in the manufacturing process of Nylon 6-10.
An isomer, isosebacic acid, has several applications in the manufacture of vinyl resin plasticizers, extrusion plastics, adhesives, ester lubricants, polyesters, polyurethane resins and synthetic rubber.


Sebacic Acid can also be found in plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, and candle manufacturing.
In cosmetics, Sebacic Acid can be used as a buffering ingredient for pH adjustment or a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various esters.
DoSebacic Acid is mainly used in top-grade powder coatings and paint, adhesives, pulp & paper, chemical and industrial facilities, surfactants, antiseptics.


In combination with Amine, Sebacic Acid is used to produce engineering plastics polyamide resins wich is a high performance nylon 6-12, adhesives, diester synthetic lubricants, fibers, curatives, plasticizers, polyester coatings, epoxy resins.
Due to its smoothing and conditioning properties, Jamaican black castor oil is ideal for use in products like cleansers, moisturizers, and ethnic hair care products.


Sebacic Acid was historically used in candle-making and today has many functions in manufacturing and industrial processing.
Some of the principal uses of Sebacic Acid include acting as an intermediate in nylon, synthetic resins and other plastics.
Sebacic Acid and its derivatives, as azelaic acid, have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, diffusion pump oils, cosmetics, candles, etc.


-Lubricants and Greases use of Sebacic Acid:
The fatty acids in castor oil give it excellent lubricating properties.
You can choose either traditional castor oil or Jamaican black castor oil as a lubricant in metal drawing and other industrial processes.


-Uses of Sebacic Acid:
*Plasticizers
*Lubricants
*Hydraulic Fluids
*Cosmetics
*Candles
*Buffering
*pH Regulating Agent
*pH Adjuster
*Adhesives & Sealants
*Paints & Coatings
*Personal Care Products


-Plastics uses of Sebacic Acid:
Due to its smoothing and conditioning properties, Jamaican black castor oil is ideal for use in products like cleansers, moisturizers, and ethnic hair care products.


-Uses of Sebacic Acid:
*Plasticizers
*Lubricants
*Hydraulic Fluids
*Cosmetics
*Candles
*Buffering
*pH Regulating Agent
*pH Adjuster
*Adhesives & Sealants
*Paints & Coatings
*Personal Care Products


-Metalworking Fluids uses of Sebacic Acid:
Due to its smoothing and conditioning properties, Jamaican black castor oil is ideal for use in products like cleansers, moisturizers, and ethnic hair care products.


-Applications of Sebacic Acid:
*Polymers
*Plasticizers
*Lubricants
*Corrosion inhibitors



THE MAIN METHOD OF PREPARATION of SEBACIC ACID:
(1) Castor oil is as raw material, ricinoleate is separated from castor oil, with the condition of inflating and 280~300℃, caustic soda proceeds alkali fusion and the reaction is heated for 10h, sebum acid sodium salt can obtain, deputy product is 2-octanol.
The sodium salt is dissolved in water, adding sulfuric acid to neutralize, after bleaching, the solution is cooled to precipitate sebum acid, it is washed with cold water, and finally recrystallized.

CH3 (CH2) 5CH (OH) CH2CH = CH (CH2) 7COOH +
2NaOH → CH3 (CH2) 5CH (OH) CH3 + NaOOC (CH2) 8COONa + H2
NaOOC (CH2) 3COONa + H2SO4 → HOOC (CH2) 8COOH + Na2SO4

(2) Adipic acid (hexane diacid) is as raw material to synthesize.
Adipic acid and methanol can proceed esterification reaction to form dimethyl adipate, ion exchange membrane proceeds electrolytic oxidation to get dimer, i.e., dimethyl sebacate, and then reacts with sodium hydroxide to form the disodium salt, hydrochloric acid (or sulfuric acid) is used to neutralize and Sebacic Acid can obtain.



PREPARATION of SEBACIC ACID:
Sebacic Acid is normally made from castor oil, which is essentially glycerol triricinoleate.
The castor oil is heated with sodium hydroxide at about 250°e.
This treatment results in saponification of the castor oil to ricinoleic acid which is then cleaved to give 2-octanol and Sebacic Acid:
This process results in low yields of Sebacic Acid (about 50% based on the castor oil) but, nevertheless, other routes have not proved competitive.
Sebacic Acid is a colourless crystalline solid, m.p. 134℃.



KEY BENEFITS OF SEBACIC ACID:
In cosmetic products, sebacic acid can act as a pH corrector.
In plastics, sebacic acid can be used to provide better flexibility and lower melting temperature.
For lubricants and anti-corrosion applications, sebacic acid is used to produce a salt derivative that can be used as a coolant for aircraft, automotive and truck engines.



THE ATTRIBUTES THAT MAKE SEBACIC ACID AS FLEXIBLE AS IT IS:
*Excellent lubricity
*Low temperature fluidity
*Higher thermal stability
*High flash points
*Low pour points



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of SEBACIC ACID:
*Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS of SEBACIC ACID:
*Medium-chain fatty acid
*Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



COMPOUND TYPE of SEBACIC ACID:
*Animal Toxin
*Cosmetic Toxin
*Food Toxin
*Industrial/Workplace Toxin
*Metabolite
*Natural Compound
*Organic Compound
*Plasticizer



PRODUCTION OF SEBACIC ACID:
Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil.
Octanol & glycerin is a byproduct.
Sebacic Acid can also be obtained from decalin via the tertiary hydroperoxide, which gives cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid.



REACTIVITY PROFILE of SEBACIC ACID:
Sebacic Acid reacts exothermically to neutralize bases, both organic and inorganic.
Sebacic Acid may react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt.
Sebacic Acidan reacts with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt.
Such reactions are slow in the dry, but systems may absorb enough water from the air to allow corrosion of iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers.
Reacts slowly with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
Reacts with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide.



POTENTIAL MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Sebum is a secretion by skin sebaceous glands.
Sebacic Acid is a waxy set of lipids composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%).
Included in the free fatty acid secretions in sebum are polyunsaturated fatty acids of which sebacic acid is a major component.
Sebacic acid is also found in other lipids that coat the skin surface.
Human neutrophils can convert sebacic acid to its 5-oxo analog, i.e., 5-oxo-6E,8Z-octadecenoic acid, a structural analog of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and like this oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid is an exceptionally potent activator of eosinophils, monocytes, and other pro-inflammatory cells from humans and other species.
This action is mediated by the OXER1 receptor on these cells.
It is suggested that sebacic acid is converted to its 5-oxo analog during, and thereby stimulates pro-inflammatory cells to contribute to the worsening of, various inflammatory skin conditions.



PURIFICATION METHODS of SEBACIC ACID:
Purify Sebacic Acid via the disodium salt which, after crystallisation from boiling water (charcoal), is again converted to the free acid.
The free acid is crystallised repeatedly from hot distilled water or from Me2CO/pet ether and dried under vacuum.



PRODUCTION of SEBACIC ACID:
Sebacic Acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil.
Octanol & glycerin is a byproduct.
Sebacic Acid can also be obtained from decalin via the tertiary hydroperoxide, which gives cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid.
Almost all of the current industrial production of Sebacic Acid is using castor oil as raw material.
Castor oil cracking method:

Castor oil is heated under the action of alkali hydrolysis to generate ricinoleic acid sodium soap, and then add sulfuric acid to generate ricinoleic acid; in the presence of diluent cresol, add alkali heated to 260-280 ℃ for cracking to generate Sebacic Acid double sodium salt and secoctanol and hydrogen, cracked material diluted by water, heated and neutralized with acid, the double sodium salt into a monosodium salt; and then boiled with acid after decolorization of activated carbon neutralization solution.
The monosodium salt of Sebacic Acid is turned into sebacic acid crystals, and then separated and dried to obtain the finished product.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SEBACIC ACID:
Chemical formula: C10H18O4
Molar mass: 202.250 g·mol−1
Density: 1.209 g/cm3
Melting point: 131 to 134.5 °C (267.8 to 274.1 °F; 404.1 to 407.6 K)
Boiling point: 294.4 °C (561.9 °F; 567.5 K) at 100 mmHg
Solubility in water: 0.25 g/L
Acidity (pKa): 4.720, 5.450
Molecular Weight: 202.25 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 9
Exact Mass: 202.12050905 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 202.12050905 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 157
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS: 111-20-6
Molecular Formula: C10H18O4
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 202.25

MDL Number: MFCD00004440
InChI Key: CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C10H18O4 = 202.25
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 111-20-6
Chemical formula: C10H18O4
Molar mass: 202.250 g·mol−1
Density: 1.209 g/cm3
Melting point: 131 to 134.5 °C (267.8 to 274.1 °F; 404.1 to 407.6 K)
Boiling point: 294.4 °C (561.9 °F; 567.5 K) at 100 mmHg
Solubility in water: 0.25 g/L
Acidity (pKa): 4.720, 5.450
Molecular Weight: 202.25
XLogP3: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4

Rotatable Bond Count: 9
Exact Mass: 202.12050905
Monoisotopic Mass: 202.12050905
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 157
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Physical state: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 133 - 137 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 294,5 °C at 133 hPa - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,224 g/l at 20 °C - OECD Test Guideline 105
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 1,5 at 23 °C
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 183 °C
Density: 1,210 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Water Solubility: 0.91 g/L
logP: 1.93
logP: 2.27
logS: -2.4
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 4.72
Physiological Charge: -2
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 9
Refractivity: 51.14 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 22.61 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No

Melting point: 133-137 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 294.5 °C/100 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.21
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 183 °C)
refractive index: 1.422
Flash point: 220 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: ethanol: 100 mg/mL
form: Powder or Granules
pka: 4.59, 5.59(at 25℃)
color: White to off-white
Water Solubility: 1 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,8415

BRN: 1210591
Stability: Stable.
LogP: 1.5 at 23℃
Appearance: white granular powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 130.80 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 364.00 to 365.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 235.00 to 234.00 °C. @ 10.00 mm Hg
Flash Point: 389.00 °F. TCC ( 198.30 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 1.706 (est)
Soluble in: water, 1000 mg/L @ 20 °C (exp)
water, 1420 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)



FIRST AID MEASURES of SEBACIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SEBACIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SEBACIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SEBACIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SEBACIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SEBACIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Decanedioic acid
1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid
Decane-1,10-dioic acid
sebacic acid
DECANEDIOIC ACID
111-20-6
1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid
1,10-Decanedioic acid
Sebacinsaure
Decanedicarboxylic acid
n-Decanedioic acid
Acide sebacique
Sebacinsaeure
USAF HC-1
Ipomic acid
26776-29-4
NSC 19492
UNII-97AN39ICTC
1,8-dicarboxyoctane
NSC19492
97AN39ICTC
octane-1,8-dicarboxylic acid
POLY(SEBACIC ANHYDRIDE)
DTXSID7026867
CHEBI:41865
NSC-19492
DTXCID806867
SebacicAcid
CAS-111-20-6
CCRIS 2290
EINECS 203-845-5
BRN 1210591
n-Decanedioate
Iponic acid
AI3-09127
disodium-sebacate
4-oxodecanedioate
MFCD00004440
1,10-Decanedioate
Sebacic acid, 94%
Sebacic acid, 99%
Dicarboxylic acid C10
1i8j
1l6s
1l6y
1,8-Octanedicarboxylate
WLN: QV8VQ
SEBACIC ACID [MI]
EC 203-845-5
SCHEMBL3977
NCIOpen2_008624
SEBACIC ACID [INCI]
4-02-00-02078 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SEBACIC ACID [MART.]
CHEMBL1232164
FEMA NO. 4943
Sebacic acid, >=95.0% (GC)
Tox21_201778
Tox21_303263
BBL011473
LMFA01170006
s5732
STL146585
AKOS000120056
CCG-266598
CS-W015503
DB07645
GS-6713
HY-W014787
NCGC00164361-01
NCGC00164361-02
NCGC00164361-03
NCGC00257150-01
NCGC00259327-01
BP-27864
NCI60_001628
DB-121158
FT-0696757
EN300-19796
C08277
A894762
C10-120
C10-140
C10-180
C10-220
C10-260
C10-298
Q413454
Q-201703
Z104475420
301CFA7E-7155-4D51-BD2F-EB921428B436
1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid
Decanedioic acid
Octane-1,8-dicarboxylic acid
1,10-Decanedioic acid
1,8-Dicarboxyoctane
Decanedioic acid
Sebacinsaeure
1,10-Decanedioate
Decanedioate
Sebacate
1,8-Octanedicarboxylate
1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid
4,7-Dioxosebacic acid
4-Oxodecanedioate
4-Oxodecanedioic acid
Acide sebacique
Decanedicarboxylic acid
Dicarboxylic acid C10
Ipomic acid
N-Decanedioate
N-Decanedioic acid
Sebacic acids
Sebacinsaure
Seracic acid
Sebacic acid, aluminum salt
Sebacic acid, monocadmium salt
Sebacic acid, sodium salt


SEBACIC ACID
Sebacic Acid Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the formula (CH2)8(CO2H)2. It is a white flake or powdered solid. Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil.[2] In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. Production Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil. Octanol is a byproduct.[2] It can also be obtained from decalin via the tertiary hydroperoxide, which gives cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid.[3] Potential medical significance Sebum is a secretion by skin sebaceous glands. It is a waxy set of lipids composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%).[4][5] Included in the free fatty acid secretions in sebum are polyunsaturated fatty acids of which sebacic acid is a major component. Sebacic acid is also found in other lipids that coat the skin surface. Human neutrophils can convert sebacic acid to its 5-oxo analog, i.e.5-oxo-6E,8Z-octadecaenoic acid (5-oxo-ODE). 5-Oxo-ODE is a structural analog of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and like this oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid is an exceptionally potent activator of eosinophils, monocytes, and other pro-inflammatory cells from humans and other species. This action is mediated by the OXER1 receptor on these cells. It is suggested that sebacic acid is converted to its 5-oxo analog during, and thereby stimulates pro-inflammatory cells to contribute to the worsening of, various inflammatory skin conditions. Application Sebacic acid has been used in the synthesis of: • biodegradable and elastomeric polyesters [poly(glycerol sebacate)][3] • novel bio-nylon, PA5.10[2] • novel temperature-response hydrogel based on poly(ether-ester anhydride) nanoparticle for drug-delivery applications Sebacic acid is a natural C10 liquid fatty acid, directly produced from castor oil. Our decanedioic acid has a high quality, a secure supply chain, and a natural origin. Sebacic acid offers a competitve solution in many applications: To produce polymers In industry: to produce plasticizers, lubricants, and corrosion retardants In cosmetics: as buffering ingredient or as a chemical intermediate to produce a wide range of esters Cosmetic applications Sebacic acid can be used directly in cosmetics formulation as a pH corrector (buffering). In this case, the main applications are skin care (mainly face/neck care), and color cosmetics. The sebacic acid is also widely used as a synthesis intermediate to produce sebacates esters such as DIPS or DIS (diisopropyl sebacate), DOS (diethylhexyl sebacate), DES (diethyl sebacate) and DBS (dibutyl sebacate). These sebacate are used as: emollient, solvent, plasticizer, masking (reducing or inhibiting the basic odour of the product), film forming, hair or skin conditioning. Generally, sebacate esters are claimed to enable a good penetration, give a non-oily and silky skin feel. These esters are also recognized to be good pigment dispersant (DOS), be good sun protection factor (SPF) booster (DIPS blended), and prevent whitening in antiperspirant (DIPS). Plasticizers applications The sebacic acid (DC 10), is widely used to produce a various range of plastics, and brings to those plastics a bio-based part. DC 10 provides a good compromise in term of properties: better than those given by adipic acid and very close to those allowed by dodecanedioic acid or by azelaic acid. The most famous application of sebacic acid in the plastics world is the manufacture of polyamides (PA 6.10, PA 4.10, PA 10.10, etc). Compared to diacids with a lower carbon atom number (eg: adipic acid), the Sebacic acid provides better flexibility, ductility, hydrophobicity, and lower melting temperature. The other types of plastics where sebacic acid is used are copolyamides, polyesters, copolyesters, alkyd resins, polyester, polyols, polyurethanes, etc. Lubricant and anti-corrosion applications Sebacic acid is widely used to produce a salt derivative, the (di)sodium sebacate, which is a corrosion inhibitor. The main application of this salt is coolant (anti-freeze) fluids for aircraft, automotive and truck engines. Sebacic acid is also a raw material to produce sebacate diesters (DOS, DBS, …), used in complexed greases or lubricants. Generally, diesters are used as base oils for high performance lubricants (automotive, aerospace turbines, high reliability industrial hydraulics and compressor systems). Moreover, sebacates have enhanced viscosity and excellent lubricity when compared with adipates. SEBACIC ACID reacts exothermically to neutralize bases, both organic and inorganic. May react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions are slow in the dry, but systems may absorb enough water from the air to allow corrosion of iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Reacts slowly with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Reacts with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. May generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. May react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Can be oxidized exothermically by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. May initiate polymerization reactions. Sebacic Acid and Azelaic Acid Sebacic acid is normally made from castor oil, which is essentially glyceryl ricinoleate. The castor oil is treated with caustic soda at high temperature, for example 250 °C, so that saponification, leading to the formation of ricinoleic acid, is followed by a reaction giving sebacic acid and octan-2-ol: Because of the by-products formed, the yield of sebacic acid is necessarily low, and in practice, yields of 50–55% (based on the castor oil) are considered to be good. Sebacic acid is normally made from castor oil, which is essentially glyceryl ricinoleate. The castor oil is treated with caustic soda at high temperature, e.g. 250°C, so that saponification, leading to the formation of ricinoleic acid; is followed by a reaction giving sebacic acid and octan-2-ol Figure 18.5. Sebacic acid may also be produced by an electrooxidation process developed by Asahi Chemical Industry in Japan (Yamataka et al., 1979), and also piloted by BASF in Germany. It produces high purity sebacic acid from readily available adipic acid. The process consists of three steps. Adipic acid is partially esterified to the monomethyl adipate. Electrolysis of the potassium salt of monomethyl adipate in a mixture of methanol and water gives dimethyl sebacate. The last step is the hydrolysis of dimethyl sebacate to sebacic acid. Overall yields are reported to be about 85% (Castor Oil, 2015). Sebacic acid is used for PA610. Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the formula (CH2)8(CO2H)2. It is a white flake or powdered solid. Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil.[2] In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil. Octanol is a byproduct.[2] It can also be obtained from decalin via the tertiary hydroperoxide, which gives cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid.[3] Sebum is a secretion by skin sebaceous glands. It is a waxy set of lipids composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%).[4][5] Included in the free fatty acid secretions in sebum are polyunsaturated fatty acids of which sebacic acid is a major component. Sebacic acid is also found in other lipids that coat the skin surface. Human neutrophils can convert sebacic acid to its 5-oxo analog, i.e.5-oxo-6E,8Z-octadecaenoic acid (5-oxo-ODE). 5-Oxo-ODE is a structural analog of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and like this oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid is an exceptionally potent activator of eosinophils, monocytes, and other pro-inflammatory cells from humans and other species. This action is mediated by the OXER1 receptor on these cells. It is suggested that sebacic acid is converted to its 5-oxo analog during, and thereby stimulates pro-inflammatory cells to contribute to the worsening of, various inflammatory skin conditions. Degradation Characteristics More hydrophobic polymers, PCPP and PCPP-SA 85:15, displayed constant erosion kinetics over eight months. By extrapolation, 1 mm thick disks of PCPP will completely degrade in more than three years. The degradation rates were enhanced by copolymerization with sebacic acid. An increase of 800 times was observed when the sebacic acid concentration reached 80%. By altering the CPP/SA ratio, nearly any degradation rate between 1 day and 3 years could be achieved (25) (Fig. 5). Because of the by-products formed, the yield of sebacic acid is necessarily low and in practice yields of 50–55% (based on the castor oil) are considered to be good. In a process said to be operated in Britain1 castor oil is subjected to alkaline fusion under critically controlled conditions to produce a mixture of methyl hexyl ketone and ω-hydroxydecanoic acid. Interaction of these two materials at higher temperatures leads to the formation of sebacic acid, as the sodium salt, and capryl alcohol. Heating must be rapid and even and any tendency to preheating must be avoided. The sebacic acid is formed from the sodium salt by precipitation with sulphuric acid. The general structure of anhydride monomers used for photopolymerizations consists of a repeating hydrophobic core molecule such as sebacic acid, carboxyphenoxy propane, or carboxyphenoxy hexane with photoreactive methacrylate end groups. Multifunctional anhydride-based monomers and oligomers were first synthesized for materials with enhanced mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering.195 The extreme hydrophobicity of the polymer backbone, along with high cross-linking densities, prevents bulk degradation of the polymer. Instead, polyanhydrides degrade via hydrolysis of anhydride groups in a controlled fashion through surface erosion, while maintaining their structural integrity throughout the degradation process (> 70% of their tensile modulus with 50% mass loss). The main method of preparation (1) Castor oil is as raw material, ricinoleate is separated from castor oil, with the condition of inflating and 280~300℃, caustic soda proceeds alkali fusion and the reaction is heated for 10h, sebum acid sodium salt can obtain, deputy product is 2-octanol. The sodium salt is dissolved in water, adding sulfuric acid to neutralize, after bleaching, the solution is cooled to precipitate sebum acid, it is washed with cold water, and finally recrystallized. CH3 (CH2) 5CH (OH) CH2CH = CH (CH2) 7COOH + 2NaOH → CH3 (CH2) 5CH (OH) CH3 + NaOOC (CH2) 8COONa + H2 NaOOC (CH2) 3COONa + H2SO4 → HOOC (CH2) 8COOH + Na2SO4 (2) Adipic acid (hexane diacid) is as raw material to synthesize. Adipic acid and methanol can proceed esterification reaction to form dimethyl adipate, ion exchange membrane proceeds electrolytic oxidation to get dimer, i.e., dimethyl sebacate, and then reacts with sodium hydroxide to form the disodium salt, hydrochloric acid (or sulfuric acid) is used to neutralize and Sebacic acid can obtain. Chemical properties, uses and methods of preparation of sebacic acid are edited by Chemicalbook andy.(2016-12-04) Uses Sebacic acid is widely used in the preparation of sebacic acid esters, such as dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl sebacate. These esters can be used as plasticizers for plastics and cold-resistant rubber, as well as for polyamide, polyurethane, alkyd resin, synthetic lubricating oil, lubricating oil additives, spices, coatings, cosmetics, etc. It can also be used as raw material for producing nylon 1010, nylon 910, nylon 810, nylon 610, nylon 9 and high temperature resistant lubricating oil diethylhexyl ester. It is also the raw material for the production of alkyd resins (used as surface coatings, plasticized nitrocellulose coatings, and urea resin varnishes) and polyurethane rubber, cellulose resins, vinyl resins, and synthetic rubber plasticizers, softeners, and solvents. Uses 1. Sebacic acid can be used as cold plasticizer, nylon resins and other raw material. 2. It can be used as analytical reagents, etc. 3. Sebacic acid is mainly used as sebate plasticizer and nylon molding resin raw material, it is also used for high-temperature lubricant raw material. Its main product is methyl ester, isopropyl, butyl, octyl, nonyl phenyl ester and methyl ester, common ester is dibutyl sebacate and dioctyl sebacate. Sebacic acid plasticizers can be widely used in polyvinyl chloride, alkyd resins, polyester resins and polyamide molding resin due to its low toxicity and high temperature performance, so it is often used in the resin of some special purposes. Nylon molding resin which producted by sebacic acid has high toughness and low moisture absorption, it can also be processed into many special-purpose products. Sebacic acid is also rubber softener, surfactant, coating and fragrance raw materials. 4. Sebacic acid is used as GC Less tail agent, separation and analysis of fatty acids, it can be used to precipitate and quantitative determination of thorium, separation of thorium, cerium and other rare earth elements. Plasticizers, synthetic resins and synthetic fibers. Production method It can be obtained by raw materials of natural castor oil or adipic acid monoester. Sebacic acid can be obtained by polymerization reaction with ethylene and carbon tetrachloride, but the world's industrial production of sebacic acid almost all use castor oil as raw material. 1. castor oil cracking process: under effect of alkali, castor oil is heated to proceed hydrolysis and generates sodium castor oil soap, then sulfuric acid is added to acidolysis and ricinoleic acid is obtained; in the presence of diluent cresol , alkali is added and it is heated to 260-280℃ to proceed splitting decomposition and generates sebacic acid and sodium bis octanol and hydrogen, lysate is diluted with water, heated and adding acid to neutralize, double salt is turned into monosodium salt; and then neutralized liquid after actived carbon decoloration is boiling and added acid, sebacic acid monosodium salt turns into sebacic acid and seeds out, after separation, drying can derive products. Material consumption fixed: castor oil (industrial) 2100kg/t, sulfuric acid (98%) 1600kg/t, caustic soda (95%) 1200kg/t, cresol (industrial) 100kg/t. 2.Oil n-decane fermentation method: n-decane is obtained by the separation of 200 # solvent oil or 166-182℃ fraction, sebacic acid is obtained by 19-2 Solutions Candida lipolytica fermentation. 2. New cyclopentanone method: palladium salt-copper or iron is as catalyst, in the solvent of ethanol, propanol or other alcohol, in the eased condition of low temperature of 40-60℃ and ordinary pressure, cyclopentene is oxidated by air to generate cyclopentanone, then it is obtained by oxidated of iron catalyst and titanium. Toxicity Sebacic acid, also known as 1, 10-decanedioic acid, belongs to aliphatic dibasic acid. Sebacic acid was present in the leaves of flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco and aromatic tobacco. Sebacic acid was white crystal in flake form at room temperature. Slightly soluble in water, sebacic acid was insoluble in benzene, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride. In contrast, sebacic acid was soluble in ethanol and ethyl ether. Irritant to the eyes, respiratory system and skin irritation, sebacic acid oral harmful. However, sebacic acid was low toxic and flammable. Hazards & Safety Information Category: Flammable liquid Toxicity: grading toxicity Acute oral toxicity-rat LD50: 14375 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 6000 mg/kg Flammability hazard characteristics: flammable, the fire discharges acrid smoke Storage characteristics: Treasury ventilation low-temperature drying Extinguishing agent: Dry powder, foam, sand, water Description Sebacic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)(CH2)8(COOH), and is naturally occurring. In its pure state it is a white flake or powdered crystal. The product is described as non-hazardous, though in its powdered form it can be prone to flash ignition (a typical risk in handling fine organic powders). Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum (tallow) is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil, with the vast majority of world production occurring in China which annually exports over 20,000 metric tonnes, representing over 90 % of global trade of the product. In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used in plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. Sebacic acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics, and painting materials. Chemical Properties white powder Uses Decanedioic acid was named by Thenard LJ (1802) from the Latin sebaceus(tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles. Thenard LJ isolated this compound from distillation products of beef tallow. In 1954, it was reported that it was produced in excess of 10,000 tons annually by alkali fission of castor oil. Sebacic acid and its derivatives, as azelaic acid, have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, diffusion pump oils, cosmetics, candles, etc. It is also used in the synthesis of polyamide, as nylon, and of alkyd resins. An isomer, isosebacic acid, has several applications in the manufacture of vinyl resin plasticizers, extrusion plastics, adhesives, ester lubricants, polyesters, polyurethane resins and synthetic rubber. General Description White granular powder. Melting point 153°F. Slightly soluble in water. Sublimes slowly at 750 mm Hg when heated to melting point. Air & Water Reactions Insoluble in water. Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid. Reactivity Profile Sebacic acid reacts exothermically to neutralize bases, both organic and inorganic. May react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions are slow in the dry, but systems may absorb enough water from the air to allow corrosion of iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Reacts slowly with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Reacts with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. May generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. May react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Can be oxidized exothermically by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. May initiate polymerization reactions. Fire Hazard Flash point data for Sebacic acid are not available. Sebacic acid is probably combustible. Purification Methods Purify sebacic acid via the disodium salt which, after crystallisation from boiling water (charcoal), is again converted to the free acid. The free acid is crystallised repeatedly from hot distilled water or from Me2CO/pet ether and dried under vacuum. Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the formula (CH2)8(CO2H)2. It is a white flake or powdered solid. Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil.[2] In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. Production Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil. Octanol is a byproduct. It can also be obtained from decalin via the tertiary hydroperoxide, which gives cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid.[3] Potential medical significance Sebum is a secretion by skin sebaceous glands. It is a waxy set of lipids composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%).[4][5] Included in the free fatty acid secretions in sebum are polyunsaturated fatty acids of which sebacic acid is a major component. Sebacic acid is also found in other lipids that coat the skin surface. Human neutrophils can convert sebacic acid to its 5-oxo analog, i.e.5-oxo-6E,8Z-octadecaenoic acid (5-oxo-ODE). 5-Oxo-ODE is a structural analog of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and like this oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid is an exceptionally potent activator of eosinophils, monocytes, and other pro-inflammatory cells from humans and other species. This action is mediated by the OXER1 receptor on these cells. It is suggested that sebacic acid is converted to its 5-oxo analog during, and thereby stimulates pro-inflammatory cells to contribute to the worsening of, various inflammatory skin conditions. Application Sebacic acid has been used in the synthesis of: • biodegradable and elastomeric polyesters [poly(glycerol sebacate)][3] • novel bio-nylon, PA5.10[2] • novel temperature-response hydrogel based on poly(ether-ester anhydride) nanoparticle for drug-delivery applications Sebacic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane. It has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a sebacate(2-) and a sebacate. It derives from a hydride of a decane. Sebacic acid is a white granular powder. Melting point 153°F. Slightly soluble in water. Sublimes slowly at 750 mm Hg when heated to melting point. Aliphatic Polyamides ProfessorMarianne Gilbert, in Brydson's Plastics Materials (Eighth Edition), 2017 18.2.3 Sebacic Acid and Azelaic Acid Sebacic acid is normally made from castor oil, which is essentially glyceryl ricinoleate. The castor oil is treated with caustic soda at high temperature, for example 250 °C, so that saponification, leading to the formation of ricinoleic acid, is followed by a reaction giving sebacic acid and octan-2-ol: Because of the by-products formed, the yield of sebacic acid is necessarily low, and in practice, yields of 50–55% (based on the castor oil) are considered to be good. Sebacic acid may also be produced by an electrooxidation process developed by Asahi Chemical Industry in Japan (Yamataka et al., 1979), and also piloted by BASF in Germany. It produces high purity sebacic acid from readily available adipic acid. The process consists of three steps. Adipic acid is partially esterified to the monomethyl adipate. Electrolysis of the potassium salt of monomethyl adipate in a mixture of methanol and water gives dimethyl sebacate. The last step is the hydrolysis of dimethyl sebacate to sebacic acid. Overall yields are reported to be about 85% (Castor Oil, 2015). Sebacic Acid and Azelaic Acid Sebacic acid is normally made from castor oil, which is essentially glyceryl ricinoleate. The castor oil is treated with caustic soda at high temperature, e.g. 250°C, so that saponification, leading to the formation of ricinoleic acid; is followed by a reaction giving sebacic acid and octan-2-ol Figure 18.5. Because of the by-products formed, the yield of sebacic acid is necessarily low and in practice yields of 50–55% (based on the castor oil) are considered to be good. In a process said to be operated in Britain1 castor oil is subjected to alkaline fusion under critically controlled conditions to produce a mixture of methyl hexyl ketone and ω-hydroxydecanoic acid. Interaction of these two materials at higher temperatures leads to the formation of sebacic acid, as the sodium salt, and capryl alcohol. Heating must be rapid and even and any tendency to preheating must be avoided. The sebacic acid is formed from the sodium salt by precipitation with sulphuric acid. Nylon 610 is produced by the reaction of hexamethylenediamine with sebacic acid, initially to form a 1:1 nylon 610 salt, which is then polymerised at about 240 °C. The polymer has a melting point of around 216 °C and a low water absorption of around 1–1.2% at 21 °C and 65% RH, which gives it better dimensional stability and electrical properties than nylon 6 and nylon 6.6.It is a commercially important polymer and is often used in place of nylon 6 and nylon 6.6 in engineering plastics applications. Mechanical properties of the dry polymer are lower than those for nylon 6 and nylon 6.6 (tensile modulus is typically 70% of that for the other two polymers). It is frequently used as extruded monofilament. See Table 8.3 for typical properties of nylon 6.10 polymer. Sebacic acid is widely used in the preparation of sebacic acid esters, such as dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl sebacate. These esters can be used as plasticizers for plastics and cold-resistant rubber, as well as for polyamide, polyurethane, alkyd resin, synthetic lubricating oil, lubricating oil additives, spices, coatings, cosmetics, etc. It can also be used as raw material for producing nylon 1010, nylon 910, nylon 810, nylon 610, nylon 9 and high temperature resistant lubricating oil diethylhexyl ester. It is also the raw material for the production of alkyd resins (used as surface coatings, plasticized nitrocellulose coatings, and urea resin varnishes) and polyurethane rubber, cellulose resins, vinyl resins, and synthetic rubber plasticizers, softeners, and solvents. 1. Sebacic acid can be used as cold plasticizer, nylon resins and other raw material. 2. It can be used as analytical reagents, etc. 3. Sebacic acid is mainly used as sebate plasticizer and nylon molding resin raw material, it is also used for high-temperature lubricant raw material. Its main product is methyl ester, isopropyl, butyl, octyl, nonyl phenyl ester and methyl ester, common ester is dibutyl sebacate and dioctyl sebacate. Sebacic acid plasticizers can be widely used in polyvinyl chloride, alkyd resins, polyester resins and polyamide molding resin due to its low toxicity and high temperature performance, so it is often used in the resin of some special purposes. Nylon molding resin which producted by sebacic acid has high toughness and low moisture absorption, it can also be processed into many special-purpose products. Sebacic acid is also rubber softener, surfactant, coating and fragrance raw materials. 4. Sebacic acid is used as GC Less tail agent, separation and analysis of fatty acids, it can be used to precipitate and quantitative determination of thorium, separation of thorium, cerium and other rare earth elements. Plasticizers, synthetic resins and synthetic fibers. It can be obtained by raw materials of natural castor oil or adipic acid monoester. Sebacic acid can be obtained by polymerization reaction with ethylene and carbon tetrachloride, but the world's industrial production of sebacic acid almost all use castor oil as raw material. 1. castor oil cracking process: under effect of alkali, castor oil is heated to proceed hydrolysis and generates sodium castor oil soap, then sulfuric acid is added to acidolysis and ricinoleic acid is obtained; in the presence of diluent cresol , alkali is added and it is heated to 260-280℃ to proceed splitting decomposition and generates sebacic acid and sodium bis octanol and hydrogen, lysate is diluted with water, heated and adding acid to neutralize, double salt is turned into monosodium salt; and then neutralized liquid after actived carbon decoloration is boiling and added acid, sebacic acid monosodium salt turns into sebacic acid and seeds out, after separation, drying can derive products. Material consumption fixed: castor oil (industrial) 2100kg/t, sulfuric acid (98%) 1600kg/t, caustic soda (95%) 1200kg/t, cresol (industrial) 100kg/t. 2.Oil n-decane fermentation method: n-decane is obtained by the separation of 200 # solvent oil or 166-182℃ fraction, sebacic acid is obtained by 19-2 Solutions Candida lipolytica fermentation. 2. New cyclopentanone method: palladium salt-copper or iron is as catalyst, in the solvent of ethanol, propanol or other alcohol, in the eased condition of low temperature of 40-60℃ and ordinary pressure, cyclopentene is oxidated by air to generate cyclopentanone, then it is obtained by oxidated of iron catalyst and titanium. Sebacic acid, also known as 1, 10-decanedioic acid, belongs to aliphatic dibasic acid. Sebacic acid was present in the leaves of flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco and aromatic tobacco. Sebacic acid was white crystal in flake form at room temperature. Slightly soluble in water, sebacic acid was insoluble in benzene, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride. In contrast, sebacic acid was soluble in ethanol and ethyl ether. Irritant to the eyes, respiratory system and skin irritation, sebacic acid oral harmful. However, sebacic acid was low toxic and flammable. Sebacic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)(CH2)8(COOH), and is naturally occurring. In its pure state it is a white flake or powdered crystal. The product is described as non-hazardous, though in its powdered form it can be prone to flash ignition (a typical risk in handling fine organic powders). Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum (tallow) is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil, with the vast majority of world production occurring in China which annually exports over 20,000 metric tonnes, representing over 90 % of global trade of the product. In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used in plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. Sebacic acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics, and painting materials. Sebacic acid reacts exothermically to neutralize bases, both organic and inorganic. May react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions are slow in the dry, but systems may absorb enough water from the air to allow corrosion of iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Reacts slowly with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Reacts with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. May generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. May react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Can be oxidized exothermically by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. May initiate polymerization reactions. More hydrophobic polymers, PCPP and PCPP-SA 85:15, displayed constant erosion kinetics over eight months. By extrapolation, 1 mm thick disks of PCPP will completely degrade in more than three years. The degradation rates were enhanced by copolymerization with sebacic acid. An increase of 800 times was observed when the sebacic acid concentration reached 80%. By altering the CPP/SA ratio, nearly any degradation rate between 1 day and 3 years could be achieved (25) (Fig. 5). Because of the by-products formed, the yield of sebacic acid is necessarily low and in practice yields of 50–55% (based on the castor oil) are considered to be good. In a process said to be operated in Britain1 castor oil is subjected to alkaline fusion under critically controlled conditions to produce a mixture of methyl hexyl ketone and ω-hydroxyde
SEBACIC ACID (DECANEDIOIC ACID)
DESCRIPTION:

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a white granular powder.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) has Melting point 153 °F.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is Slightly soluble in water.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) Sublimes slowly at 750 mmHg when heated to melting point.

CAS: 111-20-6
European Community (EC) Number: 203-845-5
Molecular Formula: C10H18O4
IUPAC Name: decanedioic acid


SYNONYMS OF SEBACIC ACID (DECANEDIOIC ACID):
1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid,decanedioic acid,decanedioic acid, disodium salt,decanedioic acid, sodium salt,disodium decanedioate,disodium sebacate,sebacic acid,sebacic acid, aluminum salt,sebacic acid, disodium salt,sebacic acid, monocadmium saltsebacic acid, sodium salt,sebacic acid,DECANEDIOIC ACID,111-20-6,1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid1,10-Decanedioic acid,Sebacinsaure,Decanedicarboxylic acid,n-Decanedioic acid,Acide sebacique,Sebacinsaeure,USAF HC-1,Ipomic acid,Seracic acid,NSC 19492,UNII-97AN39ICTC,1,8-dicarboxyoctane,26776-29-4,CCRIS 2290,EINECS 203-845-5,97AN39ICTC,BRN 1210591,DTXSID7026867,CHEBI:41865,AI3-09127,NSC19492,NSC-19492,octane-1,8-dicarboxylic acid,POLY(SEBACIC ANHYDRIDE),DTXCID806867,EC 203-845-5,4-02-00-02078 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),MFCD00004440,Sebacinsaure [German],Acide sebacique [French],SEBACIC ACID (MART.),SEBACIC ACID [MART.],SebacicAcid,CAS-111-20-6,n-Decanedioate,Iponic acid,disodium-sebacate,4-oxodecanedioate,1,10-Decanedioate,DECANEDIOC ACID,Sebacic acid, 94%,Sebacic acid, 99%,Dicarboxylic acid C10,1i8j,1l6s,1l6y,1,8-Octanedicarboxylate,WLN: QV8VQ,SEBACIC ACID [MI],SCHEMBL3977,NCIOpen2_008624,SEBACIC ACID [INCI],CHEMBL1232164,FEMA NO. 4943,1,8-OCTANEDCARBOXYLIC ACID,Sebacic acid, >=95.0% (GC),Tox21_201778,Tox21_303263,LMFA01170006,s5732,AKOS000120056,CCG-266598,CS-W015503,DB07645,GS-6713,HY-W014787,NCGC00164361-01,NCGC00164361-02,NCGC00164361-03,NCGC00257150-01,NCGC00259327-01,BP-27864,NCI60_001628,FT-0696757,NS00011501,EN300-19796,C08277,A894762,Q413454,Q-201703,Z104475420,301CFA7E-7155-4D51-BD2F-EB921428B436,1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid; Decanedioic acid; Octane-1,8-dicarboxylic acid



Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid.

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a conjugate acid of a sebacate(2-) and a sebacate.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) derives from a hydride of a decane.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a natural product found in Drosophila melanogaster, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, and other organisms with data available.

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) Acts as a plasticizer, solvent and softener.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is manufactured by splitting of castor oil followed by fusion with caustic.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is white crystalline powder or granular form slightly dissolves in water, completely dissolves in ethanol or ether but not in benzene.

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is high end derivative of castor oil and it is also called "DECANEDIOIC ACID".
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is also widely used in producing engineering plastic such as Nylon 1010, Nylon 610, Nylon 810, Nylon 9, Nylon 910 etc.

Sebacic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C10H18O4.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is also known as decanedioic acid or DC10.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is largely produced from the renewable raw material castor oil or alternatively from microbial fermentation of alkanes.

Corvay can offer both types of material.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is composed of a straight-chain carbon backbone with ten carbon atoms and has two terminal carboxylic acid groups (-COOH).
The carbon chain provides flexibility and hydrophobic properties to the acid.


Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a castor oil-derived dicarboxylic acid.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is widely used to produce polymers, plasticizers, lubricants, and corrosion retardants.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) can act as a pH corrector in the cosmetic products formulations.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is also used as a precursor to prepare sebacate esters such as diisopropyl sebacate, diethylhexyl sebacate, and dibutyl sebacate




Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula HO2C(CH2)8CO2H.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a white flake or powdered solid.
Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, sebum is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles.

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a derivative of castor oil.
In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) can be used as a surfactant in the lubricating oil industry to increase the antirust properties of lubricating oils on metals.



Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is an acid derived from castor oil.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is sold in the form of a white, granular powder and sometimes referred to by either of its chemical names: 1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid or decanedioic acid.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) was historically used in candle-making and today has many functions in manufacturing and industrial processing.


Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics and candles.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is also used as intermediates in antiseptics, aromatics and painting materials.

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is used in the synthesis of poly(glycerol sebacate) and novel bio-nylon.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) finds application as adhesives, corrosion inhibitors and solvents. Its derivative, diethyl Sebacate is used in plastics manufacturing and engineering, as well as drug delivery procedures through the use of biodegradable encapsulations.




PRODUCTION OF SEBACIC ACID (DECANEDIOIC ACID):
Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil.
Octanol & glycerin is a byproduct.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) can also be obtained from decalin via the tertiary hydroperoxide, which gives cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid.


POTENTIAL MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SEBACIC ACID (DECANEDIOIC ACID):
Sebum is a secretion by skin sebaceous glands.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a waxy set of lipids composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%).
Included in the free fatty acid secretions in sebum are polyunsaturated fatty acids and sebacic acid.
Sebacic acid is also found in other lipids that coat the skin surface.

Human neutrophils can convert sebacic acid to its 5-oxo analog, i.e., 5-oxo-6E,8Z-octadecenoic acid, a structural analog of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and like this oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid is an exceptionally potent activator of eosinophils, monocytes, and other pro-inflammatory cells from humans and other species.
This action is mediated by the OXER1 receptor on these cells.
It is suggested that sebacic acid is converted to its 5-oxo analog during, and thereby stimulates pro-inflammatory cells to contribute to the worsening of, various inflammatory skin conditions


APPLICATIONS OF SEBACIC ACID (DECANEDIOIC ACID):
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) has been used in the synthesis of:

biodegradable and elastomeric polyesters [poly(glycerol sebacate)]
novel bio-nylon, PA5.10
novel temperature-response hydrogel based on poly(ether-ester anhydride) nanoparticle for drug-delivery applications


Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a normal urinary acid. In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), also known as glutaric aciduria type II (GAII), a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism.

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles.

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials


Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics and candles.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is also used as intermediates in antiseptics, aromatics and painting materials.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is used in the synthesis of poly(glycerol sebacate) and novel bio-nylon.

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) finds application as adhesives, corrosion inhibitors and solvents.
Its derivative, diethyl Sebacate is used in plastics manufacturing and engineering, as well as drug delivery procedures through the use of biodegradable encapsulations.

Sebacic acid in diverse industries with different applications:

Polyamides (PA):
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) is a key raw material in the production of polyamide 6,10.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) undergoes polymerization with hexamethylenediamine to form PA 6,10, which possesses excellent chemical resistance, mechanical strength, and thermal stability.
PA 6,10 is used in applications such as textiles, carpets, automotive components, and electrical insulation.

Plasticizers:
DC10 can be esterified with various alcohols to produce sebacate esters, which are utilized as plasticizers in polymers and resins.
These plasticizers enhance flexibility, workability, and durability of the materials.

Lubricants:
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) and its derivatives are employed in the manufacturing of synthetic lubricants.
When reacted with alcohols, sebacic acid forms esters that exhibit excellent lubricating properties, thermal stability, and low volatility.

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products:
DC10 is used in the production of cosmetics and personal care products such as creams, lotions, and hair care formulations.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) can act as a moisturizer, emollient, and viscosity regulator in these applications.

Adhesives and Sealants:
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) can be utilized as a curing agent in the production of adhesives and sealants.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) contributes to the cross-linking of polymers, improving adhesion, strength, and chemical resistance.

Specialty Chemicals:
DC10 serves as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of various specialty chemicals, including fragrances, flavors, and pharmaceuticals.

Sebacic acid’s properties and applications make it a versatile compound with a wide range of uses in different industries.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid), also known as decanedioic acid or sebacate, has diverse applications in various industries.
Here are some of the common applications of sebacic acid: Ongoing research and development may uncover new applications and uses for sebacic acid in the future.


KEY BENEFITS OF SEBACIC ACID:
In cosmetic products, sebacic acid can act as a pH corrector.
In plastics, sebacic acid can be used to provide better flexibility and lower melting temperature.
For lubricants and anti-corrosion applications, sebacic acid is used to produce a salt derivative that can be used as a coolant for aircraft, automotive and truck engines.

Here are the attributes that make sebacic acid as flexible as it is.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) has Excellent lubricity
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) has Low temperature fluidity
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) has Higher thermal stability

Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) has High flash points
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) has Low pour points
Common Uses for Sebacic Acid:

Sebaceus is Latin for tallow candle, and sebum is Latin for tallow.
These terms refer to the use of sebacic acid in the manufacturing of candles.

But as stated above, sebacic acid has a lot of uses for the industrial setting.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) can be used as a monomer for nylon, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, plasticizers and more.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) can also be used as an intermediate for antiseptics, aromatics and painting products.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEBACIC ACID (DECANEDIOIC ACID):

Molecular Weight
202.25 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
XLogP3
2.1
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
2
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
9
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
202.12050905 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
202.12050905 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
74.6Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
14
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
157
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Properties,
Chemical formula, C10H18O4
Molar mass, 202.250 g•mol−1
Density, 1.209 g/cm3
Melting point, 131 to 134.5 °C (267.8 to 274.1 °F; 404.1 to 407.6 K)
Boiling point, 294.4 °C (561.9 °F; 567.5 K) at 100 mmHg
Solubility in water, 0.25 g/L[1]
Acidity (pKa), 4.720, 5.450[1]
CAS Number, 111-20-6
3D model (JSmol), Interactive image
ChEBI, CHEBI:41865
ChemSpider, 5004
ECHA InfoCard, 100.003.496
EC Number, 203-845-5
vapor pressure
1 mmHg ( 183 °C)
Quality Level
200
Assay
99%
bp
294.5 °C/100 mmHg (lit.)
mp
133-137 °C (lit.)
solubility
ethanol: 100 mg/mL
ketones and ethers: soluble

SMILES string
OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O
InChI
1S/C10H18O4/c11-9(12)7-5-3-1-2-4-6-8-10(13)14/h1-8H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)
InChI key
CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS number, 111-20-6
EC number, 203-845-5
Hill Formula, C₁₀H₁₈O₄
Chemical formula, HOOC(CH₂)₈COOH
Molar Mass, 202.25 g/mol
HS Code, 2917 13 21
Boiling point, 295 °C (133 hPa)
Density, 1.210 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point, 133 - 137 °C
Vapor pressure, 1 hPa (183 °C)
Bulk density, 600 - 620 kg/m3
Solubility, 1 g/l
Assay (GC, area%), ≥ 98.0 % (a/a)
Melting range (lower value), ≥ 131 °C
Melting range (upper value), ≤ 134 °C
Identity (IR), passes test
Storage, Store below +30°C.
Melting Point, 131°C to 134°C
Density, 1.271
Boiling Point, 295°C (100mmHg)
Flash Point, 220°C (428°F)
Linear Formula, HO2C(CH2)8CO2H
Quantity, 1000 g
Beilstein, 1210591
Merck Index, 14,8415
Solubility Information, Slightly soluble in water.
Formula Weight, 202.25
Percent Purity, ≥98%
Chemical Name or Material, Sebacic acid

High Melting Point:
DC10 is a white, crystalline solid with a relatively high melting point.
This characteristic makes it suitable for applications requiring heat resistance and stability.

Good Solubility:
Sebacic acid is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves readily in various organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone.

Biodegradability:
DC10 is considered to be environmentally friendly as it is biodegradable.
Sebacic Acid (Decanedioic Acid) can break down naturally in the environment.





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SEBACIC ACID (DECANEDIOIC ACID):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SEBACIC ACID (DICARBOXYLIC ACID)

Sebacic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the molecular formula C10H18O4.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is a naturally occurring compound found in the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) and can also be produced synthetically.
The name "sebacic" is derived from the Latin word "sebum," meaning tallow or suet, as the acid was initially obtained by the hydrolysis of castor oil.

CAS Number: 111-20-6
EC Number: 203-845-5

Decanedioic acid, 1,10-Dicarboxylic acid, 1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid, 1,10-Decanedioic acid, Sebacinsäure, Acidum sebacicum, C10:0 dicarboxylic acid, CAS 111-20-6, EINECS 203-845-5, PubChem 8616, HMDB00357, 1,8-Octamethylene dicarboxylic acid, Decane-1,10-dicarboxylic acid, 1,8-Dicarboxyoctane, Dodecane-1,12-dioic acid, 1,10-Decamethylene dicarboxylic acid, Sebacic acid, 1,10-Decanedicarboxylic acid, CCRIS 1359, HSDB 786, CID11516, 1,10-Dikarbamoylethane, 1,8-Octanedicarboxylate, 1,10-Dioxodecane, BRN 1715462, AC1Q29UY, 1,10-Decanedioate, 1,10-Decane dicarboxylic acid, 1,8-Octanedicarboxylate, CHEBI:17192, Decanedioate, Decane-1,10-dicarboxylate, n-Decane-1,10-dioate, 1,10-Decanedioate, 1,8-Octanedicarboxylate, 1,10-Decamethylene dioate, Dodecane-1,12-dioate, Octanedicarboxylic acid, n-Decane-1,10-dicarboxylic acid, n-Decamethylene dicarboxylic acid, n-Decane-1,10-dicarboxylic acid, Sebacic acid, 1,10-Decanedicarboxylic acid, Decanedioic acid, 1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid, 1,10-Decanedioic acid, Sebacinsäure, Acidum sebacicum, C10:0 dicarboxylic acid, CAS 111-20-6, EINECS 203-845-5, PubChem 8616, HMDB00357, 1,8-Octamethylene dicarboxylic acid, Decane-1,10-dicarboxylic acid, 1,8-Dicarboxyoctane, Dodecane-1,12-dioic acid, 1,10-Decamethylene dicarboxylic acid, Sebacic acid, 1,10-Decanedicarboxylic acid, CCRIS 1359, HSDB 786, CID11516, 1,10-Dikarbamoylethane, 1,8-Octanedicarboxylate, 1,10-Dioxodecane, BRN 1715462, AC1Q29UY, 1,10-Decanedioate, 1,10-Decane dicarboxylic acid, 1,8-Octanedicarboxylate, CHEBI:17192, Decanedioate, Decane-1,10-dicarboxylate, n-Decane-1,10-dioate, 1,10-Decanedioate, 1,8-Octanedicarboxylate, 1,10-Decamethylene dioate, Dodecane-1,12-dioate, Octanedicarboxylic acid, n-Decane-1,10-dicarboxylic acid, n-Decamethylene dicarboxylic acid, n-Decane-1,10-dicarboxylic acid.



APPLICATIONS


Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is a crucial intermediate in the production of nylon-610, a type of polyamide used in textiles and industrial applications.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the manufacturing of plasticizers, enhancing the flexibility and performance of various polymers.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the formulation of lubricants, contributing to improved machinery efficiency.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the production of biodegradable plastics, supporting sustainable packaging solutions.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the creation of plasticizers that improve the properties of polymers, such as PVC.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the synthesis of polymeric materials for the textile industry, including fibers and fabrics.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) contributes to the production of specialty polymers used in the electronics industry for insulating materials.
It is used in the development of polymeric materials for the aerospace sector, including lightweight composites.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the formulation of lubricating oils, enhancing their performance in various industrial applications.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds use in the creation of bio-based polymers, aligning with environmentally friendly practices.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the production of resins, such as those used in coatings and adhesives.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the synthesis of polyesters, which are employed in the manufacturing of films and packaging materials.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the formulation of certain pharmaceuticals, contributing to drug formulations.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the creation of personal care products, such as cosmetics and skincare items.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the production of plastic films for various applications, including packaging and wrapping.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the development of polymeric materials for the construction industry, including sealants and coatings.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) contributes to the creation of corrosion-resistant coatings for metal surfaces.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the synthesis of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), used in footwear and automotive applications.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the creation of polyester-based thermoplastics with applications in 3D printing.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the formulation of waterborne coatings, reducing environmental impact compared to solvent-based coatings.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the development of polymeric materials for medical devices, such as catheters and tubing.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the creation of color developers for thermal paper used in printing receipts.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the formulation of inkjet inks, contributing to high-quality printing.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the production of bio-based polyamides, offering alternatives to traditional petroleum-derived materials.
Sebacic acid is employed in the creation of specialty chemicals, demonstrating its versatility across various industrial sectors.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is a key ingredient in the production of nylon-610 fibers, which are utilized in the textile industry for manufacturing fabrics and clothing items.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the creation of polymeric materials for the automotive sector, contributing to the production of durable and lightweight components.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the synthesis of polybutylene succinate (PBS), a biodegradable polymer used in packaging materials and agricultural films.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the formulation of thermosetting powders for coatings, providing corrosion resistance and durability to metal surfaces.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) contributes to the creation of specialty resins for electronic components, ensuring the reliability and performance of electronic devices.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the development of composite materials, enhancing the strength and structural integrity of the final product.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the production of hydraulic fluids, brake fluids, and other lubricating fluids for automotive and industrial applications.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds use in the creation of mold release agents, facilitating the easy removal of molded products from molds in manufacturing processes.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the creation of color stabilizers for plastics, preventing degradation caused by exposure to UV light.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the synthesis of polymeric materials for the aerospace industry, including components with high strength-to-weight ratios.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the formulation of coolants and antifreeze solutions, providing effective temperature control for automotive and industrial systems.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the production of flame retardants for textiles and polymers, enhancing fire safety in various applications.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) contributes to the creation of polymeric materials for medical implants and devices, ensuring biocompatibility and performance.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the development of waterborne polyurethane dispersions, used in coatings and adhesives with reduced environmental impact.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the synthesis of specialty chemicals for the agriculture industry, including biodegradable herbicides and pesticides.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the creation of thermoplastic elastomers used in footwear, providing flexibility and comfort in shoe manufacturing.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the formulation of biodegradable polymers for environmentally friendly packaging materials.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the creation of resin systems for composite materials in the marine industry, contributing to lightweight and durable structures.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the production of polymeric materials for the electrical and electronics industry, including wire insulation and circuit boards.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the synthesis of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a polymer used in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and specialty applications.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the formulation of water-based adhesives, reducing the environmental impact compared to solvent-based adhesives.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the creation of specialty chemicals for the production of fragrances and flavorings.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the development of electrolyte solutions for lithium-ion batteries, contributing to advancements in energy storage technology.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the production of polymeric materials for 3D printing applications, offering versatility in additive manufacturing processes.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the creation of biodegradable and sustainable bioplastics, offering alternatives to traditional petroleum-based plastics.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the production of high-performance polyamides, contributing to the manufacturing of durable and resilient materials.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors for metal surfaces, protecting them from degradation in various environments.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the synthesis of specialty coatings for textiles, providing water repellency and enhancing fabric properties.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the development of water-based inks, contributing to environmentally friendly printing processes.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the creation of elastomers for tire manufacturing, enhancing the tire's performance and longevity.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the production of polymeric materials for medical sutures, ensuring biocompatibility and strength.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the creation of specialty adhesives and sealants used in aerospace and automotive assembly.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the formulation of non-toxic and biodegradable hydraulic fluids for use in environmentally sensitive areas.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) contributes to the synthesis of specialty polymers with controlled release properties for pharmaceutical applications.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the development of composite materials for sports equipment, such as tennis racquets and snowboards.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the creation of sustainable and biodegradable packaging materials for food and consumer goods.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the production of synthetic waxes and esters used in cosmetics and personal care products.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the formulation of greases and lubricants, contributing to the smooth operation of machinery.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the creation of specialty plastic films for the agriculture industry, providing protective coverings for crops.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the synthesis of polymeric materials for the production of eco-friendly disposable utensils and cutlery.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the formulation of inkjet printing fluids, contributing to high-quality and high-resolution prints.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) finds application in the development of water-based coatings for paper and cardboard, reducing environmental impact.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) contributes to the creation of bio-based and biodegradable detergents and cleaning agents.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the synthesis of polymeric materials for the construction industry, including caulks and sealants.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for metal surfaces in marine environments.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the creation of specialty resins for 3D printing applications, expanding the range of printable materials.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the production of synthetic fibers for technical textiles, offering advanced properties such as flame resistance.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the synthesis of biocompatible and bioresorbable polymers for medical implants and devices.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) contributes to the creation of polymeric materials for the aerospace industry, including lightweight structural components and coatings.



DESCRIPTION


Sebacic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the molecular formula C10H18O4.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is a naturally occurring compound found in the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) and can also be produced synthetically.
The name "sebacic" is derived from the Latin word "sebum," meaning tallow or suet, as the acid was initially obtained by the hydrolysis of castor oil.

Sebacic acid, with the molecular formula C10H18O4, is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is found in the seeds of the castor oil plant and can be obtained through both natural and synthetic processes.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is a white, crystalline powder with a straight-chain dicarboxylic acid structure.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) has a melting point ranging from 134 to 140°C, depending on the specific form.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves well in a variety of organic solvents.
Known for its versatility, sebacic acid is a key intermediate in the production of nylon-610, a type of polyamide.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is utilized in the manufacturing of plasticizers for polymers, enhancing their flexibility and performance.
Sebacic acid finds applications in the production of lubricants, contributing to improved machinery efficiency.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is biodegradable, aligning with environmentally friendly practices in certain applications.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the formulation of cosmetics and personal care products due to its unique properties.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is a crucial component in the synthesis of polymeric materials for the textile and plastics industries.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) contributes to the creation of plasticizers that enhance the properties of various polymeric materials.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the production of nylon-610 fibers, which find applications in textiles and industrial materials.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is involved in the synthesis of specialty polymers for the electronics and aerospace industries.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and may be present in certain drug formulations.

Due to its biodegradability, sebacic acid is considered environmentally friendly and sustainable.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is employed in the creation of lubricating oils that contribute to the smooth functioning of machinery.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is known for its versatility in different industrial applications, ranging from textiles to plastics.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is obtained through the hydrolysis of castor oil or by synthetic chemical processes.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is used in the production of polyesters and resins, contributing to the strength and durability of materials.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid)'s straight-chain structure with ten carbon atoms makes it a valuable building block in chemical synthesis.

Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) plays a role in the development of polymeric materials for use in various sectors, including automotive and construction.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid)'s melting point is within a range that makes it suitable for specific industrial processes.
Sebacic acid (Dicarboxylic acid) is subject to proper handling and storage conditions to ensure its stability and effectiveness in applications.
Overall, sebacic acid's diverse properties make it a valuable component in the synthesis of a wide range of materials with applications across industries.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C10H18O4
Molecular Weight: 202.25 g/mol
Physical State: White crystalline powder
Melting Point: 134-140°C (273-284°F)
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Density: 1.09 g/cm³
Solubility in Water: Insoluble
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Soluble in many organic solvents


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Structure: Straight-chain dicarboxylic acid with a 10-carbon backbone
Functional Groups: Dicarboxylic acid (COOH)
pKa: Approximately 2.82 and 5.41 for the two carboxylic acid groups


Thermal Properties:

Decomposition Temperature: Decomposes before reaching a specific boiling point
Flash Point: Not applicable (does not exhibit significant flammability)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If inhalation exposure occurs, promptly move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Seek Medical Attention:
If respiratory irritation or difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.

Administer Artificial Respiration:
If the person is not breathing, perform artificial respiration.
Seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If sebacic acid comes into contact with the skin, immediately remove contaminated clothing.

Wash Skin:
Wash the affected skin area with plenty of water and mild soap for at least 15 minutes.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions occur, seek medical attention promptly.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
In case of eye contact, immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Hold the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.

Remove Contact Lenses:
If applicable, remove contact lenses after the initial flush.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or pain persists.


Ingestion:

10. Do Not Induce Vomiting:
If sebacic acid is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.

Rinse Mouth:
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.

Seek Medical Attention:
Contact a poison control center or seek medical attention immediately.
Provide as much information as possible about the substance ingested.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, to prevent skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection if ventilation is inadequate or if exposure levels exceed recommended limits.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area to prevent the buildup of vapors.
Use local exhaust ventilation if possible, especially in enclosed spaces or during bulk handling.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid skin and eye contact with sebacic acid.
In case of contact, follow the recommended first aid measures and seek medical attention if necessary.

Avoid Ingestion:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling sebacic acid.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling to minimize the risk of accidental ingestion.

Handling Precautions:
Follow good industrial hygiene practices.
Use tools and equipment made of materials resistant to sebacic acid to prevent corrosion.

Spill Response:
Implement spill control measures to contain and clean up spills promptly.
Use appropriate absorbent materials, such as inert solids or absorbent pads, to clean up spills.

Waste Disposal:
Dispose of sebacic acid waste in accordance with local regulations.
Do not dispose of the chemical in drains or water sources.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store sebacic acid in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Temperature Control:
Store the chemical at temperatures within the specified range provided by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures, as this may affect the stability of the product.

Containers:
Use containers made of compatible materials, such as stainless steel or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Ensure containers are tightly closed and properly labeled with the necessary hazard information.

Separation from Incompatible Materials:
Store sebacic acid away from incompatible substances, including strong acids, strong bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents.

Avoid Contamination:
Prevent contamination of the chemical by keeping storage areas clean and free from incompatible materials.
Use dedicated storage areas for sebacic acid to avoid cross-contamination with other chemicals.

Storage Quantity:
Limit the quantity of stored material to the necessary amount for operations to minimize potential hazards.

Special Considerations:
If the substance is used in a laboratory or industrial setting, adhere to any specific storage recommendations provided in the laboratory procedures or industrial guidelines.

Monitoring:
Regularly inspect storage areas for any signs of leaks, spills, or deterioration of containers.
Implement a system for monitoring inventory levels and usage to prevent overstocking.

Emergency Response:
Have appropriate emergency response equipment and materials readily available, such as spill control kits and emergency eyewash stations.

Training:
Ensure that personnel handling and storing sebacic acid are adequately trained in safe practices and emergency response procedures.
Secale cereale
secale cereale seed extract; extract of the phytoplacenta of secale cereale, poaceae; rye phytoplacenta extract CAS NO:90106-48-2
SEC-BUTYL ALCOHOL
sedef; Zoharpearl 771; cas no: 98-29-3
sedef
AMMONIUM XYLENESULFONATE, N° CAS : 26447-10-9, Nom INCI : AMMONIUM XYLENESULFONATE, Nom chimique : Ammonium xylenesulphonate.N° EINECS/ELINCS : 247-710-9; Ses fonctions (INCI). Hydrotrope : Augmente la solubilité d'une substance qui est peu soluble dans l'eau. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques.Noms français : Sel d'ammonium du xylènesulfonate Noms anglais : AMMONIUM XYLENESULFONATE; BENZENESULFONIC ACID, DIMETHYL-, AMMONIUM SALT; XYLENESULFONIC ACID, AMMONIUM SALT; 2,3-Diméthylbenzènesulfonate d'ammonium [French] ; 247-710-9 [EINECS]; 26447-10-9 [RN]; Ammonium 2,3-dimethylbenzenesulfonate; Ammonium xylene sulfonate; Ammonium xylenesulphonate Ammonium-2,3-dimethylbenzolsulfonat [German]; Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,3-dimethyl-, ammonium salt ; Benzenesulfonic acid, dimethyl-, ammonium salt; dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid ammonium salt; STEPANATE AXS ; xylenesulfonic acid, ammonium salt; Ammonium 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate ; Ammonium xylenesulfonate; azanium 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate
SEDEF (SODIUM LAURETH SULPHATE,EGDS,COCOAMIDE MEA)
Kozmetik ürünlerde sedefli görüntü sağlamak için kullanılan bir madde. Sıvı el sabunu ve şampuan (%1-3)
SEDEF OPAKLAŞTIRICI
SYNONYMS -tert-Butylpyrocatechol; 1,2-Dihydroxy-4-tert-butylbenzene;4-tert-Butylpyrocatechol; p-tert-Butylcatechol; 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol; 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene; 4-tert-Butylcatechin; 4-tert-Butylcatechol; 4-tert-Butylpyrocatechol; 4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl-)-1,2-benzenediol; t-Butyl catechol; CAS NO:98-29-3
Sedir Ağacı Yağı
CEDARWOOD OIL ; cedarwood oil virginia; juniperus virginiana wood oil america; cedar wood oil; cedarwood oil virginia; cedarwood virginian essential oil; oil cedarwood virginiana pure CAS NO:8000-27-9
Sedir Ekstraktı
Cedrus atlantica leaf extract; atlas cedar bark extract; cedrus libani subsp. atlantica bark extract; cedrus libani var. atlantica bark extract; atlas cedarwood absolute; pinus atlantica absolute cas no:92201-55-3
Seje Yağı
SEJE OIL - AMAZONIAN RANGE; Seje (Ungurahua) Oil; Oenocarpus bataua (Ungurahui) ; majo seed oil; jessenia bataua seed oil; Seje (Ungurahua) Oil CAS NO: N/A
Sel d'ammonium du xylènesulfonate (AMMONIUM XYLENESULFONATE)
SODIUM SACCHARIN N° CAS : 128-44-9 / 6155-57-3 - Sel de sodium de la saccharine Origine(s) : Synthétique Nom INCI : SODIUM SACCHARIN Nom chimique : 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-886-1 / - Additif alimentaire : E954. SODIUM SACCHARIN N° CAS : 128-44-9 / 6155-57-3 - Sel de sodium de la saccharine "Bien" dans toutes les catégories. Origine(s) : Synthétique Nom INCI : SODIUM SACCHARIN Nom chimique : 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-886-1 / - Additif alimentaire : E954. Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit Agent d'hygiène buccale : Fournit des effets cosmétiques à la cavité buccale (nettoyage, désodorisation et protection) Agent arômatisant : Donne un arôme au produit cosmétique
Sel de sodium de la saccharine
Synonyms: SeleniuM dioxide >=99.9% trace Metals basis;SeleniuM dioxide reagent grade, powder, 98%;NSC 56753;Selenium dioxide 99.999% trace metals basis;Selenium dioxide ReagentPlus(R), powder, 99.8% trace metals basis;BLUE DUO PROTEIN MARKER,HIGH RANGE;Selenium(IV) oxide, 99% trace metals basis;Selenium(IV) oxide, 99.999% trace metals basis CAS: 7446-08-4
Selenium dioxide
Numéro CAS : 137-16-6; Noms français : GLYCINE, N-METHYL-N-(1-OXODODECYL)-, SODIUM SALT; Lauroylsarcosinate de sodium; N-lauroylsarcosinate de sodium. Noms anglais : SODIUM N-LAUROYLSARCOSINATE. Utilisation et sources d'émission; Agent antiseptique
SELENYUM (SE)
selenium element; selenium powder cas no:7782-49-2
Self emulsifying wax
SYNONYMS Emulsifying wax;Wax, Emulsifying;Emulsifying Wax NF, Emulsifying Wax BP, Cetylstearyl Alcohol, Emulsifying Wax USP,Polysorbate 60 CAS NO: 67762-27-0, 9005-67-8
SELSODIQUE DE LAUROYLE ET DE SARCOSINATE ( SODIUM N-LAUROYLSARCOSINATE)
SERUM ALBUMIN, N° CAS : 9048-46-8, Nom INCI : SERUM ALBUMIN, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-936-2. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
Selvi Yağı
CYPRESS OIL ; cupressus sempervirens oil; cypress oil; volatile oil obtained from the whole plant, the cypress, cupressus sempervirens l., pinaceae; cupressus pyramidalis leaf oil CAS NO:84696-07-1
Semizotu Ekstraktı
Portulaca oleracea extract; extract of the whole plant of the purselane, portulaca oleracea l., portulacaceae; green purslane extract; pusley extract cas no:90083-07-1
SENSIVA SC 50
Sensiva SC 50 is an emollient solvent with antimicrobial activity.
Sensiva SC 50 is a glyceryl ether.


CAS Number: 70445-33-9
EC Number: 408-080-2
INCI Name: Ethylhexylglycerin
Chem/IUPAC Name: 1,2-Propanediol, 3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)
Molecular Formula (Ethylhexylglycerin): C11H24O3



SYNONYMS:
Ethylhexyl Glycerin, 2-Propanediol, 3-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-1, 3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)propane-1,2-diol, Glycerol α-(2-Ethylhexyl) Ether, Sensiva SC 50JP liquid, 100Ml, 3-(2-ethylhexyloxy) propane-1,2-diol, Ethylhexyl Glycerin, (3-[2-(Ethylhexyl)Oxyl]-1,2-Propandiol), Octoxyglycerin, Ethylhexyl Glycerin, Octoxyglycerin, 3-(2-Ethylhexyloxy)propane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Propanediol, 3-(2-ethylhexyloxy), 70445-33-9, Ethylhexylglycerin, 3-[2-(Ethylhexyl)oxyl]-1,2-propandiol, 3-(2-ethylhexoxy)propane-1,2-diol, Octoxyglycerin, 3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)propane-1,2-diol, 3-((2-Ethylhexyl)oxy)propane-1,2-diol, 3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,2-propanediol, UNII-147D247K3P, 147D247K3P, 3-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]propane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Propanediol, 3-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-, EC 408-080-2, MFCD03790878, 1,2-Propanediol, 3-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-, ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN (MART.), ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN [MART.], Glycerol alpha-(2-Ethylhexyl) Ether, 3-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]-1,2-propanediol, ethyl hexyl glycerine, LADY GOONG, SCHEMBL99276, DTXSID80990652, ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN [WHO-DD], 2-ethyl-1-hexyl monoglyceryl ether, BCP30328, C11H24O3, AKOS030240472, AM85362, DB14557, AS-63022, SY055478, CS-0152371, E1044, NS00001816, D71207, A836886, Q5404486, Ethyl hexyl glycerin, Octoxyglycerin, Etilhexilglicerina, Éthylhexylglycérine, Octoxyglycerin, 3-(2-Ethylhexyloxy)propane-1,2-diol, Ethylhexyl Glycerin, Octoxyglycerin, 3-(2-Ethylhexyloxy)propane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Propanediol, 3-(2-ethylhexyl)oxy, 2-propanediol, 3-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-1



If you have spotted Sensiva SC 50 on the ingredient list, most probably you will see there also the current IT-preservative, Phenoxyethanol.
They are good friends because ethylhexylglycerin can boost the effectiveness of phenoxyethanol (and other preservatives) and as an added bonus it feels nice on the skin too.


Also, Sensiva SC 50's an effective deodorant and a medium spreading emollient.
Sensiva SC 50 is an emollient solvent with antimicrobial activity.
Sensiva SC 50 is a glyceryl ether.


Sensiva SC 50 is derived from biodegradable glycerin that can be derived from animal sources, but is primarily obtained from plant sources such as palm or soy.
Sensiva SC 50 is an emollient solvent with antimicrobial activity and is a cosmetic ingredient that is used in skincare products.


As it is vegetable-derived, our Sensiva SC 50 is both vegan and halal.
Sensiva SC 50 is an excellent substitute for parabens, a controversial ingredient used in countless personal products.
Sensiva SC 50 is considered a better alternative to parabens due to having similar antimicrobial properties.


But while parabens have caused concern due to reported allergic reactions to them, Sensiva SC 50 are considered safer and more sustainable to create.
Sensiva SC 50 is an alkyl glyceryl ether.
This means that the ethylhexyl group is bound to glycerin at one end by an ether linkage.


Despite the different types of names for these ingredients, they all consist of an alkyl group bound to glycerin by an ether linkage.
Sensiva SC 50 is used multifunctional ingredient with very effective deodorizing action, inhibits the growth and proliferation of bacteria that cause bad odor, being an alternative to Triclosan.


Sensiva SC 50 can be used as a booster in preservative systems, enhancing traditional preservation systems, acting synergistically with them.
Sensiva SC 50 is a colorless to slightly yellowish liquid.
Sensiva SC 50 is very soluble in organic solvents like alcohols, glycols, glycol ethers and paraffin oil.


Sensiva SC 50'solubility in water is limited (ca. 0.1%) and the addition of co-solvents like butylene glycol might be needed in water solutions (or water with lower alcohol mixtures).
Sensiva SC 50 is a skin softening agent that offers multiple benefits for skin care and cosmetic products.


Sensiva SC 50 acts as a humectant and hydrates skin and hair deeply without leaving them heavy or sticky.
Sensiva SC 50 is also a preservative that increases the shelf life of a wide variety of products.
The chemical formula of Sensiva SC 50 is C11H24O3.


Sensiva SC 50 is a glyceryl ether used as a weak preservative and skin conditioning agent.
Sensiva SC 50 is a colorless liquid.
As cosmetic system of no added preservatives, Sensiva SC 50 has bacteriostasis, moisturizing effect.


Due to a synergistic effect of Sensiva SC 50, dosage of traditional preservatives in cosmetics are reduced, and the antibacterial effect of multi-functional cosmetic additives such as glycol and fatty acids are improved, and unpleasant odor caused by sebum is suppressed.
Sensiva SC 50 is the ether of glycerin and Ethylhexyl alcohol (2-ethylhexhexanol), a multifunctional skincare ingredient that acts as a preservative, emollient, humectant, surfactant, and deodorant.


Sensiva SC 50 is a clear, colorless liquid that combines functional groups specific to glycerin and glycols (diols) used in personal care products.
Thanks to an amphiphilic structure, Sensiva SC 50 is a surfactant that improves soaping formulations and the effectiveness of antimicrobial ingredients.
Incorporated in leave-on products, Sensiva SC 50 lessens the bacterial membrane's interfacial tension, enabling direct contact and penetration of antimicrobial compounds into microbes' cells.


Sensiva SC 50 is typically a clear, colorless liquid used in personal care products, such as skincare and hair care products, as a preservative and a conditioning agent.
Sensiva SC 50’s approved for use in cosmetics by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union (EU).


Sensiva SC 50 is a synthetic skin-softening agent.
As a raw material, Sensiva SC 50 is a pale to colorless liquid.
Sensiva SC 50 is formed by a condensation reaction between 2-ethyhexanol (an oil-like ingredient) and glycerin.


Sensiva SC 50 (C11H24O3) also known as octyl glycerin, is a glyceryl ether commonly used as a part of a preservative system in cosmetic applications.
Sensiva SC 50 is derived from vegetable glycerin acquired from plant-based sources such as palm or soybean.
Sensiva SC 50 is then produced by reacting vegetable glycerin with Ethylhexanol.


The reaction between glycerin and Ethylhexanol is a transesterification reaction.
In this type of reaction, the glycerin molecule is broken down into its parts, which are then recombined with the Ethylhexanol.
The reaction produces Sensiva SC 50, which is an ester.


Sensiva SC 50 is paraben-free and acts as an adequate replacement for traditional preservatives.
Sensiva SC 50 has different methods of synthesis.
Sensiva SC 50 is also synthesized using 2-Ethylhexanol as starting material.


Sensiva SC 50 is an organic compound that can be produced from plant sources of glycerin, typically coconut or palm.
Sensiva SC 50 is a substance that is a derivative of alkyl glyceryl ether.
Sensiva SC 50 is a chemical compound used as a topical skin care chemical or deodorizer.


Sensiva SC 50 is a compound in organic structure.
In the cosmetics industry, Sensiva SC 50 is thought that its protective feature stems from its action as a surfactant.
Sensiva SC 50 is approved worldwide as a multifunctional additive.


Sensiva SC 50 significantly enhances the antimicrobial effect of substances, such as preservatives, glycols and other stabilizers for cosmetic products.
Sensiva SC 50 also is an effective deodorant agent that reliably inhibits the growth and multiplication of odor-causing bacteria without adversely affecting the skin microbiome.


Sensiva SC 50 is an colorless clear liquid
Sensiva SC 50 is stable.
Sensiva SC 50 is a liquid multifunctional cosmetic ingredient, emollient and very effective deodorant.


Sensiva SC 50 benefits include boosting and fixating of fragrance ingredients.
The shelf life of Sensiva SC 50 is 3 years.
Sensiva SC 50 is approved worldwide as a multifunctional additive.


Sensiva SC 50 significantly enhances the antimicrobial effect of substances such as preservatives, glycols and other stabilizers for cosmetic products.
Additionally, Sensiva SC 50 is a very effective deodorant agent that reliably inhibits the growth and multiplication of odor-causing bacteria without adversely affecting the skin microbiome.
Sensiva SC 50 is a liquid multifunctional additive for personal care products with very effective deodorising activity.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SENSIVA SC 50:
Sensiva SC 50 is used as a biodegradable preservative and is derived from vegetable glycerin.
Although they are also alkyl glyceryl ethers, Batyl Alcohol and Chimyl Alcohol (may also be called Cetyl Glyceryl Ether) have traditionally been used as cosmetic labeling names for these alkyl glyceryl ethers.


Glyceryl Lauryl Ether and Isostearyl Glyceryl Ether are also alkyl glyceryl ethers that may be used in cosmetic products.
Sensiva SC 50 and the other alkyl glyceryl ether ingredients may be used in bath products, body and hand products, cleansing products, deodorants, eye makeup, foundations, hair care products and suntan products.


In 2013, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel deemed Sensiva SC 50 as safe used in up to 8% concentration in rinse-off products and up to 2% in leave-on formulas.
Studies regarding sensitization patch tests of 5% Sensiva SC 50 show that reactions to this ingredient are very rare and their occurrence in a broad population is considered low risk.


Sensiva SC 50 is often used with other preservatives, such as phenoxyethanol, to provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection and extend the shelf life of a product.
Additionally, the skin conditioning and moisturizing benefits of Sensiva SC 50 make it a popular ingredient in skin care products.


In addition to its main function to provide emolliency properties for skin care applications, Sensiva SC 50 improves the antimicrobial efficacy of traditional preservative systems and therefore reduces the susceptibility of the cosmetic products to microorganisms.
Sensiva SC 50 can be used in skincare formulations to help condition skin, and to support the effectiveness of preservatives.


Sensiva SC 50 is also an ingredient for deodorants due to its capacity of inhibit the odour-causing bacteria on the skin.
Sensiva SC 50 can also be used as a preservative and carrier/suspending agent that boosts the efficacy of other preservatives such as phenoxyethanol.
Sensiva SC 50 has been shown to have mild humectant properties leading to improved skin hydration without a sticky feel.


Some people may be sensitive to Sensiva SC 50 on their skin; it is best used with care at low concentrations.
Sensiva SC 50 is also popular in deodorant formulas where it has an inhibiting effect on odor-causing bacteria.
Antibacterial action is also where it earns its keep as a preservative, but since it isn’t effective against other type of pathogens, Sensiva SC 50 would always be used with more broad-spectrum preservatives.


Sensiva SC 50 is used natural preservatives, fungicides, preservatives, without adding anti-corrosion system, deodorant ethyl hexyl glycerol can be used to increase efficiency of traditional preservatives, repeated challenges experiments show that can increase efficiency by traditional cosmetics preservatives such as phenoxyethanol methyl isopropyl thiazole moiety ketone and methyl ethyl hexyl neper gold glycerol can increase efficiency by alcohol and glycol, repeated challenges experiments show that, in an oil-in-water emulsion can improve the glycol like butyl glycol or the antibacterial action of symplectic glycol ethyl hexyl glycerin deodorization effect, can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria breeding of bad smells, at the same time does not affect the human body beneficial skin flora.


Sensiva SC 50 is a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient used as an active component in deodorants, as an emollient and humectant in skin care, and boosting the anti-microbial performance of other ingredients to protect products from spoilage.
Recommended use concentrations of Sensiva SC 50 as skin care additive and deodorant active are 0.3 to 1.0%.


Sensiva SC 50 can be used in the 2-12 pH range.
Moreover, Sensiva SC 50 speeds up the absorption of active ingredients in formula, enhancing product effectiveness.
Combined with classic antioxidants like tocopherol, Sensiva SC 50 becomes incredibly stable to oxidation and degradation, retaining activity for up to three years and prolonging the shelf-life of a final product.


As an antibacterial agent, Sensiva SC 50 has excellent activity against Gram-positive bacteria responsible for degrading sweat components into short-chain fatty acids (containing 2-5 carbon atoms), which cause axillary malodor.
So, Sensiva SC 50 directly acts as a deodorant agent and perfume fixative, thus used in many antiperspirants and deodorants.


Its antibacterial and surface active properties allow formulators to use Sensiva SC 50 as a preservative or preservation booster agent.
Sensiva SC 50 can be used as a medium-spreading and cost-effective emollient that improves the sensory characteristics of the formulation.
Sensiva SC 50's moisturizing ability is comparable with glycerin, and it does not enhance tackiness or oily feel on the skin.


Sensiva SC 50 is used in a variety of products such as lipsticks, moisturizers, foundations, shampoos, fragrances, and much more.
The need for multiple functions of Sensiva SC 50 arising from one single molecule is not a new trend.
However with the recent COVID-19 pandemia industries attention was turned on antimicrobial actives.


And while improving the microbial stability of formulations multifunctionals like Sensiva SC 50 add additional functionalities to a formulation.
Sensiva SC 50 is the leading preservative booster and deo active for products free of Aluminium.
As a medium spreading emollient Sensiva SC 50 can improve the skin-feel and on top, it has a boosting or fixating effect on many fragrance components, while producing a fresher or softer scent with others.


Sensiva SC 50 has protective enhancing ability.
The effectiveness of the preservative, Sensiva SC 50, used in cosmetic products becomes more evident when used in a very small amount.
Sensiva SC 50 performance and application: Multifunctional cosmetic additive and emollient, which can significantly enhance the antibacterial effect of traditional preservatives and polyols, strengthen the aroma of essences and play a role in fixing and stabilizing the aroma.


Sensiva SC 50 can improve the thixotropy of cleansing products.
The recommended addition amount of Sensiva SC 50 is 0.05-0.3%
Sensiva SC 50 is a globally recognized, widely used, multifunctional additive that also has a highly effective odor removal effect.


Sensiva SC 50 is used as an emollient and mild moisturizer in cosmetics to enhance the skin feel of the product.
Additionally, Sensiva SC 50 acts as a booster for antimicrobials and consists of a patented stabilization system.
Sensiva SC 50 improves skin feel of cosmetic formulations.


Sensiva SC 50 is suitable for leave-on, wet wipes, sensitive and deodorant applications.
Sensiva SC 50 is not affected by hydrolysis, temperature, and pH value and is compatible with all common cosmetic raw materials.
Sensiva SC 50 improves the antibacterial effect of multifunctional cosmetic additives such as glycols, fatty acid lipids, etc.


Sensiva SC 50 is a globally approved, versatile and multifunctional additive, as well as a very effective deodorant active.
As an emollient, Sensiva SC 50 improves the skin feel of cosmetic formulations.
Sensiva SC 50 inhibits the growth and multiplication of odour-causing bacteria, while at the same time not affecting the beneficial skin flora.


Additionally, Sensiva SC 50 can boost the efficacy of traditional preservatives and act as anti-microbial stabiliser in combination with other cosmetic ingredients.
Sensiva SC 50 is a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient.


Sensiva SC 50 is used skin care additive; medium spreading emollient.
Sensiva SC 50 improves skin feel of cosmetic formulations.
Sensiva SC 50 is effective against odour causing Gram positive bacteria.


Sensiva SC 50 is a booster of cosmetic alcohols and glycols; enhancer for traditional preservative systems.
Sensiva SC 50 is a multifunctional active with antimicrobial-boosting capabilities.
Sensiva SC 50 imparts preservation properties to prevent contamination and also improves moisturization, serving as a medium-spreading emollient.


Furthermore, Sensiva SC 50 improves the skin-feel of personal care formulations—in combination with glycerin, it can produce a formulation that feels less tacky and greasy with improved penetration and lower soaping.
Additionally, in vitro tests showed selective activity on odor-causing Gram-positive bacteria.


Thus, Sensiva SC 50 can be used as a deodorant active, as it has a minimal effect on the microbiome compared with triclosan, which can remove the majority of microorganisms.
Studies combining Sensiva SC 50 with alcohols and glycols prove its synergistic, preservative-boosting and antimicrobial efficacy in finished formulations.


As an emollient, Sensiva SC 50 improves the skin-feel of cosmetic formulations.
Additionally, Sensiva SC 50 acts as a booster for antimicrobials.


-Use of Sensiva SC 50 in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products:
Sensiva SC 50 is used in various cosmetic products because it is compatible with other common ingredients.
Sensiva SC 50 is effective in emulsions, creams, serums, lotions, and surfactant-based products such as shower gels, facial cleansers, and shampoos.

Sensiva SC 50 is compatible with pigments and colloidal ingredients, making it suitable as a preservative in sunscreens and other color cosmetics.
Sensiva SC 50 has many other functions and acts as a skin emollient that leaves the skin and hair soft while hydrating and lubricating the skin surface.


-Applications in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
Preservative Booster:
Methods of enhancing the efficacy of traditional preservative actives so that lower levels of these materials can be used have become increasingly of interest.

Sensiva SC 50 enhances the antimicrobial efficacy of a product when combined with traditional preservatives such as Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, and 1,3 Propanediol.
Sensiva SC 50 boosts antimicrobial efficacy and enables lower concentrations of typically used preservatives, including parabens or triclosan.


-Fragrance Fixative uses of Sensiva SC 50:
Some products lose their fragrance character rapidly.
For example, the top and middle notes evaporate.

Sensiva SC 50 can act as a booster and fixative, extending the perfume’s life by preserving the fragrance’s character and intensity.
Depending on the perfume composition, Sensiva SC 50 can increase the scent or prolong the perception of the smell.
The boosting and fixating of fragrance ingredients often allow a lower concentration of the perfume in the final formulation.


-Skin Conditioning Agent uses of Sensiva SC 50:
Emollient selection is critical to the character of a cosmetic product.
Rich creams with refatting properties benefit from high contents of slow-spreading emollients.

Combining fast, medium, and slow-spreading emollients leaves skin feeling soft and smooth.
Sensiva SC 50 is a medium-spreading emollient with a spreading coefficient of about 700 mm2/10 min.
The spreading properties are similar to dodecyl oleate, hexyl decanol, or cetearyl isononanoate.


-Humectancy uses of Sensiva SC 50:
Sensiva SC 50 acts as a humectant and hydrates skin and hair without leaving them feeling heavy or sticky.
Sensiva SC 50 draws moisture to the upper layers of the skin and locks it over the surface for deeper hydration.


-Deodorizing uses of Sensiva SC 50:
Sensiva SC 50 is a good wetting agent that disrupts surface tension and potentially damages the cell membrane of bacteria, preventing their growth.
Due to this antimicrobial action, Sensiva SC 50 is also used as a deodorizing ingredient.
Sensiva SC 50 inhibits the growth and multiplication of odor-causing gram-positive bacteria while gentle on the skin.


-Sensiva SC 50 is an emollient, moisturizer and wetting agent with moderate application performance.
Sensiva SC 50 can improve the moisturizing effect of the formula while providing a smooth skin feel.
Adding Sensiva SC 50 to certain cream systems can solve the shortcomings of the cream in terms of skin feel, such as slow absorption, stickiness and whitening.


-Sensiva SC 50 has a deodorizing effect.
The sebum in human sweat and the shed epidermal cells produced by Gram-positive bacteria have an unpleasant odor.
Sensiva SC 50 can effectively inhibit the growth and reproduction of odor-causing bacteria without affecting the skin flora that is beneficial to the human body, thereby playing a role in odor suppression.


-Enhance the synergy of traditional preservatives.
Consumers have begun to pay attention to the application and safety issues of preservatives in cosmetics.
Sensiva SC 50 can enhance the synergy of traditional preservatives such as phenoxyethanol, methylisothiazolinone or methylparaben, thereby reducing the amount of these substances in cosmetics, making consumers safer and more at ease when using cosmetics.



FUNCTIONS OF SENSIVA SC 50:
The following functions have been reported for the alkyl glyceryl ether ingredients:
*Deodorant agent — Sensiva SC 50
*Emulsion stabilizer — Batyl Alcohol
*Skin-conditioning agent — emollient — Chimyl Alcohol, Isostearyl Glyceryl Ether
*Skin-conditioning agent — miscellaneous — Sensiva SC 50
*Skin-conditioning agent — occlusive — Batyl Alcohol
*Surfactants — emulsifying agent –Glyceryl Lauryl Ether
In cosmetic products, Sensiva SC 50 has also been reported to enhance the function of some preservatives.



SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF SENSIVA SC 50:
The alkyl glyceryl ether ingredients, including Sensiva SC 50 are solids at room temperature and are generally poorly soluble in water.
Sensiva SC 50 may enhance the function of preservatives by affecting the cell walls of bacteria promoting destruction of the bacteria by the preservative



SENSIVA SC 50 AT A GLANCE:
*Skin-softening agent with mild humectant (hydration boosting) properties
*Multitasks with preservative capabilities to improve formulary stability
*Also popular in deodorants where it has an inhibiting effect on odor-causing bacteria
*Proven track record of safety
*Pale to colorless liquid as a raw material



WHAT IS SENSIVA SC 50 USED FOR?
Sensiva SC 50 has many functions and acts as a surfactant, preservative, and skin conditioning agent.
Sensiva SC 50 leaves the skin and hair smoother and softer while hydrating them.
Sensiva SC 50 is thus popular in a variety of cosmetic, skin care and hair care products.

*Skin care:
Sensiva SC 50 has skin conditioning properties that hydrate and lubricate the surface.
Sensiva SC 50 also draws moisture to the upper layers of the skin and locks it there for deeper hydration

*Hair care:
Sensiva SC 50 conditions the hair and cleans the scalp while acting as a preservative for hair care products.
Sensiva SC 50 prevents bacterial growth in formulations and increases the shelf life of products

*Cosmetic products:
Sensiva SC 50 stabilizes the formulations by keeping them blended together.
Cosmetic products last longer because of the presence of Sensiva SC 50



ORIGIN OF SENSIVA SC 50:
Sensiva SC 50 is extracted from biodegradable glycerin which comes mainly from plant-based sources such as palm or soybean.



WHAT DOES SENSIVA SC 50 DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Humectant
*Preservative
*Skin conditioning



SAFETY PROFILE OF SENSIVA SC 50:
Sensiva SC 50 is safe for use when added in very low concentrations.
If used in the concentration of more than 8% in rinse-off products and more than 2% in leave-on products, Sensiva SC 50 can have some side effects such as skin irritation.
People with an existing skin condition or with sensitive skin are advised to do a patch test prior to full application.
Since Sensiva SC 50 is generally derived from plants, it is both vegan and halal.



ALTERNATIVES OF SENSIVA SC 50:
*PHENOXYETHANOL



FUNCTIONS OF SENSIVA SC 50:
*Emollient
*Humectant
*Surfactant
*Fixative
*Deodorant
*Preservative
*Preservative booster
*Penetration enhancer
*Skin conditioning



FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF SENSIVA SC 50:
*multifunctional cosmetic ingredient
*skin care additive and emollient
*booster for antimicrobials
*boosting and fixating of fragrance ingredients
*effective against odor-causing bacteria



FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS OF SENSIVA SC 50:
Sensiva SC 50 is effective in pH ranges from 2 to 12
Typically incorporated into the oil phase of the formulation or at the end of the manufacturing process
Add to the water phase (below 80°C) or during the cool-down phase (~40°C)
The raw material is resistant up to high temperatures of 120°C
Recommended dosage falls between 0.3% to 1.0%
Recommended maximum use concentration of 0.6% in aerosol deodorants



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SENSIVA SC 50:
CAS: 70445-33-9
MF: C11H24O3
MW: 204.31 g/mol
EINECS: 408-080-2
Mol File: 70445-33-9.mol
Boiling Point: 325°C
Melting Point: 152°C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water
Molecular Weight: 204.31 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 1.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 9
Exact Mass: 204.17254462 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 204.17254462 g/mol

Topological Polar Surface Area: 49.7 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 117
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Name of Product: Ethylhexylglycerin
IUPAC Name: 3-ethylnonane-1,2,3-triol
CAS No: 70445-33-9

Molecular Formula: C11H24O3
Molecular Weight: 204.31 g/mol
Pubchem CID: 22600828
Pubchem SID: 475775549
Appearance at 25 °C: Clear, colorless liquid
pH (10% Aqueous): 6.5-7.15
Viscosity, cps at 25°C: 60-75
Density: 0.962
HLB: 7.5
Refractive Index: 1.4490 to 1.4530
Solubility: Partially water soluble
Odor: Odorless
Shelf Life: 36 months



FIRST AID MEASURES of SENSIVA SC 50:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SENSIVA SC 50:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SENSIVA SC 50:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SENSIVA SC 50:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection in relation to its type.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SENSIVA SC 50:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Normal measures for preventive fire protection.
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SENSIVA SC 50:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


SERDOX NXC 3
Serdox NXC 3, also known as polyethylene glycol monostearate-7, is a synthetic compound belonging to the amide family.
Serdox NXC 3 is synthesized by the reaction of oleic acid and polyethylene glycol.


CAS Number: 26027-37-2
EC Number: 607-851-2
Formula: C24H47NO4
Molecular Formula: (C2H4O)nC20H39NO2



PEG-3 oleamide, SERDOX® NXC 3, 26027-37-2, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecen-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-w-hydroxy-, Oleyl monoethanol amide ethoxylate, Steinapal O 8, Glycols,polyethylene, monoether with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)oleamide (8CI), Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-w-hydroxy- (9CI), Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-w-hydroxy-, (Z)-, Oleamide,N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, monoether with polyethylene glycol (8CI), Ethoxylatedoleamide, Polyoxyethylene oleic amide, Serdox NXC 14, Serdox NXC 3, Serdox NXC6, Steinapal O 8,
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),a-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecen-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-w-hydroxy-, Glycols,polyethylene, monoether with N-(2-hydroxyethyl) Oleamid e (8CI), Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-w- hydroxy- (9CI), Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-w-hydroxy-, (Z)-, Oleamid e, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, monoether with polyethylene glycol (8CI), Ethoxylated Oleamid e, Polyoxyethylene oleic amide, Serdox NXC 14, Serdox NXC 3, Serdox NXC6, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecen-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-ω-hydroxy-, Glycols, polyethylene, monoether with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)oleamide, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-ω-hydroxy-, (Z)-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-ω-hydroxy-, Oleamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, monoether with polyethylene glycol, Polyoxyethylene oleic amide, Steinapal O 8, Ethoxylated oleamide, Serdox NXC 3, Serdox NXC 6, Serdox NXC 14, Bermadol 2543, (Z)-N-[2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethoxy]ethyl]octadec-9-enamide, (z)-ydroxy, 2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-.omega.-hydroxy-,(Z)-Poly(oxy-1, Bermadol 2543, Ethoxylated oleamide, Ethoxylatedoleamide, Ethoxylatedoleicmonoethanolamide, Ethoxylatedoleoamide, Glycols, polyethylene, monoether with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)oleamide, Glycols,polyethylene, monoether with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)oleamide (8CI), Oleamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, monoether with polyethylene glycol, Oleamide,N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, monoether with polyethylene glycol (8CI), Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-(9Z)-2-(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)aminoethyl-.omega.-hydroxy-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-w-hydroxy- (9CI), Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-w-hydroxy-, (Z)-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-omega-hydroxy-, (Z)-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecen-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-ω-hydroxy-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-ω-hydroxy-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-ω-hydroxy-, (Z)-, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),alpha-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-omega-h, Polyoxyethylene oleic amide, Serdox NXC 14, Serdox NXC 3, Serdox NXC 6, Serdox NXC6, Steinapal O 8, PEG-3 oleamide, 26027-37-2, POE OLEIC AMIDE, (Z)-N-[2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl]octadec-9-enamide, 1R82R14626, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-6 oleamide, UNII-5CM4C84QVG, UNII-T8GTI4F10C, 5CM4C84QVG, T8GTI4F10C, UNII-4NB73D88QV, 4NB73D88QV, PEG-3 OLEAMIDE [INCI], UNII-1R82R14626, Q27252787, 9-Octadecenamide, N-[2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl]-, (9Z)-, (9Z)-N-{2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}-9-octadecenamide, PEG-3 OLEAMIDE, 1R82R14626, (Z)-N-[2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl]octadec-9-enamide, (z)-ydroxy, 2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-.omega.-hydroxy-,(Z)-Poly(oxy-1, Ethoxylatedoleicmonoethanolamide, Ethoxylatedoleoamide, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),alpha-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-omega-h, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-(9Z)-2-(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)aminoethyl-.omega.-hydroxy-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-[2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)amino]ethyl]-omega-hydroxy-, (Z)-



Serdox NXC 3 is a nonionic surfactant which can be used as foam booster, thickener and emulsifier in many applications.
Serdox NXC 3 is based on a short ethoxylated fatty amide.
Because of its structure, Serdox NXC 3 adheres especially well to metal substrates and performs as corrosion inhibitor.


Serdox NXC 3 has excellent foam stabilizing properties with anionic surfactants.
Cosmetic effect: Serdox NXC 3 has average cleaning properties.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SERDOX NXC 3:
Serdox NXC 3 can be used as effective emulsifier in industrial and vehicle cleaning applications.
Serdox NXC 3 is used Cosmetics.
Serdox NXC 3 is widely used as a lubricant and anti-static agent in various industries, such as the food industry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.


Serdox NXC 3 has a wide range of applications in scientific experiments.
Serdox NXC 3 is commonly used as a surfactant to stabilize emulsions and suspensions.
Serdox NXC 3 is also used as a lubricant in bioassays and as a dispersant in polymer synthesis.


Serdox NXC 3 is used in milks, creams, balms, shower gels.
Cosmetic Uses of Serdox NXC 3: surfactants and surfactant - emulsifying.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SERDOX NXC 3:
Serdox NXC 3 is a white, waxy solid with a faint odor.
Serdox NXC 3 has a molecular formula of C22H43NO3 and a molecular weight of 385.6 g/mol.
Serdox NXC 3 is soluble in polar solvents, such as water and ethanol, but insoluble in non-polar solvents, such as hexane.



SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SERDOX NXC 3:
The synthesis of Serdox NXC 3 involves the esterification of oleic acid with polyethylene glycol in the presence of a catalyst.
Serdox NXC 3 is then purified by recrystallization.
The characterization of Serdox NXC 3 is done using various analytical techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.



FUNCTIONS OF SERDOX NXC 3 IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SURFACTANT - EMULSIFIER:
Serdox NXC 3 allows the formation of finely dispersed mixtures of oil and water (emulsions)

*SURFACTANT - CLEANSER:
Surfactant agent for cleaning the skin, hair and/or teeth.



PRESENCE IN COSMETICS OF SERDOX NXC 3:
Facial, shaving and hair lotions, as solvents and solubilizers of active ingredients, perfume oils and dyes, as moisturizers, cream bases, as consistency enhancers, binders, softeners and fixative



FUNCTIONS OF SERDOX NXC 3:
*SURFACTANT – CLEANSER:
Serdox NXC 3 wets body surfaces, emulsifies or solubilizes oils and suspends dirt (generally, these ingredients contribute to the soap and foaming properties of cleaning products).

*SURFACTANT – EMULSIFIER:
Serdox NXC 3 helps suspend or disperse liquids in a second liquid by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified.



HOW DOES SERDOX NXC 3 WORK?
Serdox NXC 3 is an emulsifier.
Serdox NXC 3 enables the creation of an emulsion and the combining of the water phase and the oil phase.
Serdox NXC 3 is a gentle cleansing agent.

Serdox NXC 3 prevents stratification of cosmetics.
Serdox NXC 3 is a foam-forming substance, stabilizes and improves the quality of foam.
Serdox NXC 3 increases the viscosity of cosmetics.



FROM THE SCIENTIFIC SIDE OF SERDOX NXC 3:
Serdox NXC 3 is an oleic acid amide ethoxylated with 3 moles of ethylene oxide.
Serdox NXC 3 is a hydrophilic substance.
Resistant to hard water, dissolves well in water, Serdox NXC 3 contains calcium and magnesium ions.
Serdox NXC 3 has an ammonia smell and may irritate the skin.



FUNCTIONS OF SERDOX NXC 3:
*Emulsifying agent:
Serdox NXC 3 promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil)
*Surfactant:
Serdox NXC 3 reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the uniform distribution of the product during its use



FEATURES OF SERDOX NXC 3:
*W/O emulsifier, an ingredient enabling the creation of an emulsion.
*An emulsion is a physicochemical form that is created by combining (mixing) the water phase with the oil phase.
Examples of cosmetic emulsions are creams, milks and balms.
*A foam-forming substance, Serdox NXC 3, that stabilizes and improves foam quality in a mixture with anionic surfactants.
*Serdox NXC 3 acts as a rheology modifier (i.e. improves consistency, increasing viscosity) in washing preparations containing anionic surfactants, thanks to the creation of the so-called mixed micelles.



INFORMATION OF SERDOX NXC 3:
"PEG" refers to a PEG (Polyethylene Glycol-) derivative.
The number following "PEG-" (or the first number following "PEG/...-") indicates the average number of molecular units -CH2-CH2-O-.
Amides are, in general, reaction products of carboxylic acids (mainly fatty acids) or other acids with nitrogenous compounds (ammonia or alkyl and alkanolamines, amino acids, etc.)
Examples: "Steramide" are amides of stearic acid, "Cocamide" are amides of coconut fatty acids.



FUNCTIONS OF SERDOX NXC 3:
*Emulsifying agent:
Serdox NXC 3 promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil)
*Surfactant:
Serdox NXC 3 reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the uniform distribution of the product during use



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SERDOX NXC 3:
CAS No: 26027-37-2
Molecular Weight: 413.643
Molecular Formula:C24H47NO4
Boiling Point:564.2±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Weight: 413.6 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 23
Exact Mass: 413.35050898 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 413.35050898 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 67.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 29
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 361

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 1
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS Number: 26027-37-2
Molecular Weight: 413.634
Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 564.2±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: C24H47NO4
Melting Point: N/A
MSDS: N/A
Flash Point: 295.0±28.7 °C
Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3

Boiling Point: 564.2±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: C24H47NO4
Molecular Weight: 413.634
Flash Point: 295.0±28.7 °C
Exact Mass: 413.350494
LogP: 6.01
Vapour Pressure: 0.0±3.5 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction: 1.473
Chemical Name: Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),a-[(9Z)-2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecen-1-yl)amino]ethyl]-w-hydroxy-
CAS Registry Number: 26027-37-2
PubChemID: 119025996
Molecular Weight: 413.643
LogP: 6.01
EINECS: 607-851-2
Molecular Formula: C24H47NO4



FIRST AID MEASURES of SERDOX NXC 3:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SERDOX NXC 3:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SERDOX NXC 3:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SERDOX NXC 3:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SERDOX NXC 3:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SERDOX NXC 3:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



Sertleştirilmiş Palm Kernel Yağı
PALM KERNEL OIL HARDENED; elaeis guineensis kernel oil; palm nut oil; palm oil tree kernel oil; oil obtained from the seeds of the palmoil tree, elaeis guineensis, palmaceae CAS NO:8023-79-8
Sertraline Hcl
SYNONYMS (1S,4S)-4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N-methyl-1-naphthalenamine hydrochloride;Serotonin (5-HT) Reuptake Inhibitor, Sertraline, Zoloft cas no:79559-97-0 (HCl)
SERUM ALBUMIN
SESAMUM INDICUM SEED OIL, N° CAS : 8008-74-0 - Huile de graine de sésame. Origine(s) : Végétale. Autres langues : Aceite de semilla de sésamo, Olio di semi di sesamo, Sesame seed oil, Sesamöl. Nom INCI : SESAMUM INDICUM SEED OIL. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-370-6. Ses fonctions (INCI). Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Noms français : HUILE DE SESAME; Huile de sésame. Noms anglais : BENNE OIL; GINGILLI OIL; OILS, SESAME; SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM) OIL ; Sesame oil; SEXTRA; TEEL OIL. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Fabrication de produits alimentaires, fabrication de cosmétiques
Sesame Oil
SYNONYMS SESAME OIL;SESAME OIL, TOASTED;SESAMI OLEUM;OIL OF SESAME;Sesami Seed Oil;SESAME OIL FROM SESAMUM INDICUM;SESAME OIL FROM SESAMUM INDICUM, PH EUR;1ml/ampule,2ampules CAS NO:8008-74-0
Sesame oil ( Huile de graine de sésame)
cas no : 8007-43-0, Span 83, Sorbitan Sesquioleate, Sorbitan, (9Z)-9-octadecenoate (2:3)
SESQUIOLÉATE SORBITAN
cas no 91080-23-8 Refined Shea Butter;
SETEARAT 25
Kozmetik ürünlerde emülgatör. Saç, El kremleri (%0.1-0.5), o/w emülsiyonları
SETEARET-11
Kozmetik ürünlerde emülgatör, parfüm çözücü olarak saç ve el kremi, o/w emülsiyonlarında kullanılır.
SETIL ALKOL
SYNONYMS Cachalot C 51;Cetaffine;Cetal;Cetalcos;Cetalol CA;Cetanol;CETYL ALCOHOL;Cetyl Alcohol NX;Cetylic alcohol;Cetylol CAS NO:36653-82-4
SETIL STEARIL ALKOL
SYNONYMS Cetyl/stearyl alcohol; 2DMT128M1S; C16-18 Alcohols; (C16-C18) Alkyl alcohol; Fatty alcohols; UNII-2DMT128M1S; LANETTE AOK; CETYL ALKOL - STEARYL ALKOL; CETYLSTEARYL ALCOHOL; CETEARYL ALCOHOL; CETOSTEARYL ALCOHOL; C16-18; C16-C18 n-Heksadesil-stearil alkol (karışık); CETOSTEARYLALCOHOL, NF CAS NO:8005-44-5
SETİL ALKOL (16 / 98)
SYNONYMS Cachalot C 51;Cetaffine;Cetal;Cetalcos;Cetalol CA;Cetanol;CETYL ALCOHOL;Cetyl Alcohol NX;Cetylic alcohol;Cetylol CAS NO:36653-82-4
SETİL STEARİL ALKOL (30 / 70 - 50 / 50)
SYNONYMS Cetyl/stearyl alcohol; 2DMT128M1S; C16-18 Alcohols; (C16-C18) Alkyl alcohol; Fatty alcohols; UNII-2DMT128M1S; LANETTE AOK; CETYL ALKOL - STEARYL ALKOL; CETYLSTEARYL ALCOHOL; CETEARYL ALCOHOL; CETOSTEARYL ALCOHOL; C16-18; C16-C18 n-Heksadesil-stearil alkol (karışık); CETOSTEARYLALCOHOL, NF CAS NO:8005-44-5
SETİL STEARİL ALKOL 30-70
o/w kremleri ve losyonları; deodorant ve antiperspirant stiklerde; şampuanlarda, balsamlarda; renkli kozmetikte kıvamlaştırıcı baz olarak kullanılır. Ayrıca dolgu maddesidir
SETRİMONYUMKLORÜR %29
Saç kreminde kullanılan emülgatör, katyonik yumuşatıcı.Anyonik sistemlerde kullanılmaz.Cilt üzerinde yumuşak etki ve antistatik ajan olarak kullanılır
SHEA BUTTER
Shea Butter The English word "shea" comes from s’í, the tree's name in Bambara. Shea butter is known by many local names, such as kpakahili in the Dagbani language, taama in the Wali language, kuto in Twi, kaɗe or kaɗanya in Hausa, òkwùmá in the Igbo language, òrí in the Yoruba language, karité in the Wolof language of Senegal, and ori in some parts of West Africa and many others. History of Shea butter The common name is shísu (lit. "shea tree") in the Bambara language of Mali. This is the origin of the English word, the primary pronunciation of which is /ʃiː/ (rhyming with "tea"), although the pronunciation /ʃeɪ/ (rhyming with "day") is common and is listed second in major dictionaries. The tree is called ghariti in the Wolof language of Senegal, which is the origin of the French name of the tree and the butter, karité. The shea tree grows naturally in the wild in the dry savannah belt of West Africa from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east, and onto the foothills of the Ethiopian highlands. It occurs in 21 countries across the African continent, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Guinea. A testa found at the site of the medieval village of Saouga is evidence of shea butter production by the 14th century. The butter was being imported into Britain by 1846. Composition and properties Shea butter extract is a complex fat that in addition to many nonsaponifiable components (substances that cannot be fully converted into soap by treatment with alkali) contains the following fatty acids: oleic acid (40–60%), stearic acid (20–50%), linoleic acid (3–11%), palmitic acid (2–9%), linolenic acid (<1%) and arachidic acid (<1%). Shea butter melts at body temperature. Proponents of its use for skin care maintain that it absorbs rapidly into the skin, acts as a "refatting" agent, and has good water-binding properties. Uses of Shea butter Shea butter soap Shea butter is mainly used in the cosmetics industry for skin- and hair-related products (lip gloss, lip stick, skin moisturizer creams and emulsions, and hair conditioners for dry and brittle hair). Shea butter is also used by soap makers and massage oil manufacturers, typically in small amounts, because it has plenty of unsaponifiables, and higher amounts result in a softer soap that has less cleaning ability. Some artisan soap makers use shea butter in amounts to 25% – with the European Union regulating the maximum use around 28%, but it is rarely the case in commercially produced soap due to its high cost compared to oils like palm oil or pomace (olive oil). Shea butter is an excellent emollient for dry skin. No evidence shows it is a cure, but it alleviates the pain associated with tightness and itching. In some African countries such as Benin, shea butter is used for cooking oil, as a waterproofing wax, for hairdressing, for candle-making, and as an ingredient in medicinal ointments. It is used by makers of traditional African percussion instruments to increase the durability of wood (such as carved djembe shells), dried calabash gourds, and leather tuning straps. Medicinal Shea butter is sometimes used as a base for medicinal ointments. Some of the isolated chemical constituents are reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, emollient, and humectant properties. Shea butter has been used as a sunblocking lotion and some of its components "have limited capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation". In Ghana, shea butter locally known as Kpakahili (Eng. trans. raw cream) in Dagbani, nkuto (Akan) or nku (Ga), is either used as a food product or applied as lotion to protect the skin during the dry Harmattan season. The shea nut tree itself is called tááŋà (pl. táánsì) and the fruit is called táánì (pl. támá). The current northern regional capital Tamale, derives it names from a combination of the words "tama" and "yili", meaning "the town of shea fruits". In Nigeria, shea butter is used for the management of sinusitis and relief of nasal congestion. It is massaged into joints and other parts of the body where pain occurs. Classification of Shea butter The United States Agency for International Development and other companies have suggested a classification system for shea butter, separating it into five grades: A (raw or unrefined, extracted using water) B (refined) C (highly refined and extracted with solvents such as hexane) D (lowest uncontaminated grade) E (with contaminants). Commercial grades are A, B, and C. The color of raw (grade A) butter ranges from cream (like whipped butter) to grayish yellow. Shea butter has a nutty aroma which is removed in the other grades. Grade C is pure white. While the level of vitamin content can be affected by refining, up to 95% of vitamin content can be removed from refined grades (i.e., grade C) of shea butter while reducing contamination levels to undetectable levels. Odor: characteristic Use: Natural shea butter is extracted from the pit of a fruit that grows only on the magnifolia tree in Central and Western Africa. Shea butter has been used for centuries in Africa for its unsurpassed ability to maintain and protect the skin from environmental damage and for cosmetic and food purposes. Shea butter is used externally to protect the skin from sunburn, eczema, as skin rejuvenator, and for its exceptional healing qualities in scalp and hair care. Use: Shea butter, natural unrefined. Shea butter is also called African Karite butter. This unrefined butter is expressed from the pits of the fruit of the African butter tree. This butter is smooth and its color may range from very light beige to yellow/green, the color may vary from batch to batch. Unlike our refined shea butters, this butter has a an odor which will also vary from batch to batch. We do not accept returns because you do not like the color or odor; if you have concerns, please order a sample first. Use: Shea Butter (refined) sustainable is obtained from the nuts of Butyrospermum parkii. Shea butter kernels used for our product are harvested from shea trees wild growing in Northern Ghana. After harvesting of the ripe shea nuts the butter is obtained by mechanical pressing and following physical refining. The main steps of the production process of shea butter like harvesting, cleaning, drying, crushing, roasting, milling, kneading, boiling and filtration are mainly done by rural women. Fair prices for the Shea Butter enable the women in the rural area of Ghana a reliable income. BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII BUTTER (Shea Butter) is classified as : Skin conditioning Viscosity controlling CAS Number 194043-92-0 COSING REF No: 55024 Chem/IUPAC Name: Butyrospermum Parkii Butter is the fat obtained from the fruit of the Shea Tree, Butyrospernum parkii, Sapotaceae What is Shea butter? Shea butter is fat that’s extracted from the nuts of the shea tree. It’s solid at warm temperatures and has an off-white or ivory color. Shea trees are native to West Africa, and most shea butter still comes from that region. Shea butter has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for centuries. Its high concentration of vitamins and fatty acids — combined with its easy-to-spread consistency — make it a great product for smoothing, soothing, and conditioning your skin. 1. Shea butter is safe for all skin types Shea butter is technically a tree nut product. But unlike most tree nut products, it’s very low in the proteins that can trigger allergies. In fact, there’s no medical literature documenting an allergy to topical shea butter. Shea butter doesn’t contain chemical irritants known to dry out skin, and it doesn’t clog pores. It’s appropriate for nearly any skin type. 2. Shea butter’s moisturizing Shea butter is typically used for its moisturizing effects. These benefits are tied to shea’s fatty acid content, including linoleic, oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids. When you apply shea topically, these oils are rapidly absorbed into your skin. They act as a “refatting” agent, restoring lipids and rapidly creating moisture. This restores the barrier between your skin and the outside environment, holding moisture in and reducing your risk of dryness. 3. Shea butter won’t make your skin oily Shea butter contains high levels of linoleic acid and oleic acid. These two acids balance each other out. That means shea butter is easy for your skin to fully absorb and won’t make your skin look oily after application. 4. Shea butter’s anti-inflammatory The plant esters of shea butter have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties. When applied to the skin, shea triggers cytokines and other inflammatory cells to slow their production. This may help minimize irritation caused by environmental factors, such as dry weather, as well as inflammatory skin conditions, such as eczema. 5. Shea butter’s antioxidant Shea butter has significant levels of vitamins A and E, which means it promotes strong antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are important anti-aging agents. They protect your skin cells from free radicals that can lead to premature aging and dull-looking skin. 6. It’s antibacterial A 2012 study suggests that oral doses of shea bark extract can lead to decreased antimicrobial activity in animals. Although more research is needed, this could indicate possible antibacterial benefits in humans. Because of this, some speculate that topical application may decrease the amount of acne-causing bacteria on the skin. 7. Shea butter’s antifungal Shea tree products have been established as powerful ingredients to fight skin infections caused by fungi. While shea butter may not be able to treat every kind of fungal infection, we know that it kills spores of the fungi that causes ringworm and athlete’s foot. 8. Shea butter may help prevent acne Shea butter is rich in different kinds of fatty acids. This unique composition helps clear your skin of excess oil (sebum). At the same time, shea butter restores moisture to your skin and locks it in to your epidermis, so your skin doesn’t dry out or feel “stripped” of oil. The result is a restoration of the natural balance of oils in your skin — which may help stop acne before it starts. 9. Shea butter helps boost collagen production Shea butter contains triterpenes. These naturally occurring chemical compounds are thought to deactivate collagen fiber destruction. This may minimize the appearance of fine lines and result in plumper skin. 10. Shea butter helps promote cell regeneration Shea’s moisturizing and antioxidant properties work together to help your skin generate healthy new cells. Your body is constantly making new skin cells and getting rid of dead skin cells. You actually get rid of anywhere between 30,000 to 40,000 old skin cells each day. Dead skin cells sit on the top. New skin cells form at the bottom of the upper layer of skin (epidermis). With the right moisture balance on the surface of your skin, you’ll have fewer dead skin cells in the way of fresh cell regeneration in the epidermis. 11. Shea butter may help reduce the appearance of stretch marks and scarring It’s thought that shea butter stops keloid fibroblasts — scar tissue — from reproducing, while encouraging healthy cell growth to take their place. This may help your skin heal, minimizing the appearance of stretch marks and scarring. 12. Shea butter may help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles By boosting collagen production and promoting new cell generation, shea butter may help reduce what researchers call photoaging — the wrinkles and fine lines that environmental stress and aging can create on skin. 13. Shea butter offers added sun protection Shea butter can’t be used by itself as an effective sunscreen. But using shea butter on your skin does give you some added sun protection, so layer it over your favorite sunscreen on days you’ll be spending outside. Shea butter contains an estimated SPF of 3 to 4. 14. Shea butter may help prevent hair breakage Shea butter hasn’t been studied specifically for its ability to make hair stronger. But one 2017 studyTrusted Source found that a chemically similar West African plant made hair significantly more resistant to breakage. 15. Shea butter may help treat dandruff One way to treat dandruff (atopic dermatitis) is to restore moisture to your dry and irritated scalp. One 2018 reviewTrusted Source found that shea butter, when used in combination with other moisturizers, could help decrease dandruff flakes and reduce risk of flare-ups. More research is needed to determine how effective shea is when used alone. 16. Shea butter may help soothe conditions like eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis Shea’s anti-inflammatory properties help soothe skin and relieve itching. This may prove especially helpful for inflammatory skin conditions, such as eczema and psoriasis. Shea also absorbs rapidly, which could mean quick relief for flare-ups. ResearchTrusted Source even suggests that shea butter could work just as well as medicated creams in treating eczema. 17. Shea butter may help soothe sunburn and other skin burns ResearchTrusted Source suggests that oils may be beneficial for superficial (first-degree) skin burns, such as sunburn. Shea’s anti-inflammatory components may reduce redness and swelling. Its fatty acid components may also soothe the skin by retaining moisture during the healing process. Although the researchers in this study established that the use of shea butter, aloe vera, and other natural products is common, more research is needed to assess their efficacy. 18. Shea butter may help soothe insect bites Shea butter has been traditionally used to soothe bee stings and insect bites. Anecdotal evidence suggests that shea butter may help bring down swelling that bites and stings can cause. That said, there isn’t any clinical research to support this. If you’re experiencing severe pain and swelling from stings or bites, consider seeing a health professional and stick to proven treatments. 19. Shea butter can help promote wound healing In addition to reducing underlying inflammation, shea is also linked to the tissue remodeling that’s crucial for treating wounds. Its protective fatty acids may also help shield wounds from environmental irritants during the healing process. 20. Shea butter may help relieve arthritis pain Arthritis is caused by underlying inflammation in the joints. A 2016 animal studyTrusted Source on shea oil concentrate suggests that it can help reduce inflammation while also protecting joints from further damage. Although this study focused on knee joints, these potential benefits could extend to other areas of the body. 21. Shea butter may help soothe muscle soreness Muscles that have been overextended can be affected by inflammation and stiffness as your body repairs muscle tissue. Shea butter may help sore muscles in the same way it may help joint pain — by reducing inflammation. 22. Shea butter may help relieve congestion A 1979 studyTrusted Source suggests that shea butter may help alleviate nasal congestion. When used in nasal drops, shea butter may reduce inflammation in the nasal passages. Shea butter could also help reduce mucosal damage, which often leads to nasal congestion. These effects could be beneficial when dealing with allergies, sinusitis, or the common cold. Where do all of these benefits come from? The benefits of shea butter come from its chemical makeup. Shea butter contains: linoleic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic fatty acids, ingredients that balance oils on your skin vitamins A, E, and F, antioxidant vitamins that promote circulation and healthy skin cell growth triglycerides, the fatty part of the shea nut that nourishes and conditions your skin cetyl esters, the waxy part of the shea nut butter that conditions skin and locks in moisture Keep in mind that the exact makeup varies according to where the shea nuts are harvested from. You may also find shea butter mixed with added ingredients, such as tea tree oil or lavender oil. How to use shea butter Shea butter On skin You can apply shea butter directly to your skin. Raw, unrefined shea butter is easy to spread. You can use your fingers to scoop a teaspoon or so of shea butter from your jar, and then rub it onto your skin until it’s completely absorbed. Shea butter is slippery and can keep makeup from adhering to your face, so you may prefer to apply it at night before bed. Shea butter On hair Raw shea butter can also be applied directly to your hair. If your hair is naturally curly or porous, consider using shea butter as a conditioner. Make sure your hair has absorbed most of the shea butter before rinsing and styling as usual. You can also use a small amount of shea butter as a leave-in conditioner. If your hair is naturally straight, thin, or fine, consider using shea butter on the ends of your hair. Applying shea butter to your roots may cause an oily-looking buildup. Storage of Shea butter Shea butter should be stored slightly below room temperature, so that it stays solid and easy to spread. Possible side effects and risks There are no documented cases of topical shea butter allergies. Even people with tree nut allergies should be able to use shea butter on their skin. That said, discontinue use if you begin experiencing irritation and inflammation. Seek emergency medical attention if you experience severe pain, swelling, or difficulty breathing. Products to try If you want to get the most out of your shea butter, purchase it in its raw and unrefined form. The more that shea butter is processed, the more its amazing, all-natural properties are diluted. For this reason, shea butter is classified by a grading system from A to F, with grade A being the most pure form of shea butter you can buy. Buying shea butter that’s raw and unrefined also helps more of your purchase count toward supporting the communities that actually harvest and grow shea nuts. You can go a step further by purchasing grade A shea butter that’s labeled “fair trade.” The bottom line Shea butter is packed with essential nutrients that can enhance your natural complexion and help you glow from the inside out. Although it’s considered safe every skin type, many products containing shea butter have other ingredients mixed in. If you experience any side effects that you suspect are connected to a shea butter product, discontinue use and see a doctor or other healthcare provider. They can help determine what’s causing your symptoms and advise you on any next steps. Where does shea butter come from? Shea butter is a product of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa). Shea butter is the fat extracted from the shea kernel. Shea nuts are a wild-growing, natural ingredient that have been harvested and processed in West and East African countries for centuries. Unrefined shea butter—the type of shea butter Karité uses—has no additional chemicals or preservatives added during the extraction process. This allows us to create shea butter that retains all of its incredible natural properties. Raw shea butter is ivory in color, but you may have seen shea butter products that are white. White shea butter products are a result of processing during production. When shea butter is refined, it loses its natural ivory color. Unrefined shea butter has a natural, nutty aroma that processed shea butter does not. Additionally, further processing of the butter can remove up to 95% of its natural vitamins! What is shea butter made of? Shea butter naturally contains beneficial compounds like: Tocopherol, otherwise known as vitamin E, and catechins, which act as antioxidants; Vitamins A and F, which have pro-aging and moisturizing properties Oleic, stearic, linoleic and palmitic acids are just some of shea butter's fatty acids. These are excellent for the skin's barrier and allow the butter to meld seamlessly with the natural oils on your skin. Shea butter benefits With a myriad of therapeutic benefits for the skin, shea butter has been used for thousands of years. In addition to being an exceptional moisturizer, this all-natural ingredient has antioxidant, pro-aging and anti-inflammatory properties that help soothe and heal the skin. It’s full of antioxidants thanks to the tocopherol and catechins. It prevents signs of aging. Shea butter also contains lupeol, which inhibits the enzymes that degrade the skin's supportive proteins. It reduces inflammation. The triterpene alcohols found in shea butter have anti-inflammatory properties. Shea butter has been shown to help with skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis, as well as arthritis. It has antimicrobial properties. People in West Africa have used shea butter as a natural remedy to treat wounds and other ailments for centuries. It has UV protection. Seriously! The cinnamic acid esters in shea butter have been shown to absorb a limited amount of UV rays. Unrefined shea butter has the equivalent of an SPF between 3 or 4. It's incredibly hydrating and moisturizing without the greasiness that comes from other moisturizing ingredients. Just remember: When you use refined, processed shea butter, you won't see most of these incredible benefits! Uses for shea butter Shea butter is a versatile ingredient that can help with all kinds of issues and ailments. From the skin and hair to sun protection and collagen production, it's no wonder that shea butter is found so many different products. The therapeutic nature of shea butter makes it effective for repairing the skin's barrier, which in turn provides relief for those suffering from dry skin, eczema and other conditions. Shea butter is a seed fat that comes from the shea tree. The shea tree is found in East and West tropical Africa. The shea butter comes from two oily kernels within the shea tree seed. After the kernel is removed from the seed, it is ground into a powder and boiled in water. The butter then rises to the top of the water and becomes solid. People apply shea butter to the skin for acne, burns, dandruff, dry skin, eczema, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. In foods, shea butter is used as a fat for cooking. In manufacturing, shea butter is used in cosmetic products. How does it work ? Shea butter works like an emollient. It might help soften or smooth dry skin. Shea butter also contains substances that can reduce skin swelling. This might help treat conditions associated with skin swelling such as eczema. Uses & Effectiveness ? Insufficient Evidence for Hay fever. Early research shows that applying shea butter to the inside of the nose as needed over 4 days clears the airways and improves breathing in adults and children who have congestion from hayfever. The airways appear to clear in as quickly as 30 seconds. Shea butter appears to improve congestion as effectively as certain nasal decongestant sprays. Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Early research shows that applying shea butter to the skin, alone or with other ingredients, improves symptoms of eczema in children and adolescents. Acne, Burns, Dandruff, Dry skin, High blood pressure, Insect bite, Itching, Itchy skin infection caused by mites (scabies), Muscle soreness, Osteoarthritis, Rash, Scaly, itchy skin (psoriasis), Scarring, Skin ulcers, Skinwrinkles from sun damage, Stretch marks, Swelling (inflammation) of the nasal cavity and sinuses (rhinosinusitis), Wound healing, Other conditions. You all know I’m a fan of using olive oil on skin and hair, but another all-star natural moisturizer for these uses and more around the home is shea butter. (Something about the name just even sounds luxurious, doesn’t it?) This luxurious butter is very thick and solid at room temperature but has a buttery rich consistency that makes it ideal for use as a natural eye cream, lip balm, or body butter. Many studies show that it is especially good at penetrating the skin and contains 60% fat, making it highly emollient. Thanks to some other special properties, shea butter does more than moisturize … it delivers key anti-inflammatory and anti-aging fatty acids right into the skin. What Is Shea Butter? Shea butter is a skin superfood that comes from the seeds of the fruit of the Shea (Karite) tree. It may offer mild UV protection (up to SPF ~6) and provides the skin with essential fatty acids and the nutrients necessary for collagen production. Shea butter has been used in Africa and many other locations for years to improve skin and hair. It also has a long history of medicinal use, such as in wound care and even treating leprosy. It’s also not uncommon in that part of the world to eat shea as well, much as we use palm oil in products. There’s differing opinions on whether or not it’s healthy to eat, and since some studies suggest that ingesting shea butter may interfere with the digestion of other proteins, I use it externally only. Shea Butter Benefits Moisturizing: The concentration of natural vitamins and fatty acids in shea makes it incredibly nourishing and moisturizing for skin. It is often used to remedy dry skin and to help protect the skin’s natural oils. Reduces Inflammation: A 2010 study found that due to its cinnamic acid and other natural properties, shea butter was anti-inflammatory. One compound in particular, lupeol cinnamate, was found to reduce skin inflammation and even potentially help avoid skin mutations. This also makes it beneficial for some people with acne. Skin Smoothing: Shea aids in the skin’s natural collagen production and contains oleic, stearic, palmitic, and linolenic acids that protect and nourish the skin to prevent drying. With long-term use, many people report skin softening and strengthening as well as wrinkle reduction. Ways to Use Shea Butter Shea butter is one of the most versatile natural beauty ingredients and I use it daily in some form. I’ve used it for years in everything from my homemade lotion bars and original magnesium body butter to homemade lip balms and healing salves. What Kind of Shea Butter Is Better? There is a huge variation in the quality of shea butter depending on the manufacturer, so if you’ve tried shea butter before and haven’t liked it, it may have been the brand. The American Shea Butter Institute warns that one of the main healing components in shea butter, cinnamic acid, is less present in inferior brands. They have issued classifications of different grades of quality, and the best grade with the highest cinnamic acid content is Grade A. I only use raw, unrefined, Grade A shea butter. There are many refined ones that are odor free and bleached to be completely white, but the refining process removes some of the beneficial properties. What is shea butter? Shea butter is made from the seeds of the fruit of the shea tree which is typically found in West Africa. The seeds are ground by hand into a thick paste. Water is added to it and boiled. After the boiling process, the shea butter is skimmed off the top. This is known as raw, unrefined shea butter. What is shea butter used for? Shea butter is mostly used for moisturizing the skin, including those tired feet. It is extremely beneficial because it will nourish and moisturize your skin at a deep level. Vitamins, A, E, and F and fatty acids in shea butter give the skin what it needs making it clear and supple. You can use it on your cuticles, on chapped lips and overall to soothe dry or itchy skin. Shea also has low levels of sun protection but we do not recommend using it as a substitute for sunscreen. Shea also has anti-inflammatory properties and can be used to help soothe skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. If I have a nut allergy is it safe to use shea butter? According to a study done, “researchers tested blood from people with peanut and tree nut allergies against the shea nut proteins and could not detect any IgE antibodies ‘recognizing’ the shea proteins.” This means the likelihood of those with nut allergies to have a reaction when using shea is minimal. However, the shea nut is distantly related to the Brazil nut. So just to be safe, we caution using shea if you have a nut allergy. Always check with your healthcare professional for medical advice regarding your allergies. We have alternative oils we use in our foot soaks if this is a concern for you. Does shea butter clog your pores? No. Shea butter is non-comedogenic and because of its amazing benefits, applying shea to your face will help diminish lines and wrinkles. It can also help keep your skin clear and healthy. Added bonus, shea butter is also known to naturally boost the collagen in your skin! What is in Wake’s shea butter? Our Wake brand whipped shea is made with only organic ingredients. It contains shea butter, coconut oil, and cornstarch. When purchasing shea, try to avoid ones that have unnecessary fillers such as canola oil, sunflower oil, or heavy artificial fragrances and dyes. We use coconut oil with our shea to make it a bit softer and easier to apply to the skin. How can I experience shea butter’s benefits when I come into Wake Foot Sanctuary for a service? Our shea butter can be found in many of our foot soaks. It is in the Good Vibes, Salty Beach Rose, Old No. 9, Signature Soothe, and The Melt. Our massage therapists also use it during the head, neck, and shoulder massages. 11 Ways to Use Raw Shea Butter According to the oracle known as the Internet, shea butter is a miracle ingredient, and if its uses were tallied up they’d number in the thousands. After using it for a while now, we have to say we agree. If stuck on a deserted island with only one body care product, shea butter would be it. While there hasn’t been a lot of research to back up many of the claims, there is no shortage of folk wisdom and testimonies singing its praises. And really, in a world of cosmetics laden with synthetic ingredients and odd extras like little plastic balls, the availability of a botanical body care ingredient pure enough to eat is a beautiful thing. Especially when it happens to be so effective. Such is the case with shea butter; edible indeed, it also is wonderful as a body care product. It is extracted from the nuts of African karite trees (Vitellaria paradoxa), a species that grows from Guinea and Senegal to Uganda and South Sudan. Shea butter has long been used for health and cooking in Africa and is also an ingredient in a number of confections, especially chocolate; but its latest role is as the new darling of the beauty and body care world. Rich in vitamins E and A, among others, it has unique properties that make it a standout in the nut oil family. The presence of fatty acids and plant sterols, like oleic, stearic, palmitic and linolenic acids add to shea butter’s notably high nonsaponifiable fraction; it doesn’t convert to soap when introduced to an alkali — which means that it has greater healing potential for the skin. Shea butter has many other awesome attributes as well, which makes it a wonderful ally to do the following with: 1. Indulge Dry Skin According to the American Shea Butter Institute, the moisturizers in shea butter are the same ones that are produced by the skin’s sebaceous glands, making it one of the best matches for dry skin. 2. Make Your Hair Happy Shea butter is used in many a haircare product and with good reason. It is said to have a number of benefits, including sealing in moisture, defining curl, conditioning the scalp, alleviating dandruff and decreasing the dreaded frizz. Also, applied to just the roots when styling can add a bit of volume to fine hair. 3. Enhance Your Kisser Shea butter is said to protect and soothe the lips. Apply several times a day; smooch frequently to test its efficacy. 4. Calm Inflamed Skin Shea butter has several anti-inflammatory agents, including derivatives of cinnamic acid. In a study on shea butter and its anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects published in the Journal of Oleo Science, researchers concluded that “shea nuts and shea fat (shea butter) constitute a significant source of anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor promoting compounds.” So go on, soothe away. 5. Fade Stretch Marks While authorities like the Mayo Clinic and Baby Center note that the only way to really diminish stretch marks is with
SHEA BUTTER

Shea butter is a fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree . It is ivory in color when raw and commonly dyed yellow with borututu root or palm oil. It is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer, salve or lotion. Shea butter is edible and is used in food preparation in some African countries.

CAS NO:91080-23-8
EC NO:293-515-7

SYNONYMS
butyrospermum parkii meyve yağı
jarplex SB-FCC
jarplex SB10
jarplex SB15
jarplex SB30
jarplex SB30-O
jarplex SB35
jarplex SB45
jarplex shealatum
lipobutter rafine organik shea
lipobutter rafine shea
fitokonsantrol shea yağı (Symrise)
shea yağı (organik)
shea yağı - doğu afrika organik
shea yağı - batı afrika organik
gana organik shea yağı
organik shea yağı
shea meyve yağı
ats and Glyceridic oils, shea butter;BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER LIQUID);SHEA BUTTER BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII;Shea Butter Organic Certified;Shea Butter Powder;Shea Butter SB-I;Shea Liquid;Shea Liquid - Lo Freeze
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER)
Fats and Glyceridic oils, shea butter
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER LIQUID)
SHEA BUTTER BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII
utyrospermum Parkii nut fat
Butyrospermum Parkii seed fat
Butyrospermum Poissonii nut fat
Mimusops Capitata nut fat
Mimusops Pachyclada nut fat
Shea butter
Shea Tree seed fat
SHEA BUTTER REFINED ; Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter; Butyrospermum Parkii Butter Extract is an extract obtained from the Shea Tree, Butyrospermum parkii, Sapotaceae; Butyrospermum parkii butter extract; BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER);Fats and Glyceridic oils, shea butter;BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER LIQUID);SHEA BUTTER BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII; Shea Butter Powder;Shea Butter SB-I;Shea Liquid; extract obtained from the shea tree, butyrospermum parkii, sapotaceae; shea tree butter extract CAS NO:91080-23-8
91080-23-8; Shea tree, ext.; EINECS 293-515-7; bergamot; butter; cocoa butter; corn oil; dripping, fat; ghee; lard; margarine; oil; olive oil; palm oil; safflower; unsaturated; vegetable oil; monounsaturated; trans fat; virgin; olestra; argan oil; SHEAFAT; SHEAOIL; Shea Extract; Shea butter oil; Shea tree, ext.; Shea tree extract; HARDENEDSHEAOLEINE; HYDROGENATEDSHEAOLEINE; Refined conventional shea butter; Sheabutter(fromButyrospermumparkii); BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER) OIL SHEA BUTTER REFINED ; Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter; Butyrospermum Parkii Butter Extract is an extract obtained from the Shea Tree, Butyrospermum parkii, Sapotaceae; Butyrospermum parkii butter extract; BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER);Fats and Glyceridic oils, shea butter;BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER LIQUID);SHEA BUTTER BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII; Shea Butter Powder;Shea Butter SB-I;Shea Liquid; extract obtained from the shea tree, butyrospermum parkii, sapotaceae; shea tree butter extract CAS NO:91080-23-8
91080-23-8; Shea tree, ext.; EINECS 293-515-7; bergamot; butter; cocoa butter; corn oil; dripping, fat; ghee; lard; margarine; oil; olive oil; palm oil; safflower; unsaturated; vegetable oil; monounsaturated; trans fat; virgin; olestra; argan oil; SHEAFAT; SHEAOIL; Shea Extract; Shea butter oil; Shea tree, ext.; Shea tree extract; HARDENEDSHEAOLEINE; HYDROGENATEDSHEAOLEINE; Refined conventional shea butter; Sheabutter(fromButyrospermumparkii); BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER) OIL
Fats and Glyceridic oils, shea butter; BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER LIQUID); SHEA BUTTER BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII; Shea Butter Organic Certified; Shea Butter Powder; Shea Butter SB-I; Shea Liquid; Shea Liquid - Lo Freeze; Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter unsaponifiables; Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter unsaponifiables [INCI]; Butyrospermum parkii butter unsaponifiables; Fats and glyceridic oils, shea butter, unsaponifiable fraction; Karite nonsaponifiable; Shea butter unsaponifiables; shea batter; şea batır; chea butter; shea butter; shea buter; shea yağı; shea bater; Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter; Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter Extract; Shea Tree Seed Fat; Vitellaria Paradoxa Subsp. Paradoxa Nut Fat; Vitellaria Paradoxa Subsp. Paradoxa Seed Fat; Fats and glyceridic oils, shea butter, et esters; bergamot; butter; cocoa butter; corn oil; dripping; fat; ghee; lard; margarine; oil; olive oil; palm oil; safflower; unsaturated; vegetable oil; monounsaturated; trans fat; virgin; olestra; argan oil; şea; chea; shea; şi

SHEA BUTTER
Shea butter is a fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa).[1] It is ivory in color when raw and commonly dyed yellow with borututu root or palm oil. It is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer, salve or lotion. Shea butter is edible and is used in food preparation in some African countries.[2] Occasionally, shea butter is mixed with other oils as a substitute for cocoa butter, although the taste is noticeably different.

The English word "shea" comes from s’í, the tree's name in Bambara.[5] It is known by many local names, such as kpakahili in the Dagbani language, taama in the Wali language, kuto in Twi, kaɗe or kaɗanya in Hausa, òkwùmá in the Igbo language, òrí in the Yoruba language, karité in the Wolof language of Senegal,[6] and ori in some parts of West Africa and many others.

History

The common name is shísu (lit. "shea tree") in the Bambara language of Mali. This is the origin of the English word, the primary pronunciation of which is /ʃiː/ (rhyming with "tea"), although the pronunciation /ʃeɪ/ (rhyming with "day") is common and is listed second in major dictionaries. The tree is called ghariti in the Wolof language of Senegal, which is the origin of the French name of the tree and the butter, karité.

The shea tree grows naturally in the wild in the dry savannah belt of West Africa from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east, and onto the foothills of the Ethiopian highlands. It occurs in 21 countries across the African continent, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Guinea.

A testa found at the site of the medieval village of Saouga is evidence of shea butter production by the 14th century.[7] The butter was being imported into Britain by 1846. [8]


Composition and properties
Shea butter extract is a complex fat that in addition to many nonsaponifiable components (substances that cannot be fully converted into soap by treatment with alkali) contains the following fatty acids: oleic acid (40–60%), stearic acid (20–50%), linoleic acid (3–11%), palmitic acid (2–9%), linolenic acid (<1%) and arachidic acid (<1%).[9]

Shea butter melts at body temperature. Proponents of its use for skin care maintain that it absorbs rapidly into the skin, acts as a "refatting" agent, and has good water-binding properties.[10]

Uses

Shea butter soap
Shea butter is mainly used in the cosmetics industry for skin- and hair-related products (lip gloss, lip stick, skin moisturizer creams and emulsions, and hair conditioners for dry and brittle hair).[11] It is also used by soap makers and massage oil manufacturers, typically in small amounts, because it has plenty of unsaponifiables, and higher amounts result in a softer soap that has less cleaning ability. Some artisan soap makers use shea butter in amounts to 25% – with the European Union regulating the maximum use around 28%, but it is rarely the case in commercially produced soap due to its high cost compared to oils like palm oil or pomace (olive oil). It is an excellent emollient for dry skin. No evidence shows it is a cure, but it alleviates the pain associated with tightness and itching.

In some African countries such as Benin, shea butter is used for cooking oil, as a waterproofing wax, for hairdressing, for candle-making, and as an ingredient in medicinal ointments. It is used by makers of traditional African percussion instruments to increase the durability of wood (such as carved djembe shells), dried calabash gourds, and leather tuning straps.[citation needed]

Medicinal
Shea butter is sometimes used as a base for medicinal ointments. Some of the isolated chemical constituents are reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,[12] emollient, and humectant properties.[citation needed] Shea butter has been used as a sunblocking lotion[13] with an estimated SPF of 3-4 and some of its components "have limited capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation".[3]

In Ghana, shea butter locally known as Kpakahili (Eng. trans. raw cream) in Dagbani, nkuto (Akan) or nku (Ga), is either used as a food product or applied as lotion to protect the skin during the dry Harmattan season. The shea nut tree itself is called tááŋà (pl. táánsì) and the fruit is called táánì (pl. támá). The current northern regional capital Tamale, derives it names from a combination of the words "tama" and "yili", meaning "the town of shea fruits".

In Nigeria, shea butter is used for the management of sinusitis and relief of nasal congestion.[14] It is massaged into joints and other parts of the body where pain occurs.[15]

Classification
The United States Agency for International Development and other companies[16] have suggested a classification system for shea butter, separating it into five grades:

A (raw or unrefined, extracted using water)
B (refined)
C (highly refined and extracted with solvents such as hexane)
D (lowest uncontaminated grade)
E (with contaminants).
Commercial grades are A, B, and C. The color of raw (grade A) butter ranges from cream (like whipped butter) to grayish yellow. It has a nutty aroma which is removed in the other grades. Grade C is pure white.[17][18] While the level of vitamin content can be affected by refining, up to 95% of vitamin content can be removed from refined grades (i.e., grade C) of shea butter while reducing contamination levels to undetectable levels.

WHAT IS HERBAL SCIENCE SHEA BUTTER?

Considering the positive effects of shea butter on the skin, it is a care oil that allows consumers to easily combine these benefits with their skin.

 

WHAT IS SHEA BUTTER?

Shea butter is an oil extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. It is ivory in color when raw, and white in processed versions. It has a triglyceride structure that comes from shea butter, searic acid and oleic acid. With this structure beneficial for the skin. It is frequently preferred in cosmetics as moisturizer, ointment and lotion. It is rich in vitamins A, D, E and F.

 

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF SHEA BUTTER FOR THE SKIN?

While helping to prevent the negative effects of unfavorable weather on the skin. Provides relief for itchy and rash skin. Helps to remove skin dryness with its high moisturizing feature. It supports the skin to have a smooth appearance.

 

SHEA BUTTER HIGHLIGHTS

Cold pressed

Organic certified

-Environmentally friendly glass jar

- 100% virgin

- Wide range of uses

-No sticky feeling

- Suitable for all skin types

- Suitable for all age groups and pregnancy use.

- 95% SHEA 5% Orange and avocado

 

IDEAL STORAGE RECOMMENDATION

You can store this oil, which can be stored for a long time, in the pantry, refrigerator or in a cool environment. To keep it soft and liquid, you can keep the shea butter at room temperature, on your countertop or in your closet. Since it will become solid when stored in the refrigerator, the oil must be dissolved before use.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COLD COMPRESSION IN NATURAL OILS

Cold pressing technique; It is one of the methods used in the production of the highest quality vegetable oils. It is simply filtering and bottling the oil obtained by carefully expelling the oily components of a plant, such as the seed, kernel or fruit, and pressing without the application of mechanical heat. Since the oils produced by the cold pressing method are not subjected to heat treatment, trans fatty acids are not formed and the bioactive and organic compounds in their body are not damaged.

 

WHAT IS SHEA BUTTER USED IN?

SKIN ITCHING

- SKIN BURNING

- DRY OF THE SKIN

SKIN SENSITIVITY

-EXFOLIATION

- REDNESS

-SURFACE WOUND

SKIN CRACKS

NAIL PROBLEMS

-EQUALITY OF SKIN TONE

-SCAR

-CALLUS

-SURGERY SCAR

-RASH

- PREGNANCY CRACKS

INSECT BIT

-WATER COLLECTION

- SKIN SPOTS

SKIN IRRITATION

-PISH

-PALE

-CELLULITE

SENSITIVITY AFTER MILLING

- SENSITIVITY AFTER SHAVE

- EXERCISE

-BATIK

THE EFFECTS OF SHEA BUTTER FOR OUR SKIN

-Helps the skin to nourish, gain a flexible appearance and protect this appearance.

- It helps to eliminate the harmful effects of the sun and cold air.

- It provides a basis for balancing skin tone inequalities and preventing blemishes and redness.

It helps prevent dehydration by creating a protective layer on the skin.

Supports the natural oil balance of the skin.

-Helps to reduce the aging effects.

Supports increasing collagen production in the skin.

- Provides effective relief in dryness and cracks in knees, elbows and heels.

- Helps prevent drying by feeding the nail and nail skin.

- With its powerful moisturizing feature, you can also benefit from callus problems.

-It provides relief in the sensitivities that occur after shaving for men.

-Provides perfect moisturizing and care for the whole body after bathing.

-With regular use, the skin also helps to correct the pore appearance.

It is 0 pure and extra quality oil that can be used for various treatments.
 
Get ready to meet the shea butter miracle. Our product is shea butter, or shea butter, with an organic certificate.
 
Shea Butter (Shea Butter) It is an oil in solid form obtained from the fruit of the shea tree.
 
Karite tree is a tropical African tree. This tree, which can grow from 12.5 to 25 meters, produces fruits the size of a walnut. It takes 25 years for the tree to bear fruit. These trees, which have an average lifespan of 250 years, usually grow spontaneously.
 
Especially in Burkina Faso and Ghana, the fruits of Karite fruit, which are collected and processed by women, are harvested, dried, and the paste obtained after these nuts are ground to make a fine paste becomes Shea Butter (shea butter).
 
Shea butter provides a soft, elastic skin appearance. It provides the moisture balance of the skin by creating a protective layer on the skin.
 
Shea butter, or shea butter, is absorbed very quickly by the skin. Shea is a natural sunscreen against ultra violet rays and provides a protection around spf 3.
 
Shea butter is a very good lip moisturizer.
 
It is one of the ideal oils in hair care, it helps to moisturize the damaged hair deeply and prevent the hair from breaking and falling off.

It has moisturizing properties. It increases the sensation of the skin. It has an anti-inflammatory effect. Shea butter is a pale yellow or ivory oil obtained from the walnuts of the shea tree grown in Africa. It is one of the most powerful natural moisturizers known in the world. It is generally used in cosmetics. Shea butter can be eaten, so it can also be used in cooking. For example, in some chocolates, it is used as a substitute for cocoa butter. Since it melts at body temperature, it is easily absorbed by the skin and does not leave a greasy feeling.

Product Information
• Provides relief on itchy and rash skin, helps to remove skin dryness and skin rashes with its high moisturizing feature.
• It nourishes the skin, helps it gain an elastic appearance and maintain this appearance.
• It helps to eliminate the harmful effects of the sun, cold air or polluted air.
• Helps to balance skin tone inequalities and prevent acne and rashes.
• It helps to maintain the skin oil balance.
• Nourishes and protects hair and scalp without clogging pores.
• It cares and repairs the hair that has been treated or worn by the effect of external factors during the day.
• It helps to repair hair, to minimize hair loss, to make hair look soft, vibrant and shiny.
• It supports hair growth while preventing breakouts.

Unrefined Shea Butter Benefits: relieves symptoms of eczema and similar skin irritation, moisturizes dry, cracked skin, boosts collagen production, fades scars and stretch marks. It will not clog pores so it's the number one natural choice to moisturize skin affected by acne or occasional breakouts.
A free downloadable eBook of DIY skin care recipes is included with your purchase. The ebook includes several whipped body butters using shea, cocoa, mango and kokum butters and a variety of carrier oils. You will also learn how to make infused oils with dry flowers, calming salves, soaps, and other wonderful skin care recipes that you can easily make at home.

Shea butter is a slightly yellowish or ivory-colored fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree. Shea butter is a triglyceride derived mainly from stearic acid and oleic acid. It is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer, salve or lotion. Shea butter is edible and is used in food preparation in Africa and also as a prophylactic. Occasionally the chocolate industry uses shea butter mixed with other oils as a substitute for cocoa butter, although the taste is noticeably different. The English word "shea" comes from s’í, the tree's name in the Bamana language of Mali. The French name karité comes from ghariti, its equivalent in the Wolof language of Senegal. In some parts of West Africa, Shea Butter is referred to as Ori.

Refined Shea Butter comes from the African Shea tree found along the West African Savannah region. It is a skin and scalp emollient and moisturizer, restores skin flexibility and elasticity, and adds softness to hair. This product is recommended for hair care products; hand, face, and body creams/butters; sun care, and soaps.

Shea butter, the most natural moisturizer known, is obtained by cold pressing. Like coconut oil, it is used both for food and for the skin. However, shea butter is more effective than coconut oil. Although the uses of coconut oil are limited, shea butter can be used in any way.

This oil, which has many benefits, actually exists in many areas of our lives. Although we may not be aware of it, it is in cosmetic products, even in some chocolates.

The taste of shea butter, which is used in all areas in the country where it is grown, is very good. For this reason, it is common to come across many desserts and foods.

The benefits of shea butter

It has anti-inflammatory and cleansing properties.

It is used as a healing, layer forming aid and germ breaker in the treatment of burns.

It protects the skin from external radicals and forms a layer.

It supports the lower layer of the skin.

It is a natural hair moisturizer and conditioner. It protects, brightens, nourishes and causes hair growth.

Contains A, E and the unknown vitamin F (omega-6 rich acid and fatty vitamins).

It is a natural medicine supplement for eczema.

It relieves sunburn.

It regains the elasticity of the skin.

It removes darkening and lightens the skin.

It prevents and passes irritation.

It relieves joint pain.

It is a natural moisturizer.

Shea butter is an oil with thousands of years of history. This oil, which creates miracles on the skin, is now included in various cosmetic products. Shea butter, a favorite of old times, has become one of the indispensable women for skin care today without losing its effect. Everything you wonder about shea butter and what are its benefits is with you in the detail of our news.

WHAT IS SHEA OIL?

 Shea butter, English name shea butter, is an off-white, ivory-colored, buttery-like cream obtained by crushing the hazelnuts of the shea tree grown in Africa. Shea tree is a tropical tree. It ranges in length from 12.5 meters to 25 meters and gives fruit in size close to walnut. It takes 15-20 years for the tree to bear fruit. This tree has an average life span of 200 years, but the most productive years are between 25 and 30 years old. Usually, it grows spontaneously. The fruits of the tree ripen between 4 and 6 months. One shea tree produces about 45 kilograms of fruit a year. Especially in Burkina Faso and Ghana countries, the Shea fruit, which is collected and processed by women and children, is ground and turned into a fine paste after the fruits are harvested and dried. It then becomes shea butter.

It has a triglyceride structure that comes from Shea butter, searic acid and oleic acid. It is used as a moisturizer, ointment and lotion in cosmetics. It is also used in cooking in Africa. In the chocolate industry, there are those who use it as a substitute for cocoa butter by mixing it with other oils, even if it does not keep the flavor.

Shea butter resembles pure coconut in terms of its fragrance. It maintains its solid state in cold and cool environments. Its solid nature does not prevent it from being applied to the skin because it is easily applied and melts at body temperature. Shea butter, quickly absorbed by the skin, is soft. It provides the skin with an elastic appearance and acts as a protective layer for the skin. Since it is a good moisturizer, it can be used both pure and mixed with other oils to obtain personal care creams. Helping to protect the moisture and water balance of the skin, shea butter is a natural protective feature against the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. Its SPF value is between 3 and 6. Shea butter, which is also a very good lip moisturizer, is an ideal oil for hair care. It prevents the hair from breaking and prevents it from falling apart.

It is an oil suitable for sensitive and dry skin. In this sense, we can say that it is also suitable for babies' sensitive skin. If it is applied under the baby later, it prevents the diaper from causing rash by removing the moisture and wetness from the body and relieves the baby's skin. If there is an existing rash, it will also pass. Organic, additive-free oils should be used as much as possible for the baby.

The acid values ​​of shea butter are as follows:

Palmitic acid: 4.0 percent

Stearic acid: 41.5 percent

Oleic acid: 46.4 percent

Linoleic acid: 6.6 percent

Arachidic acid: 1.5 percent

The word Shea comes from the word "si" used in Mali's Bambara language. This word is used as the name of the tree. In Senegal, the same word is known as "karite". The use of shea tree and shea butter dates back to Ancient Egypt's Cleopatra period. Shea butter is the livelihood of many African women and is also referred to by Africans as the altar tree and the tree of life. Especially for Burkina Faso, shea butter is one of the country's biggest livelihoods.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SHEA OIL?

It is rich in vitamins A, D, E and F.

It is an antioxidant.

It is a good moisturizer for both face and body. It can be used alone or mixed with other oils to obtain special care creams.

Thanks to its A and E vitamins, it reduces the effects of aging and helps to cope with wrinkles.

It removes under-eye bags.

It increases the collagen production of the skin.

It softens dry skin and helps the skin to have a smooth appearance.

It helps the skin to have an elastic appearance and maintain this appearance.

It is like a protective layer for the skin.

It helps to remove blemishes on the skin.

It reduces the effects of ailments such as eczema, acne, seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis.

It removes skin itching caused by dry skin.

Gives irritation.

It protects the skin against both heat and cold. While it provides protection against the harmful rays of the sun, it also increases the endurance against wind and cold weather. It is a good remedy for cold-frozen face.

It acts as a barrier against the bad effects of polluted air on the skin.

It is a good lip moisturizer and gloss. Quickly heals chapped lips.

It helps to remove the stretch marks that occur after pregnancy and weight loss.

It is a good softener for feet and heels. It passes the cracks in the feet. For faster action, feet can be rubbed with lavender oil before shea butter.

It is a good moisturizer and softener after shaving.

It has a healing effect on skin wounds.

It is good for skin rash.

It helps to reduce swelling due to bumping or hurting.

It can be used as a peeling.

It helps to heal scars and burns.

It helps to cure fly and insect bites.

It nourishes the nails and nail skin and prevents it from drying.

It helps to cure calluses.

It helps to overcome the effects of plants that cause skin allergies such as poison ivy and poison sumac.

It soothes babies' skin, prevents rash, and removes existing rash.

It moisturizes and strengthens the hair follicles without clogging the hair pores.

It prevents hair breakage.

It prevents hair from falling apart.

Repairs and softens heavily processed hair.

It helps hair look vibrant and shiny.

It helps to grow hair.

It is a good massage oil.

It is good for muscle fatigue.

It helps to eliminate joint pain.

It provides a relaxing effect if used before and after a strenuous exercise.

It opens nasal congestion. According to a study by the British Journal of Clinical British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, it is more effective than conventional nasal drops.

It takes care of instruments made of leather such as drums and def.

HOW TO USE SHEA OIL?

Shea butter is mainly used in the cosmetics industry. Shea butter, which is mostly preferred in products related to skin and hair such as lip gloss, moisturizing cream, emulsion and hair care products, is also a soap material.

It is used as a cooking oil in Benin and some other African countries. Shea butter, which is also used in wax, candle making and medicine production in the same region, is an oil that provides the durability of traditional African instruments made of wood. Shea butter, which can also be added to broth content, is also used in assortment paper products such as toilet paper in the UK and some other countries. The most effective form of shea butter is its natural form with no added preservatives, fragrances or other ingredients. Perfumed paraffins, post-added chemicals, shelf extenders, and the like reduce the healing properties and overall effectiveness of shea butter. However, today it is not easy to find the natural form of shea butter. Shea butter can be applied to the face and body as a daily cream. At the same time, it is a good and practical massage oil as it does not flow or smear around.

HOW TO EXTRACT SHEA OIL?

The traditional extraction of Shea butter takes place in the following steps:

Separation: The outer pulp of the fruit is removed. Hazelnut, which is the source of shea butter, is separated from its outer shell when dry. This separation activity is usually done by women and their children, it is like a social activity. Shells are broken out with small stones.

Crushing: To turn shea nuts into oil, you must first crush them. This work is traditionally done in pestles.

Roasting: Crushed hazelnuts are roasted in large pans over the fire. The pan should be stirred continuously with wooden spoons to prevent the oil from burning. Fat is very heavy, this roasting process in the sun is a very difficult task. Shea butter gets a slightly smoky odor due to the fumes released during this process.

Grinding: Roasted shea hazelnuts are grinded by adding water gradually on them and becomes softer. There are also machines that do this process, but this very difficult grinding job is traditionally done by hand.

Separating the oil: Shea hazelnuts, which take the form of a good dough, are kneaded in large bowls by hand. It is added to the mixture gradually and the oil is separated from the dough. The oil is separated in a creamy form, the excess water is squeezed out. The fat pieces are then melted in large pots over low heat. Thanks to the low fire, the remaining water will evaporate.

Stacking and styling: Shea butter turns into creamy and golden yellow at this stage. It is taken from the pans with large ladles and transferred to cool places for hardening. Afterwards, it is made suitable for use by giving the desired shape.

These stages we have described are the recipe for African women. This oil, which is difficult to mass production, can be produced a little faster by using machines at certain stages. Companies also benefit from chemical methods such as hexane and clay filters. Shea butter is the oil extracted from the nuts of the shea tree. It is solid at normal temperatures and is off-white or ivory in color. Shea trees are native to West Africa, and most shea butter still comes from this region.

Shea butter has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for centuries. Its high concentration of vitamins and fatty acids makes it a great product to soften, soothe and moisturize your skin with its easy-to-spread consistency. You all know I am a fan of using olive oil on skin and hair. But another star in these uses and homemade masks is natural moisturizing shea butter. This luxurious ingredient is very firm and tough at room temperature but has a buttery consistency that is ideal for use as a natural eye cream, lip balm or body oil. Many studies have found that shea butter penetration into the skin is particularly good and contains 60 percent fat. Because of this high oil feature, shea butter is a good emollient.

What is shea butter?

Shea butter is grown in many countries in Africa such as Gambia, Sudan and Burkina Faso. Shea butter is obtained from the seeds of the shea (or karite) tree. It's packed with vitamins, minerals, and catechins, as well as beneficial fatty acids like stereic, oleic and linoleic acids. Available in both refined and unrefined forms of shea butter. Shea butter has many benefits for both your skin and your hair.

1.As a moisturizer

Shea butter helps moisturize even the most chapped, dry skin. After shea butter is applied to the skin, it creates an oil-like texture on the skin and is easily absorbed by the skin. Shea butter can be used as a moisturizer throughout the year. In colder climates, it helps to restore moisture to the skin when the skin can become dry and flaky during the winter. It is also an excellent product to use during the summer months after a day of sun exposure to moisturize and calm your skin.

2.To soothe chapped lips

Shea butter helps to remove cracks on lips, especially in winter. Apply some shea butter morning and evening to keep lips soft and smooth.

3.Fight against dandruff and scalp irritation

Shea butter, especially if you have an ongoing problem of dry scalp; It has soothing properties that can help calm your skin. Apply a small amount of shea butter to your scalp by massaging in circular motions.

4. To soften your hands

Shea butter is common in hand creams because it makes dry skin and smooth. Brown sugar with a small amount of shea butter; Mix it with a few drops of lemon juice.

Rub your hands to exfoliate dead skin cells. Wash the mixture with soap and water and then apply more shea butter on your hands and massage into your skin.

What is Shea butter?

Shea butter is fat that’s extracted from the nuts of the shea tree. It’s solid at warm temperatures and has an off-white or ivory color. Shea trees are native to West Africa, and most shea butter still comes from that region.

Shea butter has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for centuries. Its high concentration of vitamins and fatty acids — combined with its easy-to-spread consistency — make it a great product for smoothing, soothing, and conditioning your skin.

Curious? Here are 22 reasons to add it to your routine, how to use it, and more.

1. Shea butter is safe for all skin types
Shea butter is technically a tree nut product. But unlike most tree nut products, it’s very low in the proteins that can trigger allergies.

In fact, there’s no medical literature documenting an allergy to topical shea butter.

Shea butter doesn’t contain chemical irritants known to dry out skin, and it doesn’t clog pores. It’s appropriate for nearly any skin type.


2. Shea butter’s moisturizing
Shea butter is typically used for its moisturizing effects. These benefits are tied to shea’s fatty acid content, including linoleic, oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids.

When you apply shea topically, these oils are rapidly absorbed into your skin. They act as a “refatting” agent, restoring lipids and rapidly creating moisture.

This restores the barrier between your skin and the outside environment, holding moisture in and reducing your risk of dryness.


3. Shea butter won’t make your skin oily
Shea butter contains high levels of linoleic acid and oleic acid. These two acids balance each other out. That means shea butter is easy for your skin to fully absorb and won’t make your skin look oily after application.


4. Shea butter’s anti-inflammatory
The plant esters of shea butter have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties.

When applied to the skin, shea triggers cytokines and other inflammatory cells to slow their production.

This may help minimize irritation caused by environmental factors, such as dry weather, as well as inflammatory skin conditions, such as eczema.


5. Shea butter’s antioxidant
Shea butter has significant levels of vitamins A and E, which means it promotes strong antioxidant activity.

Antioxidants are important anti-aging agents. They protect your skin cells from free radicals that can lead to premature aging and dull-looking skin.


6. It’s antibacterial
A 2012 study suggests that oral doses of shea bark extract can lead to decreased antimicrobial activity in animals.

Although more research is needed, this could indicate possible antibacterial benefits in humans.

Because of this, some speculate that topical application may decrease the amount of acne-causing bacteria on the skin.


7. Shea butter’s antifungal
Shea tree products have been established as powerful ingredients to fight skin infections caused by fungi.

While shea butter may not be able to treat every kind of fungal infection, we know that it kills spores of the fungi that causes ringworm and athlete’s foot.


8. Shea butter may help prevent acne
Shea butter is rich in different kinds of fatty acids. This unique composition helps clear your skin of excess oil (sebum).

At the same time, shea butter restores moisture to your skin and locks it in to your epidermis, so your skin doesn’t dry out or feel “stripped” of oil.

The result is a restoration of the natural balance of oils in your skin — which may help stop acne before it starts.


9. Shea butter helps boost collagen production
Shea butter contains triterpenes. These naturally occurring chemical compounds are thought to deactivate collagen fiber destruction.

This may minimize the appearance of fine lines and result in plumper skin.


10. Shea butter helps promote cell regeneration
Shea’s moisturizing and antioxidant properties work together to help your skin generate healthy new cells.

Your body is constantly making new skin cells and getting rid of dead skin cells. You actually get rid of anywhere between 30,000 to 40,000 old skin cells each day.

Dead skin cells sit on the top. New skin cells form at the bottom of the upper layer of skin (epidermis).

With the right moisture balance on the surface of your skin, you’ll have fewer dead skin cells in the way of fresh cell regeneration in the epidermis.


11. Shea butter may help reduce the appearance of stretch marks and scarring
It’s thought that shea butter stops keloid fibroblasts — scar tissue — from reproducing, while encouraging healthy cell growth to take their place.

This may help your skin heal, minimizing the appearance of stretch marks and scarring.


12. Shea butter may help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
By boosting collagen production and promoting new cell generation, shea butter may help reduce what researchers call photoaging — the wrinkles and fine lines that environmental stress and aging can create on skin.


13. Shea butter offers added sun protection
Shea butter can’t be used by itself as an effective sunscreen.

But using shea butter on your skin does give you some added sun protection, so layer it over your favorite sunscreen on days you’ll be spending outside.

Shea butter contains an estimated SPF of 3 to 4.


14. Shea butter may help prevent hair breakage
Shea butter hasn’t been studied specifically for its ability to make hair stronger.

But one 2017 studyTrusted Source found that a chemically similar West African plant made hair significantly more resistant to breakage.


15. Shea butter may help treat dandruff
One way to treat dandruff (atopic dermatitis) is to restore moisture to your dry and irritated scalp.

One 2018 reviewTrusted Source found that shea butter, when used in combination with other moisturizers, could help decrease dandruff flakes and reduce risk of flare-ups.

More research is needed to determine how effective shea is when used alone.


16. Shea butter may help soothe conditions like eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis
Shea’s anti-inflammatory properties help soothe skin and relieve itching. This may prove especially helpful for inflammatory skin conditions, such as eczema and psoriasis.

Shea also absorbs rapidly, which could mean quick relief for flare-ups.

ResearchTrusted Source even suggests that shea butter could work just as well as medicated creams in treating eczema.


17. Shea butter may help soothe sunburn and other skin burns
ResearchTrusted Source suggests that oils may be beneficial for superficial (first-degree) skin burns, such as sunburn.

Shea’s anti-inflammatory components may reduce redness and swelling. Its fatty acid components may also soothe the skin by retaining moisture during the healing process.

Although the researchers in this study established that the use of shea butter, aloe vera, and other natural products is common, more research is needed to assess their efficacy.


18. Shea butter may help soothe insect bites
Shea butter has been traditionally used to soothe bee stings and insect bites.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that shea butter may help bring down swelling that bites and stings can cause.

That said, there isn’t any clinical research to support this.

If you’re experiencing severe pain and swelling from stings or bites, consider seeing a health professional and stick to proven treatments.


19. Shea butter can help promote wound healing
In addition to reducing underlying inflammation, shea is also linked to the tissue remodeling that’s crucial for treating wounds.

Its protective fatty acids may also help shield wounds from environmental irritants during the healing process.


20. Shea butter may help relieve arthritis pain
Arthritis is caused by underlying inflammation in the joints.

A 2016 animal studyTrusted Source on shea oil concentrate suggests that it can help reduce inflammation while also protecting joints from further damage.

Although this study focused on knee joints, these potential benefits could extend to other areas of the body.


21. Shea butter may help soothe muscle soreness
Muscles that have been overextended can be affected by inflammation and stiffness as your body repairs muscle tissue.

Shea butter may help sore muscles in the same way it may help joint pain — by reducing inflammation.


22. Shea butter may help relieve congestion
A 1979 studyTrusted Source suggests that shea butter may help alleviate nasal congestion.

When used in nasal drops, shea butter may reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.

Shea butter could also help reduce mucosal damage, which often leads to nasal congestion.

These effects could be beneficial when dealing with allergies, sinusitis, or the common cold.

Uses for shea butter
Shea butter is a versatile ingredient that can help with all kinds of issues and ailments. From the skin and hair to sun protection and collagen production, it's no wonder that shea butter is found so many different products. The therapeutic nature of shea butter makes it effective for repairing the skin's barrier, which in turn provides relief for those suffering from dry skin, eczema and other conditions.

Here are some uses for shea butter:

As a regular, daily hand and body moisturizer

To relieve dry or itchy skin or eczema

To reduce the appearance of stretch marks or scars

As an effective acne treatment

As a moisturizing lip balm

To help alleviate skin rashes, burns, and insect bites

To reduce skin inflammation

To help soothe razor burn

As a low-grade sunscreen, and to replenish the skin after sun exposure

As a moisturizing hair and scalp mask

And there's so much more! It's pretty magical stuff.


Shea butter is a seed fat that comes from the shea tree. The shea tree is found in East and West tropical Africa. The shea butter comes from two oily kernels within the shea tree seed. After the kernel is removed from the seed, it is ground into a powder and boiled in water. The butter then rises to the top of the water and becomes solid.

People apply shea butter to the skin for acne, burns, dandruff, dry skin, eczema, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

In foods, shea butter is used as a fat for cooking.

In manufacturing, shea butter is used in cosmetic products.

Some of favorite uses for shea butter:

By itself for face and body as a natural moisturizer
In a shea butter lotion bar stick for easy use
After sun or beach exposure to replenish skin
Alone or in a pregnancy salve to ward off stretch marks
As a natural cuticle cream
As the best under-eye wrinkle remover and bag-reducer
As a massage butter
In my homemade velvety soft whipped body butter
On sore/raw noses during a cold or flu
Added to basic homemade lotion
On scars to naturally help collagen production
As a base for homemade deodorant
By itself for low-grade sun protection
Whipped into magnesium body butter
As a natural baby-care product (alone) or ingredient in baby care recipes
By itself on the lips or in homemade lip balms
In a homemade shimmer lip balm
On the eyelids before applying makeup to make it last longer
To improve skin elasticity (some even say it helps with cellulite)
On the hair or scalp (in mixture with other natural ingredients)
In homemade liquid creme foundation and makeup
 Ways to Use Raw Shea Butter

According to the oracle known as the Internet, shea butter is a miracle ingredient, and if its uses were tallied up they’d number in the thousands.
After using it for a while now, we have to say we agree. If stuck on a deserted island with only one body care product, shea butter would be it.


While there hasn’t been a lot of research to back up many of the claims, there is no shortage of folk wisdom and testimonies singing its praises. And really, in a world of cosmetics laden with synthetic ingredients and odd extras like little plastic balls, the availability of a botanical body care ingredient pure enough to eat is a beautiful thing. Especially when it happens to be so effective.

Such is the case with shea butter; edible indeed, it also is wonderful as a body care product. It is extracted from the nuts of African karite trees (Vitellaria paradoxa), a species that grows from Guinea and Senegal to Uganda and South Sudan. Shea butter has long been used for health and cooking in Africa and is also an ingredient in a number of confections, especially chocolate; but its latest role is as the new darling of the beauty and body care world.

Rich in vitamins E and A, among others, it has unique properties that make it a standout in the nut oil family. The presence of fatty acids and plant sterols, like oleic, stearic, palmitic and linolenic acids add to shea butter’s notably high nonsaponifiable fraction; it doesn’t convert to soap when introduced to an alkali — which means that it has greater healing potential for the skin. Shea butter has many other awesome attributes as well, which makes it a wonderful ally to do the following with:


1. Indulge Dry Skin
According to the American Shea Butter Institute, the moisturizers in shea butter are the same ones that are produced by the skin’s sebaceous glands, making it one of the best matches for dry skin.

2. Make Your Hair Happy
Shea butter is used in many a haircare product and with good reason. It is said to have a number of benefits, including sealing in moisture, defining curl, conditioning the scalp, alleviating dandruff and decreasing the dreaded frizz. Also, applied to just the roots when styling can add a bit of volume to fine hair.

3. Enhance Your Kisser
Shea butter is said to protect and soothe the lips. Apply several times a day; smooch frequently to test its efficacy.

4. Calm Inflamed Skin
Shea butter has several anti-inflammatory agents, including derivatives of cinnamic acid. In a study on shea butter and its anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects published in the Journal of Oleo Science, researchers concluded that “shea nuts and shea fat (shea butter) constitute a significant source of anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor promoting compounds.” So go on, soothe away.

5. Fade Stretch Marks
While authorities like the Mayo Clinic and Baby Center note that the only way to really diminish stretch marks is with Retin-A or laser treatments, there are many testimonies across the Web of people who swear by the power of shea butter for helping in this endeavor. Its abundance of vitamins and healing agents doesn’t make this seem like much a stretch, so to speak.


6. Ease Eczema and Acne
Both eczema and acne require delicate treatments as not to exacerbate the problems; and in both cases, a pure and natural product is favorable to one with synthetic ingredients and fragrances. According to reviews, shea butter's efficacy for eczema and acne is mixed. Some say that it doesn't work at all, but more seem to agree that shea butter does indeed help. For eczema, users like to soak in a tub then apply shea butter while still damp to lock in the moisture; for acne, suggestions include applying a thin film after cleaning the face and then rinsing it off after a few hours. We can't guarantee these uses, but with shea's unique properties, it sure seems worth a try. (And if you have experience with either of these treatments, leave a comment and let us know how you fared.)

7. Repair Cracked Heels and Troublesome Cuticles
Many who suffer from painful cracked heels and dry cuticles claim that shea butter solves the problem. For heels that are particularly bad, apply shea butter before bed and slip into cotton socks for the night.

8. Give Skin an Antioxidant Boost
Shea butter is high in vitamins A and E, as well as catechins and other significant plant antioxidants, which may protect skin from damage. There is evidence that suggests that cinnamic acid esters in shea fat also help to prevent damage from ultraviolet radiation.

9. Ditch the Itch From Insect Bites
With its anti-inflammatory magic, it makes sense that shea butter would quell the swelling of insect bites, but if crowds of people across the Web are correct, it also stops the irksome itch of insect bites pretty much on the spot.

10. Aid Your Shave
The jury is still out on this one – some like a shea shave because it’s so nice on the skin; others say that it doesn’t provide enough cushion for the razor since it doesn’t lather. If you like more of an “oil shave” than a sudsy one, shave with shea. And even if you use a lather to shave with, applying shea post-shave can soothe irritation.

11. Clear Nasal Congestion
A study published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology found that shea butter was potentially more efficacious in treating nasal congestion than nasal drops.

Subjects with congestion (mostly associated with seasonal allergy) were given 2-4 grams of shea butter applied to the interior of the nostril ���by means of the subject’s right index finger.” (Which is to say, you can try this at home!) The airways of those using the shea butter (opposed to those using nasal drops or petroleum jelly) became clear within 30 to 90 seconds of application, and remained so for 5 to 8 hours, besting the other treatment methods.

When shopping, raw unrefined shea butter or grade A is preferred, as the product diminishes the more refined it is, and the more additives it has. Also know that unrefined shea butter is not like a smooth, creamy lotion; it’s a little harder and greasier (but in a good way!) and softens when warmed. It ranges in color from creamy off-white to yellow (like that pictured above); very white shea butter has most likely been highly refined.

There are many women’s cooperatives working to produce shea butter – the U.N.notes that shea butter provides employment and income to millions of women across Africa – and many come with third-party fair trade and sustainability certification. Look to buy yours from a company that supports social and environmental issues. Also, although shea nuts appear to be safe for those who are allergic, if you have tree nut allergies please consult with your physician before using shea. And then, revel in the butter!

There’s a Reason People Swear by Shea Butter—the Benefits Can’t Be Beat

Shea butter has been a go-to in many beauty regimens—especially when it comes to pregnancy and mitigating stretch marks. That’s because besides being super moisturizing, while also providing many other noteworthy benefits. 

“Shea butter comes from the nuts of the shea tree, which is native to Central Africa,” says Dr. Josh Axe, DNM, author of the best-selling book Collagen Diet and host of The Dr. Axe Show. “The outer shells of the nuts are removed. Then they’re crushed and slowly roasted into butter. Finally, the butter is commonly kneaded by hand in a basin of water to separate the fatty acids. These fatty acids, or oils, are removed from the butter, cooled, and hardened to make what we know to be shea butter.”

Shea butter is perfectly safe to use for most skin types, adds Dr. Sonia Batra, MD, co-host of daytime show The Doctors, and it has been used in cosmetics for centuries due to vitamins and fatty acids that hydrate and calm the skin. 

Intrigued? Keep reading to learn about its many other benefits and possible side effects, as well as pro tips on how to use it. 

The benefits of shea butter
1. Shea butter moisturizes skin and hair
If you have dry, dull skin, shea butter may become your new best friend. “Shea butter works as a skin-conditioning agent,” Dr. Axe says. “It helps retain moisture by forming a protective barrier on the skin’s surface, which reduces the loss of water and keeps your skin hydrated.”

Some experts say that shea butter is even better for your skin than coconut oil (yes, really). Joshua Ross, celebrity aesthetician of SkinLab, recommends opting for facial oils or other natural products made with seed-derived oil, such as shea butter. Oils from the flesh of a fruit, such as coconut oil, can be very occlusive (or clogging). “The skin is always going to respond better to seed oils because they mimic the oils naturally found in the skin,” he says. 

Shea butter moisturizes hair, too. By conditioning the scalp, it can also reduce dandruff, and it can make hair stronger and help prevent future breakage. 

2. Shea butter is good for sensitive skin
If you have sensitive skin, consider ditching the fancy lotions and potions—which may be making your skin even more irritated—and reach for shea butter instead. “When you have skin irritation, natural ingredients that are proven effective are always best, making shea butter a very reliable choice,” Ross says. 

3. Shea butter is soothing
Thanks to the fact that it contains both vitamins E and A, shea butter is also beneficial in treating irritated skin, sensitive or not. Dr. Axe recommends using it to soothe windburn, dry patches, sunburn, abrasions, and even diaper rashes on babies (also due to its antifungal and antibacterial properties). You can also apply to scars to minimize their appearance. 

4. Shea butter eases inflammation
If you struggle with chronic skin conditions like eczema, rosacea, and psoriasis, the fatty acids in shea butter will help ease inflammation. “Shea butter slows the production of inflammatory cells that contribute to irritation and skin conditions,” Dr. Axe says. 

And because shea butter penetrates the skin quickly, you’ll feel relief sooner rather than later. One study showed that shea butter could be equally as effective at treating eczema as medicated creams, so it’s worth checking out. 

5. Shea butter makes you look younger
The vitamin A and E in shea butter can do more than soothe skin. They can also make you appear more youthful, and who doesn’t want that? “Shea butter also helps promote cell regeneration, which can reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles,” Dr. Batra says. 

Ross adds that shea butter also has antioxidant properties that help neutralize free radical damage from sun exposure. It’s also said to help boost collagen production, which gives the skin its plump look. 


Side effects of shea butter
Contrary to the rumors out there, shea butter won’t clog your pores. “It’s not known to clog pores because the fatty acids mimic the sebum or oil that we produce naturally,” Dr. Axe says. “This actually reduces the production of sebum and helps to maintain the health of your skin.” So, shea butter won’t leave your skin looking greasy in case you were worried. 

Although it is generally safe to use for most people, if you have a nut allergy, shea butter may not be the best idea. “People with tree nut allergies may experience adverse reactions to shea butter because it comes from the nuts of the shea tree,” Dr. Axe says. 

On the other hand, Dr. Batra says that there are no documented cases of topical shea butter allergies. So if you want to give it a whirl, Dr. Axe recommends applying a small amount to a tiny area of skin to see if there’s a reaction. And, if there is a reaction, discontinue use asap and visit your doctor or dermatologist. 

How to use shea butter
1. Use it as a full-body moisturizer
Slathering yourself in shea butter as you would with a full-body moisturizer is one of its most common uses, Ross says, especially during the winter months when skin tends to be its driest. Rub until it’s fully absorbed. For the face, it may be best to use at night as it can be tricky to apply makeup over it. Wherever you’re applying it though, remember a little goes a long way. 

2. Put it on the ends of your hair
If your hair is looking lackluster, you can use shea butter to bring it back to life, but there’s a caveat. “If you have thin hair, avoid the roots, as it can cause an oily-looking buildup,” Dr. Batra says. 

Instead, Ross suggests adding it to only the ends of your hair, which can help prevent split ends. Use it as you would a conditioner and rinse it out in the shower. Or, add a tiny bit as a leave-in conditioner.

3. Warm it up in your hands
Like coconut oil, shea butter can become solid. So, before applying it, Dr. Batra recommends rubbing it in your hands for a few seconds to warm it up and make it easier to spread. 

4. Opt for pure, unrefined shea butter
Many skincare products and cosmetics already include shea butter as an ingredient, but it tends to be highly processed, reducing its all-natural properties. So, to reap its full benefits, raw shea butter is the way to go. 

The quality of the shea butter also matters. They’re not all created equally. “You want to use a pure, unrefined shea butter that has a nutty aroma and beige color,” Dr. Axe says. “If the product is ‘refined,’ that means that it’s been chemically altered, and the properties found in pure shea butter are diminished.”

Benefits Of Shea Butter For The Skin
Incorporating shea butter into your regular skin care routine will work wonders. Check out here.

1. Moisturizes Dry Skin
Shea butter is an excellent moisturizer for the face and the body. Its fat content is responsible for its emollient and humectant properties. It locks in the moisture in the skin and keeps it hydrated for long. Dehydrated and dry skin becomes rough and scaly. Certain areas of the body can even develop skin cracks due to dryness. Shea butter can nourish the skin with its fat content. It can also help to soften the skin on your hands and feet and make it supple. It penetrates the skin easily, without clogging the pores, and is effective for dry skin.

Use shea butter to heal cracked heels, dry cuticles, and rough patches on your skin. You can also use it to simply moisturize your skin during the colder months.

2. Treats Acne And Blemishes
Shea butter is known for its healing properties, which can be attributed to the presence of several fatty acids and plant sterols such as oleic, palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acids. These oil-soluble components do not undergo saponification or convert into soap on coming in contact with alkalis. Shea butter is more non-saponifiable than other nut oils and fats, thus imparting it great healing potential. Raw, unrefined shea butter is effective in curing skin rashes, skin peeling after tanning, scars, stretch marks, frost bites, burns, athletes foot, insect bites and stings, and acne.

3. Reduces Skin Inflammation
Shea butter has several derivatives of cinnamic acid that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. These properties make it beneficial for the improvement of skin conditions that result from an increase in inflammatory compounds. Generalized inflammations from conditions like dermatitis and rosacea can be alleviated by using shea butter on the affected area. Sunburns, rashes, cuts, and scrapes that can result in swelling can also be treated using this butter.

4. Anti-Aging And Anti-Free Radical Agent
Shea butter is considered as one of the best anti-aging agents for the skin. It stimulates the production of collagen, the youthful scaffolding protein in the skin. The vitamins A and E found in this butter keep the skin supple, nourished, and radiant. If used regularly, it reduces wrinkles and also prevents premature wrinkles and facial lines. Its anti-aging properties can also be attributed to its ability to increase circulation to the skin and promote cell renewal.

These vitamins, along with catechins, also exert an antioxidant effect against free radicals that damage the skin. These free radicals are often found in our environment in pollutants and irritants. The sun’s rays can also increase the free radicals in our skin, which can easily damage the skin cells. The cinnamic acid esters in the shea fat prevent damage from these compounds by giving your skin an antioxidant boost.

5. Provides Relief To Itchy And Peeling Skin
For itching skin, both the moisturizing and the anti-inflammatory properties of shea butter prove to be beneficial. Dryness can cause your skin to start peeling and/or become flaky. It can cause the skin to itch. The moisturizing fatty acids of shea butter can provide relief by supplying the skin with the oils it needs. If the itching is due to a skin condition like psoriasis, the anti-inflammatory activity of shea butter works really well to alleviate it.

6. Restores The Elasticity Of The Skin
The non-saponifiable matter and vitamin F in this butter are vital ingredients for maintaining the skin’s elasticity. Shea butter also improves the production of collagen in the skin. Thus, its application restores the natural elasticity of the skin besides hydrating, softening, and beautifying it. Restored elasticity also ensures reduced wrinkles and blemishes.

7. Reduce Razor Irritation And Bumps
Shaving hair using razors can often leave your skin irritated and itchy. At times, it might even develop bumps post shaving as a result of the irritation. Shea butter can help reduce this as it moisturizes and soothes the irritated skin. You can also apply the butter a day prior to shaving to smoothen the skin and hair. This will make the shaving process easier and faster and doesn’t leave any irritated spots behind.

8. Reduces Stretch Marks
Shea butter is often used as a base in ointments or creams prepared commercially for stretch mark treatment.

SHEA BUTTER
Shea butter (/ʃiː/, /ˈʃiːə/, or /ʃeɪ/; Bambara: sìtulu ߛߌ߮ߕߎߟߎ) is a fat (triglyceride; mainly oleic acid and stearic acid) extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa).
Shea butter is ivory in color when raw and commonly dyed yellow with borututu root or palm oil.


CAS Number: 194043-92-0


Occasionally, shea butter is mixed with other oils as a substitute for cocoa butter, although the taste is noticeably different.
The English word "shea" comes from sǐ, the tree's name in Bambara.
Shea butter is known by many local names, such as kpakahili in the Dagbani language, taama in the Wali language, nkuto in Twi, kaɗe or kaɗanya in Hausa, òkwùmá in the Igbo language, òrí in the Yoruba language, karité in the Wolof language of Senegal, and ori in some parts of West Africa and many others.


Shea butter is a 100% natural skin care oil obtained from the fruit of the Karite plant.
Shea Butter remains its solid form at room temperature which is odorless and white in color.
Shea butter contains oleic acid, stearic acid, allantoin and provitamin A.


Shea butter is a vegetable solid fat that melts at body temperature.
Shea butter reduces the signs of aging on dry skin thanks to its intense moisture content and smoothes it.
Shea butter is used for skin problems such as acne scars and stretch marks.


Shea butter strengthens hair, promotes hair growth, moisturizes dry hair types.
With Provitamin A, Shea butter normalizes the formation of calluses on the skin.
In this way, the calluses become thinner, and Shea butter dry skin softens and takes on a normal appearance.


Shea butter has moisturizing properties.
Shea butter enhances skin feel.
Shea butter has an anti-inflammatory effect.


Shea butter is a pale yellow or ivory oil obtained from the walnuts of the African shea tree.
Shea butter is one of the most powerful natural moisturizers known in the world.
Shea butter is fat that’s extracted from the nuts of the shea tree.


Shea butter’s solid at warm temperatures and has an off-white or ivory color.
Shea trees are native to West Africa, and most shea butter still comes from that region.
Shea butter should be stored slightly below room temperature, so that it stays solid and easy to spread.


Shea butter from the giant nature pharmacy of West Africa!
Shea butter is extracted from the walnut-sized seeds of the tree Vitellaria paradox.
Shea butter is first roasted, then mashed and washed to extract the oil.


Shea butter, which is produced without mistakes and chemicals by mother nature, is a perfect antiaging, restorative, and complete moisturizer...
Shea butter's like a purely manufactured cream for sensitive, dry, dehydrated, lifeless and matte skin!
Shea butter contains stearic, linoleic and oleic acids.


Shea butter contains vitamins A and E that help keep the skin healthy and vibrant.
As soon as it touches the body, Shea butter melts with the skin temperature and is absorbed very quickly.
Shea butter also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.
For this reason, Shea butter has been the restorative salve of people since ancient Egypt.


Acne, acne-prone skin does not like oily material, but shea butter is a good night cream for acne.
Apply shea butter to cleansed acne-prone skin every night and massage it.
Cleanse your face in the morning.
You can watch the effect of this natural antiseptic, which remains on your skin for at least 7-8 hours, after a week.


Shea butter does not clog pores!
The fact that the skin does not clean from oil secretion and dirt causes clogging of the pore.
Shea butter is a vegetable fat extracted from the sun-dried kernels of the shea tree Vitellaria paradox.


The shea tree grows in the so-called shea belt, which includes roughly 21 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Guinea.


The largest shea butter-producing countries are Ghana, Nigeria and Uganda (Northern part).
Vitellaria paradoxa grows mainly in Western Africa, while Vitellaria Nilotica (a sub-species of Vitellaria paradoxa) is native to East African countries such as Uganda, Kenya and Sudan.


Both trees produce slightly different shea butter in terms of consistency, texture and nutrient content.
The shea butter form Western Africa is denser, while the shea butter from East Africa (nilotica shea butter) is more liquid.
Shea Butter, one of the most precious of the Cold Pressed Fixed Oils family, should always be at hand and in your bag for your skin that dries out, wears out and loses moisture in summer.


Shea butter can be used both day and night, on every skin type, even on sensitive areas such as the eye area, and provides intense moisture.
Shea butter makes our hands soft, which are worn out by cologne and disinfectant, and provides quick repair in dry areas such as elbows and heels.
Shea butter quickly relieves the sun-burned, worn, dry skin.


Shea butter can be used safely on skin problems such as eczema and dermatitis and on all skin, including the diaper rash area in babies.
Shea butter provides intensive care and repair to the hair and scalp.
Shea butter is the oil derived from the shea tree nuts.


Shea butter is off-white or ivory in color and has a creamy consistency that is easy to rub into your skin.
Shea butter is a creamy fat found in nuts growing on shea trees in African countries.
Shea butter’s solid at room temperature but melts on contact with skin, similar to coconut oil.


And while it’s edible and used in many African recipes, Shea butter’s primarily found in skin and hair care products in the United States.
You can safely apply shea butter to your face, lips and body.
Some body scrubs and hair conditioners also contain shea butter for its moisturizing effects.


You don't need to put Shea butterin the fridge.
Pure shea butter has a slightly thicker consistency than butter.
Shea butter is sufficient to keep it in a dry environment that is not excessively hot.


If stored in this way, Shea butter preserves its purity for 3-4 years.
Shea butter is a seed fat that comes from the shea tree.
The shea tree is found in East and West tropical Africa.


The shea butter comes from two oily kernels within the shea tree seed. After the kernel is removed from the seed, it is ground into a powder and boiled in water.
The butter then rises to the top of the water and becomes solid.


People apply shea butter to the skin for acne, burns, dandruff, dry skin, eczema, and many other conditions.
Shea butter, which is obtained from the seeds of the shea (karite) tree, which is considered sacred by many tribes in Africa, has become known all over the world with its history and uses dating back to ancient times.


Shea butter, which is unique to West Africa, is still produced in this region today.
Shea butter, which has been one of the main products that comes to mind when it comes to skin care and beauty since ancient times, has become an indispensable part of both the cosmetics industry and DIY projects today.


The Shea tree has been named the “Tree of Life”, a nickname earned for its ability to address numerous skin, hair and health conditions.
“Nature's Conditioner” is a nickname that Shea Butter has earned for its exceptional moisturizing and conditioning properties.
Shea Butter is obtained from the seeds of the fruits of the Shea Tree.


Known as Africa's strongest natural moisturizer, 'Shea Butter' is obtained by cold pressing from the walnut-sized fruits of the shea tree, which grows in Africa in pale yellow or ivory colors.
Karite tree is a strong tree that can bear fruit up to 200 years old.


Shea butter is one of the most powerful natural moisturizers known in the world and is the most preferred oil among many cosmetic products.
Among the reasons why Shea Butter oil is valuable is that it absorbs quickly on the skin, does not form an oily layer, and has a high vitamin variety.
Shea butter oil, which is very rich in vitamins, minerals and protein; It contains all the positive features of natural shea butter.


Although Shea butter is used instead of cocoa butter in cooking and chocolate industry in Africa, we prefer to use it more in cosmetics.
The most common forms of use are moisturizers, ointments and lotions.
In summary, Shea butter is a type of natural oil that is used in many areas from food to cosmetics.


Shea butter is a rich source of moisture, triglycerides, oleic acid, vitamin E, essential fatty acids and Omega-6 fatty acids.
Shea butter can be used directly as well as in all natural mixtures you make for your skin at home.
Shea butter contains high amounts of vitamins A and E.


Shea butter solidifies below 31°C.
Shea butter is produced by cold pressing technique.
Shea butter is a fat obtained from the nuts of the African shea tree.
Shea butter is ivory-coloured when raw, more processed versions are white, but are commonly dyed yellow with Borututu root or palm oil.


USES and APPLICATIONS of SHEA BUTTER:
Shea butter is mainly used in the cosmetics industry for skin- and hair-related products (lip gloss, lip stick, skin moisturizer creams and emulsions, and hair conditioners for dry and brittle hair).
Shea butter is also used by soap makers and massage oil manufacturers, typically in small amounts, because it has plenty of unsaponifiables, and higher amounts result in a softer soap that has less cleaning ability.


Some artisan soap makers use shea butter in amounts to 25% – with the European Union regulating the maximum use around 28%, but it is rarely the case in commercially produced soap due to its high cost compared to oils like palm oil or pomace (olive oil).
Shea butter is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer, ointment or lotion.


Shea butter contains seed oil which is an effective scalp-soother, helps with hair thinning and loss.
Shea butter is an excellent moisture sealant & soothes a dry scalp.
Shea butter applies to damp hair for better results.


Used topically, Shea Butter is known as a "skin superfood" that nourishes the skin, increasing its clarity and solving problems such as dryness, blemishes, dark spots, discoloration, stretch marks and wrinkles without clogging pores .
Used in hair, Shea Butter moisturizes and nourishes from root to tip, protects against dryness and brittleness, and repairs damage and conditions without leaving a sticky residue .


Topically, you can moisturize and care for your skin by using Shea butter regularly daily.
You can use Shea butter to dilute your favorite essential oils and apply it topically.
Shea butter, which is grown in West Africa, has been considered a cosmetic ingredient for centuries and is used in skin and hair care thanks to the fatty acids and vitamins it contains.


With the combined use of coconut oil, you can make a general care for both hair and body.
You can choose Shea butter to add consistency to your homemade sweet and chocolate-containing products.
Shea Butter prevents skin irritating and acne-causing bacteria from staying on the skin, relieves nasal congestion and facilitates wound healing while forming a barrier that protects the skin from harsh environmental factors.


Shea butter has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for centuries.
Shea butter's high concentration of vitamins and fatty acids — combined with its easy-to-spread consistency — make it a great product for smoothing, soothing, and conditioning your skin.


Shea butter, which is used in many areas from chocolate making to pomades, cosmetics, hair care to kitchen and baby care, also has different vitamin content and properties depending on the regions.
Shea butter in Nigeria is also used for sinusitis and nasal congestion, while local shea butter in Ghana is considered the best preservative in desert storms where humidity drops below 10% and temperatures exceed 40 degrees Celsius.


In foods, shea butter is used as a fat for cooking.
In manufacturing, shea butter is used in cosmetic products.
Some of the products where shea butter is used frequently are body lotions, care/moisturizing creams and hair care products.


Shea butter can be used for holistic care due to both its consistency and the vitamin composition it contains.
Another important reason for its frequent use is that Shea butter is compatible with all skin types with its low comedogenic level, it allows a wide variety of applications with its suitability for use in mixtures, and thanks to its rapid absorption, it accelerates the penetration of especially essential oils under the skin and increases the oily feeling and feeling after the application leaves no appearance.


In addition to the cosmetics sector, one of the sectors where shea butter is used the most is the food sector.
You can add an exotic flavor and adjust the consistency to the desserts you make at home, especially with shea butter, which is considered one of the sine qua non of chocolate making.


Shea butter is generally used in cosmetics.
Shea butter is edible, so it can also be used in cooking.
For example, in some chocolates, Shea butter is used instead of cocoa butter.


Since it melts at body temperature, Shea butter is easily absorbed by the skin and does not leave a greasy feeling.
Topically used Shea Butter is known as an oil that nourishes the skin, increasing its clarity and solving problems such as dryness, blemishes, dark spots, discoloration, stretch marks and wrinkles without clogging the pores.


Shea Butter used in the hair moisturizes and nourishes from root to tip, protects against dryness and brittleness and repairs without leaving any residue.
Shea Butter Oil used in massages supports skin elasticity and flexibility, increases collagen production and increases circulation while supporting the regeneration of skin cells.


Shea Butter prevents bacteria that irritates the skin and causes acne from staying on the skin, relieves nasal congestion, creates a barrier that protects the skin from harsh environmental factors and facilitates care.
In some African countries such as Benin, shea butter is used for cooking oil, as a waterproofing wax, for hairdressing, for candle-making, and as an ingredient in medicinal ointments.


Shea butter is used by makers of traditional African percussion instruments to increase the durability of wood (such as carved djembe shells), dried calabash gourds, and leather tuning straps.
Shea Butter, a rich source of essential fatty acids, is a very pure and valuable oil suitable for use even by pregnant women and babies.


Shea butter is rich in Oleic Acid and vitamins A, E, F and contains a satisfactory amount of Stearic Acid.
With its intense and rich structure, Shea butter not only softens your skin, but also plays a role in repairing skin problems.
Shea butter helps to soothe the skin when it's extra dehydrated and cracks that may occur due to weather conditions.


Shea Butter is a skin care product that we have developed to help provide care support for the dryness that may occur on the skin, thanks to its intense moisturizing feature.
While it helps to nourish the skin with the support of Avocado and Olive Oil in its content, Shea butter aims to give you a more lively and bright skin appearance with the pleasant smell of Orange Oil.


In addition to daily use, Shea butter is aimed to provide a softer and smoother skin appearance by providing natural moisture support for body areas such as hands, feet, knees, elbows and heels, which experience excessive dryness after showering.
Shea butter is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer, salve or lotion.
Shea butter is edible and is used in food preparation in some African countries.


-Moisturizer:
Shea butter is a natural emollient that helps to lock in moisture and improve skin hydration.
Shea butter is easily absorbed into the skin and does not leave a residue.


-Anti-inflammatory:
Shea butter contains cinnamic acid, which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties.
This makes Shea butter helpful in treating inflammatory skin conditions like acne, eczema, and psoriasis.


-Anti-aging:
Shea butter is rich in antioxidants, including vitamin A and vitamin E, which help to protect against free radical damage and improve skin elasticity.
This can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.


-Sun protection:
Shea butter has a natural SPF of around 6, which can help to protect the skin from sun damage.
-Soothing:
Shea butter has a calming effect on the skin and can help to reduce itching, redness, and irritation.


-Healing:
Shea butter is rich in fatty acids and vitamins that can help to promote skin healing and repair.
Shea butter is particularly effective in treating dry, cracked or scaly skin.


-Hair conditioner:
Shea butter can be used as a deep conditioner for hair, helping to moisturize and condition the strands.
Shea butter can also help to prevent breakage and split ends.


-Internal Usage Suggestions:
You can use shea butter in your desserts or various pastries to suit your recipe and desired consistency.


-Topical Usage Suggestions:
In order to minimize any skin sensitivity, apply shea butter mixed with essential oil to a small area on your skin and observe the condition for 24 hours, if there is no visible problem, start applying.


-Shea butter can prevent hair breakage:
Thanks to all the healthy oils and vitamins it contains, it can help strengthen the hair strands.
Shea butter nourishes and moisturizes the scalp.
A healthy scalp also brings with Shea butter stronger, livelier and shinier strands.


-Reduces scalp irritation:
The anti-inflammatory properties of shea butter can also help reduce redness and scalp irritation by providing healing effects without clogging pores.


-May help treat dandruff:
One way to treat dandruff (atopic dermatitis) is to restore moisture to your dry and irritated scalp.
According to the results of a study published in PubMed in 2018, it was determined that Shea butter can help reduce the formation of dandruff when used with other moisturizers.
Although more studies and research are needed, users report that their dandruff problem is noticeably reduced.


-Shea butter for skin:
You can apply shea butter directly to your skin.
After obtaining the shea butter that you are sure is natural, you can warm it between your fingers and apply it directly on your skin, just like applying your moisturizer.
Although Shea butter is quickly absorbed by your skin, you may have to wait for a while to apply makeup on it.
Therefore, you can determine your application times yourself.
You can also add Shea butter to your moisturizing creams or make your own serum by combining it with different oils that are good for your skin.


-Shea butter for hair:
You can also apply shea butter directly to your hair.
You can massage your scalp thoroughly and wait for 1 hour, then rinse thoroughly with plenty of water and shampoo.
In addition, you can mix Shea butter with different natural oils that are known to be beneficial for the hair.
At this point, we recommend that you take a look at our article on the benefits of narcissus oil, which has miraculous effects in hair care .



THE BENEFITS OF SHEA BUTTER:
Shea butter benefits the skin in several ways.
Here’s how it boosts skin health:

1. Relieves dry skin:
Typically, you can find shea butter in lotions for people with dry skin. Shea butter contains fatty acids.
They lubricate the skin and create a barrier that keeps moisture in.
In people with oilier skin, sebum (natural skin oil) does this job.
But for those with drier skin, a moisturizer helps maintain dewiness.


2. Eases irritation:
Shea butter contains anti-inflammatory substances, which ease swelling and redness in skin.
People use it for any irritation, from sunburns to chapped lips to skin that’s reacting to too many acid peels or scrubs.


3. Prevents cell damage:
Cosmetics companies often add antioxidants (substances that protect cells) to anti-aging skin care.
Shea butter works by increasing the skin-cell turnover rate, smoothing the skin’s surface.
Shea butter also plumps skin by stimulating the production of collagen, the framework that keeps your skin from sagging.

Shea butter naturally has a lot of vitamin E.
The majority of Shea butter is alpha-tocopherol (one of eight forms of vitamin E), which has the highest antioxidant activity.
Vitamin E is in our sebum, so oilier skins have more of it.

But sebum production tends to decline with age.
Sunlight exposure depletes it, too.
Vitamin E helps skin by preventing cellular damage and boosting moisture.


4. Shea butter improves eczema
Eczema is a common skin condition that causes itchy, red rashes.
Shea butter also makes you prone to skin infections.
When you have eczema, part of the problem is that you don’t have enough fatty acids in your skin.

Your skin barrier isn’t as effective at warding off irritants and germs.
Eczema treatment includes applying thick ointments, balms or creams to seal in moisture and defend against germs.
One study found that shea butter was better at reducing eczema symptoms than petroleum products, which doctors often recommend.

This may be because shea butter contains linoleic acid, a fatty acid that’s in skin.
Research indicates that linoleic acid plays a crucial role in protecting skin and can significantly reduce eczema symptoms.
It’s essential for people with eczema to keep their skin moist and protected.
Shea butter can be a good option for many folks.


5. Shea butter provides sun protection:
Shea butter has a sun protection factor (SPF) of about three or four.
Shea butter’s too small to prevent sun damage or sunburn on its own.
But manufacturers combine it with other ingredients to reach levels of SPF 15 or higher.
Plus, you get all the soothing, moisturizing and anti-aging benefits of shea butter.


6. Shea butter doesn’t cause allergic reactions:
Shea butter is safe for people with nut allergies.
Allergens are proteins.
While shea butter does come from nuts, it’s made entirely of fat, so it’s allergen-free.

Additionally, no one has reported a reaction to Shea butter.
However, raw shea butter does contain latex.
So people with latex allergies should avoid it or make sure they only use refined shea butter.



CLASSIFICATION OF SHEA BUTTER:
The United States Agency for International Development and other companies have suggested a classification system for shea butter, separating it into five grades:
A (raw or unrefined, extracted using water)
B (refined)
C (highly refined and extracted with solvents such as hexane)
D (lowest uncontaminated grade)
E (with contaminants)
Commercial grades are A, B, and C.
The color of raw (grade A) butter ranges from cream (like whipped butter) to grayish yellow.
Shea butter has a nutty aroma which is removed in the other grades.
Grade C is pure white. While the level of vitamin content can be affected by refining, up to 95% of vitamin content can be removed from refined grades (i.e., grade C) of shea butter while reducing contamination levels to undetectable levels.



WHAT'S SHEA BUTTER FOR?
Very dry skin, cracks, problem skin



WHAT SHEA BUTTER DOES?
Deep moisturizing, relieves dry skin, softens



SHEA OIL USAGE RECOMMENDATION:
Shea butter can be used in skin care by externally massaging.
Shea butter helps to nourish and moisturize the skin.

If Shea butter is to be used for hair, it is heated slightly and massaged into the scalp, left for a while and cleansed in the shower.
Shea butter nourishes the hair and helps it to grow healthily.

Shea butter can also be applied in cases such as heel cracks and elbow dryness.
Shea butter can also be applied to hardened calluses, its effect will be seen with regular use.



WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF SHEA BUTTER?
Shea butter is one of the most natural, pure, nourishing and moisturizing oils offered by nature.
Shea butter, which is frequently preferred in soaps, creams and lotions used in cosmetics, provides intense moisture to the skin and supports the skin to glowy.



WHAT DOES SHEA BUTTER DO DURING PREGNANCY?
Massage with shea butter during pregnancy provides an auxiliary care to prevent pregnancy-related stretch marks at an advanced level.
At the same time, Shea butter also moisturizes the hands, feet, lips and elbows that are dry and cracked due to lack of moisture.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SHEA BUTTER FOR HAIR?
Shea butter, also known as karate oil, helps in the care of the dryness problem on the scalp and hair roots.
Shea butter provides intense moisture to dry scalp and makes it more comfortable.
After applying Shea Butter to the scalp or hair roots, it is recommended to wait for a while and then wash it off.



CAN SHEA BUTTER BE APPLIED AROUND THE EYE CONTOUR?
Standing out with its highly moisturizing properties, Shea Butter helps to reduce the tension and dryness around the eyes.
If very dry skin needs it, it can be recommended to apply Shea butter to the driest area around the eyes after applying Moisturizing Illuminating Eye Serum.
However, since the eye area is the thinnest and most sensitive area on our face, the use of Shea butter around this area may be heavy, so it should only be applied in case of extreme dryness, it is not recommended for the eye area as regular care.



WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU USE SHEA BUTTER EVERY DAY?
Using shea butter regularly helps skin retain moisture, which makes Shea butter soft and smooth.
Since it’s loaded with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, Shea butter may also keep your skin supple.
Smoothing on shea butter every day has lots of health benefits — plus it’s a daily ritual that flat-out feels good.



HOW DOES SHEA BUTTER WORK?
Shea butter works like an emollient.
Shea butter might help soften or smooth dry skin.
Shea butter also contains substances that can reduce skin swelling.
This might help treat conditions associated with skin swelling such as eczema.



IS SHEA BUTTER SAFE?
Nuts such as hazelnuts and peanuts can actually cause many allergic reactions on most bodies.
Shea butter, unlike most tree nut products, is very low in proteins that can trigger allergies.
Shea butter is free of chemical irritants known to dry out the skin and does not clog pores.
Shea butter is also considered suitable for almost any skin type.



WHAT IS SHEA BUTTER CAPABLE OF?
• Shea butter alleviates the difference in tone on the skin.
• Soothes and softens eczema.
• Shea butter repairs the dryness of the scalp after chemical treatment.
• Shea butter melts very quickly with skin heat and is absorbed without leaving a greasy feeling.
• Shea butter helps to increase the elasticity of the skin.
• Shea butter is an excellent daily moisturizer for the face and body.
• Shea butter repairs and calms dry skin and scalp
• Shea butter is perfect for skin redness and irritation (including diaper rash).
• Shea butter provides quick healing of acne and scars.
• Shea butter is softening and restorative in sunburn and skin peeling.
• Shea butter relieves acne.
• Shea butter helps to improve stains and wrinkles.
• Shea butter soothes the skin that hurts and burns from dryness.
• Shea butter cuts razor inflammation after shaving.
• Shea butter quickly heals minor wounds.
• Shea butter prevents the formation of body cracks during pregnancy and adolescence.
• Shea butter softens the hardness in the heel and elbow.
• Shea butter repairs the skin in first degree burns.



HOW TO USE SHEA BUTTER:
*On skin:
You can apply shea butter directly to your skin.
Raw, unrefined shea butter is easy to spread.
You can use your fingers to scoop a teaspoon or so of shea butter from your jar, and then rub it onto your skin until it’s completely absorbed.
Shea butter is slippery and can keep makeup from adhering to your face, so you may prefer to apply it at night before bed.

*On hair
Raw shea butter can also be applied directly to your hair.
If your hair is naturally curly or porous, consider using shea butter as a conditioner.
Make sure your hair has absorbed most of the shea butter before rinsing and styling as usual.
You can also use a small amount of shea butter as a leave-in conditioner.
If your hair is naturally straight, thin, or fine, consider using shea butter on the ends of your hair.
Applying shea butter to your roots may cause an oily-looking buildup.



SHEA OIL:
*To reduce hair and scalp dryness,
*To help repair and soften over-processed hair,
*To moisturize the whole body and face,
*You can use Shea butter as a make-up base by applying a thin layer to your skin before make-up.



WHAT DOES SHEA BUTTER DO?
Shea butter's high concentration of vitamins and fatty acids provide many benefits on your skin.
Especially when used in its natural and pure form; Shea butter has many skincare benefits, from reducing facial lines and wrinkles to soothing skin conditions like eczema.
Of course, Shea butter is loved not only on the skin, but also on the way it works wonders in your hair care.



SO WHERE DO THESE BENEFITS COME FROM?
Shea butter contains ingredients that balance the oils in your skin.
In addition, Shea butter contains vitamins A, E and F, antioxidant vitamins that support circulation and healthy skin cell growth, and ingredients called cetyl esters that nourish and moisturize the skin.



HOW TO USE SHEA BUTTER?
After cleaning the areas to be applied, you can apply Shea butter locally by massage.
Shea butter loses its solid form spontaneously at body temperature without the need for heating.
Shea butter is especially suitable for use in all areas where you have dryness problems.



SHEA BUTTER VERSUS COCOA BUTTER:
Both shea and cocoa butter are moisturizers — emollients that keep water from evaporating from your skin.
But shea butter has more fatty acids, vitamin E and, unlike cocoa butter, contains vitamin A.
Another difference is in the scent.
Cocoa butter comes from the same source as chocolate — the cacao tree — so it smells chocolatey.
Shea butter has a mild nutty fragrance.



IS RAW OR REFINED SHEA BUTTER BETTER FOR YOUR SKIN?
Raw shea butter is packed with vitamins and nutrients that are good for your skin.
Refined (or processed) shea butter loses some of its essential nutrients during processing.
For example, there’s less or no cinnamic acid, an anti-inflammatory substance, in processed shea butter.
Raw shea butter is usually yellow or beige, while refined shea butter is white.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SHEA BUTTER FOR THE SKIN?
Let's come to the benefits of shea butter on your skin;
*Moisturizes the skin:
Shea butter is typically used for its moisturizing effects.
These benefits are due to shea's fatty acid content, including linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids.

When you apply it to your skin, it is immediately absorbed by the skin, thus keeping the moisture inside and preventing dryness.
Shea butter also contains high amounts of linoleic acid and oleic acid.
These two acids balance each other out.
This means that shea butter is easy for your skin to absorb completely and will not make your skin look oily after application.

*Shea butter is antioxidant:
Shea butter contains significant levels of vitamins A and E, which means it supports powerful antioxidant activity.
Antioxidants are important anti-aging agents.
They protect your skin cells from free radicals that can lead to premature aging and dull looking skin.

*Shea butter is antibacterial and can prevent acne:
Shea butter is also believed to show antibacterial effects as a result of user experience, although more research is needed.
Due to this feature, Shea butter can prevent the formation of acne.
In addition, thanks to its feature that cleans your skin from excess oil, Shea butter ensures that the pores are filled with oil and prevents acne caused by clogging of the pores.

*May increase collagen production:
Shea butter contains triterpenes.
These naturally occurring chemical compounds are thought to inactivate collagen fiber breakdown.
This can minimize the appearance of fine lines and result in fuller skin.

*May promote cell regeneration:
Your body is constantly producing new skin cells and getting rid of dead skin cells.
We actually get rid of between 30,000 and 40,000 old skin cells every day.
Shea's moisturizing and antioxidant properties can help your skin produce healthy new cells.

Shea butter can reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
Of course, the benefits of shea butter do not end with counting.
Shea butter can also help delay the formation of fine lines and sagging that occur with aging, due to its ability to increase collagen production and promote new cell formation.

Shea butter can protect against the sun and reduce sunburns
Shea butteris never used alone as a sunscreen, but it also contains 4-5 SPF.
For this reason, using Shea butter with sunscreen both nourishes and repairs the skin and provides protection against the sun.

Shea butter has also been found to be effective on sunburn, according to a study published in Pubmed in 2011.
Shea's anti-inflammatory components can reduce redness and swelling.
The fatty acid components soothe the skin by retaining moisture during the healing process.

Shea butter can soothe diseases such as eczema, psoriasis
Shea's anti-inflammatory properties help soothe the skin and relieve itching.
This can be especially helpful for inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.
Shea butter is also quickly absorbed, which can mean quick relief for flare-ups.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SHEA BUTTER FOR HAIR?
In addition to all these benefits for the skin, shea butter also provides many benefits in hair care.
Although there are not many detailed researches and scientific studies about shea butter in hair care, the properties of shea butter make it an indispensable ingredient in hair care routines.



HOW TO USE SHEA BUTTER, AND MORE:
1. Shea butter’s safe for all skin types:
Shea butter is technically a tree nut product.
But unlike most tree nut products, Shea butter’s very low in the proteins that can trigger allergies.
In fact, there’s no medical literature documenting an allergy to topical shea butter.
Shea butter doesn’t contain chemical irritants known to dry out skin, and it doesn’t clog pores.
Shea butter’s appropriate for nearly any skin type.


2. Shea butter’s moisturizing:
Shea butter is typically used for its moisturizing effects.
These benefits are tied to shea’s fatty acid content, including linoleic, oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids.
When you apply shea topically, these oils are rapidly absorbed into your skin.
They act as a “refatting” agent, restoring lipids and rapidly creating moisture.
This restores the barrier between your skin and the outside environment, holding moisture in and reducing your risk of dryness.


3. Shea butter won’t make your skin oily:
Shea butter contains high levels of linoleic acid and oleic acid.
These two acids balance each other out.
That means shea butter is easy for your skin to fully absorb and won’t make your skin look oily after application.


4. Shea butter’s anti-inflammatory:
The plant esters of shea butter have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties.
When applied to the skin, shea triggers cytokines and other inflammatory cells to slow their production.
This may help minimize irritation caused by environmental factors, such as dry weather, as well as inflammatory skin conditions, such as eczema.


5. Shea butter’s antioxidant:
Shea butter has significant levels of vitamins A and E, which means it promotes strong antioxidant activity.
Antioxidants are important anti-aging agents.
They protect your skin cells from free radicals that can lead to premature aging and dull-looking skin.


6. Shea butter’s antibacterial:
A 2012 study suggests that oral doses of shea bark extract can lead to decreased antimicrobial activity in animals.
Although more research is needed, this could indicate possible antibacterial benefits in humans.
Because of this, some speculate that topical application may decrease the amount of acne-causing bacteria on the skin.


7. Shea butter’s antifungal:
Shea tree products have been established as powerful ingredients to fight skin infections caused by fungi.
While shea butter may not be able to treat every kind of fungal infection, we know that it kills spores of the fungi that causes ringworm and athlete’s foot.


8. Shea butter may help prevent acne:
Shea butter is rich in different kinds of fatty acids.
This unique composition helps clear your skin of excess oil (sebum).
At the same time, shea butter restores moisture to your skin and locks it in to your epidermis, so your skin doesn’t dry out or feel “stripped” of oil.
The result is a restoration of the natural balance of oils in your skin — which may help stop acne before it starts.


9. Shea butter helps boost collagen production:
Shea butter contains triterpenes.
These naturally occurring chemical compounds are thought to deactivate collagen fiber destruction.
This may minimize the appearance of fine lines and result in plumper skin.


10. Shea butter helps promote cell regeneration:
Shea’s moisturizing and antioxidant properties work together to help your skin generate healthy new cells.
Your body is constantly making new skin cells and getting rid of dead skin cells.
You actually get rid of anywhere between 30,000 to 40,000 old skin cells each day.
Dead skin cells sit on the top.
New skin cells form at the bottom of the upper layer of skin (epidermis).
With the right moisture balance on the surface of your skin, you’ll have fewer dead skin cells in the way of fresh cell regeneration in the epidermis.


11. Shea butter may help reduce the appearance of stretch marks and scarring:
Shea butter’s thought that shea butter stops keloid fibroblasts — scar tissue — from reproducing, while encouraging healthy cell growth to take their place.
This may help your skin heal, minimizing the appearance of stretch marks and scarring.


12. Shea butter may help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles:
By boosting collagen production and promoting new cell generation, shea butter may help reduce what researchers call photoaging — the wrinkles and fine lines that environmental stress and aging can create on skin.


13. Shea butter offers added sun protection:
Shea butter can’t be used by itself as an effective sunscreen.
But using shea butter on your skin does give you some added sun protection, so layer it over your favorite sunscreen on days you’ll be spending outside.
Shea butter contains an estimated SPF of 3 to 4.


14. Shea butter may help prevent hair breakage:
Shea butter hasn’t been studied specifically for its ability to make hair stronger.
But one 2017 study found that a chemically similar West African plant made hair significantly more resistant to breakage.


15. Shea butter may help treat dandruff:
One way to treat dandruff (atopic dermatitis) is to restore moisture to your dry and irritated scalp.
One 2018 review found that shea butter, when used in combination with other moisturizers, could help decrease dandruff flakes and reduce risk of flare-ups.
More research is needed to determine how effective shea is when used alone.


16. Shea butter may help soothe conditions like eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis:
Shea’s anti-inflammatory properties help soothe skin and relieve itching.
This may prove especially helpful for inflammatory skin conditions, such as eczema and psoriasis.
Shea also absorbs rapidly, which could mean quick relief for flare-ups.
Research even suggests that shea butter could work just as well as medicated creams in treating eczema.


17. Shea butter may help soothe sunburn and other skin burns:
Research suggests that oils may be beneficial for superficial (first-degree) skin burns, such as sunburn.
Shea’s anti-inflammatory components may reduce redness and swelling.
Shea butter's fatty acid components may also soothe the skin by retaining moisture during the healing process.
Although the researchers in this study established that the use of shea butter, aloe vera, and other natural products is common, more research is needed to assess their efficacy.


18. Shea butter may help soothe insect bites:
Shea butter has been traditionally used to soothe bee stings and insect bites.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that shea butter may help bring down swelling that bites and stings can cause.
That said, there isn’t any clinical research to support this.
If you’re experiencing severe pain and swelling from stings or bites, consider seeing a health professional and stick to proven treatments.


19. Shea butter can help promote wound healing:
In addition to reducing underlying inflammation, Shea butter is also linked to tissue remodelling that’s crucial for treating wounds.
Shea butter's protective fatty acids may also help shield wounds from environmental irritants during the healing process.


20. Shea butter may help relieve arthritis pain:
Arthritis is caused by underlying inflammation in the joints.
A 2016 animal study on shea oil concentrate suggests that it can help reduce inflammation while also protecting joints from further damage.
Although this study focused on knee joints, these potential benefits could extend to other areas of the body.


21. Shea butter may help soothe muscle soreness:
Muscles that have been overextended can be affected by inflammation and stiffness as your body repairs muscle tissue.
Shea butter may help sore muscles in the same way it may help joint pain — by reducing inflammation.


22. Shea butter may help relieve congestion:
A 1979 study suggests that shea butter may help alleviate nasal congestion.
When used in nasal drops, shea butter may reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
Shea butter could also help reduce mucosal damage, which often leads to nasal congestion.
These effects could be beneficial when dealing with allergies, sinusitis, or the common cold.



WHERE DO ALL OF THESE BENEFITS COME FROM?
The benefits of shea butter come from its chemical makeup. Shea butter contains:
*linoleic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic fatty acids, ingredients that balance oils on your skin
*vitamins A, E, and F, antioxidant vitamins that promote circulation and healthy skin cell growth
*triglycerides, the fatty part of the shea nut that nourishes and conditions your skin
*cetyl esters, the waxy part of the shea nut butter that conditions skin and locks in moisture
*Keep in mind that the exact makeup varies according to where the shea nuts are harvested from.
You may also find shea butter mixed with added ingredients, such as tea tree oil or lavender oil.



GROWING AND HARVESTING QUALITY SHEA BUTTER:
Shea trees are native to the Savanna regions of West Africa, where about 500 million of them grow wild from Senegal to Sudan.
Although attempts have been made to cultivate the tree in other regions, efforts have so far been fruitless.
Shea Trees first begin bearing large, green, plum-like fruits when they are 10 to 15 years old, reaching their full bearing potential between 20 and 50 years of age.

Known to have a life span of up to 200 years, the tree continues to bear fruit until this time.
Shea trees begin blooming from late winter to early spring, usually between February and March.
The green fruit ripens to a brown color during the summer months, usually between June and July.

Starting from this period and entering Autumn, Shea berries begin to fall to the ground, usually in September.
This allows for a natural, manual picking system during harvest time. 30% of the peanuts remain in the ground to germinate and add nutrients to the soil.
One Shea tree can yield 15-20 kg of fresh Shea fruit, which will produce 3-4 kg of dry beans containing 42-48% fat (butter).

The immature Shea berries have a light green exterior known as the Epicarp, which protects the fleshy Mesocarp, also known as the Pulp.
Most Shea fruits contain one or two Seeds, but some may have up to three.
It is these edible, oil-rich beans that are used to produce the extract known as Shea Butter, which is considered a vegetable oil.
In the wild, Nuts/Seeds continue to be used by wind, rain, animals and humans for the future growth of Shea trees.



COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SHEA BUTTER:
Shea butter fatty acid profiles:
Shea butter is composed of five principal fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidic.
About 85 to 90% of the fatty acid composition is stearic and oleic acids.

The relative proportion of these two fatty acids affects shea butter consistency.
The stearic acid gives it a solid consistency, while the oleic acid influences how soft or hard the shea butter is, depending on ambient temperature.
The proportions of stearic and oleic acids in the shea kernels and butter differ across the distribution range of the species.

Ugandan shea butter has consistently high oleic acid content, and is liquid at warm ambient temperatures.
It fractionizes into liquid and solid phases, and is the source of liquid shea oil.
The fatty acid proportion of West African shea butter is much more variable than Ugandan shea butter, with an oleic content of 37 to 55%.
Variability can be high even locally, and a tree that produces hard butter can grow with one that produces soft butter.

Nuts are gathered from a wide area for local production, so shea butter consistency is determined by the average fatty acid profile of the population.
Within West Africa, shea butter from the Mossi Plateau region of Burkina Faso has a higher average stearic acid content, and so is usually harder than shea butter from other West African regions.



SHEA BUTTER PHENOLICS:
A 2014 review characterized and quantified phenolic compounds in shea butter, identifying 10 phenolic compounds, eight of which are catechins.
This study also found that the overall concentration and relative percentages of different phenolic content in shea kernels varied from region to region.
The authors hypothesized that the overall concentration of phenols in shea kernels is linked to the level of environmental stress that the trees endure.



HISTORY OF SHEA BUTTER:
The common name is shísu ߛ߭ߌ߭ߛߎ (lit. "shea tree") in the Bambara language of Mali.
This is the origin of the English word, one pronunciation of which rhymes with "tea" /ʃiː/, although the pronunciation /ʃeɪ/ (rhyming with "day") is common, and is listed second in major dictionaries.

The tree is called ghariti in the Wolof language of Senegal, which is the origin of the French name of the tree and the butter, karité.
The shea tree grows naturally in the wild in the dry savannah belt of West Africa from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east, and onto the foothills of the Ethiopian highlands.

Shea butter occurs in 21 countries across the African continent, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Guinea.

A testa found at the site of the medieval village of Saouga is evidence of shea butter production by the 14th century.
The butter was being imported into Britain by 1846.



PURPOSE OF USAGE OF SHEA BUTTER:
With its moisturizing feature, Shea butter protects the skin from external factors such as wind, sun and cold.
Shea butter keeps the moisture in the skin and provides softness to the skin.
Shea butter gives the skin a silky appearance and protects against aging.
Shea butter is easily absorbed by the skin and does not clog the skin pores.
Shea butter's melting point is 30-35°C
Consume half a teaspoon of Shea Butter, including.



HISTORY OF SHEA BUTTER:
Vitellaria paradoxa botanically - formerly Butyrospermum parkii botanically known and most commonly known as the versatile Shea tree - is not just the source of the Shea nuts from which the well-known.
Shea Butter is derived; it has also proven valuable for protecting the sensitive ecosystems of semi-arid Africa and sustaining entire communities.

Shea trees grow in the Savanna belt, an area that traders refer to as the "Shea Belt."
This region includes countries such as Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Uganda, Sudan and Ethiopia.
The main Shea nut exporting countries are Ghana and Burkina Faso.

The word shea is derived from the word S'í, the Bambara name given to the tree in Mali.
It is referred to by many other names throughout its native Africa, including Kade or Kadanya in the Hausa language, Ori in parts of West Africa, and Karité in the Wolof language of Senegal.

This last name stands for “Tree of Life,” a nickname earned thanks to its ability to address numerous skin, hair, and health conditions.
In some of Africa's poorest areas, the Shea tree has become important to the economy and livelihood.
In these places, Shea Butter is most commonly known as 'Women's Gold' as Shea Butter production is a source of income for many women in Africa.

Women use Shea Butter to buy food, clothing, personal items, and for education, among other purposes.
Because of its healing abilities, the Shea tree was considered sacred, and different parts of the tree were used for a variety of purposes, such as the use of its wood to carve funeral beds and coffins of kings or respected community leaders.

Although some early records indicate that European explorers began using Shea Butter in the 1300s , natural the Gold softener was used by African people long before that time.
For use in harsh desert climates, Shea nuts were crushed, crushed and boiled in a butter used to protect skin and hair from drying, harmful elements, and also to relieve insect bites.

According to historical sources, the use of Shea Butter dates back to Egypt at the time of Queen Cleopatra, where it was used largely in skin care products.
Ancient records tell the story of Cleopatra's request to accompany her on all her travels with large jars of Shea Butter, so that she could apply the smooth, moisturizing, soothing and revitalizing oil to her skin each day.

In West African cuisine, Shea Butter's high nutritional value and affordability have made it ideal for use as an edible oil in edible preparations as well.
It formed the basis for many soups and made a popular condiment when mixed with onions and peppers.
When used in chocolate, Shea Butter has become a popular substitute for Cocoa Butter.

Drinks containing a mixture of Shea Butter, water, millet flour and spices are traditionally served at weddings, funerals and business parties.
Traditionally, Shea Butter was a key ingredient used in African pharmacology for its medicinal benefits.
Local healers used this nourishing oil to solve health problems such as cough, bruising, rheumatism, inflammation, minor bone dislocations and leprosy – often making it the main ingredient.

Its wound-healing properties were effective in reducing stretch marks and regenerating cut skin, especially soothing the irritating consequences of circumcision.
As it spread to various parts of Africa, it was discovered to have different uses in the manufacture of various products such as soaps and nasal decongestants.

Research conducted in the 1940s discovered that Africans who used Shea Butter experienced fewer cases of skin disease compared to those who did not.
During the Middle Ages, Shea Butter became a popular global trade item in West Africa, including coastal areas as well as European markets.
In some regions, such as the UK, Shea Butter is used as part of hygiene products such as bath wipes.

“Mother Nature's Conditioner” is a nickname that Shea Butter has earned for its exceptional moisturizing and conditioning properties.
Since the therapeutic benefits of Shea Butter were discovered, it has been used as an ingredient in cosmetics for thousands of years.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SHEA BUTTER:
Physical state: Solid
Appearance: Soft solid. Cream.
Color: White. Off-white.
Odor: Characteristic. Fatty.
Taste: No information available.
Formula: No information available
Molecular/Formula weight (g/mole): No information available
Flammability (solid, gas): no data available
Flashpoint (°C/°F): >338°C/>640°F
Flash Point Tested according to: Open cup
Autoignition Temperature (°C/°F): No information available
Lower Explosion Limit (%): No information available

Upper Explosion Limit (%): No information available
Melting point/range(°C/°F): 28-38°C/82-100°F
Decomposition temperature(°C/°F): No information available
Boiling point/range(°C/°F): No information available
Bulk density: No information available
Density (g/cm3): 0.89-0.91
Specific gravity: 0.89-0.91
pH: No information available
Vapor pressure @20°C(kPa): No information available
Evaporation rate: No information available
Vapor density: No information available
VOC content (g/L): No information available
Odor threshold (ppm): No information available
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): No information available
Viscosity: No information available

Physical state: no data available
Colour: no data available
Odour: no data available
Melting point/ freezing point: no data available
Boiling point or initial boiling point and boiling range: no data available
Flammability: no data available
Lower and upper explosion limit / flammability limit: no data available
Flash point: no data available
Auto-ignition temperature: no data available
Decomposition temperature: no data available
pH: no data available
Kinematic viscosity: no data available
Solubility: no data available
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water (log value): no data available
Vapour pressure: no data available
Density and/or relative density: no data available
Relative vapour density: no data available
Particle characteristics: no data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of SHEA BUTTER:
-Description of necessary first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed, if necessary:
no data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SHEA BUTTER:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up and arrange disposal.
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SHEA BUTTER:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Specific hazards arising from the chemical:
no data available
-Special protective actions for fire-fighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SHEA BUTTER:
-Control parameters:
*Occupational Exposure limit values:
no data available
*Biological limit values:
no data available
-Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment (PPE):
*Eye/face protection:
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Wear impervious clothing.
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection
Wear dust mask when handling large quantities.
-Thermal hazards:
no data available



HANDLING and STORAGE of SHEA BUTTER:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SHEA BUTTER:
-Reactivity:
no data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
no data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no data available
-Incompatible materials:
no data available
-Hazardous decomposition products:
no data available



SYNONYMS:
Fats and Glyceridic oils, shea butter
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER LIQUID)
SHEA BUTTER BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII
Shea Butter Organic Certified
Shea Butter Powder
Shea Butter SB-I
Shea Liquid
Shea Liquid - Lo Freeze
butyrospermum parkii butter
Shea Liquid
Shea Butter SB-I
Shea Butter Powder
Shea Liquid - Lo Freeze
Shea Butter Organic Certified
SHEA BUTTER BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER)
Fats and Glyceridic oils, shea butter
BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER LIQUID)


Shea butter ( SHEA BUTTER GLYCERIDES)
SHEA BUTTER ETHYL ESTERS Nom INCI : SHEA BUTTER ETHYL ESTERS Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS) Ses fonctions (INCI) Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
SHEA BUTTER (SHEA OIL)

Shea butter, also known as shea oil when in a liquid state, is a fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa or Butyrospermum parkii).
The shea tree is native to West Africa, and the shea butter extracted from its nuts has been traditionally used for various cosmetic, medicinal, and culinary purposes.

CAS Number: 194043-92-0
EC Number: 606-306-6

Shea oil, Butyrospermum parkii butter, Karite butter, Karite oil, African butter, Vitellaria paradoxa butter, Women's gold, Ori, Ori butter, Ori oil, Women's gold butter, Women's gold oil, Shea nut butter, Shea nut oil, Galam butter, Gana butter, Gana oil, Bambuk butter, Bambuk oil, Mangifolia butter, Mangifolia oil, Karite nut butter, Karite nut oil, Oleum Butyrospermi, Oleum Butyrospermum, Shea stearin, Shea triterpene esters, Shea olein, Shea fat, Shea triglycerides, Shea triglyceride esters, Shea glycerides, Shea fat acids, Shea phytosterol esters, Shea tocopherol esters, Shea alcohols



APPLICATIONS


Shea butter (shea oil) is extensively used in skincare products such as moisturizers and lotions to provide deep hydration.
Its emollient properties make shea butter a popular ingredient in lip balms, offering protection against dry and chapped lips.
Many hair care products, including conditioners and styling creams, incorporate shea butter for its nourishing and smoothing effects.

Shea butter (shea oil) is a key component in the formulation of body creams, promoting soft and supple skin.
Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, shea butter is utilized in soothing balms for irritated or sensitive skin.

Shea butter (shea oil) is often included in facial creams and serums, contributing to a rejuvenated and moisturized complexion.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s natural healing abilities make it suitable for addressing dry and cracked heels in foot creams.
In the cosmetic industry, shea butter is utilized in the production of foundations and concealers for its smooth texture.
Shea butter (shea oil) is found in massage oils, enhancing the glide and moisturizing effect during massages.
The anti-aging benefits of shea butter are harnessed in wrinkle creams and serums to promote youthful skin.

Shea butter (shea oil) is commonly used in sunscreens, contributing to the product's moisturizing and skin-nourishing properties.
Pregnant women often use shea butter to help reduce the appearance of stretch marks during and after pregnancy.

In the formulation of soaps, shea butter adds a creamy texture and moisturizing element to the cleansing process.
Shea butter (shea oil) is incorporated into shaving creams and balms to provide a smooth and moisturized shaving experience.

Its versatility extends to the production of natural deodorants, contributing to skin conditioning and odor control.
Shea butter (shea oil) is used in the preparation of natural and organic skincare products due to its purity.
In aromatherapy, shea butter is blended with essential oils for use in massage and relaxation treatments.

Shea butter (shea oil)'s natural SPF properties are utilized in some sun care products for added skin protection.
Shea butter (shea oil) is employed in the production of baby care products, including gentle creams and diaper balms.
Athletes use shea butter in muscle balms and rubs to aid in post-exercise recovery and soothe sore muscles.
Its skin-friendly nature makes shea butter an ingredient in tattoo aftercare products for healing and moisturizing.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s ability to soften and condition cuticles is utilized in the formulation of nail and hand creams.

Shea butter (shea oil) is a common ingredient in natural and handmade soap bars for its moisturizing and skin-loving properties.
Shea butter (shea oil) is used in the preparation of natural hair masks and treatments for deep conditioning.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s natural scent and texture make it a sought-after ingredient in the creation of artisanal and luxury skincare products.

Shea butter (shea oil) is often included in cuticle creams and treatments to nourish and strengthen the nails.
In the formulation of natural perfumes, shea butter serves as a carrier for essential oils, imparting a subtle fragrance.

As a natural ingredient, shea butter is featured in organic and eco-friendly skincare lines.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s non-comedogenic properties make it suitable for facial oils and serums without clogging pores.
Shea butter (shea oil) is used in the creation of whipped body butters, providing a light and fluffy texture.

Its moisturizing qualities make shea butter a valuable ingredient in after-sun lotions for soothing sun-exposed skin.
In the production of hand sanitizers, shea butter is sometimes added to counteract the drying effects of alcohol.
Shea butter (shea oil) is found in anti-itch creams, offering relief to dry and irritated skin conditions.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s thick consistency makes it ideal for inclusion in foot masks to combat dryness and calluses.

Shea butter (shea oil) is employed in the formulation of natural hair styling products, providing hold and moisture.
Its antioxidant properties contribute to the longevity of products, making shea butter a common ingredient in cosmetics.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s ability to melt at body temperature makes it an excellent ingredient in massage candles.
In the production of beard balms and oils, shea butter is included for its conditioning effects on facial hair.

Shea butter (shea oil)'s versatility extends to the creation of DIY skincare products at home, such as body scrubs and masks.
Shea butter is a popular choice for natural de-pigmentation creams due to its skin-friendly properties.
In the manufacturing of exfoliating scrubs, shea butter adds a moisturizing element to the abrasive texture.

Shea butter (shea oil) is used in formulations designed to alleviate the discomfort of eczema and psoriasis.
Its inclusion in bath bombs and bath melts adds a luxurious and moisturizing element to the bathing experience.
Shea butter (shea oil) is sometimes incorporated into natural insect repellents to protect the skin while outdoors.
Its natural composition makes shea butter a suitable ingredient in hypoallergenic skincare products.
In the creation of whipped soap products, shea butter contributes to a creamy and luscious texture.

Shea butter (shea oil)'s ability to form a protective barrier on the skin is harnessed in diaper rash creams for infants.
Shea butter (shea oil) is used in the preparation of lip scrubs to exfoliate and moisturize dry or chapped lips.
In the production of hand creams for mechanics or those exposed to harsh conditions, shea butter aids in repairing and protecting the skin.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s mild and gentle nature makes it a component in formulations for individuals with sensitive or delicate skin.

Shea butter (shea oil) is a key ingredient in the formulation of natural and organic sunscreens, providing moisturizing and protective benefits.
Its compatibility with various essential oils makes shea butter a popular choice in the creation of aromatherapy massage balms.

Shea butter (shea oil) is used in the preparation of cuticle oils to promote healthy and nourished nail beds.
In the manufacturing of natural bath salts, shea butter enhances the hydrating effects of bathwater.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s soothing properties are harnessed in the creation of healing balms for minor cuts, burns, and insect bites.
Shea butter (shea oil) is included in shaving creams to provide a smooth glide, reducing irritation and redness.

Its natural anti-inflammatory characteristics make shea butter a valuable ingredient in post-waxing creams.
Shea butter (shea oil) is utilized in the production of natural and gentle makeup removers, effectively breaking down cosmetics.

Shea butter (shea oil) is incorporated into anti-fungal creams, aiding in the treatment of common skin conditions.
In the creation of natural and handmade soap bars, shea butter contributes to a creamy lather and moisturizing feel.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s richness is utilized in the formulation of body wraps for deep skin conditioning.

Shea butter (shea oil) is found in formulations for tattoo care, aiding in the healing process and maintaining vibrancy.
Its natural SPF properties make shea butter a desirable ingredient in natural lip balms with sun protection.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s nourishing properties extend to the creation of natural cuticle creams for overall nail health.
Shea butter (shea oil) is included in formulations for stretch mark creams, helping to reduce the appearance of skin imperfections.

In the production of natural and cruelty-free deodorants, shea butter provides a non-irritating base.
Its moisture-sealing capabilities make shea butter a valuable component in hair sealants for textured hair.
Shea butter (shea oil) is utilized in formulations for scar creams, supporting the healing process and improving skin texture.
Shea butter (shea oil) is included in formulations for natural and sensitive baby wipes to soothe delicate skin.

In the creation of handmade bath truffles, shea butter adds a luxurious feel to the bathwater.
Shea butter (shea oil) is found in formulations for natural and gentle foaming cleansers, providing a soft and hydrating cleanse.
Its natural anti-oxidant properties make shea butter an ingredient in anti-pollution skincare products.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s mild and gentle nature is beneficial in the creation of natural intimate care products.

Shea butter (shea oil) is used in formulations for beard balms to soften and condition facial hair.
In the production of natural and eco-friendly solid perfumes, shea butter serves as a base for fragrance application.
These applications further demonstrate the versatility and wide-ranging benefits of shea butter in various skincare, personal care, and cosmetic products.



DESCRIPTION


Shea butter, also known as shea oil when in a liquid state, is a fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa or Butyrospermum parkii).
The shea tree is native to West Africa, and the shea butter extracted from its nuts has been traditionally used for various cosmetic, medicinal, and culinary purposes.

The chemical composition of Shea butter (shea oil) includes various fatty acids, such as oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid.
The predominant fatty acid in shea butter is oleic acid, followed by stearic acid.
These fatty acids contribute to the unique properties of shea butter, making it solid at room temperature and imparting a smooth, creamy texture.

In addition to fatty acids, shea butter contains other bioactive compounds, including tocopherols (vitamin E), polyphenols, and triterpenes.
These compounds contribute to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties often associated with shea butter.

Shea butter (shea oil) is a creamy, ivory-colored natural fat extracted from the nuts of the shea tree.
With a smooth texture, Shea butter (shea oil) is solid at room temperature but easily melts upon contact with the skin.

Originating from West Africa, shea butter has been a traditional ingredient in skincare for centuries.
Known for its distinct nutty aroma, shea butter adds a subtle fragrance to cosmetic formulations.

Rich and luxurious, shea butter is revered for its deeply moisturizing properties.
The golden hue of unrefined shea butter reflects its natural state and purity.
Shea butter (shea oil) is a staple in many skincare products due to its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin.

Its high content of fatty acids, including oleic and stearic acids, makes shea butter a superb emollient.
Unrefined shea butter retains its natural nutrients, including vitamins A, E, and F.
Shea butter (shea oil) is often used to soothe and alleviate dry, rough skin, leaving it soft and supple.
The buttery consistency of shea butter allows it to be easily spread and absorbed into the skin.

Shea butter (shea oil) is a key ingredient in formulations for moisturizers, lotions, and body creams.
Extracted through a process of crushing and boiling shea nuts, the resulting butter is high in antioxidants.

Shea butter (shea oil)'s anti-inflammatory properties make it beneficial for calming irritated or sensitive skin.
Shea butter (shea oil) acts as a protective barrier on the skin, helping to retain moisture and prevent dehydration.
Shea butter (shea oil) is commonly used to reduce the appearance of scars and stretch marks.

Shea butter (shea oil)'s versatility extends to hair care, where it aids in moisturizing and promoting shine.
Shea butter (shea oil) can be found in lip balms, providing a natural barrier against chapping and dryness.
Shea butter (shea oil)'s natural healing properties make it suitable for soothing minor burns and insect bites.
Shea butter (shea oil) is renowned for its anti-aging effects, promoting a more youthful and radiant complexion.

Its natural color and texture can vary, reflecting the diversity of shea butter sources.
Shea butter (shea oil) has a long shelf life, and its stability contributes to the longevity of skincare products.
Often used in massage formulations, shea butter's smooth glide enhances the overall experience.

Indigenous communities have relied on shea butter for medicinal and cosmetic purposes for generations.
The sustainable harvesting of shea nuts for butter production supports local economies in West Africa.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Formula: C16H20NO4
Molecular Weight: 0
Purity: ≥95%
Storage: -20°C



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If shea butter particles are inhaled and respiratory irritation occurs, move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide artificial respiration if the person is not breathing.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing promptly.
Wash the affected skin with mild soap and water for at least 15 minutes to remove any residual product.
If skin irritation, redness, or rash occurs, seek medical attention.
If shea butter is molten and causes burns, immediately cool the affected area with cold water.
Seek medical attention if necessary.


Eye Contact:

If shea butter comes into contact with the eyes, rinse them gently with water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses if easily removable after initial rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist.


Ingestion:

If shea butter is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek immediate medical attention, providing details about the ingested substance and its concentration.


General First Aid Advice:

Keep affected individuals calm to reduce stress.
If there are respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide first aid personnel with access to the safety data sheet (SDS) for the specific shea butter product.
If seeking medical attention, bring the product container or label to assist healthcare professionals in providing appropriate treatment.
For large spills or exposures, contact emergency services for professional assistance.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical advice.
If symptoms persist or if there is uncertainty about the appropriate first aid measures, seek medical advice promptly.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and safety goggles, as specified in the product's SDS.
Use respiratory protection if handling shea butter in conditions where airborne exposure is possible.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to minimize inhalation exposure.
Use fume hoods or other engineering controls when handling shea butter in enclosed spaces.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid direct skin and eye contact with the undiluted shea butter.
If contact occurs, follow the first aid measures specified in the SDS.

Handling Procedures:
Follow good industrial hygiene practices, including regular handwashing.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling shea butter.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In the event of a spill, contain the material and prevent it from entering drains or waterways.
Clean up spills using absorbent materials, and dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations.

Responsible Handling:
Designate trained personnel for handling shea butter.
Provide employees with proper training on the safe handling and use of the substance.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store shea butter in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Temperature Control:
Store at temperatures recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures that could compromise the stability of the product.

Compatibility:
Store shea butter away from incompatible materials and substances.
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations regarding compatibility with other chemicals.

Container Material:
Use containers made of materials compatible with shea butter.
Check for container integrity regularly to prevent leaks or spills.

Handling of Containers:
Handle containers with care to prevent damage.
Do not drag or slide containers, as this may cause damage and compromise integrity.

Labeling:
Ensure proper labeling of containers with product names, hazard information, and handling instructions.
Clearly mark storage areas with appropriate signage.

Regular Inspections:
Periodically inspect storage areas for any signs of damage, leaks, or deterioration.
Dispose of damaged or deteriorated containers appropriately.

Emergency Response Information:
Keep emergency response information, such as contact numbers for emergency services and relevant healthcare professionals, readily available.
SHEA BUTTER ETHYL ESTERS
SHEA BUTTER OLEYL ESTERS Nom INCI : SHEA BUTTER OLEYL ESTERS Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
SHEA BUTTER, REFINED
Shea butter, refined is the solid oil that is produced from the nuts grown on the shea tree.
Shea butter, refined is native to Western Africa and has been used for centuries to nourish and moisturise the skin.
Shea butter, refined is white in colour and odourless, the perfect choice for those who find the scent of fresh unrefined shea butter overpowering.

CAS: 91080-23-8
EINECS: 293-515-7

Synonyms
Shea tree, ext.;BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA BUTTER) EXTRACT;Sheabutter(fromButyrospermumparkii);HYDROGENATEDSHEAOLEINE;HARDENEDSHEAOLEINE;SHEAOIL;SHEAFAT;Shea tree extract;Shea Butter;K49155WL9Y;Butyrospermum Parkii nut fat;Butyrospermum Poissonii nut fat;Mimusops Capitata nut fat;Mimusops Pachyclada nut fat;Vitellaria Paradoxa subsp. paradoxa nut fat;BASSIA PARKII NUT FAT;BUTYROSPERMUM MANGIFOLIUM NUT FAT;BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA) BUTTER
;BUTYROSPERMUM PARKII (SHEA) BUTTER EXTRACT;Cellpium blossom hand;DTXSID10893021;EM Shea Butter Cream;MINI PEACH LIP BALM;SHEA BUTTER (MART.);Shea Nut Butter;ULTRA REPAIR;UNII-K49155WL9Y;UNII-O88E196QRF;UNIQUE NATURAL PREMIUM SHEA BUTTER;UNIQUE NATURAL PREMIUM SHEA BUTTERFragrance-Free

Use Shea butter, refined in any cosmetic recipe for skin and hair, and it won’t disappoint.
Shea butter, refined, also known as karite butter, once refined is a white-to-cream coloured fatty substance made from the nuts of karite nut trees (also called Mangifolia trees) that grow in the savannah regions of West and Central Africa.
Shea butter, refined are not cultivated but grow only in the wild.
Shea butter, refined is a particularly effective moisturiser because it contains so many fatty acids, which are needed to retain skin moisture and elasticity.
The high fatty acid content of Shea butter, refined also makes it an excellent additive to soap, shampoos, anti-aging creams, cosmetics, lotions, and massage oils.
Shea butter, refined's soft, butter-like texture melts readily into the skin.
Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Butyrospernum parkii.

Extracted from the oily seeds of Butyrospermum parkii, Shea butter, refined nuts are crushed before treatment with Hot Water to remove any impurities.
Shea butter, refined is then neutralised and refined by physical process before the Butter is then filtered, leaving a soft White coloured Butter.
Shea butter, refined from a Ghana-based company focused on the sustainable production of hand-crafted butters empowering African women.
Shea butter, refined is a natural moisturizer and emollient for face and hair care rich in vitamin E, the best antioxidant known.
Refined and organic grade available.
Fair tarde, Organic grade available.
Shea butter, refined is available in France, Spain and Portugal.

Shea butter, refined is a high-quality, excellently tolerated, versatile raw material.
Due to the proportion of unsaponifiables, the lipid barrier is strengthened and Shea butter, refined is therefore predestined for the treatment of dry, neurodermitic and barrier-disturbed skin.
Shea butter, refined is very well tolerated and can also be used pure.
In formulations, Shea butter, refined provides consistency and results in smooth creams that are very well absorbed.

Use
This moisturising Shea butter, refined has anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties.
For adding to your hand made skin creams and salves to soothe chapped or dried skin, moisturise the epidermis, and in hair-care products it revitalises and adds shine to your hair.
Shea butter, refined is a creamy White to pale Beige butter produced by the mechanical crushing and milling of the Shea nut kernel and then further washed and refined to remove any impurities.
Shea Nut Oil
SHEANUT OIL; butyrospermum parkii fruit oil; liquid fraction obtained from the shea treebutyrospernum parkii, sapotaceae; shea oil CAS NO: 977159-94-6
SHELLAC RESIN
Shellac resin is obtained from the secretions of the female Kerria lacca beetle.
Shellac resin is a brittleness and hardness of the odorless and tasteless resin is very high.
Shellac resin is a natural product with interesting properties and extraordinary versatility.

CAS Number : 9000-59-3
Molecular Formula : C30H50O11
Molecular Weight : 586.7
EINECS Number : 232-549-9

Shellac resin is the purified product of natural resin lacquer, which is the hardened secretion of small parasitic insect.
Shellac resin is the only known commercial resin of animal origin.
The production of shellac resin takes place mostly in China and India.

Shellac resin has been known in India and China since ancient times.
Shellac resins use can be traced back to records from India more than 2000 years ago.
Shellac resin is a natural resin obtained from lac gum.

Shellac resin acts as a versatile wood treatment and coating, and acts as a binding agent in paint and rust treatment.
Shellac resin is commonly used as a primer, base coat or primer prior to painting, as a snag and stain sealant, and as an odor blocker.
Shellac is a natural resin that may be obtained in a variety of colors ranging from light yellow to dark red in the form of hard, brittle flakes with or without wax, depending on the refining process.

The different types of shellac include bleached shellac, bleached dewaxed shellac, dewaxed and decolorized shellac, dewaxed flake shellac, dewaxed orange shellac, dewaxed shellac, orange shellac, purified shellac, refined bleached shellac, regular bleached shellac, regular waxy shellac, wax-containing shellac, and white shellac.
The flakes may be crushed or milled to a coarse or fine powder.
Shellac resin is supplied as a coarse offwhite powder.

Shellac resin is tasteless and may have a faint odor.
The typical odor of shellac is the result of a complex fragrance system.
Shellac resin is also resistant to ultraviolet light, so it does not darken over time, dries quickly and hardens at relatively low temperatures.

Shellac resin can be easily retouched with a new layer of Shellac resin because the new one bonds with the Shellac resin.
Shellac resin is a natural resin secreted by the female lac bug (kerria lacca) on trees in the forests of India and Thailand.
After the raw lac has been harvested, it is processed to obtain different colors and qualities.

Shellac resin is sold as dry flakes that need to be dissolved in order to be used.
Even though any anhydrous alcohol will dissolve shellac ethanol is generally used.
Liquid Shellac resin can be used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze, for manicures and wood finishes.

Shellac resin has perhaps the most functions of all the natural resins, it acts as a tough natural primer, sanding sealant, tannin-blocker, odor-blocker, stain, and high-gloss varnish.
Shellac resin is a resin secreted by the female lac beetle found on trees in the forests of India and Thailand.
Shellac resin is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac that is applied with a brush.

Shellac resin is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand.
Shellac resin, it is mainly composed of aleuritic acid, jalaric acid, shellolic acid, and other natural waxes.
Shellac resin is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze and wood finish.

Shellac functions as a tough natural primer, sanding sealant, tannin-blocker, odour-blocker, stain, and high-gloss varnish.
Shellac resin was once used in electrical applications as it possesses good insulation qualities and seals out moisture.
Shellac resin acts as a hard natural primer, emery paste, tannin blocker, odor blocker, stain and high gloss.

Shellac resin was once used in electrical applications because it has good insulating properties and keeps moisture out.
Phonograph and 78 rpm gramophone records were made from Shellac resin until they were replaced by vinyl longs.
Shellac resin has been one of the predominant wood veneers in wood veneers since the 19th century when shellac resin replaced oily and waxy veneers.

Western world until Shellac resin was largely replaced by nitrocellulose lacquer in the 1920s and 1930s.
Shellac resin comes from the bark and lacquer, a caliche of the French laque en écailles, 'flake lac', later gomme-laque, 'gum lac'.
Most European languages (except Romance languages and Greek) use the word corresponding to the item from English or its German equivalent is Schellack.

Shellac resin secretes it to form a tunnel-like tube as the female lac beetle Kerria lacca (also known as Hemiptera order, Kerriidae family, Laccifer lacca) traverses the branches of the tree.
Although these tunnels are sometimes referred to as "cocoons", they are not cocoons in the entomological sense.
This insect is from the same superfamily as the insect from which the cochineal is derived.

Insects suck the sap from the tree and secrete "sticklac" almost continuously.
The least colored Shellac resin is produced when insects feed on the vomit tree (Schleichera).
The number of lac beetles required to produce 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of Shellac resin is variously estimated at 50,000.

The root word lakh is a unit corresponding to 100,000 in the Indian numbering system and probably refers to a large number of insects.
Raw Shellac resin, containing bark shavings and lacquer beetles removed during scraping, is placed in canvas tubes (like very long socks) and heated over a fire.
This causes the Shellac resin to liquefy and ooze out of the canvas, leaving behind bark and insects.

The thick, sticky Shellac resin is then dried into a flat sheet and divided into flakes or "buttons" (discs/cakes), then bagged and sold.
The end user then crushes it into a fine powder and mixes it with ethyl alcohol before use to dissolve the flakes and liquid Shellac resin.
Liquid Shellac resin has a limited shelf life (approximately 1 year), so it is sold in dry form to dissolve before use.

Liquid shellac resin sold in hardware stores is usually marked with the date of manufacture (mixing) so the consumer can know it.
Some manufacturers (eg Zinsser) have stopped labeling Shellac resin with the date of manufacture, but the date of manufacture may change.
Alternatively, old Shellac resin can be tested to see if it is still usable: a few drops on the glass should dry roughly onto a hard surface.

Shellac resin, which remains sticky for a long time, can no longer be used.
Storage life depends on the highest temperature, so refrigeration extends shelf life.
The thickness (concentration) of shellac resin is measured in units of "pound cut", referring to its quantity (in pounds).

Shellac resin flakes dissolved in a gallon of denatured alcohol.
Most premixed commercial preparations are 3lb. to cut.
Multiple thin layers of shellac produce a significantly better result than a few thick layers.

Thick layers of shellac resin do not adhere well to the substrate or to each other and can therefore be peeled off relatively easily.
Also, thick shellac will hide fine details in carved designs on wood and other surfaces.
Shellac resin dries naturally, achieving a high-gloss shine.

For applications where a flatter (less glossy) shine is desired, products containing amorphous silica such as "Shellac Flat" can be added to the dissolved shellac.
Shellac resin naturally contains a small amount of wax (3-5% by volume) from the lacquer beetle.
In some preparations this wax is removed (the resulting product is called "dewaxed shellac").

This is done for applications where the Shellac resin will be coated with something else (like paint or varnish), hence the topcoat will stay connected.
Waxy (unwaxed) shellac looks like milk in liquid form, but dries clear.
Colors and availability of Shellac resin.

Shellac resin is available in many warm colors ranging from very light yellow ("platina") to very dark brown ("garnet").
There are many varieties of brown, yellow, orange and red among them.
The color is affected by the sap of the tree in which the Shellac resin beetle lives and the time of harvest.

Historically, the best-selling Shellac resin was called "orange shellac" and was widely used as a combination stain.
In the 20th century it was used as a preservative and preservative for wood paneling and carpentry.
Shellac resin was once very common wherever paints or varnishes were sold (such as hardware stores).

However, cheaper and more wear- and chemical-resistant coatings such as polyurethane have been almost entirely replaced by decorative residential wood finishes such as hardwood floors, wood paneling boards, and kitchens.
If the user wants the wood to be colored, these alternative products should be applied on the stain; As a protective topcoat, clear or yellow hellac can be applied over a stain without affecting the color of the finished piece.

"Wax on shellac" (an application of polished paste wax over several coats of shellac) is generally considered a beautiful, albeit fragile, surface for hardwood floors.
Luthiers still uses Shellac resin to polish French fine acoustic string instruments, but in many workshops it has been replaced by synthetic plastic polishes and varnishes, especially in high-volume production environments.
Shellac resin, dissolved in alcohol, typically more dilute than Franco-Polish, is now commonly sold as "sanding paste".

Shellac resin is often used to seal wood surfaces in preparation for a more durable finish; Shellac resin reduces the absorption of wood, reducing the amount of final coating required.
Shellac resin is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers.
Therefore, shellac resin can be considered as a natural form of plastic.

Shellac resin has occupied the most important position among the natural occuring resins.
India and Thailand are the only countries where shellac (lac) is cultivatedl.
The principal Shellac resin hosts in India are Palas and Ber for the Rangini strains and the Kusum for Kusmi strains.

The term Shellac resin and lac are often used synonymously.
Shellac resin with a melting point of 75 °C (167 °F) can be classified as a thermoplastic; it is used to bind wood flour, the mixture can be molded with heat and pressure.
Shellac resin scratches more easily than most lacquers and lacquers, and because the application is more labor-intensive, it has been replaced by plastic in most areas.

For example, shellac resin is much softer than Urushi lacquer, which is far superior both chemically and chemically.
But damaged shellac can be easily retouched with another layer of Shellac resin (chemically unlike polyurethane).
Shellac resin is used in alkaline solutions of ammonia, sodium borate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, as well as various organic solvents.

When dissolved in alcohol (typically denatured ethanol) for application, Shellac resin provides a coating with good durability.
On light hydrolysis, Shellac resin yields a complex mixture of aliphatic and alicyclic hydroxy acids and their alternating polymers.
The main component of the aliphatic component is aleuritic acid, while the main alicyclic component is shelolic acid.

Shellac resin is UV resistant and does not darken with age (although, as with pine, the wood underneath can darken).
Shellac resin is a natural product with interesting properties and an exceptional versatility. Shellac is the purified product of the natural resin lac which is the hardened secretion of the small, parasitic insect Kerria Lacca, popularly known as the lac insect.
Shellac resin is the only known commercial resin of animal origin.

Melting point: 115-120°
Density: 1.035-1.140
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water, gives a more or less opalescent solution (wax containing shellac and bleached shellac) or a clear solution (dewaxed shellac and bleached, dewaxed shellac) in anhydrous ethanol, When warmed it is sparingly soluble or soluble in alkaline solutions.
Odor: mild woody
Stability: Stable, Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Shellac resin is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers.
Shellac resin can thus can be considered a natural form of plastic.
With a melting point of 75 °C (167 °F), it can be classed as a thermoplastic used to bind wood flour, the mixture can be moulded with heat and pressure.

Shellac resin scratches more easily than most lacquers and varnishes, and application is more labour-intensive, which is why it has been replaced by plastic in most areas.
Shellac resin is much softer than Urushi lacquer, for instance, which is far superior with regard to both chemical and mechanical resistance.
But damaged shellac can easily be touched up with another coat of shellac (unlike polyurethane, which chemically cures to a solid) because the new coat merges with and bonds to the existing coat(s).

Shellac resin is soluble in alkaline solutions of ammonia, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide, and also in various organic solvents.
When dissolved in alcohol (typically denatured ethanol) for application, shellac yields a coating of good durability and hardness.
Shellac resin comes in many warm colours, ranging from a very light blonde ("platina") to a very dark brown ("garnet"), with many varieties of brown, yellow, orange and red in between.

The colour is influenced by the sap of the tree the lac bug is living on and by the time of harvest.
Historically, the most commonly sold Shellac resin is called "orange shellac", and was used extensively as a combination stain and protectant for wood panelling and cabinetry in the 20th century.
Shellac resin was once very common anywhere paints or varnishes were sold (such as hardware stores).

However, cheaper and more abrasion- and chemical-resistant finishes, such as polyurethane, have almost completely replaced it in decorative residential wood finishing such as hardwood floors, wooden wainscoting plank panelling, and kitchen cabinets.
Shellac resin is available in various grades and colors, which are typically categorized based on the purity and processing method.
This type has a natural orange or amber color and is often used as a clear finish for wood and other surfaces.

Blonde Shellac resin is a lighter and clearer variety with a pale yellow to straw color.
Shellac resin is commonly used as a wood finish, particularly on lighter-colored woods.
This is the purest form of shellac, typically used in pharmaceutical and food-grade applications.

Shellac resin can be applied using various methods, including brushing, spraying, or padding.
The choice of application method depends on the specific project and the desired finish.
Shellac resin is favored in the field of antique restoration and conservation due to its reversible nature.

Shellac resin can be easily removed with alcohol, making it a suitable choice for preserving the original finishes on antique furniture and objects.
Shellac resin is often available in the form of flakes or buttons, which are dissolved in alcohol to create shellac solutions.
Craftsmen and artisans can mix their own shellac solutions with varying concentrations for specific applications.

Shellac resin is considered non-toxic and safe for most applications.
However, individuals with allergies to shellac or alcohol should take precautions when working with shellac-based products.
The alcohol used to dissolve Shellac resin is highly flammable, so proper storage and handling are essential to prevent fire hazards.

Shellac resin has been used for centuries in various cultures for its versatile applications.
Shellac resin gained prominence in the West in the 19th century and was widely used as a furniture finish and for other decorative purposes.

Shellac resin is often considered an environmentally friendly and sustainable choice for coatings and finishes due to its natural origin and biodegradability.
One of the advantages of Shellac resin is its ability to be recoated without the need for extensive surface preparation.
This makes it suitable for refinishing projects where a new layer of shellac can be applied over an existing one.

Historical:
The earliest written evidence of Shellac resin dates back 3,000 years, but shellac is known to have been used before.
According to the ancient Indian epic poem Mahabharata, an entire palace was built from dried Shellac resin.
Shellac resin was rarely used as a dyestuff as long as there was trade with the East Indies.

Merrifield cites 1220 for the introduction of shellac in Spain as an artist's pigment.
The use of general paint or varnish decoration on large pieces of furniture first became popular in Venice (later).
There are a number of 13th-century references to painted or varnished kassons, usually dowry kassons.

Shellac resin deliberately impressive as part of dynastic marriages.
The definition of varnish is not always clear, but it appears to be a gum-based or gum-based spirit polish.
Shellac resin was also used for a while.

An article from the Journal of the American Conservation Institute describes the use of infrared spectroscopy to identify the shellac coating on a 16th century casing.
This is also the period in history when "polishing" was defined as a separate profession from carpentry and artistry.
Another use of Shellac resin is as a sealing wax.

Woods's The Nature and Treatment of Wax and Shellac Seals discusses various formulations and the era in which Shellac resin was used.
The "period of widespread publicity" seems to be around 1550 to 1650, when matter ceased to be a rare occurrence in highly decorated pieces and was defined in the standard texts of the day.

In the early and mid-twentieth century, orange Shellac resin was used as a single-product coating (a combination of stain and varnish-like topcoat) on decorative wood paneling used on the walls and ceilings of homes, particularly in the United States.
In the south of the Americas, the use of knotty pine boards covered with orange Shellac resin was once as common in new construction as drywall today.


Production Methods:
Shellac resin or lac is cultivated and refined from lacca, a resinous secretion produced by the tiny insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) Lindinger (Coccideae), formerly Laccifer lacca (Kerr).
The insects are parasitic on certain trees, mainly in India.
In Thailand and South China, the Shellac resin is secreted by another species, Laccifer chinensis (Madihassan) on different trees.

The insects pierce through the bark of the tree and transform the sap into a natural polyester Shellac resin, called stick lac,which is secreted through the surface of their body.
The Shellac resin forms thick encrustations on the smaller branches and twigs, which are then scraped off the twigs and further processed to produce seed lac, as it is known at this stage.
Seed lac is then refined to become shellac.

The chemical composition, properties and the color of Shellac resin depend on the insect or insect strain, and thus the host tree, as well as the process used for refining.
Three very different processes are used for refining the seed lac to Shellac resin(bleaching, melting, and solvent extraction), resulting in products with different characteristics and properties.
Bleaching process Refined bleached or white Shellac resin is obtained by dissolving seed lac in an aqueous alkaline solution, which is then filtered, dewaxed, and bleached with sodium hypochlorite to completely remove the color.

However, changes in the molecular structure and the addition of chlorine substituents may lead to self-crosslinking and polymerization.
Melting process After melting the seed lac, the highly viscous molten lac is pressed through a filter and drawn to a thin film.
Once cooled, the film breaks into thin flakes.

The Shellac resin wax is not removed by this process and the color depends on the type of seed lac used.
Solvent extraction process Solvent extraction is a very gentle process for refining Shellac resin.
The seed lac is dissolved in ethanol, and wax and impurities are removed by filtration.

Activated carbon is used to produce light-colored grades.
After a further filtration step and the removal of ethanol, the resin is drawn to a thin film, which breaks into flakes after cooling.
The properties of the final Shellac resin depend on the type of seed lac used and are influenced by the processing parameters and the grade of activated carbon.

Shellac resin is widely used as a moisture barrier coating for tablets and pellets due to its low water vapor and oxygen permeability.
Shellac resin has usually been applied in the form of alcoholic or aqueous solutions (pharmaceutical glazes).
However, due to stability problems with alcoholic shellac solutions, it has had limited use in the pharmaceutical industry for modified-release or enteric coatings.

Shellac resin, particularly novel aqueous shellac solutions, is mainly used in food products and nutritional supplements.
Recent research results indicate good application properties and chemical stability of shellac films from aqueous shellac solutions.
Aqueous ammonium Shellac resin solutions, based on dewaxed orange shellac, do not show the problems exhibited by alcoholic shellac solutions and are used as an enteric coating for pellets, tablets, soft and hard gelatine capsules, primarily in nutritional supplements.

Shellac resin is a primary ingredient of pharmaceutical printing inks for capsules and tablets, and can be applied as a 40% w/v alcoholic solution.
Shellac resin has also been used to apply one or two sealing coats to tablet cores to protect them from moisture before being film- or sugar-coated.
Other applications of shellac are the coating or encapsulation of powders or granules, e.g. in probiotics.

Prior to the introduction of film coating, a combination of Shellac resin, cetostearyl alcohol and stearic acid was used as an enteric coating.
In cosmetics, Shellac resin is used in hairsprays, mascara and lipstick formulations. Aqueous shellac solutions are also used for colonic drug delivery.

Uses
Shellac resin was also frequently used in kitchen cabinets and hardwood floors before the advent of polyurethane.
Until the advent of vinyl, most gramophone records were printed from shellac compounds.
From 1921 to 1928, 18,000 tons of Shellac resin were used to create 260 million records for Europe.

In the 1930s it was estimated that half of all shellacs were used for gramophone records.
The use of shellac for recordings was common until the 1950s and continued into the 1970s in some non-Western countries.
Until recent advances in technology, Shellac resin (French lacquer) was the only adhesive used in making ballet dancers' pointe shoes to harden the box (toe area) to support the dancer en pointe.

Many pointe shoe makers still use traditional techniques, and many dancers also use shellac to reinvigorate the feeling of softening.
Shellac resin has historically been used as a protective coating in paintings.
Braille pages are coated with Shellac resin to help protect them from wear due to hand reading.

Shellac resin has been used since the mid-nineteenth century to produce small molded items such as picture frames, boxes, toiletries, jewellery, inkwells and even dentures.
Advances in plastics caused shellac to become obsolete as a molding compound.
Shellac resin (orange and white varieties) was used both in the field and in the laboratory to bond and stabilize dinosaur bones until the mid-1960s.

Although effective at the time, the long-term adverse effects of shellac (organic in nature) on dinosaur bones and other fossils are debated, and shellac is rarely used today by professional conservators and fossil preparers.
Shellac resin was used to fix the inductor, motor, generator and transformer windings.
Chiefly in lacquers and varnishes; also in manufacture of buttons, grinding wheels, sealing wax, cements, inks, phonograph records, paper; for stiffening hats; in electrical machines; coating confections and medicinal tablets; finishing leather.

Shellac resin was applied directly to the single-layer dressings in an alcohol solution.
For multilayer windings, the entire coil was immersed in the shellac solution, then filtered and placed in a warm place to allow the alcohol to evaporate.
The Shellac resin locked wire turns in place, providing extra insulation, preventing movement and vibration, and reducing buzz and hum.

Shellac resin also helps to transfer the force caused by magnetic attraction and repulsion in motors and generators from windings to coils.
More recently, Shellac resin has been replaced by synthetic resins such as polyester resin in these applications.
Some applications use Shellac resin mixed with other natural or synthetic resins such as pine resin for electrical use or phenol-formaldehyde resin for which Bakelite is the best known.

Mixed with other resins, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, zinc sulfide, aluminum oxide and/or copper carbonate (malachite), Shellac resin forms a component of the thermosetting cap cement used to fix the caps or bases to the bulbs of electric lamps.
Shellac resin is the central element of the traditional "French lacquer" method of finishing furniture, string instruments and pianos.
Edible shellac resin is used in the form of pharmaceutical glaze (or "confectionery glaze") as a polishing agent on pills (see excipients) and confectionery.

Because of their acidic properties (resistant to stomach acids), shellac-coated pills can be used for timed enteric or colonic release.
Shellac resin is used as a 'wax' coating on citrus to extend shelf/storage life.
Shellac resin is also used instead of the natural wax of the apple that comes out during the cleaning process.

When used for this purpose, Shellac resin has a food additive with E number E904.
Shellac resin is an odor and stain blocker and is therefore often used as the basis for "all problem solver" primers.
Although its resistance to abrasives and many common solvents is not very good, shellac provides an excellent barrier against the penetration of water vapor.

Shellac resin-based primers are an effective sealant for controlling odors associated with fire damage.
Shellac resin has traditionally been used as a dye for cotton and especially silk fabric in Thailand, especially in the northeastern region.
Shellac resin imparts a range of warm colors, from pale yellow to deep orange-red to dark ocher.

Naturally dyed silk fabrics, including shellac resin, are widely available in the rural northeast, particularly in the Ban Khwao District of Chaiyaphum province.
Wood veneer Wood veneer is one of the most traditional and still popular uses of shellac mixed with solvents or alcohol.
This dissolved Shellac resin liquid applied to a piece of wood is a surface that evaporates: the alcohol of the Shellac mixture evaporates, leaving a protective film behind.

Shellac resin as a wood veneer is natural and non-toxic in its pure form.
The coating made of Shellac resin is resistant to UV rays.
Shellac resin cannot keep up with synthetic coating products in terms of water resistance and durability.

Because Shellac resin is compatible with most other finishes, Shellac resin is also used as a barrier or primer coat on wood to prevent resin or pigments from leaching into the final finish or staining the wood stain.
In the attachment of artificial flies for trout and salmon, shellac was used to cover all cut material on the fly head.
Shellac resin is used in combination with beeswax to protect and brighten citrus fruits such as lemons.

Shellac resin is used in dental technology, where it is occasionally used in the manufacture of special impression trays and (partial) dentures.
Shellac resin is used for bicycles, as a protective and decorative coating for bicycle handlebar tape, and as a hard-drying adhesive for tubular tires, especially for track racing.
Shellac resin is used to reattach ink sacs when repairing vintage fountain pens, preferably to impart an orange color.

Shellac resin applied with a standard or modified Huon-Stuehrer nozzle, shellac coating can be economically micro-sprayed and used on a variety of smooth candies, such as chocolate-covered peanuts.
For luthier applications, Shellac resin is used to bind wood fibers and prevent tearing in soft spruce soundboards.

Shellac resin is used for cheesecloth fabric coated with a solution of shellac and ammonia, used in the shell of traditional silk tops and riding hats.
For the mounting of insects, Shellac resin is used in the form of a gel adhesive mixture consisting of 75% ethyl alcohol.
As a binder in the production of abrasive discs, it provides flexibility and smoothness that is not found in vitrified (ceramic binder).

'Elastic' bonded wheels typically contain gypsum plaster and provide a stronger bond when mixed with shellac; dry mix gypsum powder, abrasive (eg corundum/aluminum oxide Al2O3) and shellac are heated and the mixture is pressed in a mold.
Shellac resin is also used in fireworks pyrotechnic compositions as a low temperature fuel, allowing the creation of pure 'greens' and 'blues' – colors that are difficult to achieve with blends of other fuels.

In jewelry; Shellac resin is often applied to the top of a 'shellac stick' to hold small, complex objects.
By melting Shellac resin, the jeweler can press the object (such as stone setting mount) into it.
Once the shellac resin has cooled, it can hold the object firmly, allowing it to be manipulated with tools.

In watchmaking, due to its low melting temperature (about 80–100 °C (176–212 °F)), shellac is used in most mechanical manufacturing.
Movements to set and stick the pallet stones to the pallet fork and fix the roller jewelery to the roller table of the scale used for wheels.
Shellac resin is also used to fix small parts to the 'wax chuck' (front plate) on a watchmaker's lathe.

Shellac resin was used to protect some military rifle stocks in the early twentieth century.
Together with the wax on Jelly Belly jelly beans it gives them the final shine and polish.
In modern traditional archery, Shellac resin is one of the hot melt glue/resin products used to attach arrowheads to wood or arrowheads.

Sanding paste is a shellac solution dissolved in alcohol that is commonly sold to seal sanded surfaces, usually wooden surfaces.
Shellac resin is used as a top coat in nail polish (although not all nail polishes sold as "shellac" contain shellac, some nail polishes do not).
Processes[citation needed] are used in sculptures to seal plaster and to act as a barrier during mold making in combination with wax or oily soaps.

Shellac resin is also used as a dilute solution for insulating Harpsichord soundboards, protecting them from dust and buffering moisture changes.
Shellac resin is used as a small-scale commercial resin insect, Laccifer lacca, made from the secretions of the lac beetle, marketed as amber flakes.
Shellac resin is a natural thermoplastic; that is, it is soft and flows under pressure when heated, but is solid at room temperature.

This feature makes it useful alone or in combination with fillers such as flaky mica and asbestos in manufactured products.
Shellac resin is used in molding compositions used to produce molded articles such as buttons.
Shellac resin is a component of many products, including abrasives, sealing wax, hair sprays and cake polishes.

Shellac resin was formerly used in combination with fine clay or other fillings to mold phonograph records, but after the early 1930s, synthetic thermoplastics, especially vinyl resins, were gradually replaced.
Alcohol solutions of Shellac resin, also called simply shellac, are used as varnish for priming and finishing furniture, floors.
Alkaline emulsions of Shellac resin are used to make self-polishing waxes, hardeners for felt hats, cements and sealers.

Shellac resin secreted by insects feeding on various resinous trees in India; Mainly used in lacquers and varnishes; Moreover making buttons, grinding wheels, sealing wax, cements, inks, phonograph records and paper; It is also used to stiffen hats, coats.
Shellac resin is used confectionery and medical tablets and leather coating; [Merck Index] Used as anti-caking agent, drying agent, moisturizer.

Shellac resin is used food processing aid and surface finishing agent; [FDA] Approved for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticides.
Shellac resinc is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers and is therefore considered a natural form of plastic.
Shellac resin is a natural resin, making it a renewable and biodegradable material.

Shellac resin has been used for centuries in various applications due to its unique properties.
Shellac resin is soluble in alcohol, and this property makes it an ideal material for creating a solution known as "shellac varnish" or "shellac polish."
This solution can be used as a protective coating or finish for various surfaces.

Shellac resin is widely used as a coating or finish for wood, metal, paper, and other surfaces.
Shellac resin provides a glossy, protective layer that enhances the appearance and durability of the underlying material.
Shellac resin is also used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Food-grade Shellac resin, often referred to as "confectioner's glaze" or "food-grade lacquer," is used to provide a shiny coating on candies, pills, and other edible products.
Shellac resin is safe for human consumption.
Shellac resin is used as a binder in some cosmetics and personal care products, such as nail polishes and hairsprays.

Shellac resin helps the product adhere to the surface and provides a shiny finish.
Shellac resin is sometimes used as a coating for pharmaceutical capsules to improve their appearance, ease of swallowing, and stability.
Artists and crafters use shellac in various forms, such as shellac flakes or premixed shellac solutions, for painting, sealing, and finishing their projects.

Shellac resin has historically been used in the production of musical instruments, including violins and pianos, to provide a protective and decorative finish.
In some applications, shellac can be used as a sealant or adhesive, particularly in woodworking and craft projects.
Shellac resin is a popular choice for finishing and protecting wood surfaces, such as furniture, cabinetry, and musical instruments.

Shellac resin provides a durable, glossy, and protective coating that enhances the natural beauty of the wood.
In the field of antique restoration and conservation, shellac is often used to preserve and restore the original finishes on antique furniture and objects.
Shellac resins reversible nature makes it valuable in this context.

Shellac resin can be used as a sealant and adhesive in woodworking and craft projects.
Shellac resin can bond various materials and seal gaps, making it versatile for woodworking applications.
Shellac resin, also known as "confectioner's glaze" or "food-grade lacquer," is used in the food industry to provide a shiny, protective coating on candies, chocolates, pills, and other edible products.

Shellac resin is used in the pharmaceutical industry to coat pills and tablets, making them easier to swallow, improving their appearance, and enhancing stability.
Artists and crafters use shellac in various forms, such as shellac flakes or premixed shellac solutions, for painting, sealing, and finishing their projects.
Shellac resin is particularly useful for creating a glossy and protective finish on artwork and craft items.

Shellac resin has historical significance in the production of musical instruments, including violins, pianos, and guitars.
Shellac resin can be used to provide a protective and decorative finish on instrument surfaces.
Shellac resin can be used as a protective coating for jewelry and metalwork to prevent tarnishing and enhance their appearance.

Shellac resin can be used as a resist or etching ground to create intricate designs on printing plates.
Shellac resin is resistant to many etching chemicals.
Shellac resin can be used in ceramics to create resist patterns or as a binder for glazes.

In the manufacture of pipes and cigars, Shellac resin is used to seal the outer layers and create a smooth, glossy finish.
Shellac resin-based primers are used in painting to block stains, odors, and tannin bleed from wood and other surfaces.
These primers are particularly effective in preventing bleed-through.

Entomologists and collectors use Shellac resin to preserve and mount insects and other specimens.
Shellac resin can be used in document restoration to stabilize and protect fragile paper and parchment documents.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Shellac resin is used as a binding agent in some products, such as nail polishes and hairsprays.

Model makers often use Shellac resin to create smooth and glossy surfaces on scale models and miniatures.
Shellac resin can be used in printmaking and stencil-making processes.

Safety Profile:
Shellac resin is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations, food products, and cosmetics.
Shellac resin is generally regarded as an essentially nonirritant and nontoxic material at the levels employed as an excipient.

Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Shellac resin or the solvents used to dissolve it.
Skin contact with Shellac resin or inhalation of solvent vapors may lead to skin irritation, rashes, or respiratory irritation in susceptible individuals.

The solvents used to dissolve Shellac resin are often highly flammable.
These solvents include alcohol-based solutions, which can pose a fire hazard if not handled and stored properly.
Shellac resin's important to keep shellac and its solvents away from open flames, sparks, and heat sources.

When working with Shellac resin and its solvents, it's essential to ensure adequate ventilation to prevent the inhalation of solvent vapors.
Shellac resin is use these products in well-ventilated areas or consider using protective respiratory equipment if ventilation is insufficient.
Shellac resin can cause eye and skin irritation upon contact.

Avoid direct contact with the eyes and skin, and in case of accidental contact, rinse the affected area with water.
Prolonged or repeated skin contact with Shellac resin or its solvents may lead to allergic dermatitis in some individuals, resulting in itching, redness, and skin rashes.
Gloves and other personal protective equipment should be used when handling Shellac resin products.

Shellac resin and its solvents are not intended for ingestion.
Ingesting significant amounts of these substances can be harmful and may lead to nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Environmental Impact:
Shellac resin is a natural resin and biodegradable, but the solvents used in shellac solutions can have adverse environmental impacts if not disposed of properly.
Dispose of waste Shellac resin and solvent materials following local environmental regulations.

Synonyms
SHELLAC
9000-59-3
Lacs
Lac resin
Resins,lac or shellac
Drack BS 30
GBN
GSN
Sticklac
Molumba
Kiree
GN
SSI
SB 25
NSC
SAM 25
CS
Mantrollac R 49
Fresh-Cote 214
KSD (shellac)
(2R,6S,7R,10S)-10-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyltricyclo[5.3.1.01,5]undec-8-ene-2,8-dicarboxylic acid;9,10,15-trihydroxypentadecanoic acid
Schellack
Lacca
Candy glaze
Lac resin
Shellac, purified
Confectioner's glaze

Shellac wax
shellac wax; waxes and waxy substances of shellac; lac wax; wax from shellac; shellac cera CAS NO:97766-50-2
SHELLSOL D40
CAS-No: 64742-48-9



APPLICATIONS


Shellsol D40 is excellent for degreasing operations on engines and metal parts including aluminium.
Due to its low aromatic content, Shellsol D40 has a very low toxicity rating.

When combined with an emulsifier such as Target, Shelldol D40 is an excellent parts washer that will produce a film-free result when rinsed.
Due to the hazardous nature of Shellsol D40, it is generally not sold online.
ShellSol D40 is available in 25 litre drums.

ShellSol D40 is derived from Low Aromatic White Spirit which has been highly refined and reacted with hydrogen to convert aromatics to cycloparaffins.
This deep hydrogenation results in products of controlled composition with very low aromatic contents, negligible reactive impurities and a low, sweet odour.
ShellSol D40 consists predominantly of C-9 to C-11 paraffins and napthenics.

ShellSol D40 is used in many applications where its low odour is of value:
low odor alkyd resin
architectural coatings
printing inks
cosmetics
metal degreasing
adhesives
wood preservatives
household products
car dewaxing and dry cleaning.
In the majority of end uses the small difference in solvent power, viscosity and evaporation rate between white spirit is not important, in critical applications slight reformulation may be required.

Shellsol-D40 can be used as cold cleaner and dearomatised hydrocarbon.
ShellSol D40 can be used as solvent.
Boiling range of ShellSol D40 is 145 - 205 °C
ShellSol D40 can be used in low-odour paints and wood preservatives.
ShellSol D40 can be used as cold cleaner for metal degreasing.
ShellSol D40 is used in care products.
ShellSol D40 is used in cleaning polish, development of motor vehicles.
ShellSol D40 is used in fragrance petroleum and textile aids.
ShellSol D40 is used in the following products: fuels, air care products, anti-freeze products, coating products, lubricants and greases, washing & cleaning products and welding & soldering products.

Uses of ShellSol D40:

Low-odour varnishes and wood preservatives
Cold cleaner for metal degreasing
Care products, cleaning polishes.
Draining of motor vehicles
Fragrance petroleum, textile aid.
Dewaxing of Motor Vehicles
scented petroleum
textile auxiliaries

ShellSol D40 is generally recognized to have low acute and chronic toxicity.
Uses of ShellSol D40 are predominantly found in metal working, professionally in manufacturing process solvents and as coatings in architectural & construction works.

ShellSol D40 is a petroleum based solvent which is less aromatic and is used in several applications.
ShellSol D40 is also applied in general uses such as cleaning of paint brushes, which concludes that it is directly sold to the public.
In industries ShellSol D40 is used in the manufacture of metal working solvents and coatings.

Rust Preventive Formulations of ShellSol D40:
ShellSol D40 is an excellent carrier fluid for rust preventive formulations.
ShellSol D40 has a narrow boiling range and a flash point of 47*C which aids in faster drying.
The lower density of ShellSol D40 ensures better spreading when compared to other mineral spirits.
ShellSol D40 also posses naphthenic content which provides it with better solvency when compared to other normal paraffins.

Print Room Chemicals:

ShellSol D40 is an ideal product from Print room Chemicals such as roller wash and fountain chemicals.
ShellSol D40 is widely approved source for these products among major manufacturers as it has 0.1% aromatic content.
Hence, ShellSol D40 do not damage the rubber rollers upon application.

Flux Materials:

ShellSol D40 is also used widely as a carrier for Electronic Flux and Cleaners.
The low odor of ShellSol D40 and its narrow boiling range acts as an ideal replacement for MTO and also its low density allows better spreading and inter capillary action.

Odorless Coatings:

ShellSol D40 is an ideal solvent for odorless paints & coating formulations.
ShellSol D40 has Lower VOC when compared to other aromatic solvents and hence is safer to use due to lower exposure levels. The odorless nature of ShellSol D40 greatly reduces the effect of fumes during application.

ShellSol D40 is used in the following products:

fuels
air care products
anti-freeze products
coating products
lubricants and greases
washing & cleaning products and welding & soldering products.

The advantage of using ShellSol D40 is its less intense odour compared to white spirit with aromatic content whereas it is difficult to discriminate between the toxicological properties of ShellSol D40 (no aromatics) and white spirit with aromatic content.

Other release to the environment of ShellSol D40 is likely to occur from:
Indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters)
Outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids)
Indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid



DESCRIPTION


ShellSol D40 is a wider cut, mineral spirit type hydrocarbon solvent.
The high degree of general refining gives this solvent its low level of impurities such as sulphur, olefins, benzene and total aromatics, and low odor.

ShellSol D40 grade solvents are suitable for a broad spectrum of classical lab applications, and are frequently used in regulated and highly demanding lab applications.
ShellSol D40 provides worldwide best and most extensive product specifications.
ShellSol D40 range is generally in compliance with the ACS, with the reagent part of the European Pharmacopoeia (Reag. Ph Eur) and also with the ISO standards.

ShellSol D40 is a low aromatic white spirit refined and reacted with hydrogen to convert aromatics to cycloparaffins. ShellSol D40 consists predominantly of C9-C11 paraffins and naphthenics.
ShellSol D40 is used as a solvent in adhesives.
ShellSol D40 possesses very low aromatic content, negligible reactive impurities and low sweet odor.

ShellSol D40 grade solvents are suitable for a broad spectrum of classical lab applications, and are frequently used in regulated and highly demanding lab applications.
ShellSol D40 provides worldwide best and most extensive product specifications.

A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of catalyst.
ShellSol D40 consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C10-12



PROPERTIES


Boiling range: 145 - 205 °C
Total tomatoes: max. 0.4 % w/w
Flash point (Abel/Pensky) 36°C: DIN 51 755
Density (15°C): 0.760 - 0.795 g/ml DIN 51 757
Refractive index (20°C): 1.4250 - 1.4360 DIN 51 423
Evaporation number: (Ether = 1) 70.
Kauri butanol value: 0
Explosion limit: 0.6 - 7 %(V)
Flash point: 39 °C
Melting Point: Vapor pressure: 0.3 hPa (20 °C)
Viscosity kinematic: 1.23 mm2/s (40 °C)
Solubility:


STORAGE AND HANDLING


Provided proper storage and handling precautions are taken we would expect ShellSol D40 to be technically stable for at least 12 months.
For detailed advice on Storage and Handling please refer to the Safety Data Sheet.

The container choice, for example storage vessel, may effect static accumulation and dissipation.
Keep container closed.
Handle containers with care.
Open slowly in order to control possible pressure release.
Store in a cool, well-ventilated area.
Storage containers should be grounded and bonded.
Fixed storage containers, transfer containers, and associated equipment should be grounded and bonded to prevent the accumulation of static charge.



SYNONYMS


Hydrocarbons, C9-C11, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, < 2%
aromatics
Kerosene, GR
Benzines (oils)
WHITESPIRITTYPE3
Einecs 265-150-3
alkanes, C11-13-iso-
DEAROMATIZEDWHITESPIRIT
C10-12 ALKANE/CYCLOALKANE
Hydrotreated heavy naphtha
Naphtha, hydrotreated heavy.
ISOPARAFFINICHYDROCARBONBLEND
ISOPARAFFIN L, SYNTHESIS GRADE
NAPHTHA,STRAIGHTRUN,HYDROTREATED
White spirit ~17% aromatics basis
Hydrotreatedheavynaphtha(petroleum)
Naphtha,petroleum,hydrotreatedheavy
naphtha(petroleum),hydrotreatedheavy
naphtha petroleum, heavy, hydrotreated
Histologyclearsolventforxylenesubstitute
naphtha petroleum, isoparaffin, hydrotreated
Hydrotreatedlightsteamcrackednaphtharesiduum(petroleum)
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy Low boiling point hydrogen treated naphtha

Isoparaffin Fluid
isopar-L
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy
Naphtha (petroleum) hydrotreated heavy.
SHELLSOL D60
CAS Nubmer: 64742-48-9
EC-No. : 918-481-9



APPLICATIONS


Shellsol D60 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 000 to < 100 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Moreover, Shellsol D60 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses of Shellsol D60:

Shellsol D60 is used in the following product:
fuels
air care products
anti-freeze products
coating products
lubricants and greases
washing & cleaning products and welding & soldering products


Other release to the environment of Shellsol D60 is likely to occur from:

indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters)
outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension
lubricants in motor oil and break fluids), indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid

Shellsol D60 (EINECS number: 265-150-3; CAS number:64742-48-9) or hydrotreated heavy naphtha (petroleum), is a complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
Furthermore, Shellsol D60 consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the 6-13 range and boiling in the range of approximately 65 to 230°C (149 to 446°F).

Application of Shellsol D60:

Shellsol D60 is used in the following products: fuels, air care products, anti-freeze products, coating products, lubricants and greases, washing & cleaning products and welding & soldering products.
The advantage of using Shellsol D60 is its less intense odour compared to white spirit with aromatic content whereas it is difficult to discriminate between the toxicological properties of Shellsol D60 (no aromatics) and white spirit with aromatic content.

Shellsol D60 is a medium evaporating, high flash mineral spirit type hydrocarbon solvent.
Some refinery naphthas also contain some olefinic hydrocarbons, such as naphthas derived from the fluid catalytic cracking, visbreakers and coking processes used in many refineries.
Those olefin-containing naphthas are often referred to as cracked naphthas.

In some Shellsol D60 refineries, the cracked naphthas are desulfurized and catalytically reformed (as are the virgin naphthas) to produce additional high-octane gasoline components.
Some Shellsol D60 refineries also produce small amounts of specialty naphthas for use as solvents, cleaning fluids and dry-cleaning agents, paint and varnish diluents, asphalt diluents, rubber industry solvents, recycling products, and cigarette-lighter, portable-camping-stove and lantern fuels.
Those specialty naphthas are subjected to various purification processes which adjusts chemical characteristics to suit specific needs.

Shellsol D60 comes in many varieties and each are referred to by separate names such as petroleum ether, petroleum spirits, mineral spirits, paraffin, benzine, hexane, ligroin, white oil or white gas, painters naphtha, refined solvent naphtha and Varnish makers' & painters' naphtha.
The best way to determine the boiling point and other compositional characteristics of any of the specialty naphtha such as Shellsol D60 is to read the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the specific naphtha of interest.
Safety Data Sheets of Shellsol D60 can be found on a chemical suppliers websites or by contacting the supplier directly.

On a much larger scale, Shellsol D60 is also used in the petrochemicals industry as feedstock to steam reformers and steam crackers for the production of hydrogen (which may be and is converted into ammonia for fertilizers), ethylene, and other olefins.
Natural gas is also used as feedstock to steam reformers and steam crackers.


Uses of Shellsol D60:

Industrial
Manufacture of substance
Distribution of substance
Formulation & (re)packing of substances and mixtures
Uses in Coatings
Use in Cleaning Agents
Use in Oil and Gas field drilling and production operations
Lubricants
Metal working fluids / rolling oils
Use as binders and release agents
Use as a fuel
Functional Fluids
Use in laboratories
Water treatment chemicals
Mining chemicals


Shellsol D60 or hydrotreated heavy naphtha (petroleum), is a complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
More to that, Shellsol D60 consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the 6-13 range and boiling in the range of approximately 65 to 230°C (149 to 446°F).

Application of Shellsol D60:

Shellsol D60 is used in the following products: fuels, air care products, anti-freeze products, coating products, lubricants and greases, washing & cleaning products and welding & soldering products
The advantage of using Shellsol D60 is its less intense odour compared to white spirit with aromatic content whereas it is difficult to discriminate between the toxicological properties of Shellsol D60 (no aromatics) and white spirit with aromatic content.



DESCRIPTION


ShellSol D60 consists predominantly of C10- C12 paraffins and naphthenes.
Deep hydrogenation gives this solvent a very low aromatic content, negligible amount of reactive impurities and a low, sweet odour.

Shellsol D60 is a medium evaporating, combustible, high flash mineral spirit type hydrocarbon solvent.
Further to that, Shellsol D60 is used in architectural coatings, wood preservatives and textile printing.
Shellsol D60 exhibits low level of impurities such as sulphur, olefins, benzene & total aromatics and low odor. Shellsol D60 has a shelf life of 12 months.

Shellsol D60 is a colourless to white liquid with a characteristic, petrol-like odour.
In addition, ShellSol D60 is a medium evaporating, high flash mineral spirit type hydrocarbon solvent.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: Liquid.
Colour: colourless
Odour: Hydrocarbon
Odour Threshold: Data not available
pH: Not applicable
Melting point/freezing point: Not applicable
Boiling point/boiling range: Typical 179 - 213,9 °C
Flash point: Typical 61 - 66 °C
Method: ASTM D-93 / PMCC
Evaporation rate: 0,04
Method: ASTM D 3539, nBuAc=1
Flammability (solid, gas): Not applicable
Upper explosion limit: upper flammability limit
6 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: Lower flammability limit
0,7 %(V)
Vapour pressure: Typical 30 - 93 Pa (0 °C)
Relative vapour density: Data not available
Relative density: 0,78 - 0,81
Density: Typical 780 - 805 kg/m3 (15 °C)

Solubility(ies) of Shellsol D60:

Water solubility: insoluble
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water
Auto-ignition temperature: 235 - 315 °CMethod: ASTM E-659
Decomposition temperature: Not applicable

Viscosity of Shellsol D60:

Viscosity, dynamic: Data not available
Viscosity, kinematic: Data not available
Explosive properties: Not classified
Oxidizing properties: Not applicable



FIRST AID


General advice:

DO NOT DELAY.
Keep victim calm.
Obtain medical treatment immediately.

Protection of first-aiders:
When administering first aid, ensure that you are wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment according to the incident, injury and surroundings.

If inhaled:
No treatment necessary under normal conditions of use.
If symptoms persist, obtain medical advice.

In case of skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing.

Immediately flush skin with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, and follow by washing with soap and water if available.
If redness, swelling, pain and/or blisters occur, transport to the nearest medical facility for additional treatment.

In case of eye contact:
Flush eye with copious quantities of water.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.

Continue rinsing.
If persistent irritation occurs, obtain medical attention.

If swallowed:
Call emergency number for your location / facility.
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: transport to nearest medical facility for additional treatment.
If vomiting occurs spontaneously, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration.

If any of the following delayed signs and symptoms appear within the next 6 hours, transport to the nearest medical facility:
fever greater than 101° F (38.3°C)
shortness of breath
chest congestion or continued coughing or wheezing



STORAGE AND HANDLING


Avoid breathing of or direct contact with material.
Only use in well ventilated areas.
Wash thoroughly after handling.

For guidance on selection of personal protective equipment see Safety Data Sheet.
Use the information in this data sheet as input to a risk assessment of local circumstances to help determine appropriate controls for safe handling, storage and disposal of this material.

Ensure that all local regulations regarding handling and storage facilities are followed.
Avoid inhaling vapour and/or mists.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing.

Extinguish any naked flames.
Do not smoke. Remove ignition sources.
Avoid sparks.

Use local exhaust ventilation if there is risk of inhalation of vapours, mists or aerosols.
Bulk storage tanks should be diked (bunded).
When using do not eat or drink.
The vapour is heavier than air, spreads along the ground and distant ignition is possible.

Even with proper grounding and bonding, this material can still accumulate an electrostatic charge. If sufficient charge is allowed to accumulate, electrostatic discharge and ignition of flammable air-vapour mixtures can occur. Be aware of handling operations that may give rise to additional hazards that result from the accumulation of static charges.
These include but are not limited to pumping (especially turbulent flow), mixing, filtering, splash filling, cleaning and filling of tanks and containers, sampling, switch loading, gauging, vacuum truck operations, and mechanical movements.

These activities may lead to static discharge e.g. spark formation.
Restrict line velocity during pumping in order to avoid generation of electrostatic discharge (≤ 1 m/s until fill pipe submerged to twice its diameter, then ≤ 7 m/s).

Avoid splash filling.
Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling operations

Bulk storage tanks should be diked (bunded).
Locate tanks away from heat and other sources of ignition.
Cleaning, inspection and maintenance of storage tanks is a specialist operation, which requires the implementation of strict procedures and precautions.

Must be stored in a diked (bunded) well- ventilated area, away from sunlight, ignition sources and other sources of heat.
Keep away from aerosols, flammables, oxidizing agents, corrosives and from other flammable products which are not harmful or toxic to man or to the environment.

Electrostatic charges will be generated during pumping.
Electrostatic discharge may cause fire.

Ensure electrical continuity by bonding and grounding (earthing) all equipment to reduce the risk.
The vapours in the head space of the storage vessel may lie in the flammable/explosive range and hence may be flammable.

Packaging material:

Suitable material:
For containers, or container linings use mild steel, stainless steel.
For container paints, use epoxy paint, zinc silicate paint.

Unsuitable material:
Avoid prolonged contact with natural, butyl or nitrile rubbers.



SYNONYMS


Hydrotreatedheavynaphtha(petroleum)
Hydrotreatedlightsteamcrackednaphtharesiduum(petroleum)
naphtha(petroleum),hydrotreatedheavy
Naphtha,petroleum,hydrotreatedheavy
ISOPARAFFIN L, SYNTHESIS GRADE
Hydrotreated heavy naphtha
C10-12 ALKANE/CYCLOALKANE
Histologyclearsolventforxylenesubstitute
Hydrocarbons, C10-C13
n-alkanes
isoalkanes
cyclics < 2%
aromatics
ISOPARAFFIN L
Naphtha, hydrotreated heavy.
Hydrotreatedheavynaphtha(petroleum)
Naphtha,petroleum,hydrotreatedheavy
naphtha(petroleum),hydrotreatedheavy
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy Low boiling point hydrogen treated naphtha
ISOL H
ISSANE
IPOPAR G
SK-ISOL H
SHELLSOL D80
CAS Number: 64742-47-8
EC Number: 265-149-8



APPLICATIONS


ShellSol D80 is a high flash, low viscosity, colorless solvent with a low aromatics content and a mild odor.
Moreover, ShellSol D80 has non-detectable BTEX content, and is suitable for use in the following applications:

consumer products
automotive car care appearance
performance products
formulations
oilfield chemicals
mining flotation and solvent extraction
polyacrylamide polymer production for water treatment flocculant applications

ShellSol D80 is ideal for dilution of oils and other organic fluids for determination of metal traces.
Furthermore, ShellSol D80 is used in paints & coatings, consumer products, printing inks and agricultural chemical applications.
ShellSol D80 is also used in food contact applications such as aluminum rolling.

ShellSol D80 is low odor and reduced toxicity equivalent to classical kerosene or xylene and ideal for dilution of oils and other organic fluids for determination of metal traces.
Description Of Odourless ShellSol D80

ShellSol D80 is a mixture of high boiling point hydrocarbons.
More to that, ShellSol D80 is clear in appearance and odourless.

Applications of ShellSol D80:

ShellSol D80 is used as an odourless solvent or where an extremely light viscosity product is required.
Further to that, ShellSol D80 is used for Kerosene or Paraffin applications.
ShellSol D80 is used as a highly efficient, non-chlorinated solvent designed to be used in electric parts cleaning applications requiring deep penetration with a controlled evaporation rate.

ShellSol D80 is economical to use and can be applied on large motors, generators, and electrical apparatus, as well as smaller equipment.
In addition, ShellSol D80 is used a cleaner for applications that require a high dielectric strength and low non-volatile residue.
ShellSol D80 is used as a Dielectric fluid.

ShellSol D80 is used for insecticides aerosols products. Viscosity at Cosmetics, e.g. creams , Charcoal lighters. Moreover, ShellSol D80 can be used as odourless solvents and thinners in paints and varnishes.
ShellSol D80 can be used in the textile industry e.g. in colour printing of fabrics.

ShellSol D80 is used as ink solvents.
Furthermore, ShellSol D80 can eb used in dry cleaning solvents, drilling oil and of course Fuel Applications.

Odourless ShellSol D80 User Benefits:

ShellSol D80 has no odour or aromatic content.
More to that, ShellSol D80 provides good operator acceptability.
ShellSol D80 has good performance and cost effective as a solvent cleaner.

Odourless ShellSol D80 is a mixture of high boiling range aliphatic hydrocarbons with high flash point.
ShellSol D80 is clear water-white liquids, chemically stable and non-corrosive, and odourless.

Principle Properties of ShellSol D80:

To use an oil safely in insecticides, aerosols, it should possess very special properties in order not to affect human life.
Aromatics should be minimal and flash point should be maximized.
For cosmetics manufacturing, it was found that ShellSol D80 fulfils.

It should be noted that if you purchase a ShellSol D80 it will arrive on a pallet.

ShellSol D80 is used in the following products:
lubricants and greases
polishes and waxes
adhesives and sealants
anti-freeze products and coating products

Other release to the environment of ShellSol D80 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


Uses of ShellSol D80:

Drilling Fluid Additives
Cross-linking Agent
Friction Reducer
Gelling Agent
Industrial Drilling
Oil and Gas Production
Drilling Fluid
Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracking



DESCRIPTION


ShellSol D80 is a high flash, low viscosity, aliphatic mineral spirit solvent.
Further to that, ShellSol D80 has non-detectable BTEX content.
ShellSol D80 is used in low odor paints and printing inks.

ShellSol D80 possesses low aromatics content and mild odor.
In addition, ShellSol D80 is designed for paints and inks applications.
ShellSol D80 has a shelf life of 12 months.

A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
ShellSol D80 consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of approximately 150°C to 290°C (302°F to 554°F).

ShellSol D80 is an environmentally friendly substitute for industrial application cleaning agents that harm
the ozone.
Moreover, ShellSol D80 has a strong detergent capability and is compatible with most materials.
ShellSol D80 is used as a solvent for paints, dyeing and printing auxiliaries, aerosol insecticides and liquid mosquito-repellents, and base oil for metal working fluid.

ShellSol D80 is a complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
Furthermore, ShellSol D80 contains hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of approximately 150.degree to 290.degree and is also a by-product of the petroleum refining process.
ShellSol D80 has low odor and reduced toxicity equivalent to classical kerosene or xylene and itrandeal for dilution of oils and other organic fluids for determination of metal traces1.

ShellSol D80 also has many other applications as chemical intermediate, lubricant (as a solvent to modify viscosity in lubricant oils), and coating, cleaning agent, metal working fluid, and release reagent, friction reducer in hydraulic fracturing.
More to that, ShellSol D80 is a high-purity mixture of hydrotreated isoparaffins and naphthenics with very low levels of polynuclear aromatics.

ShellSol D80 is a clear liquid with a medium flash point and mild odor.
Further to that, ShellSol D80 is also known as Paraffinic Naphthenic Solvent or Aliphatic Solvent.



PROPERTIES


Physical State: Liquid
Form: Clear
Colour: Colourless
Odour: Mild Petroleum/Solvent
Odour Threshold: N/D
Relative Density (at 15.6 °C): 0.798
Density: 798 kg/m3 (6.66 lbs/gal, 0.8 kg/dm3)
Flammability (Solid, Gas): N/A
Flash Point [Method]: >=75°C (167°F) [ASTM D-93]
Flammable Limits (Approximate volume % in air): LEL: 0.6 UEL: 5.0
Autoignition Temperature: 251°C (484°F) [Approximate]
Boiling Point / Range: 200°C (392°F) - 250°C (482°F)
Decomposition Temperature: N/D
Vapour Density (Air = 1): 6.2 at 101 kPa
Vapour Pressure: 0.023 kPa (0.17 mm Hg) at 20 °C
Evaporation Rate (n-butyl acetate = 1): 0.1
pH: N/A
Log Pow (n-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient): N/D
Solubility in Water: Negligible
Viscosity: 1.68 cSt (1.68 mm2/sec) at 40ºC | 2.16 cSt (2.16 mm2/sec) at 25°C
Oxidizing Properties: See Hazards Identification Section.
Freezing Point: N/D
Melting Point: N/D
Pour Point: -39°C (-39°F)
Molecular Weight: 171 [Calculated]
Hygroscopic: No
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: 0.00074 per Deg C



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
Remove from further exposure.
For those providing assistance, avoid exposure to yourself or others.
Use adequate respiratory protection.

If respiratory irritation, dizziness, nausea, or unconsciousness occurs, seek immediate medical assistance.
If breathing has stopped, assist ventilation with a mechanical device or use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

Skin Contact:
Wash contact areas with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.

Eye Contact:
Flush thoroughly with water.
If irritation occurs, get medical assistance.

Ingestion:
Seek immediate medical attention.
Do not induce vomiting.

Note to Physician:
If ingested, material may be aspirated into the lungs and cause chemical pneumonitis.
Treat appropriately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:
Avoid contact with skin.
Small metal particles from machining may cause abrasion of the skin and may predispose to dermatitis.
Prevent small spills and leakage to avoid slip hazard.

Material can accumulate static charges which may cause an electrical spark (ignition source).
When the material is handled in bulk, an electrical spark could ignite any flammable vapors from liquids or residues that may be present (e.g., during switch-loading operations).
Use proper bonding and/or earthing procedures.

However, bonding and earthing may not eliminate the hazard from static accumulation.
Consult local applicable standards for guidance.
Additional references include American Petroleum Institute 2003 (Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of

Static, Lightning and Stray Currents) or National Fire Protection Agency 77 (Recommended Practice on Static
Electricity) or CENELEC CLC/TR 50404 (Electrostatics - Code of practice for the avoidance of hazards due to
static electricity).

Static Accumulator:
ShellSol D80 is a static accumulator.
A liquid is typically considered a nonconductive, static accumulator if its conductivity is below 100 pS/m (100x10E-12 Siemens per meter) and is considered a semiconductive, static accumulator if its conductivity is below 10,000 pS/m.
Whether a liquid is nonconductive or semiconductive, the precautions are the same.
A number of factors, for example liquid temperature, presence of contaminants, anti-static additives and filtration can greatly influence the conductivity of a liquid.

Storage:

The type of container used to store the material may affect static accumulation and dissipation.
Keep container closed.
Handle containers with care.

Open slowly in order to control possible pressure release.
Store in a cool, well-ventilated area.

Storage containers should be earthed and bonded.
Fixed storage containers, transfer containers and associated equipment should be grounded and bonded to prevent accumulation of static charge.

Storage Temperature: [Ambient]
Storage Pressure: [Ambient]
Suitable Containers/Packing: Drums; Tank Cars; Tank Trucks; Barges

Suitable Materials and Coatings (Chemical Compatibility): Carbon Steel; Stainless Steel; Teflon;
Polyethylene; Polypropylene
Unsuitable Materials and Coatings: Butyl Rubber; Polystyrene; Ethylene-proplyene-diene monomer



SYNONYMS


Mineral Turpentine
Turps
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light
Conosol
460 SOLVENT
ICP solvent
Einecs 265-149-8
hydrotreatedlight
JP-TS AVIATION FUEL
hydrotreatedkerosene
Distillates,petroleum
MineralSpiritsLowAromatic
Hydrotreated light distillate
SafeClear II Xylene Substitutes
kerosene(petroleum),hydrotreated
Distillates,petroleum,hydrotreatedlight
isoparaffins petroleum hydrotreated HFP
distillates(petroleum),hydrotreatedlight
Distillate(petroleum), hydrotreated light
Hydrotreated light distillate (petroleum)
Hydrotreated light distillates (petroleum)
distillates, petroleum, light, hydrotreated
Kerosene/ Jet fuels, as total hydrocarbon vapor
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light Kerosine - unspecified
SOLVENT 75
SOLVENT D75
EXXSOL D75
ENERGOL HP0
WHITE SPIRIT D70
KETRUL 211
SHELLSOL D70
KETRUL D80
KLA D80
D75
EXXSOL 75
SHELLSOL D70 O&G
KETRUL D70
D 80
KETRUL D 80 HN
EXXSOL D80
D 220/230
DREW ELECTRIC 2000
SHMP (SODIUM HEXA META PHOSPHATE)
Dipterocarpaceae; SHOREA STENOPTERA cas no: 91770-65-9
SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE
DESCRIPTION:

SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a salt of composition Na6[(PO3)6].
SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical formula: NaPO3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.
Such a mixture is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate.
They are white solids that dissolve in water.

CAS: 68915-31-1
EINECS #: 272-808-3
FORMULA: (NaPO3)6
E NUMBER: E452


Sodium hexametaphosphate (or SHMP) is a white powder, white fine powder, white granular or colorless piece.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate, also referred to as E452i, SHMP, Graham's Salt, Sodium Polymetaphosphate, or just Hex.
It is an additive in a variety of foods and beverages and commonly used for thickening, emulsifying, and adding texture.

Sodium Hexametaphosphate (SHMP) Plates are white or clear, odorless plates.
This product is cleared to decrease the amount of cooked-out juices in poultry, canned hams, pork shoulder picnics and loins, canned hams and pork shoulder picnics, chopped ham and bacon as follows: 5.0% phosphate in pickle at 10% pump level; 0.5% phosphate in product (only clear solutions may be injected into product).[9 CFR 381.147 and 318.7]

Sodium hexametaphosphate is an inorganic polyphosphate salt commonly used as a corrosion inhibitor, emulsifying agent and as a tooth whitening agent in dentifrice formulations.


SHMP is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.
Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to SHMP to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.

A significant use for sodium hexametaphosphate is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.

SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.

Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) generally performs very well at close-to-neutral pH ranges, while tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) work best under alkaline conditions.
Monosodium phosphate (MSP) is often used together with SHMP for more acidic pH environments.
The so-called threshold effect refers to the ability of some phosphate compounds to inhibit the formation of carbonate or sulfate scales well below the amount that would be required for a stoichiometric 1:1 combination with the metal ions.

This apparently results by the phosphate interfering with early crystal growth.
In the case of SHMP, only 2-4 ppm is all that is required to inhibit scale formation in water with relatively high calcium levels.



Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is White powder
Density of Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is 2.484(20℃)
Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvent

Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) has got strong hygroscopicity and can absorb humidity from the air to become into pasty form
Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) may form soluble chelates with ions of Ca, Ba, Mg, Cu, Fe etc. and it is a good water treatment chemical.


Sodium Hexametaphosphate(SHMP), a polymer of sodium metaphosphate is usually white power crystal, colorless transparent glass flake or block solid in appearance.
SHMP is soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents.
With strong hygroscopic property, Sodium Hexametaphosphate(SHMP) can gradually absorbs water and forms a gooey substance in the air.

For that, Sodium Hexametaphosphate(SHMP) is very easy to delirium in air, please keep it sealed.
The solubility in water is higher, but the dissolution rate is slower.
The aqueous solution is acidic and Sodium Hexametaphosphate(SHMP) is easily to hydrolyze into phosphite.

For some metal ions, sodium hexametaphosphate 68% has the ability to form soluble complex, so Sodium Hexametaphosphate(SHMP) is usually used to soften water.
In addition, Sodium Hexametaphosphate(SHMP) can also form complex compound with lead, silver, barium salt,
With so many unique physical and chemical properties, Sodium Hexametaphosphate(SHMP) has a wide range of uses in food processing industry and other various industrial fields.


USES OF SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i.

Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to SHMP to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.

A significant use for sodium hexametaphosphate is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles.

SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.
SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient.


Sodium hexametaphosphate / SHMP is a food grade white powder that can be used for stabilizing soups, juices and dairy products.

Sodium hexametaphosphate / SHMP is permitted to use in almost all categories of foods with the maximum level 10,000 mg/l or mg/kg.
The following foods may contain with it:
• Dairy products and analogues,
• Fats and oils and fat and oil emulsions,
• Edible ices,
• fruits and vegetables,
• Confectionery,
• Cereals and cereal products,
• Bakery wares,
• meat,
• Fish and fisheries products,
• Eggs and egg products,
• Sugars, syrups, honey and table-top sweeteners,
• Salts, spices, soups, sauces, salads and protein products,
• Beverages,
• Ready-to-eat savories, snacks and
• Desserts


Food additive:
As a food additive, SHMP is used as an emulsifier.
Artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites, roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled drinks , among other foods, can contain SHMP.


Water softener salt:
SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate is used in Diamond Crystal brand Bright & Soft Salt Pellets for water softeners in a concentration of 0.03%.
SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is the only additive other than sodium chloride.







APPLICATIONS OF SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:

In Water Treatment:
Because SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate has a special complexation function to metal ions, especially calcium, magnesium and some other alk Li-earth metal ions.
Therefore, SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is mainly used for boiler water as softener, cleaning agents in fiber industry, bleaching and dyeing industry, as well as flotation agents in mineral processing industry.

With the continuous development of industrial production, the applications of SHMP has developed from water treatment, paper making, sugar extraction, food processing industries to smelting industry.
Using sodium hexametaphosphate shmp and ingesting some additives to spray repair the steelmaking converter at a certain temperature and pressure can greatly extend the life of the converter and achieve obvious economic benefits.


In Food & Drinks:
Sodium hexametaphosphate 68% can be used as food quality improver, PH value regulator, metal ions chelating agent, adhesive and expansion agent in food processing industry.
SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is necessary to purchase the high quality food grade sodium hexametaphosphate, contact us for price now.
SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate can be used in beans, canned vegetables and fruit to stabilize natural pigment and protect food color.


SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is Used in meat products to improve water retention, increase the knots and prevent the meat fat rot.
Adding SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate to beer can clarify the liquor and prevent turbidity.
SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is Used in soy sauce, SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate can prevent discoloration, increase viscosity, shorten fermentation period and adjust the taste.

SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is Used in drinks, SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate can inhibit the decomposition of vitamin C.
SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is Used in ice cream, SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate can increase the capacity of expansion, increase the volume, enhance the emulsification, prevent the destruction of paste and improve the color and taste.

Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dispersing Agent:
Sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate are the commonly used inorganic dispersants.
Sodium hexametaphosphate dispersing agent is an additive to improve the dispersion performance of solid of liquid materials.
When solids are ground, the dispersing agent can be added to help the particles to pulverize, prevent the agglomeration of pulverized particles and keep the dispersion stable.

The water-insoluble oily liquid can be dispersed into small liquid bead under high shear stirring.
After the stirring is stopped, the oil layer will layer quickly under the action of interfacial tension.
The addition of SHMP dispersing agent can make it form a stable emulsion after stirring.


SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE IN TOOTHPASTE:
The application of sodium hexametaphosphate in toothpaste can slow down the regeneration of dental calculus, whiten teeth and improve the stability of toothpaste during its shelf life.


OTHER USES OF SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Agentia for corrosion prevention, cement hardening accelerator, streptomycin purifying agent.
SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is Used as sedative in medicine industry.
SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate is Used for rusting prevention of drilling pipe and controlling the viscosity of mud when drilling oil.
SHMP - Sodium Hexametaphosphate also has uses in fabric printing, tanning, papermaking, color film, soil analysis, radiochemistry, analytical chemistry and other fields.









PREPARATION OF SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
SHMP is prepared by heating monosodium orthophosphate to generate sodium acid pyrophosphate:
2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O
Subsequently, the pyrophosphate is heated to give the corresponding sodium hexametaphosphate:
3 Na2H2P2O7 → (NaPO3)6 + 3 H2O
followed by rapid cooling.


REACTIONS OF SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
SHMP- Sodium Hexametaphosphate hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate.

HISTORY OF SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Hexametaphosphoric acid was named in 1849 by the German chemist Theodor Fleitmann.
By 1956, chromatographic analysis of hydrolysates of Graham's salt (sodium polyphosphate) indicated the presence of cyclic anions containing more than four phosphate groups; These findings were confirmed in 1961.
In 1963, the German chemists Erich Thilo and Ulrich Schülke succeeded in preparing sodium hexametaphosphate by heating anhydrous sodium trimetaphosphate.


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Chemical formula, Na6P6O18
Molar mass, 611.7704 g mol−1
Appearance, White crystals
odor, odorless
Density, 2.484 g/cm3
Melting point, 628 °C (1,162 °F; 901 K)
Boiling point, 1,500 °C (2,730 °F; 1,770 K)
Solubility in water, soluble
Solubility, insoluble in organic solvents
Refractive index (nD), 1.482
CAS # [10124-56-8]Na6O18P6
Also CAS # 68915-31-1
HS Code: 2835.39. 5000
Properties: Completely soluble in water in all proportions but is insoluble in organic solvents.
Visual Appearance: White powder
P2O5: 66.5% - 67.3%
pH of 1% solution: 6.70 - 7.20
Loss on ignition <= 1%
Water insoluble <= 0.1%
Thru a USS 20 Sieve: 98% or more
Thru a USS 100 Sieve: 45% or more
Appearance, white powder or granular or glass chip,
Total phosphates (as P2O5)% ≥, 68
Inactive Phosphates (as P2O5 )%≤, 7.5
Iron (Fe)% ≤, 0.03
PH Value: 5.8-6.5
Solubility, pass
Heavy Metals (as Pb)% ≤, 0.001
Arsenic (As)% ≤, 0.0003
Fluoride (as F)% ≤, 0.003
Water Insoluble matter % ≤, 0.04
Polymerization, 9-21
Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5), 68.0%min
Non-Living Phosphate (P2O5), 7.5%max
Water Insoluble, 0.04%max
Iron (Fe), 0.03%max
pH of 1% Solution, 5.8~7.0
Appearance, White Powder or granular
Appearance, white powder
P2O5, 68% Min
Inactive phosphates as P2O5, 7.5%max
Fe, 0.05%max
Water insoluble, 0.1%max
PH of 1% solution, 3.0-9.0
Loss on ignition, 1% max
As, 1ppm max
Pb, 1ppm max
Heavy Metals as Pb, 10ppm max
CD, 1ppm max
Hg, 1ppm max
Flurode as F:, 10ppm max


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let the product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be constructed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let the product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product







SYNONYMS OF SHMP- SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE:
Metaphosphoric acid,
hexasodium salt,
calgon,
Glassy sodium,
Hexasodium metaphosphate,
Metaphosphoric acid (H6P6O18),
hexasodium salt,
Sodium metaphosphate (Na6(PO3)6),
Sodium phosphate (Na6(PO3)6),
Graham's Salt,
Sodium Polymetaphosphate,
SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE, 99%

Shorea Robusta Resin
shorea robusta resin extract; extract of the resin of shorea robusta, dipterocarpaceae; damar resin extract; hopea spp. resin extract CAS NO:91770-61-5
SHOREA STENOPTERA BUTTER
Synonyms: Mesoporous silica microspheres, shell thickness 60 nm, 5%(w/v) dispersion in water, diam.: 250 - 350nm, SSA: 260 m2/g, pore size: 2-5nm;Mesoporous silica nanoparticles, 5 mg/mL dispersion in ethanol, diam.: 90 nm, SSA: >500 m2/g, pore size: 3 - 4 nm;Mesoporous silica nanoparticles, 5 mg/mL dispersion in water, diam.: 90 nm, SSA: >500 m2/g, pore size: 3 - 4 nm;Mesoporous silica nanosphere, 99%, diam60-250 nm,SSA:410-680 m2/g,pore size:2.8-13.3 nm,pore volume:0.57-1.66 cm3/g;Mesoporous silica SBA-15, 99%, diam:500-2000 nm,SSA:700-1100 m2/g,pore size:6-11 nm,pore volume:0.6-1.3 cm3/g;Mesoporous silica SBA-16, 99%, diam:>1000 nm,SSA:650-960 m2/g,pore size:5-10 nm,pore volume:0.60-0.95 cm3/g;Sea urchin-like mesoporous silica nanosphere, 100%, diam:120-250 nm,SSA:200-450 m2/g,pore size:2.2 nm,pore volume:0.35-0.56 cm3/g;Silica gel, 98%, for chromatography, 0.040 - 0.063 mm (230 - 400 mesh), 60 A CAS: 7631-86-9
SILANIL 258
DESCRIPTION:

Silanil 258 by BRB International BV is 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Silanil 258 acts as an adhesion promoter, crosslinker, coupling agent and surface modifier.
Silanil 258 Exhibits premium quality, reliability.

CAS Number: 2530-83-8
EC Number:219-784-2

Silanil 258 improves dry and wet strength in cured composites reinforced with glass fiber rovings.
Silanil 258 enhances wet electrical properties of epoxy-based encapsulate and packaging materials.
Silanil 258 is 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane by BRB International BV.

Silanil 258 acts as an adhesion promoter, crosslinker, coupling agent and surface modifier.
Silanil 258 is Designed for water-borne acrylic sealants and adhesive applications.
Silanil 258 is Compatible with epoxies, polysulfide and urethane.

Silanil 258 can be directly blended into resin, without fillers, additives, or pigments.
Silanil 258 can increase hardness and elastic modulus by integral blending.
Recommended dosage of Silanil 258 is 0.2-2 %wt.




SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SILANIL 258:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


SYNONYMS OF SILANIL 258:
Z 6040
3-GlycidyloxypropyltriMethoxysilane
Y 4087
Glycidyl 3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl Ether
DZ 6040
GLYMO
gamma-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
KBM 430
Glycidoxypropyl Trimethoxy Silane
Pivadorm
Trimethoxy(3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl)silane
CG6720
NUCA 187
KBM 403
A 187
EUROXIDE LO/A
3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
[3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane
3-Glycidoxypropyl Trimethoxy Silane
Glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane
98% min
Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Silane coupling agent KH-560
KH 560
3-glycidyl-oxypropyl-trimethoxy-silane
BRB Silanil 258
Coupling agent
3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Dynasylan GLYMO


SILICON DIOXIDE (AEROSİL)
Chlorure d'argent; silverchloride; SILVER CHLORIDE,SILVER MONOCHLORIDE; SILVER(1+) ION CHLORIDE; silver(i) chloride N° CAS : 7783-90-6. Nom INCI : SILVER CHLORIDE. Nom chimique : Silver chloride. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-033-3. Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur, Restriction en Europe : V/52. La concentration maximale autorisée dans les préparations cosmétiques prêtes à l'emploi est de 0,004 % (en AgCl).. 20 % AgCl (m/m) sur TiO2. Ne pas utiliser dans les produits pour les enfants âgés de moins de 3 ans, dans les produits bucco-dentaires et dans les produits pour les yeux ou les lèvres. Ses fonctions (INCI): Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.Noms français : ARGENT, CHLORURE D'; ARGENT, CHLORURE DE; Chlorure d'argent. Noms anglais : Silver chloride; SILVER CHLORIDE (AGCL). Utilisation et sources d'émission: Agent de placage. Silver chloride; 232-033-3 [EINECS]; 7783-90-6 [RN]; Chlorure d'argent(1+) [French] ; Silber(1+)chlorid [German] ;Silver(1+) chloride [ACD/IUPAC Name]; AgCl (Silver monochloride); chlorosilver; MFCD00003399 [MDL number]; Silver (I) Chloride; Silver chloride (AgCl); SILVER MONOCHLORIDE; SILVER(1+) ION CHLORIDE; silver(i) chloride; Silver(I)Chloride; silverchloride; 氯化银 [Chinese]. Silver chloride (AgCl); Silver chloride deposited on titanium dioxide; Silver monochloride; Silver(I) chloride;Translated names: Chlorek srebra (pl); Chlorid strieborný (sk); Chlorid stříbrný (cs); Chlorure d'argent (fr); Cloreto de prata (pt); Cloruro d'argento (it); Cloruro de plata (es); Clorură de argint (ro); Ezüst-klorid (hu); Hopeakloridi (fi); Hõbekloriid (et); Klorur tal-fidda (mt); Sidabro chloridas (lt); Silberchlorid (de); Silver chloride (no); Silverklorid (sv); Srebrov klorid (hr); Sudraba hlorīds (lv); Sølvklorid (da); Zilverchloride (nl); Χλωριούχος άργυρος (el); Сребърен хлорид (bg); : silver (1+) chloride; silver(1+) chloride; silver(1+) ion chloride; SilverI) chloride
SILICON DIOXIDE (ANTICAKING AGENT)
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) when used as a food additive, is a compound consisting of silicon and oxygen.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is a common fundamental constituent of glass.

CAS Number: 7631-86-9
Molecular Formula: O2Si
Molecular Weight: 60.08
EINECS Number: 231-545-4

Synonyms: Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), Silica, Dioxosilane, Quartz, 7631-86-9, Silica gel, Cristobalite, Silicic anhydride, Tridymite, 14808-60-7, Sand, 112945-52-5, 61790-53-2, 112926-00-8, KIESELGUHR, Diatomaceous silica, Wessalon, Aerosil, Silicon(IV) oxide, Zorbax sil, 60676-86-0, Silica, amorphous, 14464-46-1, Dicalite, Ludox, Nyacol, Amorphous silica, QUARTZ (SIO2), Cristobalite (SiO2), Cab-O-sil, Sillikolloid, Extrusil, Santocel, Sipernat, Superfloss, Acticel, Carplex, Neosil, Neosyl, Porasil, Silikil, Siloxid, Zipax, Aerosil-degussa, Silicon oxide, Aerosil 380, Synthetic amorphous silica, Quartz sand, Rose quartz, Silica particles, 91053-39-3, Cab-o-sil M-5, Silica, fumed, Snowtex O, Silica, colloidal, Tokusil TPLM, Dri-Die, SILICA, VITREOUS, Manosil vn 3, Colloidal Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), Ultrasil VH 3, Ultrasil VN 3, Aerosil bs-50, Carplex 30, Carplex 80, Snowtex 30, Zeofree 80, Aerosil,Silicon(IV) oxide, Zorbax sil, 60676-86-0, Silica, amorphous, 14464-46-1, Dicalite, Ludox, Nyacol, Amorphous silica, QUARTZ (SIO2), Cristobalite (SiO2), Cab-O-sil, Sillikolloid, Extrusil, Santocel, Sipernat, Superfloss, Acticel, Carplex, Neosil, Neosyl, Porasil, Silikil, Siloxid, Zipax, Aerosil-degussa, Silicon oxide, Aerosil 380, Synthetic amorphous silica, Quartz sand, Rose quartz, Silica particles, 91053-39-3, Cab-o-sil M-5, Silica, fumed, Snowtex O, Silica, colloidal, Tokusil TPLM, Dri-Die, SILICA, VITREOUS, Manosil vn 3, Colloidal Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), Ultrasil VH 3, Ultrasil VN 3, Aerosil bs-50, Carplex 30, Carplex 80, Snowtex 30, Zeofree 80, Aerosil K 7, Cabosil N 5, Syton 2X, Amorphous silica gel, Positive sol 232, Siliziumdioxid, Aerogel 200, Aerosil 300, Chalcedony, Diatomite, Ludox hs 40, Silanox 101, Silica (SiO2), Vitasil 220, Agate, Positive sol 130M, Silica vitreous, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) (amorphous), Aerosil A 300, Aerosil E 300, Aerosil M-300, colloidal silica, Fused silica, Quartz glass, Silica slurry, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), fumed, Silicone dioxide, 68855-54-9, Nalfloc N 1050, Quso 51, Silica, amorphous fused, Nalco 1050, Quso G 30, Hydrophobic silica 2482, Kieselsaeureanhydrid, Min-U-Sil, 15468-32-3, SiO2, CCRIS 3699, Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles, Silica aerogel, (SiO2)n, UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4, ETJ7Z6XBU4, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), Amorphous, Silica 2482, hydrophobic, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), chemically prepared, EINECS 231-545-4, CAB-O-SIL N-70TS, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605, CI 7811,Aerosil 200, 99439-28-8, CHEBI:30563, AI3-25549, Crystalline silica, N1030, U 333, Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh, Glass, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), colloidal, 15723-40-7, ENT 25,550, [SiO2], Silica, crystalline - fused, Silicagel, Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free, 13778-37-5, 13778-38-6, 17679-64-0, Christensenite, Crystoballite, Silica gel desiccant, indicating, Celite, INS-551, Calcined diatomite, MFCD00011232, MFCD00217788, Silica, amorphous,fumed, cryst.-free, Silica, mesostructured, Amethyst, Aquafil, Cataloid, Crysvarl, Flintshot, Nalcoag, Novaculite, Silikill, Vulkasil, Cherts, Snowit, Imsil, Metacristobalite, Quartz silica, alpha-Quartz, Fossil flour, Fumed silica, Quartz dust, Rock crystal, Silica dust, White carbon, SIMETHICONE COMPONENT Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), Chromosorb P, Tiger-eye, E-551, Vulkasil S, Celite superfloss, Cristobalite dust, Corasil II, Silver bond B, Cab-O-sperse, alpha-Cristobalite, alpha-Crystobalite, Gold bond R, (SiO2), Cabosil st-1, Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O, Sil-Co-Sil, Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, Siderite (SiO2), Tridymite 118, Cab-O-grip II, Tridimite [French], HI-Sil, Amorphous silica dust, Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres, Nyacol 830, Sibelite M 3000, Sibelite M 4000, Sibelite M 6000, Quazo puro [Italian], SILICA, AMORPHOUS (IARC), SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC], Caswell No. 734A, Sicron F 300, Sikron F 100, Spectrosil, Accusand, Coesite, Fuselex, Nalcast, Nyacol 1430, Optocil, Quartzine, Quarzsand, Rancosil, Suprasil, Tridimite, Siltex, Vitreous quartz, Vitreous silica, Tridymite dust, W 12 (Filler), beta-Quartz, Fused quartz, MIN-U-sil alpha quartz, Quartz-beta, Amorphous quartz, Dri-Die insecticide 67, Quazo puro, Silica, amorphous, fumed, Vitrified silica, Pyrogenic colloidal silica, Silica, fused, Suprasil W, Vitreosil IR, Borsil P, Dioxide, Silicon, Silane, dioxo-, Crystallized Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), Optocil (quartz), CP-SilicaPLOT, Sand, Sea, Silicon oxide, di- (sand), Quarzsand [German], S-Col, Admafine SO 25H, Admafine SO 25R, Admafine SO 32H, Admafine SO-C 2, Admafine SO-C 3, Cristobalite asbestos, Keatite (SiO2), Sg-67, Tridymite (SiO2), Fumed silica, crystalline-free, Stishovite (SiO2), ED-C (silica), Fuselex ZA 30, As 1 (silica), CCRIS 2475, DQ12, Agate (SiO2), Celite 545, Fumed synthetic amorphous silica, Silica, crystalline - tridymite, FB 5 (silica), Fuselex RD 120, Corning 7940, Microcrystalline quartz, Synthetic amorphous silica, fumed, Denka F 90, Denka FB 30, Denka FB 44, Denka FB 74, Denka FS 30, Dri-Die 67, Silica gel spherical, 40-75 mum particle size, WGL 300, Cryptocrystalline quartz, FB 20 (silica), Elsil 100, F 44 (filler), D & D, SF 35, Elsil BF 100, F 125 (silica), F 160 (silica), Fuselex RD 40-60, Silica, amorphous, fused, Silica; Silica colloidal anhydrous; Silicium dioxide, EINECS 238-455-4, EINECS 238-878-4, EINECS 239-487-1, 43-63C, HK 400, TGL 16319, Silica, crystalline quartz, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) (vitreous), Silica, amorphous, fumed, cryst.-free, Silica, crystalline, quartz, Silica, crystalline: quartz, tripolite, GP 7I, Precipitated amorphous silica, Chrysoprase, Ronasphere, Silica, crystalline tridymite, Speriglass, Carneol, Citrine, Kieselgel, NaturasilScars, Sandstone, Silica, crystalline - quartz, Silicea, Spherica, AF-SO 25R, Quartz [Silica, crystalline], Siilca, Zorbax, quartz-glass, silica sand, Silicom dioxide, Silica flour (powdered crystalline silica), Silica marina, Silica, crystalline: tridymite, silica-gel, Fused-silica, pyrogenic silica, Silica,fumed, GP 11I, RD 8, silica-, Fine grain sand, QuarZ, Super-cel, Fire Agate, Greensil K, Sea sand, silica gel white, W 006, Silicon di-oxide, Tridymite [Silica, crystalline], Zelec Sil, Chrysolith 6X, CRS 1102RD8, Silica Dispersion, SiO2 Nanopowder, Silica gel G, Silica, crystalline: cristobalite, Silotrat-1, Kieselsaureanhydrid, SiO2 Nanospheres, Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescent indicator 254 nm, Silicea 3X, Silicea 6C, Silicea 6X, Chrysoprase8113, EF 10, Fossil Flour MBK, FS 74, Honest-Paste Kids, MR 84, Quartz 8, Silica, crystalline - cristobalite, Silica Microspheres, Aventurine8101, Cristobalite [Silica, crystalline], Silicea Kit Refill, Sorbosil AC33, Sorbosil AC77, Sorbosil BFG50, Sorbosil TC15, Sand, white quartz, Sandstone8144, Silicea 12X, Silicea 30X, Amorphous silica: Pyrogenic (fumed), EINECS 262-373-8, Silica gel, ASTM, silicon (iv) oxide, Methyl3-oxohexanoate, Siliceous sand, CP, Sorbosil AC 35, Sorbosil AC 37, Sorbosil AC 39, BF 100, EQ 912, Neosil CBT50, Neosil CBT60, Neosil CBT60S, Neosil CBT70, Neosil CT11, Neosil PC10, Neosil PC50S, QG 100, Quartz 30, RD 120, Rose Quartz8142, AEROSIC, Aerosil 130, Aerosil 255, ARSIL, BIOSILICA, Carneol8109, Citrine8114, DALTOSIL, DUROSIL, HAIRBALLS, KOMSIL, MICROSIL, MILOWHITE, MIZUKASIL, NOVAKUP, OSCAL, PHOTOX, PREGEL, REOLOSIL, ROMSIL, SIFLOX, SILEX, SILICAFILM, SILICALITE, Silicea 200C, Silicea 200X, Silicea8012, SILIPUR, SILMOS, SIONOX, SNOWTEX, Sorbpso; BFG10, SYTON, TOSIL, UNISIL, VERTICURINE, ZEOPAN, Fire Agate8116, Tigers Eye8152, NaturasilStretch Marks, Wacker HDK H30, Celite 503, ENTERO TEKNOSAL, Spheron PL-700, AEROSIL PST, CATALOID SA, CATALOID SN, NALCAST PLW, SANTOCEL CS, SNOWTEX OXS, SORBSIL MSG, ADELITE A, ELKEM SAND, FINESIL B, FUJIGEL B, FUSELEX X, GAROSIL GB, GAROSIL N, HIMESIL A, NEOSIL XV, NEOSYL GP, NIPSIL AQ, NIPSIL ER, NIPSIL ES, NIPSIL LP, NIPSIL NA, NIPSIL NS, NIPSIL NST, SANTOCEL Z, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) Powder, SILTON AK, SNOWTEX AK, SNOWTEX C, SNOWTEX N, SNOWTEX OL, TOKUSIL GU, TOKUSIL N, TOKUSIL NR, TOKUSIL P, TOKUSIL U, TOKUSIL UR, VULKASIL C, Wacker HDK T 30, Wacker HDK V 15, LUDOX LS, LUDOX TM, NEOSIL A, Sea sand, acid washed, Silica, fumed, powder, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) (NF), SILTON A, SYTON FM, CRYSTALITE 5V, CRYSTALITE 5X, GLASGRAIN SG-A, IMSIL H, Neosil CL2000, Sand 50-70 mesh, Silica, Anhydrous 31, SILICEA200ck, Spheron N-2000, Spheron P-1500, TOSIL P, Cab-O-Sil EH-5, Cab-O-Sil M-5P, Cab-O-Sil MS55, F 44, NIPSIL VN3LP, Silica gel, large pore, TOKUSIL GU-N, TOKUSIL GV-N, Wacker HDK N 20P, Wacker HDK N 25P, Y 40, KAOWOOL RIGIDIZER, CRYSTALITE FM 1, CRYSTALITE NA 1, HYPERSIL 3, HYPERSIL 5, MSP-X, Silica 6 Special Order, ULTRASIL VN 3SP, Hollow Silica Nanosphere, MIZUKASIL NP 8, MIZUKASIL SK 7, Silicon Oxide Dispersion, Silicon Oxide Nanopowder, CARPLEX FPS 1, CARPLEX FPS 3, NIPSIL VN 3AQ, SI-O-LITE, SILICA [INCI], SUPERNAT 22LS, SYLOID SILICA GEL, ULTRASIL VN 2, CARPLEX CS 5, CRYSTALITE CMC 1, silica (Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)), silica fibers (biogenic), SILICATE [VANDF], Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) (silica), SUPERNAT 50S, TOKUSIL AL 1, Celite (R) 545, MIZUKASIL P 78A, MIZUKASIL P 78F, Silica gel, ACS reagent, Wacker HDK V 15 P, Celite(R) 512 medium, HYPERSIL 10, Kieselguhr, -325 mesh, NIPSIL VN 3, OPRECARE 12, OPRECARE 24, SAND [INCI], SANTOCEL 54, SANTOCEL 62, Silica, 99.8%, SILNEX NP 8, SYLOBLOC 41, SYLOBLOC 44, SYLOBLOC 46, SYLOBLOC 47, TONICPET 12, ADELITE AT 20A, ADELITE AT 20Q, ADELITE AT 30S, CATALOID HS 40, CATALOID SI 40, HARIMIC SWC 05, MIZUKASIL P 78, Quartz 60 Special Order, SBA-15 Molecular Sieve, Silica 30 Special Order, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) Nanopowder, SNOWTEX NCS 30, ADELITE 30, ADELITE AT 30, AEROSIL BS 50, AEROSIL FK 60, AEROSIL OX 50, CARPLEX 67, DSSTox_CID_9677, HISILEX EF 10, Hollow Silica Microspheres, LUDOX 40HS, NIPSIL SS 50A, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) Dispersion, SILTON A 2, SILTON LP 75C, SILTON R 2, SNOWTEX 40, SUPERNAT 250S, TULLANOX A 50, ZEOTHIX 95, ZORBAX PSM 60, Cab-O-Sil LM-130, AEROSIL 130V, AEROSIL 200V, CATALOID SI 350, Epitope ID:158537, FINESIL E 50, FINESIL X 37, MIZUKASIL P 526, MIZUKASIL P 527, MIZUKASIL P 801, MIZUKASIL P 802, NEOSYL 81, NIPSIL SS 10, NIPSIL SS 50, PROTEK-SORB 121, REOLOSIL 202, REOLOSIL QS 102, SIDENT 12, Silica, fumed, hydrophobic, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) Nanospheres, SOLEX (M), SYLODENT 704, SYTON 30X, SYTON W 3, TULLANOX TM 500, ZEOSIL 175MP, ZEOSIL 75, ADELITE AD 321, AEROSIL A 200V, AEROSIL OK 412, AEROSIL TT 600, CAB-O-SIL HS 5, CAB-O-SIL M 5, CAB-O-SIL N 5, LUFILEN E 100, NALCOAG 1034A, Nano Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) Powder, NIPSIL B 220A, NIPSIL E 150J, NIPSIL E 150K, NIPSIL E 150V, NIPSIL E 200A, NIPSIL E 220A, SILCRON G 100, SILCRON G 640, Silica gel 40-60Angstoms, TIX-O-SIL 33J, TIX-O-SIL 38A, AROGEN 500, CAB-O-SIL LM 50, DSSTox_RID_78805, EMSAC 460S, EMSAC 465T, IMSIL A 10, IMSIL A 15, IMSIL A 25, NEOSYL 186, NEOSYL 224, NUCLEOSIL 100-5, QUSO WR 55, QUSO WR 82, silica gel 60g (type60), silica gel 60h (type60), SSA 1, SSK 5, SYTON W 15, SYTON W 30, SYTON X 30, ZEOSYL 100, ZEOSYL 200, CAB-O-SIL MS 75D, CAB-O-SIL N 70TS, CARPLEX 1120, CELATOM(R) FW-60, DSSTox_GSID_29677, FILLITE 52/7, IMSIL A 108H, MIN-U-SIL 15, MIN-U-SIL 30, NALCO 2SS374, NALCO CD 100, NALCOAG 1030, NALCOAG 1050, NALCOAG 1060, NALCOAG 1115, NALCOAG 1129, NALCOAG 1140, NIPSIL E 150, NIPSIL E 200, NIPSIL G 300, NYACOL 2034A, P 2 (SILICA), Pesticide Code 072605, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), acid washed, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), acid-washed, VITASIL 1500, VITASIL 1600, ZEOSYL 1000V, BS 30 (FILLER), BS 50 (SILICA), CAB-M 5, Diatomaceous earth non-washed, EP 10TP, NALFLOC N 1030, SILICA GEL [WHO-DD], Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) [II], Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2), 2080 Dentistry Night Fresh, 92283-58-4, LO-VEL 24, LO-VEL 27, PHYENLIMCIDE TOOTHPASTE, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), Precipitated, EXSIL A 300, F 40 (SILICA), FILLITE 200/7, IATROBEADS 6RS8060, IMSIL A 108, NALCO 1034A, NALCO 84SS258, Silica fibers, 1/4'' long, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) [FCC], Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous, TIX-O-SIL 375, TS 100 (SILICA), ZEOSYL 2000, 2080 Dentistry Night Repair, CATALOID OSCAL 1432, Kieselguhr, calcined, purified, Silica gel, CP, blue, beads, Silica Gel 60-100 MESH, Silica, fused, respirable dust, 25wt% Silicon Oxide in Water, AW Standard Super-Cel(R) NF, B-6C, FK 320DS, HDK-V 15, HSDB 682, IMSIL 1240, INS NO.551, MCM-41, NALCO 1115, NALCO 1129, NALCO 1140, OSCAL 1132, OSCAL 1232, OSCAL 1432, OSCAL 1433, OSCAL 1434, Silica gel, CP, white, beads, Silicates (<1% crystalline silica):Graphite, natural, SIPUR 1500, SYLOID 244 [VANDF], ZEO 49, Hyflo(R) Super-Cel(R), CP, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) (SIO2), Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) [VANDF], CHEMBL3188292, Cinis comp A 21 Special Order, DTXSID1029677, DTXSID6050465, Filter agent, Celite(R) 545, IATROBEADS GRS 80100, Sand, white quartz, CP, beads, silica gel 60gf254(type60), silica gel 60hf254(type60), Silicagel 60A 40-63 micron, SILICONE DIOXIDE [VANDF], B-CEL 300, Quarz cryst., 0.6-1.3 mm, Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size, medium, Silica gel, technical grade, 6-16 mesh, Silicon oxide powder, 99% Nano, 20 nm, SONATURAL ALL KILL BLACKHEAD CLEAR, CAS-7631-86-9, Silica gel desiccant, -3+8 mesh granules, Silica gel, 12-24 mesh (liquid drying), Silica gel, for column chromatography, 60, Celite(R) 281, filter aid, flux calcined, Celite(R) S, filter aid, dried, untreated, Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh, HY-154739, Silica gel desiccant, -6+12 mesh granules, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), purum p.a., acid purified, White Silica Gel Beads, 3 mm (2-5 mm), CS-0694521, Dr. Zenni GGOGGOMA ToothpasteVanilla flavor, F 307, FT-0624621, FT-0645127, FT-0689145, FT-0689270, FT-0696592, FT-0696603, FT-0697331, FT-0697389, FT-0700917, S0822, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 220-440 mesh particle size, 35-75 mum particle size, for flash chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, for flash chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 5-25 mum particle size, without binder, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum, for column chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, with ~13% calcium sulfate, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, with ~15% calcium sulfate and fluorescent indicator, GF254, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 2.2 micron APS, 80 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 470m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 120 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 70 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 500m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC/UHPLC grade, spherical, 1.6 micron APS, 110 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 20 micron APS, 150 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 270m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g, Silica gel, technical grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), 60??, 230-400 mesh particle size, Ca 0.1-0.3 %, Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder & fluorescent indicator,12 Micron APS,S.A. 500-600m2/g,60A,pH 6.5-7.5, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder, 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6-7, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, without binder, with fluorescent indic., 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6.5-7.5, Silica gel, TLC high-purity grade, 5-25 mum, pore size 60 ??, with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, 99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,42 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 45 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether).

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), is an anti-caking substance, used for clarification and stabilisation.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is the chemical formula of a group of inorganic polymers where each silicon atom is surrounded by 4 tetrahedrally arranged oxygen atoms.

The average stoichiometric composition of the compound is SiO2.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is found in nature in three forms: crystalline, polymorphic and various amorphous or microcrystalline forms.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is obtained by acidifying a solution of sodium silicate in water.

Unstable silicic acid is formed, which on removal of water forms a colloidal solution from which hydrated SiO2 precipitates.
The substance occurs as translucent granules or as a powder with a porous surface and pores of various sizes.
After drying Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) contains 4% water.

The adsorption capacity of silica gel varies according to how the gel is obtained, according to the concentration of the solution from which it was precipitated or according to the reaction temperature or pH of the wash water.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is considered safe for consumption in regulated amounts.
It's important to note that Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is a naturally occurring compound and is found in many forms, including as quartz, sand, and certain types of rocks.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.
Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as a synthetic product.

Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, and aerogels.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in structural materials, microelectronics, and components in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), also known as silica or SiO2, is a naturally occurring compound.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)'s made of silicon and oxygen.
Both elements are abundant on our planet.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is an amorphous substance, produced either synthetically or by a vapour-phase hydrolysis process, yielding pyrogenic silica.

The dry process produces silica precipitate, silica gel or hydrated silica.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is mainly obtained in the anhydrous state, while the other products in the wet process are obtained as hydrates or contain water absorbed at the surface.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), or silica, is a combination of silicon and oxygen, two very abundant, naturally occurring materials.

There are many forms of silica.
They all have the same makeup but may have a different name, depending on how the particles arrange themselves.
In general, there are two groups of silica: crystalline silica and amorphous silica.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is found naturally in the ground and in our bodies.
There isn’t evidence that it’s dangerous to ingest it through food, but inhaling its dust particles could lead to lung problems.
Silica is a common additive in food production (E551), where it is used primarily as a flow agent in powdered foods, or to adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is the primary component of diatomaceous earth.
Colloidal silica is also used as a wine, beer, and juice fining agent.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), also known as silica, is a natural compound made of two of the earth’s most abundant materials: silicon (Si) and oxygen (O2).
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is most often recognized in the form of quartz.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s found naturally in water, plants, animals, and the earth.

The earth’s crust is 59 percent silica.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) makes up more than 95 percent of known rocks on the planet.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s even found naturally in the tissues of the human body.

Though it’s unclear what role it plays, it’s thought to be an essential nutrient our bodies need.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is primarily used as an anti-caking agent to prevent the clumping or sticking together of particles in powdered or granulated food products.
This helps maintain the free-flowing nature of these products.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is naturally present in many food items, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and certain beverages.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is a common component of the Earth's crust and is found in various forms, such as sand and quartz.
In the food industry, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) may be used in different physical forms, including amorphous (non-crystalline) and crystalline.

The choice of form depends on its intended use and the properties required in the final food product.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) has been evaluated by food safety authorities, and it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with approved limits.
Regulatory bodies set specific limits on the amount of E551 that can be added to food products.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) has various industrial applications beyond the food industry.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and as a desiccant (moisture-absorbing agent).
Additionally, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) finds applications in the production of glass, ceramics, and as a carrier for certain flavors or active ingredients.

Particle size can influence the performance of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) in terms of its anti-caking properties and other functionalities.
In pharmaceutical products, silica aids powder flow when tablets are formed. In cosmetics, it's useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency.
Hydrated silica is used in toothpaste as a hard abrasive to remove tooth plaque.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) works as an anti-caking agent, and manufacturers add small amounts to some foods, cosmetics, and more to prevent products from clumping and binding together.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is mostly obtained by mining, including sand mining and purification of quartz.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), also known as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), is widely used in food products as a thickener, anticaking agent, and carrier for fragrances and flavors.

Derived from naturally occurring quartz, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is the most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s also naturally found in water and plant-based foods, especially cereals like oats, barley and rice.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) should not be confused with silicone, a plastic material that contains silicon and other chemicals used to make breast implants, medical tubing and other medical devices.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is a compound that’s naturally found in the earth’s crust in a crystalline state.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can be obtained from mining and purifying quart.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is also found in some organisms and animals, the human body (it’s a component of human ligaments, cartilage and musculature), plus some plants (especially grains) and in drinking water.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s created in labs and used as a common food additive, found in things like baking ingredients, protein powders and dried spices.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) has a variety of uses in industries ranging from food and cosmetics to construction and electronics.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is a food additive authorized as an anti-caking agent.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)'s a nanomaterial, like titanium dioxide dye (E171), which EFSA has recently re-evaluated for toxicity.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) goes by the common name silica.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s also sometimes referred to as silicic anhydride or silicate.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) comes in several forms, depending on how it’s manufactured, including:
Crystalline silica, which is usually obtained from mining quartz.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) actually comprises a high percentage of the Earth’s crust, so this type is widely available.

This isn’t the form used in foods and can be problematic when inhaled over long periods of time.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), found in the earth’s sediments and rocks.
This also forms diatomite, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) or diatomaceous earth, which is made from deposits that accumulate over time in the sediment of rivers, streams, lakes and oceans.

This is the type most often used as an anti-caking agent to keep powdered foods free-flowing and to prevent moisture absorption.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), which is used in tablet-making.
This type is found in supplements because it has anti-caking, adsorbent, disintegrant and glidant effects.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is the most abundant mineral on earth and can be found naturally in many plants.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is synthetically obtained from a vapor-phase hydrolysis reaction producing fumed silica.
Another process to obtain synthetic Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is through a wet process to form hydrous silica.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), is a colorless crystalline substance with a high level of hardness and strength.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) does not react with water and is resistant to acids.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is generally insoluble in water and organic solvents.

This insolubility is one of the reasons Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as an anti-caking agent, as it remains in its particulate form, preventing the formation of clumps in dry products.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is chemically inert, meaning it does not react with other substances in the food.
This makes it suitable for use in a wide range of products without affecting the taste or chemical composition of the food.

Some forms of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) may exist in hydrated or colloidal forms.
These hydrated forms may have specific applications in different industries, including food and beverages.
In some cases, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) may be used in combination with other anti-caking agents or additives to achieve synergistic effects, enhancing the overall anti-caking performance.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in pharmaceutical formulations as a flow agent and to improve the compressibility of certain drugs during tablet manufacturing.
In food products, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is often listed on ingredient labels as "silica" or "Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)."
The specific particle size and form may also be indicated, especially in cases where different forms are available for specific applications.

Ongoing research in materials science and nanotechnology may lead to the development of new forms or applications of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), both in the food industry and other sectors.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is artificially produced amorphous Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), also known as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS).
Over the decades, two production methods (wet chemical and pyrogenic) have become established, for which the resulting E 551 products are chemically identical.

The food additive is available for downstream processing as a powder or a granulate.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is important to note here that E 551 is not what is known as colloidal silica, which is a liquid with extremely finely divided nanoparticles.
In the majority of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)s, the silicon atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom (see 3-D Unit Cell).

Thus, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) forms 3-dimensional network solids in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms.
In contrast, CO2 is a linear molecule.
The starkly different structures of the dioxides of carbon and silicon are a manifestation of the double bond rule.

Based on the crystal structural differences, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can be divided into two categories: crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous).
In the form of crystalline, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can be found naturally occurring as quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, stishovite, and coesite.
On the other hand, amorphous silica can be found in nature as opal, infusorial earth and diatomaceous earth.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) glass is the form of intermediate state between this structure.
All of this distinct crystalline forms always have the same local structure around Si and O.
In α-quartz the Si–O bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154–171 pm.

The Si–O–Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite. In α-quartz, the Si–O–Si angle is 144°.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as a defoamer component.
In its capacity as a refractory, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is useful in fiber form as a high-temperature thermal protection fabric.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in the extraction of DNA and RNA due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of chaotropes.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) was used in the Stardust spacecraft to collect extraterrestrial particles.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fibre for fibreglass.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is a relatively inert material (hence its widespread occurrence as a mineral).
Silica is often used as inert containers for chemical reactions.
At high temperatures, it is converted to silicon by reduction with carbon.

Fluorine reacts with Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) to form SiF4 and O2 whereas the other halogen gases (Cl2, Br2, I2) are unreactive.
Most forms of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) are attacked ("etched") by hydrofluoric acid (HF) to produce hexafluorosilicic acid:
SiO2 + 6 HF → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O

Stishovite does not react to HF to any significant degree.
HF is used to remove or pattern Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) in the semiconductor industry.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) acts as a Lux–Flood acid, being able to react with bases under certain conditions.

As it does not contain any hydrogen, non-hydrated silica cannot directly act as a Brønsted–Lowry acid.
While Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is only poorly soluble in water at low or neutral pH (typically, 2 × 10−4 M for quartz up to 10−3 M for cryptocrystalline chalcedony), strong bases react with glass and easily dissolve it.
Therefore, strong bases have to be stored in plastic bottles to avoid jamming the bottle cap, to preserve the integrity of the recipient, and to avoid undesirable contamination by silicate anions.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) reacts in heated reflux under dinitrogen with ethylene glycol and an alkali metal base to produce highly reactive, pentacoordinate silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds.
The silicates are essentially insoluble in all polar solvent except methanol.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is currently regarded as a safe food additive when used following the appropriate levels to obtain the desired effect on the food product, and never exceeding the 2% limit.

However, authorities in the EU are reviewing potential hazardous effects of its nanoparticles.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), also known as silica, silicic acid or silicic acid anydride is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.

Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as synthetic product.
Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, and aerogels.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in structural materials, microelectronics -as an electrical insulator-, and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica is toxic and can lead to severe inflammation of the lung tissue, silicosis, bronchitis, lung cancer, and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Uptake of amorphous Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.
Sinofi is a leading Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) supplier and manufacturer in China.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)hydrofluoric.
Sinofi is a reliable Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) supplier and manufacturer in China.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is commonly manufactured through the high-temperature melting and cooling of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)-rich rocks or minerals, such as quartz or sand.

In the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries, the typical manufacture of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) occurs via a synthetic process, creating the compound from silica gel or sodium silicate.
These processes vary based on the final application for Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent).
For example, in the food and beverage industry, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) may undergo additional processing to ensure it meets regulatory requirements for safety and purity.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) also known as silica, is a natural compound made of two of the earth’s most abundant materials: silicon (Si) and oxygen [O2].
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is most often recognized in the form of quartz.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s found naturally in water, plants, animals, and the earth.

The earth’s crust is 59% silica. It makes up more than 95 percent of known rocks on the planet.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) in the form of sand that gets between toes.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s even found naturally in the tissues of the human body.

Though it’s unclear what role it plays, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s thought to be an essential nutrient our bodies need.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is also added to many foods and supplements.
As a food additive, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) serves as an anti-caking agent to avoid clumping.

In supplements, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)'s used to prevent the various powdered ingredients from sticking together.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) and Hydrated Silica are used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products including bath products, eye makeup, hair care products, makeup, nail care products, oral hygiene products and skin care products.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), is one of the most abundant materials on earth, available as White powder.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is widely used as flow agent in powdered foods and fining agent in wine, beer, and juice.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E551.
As a professional supplier and manufacturer of food additives, Foodchem International Corporation has been supplying quality Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) to customers all over the world for over 10 years.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is the most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust, because sand is composed of silica.
This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, commonly found in nature as quartz.

In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is abundant as it comprises several minerals and synthetic products.
All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.

In the context of food, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)'s commonly used as an anti-caking agent, where it helps prevent the formation of lumps or clumps in powdered or granulated food products.
This property makes Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) useful in various food items such as salt, spices, and powdered drink mixes.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) occurs almost everywhere on earth.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.

Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
refractive index: 1.46
Flash point: 2230°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid. It dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific Gravity: 2.2
color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8493
Exposure limits NIOSH: IDLH 3000 mg/m3; TWA 6 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is the most stable form of solid SiO2 at room temperature.
The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent).
The transformation from α-quartz to beta-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C.

Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit.
The high-pressure minerals, seifertite, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent).
Stishovite has a rutile-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate.

The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm3, which compares to Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm3.
The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest Si–O bond lengths in stishovite (four Si–O bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the Si–O bond length (161 pm) in Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent).
The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the Si–O bond.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), another polymorph, is obtained by the dealumination of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y zeolite with combined acid and thermal treatment.
The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high crystallinity and specific surface area (over 800 m2/g).
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) has very high thermal and acid stability.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or crystallinity even after boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Molten Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid water: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is density decreases from 2.08 g/cm3 at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm3 at 2200 °C.

Even though it is poorly soluble, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) occurs in many plants such as rice.
Plant materials with high Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) phytolith content appear to be of importance to grazing animals, from chewing insects to ungulates.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) accelerates tooth wear, and high levels of silica in plants frequently eaten by herbivores may have developed as a defense mechanism against predation.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is commonly used in the cosmetic and personal care industry.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can be found in products such as toothpaste, skin creams, and powders.
In cosmetics, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is often used as an abrasive agent in toothpaste or as a thickening agent in lotions and creams.

Apart from its use in tablet manufacturing, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is also employed in pharmaceuticals as a desiccant.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) helps in preserving the quality of medications by preventing moisture absorption, which can degrade the stability of certain drugs.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), particularly in mesoporous forms like SBA-15, is used as a support material for catalysts in various chemical processes.

The high surface area and well-defined pores of SBA-15 make it suitable for catalytic applications.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) nanoparticles, especially in the nanometer range, have gained attention in materials science.
They are explored for applications in nanocomposites, sensors, and as carriers for drug delivery due to their unique properties at the nanoscale.

Single crystal substrates of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) are used in optics and electronics.
These substrates provide a high-quality surface for the deposition of other materials, making them essential in the production of various electronic devices.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) sols, prepared using the sol-gel process, have applications in coatings, films, and as a precursor for glass and ceramics.

The sol-gel process allows for the formation of thin films with controlled properties.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), due to its absorbent properties, is used in industrial applications for drying gases and liquids.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is employed in systems where the removal of moisture is crucial for maintaining the efficiency and integrity of processes.

Ongoing research in nanotechnology involves exploring new forms and applications of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) nanoparticles for their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is also the primary component of rice husk ash, which is used, for example, in filtration and as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in cement and concrete manufacturing.
For well over a 1000 million years, silicification in and by cells has been common in the biological world.

In the modern world, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) occurs in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates).
Tests or frustules (i.e. shells) of diatoms, Radiolaria, and testate amoebae.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) in the cells of many plants, including Equisetaceae, practically all grasses, and a wide range of dicotyledons.

The spicules forming the skeleton of many sponges.
Crystalline minerals formed in the physiological environment often show exceptional physical properties (e.g., strength, hardness, fracture toughness) and tend to form hierarchical structures that exhibit microstructural order over a range of scales.
The minerals are crystallized from an environment that is undersaturated concerning Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), and under conditions of neutral pH and low temperature (0–40 °C).

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is the primary ingredient in the production of most glass.
As other minerals are melted with Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), the principle of freezing point depression lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity.
The glass transition temperature of pure SiO2 is about 1475 K.

When molten Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) SiO2 is rapidly cooled, it does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass.
Because of this, most ceramic glazes have silica as the main ingredient.
The structural geometry of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centres.

The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the tetrahedral units: Although there is no long-range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length.
One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.
The majority of optical fibers for telecommunication are also made from silica.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
The solubility of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) in water strongly depends on its crystalline form and is three to four times higher for silica than quartz; as a function of temperature, it peaks around 340 °C (644 °F).
This property is used to grow single crystals of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) in a hydrothermal process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel that is cooler at the top.

These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications.
Above the critical temperature of water 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and a pressure of 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi) or higher, water is a supercritical fluid and solubility is once again higher than at lower temperatures.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is an occupational hazard for people who do sandblasting or work with products that contain powdered crystalline silica.

Amorphous Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases but is not associated with the development of silicosis.
Children, asthmatics of any age, those with allergies, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced lung capacity) can be affected in less time.
In the food and beverage industry, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is an anti-caking agent preventing powders and granulated products from clumping.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is also a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in products like salad dressings, sauces, and soft drinks.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is approved as a food additive in the UK by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and is considered safe for human consumption.
For Pharmaceutical Industry applications, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is an excipient (binds active ingredients) in medications.

Additionally, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as a desiccant to absorb moisture and prevent spoilage in medications and dietary supplements.
The use of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) in pharmaceuticals is regulated in the UK and must meet certain quality and safety standards.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is also used in cosmetic products in the UK as an abrasive in toothpaste and exfoliating scrubs, as well as a thickener and anti-caking agent.

Industrial applications use Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) as a reinforcing filler in rubber and plastic products and a polishing agent in the production of glass and ceramics.
Amorphous non-porous Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in the food industry as an auxiliary substance E551, which prevents caking and clumping, in parapharmaceuticals (toothpastes), in the pharmaceutical industry as an auxiliary substance (included in most pharmacopoeias), to stabilize suspensions and liniments, as a thickener for ointments bases, fillers for tablets and suppositories.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is part of the composition of filling materials, reduces the hygroscopicity of dry extracts, slows down the release of biologically active substances from various dosage forms; as food additives and sorbents, as well as matrices for creating dosage forms with desired properties - since there is no crystal structure (amorphene), and also as a food additive or drug as an enterosorbent Polysorb MP with a wide range of applications, taking into account high specific sorption surface (in the range of 300-400 m²) per 1 g of the basic substance.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) E551 can be used as flow agent in food such as in cheese, fat spreads, confectionery, dried vegetables.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) E551 maintain the strength and density of bones, thus reducing the risk of diseases like arthritis and osteoarthritis in pharmaceutical.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is obtained like silica gel by acidifying an aqueous solution of sodium silicate.
Precipitated silica is used as filler in rubber for automobile tires and reinforcement particulate in elastomers, and as a flatting agent in paints and coatings for improving the flatness of coatings.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water.
The impurities remain behind.
Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water [Phelan & Powell Analyst 109 1299 1984].

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), amorphous is a noncombustible solid.
Generally unreactive chemically.
Incompatible with fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride.

Soluble in molten alkalis and reacts with most metallic oxides at high temperature.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is found in plants and drinking water, it is safe.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is known that the silicon we consume through diet does not accumulate in the body, it is eliminated by the kidneys.

There is no evidence so far that the additive Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) used in current quantities in the food and pharmaceutical industry is toxic.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) occurs widely in nature. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) give an idea to just how common this compound is.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is easiest to recognize by its common name, quartz, which makes up about 12% of the earth’s crust.
However, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) also occurs naturally in everything from water and plants to animals.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) sand covers many beaches, and it makes up most of the rocks on earth.
In fact, silica-containing minerals or silica itself make up more than 95% of the earth’s crust.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is also added to many foods and supplements.

As a food additive, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) serves as an anticaking agent to avoid clumping.
In supplements, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s used to prevent the various powdered ingredients from sticking together.
As with many food additives, consumers often have concerns about Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) as an additive. However, numerous studies suggest there’s no cause for these concerns.

Uses:
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production.
In the construction industry, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can be used as an additive in concrete to improve its strength and durability.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is sometimes used in water treatment processes for the removal of impurities.

In chromatography, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is commonly used as a stationary phase for separating and purifying chemical compounds.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) gel with specific particle sizes and binders is used in TLC for separating and analyzing mixtures.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) gel with defined pore sizes and particle sizes is employed in flash chromatography for rapid separation of compounds.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)-grade silica gel in spherical form is utilized as a stationary phase in HPLC columns for high-resolution liquid chromatography.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) gel with larger particle sizes is used in preparative chromatography for the purification of larger quantities of compounds.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is commonly found in desiccant packs used to absorb moisture in packaging for products like electronics, leather goods, and food.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), with well-defined pore sizes, is employed in catalysts, adsorbents, and in various applications in materials science.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) nanoparticles find applications in targeted drug delivery, imaging agents, and as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in optical coatings, providing anti-reflective properties and enhancing the performance of lenses and mirrors.

As a reinforcing filler in rubber and plastic industries, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) improves the mechanical properties and durability of the materials.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) nanoparticles are researched for potential applications in enhanced oil recovery and as additives for drilling fluids.
Silica nanoparticles are used in paints and coatings to enhance scratch resistance, durability, and provide a smoother finish.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as a thickening agent in adhesives and sealants, improving their viscosity and performance.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as an abrasive in various applications, including in the polishing of lenses, glass, and other surfaces.
Silica nanoparticles are explored for applications in imaging, diagnostics, and drug delivery in the biomedical field.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can be used in water purification processes to remove impurities and contaminants.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)-based materials are studied for potential use in fuel processing and fuel cell technologies.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used primarily as a flow or anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Colloidal silica is used as a fining agent for wine, beer, and juice, with the E number reference Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent).
In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties[33] and natural absorbency.

Diatomaceous earth, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) consists of the silica shells of microscopic diatoms; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder".
Manufactured or mined hydrated silica is used as the hard abrasive in toothpaste.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) exist as white, fluffy powders that are produced through a wet process, yielding silica or silica gel, or a thermal route, yielding pyrogenic (fumed) silica.
In powdered foods, the silica clings to the particles of the foods and prevents them from clumping.
This allows powdery products to remain free-flowing, and other products easy to separate.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) also functions as a defoaming agent, carrier, conditioning agent, chillproofing agent in malt beverages (like beer) and filter aid.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s also used to manufacture materials such as adhesives and paper for food-packaging materials.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in permitted finished products, taking into account the relevant limitations, in accordance with the regulations in the Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Food Additives and vertical communiqués.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is commonly used as an anti-caking agent in food products.
The morphology and the dimension of the added silica particles are not, however, usually stated on the food product label.
The food industry has adapted nanotechnology using engineered nanoparticles to improve the quality of their product.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) E551 can be used in Food, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Health & Personal care products, Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as a flow agent in powdered foods, or to absorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is often used in cheese, fat spreads, confectionery, dried vegetables, etc.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) E551 is a dioxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as a anti-caking agent, carrier, and dispersant that can absorb 120% of its weight and remain a free flowing substance.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in a wide variety of products such as salt, flour, powdered soups, coffee, vanilla powder, baking powder, dried egg yolk, and tortilla chips.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered and granulated foods, preventing clumping and improving flowability.
In pharmaceuticals, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is often used as a glidant or flow agent in the manufacturing of tablets.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) helps in the uniform distribution of ingredients and improves the flow of the powder.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can be used as a thickening agent in lotions, creams, and powders in the cosmetic industry.
In toothpaste, it serves as an abrasive agent for cleaning teeth.
Mesoporous forms of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), such as SBA-15, are used as support materials for catalysts in various chemical processes.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) nanoparticles find applications in nanocomposites, sensors, and drug delivery systems due to their unique properties at the nanoscale.
Single Crystal Substrates: Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) single crystal substrates are used in electronics and optics as a high-quality surface for depositing other materials in the production of electronic devices.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as a desiccant to absorb moisture, preserving the quality and stability of pharmaceuticals and certain food products.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) sols, prepared through the sol-gel process, are used in coatings, films, and as precursors for glass and ceramics.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is employed in various industrial processes for drying gases and liquids due to its absorbent properties.
Ongoing research explores new forms and applications of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) nanoparticles in areas such as electronics, optics, and materials science.

Silica is also known as Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent).
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can also function as an abrasive.

In addition, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
Spherical silica is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
Functionalized RAFT agent for controlled radical polymerization; especially suited for the polymerization of styrene; acrylate and acrylamide monomers.

Azide group can be used to conjugate to a variety of alkyne-functionalized biomolecules.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.

They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.
They are relatively expensive.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.

Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)s are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.

Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) comes from the fact that it is an absorbent with a high capacity to retain vapours, gases or even various impurities present in some food products.
For example, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used in beer because it absorbs the high molecular proteins responsible for clouding the finished product.
This treatment does not affect foam stability, colour or taste of the product.

The additive is also used in some food products as a carrier for colours and antifoams as well as a drying agent.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is used as an anti-caking agent to avoid lumps.
In dietary supplements, this additive is used to prevent various ingredients from sticking together in powder form.

Manufacturers use silica to make everything from glass to cement, but it also has a use in the food industry as an additive and anticaking agent.
This type of food additive prevents foods from caking or sticking together in clumps.
This may help ensure a Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent)’s shelf life, protect against the effects of moisture, and keep powdered ingredients from sticking together and helping them flow smoothly.

About 95% of the commercial use of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (Portland cement concrete).
Certain deposits of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable clay and other mineral content, were important for sand casting of metallic products.
The high melting point of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) enables it to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons.

Safety Profile:
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) in normal doses, such as the small amounts that manufacturers put in food products to prevent caking.
The pure unaltered form is considered a nuisance dust.
Some deposits contain small amounts of crystahne quartz and are therefore fibrogenic.

When diatomaceous earth is calcined (with or without fluxing agents) some sdica is converted to cristobalite and is therefore fibrogenic.
Tridymite has never been detected in calcined batomaceous earth.
Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg).

A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia.
An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a decreased risk of dementia of 11%.
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or lung cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities.

When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), it increases the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis compared to expected rates in the general population.
Diatomaceous earth is used as a filtering agent and as a filler in construction materials, pesticides, paints, and varnishes.
The calcined version (which has been heat treated) is the most dangerous and contains crystallized silica, and should be handled as silica.

Side effects and risks of Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent):
Some researchers have called for further investigation into the types of silica that find their way into food products.

These include nanoparticles, which are silica particles that are much smaller than most of the particles that occur in nature.
The concern is that these tiny particles could reach different areas of the body and even get into the cells themselves.
Many food additives tend to raise concerns from people who want to be aware of what they are eating, and Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is no different.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica can lead to severe inflammation of the lung tissue, silicosis, bronchitis, lung cancer, and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Inhalation of amorphous Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent), in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.
While the name may seem unfamiliar, Silicon Dioxide (anticaking agent) is a natural compound. Many studies suggest that there is no cause for concern when people are consuming Silicon



SILICON DIOXIDE (E551)
Silicon Dioxide (E551) occurs almost everywhere on earth.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.

CAS: 7631-86-9
MF: O2Si
MW: 60.08
EINECS: 231-545-4

Synonyms
SILICA GEL 60 PF254 FOR PREPARATIVE LAYE;LICHROSORB SI 100 (10 MYM) 10 G;TLC-SILICA GEL 60 GF254 MEAN PARTICLE SI;LICHROSORB SI 100 (10 MYM) 100 G;SEA SAND EXTRA PURE 5 KG;SILICA GEL 60 GF254 FOR THIN-LAYER CHROM;SILICA GEL 60 PF254 + 366 FOR PREPARATIV;SEA SAND EXTRA PURE 25 KG
SILICON DIOXIDE;Silica;Dioxosilane;Quartz;7631-86-9;Silica gel;Cristobalite;Silicic anhydride;Tridymite;14808-60-7;Sand;112945-52-5;61790-53-2;112926-00-8;KIESELGUHR;Diatomaceous silica;Wessalon;Aerosil;Silicon(IV) oxide;Zorbax sil;60676-86-0;Silica, amorphous;14464-46-1;Dicalite;Ludox;Nyacol;Amorphous silica;QUARTZ (SIO2);Cristobalite (SiO2);Cab-O-sil;Sillikolloid;Extrusil;Santocel;Sipernat;Superfloss;Acticel;Carplex;Neosil;Neosyl;Porasil;Silikil;Siloxid;Zipax;Aerosil-degussa;Silicon oxide;Aerosil 380;Synthetic amorphous silica;Quartz sand;Rose quartz;Silica particles;91053-39-3;Cab-o-sil M-5;Silica, fumed;Snowtex O;Silica, colloidal;Tokusil TPLM;Dri-Die;SILICA, VITREOUS;Manosil vn 3;Colloidal silicon dioxide;Ultrasil VH 3;Ultrasil VN 3;Aerosil bs-50;Carplex 30;Carplex 80;Snowtex 30;Zeofree 80;Aerosil K 7;Cabosil N 5;Syton 2X;Amorphous silica gel;Positive sol 232;Siliziumdioxid;Aerogel 200;Aerosil 300;Chalcedony;Diatomite;Ludox hs 40;Silanox 101;Silica (SiO2);Vitasil 220;Agate;Positive sol 130M;Silica vitreous;Silicon dioxide (amorphous);Aerosil A 300;Aerosil E 300;Aerosil M-300;colloidal silica;Fused silica;Quartz glass;Silica slurry;Silicon dioxide, fumed;Silicone dioxide;68855-54-9;Nalfloc N 1050;Quso 51;Silica, amorphous fused;Nalco 1050;Quso G 30;Hydrophobic silica 2482;Kieselsaeureanhydrid;Min-U-Sil;15468-32-3;SiO2;CCRIS 3699;Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles;Silica aerogel;(SiO2)n;UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4;ETJ7Z6XBU4;Silicon Dioxide, Amorphous;Silica 2482, hydrophobic;Silicon dioxide, chemically prepared;EINECS 231-545-4;CAB-O-SIL N-70TS;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605;CI 7811;Aerosil 200;99439-28-8

Silicon Dioxide (E551) exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.
A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
The additive Silicon Dioxide (E551), silicon dioxide, is an anti-caking substance, used for clarification and stabilisation.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is the chemical formula of a group of inorganic polymers where each silicon atom is surrounded by 4 tetrahedrally arranged oxygen atoms.
The average stoichiometric composition of the compound is SiO2.

Silicon Dioxide (E551) is obtained by acidifying a solution of sodium silicate in water.
Unstable silicic acid is formed, which on removal of water forms a colloidal solution from which hydrated SiO2 precipitates.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) occurs as translucent granules or as a powder with a porous surface and pores of various sizes.
After drying Silicon Dioxide (E551) contains 4% water.
The adsorption capacity of silica gel varies according to how the gel is obtained, according to the concentration of the solution from which Silicon Dioxide (E551) was precipitated or according to the reaction temperature or pH of the wash water.

The need to use silicon dioxide comes from the fact that Silicon Dioxide (E551) is an absorbent with a high capacity to retain vapours, gases or even various impurities present in some food products.
For example, Silicon Dioxide (E551) is used in beer because it absorbs the high molecular proteins responsible for clouding the finished product.
This treatment does not affect foam stability, colour or taste of the product.
The additive is also used in some food products as a carrier for colours and antifoams as well as a drying agent.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is used as an anti-caking agent to avoid lumps.
In dietary supplements, this additive is used to prevent various ingredients from sticking together in powder form.

Silicon Dioxide (E551), also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, commonly found in nature as quartz.
In many parts of the world, Silicon Dioxide (E551) is the major constituent of sand.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is abundant as it comprises several minerals and synthetic products.
All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is a common fundamental constituent of glass.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is a compound that is also known as silica.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is the most common and abundant mineral in the earth's crust, making up about 27% of it by weight.

Silicon Dioxide (E551) has thermodynamic properties that are similar to those of glass, and can be used as an additive to glass to reduce its tendency to break.
In vitro assays have shown that Silicon Dioxide (E551) inhibits the growth of human cancer cells without damaging normal cells.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) has been shown to have antioxidant properties and may help combat autoimmune diseases by reducing oxidative stress.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) also has high values for water vapor permeability and redox potential, which make it useful in gas-sensing applications.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is often used in ceramic glazes and varnishes due to its durability, chemical inertness, thermal stability, electrical insulation properties, and low cost.

Silicon Dioxide (E551) Chemical Properties
Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
Refractive index: 1.46
Fp: 2230°C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid. It dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
Form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific Gravity: 2.2
Color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Resistivity: 1∞10*20 (ρ/μΩ.cm)
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Crystal Structure: Trigonal
Merck: 14,8493
Exposure limits NIOSH: IDLH 3000 mg/m3; TWA 6 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
CAS DataBase Reference: 7631-86-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Silicon Dioxide (E551)(7631-86-9)
IARC: 3 (Vol. Sup 7, 68) 1997
EPA Substance Registry System: Silicon Dioxide (E551) (7631-86-9)

Silicon Dioxide (E551) is a transparent to gray, odorless amorphous powder.
Amorphous silica, the noncrystalline form of SiO2, is a transparent to gray, odorless, amorphous powder.

Physical properties
Colorless amorphous (i.e., fused silica) or crystalline (i.e., quartz) material having a low thermal expansion coefficient and excellent optical transmittance in far UV.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is insoluble in strong mineral acids and alkalis except HF, concentrated H3PO4, NH4 HF2 , concentrated alkali metal hydroxides.
Owing to Silicon Dioxide (E551)'s good corrosion resistance to liquid metals such as Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Ga, In, Tl, Rb, Bi, and Cd, it is used as crucible container for melting these metals, while silica is readily attacked in an inert atmosphere by molten metals such as Li, Na, K Mg, and Al.
Quartz crystals are piezoelectric and pyroelectric.
Maximum service temperature 1090°C.

Structure
In the majority of silicon dioxides, the silicon atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom (see 3-D Unit Cell).
Thus, SiO2 forms 3-dimensional network solids in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms.
In contrast, CO2 is a linear molecule.
The starkly different structures of the dioxides of carbon and silicon are a manifestation of the double bond rule.

Based on the crystal structural differences, silicon dioxide can be divided into two categories: crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous).
In the form of crystalline, Silicon Dioxide (E551) can be found naturally occurring as quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, stishovite, and coesite.
On the other hand, amorphous silica can be found in nature as opal, infusorial earth and diatomaceous earth.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is the form of intermediate state between this structure.

All of this distinct crystalline forms always have the same local structure around Si and O.
In α-quartz the Si–O bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154–171 pm.
The Si–O–Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite.
In α-quartz, the Si–O–Si angle is 144°.

Uses
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is also known as silicone dioxide.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) can also function as an abrasive.
In addition, Silicon Dioxide (E551) can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.

Silicon Dioxide (E551) has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
Functionalized RAFT agent for controlled radical polymerization; especially suited for the polymerization of styrene; acrylate and acrylamide monomers.
Azide group can be used to conjugate to a variety of alkyne-functionalized biomolecules.
SDS mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates consisting chiefly of sodium lauryl sulfate
Silica (SiO2) (RI: 1.48) is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.
They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.
They are relatively expensive.
Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.

Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic silicon dioxides are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.
manufacture of glass, water glass, refractories, abrasives, ceramics, enamels; decolorizing and purifying oils, petroleum products, etc.; in scouring- and grinding-compounds, ferrosilicon, molds for castings; as anticaking and defoaming agent.

Silicon Dioxide (E551) is used as a dehumidifying desiccant, a dehydrating agent, a moisture barrier, and an air humidity regulator.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is also used for the drying of gases.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is also used as a catalyst and a cutting body of a catalyst, a reinforcing agent for silicone rubber, and a sizing agent used in the textile industry.
A masking film and a protective layer for impurity diffusion in transistors and integrated circuits.
As a filler used in epoxy casting, optical fibers, coatings and other fields.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) can also be used in the manufacture of glass, emission spectrum analysis reagent, and the control of antimony concentration in the production of antimony in solid state circuit.

Agricultural Uses
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is silicon dioxide, one of the most abundant materials on the earth's crust.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is an example of silica.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is used as a filler in fertilizers, and also, in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, abrasives, rubber and cosmetics.

Structural use
About 95% of the commercial use of Silicon Dioxide (E551) occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (Portland cement concrete).
Certain deposits of Silicon Dioxide (E551), with desirable particle size and shape and desirable clay and other mineral content, were important for sand casting of metallic products.
The high melting point of silica enables Silicon Dioxide (E551) to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is used in hydraulic fracturing of formations which contain tight oil and shale gas.

Food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications
Silicon Dioxide (E551), either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is used primarily as a flow or anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) can adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is used as a fining agent for wine, beer, and juice, with the E number reference E551.
In cosmetics, silica is useful for Silicon Dioxide (E551)'s light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency.
Diatomaceous earth, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) consists of the silica shells of microscopic diatoms; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder".
Manufactured or mined hydrated silica is used as the hard abrasive in toothpaste.

Water solubility
The solubility of silicon dioxide in water strongly depends on its crystalline form and is three to four times higher for silica than quartz; as a function of temperature, it peaks around 340 °C (644 °F).
This property is used to grow single crystals of quartz in a hydrothermal process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel that is cooler at the top.
Crystals of 0.5–1 kg can be grown for 1–2 months.
These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications.
Above the critical temperature of water 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and a pressure of 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi) or higher, water is a supercritical fluid and solubility is once again higher than at lower temperatures.

Health Effects
Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg).
A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia.
An increase of 10 mg/day of Silicon Dioxide (E551) in drinking water was associated with a decreased risk of dementia of 11%.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or lung cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities.
When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), Silicon Dioxide (E551) increases the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis compared to expected rates in the general population.

Purification Methods
Purification of silica for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water.
The impurities remain behind.
Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water.

Production
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is mostly obtained by mining, including sand mining and purification of quartz.
Silicon Dioxide (E551) is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.
SILICON DIOXIDE, E551
Silicon dioxide, E551, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, commonly found in nature as quartz.
In many parts of the world, Silicon dioxide, E551 is the major constituent of sand.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is abundant as it comprises several minerals and synthetic products.

CAS: 7631-86-9
MF: O2Si
MW: 60.08
EINECS: 231-545-4

Synonyms
SILICA GEL 60 PF254 FOR PREPARATIVE LAYE;LICHROSORB SI 100 (10 MYM) 10 G;TLC-SILICA GEL 60 GF254 MEAN PARTICLE SI;LICHROSORB SI 100 (10 MYM) 100 G;SEA SAND EXTRA PURE 5 KG;SILICA GEL 60 GF254 FOR THIN-LAYER CHROM;SILICA GEL 60 PF254 + 366 FOR PREPARATIV;SEA SAND EXTRA PURE 25 KG
SILICON DIOXIDE;Silica;Dioxosilane;Quartz;7631-86-9;Silica gel;Cristobalite;Tridymite;14808-60-7;Silicic anhydride;112945-52-5;61790-53-2;Sand;112926-00-8;KIESELGUHR;Aerosil;Diatomaceous silica;Wessalon;60676-86-0;Silicon(IV) oxide;Zorbax sil;14464-46-1;Silica, amorphous;QUARTZ (SIO2);Dicalite;Ludox;Nyacol;Amorphous silica;Cristobalite (SiO2);Cab-O-sil;SILICA, VITREOUS;Sillikolloid;Extrusil;Santocel;Sipernat;Superfloss;Acticel;Carplex;Neosil;Neosyl
;Porasil;Silikil;Siloxid;91053-39-3;Zipax;Aerosil-degussa;Silicon oxide;Aerosil 380;Synthetic amorphous silica;Quartz sand;Rose quartz;Silica particles;Cab-o-sil M-5;Silica, fumed;Snowtex O;Silica, colloidal;Tokusil TPLM;Dri-Die;68855-54-9;Manosil vn 3;Colloidal silicon dioxide
;Ultrasil VH 3;Ultrasil VN 3;Aerosil bs-50;Carplex 30;Carplex 80;Snowtex 30;Zeofree 80;Aerosil K 7;Cabosil N 5;Syton 2X;Amorphous silica gel;Positive sol 232;Siliziumdioxid;Aerogel 200
;Aerosil 300;Chalcedony;Diatomite;Ludox hs 40;Silanox 101;Silica (SiO2);Vitasil 220
;Agate;Positive sol 130M;Silica vitreous;Silicon dioxide (amorphous);Aerosil A 300;Aerosil E 300;Aerosil M-300;colloidal silica;Fused silica;Quartz glass;Silica slurry;Silicon dioxide, fumed;Silicone dioxide;Nalfloc N 1050;Quso 51;Silica, amorphous fused;Nalco 1050;Quso G 30
;15468-32-3;Hydrophobic silica 2482;Kieselsaeureanhydrid;Min-U-Sil;SiO2
;CCRIS 3699;Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles;Silica aerogel;(SiO2)n;UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4
;ETJ7Z6XBU4;Silicon Dioxide, Amorphous;Silica 2482, hydrophobic;Silicon dioxide, chemically prepared;15723-40-7;EINECS 231-545-4;CAB-O-SIL N-70TS;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605
;CI 7811;Aerosil 200;13778-37-5;99439-28-8;CHEBI:30563;AI3-25549;Crystalline silica;N1030
;U 333;Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh;Silicon dioxide, colloidal;ENT 25,550;[SiO2]
;Silica, crystalline - fused;Silicagel;Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free;13778-38-6
;17679-64-0;Christensenite;Crystoballite;Silica gel desiccant, indicating;Celite

All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is a common fundamental constituent of glass.
Silicon dioxide, E551 occurs almost everywhere on earth.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.
Silicon dioxide, E551 commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.
Silicon dioxide, E551 exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.
Silicon dioxide, E551, the noncrystalline form of SiO2, is a transparent to gray, odorless, amorphous powder.
A Silicon dioxide, E551 made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.

Silica is another name for the chemical compound composed of silicon and oxygen with the chemical formula SiO2, or Silicon dioxide, E551.
There are many forms of silica.
All silica forms are identical in chemical composition, but have different atom arrangements.
Silica compounds can be divided into two groups, crystalline (or c-silica) and amorphous silica (a-silica or non-crystalline silica).
c-Silica compounds have structures with repeating patterns of silicon and oxygen.
Silicon dioxide, E551 structures are more randomly linked when compared to c-silica.
All forms of Silicon dioxide, E551 are odorless solids composed of silicon and oxygen atoms.
Silicon dioxide, E551 particles become suspended in air and form non-explosive dusts.
Silicon dioxide, E551 may combine with other metallic elements and oxides to form silicates.

Structure
In the majority of silicon dioxides, the silicon atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom (see 3-D Unit Cell).
Thus, Silicon dioxide, E551 forms 3-dimensional network solids in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms.
In contrast, CO2 is a linear molecule.
The starkly different structures of the dioxides of carbon and silicon are a manifestation of the double bond rule.
Based on the crystal structural differences, Silicon dioxide, E551 can be divided into two categories: crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous).
In crystalline form, Silicon dioxide, E551 can be found naturally occurring as quartz, tridymite (high-temperature form), cristobalite (high-temperature form), stishovite (high-pressure form), and coesite (high-pressure form).
On the other hand, Silicon dioxide, E551 can be found in nature as opal and diatomaceous earth.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is the form of intermediate state between this structure.

All of this distinct crystalline forms always have the same local structure around Si and O.
In α-quartz the Si–O bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite Silicon dioxide, E551 is in the range 154–171 pm.
The Si–O–Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite.
In α-quartz, the Si–O–Si angle is 144°.

Polymorphism
Alpha quartz is the most stable form of solid SiO2 at room temperature.
The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than quartz.
The transformation from α-quartz to beta-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C.
Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, Silicon dioxide, E551 can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit.
The high-pressure minerals, seifertite, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than quartz.
Stishovite has a rutile-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate.
The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm3, which compares to α-quartz, the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm3.

The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest Si–O bond lengths in stishovite (four Si–O bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the Si–O bond length (161 pm) in α-quartz.
The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the Si–O bond.
Faujasite silica, another polymorph, is obtained by the dealumination of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y zeolite with combined acid and thermal treatment.
The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high crystallinity and specific surface area (over 800 m2/g).
Faujasite-silica has very high thermal and acid stability.
For example, Silicon dioxide, E551 maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or crystallinity even after boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Molten SiO2
Molten silica exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid water: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum.
Silicon dioxide, E551's density decreases from 2.08 g/cm3 at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm3 at 2200 °C.

Molecular SiO2
The molecular SiO2 has a linear structure like CO2.
Silicon dioxide, E551 has been produced by combining silicon monoxide (SiO) with oxygen in an argon matrix.
The dimeric Silicon dioxide, E551, (SiO2)2 has been obtained by reacting O2 with matrix isolated dimeric silicon monoxide, (Si2O2).
In dimeric silicon dioxide there are two oxygen atoms bridging between the silicon atoms with an Si–O–Si angle of 94° and bond length of 164.6 pm and the terminal Si–O bond length is 150.2 pm.
The Si–O bond length is 148.3 pm, which compares with the length of 161 pm in α-quartz.
The bond energy is estimated at 621.7 kJ/mol.

Silicon dioxide, E551 Chemical Properties
Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
Refractive index: 1.46
Fp: 2230°C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid.
Silicon dioxide, E551 dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
Form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific Gravity: 2.2
Color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Resistivity: 1∞10*20 (ρ/μΩ.cm)
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Crystal Structure: Trigonal
Merck: 14,8493
Exposure limits NIOSH: IDLH 3000 mg/m3; TWA 6 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
CAS DataBase Reference: 7631-86-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Silicon(iv) oxide(7631-86-9)
IARC: 3 (Vol. Sup 7, 68) 1997
EPA Substance Registry System: Silica (7631-86-9)

Physical properties
Colorless amorphous (i.e., fused silica) or crystalline (i.e., quartz) material having a low thermal expansion coefficient and excellent optical transmittance in far UV.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is insoluble in strong mineral acids and alkalis except HF, concentrated H3PO4, NH4 HF2, concentrated alkali metal hydroxides.
Owing to its good corrosion resistance to liquid metals such as Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Ga, In, Tl, Rb, Bi, and Cd, Silicon dioxide, E551 is used as crucible container for melting these metals, while Silicon dioxide, E551 is readily attacked in an inert atmosphere by molten metals such as Li, Na, K Mg, and Al.
Quartz crystals are piezoelectric and pyroelectric.
Maximum service temperature 1090°C.

Uses
Silicon dioxide, E551 is also known as silicone dioxide.
Silicon dioxide, E551 has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
Silicon dioxide, E551 can also function as an abrasive.
In addition, Silicon dioxide, E551 can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
Spherical Silicon dioxide, E551 is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.

Silicon dioxide, E551 has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
Functionalized RAFT agent for controlled radical polymerization; especially suited for the polymerization of styrene; acrylate and acrylamide monomers.
Azide group can be used to conjugate to a variety of alkyne-functionalized biomolecules.
Silicon dioxide, E551 mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates consisting chiefly of sodium lauryl sulfate
Silicon dioxide, E551 is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.
They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.
They are relatively expensive.

Silicon dioxide, E551, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.
Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic Silicon dioxide, E551's are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.
manufacture of glass, water glass, refractories, abrasives, ceramics, enamels; decolorizing and purifying oils, petroleum products, etc.; in scouring- and grinding-compounds, ferrosilicon, molds for castings; as anticaking and defoaming agent.

Structural use
About 95% of the commercial use of Silicon dioxide, E551 (sand) occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (Portland cement concrete).
Certain deposits of silica sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable clay and other mineral content, were important for sand casting of metallic products.
The high melting point of silica enables Silicon dioxide, E551 to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons.
Crystalline silica is used in hydraulic fracturing of formations which contain tight oil and shale gas.

Precursor to glass and silicon
Silicon dioxide, E551 is the primary ingredient in the production of most glass.
As other minerals are melted with silica, the principle of freezing point depression lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity.
The glass transition temperature of pure SiO2 is about 1475 K.
When molten silicon dioxide SiO2 is rapidly cooled, Silicon dioxide, E551 does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass.
Because of this, most ceramic glazes have silica as the main ingredient.
The structural geometry of silicon and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centres.

The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the tetrahedral units: Although there is no long-range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length.
One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.
The majority of optical fibers for telecommunication are also made from silica.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is used to produce elemental silicon.
The process involves carbothermic reduction in an electric arc furnace:

SiO2+2C⟶Si+2CO

Fumed silica
Fumed silica, also known as pyrogenic silica, is prepared by burning SiCl4 in an oxygen-rich hydrogen flame to produce a "smoke" of SiO2.

SiCl4+2H2+O2⟶SiO2+4HCl

Silicon dioxide, E551 can also be produced by vaporizing quartz sand in a 3000 °C electric arc.
Both processes result in microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles, a white powder with extremely low bulk density (0.03-0.15 g/cm3) and thus high surface area.
The particles act as a thixotropic thickening agent, or as an anti-caking agent, and can be treated to make them hydrophilic or hydrophobic for either water or organic liquid applications.

Silicon dioxide, E551 is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production.
Silicon dioxide, E551 consists of amorphous (non-crystalline) spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm, without the branching of the pyrogenic product.
The main use is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete.
Fumed silica nanoparticles can be successfully used as an anti-aging agent in asphalt binders.

Food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications
Silica, either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is used primarily as a flow or anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets.
Silicon dioxide, E551 can adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Colloidal silica is used as a fining agent for wine, beer, and juice, with the E number reference E551.
In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency.
Diatomaceous earth, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries.
Silicon dioxide, E551 consists of the silica shells of microscopic diatoms; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder".
Manufactured or mined hydrated silica is used as the hard abrasive in toothpaste.

Agricultural Uses
Silicon dioxide, E551 is silicon dioxide, one of the most abundant materials on the earth's crust.
Quartz is an example of silica.
Silicon dioxide, E551 is used as a filler in fertilizers, and also, in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, abrasives, rubber and cosmetics.

Purification Methods
Purification of silica for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water.
The impurities remain behind.
Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water.

Production
Silicon dioxide, E551 is mostly obtained by mining, including sand mining and purification of quartz.
Quartz is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.

Precipitated Silica
Precipitated silica or Silicon dioxide, E551 is produced by the acidification of solutions of sodium silicate.
The gelatinous precipitate or silica gel, is first washed and then dehydrated to produce colorless microporous silica.
The idealized equation involving a trisilicate and sulfuric acid is:

Na2Si3O7 + H2SO4 -> 3 SiO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Approximately one billion kilograms/year (1999) of silica were produced in this manner, mainly for use for polymer composites – tires and shoe soles.

On microchips
Thin films of silica grow spontaneously on silicon wafers via thermal oxidation, producing a very shallow layer of about 1 nm or 10 Å of so-called native oxide.
Higher temperatures and alternative environments are used to grow well-controlled layers of Silicon dioxide, E551 on silicon, for example at temperatures between 600 and 1200 °C, using so-called dry oxidation with O2 or wet oxidation with H2O.

Si + O2 -> SiO2
Si + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 2 H2

The native oxide layer is beneficial in microelectronics, where Silicon dioxide, E551 acts as electric insulator with high chemical stability.
Silicon dioxide, E551 can protect the silicon, store charge, block current, and even act as a controlled pathway to limit current flow.

Health Effects
Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg).
A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia.
An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a decreased risk of dementia of 11%.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or lung cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities.
When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), Silicon dioxide, E551 increases the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis compared to expected rates in the general population.

Occupational hazard
Silicon dioxide, E551 is an occupational hazard for people who do sandblasting or work with products that contain powdered crystalline silica.
Silicon dioxide, E551, such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases but is not associated with the development of silicosis.
Children, asthmatics of any age, those with allergies, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced lung capacity) can be affected in less time.

Silicon dioxide, E551 is an occupational hazard for those working with stone countertops, because the process of cutting and installing the countertops creates large amounts of airborne silica.
Silicon dioxide, E551 used in hydraulic fracturing presents a health hazard to workers.

Pathophysiology
In the body, crystalline silica particles do not dissolve over clinically relevant periods.
Silicon dioxide, E551 inside the lungs can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome inside macrophages and dendritic cells and thereby result in production of interleukin, a highly pro-inflammatory cytokine in the immune system.
SILICONE

Silicone is not a single chemical compound but rather a class of synthetic materials that contain silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes other elements.
Silicones are polymers, meaning they consist of repeating units of smaller molecules called monomers.
The backbone of silicone polymers is typically composed of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups (such as methyl or phenyl groups) attached to the silicon atoms.

CAS Number: 63148-62-9
EC Number: 687-578-3

Polydimethylsiloxane, Siloxane polymer, Silicone rubber, Silsesquioxane, Silicone oil, Dimethicone, Polysiloxane, Organosiloxane, Silanol, Methylphenylsiloxane, Trimethylsiloxy, Cyclomethicone, Silazane, Polymethylhydrosiloxane, Vinylsilicone, Silica gel, Silicone adhesive, Alkylsiloxane, Phenyltrimethicone, Dimethiconol, Silicone sealant, Polyethylsiloxane, Silsesquioxane resin, Silicone grease, Polytetramethylsiloxane, Silica fume, Fluorosilicone, Silane coupling agent, Siloxane crosslinker, Silicone surfactant, Hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, Silicone elastomer, Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, Silsesquioxane nanoparticle, Silicone resin, Silazane polymer, Silicone defoamer, Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, Silicone emulsion, Silsesquioxane cage, Silane-modified polymer, Silicone defoaming agent, Methoxysilane, Siloxane coupling agent, Silicone softener, Silica nanoparticle, Vinyltrimethoxysilane, Silicone release agent, Silsesquioxane nanocomposite, Polymethylsilsesquioxane, Silicone rubber sheet, Silazane precursor, Silane-functionalized polymer, Polyphenylsilsesquioxane, Silicone caulk, Siloxane oligomer, Dimethylsilicone, Silsesquioxane hybrid, Silicone defoaming additive, Silica-filled silicone, SILICONE OIL DC 200, ~500 MPA.S, SILICONE OIL DC 200, ~100 MPA.S, SILICONE OIL DC 200, ~1000 MPA.S, DiMethyl silicone oil (201grade), SILICONE OIL DC 200, ~30000 MPA.S, SILICONE OIL DC 200, ~60000 MPA.S, Silicone oilPoly(dimethylsiloxane), Silicone oil viscosity 5 cSt (25 C), ETHYL ACETATE PESTINORM SUPRA TRACE, SILICONE OIL, FOR MP & BP APPARATUS, Silicone oil viscosity 50 cSt (25 C), Silicone oil viscosity 20 cSt (25 C), Silicone oil viscosity 10 cSt (25 C), Silicone oil viscosity 100 cSt (25 C), Silicone oil viscosity 500 cSt (25 C), Silicone oil viscosity 350 cSt (25 C), SILICON OIL 550 FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, Silicone oil viscosity 1,000 cSt (25 C), METHYLENE BLUE CHLORIDE 3H2O REAGENT GR, SILICONE OIL, FOR OIL BATHS UP TO 180 C, SILICONE OIL DC 200, ~350 MPA.S, FOR GC, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) 200 FLUID &, Silicone oil viscosity 30,000 cSt (25 C), Silicone oil viscosity 10,000 cSt (25 C), Silicone oil DC 200,Polydimethylsiloxane, Silicone liquid, for heating baths, pure, Silicone oil viscosity 100,000 cSt (25 C), 2,2,4,4-TETRAMETHYL-3-OXA-2,4-DISILAPENTANE, SILICONE OIL, HIGH TEMPERATURE, FOR OIL BATHS, Dimethyl siloxane: (Syltherm XLT: Silicone 360), Silicone oil, for oil baths, range -40 to +200°C, Silicone oil viscosity ~60,000 mPa.s, neat(25 C), SILICONE OIL, FOR OIL BATHS FROM -50 C TO +200 C, Silicone Oil, for oil baths, Type No. H201-350, 250℃, Polydimethylsiloxane, trimethylsiloxy terminated, 1.5 cSt, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 5 CENTISTOKES, Silicone oil, for oil baths, usable range from -40 to +200°C, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 10 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 50 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 20 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 350 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 500 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 100 CENTISTOKES, Silicone oil, for melting point and boiling point apparatuses, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 1,000 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 30,000 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 60,000 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 10,000 CENTISTOKES, POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE), 200 FLUID, VISCOSITY 12,500 CENTISTOKES, Silicone oil



APPLICATIONS


Silicone is widely used in the manufacturing of silicone rubber, employed in various products such as gaskets, seals, and O-rings.
In the medical field, silicone is used to produce implants like breast implants and medical tubing due to its biocompatibility.
Silicone oil serves as a heat transfer fluid in applications where high temperatures are encountered, such as in cooking and industrial processes.

Silicone sealants are commonly used in construction for waterproofing and providing durable seals around windows and doors.
Silicone-based adhesives find applications in electronics for bonding components due to their thermal stability and flexibility.
Silicone polymers are utilized in the production of silicone coatings, providing protective and weather-resistant layers on surfaces.

Silicone elastomers are employed in the manufacturing of flexible and durable molds for casting various materials.
Cyclomethicone, a cyclic silicone, is used in personal care products like hair sprays and lotions for its lightweight and smooth texture.

Silicone emulsions are applied in textile finishing to enhance fabric softness and provide a smooth feel.
Silicone surfactants improve the stability and performance of emulsions, often used in the formulation of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Silicone greases are used as lubricants in mechanical systems, providing long-lasting and stable lubrication.

Silsesquioxane resins are used as modifiers in plastics, enhancing their mechanical and thermal properties.
Silicone release agents are applied in mold release processes to prevent sticking and facilitate easy demolding.

Silica gel, derived from silicones, is widely used as a desiccant to control moisture levels in various products.
Silicone defoamers are used in industries like food processing and wastewater treatment to control foam formation during processes.
Silane coupling agents are employed in composites to enhance the adhesion between silicone and other materials.
Hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane is used in the synthesis of silicone elastomers and coatings.

Fluorosilicone is employed in aerospace applications due to its resistance to fuels, lubricants, and extreme temperatures.
Silicone adhesives are used in the assembly of electronic components and the bonding of medical devices.
Polymethylhydrosiloxane is used as a crosslinker in silicone elastomers and as a reducing agent in chemical reactions.

Vinylsilicone polymers are used in the production of high-performance coatings with excellent adhesion and flexibility.
Silicone softeners in textile processing impart a soft and smooth feel to fabrics.
Silicone nanoparticles find applications in drug delivery systems and medical imaging.

Silicone caulk is commonly used in household applications for sealing gaps and joints in kitchens and bathrooms.
Polytetramethylsiloxane is used in the production of silicone fluids and resins, finding applications in various industries.

Silicone rubber is extensively used in the automotive industry for seals, gaskets, and components due to its resilience and temperature resistance.
Silicone-based paints and coatings are employed for their durability and resistance to weathering, making them suitable for outdoor applications.

Siloxane polymers contribute to the development of advanced materials such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and optical coatings.
Silicone adhesives are utilized in the assembly of solar panels, providing strong bonds and weather resistance.
Silicone emulsions find applications in the textile industry for fabric softeners and finishing agents to improve the feel and appearance of garments.

Silicone elastomers are used in the production of baby bottle nipples and pacifiers due to their soft and safe characteristics.
In the food industry, silicone is used in baking molds, kitchen utensils, and food storage containers due to its non-stick and heat-resistant properties.

Silicone-based lubricants are employed in the maintenance of machinery and equipment in various industries, reducing friction and wear.
Silane coupling agents are utilized in the reinforcement of composite materials, enhancing their mechanical properties.
Silicone surfactants find applications in the agricultural sector, improving the spread and adherence of crop protection products.
Silicone gels are used in the production of wound dressings and scar treatments in the medical field due to their soft and conformable nature.

Silicone waxes are applied in the formulation of personal care products like lipsticks and skincare items for their smooth texture.
Polymethylsilsesquioxane is used in cosmetics to provide a soft focus effect in foundations and powders.

Silica-filled silicone compounds are employed in electrical insulation applications for their dielectric properties.
Silicone resins find use in the aerospace industry for their ability to withstand high temperatures and harsh environmental conditions.
Silicone defoaming additives are utilized in the paper and pulp industry to control foam during the papermaking process.
Silicone hydrogels are commonly used in the production of contact lenses due to their oxygen permeability and comfort.

Silicone-based coatings are applied to fabrics to make them water-resistant, commonly used in outdoor clothing and equipment.
Silicone rubber keypad switches are widely used in electronic devices like remote controls and keyboards for their durability.
Siloxane polymers are crucial in the development of insulating materials for high-voltage applications in the electrical industry.

Silicone-based inks are used in the printing industry for their adhesion to various substrates and resistance to fading.
Silicone foam is employed in cushioning materials for automotive and industrial applications due to its lightweight and shock-absorbing properties.
Silicone nanoparticles are explored for their potential applications in targeted drug delivery systems in biomedical research.

Silicone mold-making materials are widely used in art and crafts for casting sculptures, figurines, and other detailed objects.
Silicone-based anti-fouling coatings are applied to marine surfaces to prevent the growth of marine organisms, improving fuel efficiency for boats and ships.

Silicone hydrogel contact lenses are popular for their ability to allow more oxygen to reach the cornea, enhancing comfort during extended wear.
Silicone-based printing rollers are used in the graphic arts industry for their durability and resistance to ink absorption.
Silicone adhesives and sealants are applied in the construction of aquariums, providing a strong and waterproof bond.

Siloxane polymers play a role in the creation of optical fibers, contributing to efficient data transmission in telecommunications.
Silicone-coated bakeware is widely used in baking due to its non-stick properties and even heat distribution.
Silicone rubber keypads are commonly found in consumer electronics such as TV remotes and game controllers for tactile feedback.

In the automotive sector, silicone-based antifreeze and coolant formulations are used to prevent engine overheating.
Silicone-based lubricants are applied in the maintenance of plastic and rubber components, preventing deterioration and maintaining flexibility.

Silicone emulsions are used in the agricultural industry to enhance the efficiency of pesticides and herbicides.
Silicone gels are utilized in the production of prosthetic devices and breast implants for their soft and natural feel.

Silica-filled silicone compounds are used in the manufacturing of high-voltage insulators for power transmission.
Silicone surfactants contribute to the production of polyurethane foams, improving cell structure and performance.
Silicone elastomers are employed in the fabrication of automotive components, such as gaskets and seals, due to their resilience.

Silicone-based defoamers are crucial in the production of paints and coatings to prevent foam formation and ensure a smooth finish.
Silane coupling agents enhance the adhesion of silicone sealants to various substrates in construction applications.
Silicone-based release agents are used in the production of molded plastic and rubber products to facilitate easy demolding.

Silicone adhesives find applications in the aerospace industry for bonding and sealing aircraft components.
Silicone waxes are used in the formulation of polishes for cars and furniture, providing a glossy and protective finish.
Silicone resins are employed in the electronics industry for encapsulating and protecting sensitive electronic components.

Silicone rubber sheets are utilized as vibration dampeners in industrial machinery to reduce noise and absorb shocks.
Polymethylsilsesquioxane is used in the formulation of high-performance coatings for electronic devices to enhance durability.

Silicone defoaming agents are applied in the fermentation process of beer and wine production to control foam.
Silicone-based lubricants are used in the textile industry to reduce friction and enhance the performance of sewing machines.

Silica nanoparticles derived from silicones find applications in the development of advanced drug delivery systems.
Silicone-based materials are employed in the creation of flexible and stretchable electronics for wearable devices and sensors.



DESCRIPTION


Silicone is not a single chemical compound but rather a class of synthetic materials that contain silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes other elements.
Silicones are polymers, meaning they consist of repeating units of smaller molecules called monomers.
The backbone of silicone polymers is typically composed of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups (such as methyl or phenyl groups) attached to the silicon atoms.

Silicones are known for their unique properties, which include flexibility, heat resistance, water repellency, and low surface tension.
These characteristics make silicones useful in a wide range of applications, including sealants, lubricants, adhesives, medical implants, and various consumer products.
The versatility of silicones arises from the ability to tailor their properties by adjusting the chemical structure and molecular weight of the polymer.

Silicone is a versatile and synthetic material with a wide range of applications.
Known for its flexibility, silicone is often used in the production of rubber-like materials.

Silicone polymers typically consist of repeating silicon and oxygen units in their backbone.
Dimethicone, a type of silicone, is commonly found in skincare products for its smoothing properties.
Silicone rubber is highly resistant to extreme temperatures, making it suitable for various industrial uses.

Siloxane polymers, a class of silicone compounds, have a unique chemical structure.
Silicone oil is a lightweight and transparent fluid that is used in lubrication and as a heat transfer medium.

Silsesquioxane resins are employed in coatings, adhesives, and as modifiers for plastics.
Silicone sealants are popular for their durability and weather-resistant properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane, a common silicone, is used in the production of silicone rubber and silicone oil.
Cyclomethicone is a cyclic silicone compound often found in personal care products.

Silicone adhesives create strong bonds and are resistant to moisture and temperature changes.
Silicone emulsions are stable mixtures of silicone oil and water, used in various applications.
Silicone elastomers exhibit excellent elasticity and are used in the manufacturing of medical implants.

Vinylsilicone polymers have vinyl groups attached to the silicone backbone, enhancing their versatility.
Silica gel, containing silicon and oxygen, is known for its high adsorption capacity.

Silicone surfactants are used to stabilize emulsions and improve the spreadability of formulations.
Silicone grease is a lubricating material that remains stable over a wide range of temperatures.
Fluorosilicone combines the properties of silicone with the chemical resistance of fluorocarbons.

Silicone defoamers are additives that control foam formation in various industrial processes.
Silane coupling agents improve adhesion between silicone and other materials in composite applications.

Hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane is a silicone with reactive hydroxyl groups at its ends.
Silicone softeners are commonly used in textile finishing to impart softness and smoothness.

Silica nanoparticles, often derived from silicones, find applications in nanotechnology and materials science.
Silicone caulk is a popular sealant for its flexibility and durability in both indoor and outdoor applications.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Formula: C6H18OSi2
MOL File: 63148-62-9.mol
Molecular Weight: 162.38
Appearance: Viscous colorless liquid
Melting Point: -59 °C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 101 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.963 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor Density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor Pressure: Refractive Index: n20/D 1.377 (lit.)
Flash Point: 33 °F
Storage Temperature: 2-8°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Sparingly), Toluene (Sparingly)
Form: Oily Liquid
Color: Clear colorless
Specific Gravity: 0.853
Odor: Odorless
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Water Solubility: Practically insoluble



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If silicone dust or fumes are inhaled and respiratory irritation occurs, move the person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact with liquid silicone or silicone-containing products, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with soap and water.
If irritation or allergic reaction occurs, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

If silicone comes into contact with the eyes, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.


Ingestion:

If someone ingests silicone or a silicone-containing product, do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious.
Seek medical attention.


General Advice:

If someone shows signs of allergic reactions, such as rash, itching, or difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately.
Provide first aid measures while waiting for medical assistance if needed.
Keep the affected person calm and reassure them.
If there is uncertainty about the exposure or if symptoms are severe, seek prompt medical advice.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and eye protection, especially when handling concentrated silicone products or in industrial settings.

Ventilation:
Use in well-ventilated areas to prevent the buildup of vapors or fumes, especially if working with liquid silicone or products that may release volatile components.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination of silicone materials by keeping tools, containers, and equipment clean and free of foreign substances.

Temperature Considerations:
Some silicones may have temperature-sensitive properties.
Follow the manufacturer's guidelines regarding the recommended temperature range for handling.

Avoiding Skin Contact:
Minimize skin contact, especially with uncured silicone products.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Use of Tools:
When applying silicone sealants or adhesives, use appropriate tools for uniform application. Follow recommended curing times before subjecting the material to stress.


Storage:

Temperature and Humidity:
Store silicone materials within the recommended temperature range specified by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.
Keep storage areas dry to prevent moisture absorption, especially for certain silicone products.

Separation from Incompatible Substances:
Store silicone away from substances that may react with or degrade the material.
This includes avoiding contact with strong acids, bases, and certain metals.

Container Integrity:
Ensure that containers used for storing silicone are in good condition, properly sealed, and labeled with relevant information.

Avoiding Sunlight Exposure:
Some silicone materials may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to sunlight.
Store in a dark or opaque container or in an area protected from direct sunlight.

Curing and Shelf Life:
Be aware of the shelf life of silicone products, especially if they have a limited time for effective use or if they have a defined curing period.

Segregation from Food and Pharmaceuticals:
Keep silicone products, especially those with additives, away from areas where food, pharmaceuticals, or other sensitive products are stored.
SILICONE ACRYLATE
Silicone acrylate is a hybrid material formed by the reaction of silicone and acrylic monomers.
Silicone acrylate is a type of copolymer with both silicone and acrylic functionalities.
The exact composition and properties of silicone acrylate can vary depending on the specific monomers used in the synthesis process.



APPLICATIONS


Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of printed circuit boards due to its excellent electrical insulation properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in coatings for building materials such as roofing and siding provides excellent weather resistance and UV stability.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of release liners for pressure-sensitive adhesives due to its non-stick properties.
The unique properties of silicone acrylate make it an ideal material for the production of flexible electronic devices such as wearables and bendable screens.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of contact lenses provides excellent oxygen permeability and improved comfort for wearers.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of automotive parts such as gaskets and seals due to its excellent resistance to oil and fuel.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of aerospace components provides excellent resistance to extreme temperatures and harsh chemicals.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of LED light diffusers due to its high light transmission properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of packaging materials provides excellent moisture barrier properties, ensuring the contents stay fresh.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of anti-graffiti coatings, which provide easy removal of paint and other markings from surfaces.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of printed labels provides excellent durability and resistance to abrasion and chemicals.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of adhesives for electronics due to its excellent thermal stability and low shrinkage properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of photovoltaic modules provides excellent resistance to weathering and UV radiation.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of protective coatings for wind turbines, providing excellent resistance to weathering and erosion.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of automotive coatings provides excellent gloss retention and resistance to chipping and scratching.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of medical adhesives, providing excellent biocompatibility and resistance to bodily fluids.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of adhesives for construction provides excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates, including concrete and masonry.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of marine coatings, providing excellent resistance to saltwater, UV radiation, and abrasion.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of food packaging provides excellent resistance to chemicals and moisture, ensuring the safety and freshness of the contents.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of insulating materials for electrical equipment due to its excellent dielectric properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of inkjet inks provides excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates, including glossy and non-porous surfaces.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of adhesives for the aerospace industry, providing excellent resistance to extreme temperatures and harsh chemicals.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of medical implants provides excellent biocompatibility, ensuring that the implants are well-tolerated by the body.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of textile coatings, providing excellent water repellency and stain resistance.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for solar panels provides excellent weather resistance, improving their lifespan and efficiency.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of printing inks for packaging, providing excellent adhesion and resistance to abrasion and chemicals.


Applications of Silicone acrylate:

Coatings for solar panels
Insulation materials
Coatings for industrial equipment
Inks for printing
Coatings for fiberglass
Adhesives for the marine industry
Coatings for metal roofs
Coatings for food processing equipment
Coatings for wind turbines
Inks for flexible packaging
Coatings for aircraft components
Coatings for medical implants
Coatings for swimming pool surfaces
Coatings for electronic displays
Coatings for kitchen appliances
Coatings for flooring
Coatings for roller coasters
Coatings for sporting equipment
Coatings for metal furniture
Coatings for oil and gas pipelines
Coatings for automotive components
Coatings for marine vessels
Coatings for construction materials
Coatings for military equipment
Adhesives for aerospace applications
Coatings for railroad components
Coatings for power generation equipment
Coatings for packaging materials
Coatings for medical devices
Coatings for outdoor signage.


Silicone acrylate is used in the production of architectural coatings, providing excellent UV stability and weather resistance.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of automotive coatings provides excellent chemical resistance and gloss retention.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of release coatings for label liners and adhesive tapes, providing easy release properties.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of optical lenses provides excellent optical clarity and scratch resistance.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of non-stick coatings for cookware, providing easy release of food and ease of cleaning.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of water-based coatings provides improved environmental sustainability compared to traditional solvent-based coatings.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of conformal coatings for electronic circuit boards, providing excellent moisture and chemical resistance.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of pressure-sensitive adhesives provides excellent tack and adhesion to a variety of substrates.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of packaging films, providing excellent moisture barrier properties and improved shelf life for food products.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of cosmetic products provides a silky and smooth feel to the skin and hair.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of automotive sealants, providing excellent resistance to fuel and oil.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of medical tubing provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to kinking.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of adhesives for the construction industry, providing excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of dental materials provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to wear.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for metal surfaces, providing excellent corrosion resistance and durability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of 3D printing resins provides excellent dimensional stability and chemical resistance.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of sealants for electronic devices, providing excellent resistance to moisture and chemicals.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of heat-resistant coatings provides excellent thermal stability and weathering resistance.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for concrete and masonry surfaces, providing excellent weather resistance and durability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of adhesives for the aerospace industry provides excellent resistance to vibration and shock.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of mold release agents, providing easy release properties for molded plastic parts.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for medical instruments provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to sterilization methods.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for outdoor furniture, providing excellent weather resistance and UV stability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of printing plates provides excellent durability and resistance to abrasion and chemicals.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for consumer electronics, providing excellent scratch resistance and durability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of food contact materials provides excellent resistance to chemicals and migration properties.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of adhesives for the automotive industry, providing excellent resistance to high temperatures and harsh chemicals.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for medical devices provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to bodily fluids.


Silicone acrylate is a type of polymer that is commonly used in a variety of applications due to its unique properties.
Some of the applications of silicone acrylate include:

Coatings:
Silicone acrylate can be used as a coating for a variety of substrates, including metal, plastic, and paper.
The coating provides excellent weather resistance, chemical resistance, and UV stability.


Adhesives:
Silicone acrylate can be used as an adhesive due to its excellent adhesion properties.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in automotive and aerospace industries for bonding metals and plastics.


Optical films:
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of optical films used in LCD and OLED displays.
These films improve the clarity and durability of the displays.


Cosmetics:
Silicone acrylate is used in cosmetic products such as sunscreens, makeup primers, and hair care products.
Silicone acrylate provides a silky and smooth feel to the skin and hair.


Medical devices:
Silicone acrylate is used in medical devices due to its biocompatibility and ability to resist bacterial growth.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in catheters, pacemakers, and other implantable devices.


Textiles:
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of textiles to provide water repellency and stain resistance.
Silicone acrylate is also used to improve the durability and lifespan of fabrics.


Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for solar panels, providing excellent weather resistance and long-term durability.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of insulation materials provides excellent heat resistance and thermal stability.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for industrial equipment, providing excellent resistance to chemicals and abrasion.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of inks for printing provides excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates and resistance to fading.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for fiberglass, providing excellent weather resistance and durability.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of adhesives for the marine industry provides excellent resistance to saltwater and UV radiation.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for metal roofs, providing excellent weather resistance and longevity.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for food processing equipment provides excellent resistance to corrosion and cleaning agents.
Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for wind turbines, providing excellent weather resistance and durability.

The use of silicone acrylate in the production of inks for flexible packaging provides excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates and resistance to moisture.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for aircraft components, providing excellent resistance to high altitude conditions and harsh environments.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for medical implants provides excellent biocompatibility and resistance to bodily fluids.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for swimming pool surfaces, providing excellent resistance to chemicals and UV radiation.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for electronic displays provides excellent optical clarity and resistance to scratches.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for kitchen appliances, providing excellent resistance to heat and moisture.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for flooring provides excellent scratch resistance and durability.

Silicone acrylate is used in the production of coatings for roller coasters, providing excellent resistance to wear and tear.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for sporting equipment provides excellent resistance to impact and weathering.

Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the production of coatings for metal furniture, providing excellent resistance to rust and weathering.
The use of silicone acrylate in the production of coatings for oil and gas pipelines provides excellent resistance to corrosion and abrasion.



DESCRIPTION


Silicone acrylate is a hybrid material formed by the reaction of silicone and acrylic monomers.
Silicone acrylate is a type of copolymer with both silicone and acrylic functionalities.
The exact composition and properties of silicone acrylate can vary depending on the specific monomers used in the synthesis process.

Silicone acrylate is a versatile material with a variety of potential applications in various industries such as coatings, adhesives, and personal care products.
Its unique combination of properties, such as excellent adhesion, high flexibility, and water resistance, make Silicone acrylate a desirable material for many applications.

In the coatings industry, silicone acrylate is used as a binder to improve the durability, weatherability, and chemical resistance of coatings.
Silicone acrylate is commonly used in the formulation of high-performance coatings for industrial and automotive applications.

In the adhesive industry, silicone acrylate is used as a base resin for the formulation of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs).
PSAs based on silicone acrylate have excellent adhesion to a variety of surfaces and are widely used in applications such as labels, tapes, and medical adhesives.

In the personal care industry, silicone acrylate is used as an ingredient in hair care and skin care products.
Its unique properties, such as high gloss, water resistance, and film-forming capabilities, make it a desirable ingredient in hair styling products such as gels, sprays, and mousses.
Silicone acrylate is also used in skin care products as a film-former and emollient.

Overall, silicone acrylate is a versatile and valuable material with a wide range of potential applications.
Its unique properties make it an ideal choice for many demanding applications where both silicone and acrylic properties are needed.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Properties:

Molecular weight: varies depending on the specific formulation
Chemical formula: varies depending on the specific formulation
Monomers: typically contain silicone, acrylate, and/or methacrylate groups
Polymerization: typically initiated by light or heat


Physical Properties:

Appearance: clear to slightly yellow liquid or solid
Odor: typically odorless
Density: varies depending on the specific formulation
Melting point: varies depending on the specific formulation
Solubility: insoluble in water, soluble in some organic solvents
Viscosity: low to medium viscosity
Refractive index: high refractive index
Surface tension: low surface tension
Dielectric constant: good dielectric properties
Thermal conductivity: good thermal conductivity


Mechanical Properties:

Hardness: good hardness
Flexibility: good flexibility
Scratch resistance: high scratch resistance
Coefficient of friction: low coefficient of friction


Thermal Properties:

Thermal stability: high thermal stability
Thermal expansion coefficient: varies depending on the specific formulation


Optical Properties:

Gloss: high gloss
UV resistance: good UV resistance
Transparency: transparent to translucent


Other Properties:

Moisture resistance: good moisture resistance
Gas permeability: good gas permeability
Oxygen permeability: high oxygen permeability
Hydrophobicity: high hydrophobicity



FIRST AID


The first aid measures for Silicone Acrylate exposure depend on the type of exposure and severity of symptoms.
Here are some general first aid measures that can be taken:

Skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
If irritation or redness occurs, seek medical attention.


Eye contact:
Rinse eyes immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.


Inhalation:
Move the person to fresh air immediately.
If symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, or chest pain occur, seek medical attention.


Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water and do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention immediately.


It is important to always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling Silicone Acrylate to minimize the risk of exposure.
If you experience any symptoms of exposure or have concerns, seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Here are some handling and storage conditions for Silicone Acrylate:


Storage temperature:
Silicone Acrylate should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area with a temperature range between 5°C and 30°C (41°F to 86°F).


Moisture control:
Moisture can cause Silicone Acrylate to degrade, so it is important to keep it dry during storage and handling.


Handling equipment:
Use appropriate handling equipment, such as gloves and safety glasses, when handling Silicone Acrylate to avoid skin and eye contact.
Avoid inhalation of vapors or mists.


Compatibility:
Silicone Acrylate is not compatible with some materials, such as strong oxidizing agents, so it should be stored away from incompatible substances.


Container type:
Silicone Acrylate should be stored in a tightly sealed container, such as a drum or an intermediate bulk container (IBC), to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.


Shelf life:
Silicone Acrylate has a limited shelf life and should be used within the recommended time frame.
Silicone acrylate is important to check the expiration date and discard any expired or degraded material.


Transportation:
During transportation, Silicone Acrylate should be properly labeled and packaged to prevent spills and leaks.


It is important to follow these handling and storage conditions to ensure the quality and safety of Silicone Acrylate during storage and handling.



SYNONYMS


Siloxane Acrylate
Silane Acrylate
Silicone Methacrylate
Siloxane Methacrylate
Silane Methacrylate
Silicone Epoxy
Siloxane Epoxy
Silane Epoxy
Silicone Resin
Siloxane Resin
Silane Resin
Silicone Polymer
Siloxane Polymer
Silane Polymer
Silicone Adhesive
Siloxane Adhesive
Silane Adhesive
Silicone Sealant
Siloxane Sealant
Silane Sealant
SILICONE DIOXIDE
SILICONE DIOXIDE Silicon dioxide Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.[5][6] In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as synthetic product. Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, and aerogels. It is used in structural materials, microelectronics (as an electrical insulator), and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica is toxic and can lead to severe inflammation of the lung tissue, silicosis, bronchitis, lung cancer, and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Inhalation of amorphous silicon dioxide, in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.[7] Structure Structural motif found in α-quartz, but also found in almost all forms of silicon dioxide Relationship between refractive index and density for some SiO2 forms[8] In the majority of silicates, the silicon atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom. The most common example is seen in the quartz polymorphs. It is a 3 dimensional network solid in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms. For example, in the unit cell of α-quartz, the central tetrahedron shares all four of its corner O atoms, the two face-centered tetrahedra share two of their corner O atoms, and the four edge-centered tetrahedra share just one of their O atoms with other SiO4 tetrahedra. This leaves a net average of 12 out of 24 total vertices for that portion of the seven SiO4 tetrahedra that are considered to be a part of the unit cell for silica (see 3-D Unit Cell). SiO2 has a number of distinct crystalline forms (polymorphs) in addition to amorphous forms. With the exception of stishovite and fibrous silica, all of the crystalline forms involve tetrahedral SiO4 units linked together by shared vertices. Silicon–oxygen bond lengths vary between the various crystal forms; for example in α-quartz the bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154–171 pm. The Si-O-Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite. In α-quartz, the Si-O-Si angle is 144°.[9] Fibrous silica has a structure similar to that of SiS2 with chains of edge-sharing SiO4 tetrahedra. Stishovite, the higher-pressure form, in contrast, has a rutile-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate. The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm3, which compares to α-quartz, the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm3.[10] The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest Si-O bond lengths in stishovite (four Si-O bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the Si-O bond length (161 pm) in α-quartz.[11] The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the Si-O bond.[12] More importantly, any deviations from these standard parameters constitute microstructural differences or variations, which represent an approach to an amorphous, vitreous, or glassy solid. The only stable form under normal conditions is alpha quartz, in which crystalline silicon dioxide is usually encountered. In nature, impurities in crystalline α-quartz can give rise to colors (see list). The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than quartz. Since the composition is identical, the reason for the discrepancies must be in the increased spacing in the high-temperature minerals. As is common with many substances, the higher the temperature, the farther apart the atoms are, due to the increased vibration energy.[citation needed] The transformation from α-quartz to beta-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C. Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit.[13] The high-pressure minerals, seifertite, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than quartz. This is probably due to the intense compression of the atoms occurring during their formation, resulting in more condensed structure.[14] Faujasite silica is another form of crystalline silica. It is obtained by dealumination of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y zeolite with combined acid and thermal treatment. The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high crystallinity and surface area (over 800 m2/g). Faujasite-silica has very high thermal and acid stability. For example, it maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or crystallinity even after boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.[15] Molten silica exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid water: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum.[16] Its density decreases from 2.08 g/cm3 at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm3 at 2200 °C.[17] Molecular SiO2 with a linear structure is produced when molecular silicon monoxide, SiO, is condensed in an argon matrix cooled with helium along with oxygen atoms generated by microwave discharge. Dimeric silicon dioxide, (SiO2)2 has been prepared by reacting O2 with matrix isolated dimeric silicon monoxide, (Si2O2). In dimeric silicon dioxide there are two oxygen atoms bridging between the silicon atoms with an Si-O-Si angle of 94° and bond length of 164.6 pm and the terminal Si-O bond length is 150.2 pm. The Si-O bond length is 148.3 pm, which compares with the length of 161 pm in α-quartz. The bond energy is estimated at 621.7 kJ/mol.[18] Natural occurrence Geology [icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017) Silica with the chemical formula SiO2 is most commonly found in nature as quartz, which comprises more than 10% by mass of the earth's crust.[19] Quartz is the only polymorph of silica stable at the Earth's surface. Metastable occurrences of the high-pressure forms coesite and stishovite have been found around impact structures and associated with eclogites formed during ultra-high-pressure metamorphism. The high-temperature forms of tridymite and cristobalite are known from silica-rich volcanic rocks. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.[20] The various forms of silicon dioxide can be converted from one form to another by heating and changes in pressure. Biology Even though it is poorly soluble, silica occurs in many plants. Plant materials with high silica phytolith content appear to be of importance to grazing animals, from chewing insects to ungulates. Silica accelerates tooth wear, and high levels of silica in plants frequently eaten by herbivores may have developed as a defense mechanism against predation.[21][22] Silica is also the primary component of rice husk ash, which is used, for example, in filtration and cement manufacturing. For well over a billion years, silicification in and by cells has been common in the biological world. In the modern world it occurs in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates). Prominent examples include: Tests or frustules (i.e. shells) of diatoms, Radiolaria, and testate amoebae.[6] Silica phytoliths in the cells of many plants, including Equisetaceae, practically all grasses, and a wide range of dicotyledons. The spicules forming the skeleton of many sponges. Crystalline minerals formed in the physiological environment often show exceptional physical properties (e.g., strength, hardness, fracture toughness) and tend to form hierarchical structures that exhibit microstructural order over a range of scales. The minerals are crystallized from an environment that is undersaturated with respect to silicon, and under conditions of neutral pH and low temperature (0–40 °C). Formation of the mineral may occur either within the cell wall of an organism (such as with phytoliths), or outside the cell wall, as typically happens with tests. Specific biochemical reactions exist for mineral deposition. Such reactions include those that involve lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It is unclear in what ways silica is important in the nutrition of animals. This field of research is challenging because silica is ubiquitous and in most circumstances dissolves in trace quantities only. All the same it certainly does occur in the living body, creating the challenge of creating silica-free controls for purposes of research. This makes it difficult to be sure when the silica present has had operative beneficial effects, and when its presence is coincidental, or even harmful. The current consensus is that it certainly seems important in the growth, strength, and management of many connective tissues. This is true not only for hard connective tissues such as bone and tooth but possibly in the biochemistry of the subcellular enzyme-containing structures as well.[23] Uses Structural use About 95% of the commercial use of silicon dioxide (sand) occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (Portland cement concrete).[19] Certain deposits of silica sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable clay and other mineral content, were important for sand casting of metallic products.[24] The high melting point of silica enables it to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons. Crystalline silica is used in hydraulic fracturing of formations which contain tight oil and shale gas.[25] Precursor to glass and silicon Silica is the primary ingredient in the production of most glass. As other minerals are melted with silica, the principle of Freezing Point Depression lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity. The glass transition temperature of pure SiO2 is about 1475 K.[26] When molten silicon dioxide SiO2 is rapidly cooled, it does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass. Because of this, most ceramic glazes have silica as the main ingredient. The structural geometry of silicon and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centers. The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the tetrahedral units: Although there is no long range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length. One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.[27] The majority of optical fibers for telecommunication are also made from silica. It is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Silicon dioxide is used to produce elemental silicon. The process involves carbothermic reduction in an electric arc furnace:[28] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 C -> Si + 2 CO}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 C -> Si + 2 CO}}} Fumed silica Fumed silica, also known as pyrogenic silica, is prepared by burning SiCl4 in an oxygen-rich hydrogen flame to produce a "smoke" of SiO2.[10] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiCl4 + 2 H2 + O2 -> SiO2 + 4 HCl}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiCl4 + 2 H2 + O2 -> SiO2 + 4 HCl}}} It can also be produced by vaporizing quartz sand in a 3000 °C electric arc. Both processes result in microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles, a white powder with extremely low bulk density (0.03-.15 g/cm3) and thus high surface area.[29] The particles act as a thixotropic thickening agent, or as an anti-caking agent, and can be treated to make them hydrophilic or hydrophobic for either water or organic liquid applications Manufactured fumed silica with maximum surface area of 380 m2/g Silica fume is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production. It consists of amorphous (non-crystalline) spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm, without the branching of the pyrogenic product. The main use is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete. Food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications Silica, either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production. It is used primarily as a flow or anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets.[29] It can adsorb water in hygroscopic applications. Colloidal silica is used as a fining agent for wine, beer, and juice, with the E number reference E551.[19] In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties[30] and natural absorbency.[31] Diatomaceous earth, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries. It consists of the silica shells of microscopic diatoms; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder".[citation needed] Manufactured or mined hydrated silica is used as the hard abrasive in toothpaste. Semiconductors See also: Surface passivation, Thermal oxidation, Planar process, and MOSFET Silicon dioxide is widely used in the semiconductor technology for the primary passivation (directly on the semiconductor surface), as an original gate dielectric in MOS technology. Today when scaling (dimension of the gate length of the MOS transistor) has progressed below 10 nm silicon dioxide has been replaced by other dielectric materials like hafnium oxide or similar with higher dielectric constant compared to silicon dioxide, as a dielectric layer between metal (wiring) layers (sometimes up to 8-10) connecting elements to each other and as a secondary passivation layer (for protecting semiconductor elements and the metallization layers) typically today layered with some other dielectrics like silicon nitride. Because silicon dioxide is a native oxide of silicon it is more widely used compared to other semiconductors like Gallium arsenide or Indium phosphide. Silicon dioxide could be grown on a silicon semiconductor surface.[32] Silicon oxide layers could protect silicon surfaces during diffusion processes, and could be used for diffusion masking.[33][34] Surface passivation is the process by which a semiconductor surface is rendered inert, and does not change semiconductor properties as a result of interaction with air or other materials in contact with the surface or edge of the crystal.[35][36] The formation of a thermally grown silicon dioxide layer greatly reduces the concentration of electronic states at the silicon surface.[36] SiO2 films preserve the electrical characteristics of p–n junctions and prevent these electrical characteristics from deteriorating by the gaseous ambient environment.[34] Silicon oxide layers could be used to electrically stabilize silicon surfaces.[33] The surface passivation process is an important method of semiconductor device fabrication that involves coating a silicon wafer with an insulating layer of silicon oxide so that electricity could reliably penetrate to the conducting silicon below. Growing a layer of silicon dioxide on top of a silicon wafer enables it to overcome the surface states that otherwise prevent electricity from reaching the semiconducting layer.[35][37] The process of silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation (silicon dioxide) is critical to the semiconductor industry. It is commonly used to manufacture metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and silicon integrated circuit chips (with the planar process).[35][37] Other Hydrophobic silica is used as a defoamer component.[38] In its capacity as a refractory, it is useful in fiber form as a high-temperature thermal protection fabric.[citation needed] Silica is used in the extraction of DNA and RNA due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of chaotropes.[39] Silica aerogel was used in the Stardust spacecraft to collect extraterrestrial particles.[40] Pure silica (silicon dioxide), when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass. Production Silicon dioxide is mostly obtained by mining, including sand mining and purification of quartz. Quartz is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.[citation needed] Precipitated silica Precipitated silica or amorphous silica is produced by the acidification of solutions of sodium silicate. The gelatinous precipitate or silica gel, is first washed and then dehydrated to produce colorless microporous silica.[10] The idealized equation involving a trisilicate and sulfuric acid is: {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Si3O7 + H2SO4 -> 3 SiO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Si3O7 + H2SO4 -> 3 SiO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}} Approximately one billion kilograms/year (1999) of silica were produced in this manner, mainly for use for polymer composites – tires and shoe soles.[19] On microchips Thin films of silica grow spontaneously on silicon wafers via thermal oxidation, producing a very shallow layer of about 1 nm or 10 Å of so-called native oxide.[41] Higher temperatures and alternative environments are used to grow well-controlled layers of silicon dioxide on silicon, for example at temperatures between 600 and 1200 °C, using so-called dry oxidation with O2 {\displaystyle {\ce {Si + O2 -> SiO2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si + O2 -> SiO2}}} or wet oxidation with H2O.[42][43] {\displaystyle {\ce {Si + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 2 H2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 2 H2}}} The native oxide layer is beneficial in microelectronics, where it acts as electric insulator with high chemical stability. It can protect the silicon, store charge, block current, and even act as a controlled pathway to limit current flow.[44] Laboratory or special methods From organosilicon compounds Many routes to silicon dioxide start with an organosilicon compound, e.g., HMDSO,[45] TEOS. Synthesis of silica is illustrated below using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Simply heating TEOS at 680–730 °C results in the oxide: {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 -> SiO2 + 2 O(C2H5)2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 -> SiO2 + 2 O(C2H5)2}}} Similarly TEOS combusts around 400 °C: {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 12 O2 -> SiO2 + 10 H2O + 8 CO2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 12 O2 -> SiO2 + 10 H2O + 8 CO2}}} TEOS undergoes hydrolysis via the so-called sol-gel process. The course of the reaction and nature of the product are affected by catalysts, but the idealized equation is:[46] {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 4 HOCH2CH3}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 4 HOCH2CH3}}} Other methods Being highly stable, silicon dioxide arises from many methods. Conceptually simple, but of little practical value, combustion of silane gives silicon dioxide. This reaction is analogous to the combustion of methane: {\displaystyle {\ce {SiH4 + 2 O2 -> SiO2 + 2 H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiH4 + 2 O2 -> SiO2 + 2 H2O}}} However the chemical vapor deposition of silicon dioxide onto crystal surface from silane had been used using nitrogen as a carrier gas at 200–500 °C.[47] Chemical reactions Silica is converted to silicon by reduction with carbon. Fluorine reacts with silicon dioxide to form SiF4 and O2 whereas the other halogen gases (Cl2, Br2, I2) are essentially unreactive.[10] Silicon dioxide is attacked by hydrofluoric acid (HF) to produce hexafluorosilicic acid:[9] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 6 HF -> H2SiF6 + 2 H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 6 HF -> H2SiF6 + 2 H2O}}} HF is used to remove or pattern silicon dioxide in the semiconductor industry. Under normal conditions, silicon does not react with most acids but is dissolved by hydrofluoric acid. {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(s) + 6HF(aq) -> [SiF6]^{2-}(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2H2(g)}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(s) + 6HF(aq) -> [SiF6]^{2-}(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2H2(g)}}} Silicon is attacked by bases such as aqueous sodium hydroxide to give silicates. {\displaystyle {\ce {Si(s) + 4NaOH(aq) -> [SiO4]^{4-}(aq) + 4Na+(aq) + 2H2(g)}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(s) + 4NaOH(aq) -> [SiO4]^{4-}(aq) + 4Na+(aq) + 2H2(g)}}} Silicon dioxide acts as a Lux–Flood acid, being able to react with bases under certain conditions. As it does not contain any hydrogen, it cannot act as a Brønsted–Lowry acid. While silicon dioxide is not soluble in water, some strong bases will react with glass and have to be stored in plastic bottles as a result.[48] Silicon dioxide dissolves in hot concentrated alkali or fused hydroxide, as described in this idealized equation:[10] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 NaOH -> Na2SiO3 + H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 NaOH -> Na2SiO3 + H2O}}} Silicon dioxide will neutralise basic metal oxides (e.g. sodium oxide, potassium oxide, lead(II) oxide, zinc oxide, or mixtures of oxides, forming silicates and glasses as the Si-O-Si bonds in silica are broken successively).[9] As an example the reaction of sodium oxide and SiO2 can produce sodium orthosilicate, sodium silicate, and glasses, dependent on the proportions of reactants:[10] {\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2O + SiO2 -> Na4SiO4;}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2O + SiO2 -> Na4SiO4;}}} {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> Na2SiO3;}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> Na2SiO3;}}} {\displaystyle (0.25-0.8)}{\displaystyle (0.25-0.8)} {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> glass}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> glass}}}. Examples of such glasses have commercial significance, e.g. soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass. In these glasses, silica is termed the network former or lattice former.[9] The reaction is also used in blast furnaces to remove sand impurities in the ore by neutralisation with calcium oxide, forming calcium silicate slag. Bundle of optical fibers composed of high purity silica. Silicon dioxide reacts in heated reflux under dinitrogen with ethylene glycol and an alkali metal base to produce highly reactive, pentacoordinate silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds.[49] The silicates are essentially insoluble in all polar solvent except methanol. Silicon dioxide reacts with elemental silicon at high temperatures to produce SiO:[9] {\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + Si -> 2 SiO}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + Si -> 2 SiO}}} Water solubility The solubility of silicon dioxide in water strongly depends on its crystalline form and is three-four times higher for silica[clarification needed] than quartz; as a function of temperature, it peaks around 340 °C.[50] This property is used to grow single crystals of quartz in a hydrothermal process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel that is cooler at the top. Crystals of 0.5–1 kg can be grown over a period of 1–2 months.[9] These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications.[10] Health effects Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg).[19] A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia. An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a decreased risk of dementia of 11%.[51] Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or lung cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities.[52] When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), it increases the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus[53] and rheumatoid arthritis compared to expected rates in the general population.[54] Occupational hazard Silica is an occupational hazard for people who do sandblasting, or work with products that contain powdered crystalline silica. Amorphous silica, such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases, but is not associated with development of silicosis. Children, asthmatics of any age, those with allergies, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced lung capacity) can be affected in less time.[55] Crystalline silica is an occupational hazard for those working with stone countertops, because the process of cutting and installing the countertops creates large amounts of airborne silica.[56] Crystalline silica used in hydraulic fracturing presents a health hazard to workers.[25] Pathophysiology In the body, crystalline silica particles do not dissolve over clinically relevant periods. Silica crystals inside the lungs can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome inside macrophages and dendritic cells and thereby result in production of interleukin, a highly pro-inflammatory cytokine in the immune system.[57][58][59] Regulation Regulations restricting silica exposure 'with respect to the silicosis hazard' specify that they are concerned only with silica, which is both crystalline and dust-forming.[60][61][62][63][64][65] In 2013, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration reduced the exposure limit to 50 µg/m3 of air. Prior to 2013, it had allowed 100 µg/m3 and in construction workers even 250 µg/m3.[25] In 2013, OSHA also required "green completion" of fracked wells to reduce exposure to crystalline silica besides restricting the limit of exposure. What is it? Silicon dioxide (SiO2), also known as silica, is a natural compound made of two of the earth’s most abundant materials: silicon (Si) and oxygen (O2). Silicon dioxide is most often recognized in the form of quartz. It’s found naturally in water, plants, animals, and the earth. The earth’s crust is 59 percent silica. It makes up more than 95 percent of known rocks on the planet. When you sit on a beach, it’s silicon dioxide in the form of sand that gets between your toes. It’s even found naturally in the tissues of the human body. Though it’s unclear what role it plays, it’s thought to be an essential nutrient our bodies need. Why is it in food and supplements? Silicon dioxide is found naturally in many plants, such as: leafy green vegetables beets bell peppers brown rice oats alfalfa Silicon dioxide is also added to many foods and supplements. As a food additive, it serves as an anticaking agent to avoid clumping. In supplements, it’s used to prevent the various powdered ingredients from sticking together. As with many food additives, consumers often have concerns about silicon dioxide as an additive. However, numerous studies suggest there’s no cause for these concerns. What does the research say? The fact that silicon dioxide is found in plants and drinking water suggests it’s safe. Research has shown that the silica we consume through our diets doesn’t accumulate in our bodies. Instead, it’s flushed out by our kidneys. However, the progressive, often fatal lung disease silicosis can occur from chronic inhalation of silica dust. This exposure and disease primarily occurs among people who work in: mining construction quarrying the steel industry sandblasting While many of the studies on silica have been done on animals, researchers have found no link between the food additive silicon dioxide and increased risk of cancer, organ damage, or death. In addition, studies have found no evidence that silicon dioxide as an additive in food can affect reproductive health, birth weight, or bodyweight. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also recognized silicon dioxide as a safe food additive. In 2018, the European Food Safety Authority urged the European Union to impose stricter guidelines on silicon dioxide until further research could be done. Their concerns focused on the nano-sized particles (some of which were smaller than 100 nm). Previously guidelines followed a 1974 paper prepared in association with the World Health Organization. This paper found the only negative health effects related to silicon dioxide have been caused by silicon deficiency. More current research may be changing the guidelines and recommendations. Have safe limits been set? Though the research so far suggests there aren’t many risks associated with silicon dioxide ingestion, the FDA has set upper limits on its consumption: Silicon dioxide shouldn’t exceed 2 percent of a food’s total weight. This is mainly because amounts higher than these set limits haven’t been sufficiently studied. The takeaway Silicon dioxide exists naturally within the earth and our bodies. There isn’t yet evidence to suggest it’s dangerous to ingest as a food additive, but more research is needed on what role it plays in the body. Chronic inhalation of silica dust can lead to lung disease. People who have serious allergies have a vested interest in knowing what additives are in the foods they eat. But even if you don’t have such allergies, it’s best to be cautious with food additives. And even minor changes in levels of minerals can have a profound effect on healthy functioning. A good approach is to eat whole foods and get healthy levels of silicon dioxide. Silicon Dioxide is a natural compound of silicon and oxygen found mostly in sand, Silica has three main crystalline varieties: quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite. Fine particulate silica dust from quartz rock causes over a long-term progressive lung injury, silicosis. (NCI04) NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) Silica is another name for the chemical compound composed of silicon and oxygen with the chemical formula SiO2, or silicon dioxide. There are many forms of silica. All silica forms are identical in chemical composition, but have different atom arrangements. Silica compounds can be divided into two groups, crystalline (or c-silica) and amorphous silica (a-silica or non-crystalline silica). c-Silica compounds have structures with repeating patterns of silicon and oxygen. a-Silica chemical structures are more randomly linked when compared to c-silica. All forms of silica are odorless solids composed of silicon and oxygen atoms. Silica particles become suspended in air and form non-explosive dusts. Silica may combine with other metallic elements and oxides to form silicates. CDC-ATSDR Toxic Substances Portal Silicon dioxide is a silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens. Molecular Weight of Silicon dioxide: 60.084 g/mol Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Silicon dioxide:2 Rotatable Bond Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Exact Mass of Silicon dioxide: 59.966756 g/mol Monoisotopic Mass of Silicon dioxide: 59.966756 g/mol Topological Polar Surface Area of Silicon dioxide: 34.1 Ų Heavy Atom Count of Silicon dioxide: 3 Formal Charge of Silicon dioxide: 0 Complexity of Silicon dioxide: 18.3 Isotope Atom Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Silicon dioxide:0 Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Silicon dioxide: 0 Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Silicon dioxide: 1 Compound of Silicon dioxide Is Canonicalized Yes
SILICONE DIOXIDE FOOD GRADE
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs almost everywhere on earth.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade when used as a food additive, is a compound consisting of silicon and oxygen.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is found naturally in the ground and in our bodies.

CAS Number: 7631-86-9
Molecular Formula: O2Si
Molecular Weight: 60.08
EINECS Number: 231-545-4

Synonyms: Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Silica, Dioxosilane, Quartz, 7631-86-9, Silica gel, Cristobalite, Silicic anhydride, Tridymite, 14808-60-7, Sand, 112945-52-5, 61790-53-2, 112926-00-8, KIESELGUHR, Diatomaceous silica, Wessalon, Aerosil, Silicon(IV) oxide, Zorbax sil, 60676-86-0, Silica, amorphous, 14464-46-1, Dicalite, Ludox, Nyacol, Amorphous silica, QUARTZ (SIO2), Cristobalite (SiO2), Cab-O-sil, Sillikolloid, Extrusil, Santocel, Sipernat, Superfloss, Acticel, Carplex, Neosil, Neosyl, Porasil, Silikil, Siloxid, Zipax, Aerosil-degussa, Silicon oxide, Aerosil 380, Synthetic amorphous silica, Quartz sand, Rose quartz, Silica particles, 91053-39-3, Cab-o-sil M-5, Silica, fumed, Snowtex O, Silica, colloidal, Tokusil TPLM, Dri-Die, SILICA, VITREOUS, Manosil vn 3, Colloidal Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Ultrasil VH 3, Ultrasil VN 3, Aerosil bs-50, Carplex 30, Carplex 80, Snowtex 30, Zeofree 80, Aerosil,Silicon(IV) oxide, Zorbax sil, 60676-86-0, Silica, amorphous, 14464-46-1, Dicalite, Ludox, Nyacol, Amorphous silica, QUARTZ (SIO2), Cristobalite (SiO2), Cab-O-sil, Sillikolloid, Extrusil, Santocel, Sipernat, Superfloss, Acticel, Carplex, Neosil, Neosyl, Porasil, Silikil, Siloxid, Zipax, Aerosil-degussa, Silicon oxide, Aerosil 380, Synthetic amorphous silica, Quartz sand, Rose quartz, Silica particles, 91053-39-3, Cab-o-sil M-5, Silica, fumed, Snowtex O, Silica, colloidal, Tokusil TPLM, Dri-Die, SILICA, VITREOUS, Manosil vn 3, Colloidal Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Ultrasil VH 3, Ultrasil VN 3, Aerosil bs-50, Carplex 30, Carplex 80, Snowtex 30, Zeofree 80, Aerosil K 7, Cabosil N 5, Syton 2X, Amorphous silica gel, Positive sol 232, Siliziumdioxid, Aerogel 200, Aerosil 300, Chalcedony, Diatomite, Ludox hs 40, Silanox 101, Silica (SiO2), Vitasil 220, Agate, Positive sol 130M, Silica vitreous, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (amorphous), Aerosil A 300, Aerosil E 300, Aerosil M-300, colloidal silica, Fused silica, Quartz glass, Silica slurry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, fumed, Silicone dioxide, 68855-54-9, Nalfloc N 1050, Quso 51, Silica, amorphous fused, Nalco 1050, Quso G 30, Hydrophobic silica 2482, Kieselsaeureanhydrid, Min-U-Sil, 15468-32-3, SiO2, CCRIS 3699, Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles, Silica aerogel, (SiO2)n, UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4, ETJ7Z6XBU4, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Amorphous, Silica 2482, hydrophobic, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, chemically prepared, EINECS 231-545-4, CAB-O-SIL N-70TS, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605, CI 7811,Aerosil 200, 99439-28-8, CHEBI:30563, AI3-25549, Crystalline silica, N1030, U 333, Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh, Glass, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, colloidal, 15723-40-7, ENT 25,550, [SiO2], Silica, crystalline - fused, Silicagel, Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free, 13778-37-5, 13778-38-6, 17679-64-0, Christensenite, Crystoballite, Silica gel desiccant, indicating, Celite, INS-551, Calcined diatomite, MFCD00011232, MFCD00217788, Silica, amorphous,fumed, cryst.-free, Silica, mesostructured, Amethyst, Aquafil, Cataloid, Crysvarl, Flintshot, Nalcoag, Novaculite, Silikill, Vulkasil, Cherts, Snowit, Imsil, Metacristobalite, Quartz silica, alpha-Quartz, Fossil flour, Fumed silica, Quartz dust, Rock crystal, Silica dust, White carbon, SIMETHICONE COMPONENT Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Chromosorb P, Tiger-eye, E-551, Vulkasil S, Celite superfloss, Cristobalite dust, Corasil II, Silver bond B, Cab-O-sperse, alpha-Cristobalite, alpha-Crystobalite, Gold bond R, (SiO2), Cabosil st-1, Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O, Sil-Co-Sil, Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, Siderite (SiO2), Tridymite 118, Cab-O-grip II, Tridimite [French], HI-Sil, Amorphous silica dust, Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres, Nyacol 830, Sibelite M 3000, Sibelite M 4000, Sibelite M 6000, Quazo puro [Italian], SILICA, AMORPHOUS (IARC), SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC], Caswell No. 734A, Sicron F 300, Sikron F 100, Spectrosil, Accusand, Coesite, Fuselex, Nalcast, Nyacol 1430, Optocil, Quartzine, Quarzsand, Rancosil, Suprasil, Tridimite, Siltex, Vitreous quartz, Vitreous silica, Tridymite dust, W 12 (Filler), beta-Quartz, Fused quartz, MIN-U-sil alpha quartz, Quartz-beta, Amorphous quartz, Dri-Die insecticide 67, Quazo puro, Silica, amorphous, fumed, Vitrified silica, Pyrogenic colloidal silica, Silica, fused, Suprasil W, Vitreosil IR, Borsil P, Dioxide, Silicon, Silane, dioxo-, Crystallized Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Optocil (quartz), CP-SilicaPLOT, Sand, Sea, Silicon oxide, di- (sand), Quarzsand [German], S-Col, Admafine SO 25H, Admafine SO 25R, Admafine SO 32H, Admafine SO-C 2, Admafine SO-C 3, Cristobalite asbestos, Keatite (SiO2), Sg-67, Tridymite (SiO2), Fumed silica, crystalline-free, Stishovite (SiO2), ED-C (silica), Fuselex ZA 30, As 1 (silica), CCRIS 2475, DQ12, Agate (SiO2), Celite 545, Fumed synthetic amorphous silica, Silica, crystalline - tridymite, FB 5 (silica), Fuselex RD 120, Corning 7940, Microcrystalline quartz, Synthetic amorphous silica, fumed, Denka F 90, Denka FB 30, Denka FB 44, Denka FB 74, Denka FS 30, Dri-Die 67, Silica gel spherical, 40-75 mum particle size, WGL 300, Cryptocrystalline quartz, FB 20 (silica), Elsil 100, F 44 (filler), D & D, SF 35, Elsil BF 100, F 125 (silica), F 160 (silica), Fuselex RD 40-60, Silica, amorphous, fused, Silica; Silica colloidal anhydrous; Silicium dioxide, EINECS 238-455-4, EINECS 238-878-4, EINECS 239-487-1, 43-63C, HK 400, TGL 16319, Silica, crystalline quartz, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (vitreous), Silica, amorphous, fumed, cryst.-free, Silica, crystalline, quartz, Silica, crystalline: quartz, tripolite, GP 7I, Precipitated amorphous silica, Chrysoprase, Ronasphere, Silica, crystalline tridymite, Speriglass, Carneol, Citrine, Kieselgel, NaturasilScars, Sandstone, Silica, crystalline - quartz, Silicea, Spherica, AF-SO 25R, Quartz [Silica, crystalline], Siilca, Zorbax, quartz-glass, silica sand, Silicom dioxide, Silica flour (powdered crystalline silica), Silica marina, Silica, crystalline: tridymite, silica-gel, Fused-silica, pyrogenic silica, Silica,fumed, GP 11I, RD 8, silica-, Fine grain sand, QuarZ, Super-cel, Fire Agate, Greensil K, Sea sand, silica gel white, W 006, Silicon di-oxide, Tridymite [Silica, crystalline], Zelec Sil, Chrysolith 6X, CRS 1102RD8, Silica Dispersion, SiO2 Nanopowder, Silica gel G, Silica, crystalline: cristobalite, Silotrat-1, Kieselsaureanhydrid, SiO2 Nanospheres, Silica gel 60 ADAMANT(TM) on TLC plates, with fluorescent indicator 254 nm, Silicea 3X, Silicea 6C, Silicea 6X, Chrysoprase8113, EF 10, Fossil Flour MBK, FS 74, Honest-Paste Kids, MR 84, Quartz 8, Silica, crystalline - cristobalite, Silica Microspheres, Aventurine8101, Cristobalite [Silica, crystalline], Silicea Kit Refill, Sorbosil AC33, Sorbosil AC77, Sorbosil BFG50, Sorbosil TC15, Sand, white quartz, Sandstone8144, Silicea 12X, Silicea 30X, Amorphous silica: Pyrogenic (fumed), EINECS 262-373-8, Silica gel, ASTM, silicon (iv) oxide, Methyl3-oxohexanoate, Siliceous sand, CP, Sorbosil AC 35, Sorbosil AC 37, Sorbosil AC 39, BF 100, EQ 912, Neosil CBT50, Neosil CBT60, Neosil CBT60S, Neosil CBT70, Neosil CT11, Neosil PC10, Neosil PC50S, QG 100, Quartz 30, RD 120, Rose Quartz8142, AEROSIC, Aerosil 130, Aerosil 255, ARSIL, BIOSILICA, Carneol8109, Citrine8114, DALTOSIL, DUROSIL, HAIRBALLS, KOMSIL, MICROSIL, MILOWHITE, MIZUKASIL, NOVAKUP, OSCAL, PHOTOX, PREGEL, REOLOSIL, ROMSIL, SIFLOX, SILEX, SILICAFILM, SILICALITE, Silicea 200C, Silicea 200X, Silicea8012, SILIPUR, SILMOS, SIONOX, SNOWTEX, Sorbpso; BFG10, SYTON, TOSIL, UNISIL, VERTICURINE, ZEOPAN, Fire Agate8116, Tigers Eye8152, NaturasilStretch Marks, Wacker HDK H30, Celite 503, ENTERO TEKNOSAL, Spheron PL-700, AEROSIL PST, CATALOID SA, CATALOID SN, NALCAST PLW, SANTOCEL CS, SNOWTEX OXS, SORBSIL MSG, ADELITE A, ELKEM SAND, FINESIL B, FUJIGEL B, FUSELEX X, GAROSIL GB, GAROSIL N, HIMESIL A, NEOSIL XV, NEOSYL GP, NIPSIL AQ, NIPSIL ER, NIPSIL ES, NIPSIL LP, NIPSIL NA, NIPSIL NS, NIPSIL NST, SANTOCEL Z, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Powder, SILTON AK, SNOWTEX AK, SNOWTEX C, SNOWTEX N, SNOWTEX OL, TOKUSIL GU, TOKUSIL N, TOKUSIL NR, TOKUSIL P, TOKUSIL U, TOKUSIL UR, VULKASIL C, Wacker HDK T 30, Wacker HDK V 15, LUDOX LS, LUDOX TM, NEOSIL A, Sea sand, acid washed, Silica, fumed, powder, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (NF), SILTON A, SYTON FM, CRYSTALITE 5V, CRYSTALITE 5X, GLASGRAIN SG-A, IMSIL H, Neosil CL2000, Sand 50-70 mesh, Silica, Anhydrous 31, SILICEA200ck, Spheron N-2000, Spheron P-1500, TOSIL P, Cab-O-Sil EH-5, Cab-O-Sil M-5P, Cab-O-Sil MS55, F 44, NIPSIL VN3LP, Silica gel, large pore, TOKUSIL GU-N, TOKUSIL GV-N, Wacker HDK N 20P, Wacker HDK N 25P, Y 40, KAOWOOL RIGIDIZER, CRYSTALITE FM 1, CRYSTALITE NA 1, HYPERSIL 3, HYPERSIL 5, MSP-X, Silica 6 Special Order, ULTRASIL VN 3SP, Hollow Silica Nanosphere, MIZUKASIL NP 8, MIZUKASIL SK 7, Silicon Oxide Dispersion, Silicon Oxide Nanopowder, CARPLEX FPS 1, CARPLEX FPS 3, NIPSIL VN 3AQ, SI-O-LITE, SILICA [INCI], SUPERNAT 22LS, SYLOID SILICA GEL, ULTRASIL VN 2, CARPLEX CS 5, CRYSTALITE CMC 1, silica (Silicone Dioxide Food Grade), silica fibers (biogenic), SILICATE [VANDF], Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (silica), SUPERNAT 50S, TOKUSIL AL 1, Celite (R) 545, MIZUKASIL P 78A, MIZUKASIL P 78F, Silica gel, ACS reagent, Wacker HDK V 15 P, Celite(R) 512 medium, HYPERSIL 10, Kieselguhr, -325 mesh, NIPSIL VN 3, OPRECARE 12, OPRECARE 24, SAND [INCI], SANTOCEL 54, SANTOCEL 62, Silica, 99.8%, SILNEX NP 8, SYLOBLOC 41, SYLOBLOC 44, SYLOBLOC 46, SYLOBLOC 47, TONICPET 12, ADELITE AT 20A, ADELITE AT 20Q, ADELITE AT 30S, CATALOID HS 40, CATALOID SI 40, HARIMIC SWC 05, MIZUKASIL P 78, Quartz 60 Special Order, SBA-15 Molecular Sieve, Silica 30 Special Order, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Nanopowder, SNOWTEX NCS 30, ADELITE 30, ADELITE AT 30, AEROSIL BS 50, AEROSIL FK 60, AEROSIL OX 50, CARPLEX 67, DSSTox_CID_9677, HISILEX EF 10, Hollow Silica Microspheres, LUDOX 40HS, NIPSIL SS 50A, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Dispersion, SILTON A 2, SILTON LP 75C, SILTON R 2, SNOWTEX 40, SUPERNAT 250S, TULLANOX A 50, ZEOTHIX 95, ZORBAX PSM 60, Cab-O-Sil LM-130, AEROSIL 130V, AEROSIL 200V, CATALOID SI 350, Epitope ID:158537, FINESIL E 50, FINESIL X 37, MIZUKASIL P 526, MIZUKASIL P 527, MIZUKASIL P 801, MIZUKASIL P 802, NEOSYL 81, NIPSIL SS 10, NIPSIL SS 50, PROTEK-SORB 121, REOLOSIL 202, REOLOSIL QS 102, SIDENT 12, Silica, fumed, hydrophobic, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Nanospheres, SOLEX (M), SYLODENT 704, SYTON 30X, SYTON W 3, TULLANOX TM 500, ZEOSIL 175MP, ZEOSIL 75, ADELITE AD 321, AEROSIL A 200V, AEROSIL OK 412, AEROSIL TT 600, CAB-O-SIL HS 5, CAB-O-SIL M 5, CAB-O-SIL N 5, LUFILEN E 100, NALCOAG 1034A, Nano Silicone Dioxide Food Grade Powder, NIPSIL B 220A, NIPSIL E 150J, NIPSIL E 150K, NIPSIL E 150V, NIPSIL E 200A, NIPSIL E 220A, SILCRON G 100, SILCRON G 640, Silica gel 40-60Angstoms, TIX-O-SIL 33J, TIX-O-SIL 38A, AROGEN 500, CAB-O-SIL LM 50, DSSTox_RID_78805, EMSAC 460S, EMSAC 465T, IMSIL A 10, IMSIL A 15, IMSIL A 25, NEOSYL 186, NEOSYL 224, NUCLEOSIL 100-5, QUSO WR 55, QUSO WR 82, silica gel 60g (type60), silica gel 60h (type60), SSA 1, SSK 5, SYTON W 15, SYTON W 30, SYTON X 30, ZEOSYL 100, ZEOSYL 200, CAB-O-SIL MS 75D, CAB-O-SIL N 70TS, CARPLEX 1120, CELATOM(R) FW-60, DSSTox_GSID_29677, FILLITE 52/7, IMSIL A 108H, MIN-U-SIL 15, MIN-U-SIL 30, NALCO 2SS374, NALCO CD 100, NALCOAG 1030, NALCOAG 1050, NALCOAG 1060, NALCOAG 1115, NALCOAG 1129, NALCOAG 1140, NIPSIL E 150, NIPSIL E 200, NIPSIL G 300, NYACOL 2034A, P 2 (SILICA), Pesticide Code 072605, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, acid washed, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, acid-washed, VITASIL 1500, VITASIL 1600, ZEOSYL 1000V, BS 30 (FILLER), BS 50 (SILICA), CAB-M 5, Diatomaceous earth non-washed, EP 10TP, NALFLOC N 1030, SILICA GEL [WHO-DD], Silicone Dioxide Food Grade [II], Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2), 2080 Dentistry Night Fresh, 92283-58-4, LO-VEL 24, LO-VEL 27, PHYENLIMCIDE TOOTHPASTE, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, Precipitated, EXSIL A 300, F 40 (SILICA), FILLITE 200/7, IATROBEADS 6RS8060, IMSIL A 108, NALCO 1034A, NALCO 84SS258, Silica fibers, 1/4'' long, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade [FCC], Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous, TIX-O-SIL 375, TS 100 (SILICA), ZEOSYL 2000, 2080 Dentistry Night Repair, CATALOID OSCAL 1432, Kieselguhr, calcined, purified, Silica gel, CP, blue, beads, Silica Gel 60-100 MESH, Silica, fused, respirable dust, 25wt% Silicon Oxide in Water, AW Standard Super-Cel(R) NF, B-6C, FK 320DS, HDK-V 15, HSDB 682, IMSIL 1240, INS NO.551, MCM-41, NALCO 1115, NALCO 1129, NALCO 1140, OSCAL 1132, OSCAL 1232, OSCAL 1432, OSCAL 1433, OSCAL 1434, Silica gel, CP, white, beads, Silicates (<1% crystalline silica):Graphite, natural, SIPUR 1500, SYLOID 244 [VANDF], ZEO 49, Hyflo(R) Super-Cel(R), CP, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade (SIO2), Silicone Dioxide Food Grade [VANDF], CHEMBL3188292, Cinis comp A 21 Special Order, DTXSID1029677, DTXSID6050465, Filter agent, Celite(R) 545, IATROBEADS GRS 80100, Sand, white quartz, CP, beads, silica gel 60gf254(type60), silica gel 60hf254(type60), Silicagel 60A 40-63 micron, SILICONE DIOXIDE [VANDF], B-CEL 300, Quarz cryst., 0.6-1.3 mm, Silica gel, CP, blue, bead size, medium, Silica gel, technical grade, 6-16 mesh, Silicon oxide powder, 99% Nano, 20 nm, SONATURAL ALL KILL BLACKHEAD CLEAR, CAS-7631-86-9, Silica gel desiccant, -3+8 mesh granules, Silica gel, 12-24 mesh (liquid drying), Silica gel, for column chromatography, 60, Celite(R) 281, filter aid, flux calcined, Celite(R) S, filter aid, dried, untreated, Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 80-100 mesh, HY-154739, Silica gel desiccant, -6+12 mesh granules, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, purum p.a., acid purified, White Silica Gel Beads, 3 mm (2-5 mm), CS-0694521, Dr. Zenni GGOGGOMA ToothpasteVanilla flavor, F 307, FT-0624621, FT-0645127, FT-0689145, FT-0689270, FT-0696592, FT-0696603, FT-0697331, FT-0697389, FT-0700917, S0822, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 220-440 mesh particle size, 35-75 mum particle size, for flash chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, for flash chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 5-25 mum particle size, without binder, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, pore size 60 ??, 70-230 mesh, 63-200 mum, for column chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, Type G, with ~13% calcium sulfate, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, high-purity grade, with ~15% calcium sulfate and fluorescent indicator, GF254, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 2.2 micron APS, 80 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 470m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 120 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC grade, spherical, 5 micron APS, 70 angstroms, 99.99+% , S.A. 500m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, HPLC/UHPLC grade, spherical, 1.6 micron APS, 110 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 340m2/g, P.V. 0.95cc/g, Silica gel, preparative chromatography grade, spherical, 20 micron APS, 150 angstroms, 99.99+%, S.A. 270m2/g, P.V. 1.00cc/g, Silica gel, technical grade (w/ Ca, ~0.1%), 60??, 230-400 mesh particle size, Ca 0.1-0.3 %, Silica gel, technical grade, pore size 60 ??, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 mum particle size, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder & fluorescent indicator,12 Micron APS,S.A. 500-600m2/g,60A,pH 6.5-7.5, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, with gypsum binder, 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6-7, Silica gel, TLC high purity grade, without binder, with fluorescent indic., 12 Micron APS, S.A. 500-600m2/g, 60A, pH 6.5-7.5, Silica gel, TLC high-purity grade, 5-25 mum, pore size 60 ??, with gypsum binder and fluorescent indicator, pore volume 0.75 cm3/g, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, <150 mum particle size, pore size 4 nm, Hexagonal pore morphology, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, <150 mum particle size, pore size 6 nm, Hexagonal pore morphology, Silica, mesoporous SBA-15, <150 mum particle size, pore size 8 nm, Hexagonal pore morphology, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, nanopowder (spherical, porous), 5-15 nm particle size (TEM), 99.5% trace metals basis, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, single crystal substrate, optical grade, 99.99% trace metals basis, <0001>, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm, Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm(lock), Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Bisphenol F epoxy resin,40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone,40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether,42 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 12nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 22nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 45nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 30 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 40 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Methyl ethyl ketone, 45 wt.%), Silicone sol(SiO2, Purity: >99.9%, Diameter: 80nm, Solvent: Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether).

Silica is a common additive in food production (E551), where it is used primarily as a flow agent in powdered foods, or to adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the primary component of diatomaceous earth.

Colloidal silica is also used as a wine, beer, and juice fining agent.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica, is a natural compound made of two of the earth’s most abundant materials: silicon (Si) and oxygen (O2).
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is most often recognized in the form of quartz.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s found naturally in water, plants, animals, and the earth.
The earth’s crust is 59 percent silica.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade makes up more than 95 percent of known rocks on the planet.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s even found naturally in the tissues of the human body.
Though it’s unclear what role it plays, it’s thought to be an essential nutrient our bodies need.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is primarily used as an anti-caking agent to prevent the clumping or sticking together of particles in powdered or granulated food products.
This helps maintain the free-flowing nature of these products.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is naturally present in many food items, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and certain beverages.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a common component of the Earth's crust and is found in various forms, such as sand and quartz.
In the food industry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade may be used in different physical forms, including amorphous (non-crystalline) and crystalline.
The choice of form depends on its intended use and the properties required in the final food product.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has been evaluated by food safety authorities, and it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with approved limits.
Regulatory bodies set specific limits on the amount of E551 that can be added to food products.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has various industrial applications beyond the food industry.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and as a desiccant (moisture-absorbing agent).
Additionally, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade finds applications in the production of glass, ceramics, and as a carrier for certain flavors or active ingredients.
Particle size can influence the performance of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in terms of its anti-caking properties and other functionalities.

In pharmaceutical products, silica aids powder flow when tablets are formed. In cosmetics, it's useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency.
Hydrated silica is used in toothpaste as a hard abrasive to remove tooth plaque.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade works as an anti-caking agent, and manufacturers add small amounts to some foods, cosmetics, and more to prevent products from clumping and binding together.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is mostly obtained by mining, including sand mining and purification of quartz.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), is widely used in food products as a thickener, anticaking agent, and carrier for fragrances and flavors.

Derived from naturally occurring quartz, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s also naturally found in water and plant-based foods, especially cereals like oats, barley and rice.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade should not be confused with silicone, a plastic material that contains silicon and other chemicals used to make breast implants, medical tubing and other medical devices.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a compound that’s naturally found in the earth’s crust in a crystalline state.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be obtained from mining and purifying quart.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also found in some organisms and animals, the human body (it’s a component of human ligaments, cartilage and musculature), plus some plants (especially grains) and in drinking water.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s created in labs and used as a common food additive, found in things like baking ingredients, protein powders and dried spices.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has a variety of uses in industries ranging from food and cosmetics to construction and electronics.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a food additive authorized as an anti-caking agent.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade's a nanomaterial, like titanium dioxide dye (E171), which EFSA has recently re-evaluated for toxicity.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade goes by the common name silica.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s also sometimes referred to as silicic anhydride or silicate.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade comes in several forms, depending on how it’s manufactured, including:
Crystalline silica, which is usually obtained from mining quartz.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade actually comprises a high percentage of the Earth’s crust, so this type is widely available.

This isn’t the form used in foods and can be problematic when inhaled over long periods of time.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, found in the earth’s sediments and rocks.
This also forms diatomite, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade or diatomaceous earth, which is made from deposits that accumulate over time in the sediment of rivers, streams, lakes and oceans.

This is the type most often used as an anti-caking agent to keep powdered foods free-flowing and to prevent moisture absorption.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, which is used in tablet-making.
This type is found in supplements because it has anti-caking, adsorbent, disintegrant and glidant effects.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the most abundant mineral on earth and can be found naturally in many plants.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is synthetically obtained from a vapor-phase hydrolysis reaction producing fumed silica.
Another process to obtain synthetic Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is through a wet process to form hydrous silica.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, is a colorless crystalline substance with a high level of hardness and strength.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade does not react with water and is resistant to acids.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is generally insoluble in water and organic solvents.

This insolubility is one of the reasons Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as an anti-caking agent, as it remains in its particulate form, preventing the formation of clumps in dry products.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is chemically inert, meaning it does not react with other substances in the food.
This makes it suitable for use in a wide range of products without affecting the taste or chemical composition of the food.

Some forms of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade may exist in hydrated or colloidal forms.
These hydrated forms may have specific applications in different industries, including food and beverages.
In some cases, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade may be used in combination with other anti-caking agents or additives to achieve synergistic effects, enhancing the overall anti-caking performance.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in pharmaceutical formulations as a flow agent and to improve the compressibility of certain drugs during tablet manufacturing.
In food products, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is often listed on ingredient labels as "silica" or "Silicone Dioxide Food Grade."
The specific particle size and form may also be indicated, especially in cases where different forms are available for specific applications.

Ongoing research in materials science and nanotechnology may lead to the development of new forms or applications of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, both in the food industry and other sectors.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is artificially produced amorphous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS).
Over the decades, two production methods (wet chemical and pyrogenic) have become established, for which the resulting E 551 products are chemically identical.

The food additive is available for downstream processing as a powder or a granulate.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is important to note here that E 551 is not what is known as colloidal silica, which is a liquid with extremely finely divided nanoparticles.
In the majority of Silicone Dioxide Food Grades, the silicon atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom (see 3-D Unit Cell).

Thus, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade forms 3-dimensional network solids in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms.
In contrast, CO2 is a linear molecule.
The starkly different structures of the dioxides of carbon and silicon are a manifestation of the double bond rule.

Based on the crystal structural differences, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be divided into two categories: crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous).
In the form of crystalline, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be found naturally occurring as quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, stishovite, and coesite.
On the other hand, amorphous silica can be found in nature as opal, infusorial earth and diatomaceous earth.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade glass is the form of intermediate state between this structure.
All of this distinct crystalline forms always have the same local structure around Si and O.
In α-quartz the Si–O bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154–171 pm.

The Si–O–Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite. In α-quartz, the Si–O–Si angle is 144°.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a defoamer component.
In its capacity as a refractory, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is useful in fiber form as a high-temperature thermal protection fabric.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in the extraction of DNA and RNA due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of chaotropes.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade was used in the Stardust spacecraft to collect extraterrestrial particles.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fibre for fibreglass.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a relatively inert material (hence its widespread occurrence as a mineral).
Silica is often used as inert containers for chemical reactions.
At high temperatures, it is converted to silicon by reduction with carbon.

Fluorine reacts with Silicone Dioxide Food Grade to form SiF4 and O2 whereas the other halogen gases (Cl2, Br2, I2) are unreactive.
Most forms of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade are attacked ("etched") by hydrofluoric acid (HF) to produce hexafluorosilicic acid:
SiO2 + 6 HF → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O

Stishovite does not react to HF to any significant degree.
HF is used to remove or pattern Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in the semiconductor industry.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade acts as a Lux–Flood acid, being able to react with bases under certain conditions.

As it does not contain any hydrogen, non-hydrated silica cannot directly act as a Brønsted–Lowry acid.
While Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is only poorly soluble in water at low or neutral pH (typically, 2 × 10−4 M for quartz up to 10−3 M for cryptocrystalline chalcedony), strong bases react with glass and easily dissolve it.
Therefore, strong bases have to be stored in plastic bottles to avoid jamming the bottle cap, to preserve the integrity of the recipient, and to avoid undesirable contamination by silicate anions.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade reacts in heated reflux under dinitrogen with ethylene glycol and an alkali metal base to produce highly reactive, pentacoordinate silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds.
The silicates are essentially insoluble in all polar solvent except methanol.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is currently regarded as a safe food additive when used following the appropriate levels to obtain the desired effect on the food product, and never exceeding the 2% limit.

However, authorities in the EU are reviewing potential hazardous effects of its nanoparticles.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica, silicic acid or silicic acid anydride is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.

Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as synthetic product.
Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, and aerogels.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in structural materials, microelectronics -as an electrical insulator-, and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica is toxic and can lead to severe inflammation of the lung tissue, silicosis, bronchitis, lung cancer, and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Uptake of amorphous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.
Sinofi is a leading Silicone Dioxide Food Grade supplier and manufacturer in China.

Silicone Dioxide Food Gradehydrofluoric.
Sinofi is a reliable Silicone Dioxide Food Grade supplier and manufacturer in China.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is commonly manufactured through the high-temperature melting and cooling of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade-rich rocks or minerals, such as quartz or sand.

In the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries, the typical manufacture of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs via a synthetic process, creating the compound from silica gel or sodium silicate.
These processes vary based on the final application for Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
For example, in the food and beverage industry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade may undergo additional processing to ensure it meets regulatory requirements for safety and purity.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade also known as silica, is a natural compound made of two of the earth’s most abundant materials: silicon (Si) and oxygen [O2].
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is most often recognized in the form of quartz.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s found naturally in water, plants, animals, and the earth.

The earth’s crust is 59% silica. It makes up more than 95 percent of known rocks on the planet.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in the form of sand that gets between toes.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s even found naturally in the tissues of the human body.

Though it’s unclear what role it plays, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s thought to be an essential nutrient our bodies need.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also added to many foods and supplements.
As a food additive, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade serves as an anti-caking agent to avoid clumping.

In supplements, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade's used to prevent the various powdered ingredients from sticking together.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade and Hydrated Silica are used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products including bath products, eye makeup, hair care products, makeup, nail care products, oral hygiene products and skin care products.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, is one of the most abundant materials on earth, available as White powder.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is widely used as flow agent in powdered foods and fining agent in wine, beer, and juice.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E551.
As a professional supplier and manufacturer of food additives, Foodchem International Corporation has been supplying quality Silicone Dioxide Food Grade to customers all over the world for over 10 years.

In the context of food, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade's commonly used as an anti-caking agent, where it helps prevent the formation of lumps or clumps in powdered or granulated food products.
This property makes Silicone Dioxide Food Grade useful in various food items such as salt, spices, and powdered drink mixes.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade exists in several structural forms: polymorphic crystalline silica, synthetic quartz crystals, amorphous silica, and vitreous silica.
The substance occurs as translucent granules or as a powder with a porous surface and pores of various sizes.
After drying Silicone Dioxide Food Grade contains 4% water.
The adsorption capacity of silica gel varies according to how the gel is obtained, according to the concentration of the solution from which it was precipitated or according to the reaction temperature or pH of the wash water.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is considered safe for consumption in regulated amounts.
It's important to note that Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a naturally occurring compound and is found in many forms, including as quartz, sand, and certain types of rocks.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.

In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.
Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as a synthetic product.
Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, and aerogels.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in structural materials, microelectronics, and components in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica or SiO2, is a naturally occurring compound.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade's made of silicon and oxygen.

Both elements are abundant on our planet.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is an amorphous substance, produced either synthetically or by a vapour-phase hydrolysis process, yielding pyrogenic silica.
The dry process produces silica precipitate, silica gel or hydrated silica.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is mainly obtained in the anhydrous state, while the other products in the wet process are obtained as hydrates or contain water absorbed at the surface.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, or silica, is a combination of silicon and oxygen, two very abundant, naturally occurring materials.
There are many forms of silica.

They all have the same makeup but may have a different name, depending on how the particles arrange themselves.
In general, there are two groups of silica: crystalline silica and amorphous silica.

This classification is not complete as there are other forms of silica synthesized for specialized applications.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, commonly found in nature as quartz.

In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is abundant as it comprises several minerals and synthetic products.
All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a common fundamental constituent of glass.
A Silicone Dioxide Food Grade made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, is an anti-caking substance, used for clarification and stabilisation.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the chemical formula of a group of inorganic polymers where each silicon atom is surrounded by 4 tetrahedrally arranged oxygen atoms.
The average stoichiometric composition of the compound is SiO2.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust, because sand is composed of silica.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is found in nature in three forms: crystalline, polymorphic and various amorphous or microcrystalline forms.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is obtained by acidifying a solution of sodium silicate in water.
Unstable silicic acid is formed, which on removal of water forms a colloidal solution from which hydrated SiO2 precipitates.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is one of the most important and abundant oxides on earth, constituting about 60% weight of the earth’s crust as silica itself or in combination with other metal oxides in silicates.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade commonly is found as sand in the vast ocean and river shores, their beds, deserts, rocks, and minerals.

Melting point: >1600 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: >100 °C(lit.)
Density: 2.2-2.6 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 13.3hPa at 1732℃
refractive index: 1.46
Flash point: 2230°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids except hydrofluoric acid. It dissolves in hot solutions of alkali hydroxides.
form: suspension
pka: 6.65-9.8[at 20 ℃]
Specific Gravity: 2.2
color: White to yellow
PH: 5-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 6: forms irreversible hydrate
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,8493
Exposure limits NIOSH: IDLH 3000 mg/m3; TWA 6 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.

In the modern world, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates).
Tests or frustules (i.e. shells) of diatoms, Radiolaria, and testate amoebae.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in the cells of many plants, including Equisetaceae, practically all grasses, and a wide range of dicotyledons.

The spicules forming the skeleton of many sponges.
Crystalline minerals formed in the physiological environment often show exceptional physical properties (e.g., strength, hardness, fracture toughness) and tend to form hierarchical structures that exhibit microstructural order over a range of scales.
The minerals are crystallized from an environment that is undersaturated concerning Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, and under conditions of neutral pH and low temperature (0–40 °C).

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the primary ingredient in the production of most glass.
As other minerals are melted with Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, the principle of freezing point depression lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity.
The glass transition temperature of pure SiO2 is about 1475 K.

When molten Silicone Dioxide Food Grade SiO2 is rapidly cooled, it does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass.
Because of this, most ceramic glazes have silica as the main ingredient.
The structural geometry of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centres.

The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the tetrahedral units: Although there is no long-range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length.
One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.
The majority of optical fibers for telecommunication are also made from silica.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
The solubility of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in water strongly depends on its crystalline form and is three to four times higher for silica than quartz; as a function of temperature, it peaks around 340 °C (644 °F).
This property is used to grow single crystals of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in a hydrothermal process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel that is cooler at the top.

These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications.
Above the critical temperature of water 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and a pressure of 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi) or higher, water is a supercritical fluid and solubility is once again higher than at lower temperatures.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is an occupational hazard for people who do sandblasting or work with products that contain powdered crystalline silica.

Amorphous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases but is not associated with the development of silicosis.
Children, asthmatics of any age, those with allergies, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced lung capacity) can be affected in less time.
In the food and beverage industry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is an anti-caking agent preventing powders and granulated products from clumping.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in products like salad dressings, sauces, and soft drinks.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is approved as a food additive in the UK by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and is considered safe for human consumption.
For Pharmaceutical Industry applications, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is an excipient (binds active ingredients) in medications.

Additionally, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a desiccant to absorb moisture and prevent spoilage in medications and dietary supplements.
The use of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in pharmaceuticals is regulated in the UK and must meet certain quality and safety standards.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also used in cosmetic products in the UK as an abrasive in toothpaste and exfoliating scrubs, as well as a thickener and anti-caking agent.

Industrial applications use Silicone Dioxide Food Grade as a reinforcing filler in rubber and plastic products and a polishing agent in the production of glass and ceramics.
Amorphous non-porous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in the food industry as an auxiliary substance E551, which prevents caking and clumping, in parapharmaceuticals (toothpastes), in the pharmaceutical industry as an auxiliary substance (included in most pharmacopoeias), to stabilize suspensions and liniments, as a thickener for ointments bases, fillers for tablets and suppositories.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is part of the composition of filling materials, reduces the hygroscopicity of dry extracts, slows down the release of biologically active substances from various dosage forms; as food additives and sorbents, as well as matrices for creating dosage forms with desired properties - since there is no crystal structure (amorphene), and also as a food additive or drug as an enterosorbent Polysorb MP with a wide range of applications, taking into account high specific sorption surface (in the range of 300-400 m²) per 1 g of the basic substance.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade E551 can be used as flow agent in food such as in cheese, fat spreads, confectionery, dried vegetables.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade E551 maintain the strength and density of bones, thus reducing the risk of diseases like arthritis and osteoarthritis in pharmaceutical.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is commonly used in the cosmetic and personal care industry.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be found in products such as toothpaste, skin creams, and powders.
In cosmetics, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is often used as an abrasive agent in toothpaste or as a thickening agent in lotions and creams.

Apart from its use in tablet manufacturing, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also employed in pharmaceuticals as a desiccant.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade helps in preserving the quality of medications by preventing moisture absorption, which can degrade the stability of certain drugs.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, particularly in mesoporous forms like SBA-15, is used as a support material for catalysts in various chemical processes.

The high surface area and well-defined pores of SBA-15 make it suitable for catalytic applications.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles, especially in the nanometer range, have gained attention in materials science.
They are explored for applications in nanocomposites, sensors, and as carriers for drug delivery due to their unique properties at the nanoscale.

Single crystal substrates of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade are used in optics and electronics.
These substrates provide a high-quality surface for the deposition of other materials, making them essential in the production of various electronic devices.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade sols, prepared using the sol-gel process, have applications in coatings, films, and as a precursor for glass and ceramics.

The sol-gel process allows for the formation of thin films with controlled properties.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, due to its absorbent properties, is used in industrial applications for drying gases and liquids.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is employed in systems where the removal of moisture is crucial for maintaining the efficiency and integrity of processes.

Ongoing research in nanotechnology involves exploring new forms and applications of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles for their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also the primary component of rice husk ash, which is used, for example, in filtration and as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in cement and concrete manufacturing.
For well over a 1000 million years, silicification in and by cells has been common in the biological world.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is obtained like silica gel by acidifying an aqueous solution of sodium silicate.
Precipitated silica is used as filler in rubber for automobile tires and reinforcement particulate in elastomers, and as a flatting agent in paints and coatings for improving the flatness of coatings.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water.

The impurities remain behind.
Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water [Phelan & Powell Analyst 109 1299 1984].
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, amorphous is a noncombustible solid.

Generally unreactive chemically.
Incompatible with fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride.
Soluble in molten alkalis and reacts with most metallic oxides at high temperature.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is found in plants and drinking water, it is safe.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is known that the silicon we consume through diet does not accumulate in the body, it is eliminated by the kidneys.
There is no evidence so far that the additive Silicone Dioxide Food Grade used in current quantities in the food and pharmaceutical industry is toxic.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs widely in nature. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) give an idea to just how common this compound is.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is easiest to recognize by its common name, quartz, which makes up about 12% of the earth’s crust.
However, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade also occurs naturally in everything from water and plants to animals.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade sand covers many beaches, and it makes up most of the rocks on earth.
In fact, silica-containing minerals or silica itself make up more than 95% of the earth’s crust.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also added to many foods and supplements.

As a food additive, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade serves as an anticaking agent to avoid clumping.
In supplements, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s used to prevent the various powdered ingredients from sticking together.
As with many food additives, consumers often have concerns about Silicone Dioxide Food Grade as an additive. However, numerous studies suggest there’s no cause for these concerns.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is the most stable form of solid SiO2 at room temperature.
The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
The transformation from α-quartz to beta-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C.

Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit.
The high-pressure minerals, seifertite, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
Stishovite has a rutile-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate.

The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm3, which compares to Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm3.
The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest Si–O bond lengths in stishovite (four Si–O bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the Si–O bond length (161 pm) in Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the Si–O bond.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, another polymorph, is obtained by the dealumination of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y zeolite with combined acid and thermal treatment.
The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high crystallinity and specific surface area (over 800 m2/g).
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has very high thermal and acid stability.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or crystallinity even after boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Molten Silicone Dioxide Food Grade exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid water: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is density decreases from 2.08 g/cm3 at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm3 at 2200 °C.

Even though it is poorly soluble, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs in many plants such as rice.
Plant materials with high Silicone Dioxide Food Grade phytolith content appear to be of importance to grazing animals, from chewing insects to ungulates.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade accelerates tooth wear, and high levels of silica in plants frequently eaten by herbivores may have developed as a defense mechanism against predation.

Uses:
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as an anti-caking agent to avoid lumps.
In dietary supplements, this additive is used to prevent various ingredients from sticking together in powder form.
Manufacturers use silica to make everything from glass to cement, but it also has a use in the food industry as an additive and anticaking agent.

This type of food additive prevents foods from caking or sticking together in clumps.
This may help ensure a Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s shelf life, protect against the effects of moisture, and keep powdered ingredients from sticking together and helping them flow smoothly.
About 95% of the commercial use of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (Portland cement concrete).

Certain deposits of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable clay and other mineral content, were important for sand casting of metallic products.
The high melting point of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade enables it to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons.
Crystalline Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in hydraulic fracturing of formations which contain tight oil and shale gas.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used primarily as a flow or anti-caking agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can adsorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Colloidal silica is used as a fining agent for wine, beer, and juice, with the E number reference Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties[33] and natural absorbency.

Diatomaceous earth, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade consists of the silica shells of microscopic diatoms; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder".
Manufactured or mined hydrated silica is used as the hard abrasive in toothpaste.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade exist as white, fluffy powders that are produced through a wet process, yielding silica or silica gel, or a thermal route, yielding pyrogenic (fumed) silica.
In powdered foods, the silica clings to the particles of the foods and prevents them from clumping.
This allows powdery products to remain free-flowing, and other products easy to separate.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade also functions as a defoaming agent, carrier, conditioning agent, chillproofing agent in malt beverages (like beer) and filter aid.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade’s also used to manufacture materials such as adhesives and paper for food-packaging materials.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in permitted finished products, taking into account the relevant limitations, in accordance with the regulations in the Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Food Additives and vertical communiqués.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is commonly used as an anti-caking agent in food products.
The morphology and the dimension of the added silica particles are not, however, usually stated on the food product label.
The food industry has adapted nanotechnology using engineered nanoparticles to improve the quality of their product.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade E551 can be used in Food, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Health & Personal care products, Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a flow agent in powdered foods, or to absorb water in hygroscopic applications.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is often used in cheese, fat spreads, confectionery, dried vegetables, etc.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade E551 is a dioxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a anti-caking agent, carrier, and dispersant that can absorb 120% of its weight and remain a free flowing substance.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in a wide variety of products such as salt, flour, powdered soups, coffee, vanilla powder, baking powder, dried egg yolk, and tortilla chips.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered and granulated foods, preventing clumping and improving flowability.
In pharmaceuticals, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is often used as a glidant or flow agent in the manufacturing of tablets.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade helps in the uniform distribution of ingredients and improves the flow of the powder.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be used as a thickening agent in lotions, creams, and powders in the cosmetic industry.
In toothpaste, it serves as an abrasive agent for cleaning teeth.
Mesoporous forms of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, such as SBA-15, are used as support materials for catalysts in various chemical processes.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles find applications in nanocomposites, sensors, and drug delivery systems due to their unique properties at the nanoscale.
Single Crystal Substrates: Silicone Dioxide Food Grade single crystal substrates are used in electronics and optics as a high-quality surface for depositing other materials in the production of electronic devices.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a desiccant to absorb moisture, preserving the quality and stability of pharmaceuticals and certain food products.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade sols, prepared through the sol-gel process, are used in coatings, films, and as precursors for glass and ceramics.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is employed in various industrial processes for drying gases and liquids due to its absorbent properties.
Ongoing research explores new forms and applications of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles in areas such as electronics, optics, and materials science.

In the construction industry, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can be used as an additive in concrete to improve its strength and durability.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is sometimes used in water treatment processes for the removal of impurities.
In chromatography, silica gel is commonly used as a stationary phase for separating and purifying chemical compounds.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade gel with specific particle sizes and binders is used in TLC for separating and analyzing mixtures.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade gel with defined pore sizes and particle sizes is employed in flash chromatography for rapid separation of compounds.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade-grade silica gel in spherical form is utilized as a stationary phase in HPLC columns for high-resolution liquid chromatography.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade gel with larger particle sizes is used in preparative chromatography for the purification of larger quantities of compounds.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is commonly found in desiccant packs used to absorb moisture in packaging for products like electronics, leather goods, and food.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, with well-defined pore sizes, is employed in catalysts, adsorbents, and in various applications in materials science.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles find applications in targeted drug delivery, imaging agents, and as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in optical coatings, providing anti-reflective properties and enhancing the performance of lenses and mirrors.
As a reinforcing filler in rubber and plastic industries, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade improves the mechanical properties and durability of the materials.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade nanoparticles are researched for potential applications in enhanced oil recovery and as additives for drilling fluids.
Silica nanoparticles are used in paints and coatings to enhance scratch resistance, durability, and provide a smoother finish.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used as a thickening agent in adhesives and sealants, improving their viscosity and performance.

Silica is used as an abrasive in various applications, including in the polishing of lenses, glass, and other surfaces.
Silica nanoparticles are explored for applications in imaging, diagnostics, and drug delivery in the biomedical field.

Silica gel can be used in water purification processes to remove impurities and contaminants.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade-based materials are studied for potential use in fuel processing and fuel cell technologies.

silica is also known as Silicone Dioxide Food Grade.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has a variety of applications: to control a product’s viscosity, add bulk, and reduce a formulation’s transparency.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can also function as an abrasive.

In addition, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade can act as a carrier for emollients, and may be used to improve a formulation’s skin feel.
Spherical silica is porous and highly absorbent, with absorption capabilities roughly 1.5 times its weight.
A typical claim associated with silica is oil control.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is found in sunscreens, scrubs, and wide range of other skin care, makeup, and hair care preparations.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade has been successfully used in hypoallergenic and allergy-tested formulations.
Functionalized RAFT agent for controlled radical polymerization; especially suited for the polymerization of styrene; acrylate and acrylamide monomers.

Azide group can be used to conjugate to a variety of alkyne-functionalized biomolecules.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is mined from deposits of diatomaceous soft chalk-like rock (keiselghur).
This is an important group of extender pigments, which is used in a variety of particle sizes.

They are used as a flatting agent to reduce gloss of clear coatings and to impart shear thinning flow properties to coatings.
They are relatively expensive.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, amorphous is used as carriers, processing aids, anti-caking and free-flow agents in animal feed.

Defoamer applications such as paint, food, paper, textile and other industrial applications.
Synthetic Silicone Dioxide Food Grades are used as a rheology control agent in plastics.
Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is also used to manufacture adhesives, sealants and silicones.

Silicone Dioxide Food Grade comes from the fact that it is an absorbent with a high capacity to retain vapours, gases or even various impurities present in some food products.
For example, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is used in beer because it absorbs the high molecular proteins responsible for clouding the finished product.

This treatment does not affect foam stability, colour or taste of the product.
The additive is also used in some food products as a carrier for colours and antifoams as well as a drying agent.

Safety Profile:
Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg).
A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia.
An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a decreased risk of dementia of 11%.

Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or lung cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities.
When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), it increases the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis compared to expected rates in the general population.

Diatomaceous earth is used as a filtering agent and as a filler in construction materials, pesticides, paints, and varnishes.
The calcined version (which has been heat treated) is the most dangerous and contains crystallized silica, and should be handled as silica.
Side effects and risks of Silicone Dioxide Food Grade:

Some researchers have called for further investigation into the types of silica that find their way into food products.
These include nanoparticles, which are silica particles that are much smaller than most of the particles that occur in nature.
The concern is that these tiny particles could reach different areas of the body and even get into the cells themselves.

Many food additives tend to raise concerns from people who want to be aware of what they are eating, and Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is no different.
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica can lead to severe inflammation of the lung tissue, silicosis, bronchitis, lung cancer, and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Inhalation of amorphous Silicone Dioxide Food Grade, in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.

While the name may seem unfamiliar, Silicone Dioxide Food Grade is a natural compound. Many studies suggest that there is no cause for concern when people are consuming Silicone Dioxide Food Grade in normal doses, such as the small amounts that manufacturers put in food products to prevent caking.
The pure unaltered form is considered a nuisance dust.

Some deposits contain small amounts of crystahne quartz and are therefore fibrogenic.
When diatomaceous earth is calcined (with or without fluxing agents) some sdica is converted to cristobalite and is therefore fibrogenic.
Tridymite has never been detected in calcined batomaceous earth.

SILICONE POLYETHER
Silicone Polyether is a type of silicone-based polymer that contains polyether groups.
Silicone Polyether is also known as silicone polyether copolymer, polyether-modified silicone, or silicone polyether surfactant.



APPLICATIONS


Silicone Polyether is a versatile material with a wide range of applications in various industries due to its unique properties and ability to improve the performance of various products.
Some common applications of Silicone Polyether include:

Personal care:
Silicone Polyether is commonly used in personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and skincare products as a surfactant, emulsifier, and/or conditioner.


Coatings:
Silicone Polyether is used as a coating additive to improve adhesion, water repellency, and durability of coatings such as paints, varnishes, and sealants.


Textiles:
Silicone Polyether is used in the textile industry to improve the softness, flexibility, and water repellency of fabrics.


Industrial applications:
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant or emulsifier in various industrial applications such as metalworking fluids, detergents, and cleaning products.


Agriculture:
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in agricultural products such as herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers to improve coverage and adhesion.


Food and beverage:
Silicone Polyether is used in the food and beverage industry as a foam stabilizer, emulsifier, and/or defoamer.


Pharmaceuticals:
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant or emulsifier in pharmaceutical formulations such as creams, ointments, and gels.


Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions.
Silicone Polyether is added to coatings such as paints and varnishes to improve adhesion and durability.
Silicone Polyether is commonly used in the textile industry to improve the softness, flexibility, and water repellency of fabrics.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant or emulsifier in various industrial applications such as metalworking fluids, detergents, and cleaning products.
Silicone Polyether is used in agricultural products such as herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers to improve coverage and adhesion.

Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer, emulsifier, and/or defoamer in the food and beverage industry.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant or emulsifier in pharmaceutical formulations such as creams, ointments, and gels.

Silicone Polyether is added to hair care products such as hair sprays and mousses to improve hold and shine.
Silicone Polyether is used in the manufacture of antifoams and defoamers used in industrial processes such as wastewater treatment.
Silicone Polyether is added to automotive and industrial lubricants to improve performance and reduce friction.

Silicone Polyether is used in the production of silicone rubbers and elastomers for various applications.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in the production of polyurethane foams.

Silicone Polyether is added to cleaning products such as detergents and degreasers to improve cleaning efficiency.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of inks and coatings for printing applications.

Silicone Polyether is added to drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry to improve lubricity and reduce friction.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer in the production of latex paints and coatings.
Silicone Polyether is added to metalworking fluids to improve lubrication and cooling properties.

Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of ceramics to improve surface wetting and reduce defects.
Silicone Polyether is used in the production of silicone-based adhesives and sealants.

Silicone Polyether is used in the production of personal lubricants and sexual lubricants.
Silicone Polyether is added to water treatment chemicals to improve performance and reduce costs.

Silicone Polyether is used in the production of surfactants for various applications.
Silicone Polyether is added to food packaging materials to improve moisture resistance and reduce fogging.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of emulsions for various applications.

Silicone Polyether is used in the production of electronic components such as adhesives, coatings, and sealants.
Silicone Polyether is added to cleaning products such as glass cleaners to improve cleaning efficiency and reduce streaking.

Silicone Polyether is used as a lubricant in the textile industry to improve the performance of spinning and weaving equipment.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer and emulsifier in the production of polyurethane foams.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of paints and coatings for various applications.
Silicone Polyether is added to cosmetic products such as facial masks and scrubs to improve exfoliation and cleansing properties.

Silicone Polyether is used as a release agent in the production of molded plastic and rubber parts.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of silicone emulsions for various applications.

Silicone Polyether is added to hydraulic fluids to improve lubrication and reduce wear.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer in the production of polyethylene foam.
Silicone Polyether is added to metalworking fluids to improve rust and corrosion resistance.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of paper and pulp.
Silicone Polyether is added to cementitious materials such as mortar and grout to improve water resistance and adhesion.

Silicone Polyether is used as a defoamer in the production of latex and synthetic rubber.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of leather goods.

Silicone Polyether is added to printing inks to improve ink transfer and reduce misting.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent and leveling agent in the production of wood coatings.
Silicone Polyether is added to coolant fluids to improve heat transfer and reduce corrosion.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of detergents and cleaning products.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent and dispersant in the production of pigment pastes and colorants.

Silicone Polyether is added to mold release agents to improve release properties and reduce buildup.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer in the production of polypropylene foam.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of inkjet inks.
Silicone Polyether is added to lubricating oils to improve performance and reduce viscosity.

Silicone Polyether is used as a defoamer in the production of adhesives and sealants.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant in the production of ceramics and glass.
Silicone Polyether is added to rubber compounding agents to improve processability and physical properties.

Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent and leveling agent in the production of architectural coatings.
Silicone Polyether is added to coolant fluids to improve foam control and reduce cavitation.

Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in the production of metal cleaners and degreasers.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent and leveling agent in the production of coil coatings.

Silicone Polyether is added to printing inks to improve pigment dispersion and reduce drying time.
Silicone Polyether is used as a wetting agent in the production of foam insulation materials.
Silicone Polyether is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in the production of metalworking fluids.

Silicone Polyether is added to hydraulic fluids to improve viscosity and reduce friction.
Silicone Polyether is used as a foam stabilizer and emulsifier in the production of polyisocyanurate foam.



DESCRIPTION


Silicone Polyether is a type of silicone-based polymer that contains polyether groups.
Silicone Polyether is also known as silicone polyether copolymer, polyether-modified silicone, or silicone polyether surfactant.

Silicone Polyether is widely used in various industries, including personal care, coatings, textiles, and industrial applications.
Silicone Polyether is commonly used as a surfactant or emulsifier due to its unique chemical structure, which allows it to lower the surface tension of liquids and stabilize emulsions.


Silicone Polyether offers several benefits, including:

Improved wetting and spreading
Reduced surface tension
Increased foam stability
Improved emulsion stability
Enhanced lubrication
Increased softness and flexibility in textiles
Improved water repellency
Increased adhesion and coating flexibility
Overall, Silicone Polyether is a versatile material that is widely used in many applications due to its unique properties and ability to improve the performance of various products.



PROPERTIES


Molecular weight: varies depending on the specific formulation
Density: varies depending on the specific formulation
Solubility: soluble in water and many organic solvents
pH range: typically between 4 and 8
Viscosity: can range from low to high, depending on the specific formulation and molecular weight
Surface tension: low, which makes it an effective wetting agent
Hydrophobicity: hydrophobic due to the silicone component
Chemical resistance: resistant to acids, bases, and many organic solvents
Thermal stability: stable over a wide temperature range, typically up to 200°C
Foaming properties: can act as a foam stabilizer or defoamer depending on the specific formulation and concentration
Emulsifying properties: can be used as an emulsifier in a variety of applications
Lubricity: can improve lubrication properties in some formulations
Release properties: can improve release properties in some formulations
Surfactant properties: can act as a surfactant in a variety of applications
Biocompatibility: can be used in some medical and personal care applications due to its biocompatibility and low toxicity.



FIRST AID


In case of exposure or contact with Silicone Polyether, the following first aid measures should be taken:

Inhalation:
If inhaled, move the person to fresh air immediately.
If symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing persist, seek medical attention.


Skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and rinse affected skin with plenty of water.
If skin irritation or redness occurs, seek medical attention.


Eye contact:
Rinse eyes thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek medical attention if eye irritation persists.


Ingestion:
If ingested, rinse mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention if symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea occur.


Note: Always read and follow the specific first aid instructions and safety data sheet (SDS) provided by the manufacturer for the particular formulation of Silicone Polyether you are working with.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Here are some general handling and storage conditions for Silicone Polyether:

Handling:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and safety glasses, when handling the substance.
Avoid inhalation or contact with skin, eyes, or clothing.
Always follow good industrial hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling the substance.


Storage:

Store Silicone Polyether in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and sources of heat and ignition.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.

Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids or bases.
Always follow the specific storage instructions provided by the manufacturer for the particular formulation of Silicone Polyether you are working with.


Fire safety:

Silicone Polyether is flammable and can ignite when exposed to heat or flames.
Use appropriate fire safety measures, such as keeping containers tightly closed, avoiding sparks and open flames, and storing away from sources of heat and ignition.
Use appropriate fire-fighting equipment and methods, such as foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide, if a fire occurs.


Spill and leak response:

In case of a spill or leak, contain the substance and prevent it from entering waterways or sewers.
Wear appropriate PPE and use absorbent materials, such as sand or vermiculite, to contain and clean up the spill.
Follow the specific spill response instructions provided by the manufacturer for the particular formulation of Silicone Polyether you are working with.


Note: Always read and follow the specific handling and storage instructions and safety data sheet (SDS) provided by the manufacturer for the particular formulation of Silicone Polyether you are working with.



SYNONYMS


Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene oxide)
Polyether-modified silicone
Silicone-polyethylene oxide copolymer
Silicone-polyoxyalkylene block copolymer
Silicone-ethylene oxide block copolymer
Polymeric silicone surfactant
Silicone emulsifier
Polyether-modified polysiloxane
Siloxane-polyether copolymer
Silicone block copolymer
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-co-poly(ethylene oxide)
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)
Polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene copolymer
Siloxane-ethylene oxide copolymer
Silicone polyol
Silicone polyglycol
Silicone-polyalkylene oxide block copolymer
Silicone-modified polyether
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-polyether copolymer
Siloxane-polyalkylene oxide block copolymer
Polysiloxane-polyether copolymer
Polysiloxane-polyethylene oxide copolymer
Polymeric siloxane surfactant
Silicone block polymer
Silicone-polyoxyethylene block copolymer
Silicone-polyether block copolymer
Silicone copolymer
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymer
Siloxane-ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer
Siloxane-alkylene oxide copolymer
Polydimethylsiloxane-graft-poly(ethylene oxide)
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-co-poly(propylene oxide)
Siloxane-polyether-polyamide copolymer
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-polyoxyethylene
Silicone-polyether-polyurethane copolymer
Silicone glycol copolymer
Silicone-polyetherurethane copolymer
SILOXANE

Siloxane is a compound that consists of a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms.
Siloxane is a type of silicone, which are a family of synthetic elastomers with unique physical properties, such as high temperature stability, low chemical reactivity, and excellent electrical insulation.



APPLICATIONS


Siloxanes are commonly used as a key ingredient in personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and skin creams, due to their ability to provide conditioning and emollient properties to the skin and hair.
In the construction industry, Siloxanes are often used as a water repellent coating for concrete, brick, and other masonry surfaces, helping to prevent water damage and prolong the life of the building material.

Siloxanes are used as a component in the manufacturing of silicone rubber, which is used in a variety of applications, including automotive parts, medical devices, and household appliances.
Siloxanes can be found in the production of adhesives and sealants, where they provide improved adhesion and flexibility.
In the electronics industry, Siloxanes are used as an insulating material due to their high dielectric strength and thermal stability.

Siloxanes are used in the production of silicone resins, which are used as binders in the formulation of coatings and paints, as well as in the production of composites and plastics.
Siloxanes can be found in the production of lubricants, where they provide improved lubrication properties due to their low surface tension and high viscosity.

Siloxanes are used as a component in the formulation of antifoaming agents, which are used to prevent foam formation in a variety of industrial processes, including oil and gas production, food processing, and wastewater treatment.
In the automotive industry, Siloxanes are used in the production of tire additives, which provide improved durability, wet traction, and fuel efficiency.
Siloxanes are used in the production of surfactants, which are used in a variety of cleaning and personal care products, as well as in the production of textiles and paper products.

Siloxanes can be found in the production of cosmetics, where they provide emulsifying and moisturizing properties to lotions, creams, and other products.
In the aerospace industry, Siloxanes are used as a heat-resistant material in the production of components for aircraft engines and other high-temperature applications.

Siloxanes are used as a component in the production of fuel additives, which help to improve the performance and reduce emissions of gasoline and diesel engines.
Siloxanes can be found in the production of food contact materials, such as baking mats and silicone molds, due to their non-stick properties and resistance to high temperatures.

In the textile industry, Siloxanes are used as a water repellent and stain-resistant coating for fabrics, helping to improve their durability and longevity.
Siloxanes are used in the production of medical devices, such as catheters and implants, due to their biocompatibility and ability to resist bacterial growth.

Siloxanes can be found in the production of ink and toner, where they provide improved adhesion and durability to printed materials.
In the oil and gas industry, Siloxanes are used as a component in drilling fluids, helping to reduce friction and prevent the buildup of solids in the well.

Siloxanes are used in the production of heat-resistant glass, where they help to improve the strength and durability of the glass.
Siloxanes can be found in the production of plastics, where they provide improved mechanical properties, such as toughness and impact resistance.

In the packaging industry, Siloxanes are used as a coating for paper and cardboard products, helping to improve their water resistance and durability.
Siloxanes are used in the production of anti-corrosion coatings, which are used to protect metal surfaces from damage


Siloxanes have a wide range of applications in various industries, including:

Personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions, where they are used as emollients and conditioning agents.
Food packaging, where they are used as coatings to improve the barrier properties of the packaging material.
Pharmaceuticals, where they are used as a drug delivery system.
Textile industry, where they are used as water repellents and fabric softeners.
Automotive industry, where they are used as lubricants and anti-corrosion agents.
Construction industry, where they are used as water repellents and concrete sealers.
Electronics industry, where they are used as insulators and dielectric materials.
Aerospace industry, where they are used as coatings to protect against oxidation and erosion.
Paints and coatings industry, where they are used as additives to improve water repellency and surface tension.
Energy industry, where they are used as lubricants in gas turbines and as insulating fluids in transformers.
Adhesives industry, where they are used as adhesion promoters.
Rubber industry, where they are used as processing aids and mold release agents.
Agriculture industry, where they are used as adjuvants in pesticide formulations.
Packaging industry, where they are used as release agents.
Paper industry, where they are used as water repellents.
Plastic industry, where they are used as mold release agents and processing aids.
Cleaning products industry, where they are used as foam control agents.
Coatings industry, where they are used as leveling agents.
Printing industry, where they are used as antifoaming agents.
Fuel industry, where they are used as fuel additives.
Water treatment industry, where they are used as defoamers.
Metalworking industry, where they are used as lubricants and cutting fluids.
Textile finishing industry, where they are used as softeners and water repellents.
Cosmetics industry, where they are used as emulsifiers and skin conditioning agents.
Polymer industry, where they are used as additives to improve processing and performance.


Siloxanes have numerous applications across various industries.
Some additional applications of siloxanes include:

In the automotive industry, siloxanes are used as a key ingredient in lubricants, transmission fluids, and brake fluids.
In the construction industry, siloxanes are used as water repellents for concrete and masonry surfaces.
In the cosmetics industry, siloxanes are used as ingredients in personal care products, such as hair conditioners, shampoos, and skin lotions, due to their ability to provide a silky, smooth feel.
In the electronics industry, siloxanes are used as dielectric fluids in transformers and capacitors.
In the energy industry, siloxanes are used as lubricants and coolants for turbines and compressors.
In the food industry, siloxanes are used as an anti-foaming agent in food processing and as a release agent in baking.
In the medical industry, siloxanes are used in a variety of medical devices, such as catheters and contact lenses.
In the paint and coatings industry, siloxanes are used as additives to improve the durability and water repellency of coatings.
In the plastics industry, siloxanes are used as additives to improve the processing and performance of plastics.
In the rubber industry, siloxanes are used as additives to improve the processing and performance of rubber.
In the textile industry, siloxanes are used as softeners and water repellents for fabrics.
In the water treatment industry, siloxanes are used as coagulants and flocculants to clarify water.
In the agricultural industry, siloxanes are used as adjuvants in pesticide formulations to improve their effectiveness.
In the paper industry, siloxanes are used as water repellents and release agents for paper products.


Siloxanes are commonly used as a lubricant in the manufacturing of rubber products.
Siloxanes can also be used as a lubricant in the textile industry.
In the cosmetics industry, siloxanes are used as emollients and skin conditioning agents.

Siloxanes are also used in the production of silicone-based adhesives.
Siloxanes are used as defoaming agents in the manufacture of paints and coatings.

Siloxanes can be used as release agents in the production of molded plastics.
Siloxanes are used as surfactants and emulsifiers in a variety of applications.

Siloxanes are used as antifoaming agents in the production of food and beverage products.
Siloxanes are used in the production of electronic components, such as computer chips.
Siloxanes are used in the production of medical devices and implants.

Siloxanes are used in the production of solar panels.
Siloxanes can be used as an additive in the production of concrete to improve its water resistance.

Siloxanes are used as flame retardants in the production of building materials.
Siloxanes are used in the production of personal protective equipment, such as gloves and masks.

Siloxanes are used in the production of automotive parts, such as gaskets and seals.
Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of hair care products.

Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of antiperspirants and deodorants.
Siloxanes are used in the production of insulation materials.
Siloxanes are used in the production of detergents and cleaning products.

Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of food packaging materials.
Siloxanes are used in the production of fuel additives.

Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of agricultural chemicals, such as herbicides and insecticides.
Siloxanes are used in the production of rubber hoses and tubing.

Siloxanes are used as a sealant in the construction industry.
Siloxanes can be used as an ingredient in the production of water-resistant textiles.

Siloxanes can be used as surfactants in various applications such as emulsions and foams due to their ability to reduce surface tension and stabilize interfaces.
Siloxanes can be used as gels and thickeners in various applications such as personal care products and coatings due to their ability to form three-dimensional networks.

Siloxanes can be used as thermal insulation materials due to their low thermal conductivity and high temperature resistance.
Siloxanes can be used as membrane materials for gas separation and filtration due to their high selectivity and permeability.
Siloxanes can be used as release agents in various molding and casting processes due to their ability to reduce adhesion and sticking.

Siloxanes can be used as antifouling agents in marine and industrial applications due to their ability to prevent attachment of microorganisms and fouling organisms.
Siloxanes can be used as antioxidants and stabilizers in polymers and other materials due to their ability to scavenge free radicals and protect against degradation.

Siloxanes can be used as plasticizers and modifiers in polymers and other materials due to their ability to improve flexibility and toughness.
Siloxanes can be used as catalysts in various chemical reactions due to their ability to activate or stabilize reaction intermediates.

Siloxanes can be used as chromatographic stationary phases due to their ability to separate compounds based on their polarity and size.
Siloxanes can be used as sensors and actuators in various applications such as medical devices and robotics.



DESCRIPTION


Siloxane is a compound that consists of a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms.
Siloxane is a type of silicone, which are a family of synthetic elastomers with unique physical properties, such as high temperature stability, low chemical reactivity, and excellent electrical insulation.

Siloxanes have the general chemical formula R3SiO(R2SiO)nSiR3, where R is an organic group such as methyl, ethyl, or phenyl.
The number of repeating units (n) in the chain can vary, giving rise to different types of siloxanes with different physical and chemical properties.

Siloxanes can be classified into two main types: linear and cyclic.
Linear siloxanes consist of a linear chain of repeating units, while cyclic siloxanes have a cyclic ring structure.

Siloxanes have a wide range of applications, including in the production of silicone rubber, adhesives, sealants, coatings, and lubricants.
Siloxanes are also used in the manufacture of personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions, as well as in the textile and paper industries.

In addition, siloxanes are used as intermediates in the synthesis of other silicone compounds, such as resins, fluids, and emulsions.
Siloxanes are also used in the electronics industry as insulators and in the production of semiconductors.

Siloxanes have excellent thermal stability and can withstand high temperatures without degrading.
Siloxanes are also resistant to oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical degradation.

However, some types of siloxanes have been found to be persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and may have harmful effects on the environment.
For example, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) have been shown to be toxic to aquatic organisms and are currently being phased out in some countries.

Siloxanes are a class of compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and carbon atoms.
The basic unit of siloxanes is the silicon-oxygen (Si-O) bond.

Siloxanes can exist in a variety of molecular structures, including linear chains, cyclic rings, and branched or crosslinked networks.
The presence of different organic substituents on the silicon atoms can greatly influence the properties of siloxanes.
Siloxanes are typically stable and inert compounds, and are resistant to many chemicals and environmental factors such as heat, radiation, and moisture.

Siloxanes are often used in a variety of industrial applications due to their thermal stability, low toxicity, and resistance to degradation.
Siloxanes can be used as sealants and adhesives in construction applications due to their strong adhesion and weather resistance properties.

Siloxanes can be used as lubricants in various applications due to their low friction coefficient and high thermal stability.
Siloxanes can be used as anti-foaming agents in industrial processes due to their ability to reduce surface tension and break up foam.

Siloxanes can be used as water-repellents in coatings and surface treatments due to their hydrophobic properties.
Siloxanes can be used as silicone fluids in various applications such as cosmetics, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals due to their low surface tension and high spreading ability.
Siloxanes can be used as electrical insulators and dielectrics due to their high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.

Siloxanes can be used as flame retardants due to their high thermal stability and ability to form charred protective layers when exposed to flames.
Siloxanes can be used as molding and casting materials in industrial applications due to their ability to form rigid or flexible parts with high precision.


Siloxanes are a family of inorganic compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and organic groups attached to the silicon atoms.
Siloxanes are typically liquid or low-melting-point solids at room temperature, but can also exist as gases or high-melting-point solids depending on their molecular weight and structure.
Siloxanes have low volatility, which means that they tend to remain as liquids or solids at normal temperatures and pressures.

Siloxanes are generally insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents, such as alcohols, ethers, and hydrocarbons.
Siloxanes have a high thermal stability and are resistant to oxidation, which makes them useful as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and heat-transfer fluids.

Siloxanes exhibit a wide range of viscosities, from low-viscosity fluids to highly viscous gums and resins.
Siloxanes can form strong hydrogen bonds with polar materials such as water and can act as surfactants, emulsifiers, and dispersants.

Siloxanes have a high dielectric strength, which makes them useful as electrical insulators and in the production of electronic components.
Some siloxanes are highly hydrophobic, meaning they repel water and can be used as water repellents for textiles, concrete, and other materials.
Siloxanes can form crosslinked networks through condensation reactions, leading to the formation of silicone elastomers, resins, and coatings.

Siloxanes can be easily functionalized with a variety of organic groups, which allows them to be tailored for specific applications.
Siloxanes can be synthesized by several methods, including hydrolysis of alkoxysilanes, polycondensation of silanols, and hydrosilation reactions.

Siloxanes can form polymeric chains, cyclic structures, and network solids, depending on the number and arrangement of the silicon atoms and organic groups.
Siloxanes are used extensively in the production of personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions, due to their softening, conditioning, and emulsifying properties.

Siloxanes are also used in the manufacture of adhesives, sealants, and coatings due to their strong adhesive and cohesive properties.
Siloxanes are commonly used as mold release agents due to their low surface energy and low reactivity with many materials.

Siloxanes are used in the production of medical implants and devices due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and resistance to degradation.
Siloxanes are used as anti-foaming agents in various industries, such as food and beverage processing, paper production, and wastewater treatment.
Siloxanes are used as heat-resistant materials in the aerospace, automotive, and construction industries, due to their thermal stability and resistance to weathering and oxidation.

Siloxanes are used as defoaming agents in the production of paints, inks, and coatings, as well as in the processing of oils and lubricants.
Siloxanes are used as damping fluids in mechanical systems, such as shock absorbers and dampers, due to their viscoelastic properties.

Siloxanes are used in the production of membranes and filters due to their permeability and selectivity for different gases and liquids.
Siloxanes are used in the production of specialty ceramics, such as glasses, fibers, and coatings, due to their thermal and mechanical properties.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Remove the person from the contaminated area to a place with fresh air.
If the person has difficulty breathing, administer oxygen if available.
Seek medical attention immediately.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation or redness occurs, seek medical attention.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Seek medical attention immediately.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious and able to swallow.
Seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Avoid breathing in dust or mist.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, safety goggles, and a dust mask.
Do not eat, drink or smoke while working with Siloxane.
Do not use compressed air to clean surfaces where Siloxane has been spilled or released.

Use spark-proof tools when handling Siloxane to prevent ignition.
Keep Siloxane away from sources of heat, sparks, or flames.
Do not handle or store Siloxane near incompatible materials.


Storage:

Store Siloxane in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Keep Siloxane in a tightly sealed container to prevent moisture absorption.

Store Siloxane away from direct sunlight and other sources of heat.
Keep Siloxane away from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents and acids.
Use non-sparking tools when opening and closing Siloxane containers.

Do not store Siloxane near food or drink.
Store Siloxane away from areas where ignition sources are present.

Store Siloxane away from areas accessible to unauthorized personnel or children.
Follow local regulations regarding the storage of Siloxane.


Transportation:

Siloxane should be transported in a well-ventilated vehicle.
Ensure that Siloxane is properly labeled and packaged for transportation.

Do not transport Siloxane with incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents and acids.
Use appropriate PPE when handling Siloxane during transportation.
Follow local regulations regarding the transportation of Siloxane.



SYNONYMS


Polysiloxane
Silicone
Organosilicon
Polydimethylsiloxane
Silsesquioxane
Polyalkylsiloxane
Polyphenylsiloxane
Alkylsiloxane
Vinylsiloxane
Methylsiloxane
Fluorosiloxane
Hydrophilic siloxane
Hydrophobic siloxane
Silicate
Silanol
Silane
Silazane
Silicic acid
Silicium
Siliconesque
Silicopolymer
Silicotitanate
Silox
Silicon tetraoxide
Sylgard.
Polysiloxane
Silicone
Silicone oil
Silazane
Silicon-based polymer
Organosilicon
Silica gel
Silicate
Polymethylsiloxane
Silsesquioxane
Silanetriol
Silicone elastomer
Siloxene
Silane coupling agent
Silicone sealant
Silicon hydride
Siloxanol
Silicon dioxide
Silox
Silica
Silicotungstic acid
Silicone grease
Silsesquioxane resin
Siloxane polymer
Silicone adhesive
SILOXANE D5
DESCRIPTION:
SILOXANE D5, also known as D5 and D5, is an organosilicon compound with the formula [(CH3)2SiO]5.
SILOXANE D5 is a colorless and odorless liquid that is slightly volatile.

CAS Number, 541-02-6
EC Number, 208-764-9

SYNONYMS OF SILOXANE D5:
Cyclopentamethicone,Cyclic dimethylsiloxane pentamer,D5,D5,2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, Cyclic dimethylsiloxane pentamer, Cyclo-decamethylpentasiloxane, Cyclomethicone pentamer 245, Decamethylpentacyclosiloxane, Cyclopentasiloxane,2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-decamethyl-;Cyclopentasiloxane,decamethyl-;2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;Dimethylsiloxane pentamer;Union Carbide 7158 Silicone Fluid;Dow Corning 345;NUC Silicone VS 7158;Dow Corning 345 Fluid;Cyclic dimethylsiloxane pentamer;SF 1202;Silicone SF 1202;VS 7158;KF 995;Dow Corning 245;DC 245;Silbione V 5;Volasil 245;DC 345;TSF 465;LS 9000;Cyclo-decamethylpentasiloxane;Execol D 5;TSF 405;Pentacyclomethicone;SH 245;SH 245 (siloxane);TFS 405;Silbione 70045V5;Mirasil CM 5;Dow Corning 345EU;DC 2-5252C;Dow Corning 2-5252C;DC 345 Fluid;Dow Corning 245 Fluid;Silicon Plus α;Botanisil CP 33;Cyclopentasiloxane;Cyclopentadimethylsiloxane;D5;Volatile Silicone Fluid 345;Cyclomethicone pentamer 245;Xiameter PMX;Xiameter PMX 0245;Tego Polish Additive 5;SH 245 Fluid;Decamethylpentacyclosiloxane;KF 7312T;TSF 405A;KF 955;D 5 (siloxane);Siloxane D 5;PMX 345;D 5




Siloxane D5 is a staple ingredient used in cosmetics.
The chemical formula for Siloxane D5 is C10H30O5Si5.
Siloxane D5 is a non-greasy silicone that is colorless, odorless, and water-thin.

Siloxane D5 gets quickly evaporated from the skin rather than getting absorbed - making it a brilliant ingredient to be used in products that need to dry fast, like antiperspirants and hair sprays.
Further, Siloxane D5 also has lubricating properties and feels silky smooth when applied to hair and skin.


SILOXANE D5 is used in personal care products including skin creams, cosmetics, shampoos, deodorants and conditioners.
SILOXANE D5is also used in various applications such as industrial cleaning fluids and dry cleaning solvents.

SILOXANE D5is a cyclic siloxane, that has a silicon-oxygen bond in a cyclic arrangement and methyl groups attached with the silicon atom.
SILOXANE D5is used in the production of some silicon-based polymers that are widely used in various personal care products.

Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.

SILOXANE D5(cyclosiloxanes) are basic members of the broad family of silicone materials and are used as building blocks for the production of a diverse array of silicone polymers.
A common denominator for cyclosiloxanes is that they contain repeating units of silicone (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms in a closed loop, giving it a “cyclic” structure.

This also gives them their unique properties as hybrid inorganic-organic substances.
D4, D5, D6 contain 4, 5 and 6 repeating units respectively.
They are the three main cyclosiloxanes in commercial production and several decades of research have proven that they are safe for human health and the environment.

Basic members of the broad family of silicone materials, all cyclotetrasiloxane (D4), cyclopentasiloxane (D5), cyclohexasiloxane (D6) are volatile oils with a cyclic chemical structure and various properties.
They are widely used because of the smooth and refreshing feeling they create


ORIGIN OF SILOXANE D5:
Siloxane D5, a synthetic substance, is made up of silicone and oxygen.
Sometimes, elements like hydrogen and carbon are also used.
They are all natural substances, but Siloxane D5 undergoes chemical processing before it is used in cosmetic and skincare products.



APPLICATIONS OF SILOXANE D5:
SILOXANE D5 is used as A greener solvent in synthetic chemistry applications.
SILOXANE D5 is used as A monomeric unit for polymerization by various base catalysts to obtain polysiloxane polymer.

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (cyclopentasiloxane) is a colorless, odorless, volatile liquid cyclic siloxane, safe and environmentally friendly, and has been widely used in health and In beauty products such as deodorants, antiperspirants, cosmetics, shampoos, body lotions, etc., they have good compatibility with alcohol and most other cosmetic solvents.


SILOXANE D5may be used as a pharmaceutical reference standard for the determination of the analyte in personal care formulations by gas chromatography
These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials.
These are suitable for use in several analytical applications including but not limited to pharma release testing, pharma method development for qualitative and quantitative analyses, food and beverage quality control testing, and other calibration requirements.

SILOXANE D5 is a volatile polydimethylcyclosiloxane, mainly composed of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane.
SILOXANE D5 is clear, tasteless, basically odorless, and non-greasy.
performance:

SILOXANE D5 is used as Volatile silicone oil.
SILOXANE D5 Gives skin a soft and silky feel.
SILOXANE D5 has Good spreadability.
SILOXANE D5 is Refreshing and non-greasy.

The base oil component of personal care products has good spreadability, easy application, lubrication and unique volatility.

SILOXANE D5 is used as Antiperspirant, deodorant, hair spray, facial cleanser, skin cream, lotion and other care products.

SILOXANE D5 is used as Shower oil, tanning agent, shaving products, cosmetics, nail polish.

SILOXANE D5 can also be used as an additive for powder cosmetics, perfumes, Caron perfumes and shaving creams.

When used in strip products, the product has suitable spreadability and volatility.


USES OF SILOXANE D5:
SILOXANE D5 is classified as a cyclomethicone.
Such fluids are commonly used in cosmetics, such as deodorants, sunblocks, hair sprays and skin care products.
SILOXANE D5 is becoming more common in hair conditioners, as it makes the hair easier to brush without breakage.

SILOXANE D5 is also used as part of silicone-based personal lubricants. D5 is considered an emollient.
In Canada, among the volume used in consumer products approximately 70% were for antiperspirants and 20% for hair care products.
10,000–100,000 tonnes per year of D5 is manufactured and/or imported in the European Economic Area.

Atmospheric emissions of D5 in the Northern Hemisphere were estimated to 30,000 tonnes per year.
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane has also been tried as a dry-cleaning solvent in the early 2000s.

It was marketed as a more environmentally friendly solvent than tetrachloroethylene (the most common dry-cleaning solvent worldwide) despite being controlled in the EU for to its persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic characteristics.


Siloxane D5 is an odourless, colourless liquid mostly used as an intermediate or basic raw material in the production of silicone rubbers, gels and resins.
When used as an intermediate during the manufacturing process, virtually all D4 is consumed with only a tiny amount remaining in final products.


Because of its many enriching properties, Siloxane D5 silicone is a common ingredient used in a variety of hair and skin care products.
Siloxane D5 helps the products spread more evenly and dry quickly, thus providing all the benefits without weighing the skin or hair down.
Siloxane D5 also gives cosmetic products a silky texture.

Skin care: The hydrating properties of Siloxane D5 are great for the skin as it traps moisture, making the skin smooth and soft.

Siloxane D5 is used in lightweight products as it does not penetrate the skin but rather evaporates quickly.
Further, Siloxane D5 skin care has anti-aging properties and is a great ingredient to be used in lotions

Hair care:
Siloxane D5 is a great conditioner for hair because of its lubricating properties.
Siloxane D5 is commonly used in shampoos, hair conditioners, hair sprays, anti-frizz, and hair detangling products.

Siloxane D5 forms a layer on the hair, protecting and preventing it from damage while also allowing the product to spread easily and evenly
Cosmetic products:
Siloxane D5 is used in makeup and makeup removers because it is non-comedogenic and does not block pores




PRODUCTION AND POLYMERIZATION OF SILOXANE D5:
Commercially D5 is produced from dimethyldichlorosilane.
Hydrolysis of the dichloride produces a mixture of cyclic dimethylsiloxanes and polydimethylsiloxane.
From this mixture, the cyclic siloxanes including D5 can be removed by distillation.

In the presence of a strong base such as KOH, the polymer/ring mixture is equilibrated, allowing complete conversion to the more volatile cyclic siloxanes:
[(CH3)2SiO]5n → n [(CH3)2SiO]5
where n is a positive integer. D4 and D5 are also precursors to the polymer.
The catalyst is again KOH


ADVANTAGES OF SILOXANE D5:

1. Hair care: Reduce drying time, removes sticky sense, and comb in wet.
2.Skin care: No irritation, no clogging, easier smearing, reduces oily sensation, rapid absorption, pigmentation, smoothness feeling, smooth feeling/softening.
3. General Characteristics: less odor.
4. Antiperspirant/deodorant: reduce sticky sense, drying feeling in use, no stains left on the surface of clothing, and increase slip performance.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILOXANE D5::
Chemical formula, [(CH3)2SiO]5
Molar mass, 370.770 g•mol−1
Appearance, Colourless liquid
Density, 0.958 g/cm3
Melting point, −47 °C; −53 °F; 226 K
Boiling point, 210 °C (410 °F; 483 K)
Solubility in water, 17.03±0.72 ppb (23 °C) [2]
log P, 8.07[3]
Vapor pressure, 20.4±1.1 Pa (25 °C) [4]
Viscosity, 3.74 cP
Quality Level
100
Assay
97%
form
liquid
refractive index
n20/D 1.396 (lit.)
bp
90 °C/10 mmHg (lit.)
density
0.958 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string
C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1
InChI
1S/C10H30O5Si5/c1-16(2)11-17(3,4)13-19(7,8)15-20(9,10)14-18(5,6)12-16/h1-10H3
InChI key
XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Physical state liquid
Colour various
Odour characteristic

Other safety parameters :
pH (value) not determined
Melting point/freezing point -38 °C at 101.3 kPa
Initial boiling point and boiling range 210 °C at 101.3 kPa
Flash point 82.7 °C at 101.3 kPa
Vapour pressure 33.2 Pa at 25 °C
Partition coefficient - n-octanol/water (log KOW) 8.023 (25.3 °C) (ECHA) -
Soil organic carbon/water (log KOC) 5.17 (ECHA)
Auto-ignition temperature 645.2 K at 101.3 kPa (ECHA)
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity 3.7 mm²/s at 25 °C
Dynamic viscosity 3.5 mPa s at 25 °C
grade
certified reference material
pharmaceutical secondary standard

Quality Level
300
Agency
traceable to USP 1154809
API family
cyclomethicone
CofA
current certificate can be downloaded
packaging
pkg of 500 mg
technique(s)
HPLC: suitable
gas chromatography (GC): suitable

refractive index
n20/D 1.396 (lit.)
bp
90 °C/10 mmHg (lit.)
density
0.958 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
application(s)
pharmaceutical (small molecule)
format
neat
storage temp.
2-30°C
SMILES string
C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1
InChI
1S/C10H30O5Si5/c1-16(2)11-17(3,4)13-19(7,8)15-20(9,10)14-18(5,6)12-16/h1-10H3
InChI key
XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance, Transparent and colorless liquid
Viscosity, cSt, 25℃, 2 - 6
Specific gravity, 25℃, 0.940 - 0.960
Refractive index, 25℃, 1.3850 -1.4050
Purity, %, More than 99
Appearance, Colorless transparent liquid
Chroma, Hazen, <20
Turbidity,NTU, <4
Viscosity 25 ℃, mm2 / s, 3.9
Density, 25 ℃, 0.95
Heavy metal content (Pb indicate), <5
Mineral oil content, mg / kg, <0.1
Surface tension, 25 ℃, mN / m,, 18.3
Odor, slight odor odorless
Flash point (closed cup), ℃, 80
Boiling point, 101.3kpa, ° C, 210
Crystallization point, ℃, about, -40
The vapor pressure, 20 ℃, KPa, 0.025
Evaporation Rate (g/ min), NF30 -302, at 80℃, 0. 075
Volatile Time (sec), DIN 5 3 -, 170, at 23℃ 8400
Refractive index, 2 5 ℃, about, 1. 395
Octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (D 4) content,%, <0. 9
Decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D5) content,%, ≥97
Decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D5) + twelve methylcyclohexyl six siloxane (D6) content,%, ≥99.7
Acid value (NaOH 0.01N / 2g, ml), <0.15
Soluble, ethyl, butyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol
Not dissolve, water and glycol
Product Name:
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
Other Name:
Cyclopentasiloxane,2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-decamethyl-;Cyclopentasiloxane,decamethyl-;2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;Dimethylsiloxane pentamer;Union Carbide 7158 Silicone Fluid;Dow Corning 345;NUC Silicone VS 7158;Dow Corning 345 Fluid;Cyclic dimethylsiloxane pentamer;SF 1202;Silicone SF 1202;VS 7158;KF 995;Dow Corning 245;DC 245;Silbione V 5;Volasil 245;DC 345;TSF 465;LS 9000;Cyclo-decamethylpentasiloxane;Execol D 5;TSF 405;Pentacyclomethicone;SH 245;SH 245 (siloxane);TFS 405;Silbione 70045V5;Mirasil CM 5;Dow Corning 345EU;DC 2-5252C;Dow Corning 2-5252C;DC 345 Fluid;Dow Corning 245 Fluid;Silicon Plus α;Botanisil CP 33;Cyclopentasiloxane;Cyclopentadimethylsiloxane;D5;Volatile Silicone Fluid 345;Cyclomethicone pentamer 245;Xiameter PMX;Xiameter PMX 0245;Tego Polish Additive 5;SH 245 Fluid;Decamethylpentacyclosiloxane;KF 7312T;TSF 405A;KF 955;D 5 (siloxane);Siloxane D 5;PMX 345;D 5
CAS No.:
541-02-6
Molecular Formula:
C10H30O5Si5
InChIKeys:
InChIKey=XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight:
370.77000
Exact Mass:
370.77
EC Number:
208-764-9
PSA:
46.15000
XLogP3:
8.03 (LogP)
Appearance:
Liquid
Density:
0.9593 g/cm3 @ Temp: 20 °C
Melting Point:
-38 °C
Boiling Point:
210 °C
Flash Point:
162 °F
Refractive Index:
1.396
Water Solubility:
In water, 1.7X10-2 mg/L at 25 deg C
Storage Conditions:
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Combustible liquids.
Vapor Pressure:
30.002 mmHg @ -6.6°C
Toxicity:
LD50 oral in rat: > 24134mg/kg
Molecular Weight:370.77
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:5
Exact Mass:370.09395673
Monoisotopic Mass:370.09395673
Topological Polar Surface Area:46.2
Heavy Atom Count:20
Complexity:258
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SILOXANE D5:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


SILQUEST A-187 SILANE

Silquest A-187 Silane is a chemical compound belonging to the class of organosilanes.
Silquest A-187 Silane is specifically known as gamma-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Silquest A-187 Silane is characterized by having a methacryloxy functional group, a propyl spacer, and three methoxy groups attached to a silicon atom.

CAS Number: 2530-85-0
EC Number: 219-785-8

Synonyms: gamma-MAPS, Methacryloxysilane, Methacrylate 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl, 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, Methacrylsilanetriol methoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilan, Methacrylic Acid 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl Ester, Silane, trimethoxy(3-methacryloxypropyl)-, 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, Methacryloxypentyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-(Methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, Methacrylate monomethoxymethyltrioxysilane, Methacryloxytrimethoxysilane, Methacrylic acid 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl ester, gamma-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, Silane, trimethoxypropyl methacrylate



APPLICATIONS


Silquest A-187 Silane is widely used as a coupling agent in the production of glass fiber-reinforced composites.
Silquest A-187 Silane improves the adhesion between glass fibers and polymer matrices in composite materials.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in coatings to enhance adhesion and durability on various substrates.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of adhesives and sealants to improve bonding strength.
Silquest A-187 Silane acts as a crosslinking agent in polymer formulations, enhancing mechanical properties.

Silquest A-187 Silane is utilized in the electronics industry to improve adhesion of coatings and encapsulants to substrates.
In automotive applications, Silquest A-187 Silane helps to improve the performance and longevity of coatings and adhesives.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of construction materials, such as sealants and waterproof coatings, to enhance durability.
Silquest A-187 Silane is incorporated into paints and varnishes to improve adhesion and resistance to environmental factors.

Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in the modification of surfaces to improve wetting and dispersion of fillers in polymer matrices.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the textile industry to enhance the adhesion of finishes and coatings to fibers.

Silquest A-187 Silane plays a crucial role in the production of high-performance elastomers, providing improved mechanical properties.
Silquest A-187 Silane is utilized in the manufacturing of tires to enhance the adhesion between rubber and reinforcing materials.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in dental materials, such as composites and adhesives, to improve bonding to tooth surfaces.
Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the performance of inks and printing coatings by improving adhesion to substrates.

Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the production of molded plastic components to enhance compatibility with fillers and reinforcements.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for metals.

Silquest A-187 Silane improves the moisture resistance and durability of wood coatings and treatments.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of high-strength concrete and cementitious composites.

Silquest A-187 Silane is applied in the electronics industry for improving the performance of encapsulants and potting compounds.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the development of advanced composite materials for aerospace applications.

Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the performance of marine coatings by improving adhesion and resistance to water.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the formulation of cosmetic products, such as hair care products, to improve conditioning effects.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of laminates and adhesives for the packaging industry.
Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in improving the performance of flame retardant coatings and materials.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of solar panels to improve adhesion of coatings and encapsulants.
Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in enhancing the bonding of UV-curable coatings to various substrates.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the development of advanced ceramics to improve dispersion and bonding of ceramic particles.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of high-performance lubricants and greases to improve adhesion to metal surfaces.
Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the adhesion of epoxy coatings to concrete surfaces in industrial flooring applications.

Silquest A-187 Silane is utilized in the production of high-performance composites for sports equipment, such as tennis rackets and golf clubs.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of waterborne coatings to improve wet adhesion and durability.

Silquest A-187 Silane is incorporated into adhesives used in the construction of wind turbine blades to enhance bonding strength.
Silquest A-187 Silane improves the performance of insulation materials by enhancing adhesion between layers.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the development of medical devices to improve adhesion of coatings and biocompatible materials.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the production of pressure-sensitive adhesives for labels and tapes.

Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the bonding of thermoplastic resins to metal and glass substrates in automotive applications.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of release coatings for paper and film products.

Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in improving the adhesion of flame retardant coatings to textiles and fabrics.
Silquest A-187 Silane is utilized in the production of flexible packaging materials to enhance printability and adhesion of inks.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the development of heat-resistant coatings for aerospace applications.
Silquest A-187 Silane improves the performance of conductive adhesives used in electronic assemblies.

Silquest A-187 Silane is incorporated into coatings for marine vessels to enhance resistance to saltwater and marine organisms.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of high-strength adhesives for structural bonding in construction.

Silquest A-187 Silane enhances the adhesion of coatings and sealants to polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in the formulation of coatings for optical fibers to improve durability and performance.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the development of anti-graffiti coatings to improve adhesion and resistance to solvents.

Silquest A-187 Silane improves the bonding of coatings to porous substrates, such as stone and brick.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the formulation of hydrophobic coatings to enhance water resistance and repellency.
Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in the production of bio-based composites, improving compatibility between natural fibers and polymers.

Silquest A-187 Silane can be used as a crosslinking agent in polymer formulations.
The methacryloxy group in Silquest A-187 Silane allows for polymerization with monomers or polymer chains.

Silquest A-187 Silane is known for its ability to improve moisture resistance in composites.
Silquest A-187 Silane is often utilized in the manufacturing of sealants and elastomers.
Silquest A-187 Silane is effective in improving the mechanical properties of composites.

Silquest A-187 Silane helps to reduce water absorption and swelling in treated materials.
Silquest A-187 Silane can enhance the thermal stability of polymer-based materials.

Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the electronics industry for its adhesion-promoting properties.
Silquest A-187 Silane is compatible with various resin systems, including epoxy, polyurethane, and acrylics.

The use of Silquest A-187 Silane can improve the weatherability of outdoor applications.
Silquest A-187 Silane is known to enhance the chemical resistance of treated surfaces.
Proper handling and storage of Silquest A-187 Silane are important to maintain its reactivity and effectiveness.



DESCRIPTION


Silquest A-187 Silane is a chemical compound belonging to the class of organosilanes.
Silquest A-187 Silane is specifically known as gamma-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Silquest A-187 Silane is characterized by having a methacryloxy functional group, a propyl spacer, and three methoxy groups attached to a silicon atom.

Silquest A-187 Silane is a versatile organosilane coupling agent.
Silquest A-187 Silane is commonly used to enhance the adhesion between organic polymers and inorganic substrates.

The chemical formula for Silquest A-187 Silane is C10H20O5Si.
Silquest A-187 Silane is also known by its chemical name, gamma-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

Silquest A-187 Silane appears as a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature.
Silquest A-187 Silane contains a methacryloxy functional group, a propyl spacer, and three methoxy groups attached to a silicon atom.
Silquest A-187 Silane has a molecular weight of 248.35 g/mol.

The CAS number for Silquest A-187 Silane is 2530-85-0.
Silquest A-187 Silane is soluble in organic solvents like alcohols, acetone, and ethers.
Silquest A-187 Silane is partially soluble in water, forming a hydrolyzate.

Silquest A-187 Silane can react with hydroxyl-containing surfaces, such as glass and metal oxides.
Silquest A-187 Silane is used in the production of glass fiber-reinforced composites to improve fiber-matrix bonding.
Silquest A-187 Silane is employed in coatings and adhesives to enhance durability and performance.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Slight ester-like odor
Molecular Weight: 248.35 g/mol
Density: 1.045 g/cm³ at 25°C
Boiling Point: 190°C (374°F) at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: Not applicable (liquid at room temperature)
Flash Point: 89°C (192°F) - closed cup
Refractive Index: 1.4280 at 20°C
Solubility: Partially soluble in water; hydrolyzes in water. Soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols, acetone, and ethers.
Viscosity: Approximately 2.5 mPa·s at 25°C



FIRST AID


General Advice:

Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.


Inhalation:

If inhaled:
Move the person to fresh air immediately.

Respiratory support:
If breathing is difficult, trained personnel should administer oxygen.

Artificial respiration:
If the person is not breathing, provide artificial respiration by trained personnel.
Keep the person calm and comfortable: Place in a semi-upright position to ease breathing.

Seek medical attention:
If symptoms persist or if there is any difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately.


Skin Contact:

Immediate washing:
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.

Skin cleaning:
Wash the affected area thoroughly with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes.

Contaminated clothing:
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

Skin irritation:
If skin irritation or rash occurs, seek medical advice/attention.

Protective measures:
Use protective gloves and skin cream to prevent repeated or prolonged contact.


Eye Contact:

Immediate flushing:
Rinse cautiously with water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.

Lid movement:
Hold eyelids apart to ensure thorough flushing.

Avoid rubbing:
Do not rub the affected eye as this may cause additional damage.

Medical attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation persists or if there is any visual disturbance.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

Rinse mouth:
If the person is conscious and alert, rinse their mouth thoroughly with water.

Water intake:
Have the person drink plenty of water to dilute the chemical.

Medical attention:
Seek medical attention immediately.

Monitor symptoms:
Look for symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal discomfort.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

General Precautions:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Always wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing to prevent skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Avoid Contact:
Prevent contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Do not ingest or inhale.

Training:
Ensure that all personnel handling the chemical are trained in its use and understand the risks.

Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling, before eating, drinking, or smoking, and at the end of the workday.

Spill Response:
Be prepared with spill control materials and ensure that spill response procedures are in place.

Handling Containers:
Open containers carefully to control possible pressure release. Avoid rough handling or dropping of containers.

Environmental Precautions:
Avoid release to the environment.
Follow best practices for environmental protection.


Specific Handling Instructions:

Transfer Operations:
Use appropriate transfer devices and equipment to minimize spills and leaks.
Utilize closed systems where possible.

Mixing and Dilution:
When mixing with water or other chemicals, add Silquest A-187 Silane slowly to minimize exothermic reactions and splashing.

Incompatible Materials:
Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents, acids, and bases, as these can cause hazardous reactions.

Equipment Maintenance:
Regularly inspect and maintain equipment used for handling the chemical to ensure it remains in good working condition.


Storage:

General Storage Guidelines:

Storage Area:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition, heat, and direct sunlight.

Temperature Control:
Maintain storage temperatures between 5°C (41°F) and 25°C (77°F) to prevent decomposition and maintain product stability.

Humidity Control:
Protect from moisture. Store in tightly closed containers to prevent hydrolysis.

Segregation:
Store separately from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents, acids, and bases.

Containment:
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination. Ensure secondary containment measures are in place.


Specific Storage Instructions:

Container Integrity:
Ensure containers are tightly sealed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.

Labeling:
Clearly label all containers with the chemical name, hazards, and handling instructions.

Bulk Storage:
For bulk storage, use containers made of compatible materials such as stainless steel or polyethylene.

Fire Protection:
Store away from ignition sources, and ensure proper fire-fighting equipment is available nearby.

Emergency Equipment:
Keep emergency eyewash stations and safety showers easily accessible in the storage area.

Inspection:
Regularly inspect storage containers for signs of damage, leaks, or corrosion.
SILRES BS 1310
SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a solventfree, water-thinnable emulsion of a polysiloxane modified with functional silicone resin. Technical data of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) General Characteristics of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Property Condition Value Method of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Solids content - approx. 50 % - Appearance - milky, white ASTM D 2240 Density 20 °C approx. 1 g/cm³ DIN 51757 pH 23 °C approx. 6 - 7 Indicator strips Applications of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) • Silicone Resin & Silicate Plasters • Renders & Plasters • Coatings & Paints • Additives for Plasters and Renders • Exterior Paints • Top Coats & Paints Application details of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) may be added undiluted to aqueous masonry coatings and primers either during or after manufacture. We recommend adding 1 - 3 wt% to masonry coatings. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is an additive used in the manufacture of aqueous masonry coatings and aqueous primers to enhance water repellency and water resistance. It also improves the processability and antiblocking characteristics of the aqueous coatings. Typical application fields are whitewash emulsions, silicate emulsion paints and plasters, highly filled emulsion coatings and silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Packaging and storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a solventfree, water-thinnable emulsion of a polysiloxane modified with functional silicone resin. Application of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is an additive used in the manufacture of aqueous masonry coatings and aqueous primers to enhance water repellency and water resistance. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) also improves the processability and antiblocking characteristics of the aqueous coatings. Typical application fields are whitewash emulsions, silicate emulsion paints and plasters, highly filled emulsion coatings and silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Processing of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) may be added undiluted to aqueous masonry coatings and primers either during or after manufacture. We recommend adding 1 - 3 wt% to masonry coatings. Product description of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a water-dilutable solventless emulsion of a silicone resin used as a binder in the production of silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Application of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is employed as the main binder in silicone resin emulsion paints and plaster. If formulated properly, the products made with it characterized by high permeability to water vapor and CO₂, low water absorption, low soiling tendency, a mineral appearance and long life. An excellent beading effect is also achieved if SILRES BS 1306 is added. Facades must be primed before painting for optimal protection. Storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The containers must be protected against sunlight. Stir well before taking emulsion from drums. The "Best use before end" date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a solventless silicone concentrate that is based on a mixture of silane and siloxane. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is dilutable with organic solvents. Dilute solutions of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) in organic solvents serve as high-quality general-purpose water repellents for impregnating and priming mineral and highly alkaline substrates. Special features of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) - good depth of penetration - high resistance to alkalis - tack-free drying - effective even on damp substrates - rapid development of water repellency After application to the mineral substrate, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) reacts with the atmospheric moisture or pore water in the substrate, thereby generating the active ingredient while liberating alcohol. The active ingredient greatly lowers the water absorbency of the substrate, which nevertheless retains a very high degree of water vapour permeability since neither pores nor capillaries are clogged. Application of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is suitable for imparting water repellency to absorbent, porous, mineral construction materials, e. g.: - brickwork - all kinds of concrete - aerated concrete - sand-lime brickwork - cement fiberboards - mineral plasters - mineral-based natural and artificial stone - mineral paints SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is also suitable as primer for exterior paints.SILRES BS 290 is not suitable for rendering gypsum water repellent. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is not suitable for rendering gypsum water repellent.windows and other non-absorbent surfaces properly because the product cures so quickly that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove after a few hours. Wipe off any splashes on window panes immediately, using a solvent if necessary. For this reason, the figures quoted below are intended as a guide only: windows and other non-absorbent surfaces properly because the product cures so quickly that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove after a few hours. Wipe off any splashes on window panes immediately, using a solvent if necessary. For this reason, the figures quoted below are intended as a guide only: Processing of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Flooding, preferably not under pressure, is the best technique for applying SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes), which is ready to use after dilution. Apply several coats, wet on wet, until the substrate is saturated. Generally, at least two applications suffice for all substrates.Do not leave long breaks between coats. Apply the next when the substrate has absorbed the previous one and is no longershiny (wet-on-wet working). The substrate must not have damp spots, i. e., it should look dry. The requisite quantity of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) depends on the adsorbency of the substrate. The amount of impregnating agent required for a substrate and the effectiveness of the impregnation should be determined on site by testing a small area of the material to be treated. Dilution of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The solvents best suited for diluting SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) are aliphatic hydrocarbons (e. g. White Spirit 130/175), aromatic hydrocarbons (solvent naphtha, e. g. Shellsol A) or low-odor isoparaffin hydrocarbons. The solvent used should have a boiling range of 140-190°C and an evaporation number of 30-90. If the above-mentioned hydrocarbon solvents are used, SILRES BS 290 should be diluted in a weight ratio of 1:11 to 1:15. Anhydrous alcohols, such as ethanol or 2-propanol, could also be used and are even indispensable whenever contact of the impregnating agent with solvent-sensitive materials (such as expanded polystyrene, bitumen, etc.) cannot be avoided. The alcohol must be completely anhydrous. If alcohol is used as a solvent, a dilution ratio of 1:12pbw is recommended. When impregnating slightly damp substrates, SILRES BS 290 will give better results if diluted with hydrocarbons than with alcohol. Stir vigorously when adding the diluent to SILRES BS 290. Since SILRES BS 290 reacts with humidity, prolonged contact with air must be avoided. The containers must be hermetically sealed. Before applying SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes), be sure to cover Storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a nonionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane Application of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is used in undiluted form as a hydrophobizing additive for aqueous masonry paints or plasters to increase water repellency, water resistance and water vapour permeability as well as to enhance processability and anti-blocking properties. Suitable for: - silicone resin emulsion paints and - silicone resin emulsion plasters - silicate emulsion paints and plasters - highly-filled emulsion-based coatings - emulsion-modified whitewash - stoppers Paints and plasters modified SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) are characterized by an excellent water beading effect. Processing of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) can be added in undiluted form to aqueous masonry paints or plasters during or after their production. The addition of 1 to 3 wt.-% is recommended. Storage of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. SILRES BS 1360 is non-ionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane. Acts as a water repellent. SILRES BS 1360 increases water repellency, water resistance and water-vapor permeability as well as enhances processability and anti-blocking properties. In particular, silicate emulsion paints and plasters modified with this additive are characterized by extremely long-lasting and reliable water repellency. The hydrophobizing action is unaffected by long storage of the liquid paint system. SILRES BS 1360 is suitable for silicone resin emulsion paints and silicone resin plasters, highly-filled emulsion-based coatings and emulsion-modified whitewash. Application details of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is applied after compatibility test with the phenolic resin mixture by mixing and spraying or via an additional spraying equipment applied separately – at the same time or shortly before application of the binder. For this purpose SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) can be diluted with any quantity of water. Based on the glass or stone fiber mass the addition ratio varies between 0,05 and 0,2 weight % for stone wool and 0,1 and 0,3 weight % (always based on the weight of the dried final product) for glass wool. The quantity of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) to be applied also depends on the desired water repellency of the end product given. Individual tests must always be conducted in order to define the necessary quantities. To impart water repellency to expanded perlite or similar porous materials, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is applied by spraying as well. 0,2 to 0,4 % by weight SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) are recommended as a dosage rate for perlite, 0 ,1 to 0,2 % for expanded clay aggregates. It can be sprayed onto the warm expanded material in order to avoid an additional drying process. Prolonged heating of the siliconized material must however be avoided. Guide formulation for laboratory tests to make perlite water-repellent (no guarantee can be given due to substrate and process variations): Mix 0,80 g SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) with 400 g of deionized water. Thoroughly mix or spray 200 g of perlite with this impregnating solution in a mixer until the liquid has been completely absorbed. Fill the moist material into a large dish and dry in a drying oven at 50°C for seven days. Fill the impregnated perlite into fine-meshed nylon sacks and immerse in deionized water. The sacks must be covered by 5 cm of water. Weigh the samples after gentle centrifuging (to remove adherent water) at fixed intervals. The results show that the perlite absorbs about 5 % of its dry weight in water after one day. Untreated perlite absorbs far more than 100 % of its dry weight in water in the same period. The test for water repellency according to the standard ASTM 303-77 is recommended. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) has been developed and optimized to be compatible with phenolic resin binders and tolerates without surplus of ammonia varying processing and formulating conditions. It is compatible and can be mixed with most phenolic resins, no side reactions or precipitations are observed. Based on the large variety of phenolic resins used plus further specific additives, however, a specific compatibility test in each plant is necessary. As the shelf life of the various mixtures depends largely on the formulation e. g. on the dilution of the emulsion it is recommended to apply the binder mixture without delay. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a very efficient aqueous water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polydimethylsiloxane. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is used to impart water repellency to glass wool (fiber glass) or stone wool bound with phenolic resin. It can also be used for expanded minerals such as perlite or vermiculite, or expanded clay aggregates. Properties of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) has an ideal viscosity for the feeding and dilution process during application. Once sprayed onto the substrate, in comparison to other emulsions of reactive polydimethylsiloxanes SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) shows an especially high thermal stability in the manufacturing process of the thermal insulating material. By enhancing coatings performance, opens up new possibilities for you. has been a global technology leader in silicone products for many years. An ambitious partner for the paints and coatings industry, we develop and produce SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) brand liquid resins, powder coatings resins and intermediates which are designed to selectively optimize coating systems so that they meet the highest requirements. Broaden the Property Spectrum of Your Coating! SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) resins and intermediates can broaden the property spectrum of your coatings, open up new fields and take existing applications to a whole new level of performance. Whether serving as sole silicone binder or being used for chemical or cold-blend modification of organic binders, such as polyesters, alkyds and epoxies, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) products can impart specific film properties. This ability comes from their excellent resistance to high temperatures, UV radiation and moisture. Profit from Global Presence and Local Customer Support SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) products for industrial coatings are available in the same high standard anywhere in the world. We have also set up technical centers across the globe to offer you comprehensive support with applications and selection of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) products for industrial coatings Heat-resistant coatings must provide continuous service at temperatures between 200 °C and 650 °C, with little discoloration and loss of adhesion. This imposes extreme demands on the binder and the formulation. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins have proven particularly effective in long-term applications because of their very high inorganic content. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes): A Broad Portfolio Chemically, there are three types of silicone resin to choose from: • Pure phenyl polysiloxane • Pure methyl polysiloxane • Mixed phenyl/methyl polysiloxane For Excellent Heat Resistance Phenyl groups are the most thermally stable organic substituents. In highly pigmented paint systems, they provide heat resistance up to 650 °C. Phenyl silicone resins are particularly compatible with organic resins. And More Interesting Properties Methyl groups are the second most stable organic substituents. In coatings with a low pigment content, they confer heat resistance up to 200 °C. A high content of methyl groups in heat-resistant coatings increases their hardness, water repellency and non-stick properties. Methyl resins are ideal for formulating aluminum-pigmented paints that will resist temperatures up to 650 °C. Suitable For Many Coating Systems has innovative and established SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) binder alternatives for: • Solvent-borne systems and systems with little or no solvent content • Water-borne systems • Powder-coating systems •Room-temperature-curable systems Temperature [° C] Aluminum FeMn oxide Mica, Miox Zinc dust Ti02/color Clear Heat Resistance As a Function of Pigment/Filler Type The chart illustrates how the maximum heat resistance of a coating varies with the type of pigment/filler. Benefits of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) Binders in Heat-Resistant Coatings • Heat resistance up to 650 °C, combined with perfect adhesion • Durability under extreme temperature variations • Long-lasting corrosion protection • UV and weathering resistance • Low-VOC formulations possible Adjust the Profile to Your Demands! In addition to the binder’s heat resistance, versatile pigmentation is crucial for formulating heat-resistant paints. The right mix of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins, heatresistant pigments and fillers will meet most demands. Ideal for Many Applications In conclusion, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins are the right binders for any structural element that might get hot when installed between other system parts of: • Vehicles (e.g. exhaust systems, mufflers, engine parts, brakes) •Industrial plant components (e.g. flues, stacks, furnaces, heat exchangers) • Household appliances (wood-burning ovens, stoves and stovepipes, BBQs, pots and pans) Compatible With Many Organic Resins SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) intermediates can be reacted in almost any proportions with a wide variety of organic resins. Typical examples are alkyd, polyester, epoxy and acrylic resins. No Undesired Side Effects Modification of organic resins and coatings with SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) intermediates leaves the following product properties unchanged: • Hardness • Baking rate • Mechanical resistance • Pigment compatibility • Adhesion Improved Heat Resistance The more SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) intermediate added, the more heat resistant the coating becomes. Coatings containing 50% or more intermediate will resist continuous exposure to temperatures above 250 °C – for up to several hundred hours. Effect of Film Thickness For maximum adhesion and resistance to temperature changes, the SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins must have the right film thickness. Film thicknesses between 10 and 30 µm (for powder coatings: 30 – 70 µm) after baking ensure that the coatings have the maximum lifetime. Note: thicker films may experience adhesion loss. Physical Drying Due to evaporation of solvent (in liquid paints), paint begins to dry as soon as it is applied. The rate of drying depends on the solvent type, spray-booth temperature and air speed in the baking oven. It is vital that the dryer air have a low particle count and be free of oil. Most SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins ensure tack-free drying at room temperature. SILRES BS 1360 is non-ionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane. Acts as a water repellent. SILRES BS 1360 increases water repellency, water resistance and water-vapor permeability as well as enhances processability and anti-blocking properties. In particular, silicate emulsion paints and plasters modified with this additive are characterized by extremely long-lasting and reliable water repellency. The hydrophobizing action is unaffected by long storage of the liquid paint system. SILRES BS 1360 is suitable for silicone resin emulsion paints and silicone resin plasters, highly-filled emulsion-based coatings and emulsion-modified whitewash. Application details of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is applied after compatibility test with the phenolic resin mixture by mixing and spraying or via an additional spraying equipment applied separately – at the same time or shortly before application of the binder. For this purpose SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) can be diluted with any quantity of water. Based on the glass or stone fiber mass the addition ratio varies between 0,05 and 0,2 weight % for stone wool and 0,1 and 0,3 weight % (always based on the weight of the dried final product) for glass wool. The quantity of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) to be applied also depends on the desired water repellency of the end product given. Individual tests must always be conducted in order to define the necessary quantities. To impart water repellency to expanded perlite or similar porous materials, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is applied by spraying as well. 0,2 to 0,4 % by weight SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) are recommended as a dosage rate for perlite, 0 ,1 to 0,2 % for expanded clay aggregates. It can be sprayed onto the warm expanded material in order to avoid an additional drying process. Prolonged heating of the siliconized material must however be avoided. Guide formulation for laboratory tests to make perlite water-repellent (no guarantee can be given due to substrate and process variations): Mix 0,80 g SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) with 400 g of deionized water. Thoroughly mix or spray 200 g of perlite with this impregnating solution in a mixer until the liquid has been completely absorbed. Fill the moist material into a large dish and dry in a drying oven at 50°C for seven days. Fill the impregnated perlite into fine-meshed nylon sacks and immerse in deionized water. The sacks must be covered by 5 cm of water. Weigh the samples after gentle centrifuging (to remove adherent water) at fixed intervals. The results show that the perlite absorbs about 5 % of its dry weight in water after one day. Untreated perlite absorbs far more than 100 % of its dry weight in water in the same period. The test for water repellency according to the standard ASTM 303-77 is recommended. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) has been developed and optimized to be compatible with phenolic resin binders and tolerates without surplus of ammonia varying processing and formulating conditions. It is compatible and can be mixed with most phenolic resins, no side reactions or precipitations are observed. Based on the large variety of phenolic resins used plus further specific additives, however, a specific compatibility test in each plant is necessary. As the shelf life of the various mixtures depends largely on the formulation e. g. on the dilution of the emulsion it is recommended to apply the binder mixture without delay. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is a very efficient aqueous water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polydimethylsiloxane. SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) is used to impart water repellency to glass wool (fiber glass) or stone wool bound with phenolic resin. It can also be used for expanded minerals such as perlite or vermiculite, or expanded clay aggregates. Properties of SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) has an ideal viscosity for the feeding and dilution process during application. Once sprayed onto the substrate, in comparison to other emulsions of reactive polydimethylsiloxanes SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) shows an especially high thermal stability in the manufacturing process of the thermal insulating material. By enhancing coatings performance, opens up new possibilities for you. has been a global technology leader in silicone products for many years. An ambitious partner for the paints and coatings industry, we develop and produce SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) brand liquid resins, powder coatings resins and intermediates which are designed to selectively optimize coating systems so that they meet the highest requirements. Broaden the Property Spectrum of Your Coating! SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) resins and intermediates can broaden the property spectrum of your coatings, open up new fields and take existing applications to a whole new level of performance. Whether serving as sole silicone binder or being used for chemical or cold-blend modification of organic binders, such as polyesters, alkyds and epoxies, SILRES BS 1310 (silres bs 1310, Polysiloxanes) products can impart specific film properties. This ability comes from their excellent resistance to high temperatures, UV radiation and moisture.
SILRES BS 45
SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a solventfree, water-thinnable emulsion of a polysiloxane modified with functional silicone resin. Technical data of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) General Characteristics of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Property Condition Value Method of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Solids content - approx. 50 % - Appearance - milky, white ASTM D 2240 Density 20 °C approx. 1 g/cm³ DIN 51757 pH 23 °C approx. 6 - 7 Indicator strips Applications of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) • Silicone Resin & Silicate Plasters • Renders & Plasters • Coatings & Paints • Additives for Plasters and Renders • Exterior Paints • Top Coats & Paints Application details of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) may be added undiluted to aqueous masonry coatings and primers either during or after manufacture. We recommend adding 1 - 3 wt% to masonry coatings. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is an additive used in the manufacture of aqueous masonry coatings and aqueous primers to enhance water repellency and water resistance. It also improves the processability and antiblocking characteristics of the aqueous coatings. Typical application fields are whitewash emulsions, silicate emulsion paints and plasters, highly filled emulsion coatings and silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Packaging and storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a solventfree, water-thinnable emulsion of a polysiloxane modified with functional silicone resin. Application of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is an additive used in the manufacture of aqueous masonry coatings and aqueous primers to enhance water repellency and water resistance. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) also improves the processability and antiblocking characteristics of the aqueous coatings. Typical application fields are whitewash emulsions, silicate emulsion paints and plasters, highly filled emulsion coatings and silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Processing of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) may be added undiluted to aqueous masonry coatings and primers either during or after manufacture. We recommend adding 1 - 3 wt% to masonry coatings. Product description of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a water-dilutable solventless emulsion of a silicone resin used as a binder in the production of silicone resin emulsion paints and plasters. Application of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is employed as the main binder in silicone resin emulsion paints and plaster. If formulated properly, the products made with it characterized by high permeability to water vapor and CO₂, low water absorption, low soiling tendency, a mineral appearance and long life. An excellent beading effect is also achieved if SILRES BS 1306 is added. Facades must be primed before painting for optimal protection. Storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The containers must be protected against sunlight. Stir well before taking emulsion from drums. The "Best use before end" date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a solventless silicone concentrate that is based on a mixture of silane and siloxane. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is dilutable with organic solvents. Dilute solutions of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) in organic solvents serve as high-quality general-purpose water repellents for impregnating and priming mineral and highly alkaline substrates. Special features of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) - good depth of penetration - high resistance to alkalis - tack-free drying - effective even on damp substrates - rapid development of water repellency After application to the mineral substrate, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) reacts with the atmospheric moisture or pore water in the substrate, thereby generating the active ingredient while liberating alcohol. The active ingredient greatly lowers the water absorbency of the substrate, which nevertheless retains a very high degree of water vapour permeability since neither pores nor capillaries are clogged. Application of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is suitable for imparting water repellency to absorbent, porous, mineral construction materials, e. g.: - brickwork - all kinds of concrete - aerated concrete - sand-lime brickwork - cement fiberboards - mineral plasters - mineral-based natural and artificial stone - mineral paints SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is also suitable as primer for exterior paints.SILRES BS 290 is not suitable for rendering gypsum water repellent. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is not suitable for rendering gypsum water repellent.windows and other non-absorbent surfaces properly because the product cures so quickly that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove after a few hours. Wipe off any splashes on window panes immediately, using a solvent if necessary. For this reason, the figures quoted below are intended as a guide only: windows and other non-absorbent surfaces properly because the product cures so quickly that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove after a few hours. Wipe off any splashes on window panes immediately, using a solvent if necessary. For this reason, the figures quoted below are intended as a guide only: Processing of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Flooding, preferably not under pressure, is the best technique for applying SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes), which is ready to use after dilution. Apply several coats, wet on wet, until the substrate is saturated. Generally, at least two applications suffice for all substrates.Do not leave long breaks between coats. Apply the next when the substrate has absorbed the previous one and is no longershiny (wet-on-wet working). The substrate must not have damp spots, i. e., it should look dry. The requisite quantity of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) depends on the adsorbency of the substrate. The amount of impregnating agent required for a substrate and the effectiveness of the impregnation should be determined on site by testing a small area of the material to be treated. Dilution of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The solvents best suited for diluting SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) are aliphatic hydrocarbons (e. g. White Spirit 130/175), aromatic hydrocarbons (solvent naphtha, e. g. Shellsol A) or low-odor isoparaffin hydrocarbons. The solvent used should have a boiling range of 140-190°C and an evaporation number of 30-90. If the above-mentioned hydrocarbon solvents are used, SILRES BS 290 should be diluted in a weight ratio of 1:11 to 1:15. Anhydrous alcohols, such as ethanol or 2-propanol, could also be used and are even indispensable whenever contact of the impregnating agent with solvent-sensitive materials (such as expanded polystyrene, bitumen, etc.) cannot be avoided. The alcohol must be completely anhydrous. If alcohol is used as a solvent, a dilution ratio of 1:12pbw is recommended. When impregnating slightly damp substrates, SILRES BS 290 will give better results if diluted with hydrocarbons than with alcohol. Stir vigorously when adding the diluent to SILRES BS 290. Since SILRES BS 290 reacts with humidity, prolonged contact with air must be avoided. The containers must be hermetically sealed. Before applying SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes), be sure to cover Storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. Product description of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a nonionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane Application of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is used in undiluted form as a hydrophobizing additive for aqueous masonry paints or plasters to increase water repellency, water resistance and water vapour permeability as well as to enhance processability and anti-blocking properties. Suitable for: - silicone resin emulsion paints and - silicone resin emulsion plasters - silicate emulsion paints and plasters - highly-filled emulsion-based coatings - emulsion-modified whitewash - stoppers Paints and plasters modified SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) are characterized by an excellent water beading effect. Processing of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) can be added in undiluted form to aqueous masonry paints or plasters during or after their production. The addition of 1 to 3 wt.-% is recommended. Storage of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) The 'Best use before end' date of each batch is shown on the product label. Storage beyond the date specified on the label does not necessarily mean that the product is no longer usable. In this case however, the properties required for the intended use must be checked for quality assurance reasons. SILRES BS 1360 is non-ionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane. Acts as a water repellent. SILRES BS 1360 increases water repellency, water resistance and water-vapor permeability as well as enhances processability and anti-blocking properties. In particular, silicate emulsion paints and plasters modified with this additive are characterized by extremely long-lasting and reliable water repellency. The hydrophobizing action is unaffected by long storage of the liquid paint system. SILRES BS 1360 is suitable for silicone resin emulsion paints and silicone resin plasters, highly-filled emulsion-based coatings and emulsion-modified whitewash. Application details of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is applied after compatibility test with the phenolic resin mixture by mixing and spraying or via an additional spraying equipment applied separately – at the same time or shortly before application of the binder. For this purpose SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) can be diluted with any quantity of water. Based on the glass or stone fiber mass the addition ratio varies between 0,05 and 0,2 weight % for stone wool and 0,1 and 0,3 weight % (always based on the weight of the dried final product) for glass wool. The quantity of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) to be applied also depends on the desired water repellency of the end product given. Individual tests must always be conducted in order to define the necessary quantities. To impart water repellency to expanded perlite or similar porous materials, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is applied by spraying as well. 0,2 to 0,4 % by weight SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) are recommended as a dosage rate for perlite, 0 ,1 to 0,2 % for expanded clay aggregates. It can be sprayed onto the warm expanded material in order to avoid an additional drying process. Prolonged heating of the siliconized material must however be avoided. Guide formulation for laboratory tests to make perlite water-repellent (no guarantee can be given due to substrate and process variations): Mix 0,80 g SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) with 400 g of deionized water. Thoroughly mix or spray 200 g of perlite with this impregnating solution in a mixer until the liquid has been completely absorbed. Fill the moist material into a large dish and dry in a drying oven at 50°C for seven days. Fill the impregnated perlite into fine-meshed nylon sacks and immerse in deionized water. The sacks must be covered by 5 cm of water. Weigh the samples after gentle centrifuging (to remove adherent water) at fixed intervals. The results show that the perlite absorbs about 5 % of its dry weight in water after one day. Untreated perlite absorbs far more than 100 % of its dry weight in water in the same period. The test for water repellency according to the standard ASTM 303-77 is recommended. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) has been developed and optimized to be compatible with phenolic resin binders and tolerates without surplus of ammonia varying processing and formulating conditions. It is compatible and can be mixed with most phenolic resins, no side reactions or precipitations are observed. Based on the large variety of phenolic resins used plus further specific additives, however, a specific compatibility test in each plant is necessary. As the shelf life of the various mixtures depends largely on the formulation e. g. on the dilution of the emulsion it is recommended to apply the binder mixture without delay. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a very efficient aqueous water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polydimethylsiloxane. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is used to impart water repellency to glass wool (fiber glass) or stone wool bound with phenolic resin. It can also be used for expanded minerals such as perlite or vermiculite, or expanded clay aggregates. Properties of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) has an ideal viscosity for the feeding and dilution process during application. Once sprayed onto the substrate, in comparison to other emulsions of reactive polydimethylsiloxanes SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) shows an especially high thermal stability in the manufacturing process of the thermal insulating material. By enhancing coatings performance, opens up new possibilities for you. has been a global technology leader in silicone products for many years. An ambitious partner for the paints and coatings industry, we develop and produce SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) brand liquid resins, powder coatings resins and intermediates which are designed to selectively optimize coating systems so that they meet the highest requirements. Broaden the Property Spectrum of Your Coating! SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) resins and intermediates can broaden the property spectrum of your coatings, open up new fields and take existing applications to a whole new level of performance. Whether serving as sole silicone binder or being used for chemical or cold-blend modification of organic binders, such as polyesters, alkyds and epoxies, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) products can impart specific film properties. This ability comes from their excellent resistance to high temperatures, UV radiation and moisture. Profit from Global Presence and Local Customer Support SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) products for industrial coatings are available in the same high standard anywhere in the world. We have also set up technical centers across the globe to offer you comprehensive support with applications and selection of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) products for industrial coatings Heat-resistant coatings must provide continuous service at temperatures between 200 °C and 650 °C, with little discoloration and loss of adhesion. This imposes extreme demands on the binder and the formulation. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins have proven particularly effective in long-term applications because of their very high inorganic content. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes): A Broad Portfolio Chemically, there are three types of silicone resin to choose from: • Pure phenyl polysiloxane • Pure methyl polysiloxane • Mixed phenyl/methyl polysiloxane For Excellent Heat Resistance Phenyl groups are the most thermally stable organic substituents. In highly pigmented paint systems, they provide heat resistance up to 650 °C. Phenyl silicone resins are particularly compatible with organic resins. And More Interesting Properties Methyl groups are the second most stable organic substituents. In coatings with a low pigment content, they confer heat resistance up to 200 °C. A high content of methyl groups in heat-resistant coatings increases their hardness, water repellency and non-stick properties. Methyl resins are ideal for formulating aluminum-pigmented paints that will resist temperatures up to 650 °C. Suitable For Many Coating Systems has innovative and established SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) binder alternatives for: • Solvent-borne systems and systems with little or no solvent content • Water-borne systems • Powder-coating systems •Room-temperature-curable systems Temperature [° C] Aluminum FeMn oxide Mica, Miox Zinc dust Ti02/color Clear Heat Resistance As a Function of Pigment/Filler Type The chart illustrates how the maximum heat resistance of a coating varies with the type of pigment/filler. Benefits of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) Binders in Heat-Resistant Coatings • Heat resistance up to 650 °C, combined with perfect adhesion • Durability under extreme temperature variations • Long-lasting corrosion protection • UV and weathering resistance • Low-VOC formulations possible Adjust the Profile to Your Demands! In addition to the binder’s heat resistance, versatile pigmentation is crucial for formulating heat-resistant paints. The right mix of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins, heatresistant pigments and fillers will meet most demands. Ideal for Many Applications In conclusion, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins are the right binders for any structural element that might get hot when installed between other system parts of: • Vehicles (e.g. exhaust systems, mufflers, engine parts, brakes) •Industrial plant components (e.g. flues, stacks, furnaces, heat exchangers) • Household appliances (wood-burning ovens, stoves and stovepipes, BBQs, pots and pans) Compatible With Many Organic Resins SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) intermediates can be reacted in almost any proportions with a wide variety of organic resins. Typical examples are alkyd, polyester, epoxy and acrylic resins. No Undesired Side Effects Modification of organic resins and coatings with SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) intermediates leaves the following product properties unchanged: • Hardness • Baking rate • Mechanical resistance • Pigment compatibility • Adhesion Improved Heat Resistance The more SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) intermediate added, the more heat resistant the coating becomes. Coatings containing 50% or more intermediate will resist continuous exposure to temperatures above 250 °C – for up to several hundred hours. Effect of Film Thickness For maximum adhesion and resistance to temperature changes, the SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins must have the right film thickness. Film thicknesses between 10 and 30 µm (for powder coatings: 30 – 70 µm) after baking ensure that the coatings have the maximum lifetime. Note: thicker films may experience adhesion loss. Physical Drying Due to evaporation of solvent (in liquid paints), paint begins to dry as soon as it is applied. The rate of drying depends on the solvent type, spray-booth temperature and air speed in the baking oven. It is vital that the dryer air have a low particle count and be free of oil. Most SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) silicone resins ensure tack-free drying at room temperature. SILRES BS 1360 is non-ionic, solvent-free, water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polysiloxane. Acts as a water repellent. SILRES BS 1360 increases water repellency, water resistance and water-vapor permeability as well as enhances processability and anti-blocking properties. In particular, silicate emulsion paints and plasters modified with this additive are characterized by extremely long-lasting and reliable water repellency. The hydrophobizing action is unaffected by long storage of the liquid paint system. SILRES BS 1360 is suitable for silicone resin emulsion paints and silicone resin plasters, highly-filled emulsion-based coatings and emulsion-modified whitewash. Application details of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is applied after compatibility test with the phenolic resin mixture by mixing and spraying or via an additional spraying equipment applied separately – at the same time or shortly before application of the binder. For this purpose SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) can be diluted with any quantity of water. Based on the glass or stone fiber mass the addition ratio varies between 0,05 and 0,2 weight % for stone wool and 0,1 and 0,3 weight % (always based on the weight of the dried final product) for glass wool. The quantity of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) to be applied also depends on the desired water repellency of the end product given. Individual tests must always be conducted in order to define the necessary quantities. To impart water repellency to expanded perlite or similar porous materials, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is applied by spraying as well. 0,2 to 0,4 % by weight SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) are recommended as a dosage rate for perlite, 0 ,1 to 0,2 % for expanded clay aggregates. It can be sprayed onto the warm expanded material in order to avoid an additional drying process. Prolonged heating of the siliconized material must however be avoided. Guide formulation for laboratory tests to make perlite water-repellent (no guarantee can be given due to substrate and process variations): Mix 0,80 g SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) with 400 g of deionized water. Thoroughly mix or spray 200 g of perlite with this impregnating solution in a mixer until the liquid has been completely absorbed. Fill the moist material into a large dish and dry in a drying oven at 50°C for seven days. Fill the impregnated perlite into fine-meshed nylon sacks and immerse in deionized water. The sacks must be covered by 5 cm of water. Weigh the samples after gentle centrifuging (to remove adherent water) at fixed intervals. The results show that the perlite absorbs about 5 % of its dry weight in water after one day. Untreated perlite absorbs far more than 100 % of its dry weight in water in the same period. The test for water repellency according to the standard ASTM 303-77 is recommended. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) has been developed and optimized to be compatible with phenolic resin binders and tolerates without surplus of ammonia varying processing and formulating conditions. It is compatible and can be mixed with most phenolic resins, no side reactions or precipitations are observed. Based on the large variety of phenolic resins used plus further specific additives, however, a specific compatibility test in each plant is necessary. As the shelf life of the various mixtures depends largely on the formulation e. g. on the dilution of the emulsion it is recommended to apply the binder mixture without delay. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is a very efficient aqueous water-dilutable emulsion of a reactive polydimethylsiloxane. SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) is used to impart water repellency to glass wool (fiber glass) or stone wool bound with phenolic resin. It can also be used for expanded minerals such as perlite or vermiculite, or expanded clay aggregates. Properties of SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) has an ideal viscosity for the feeding and dilution process during application. Once sprayed onto the substrate, in comparison to other emulsions of reactive polydimethylsiloxanes SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) shows an especially high thermal stability in the manufacturing process of the thermal insulating material. By enhancing coatings performance, opens up new possibilities for you. has been a global technology leader in silicone products for many years. An ambitious partner for the paints and coatings industry, we develop and produce SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) brand liquid resins, powder coatings resins and intermediates which are designed to selectively optimize coating systems so that they meet the highest requirements. Broaden the Property Spectrum of Your Coating! SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) resins and intermediates can broaden the property spectrum of your coatings, open up new fields and take existing applications to a whole new level of performance. Whether serving as sole silicone binder or being used for chemical or cold-blend modification of organic binders, such as polyesters, alkyds and epoxies, SILRES BS 45 (silres bs 45, Polysiloxanes) products can impart specific film properties. This ability comes from their excellent resistance to high temperatures, UV radiation and moisture.
SILVER BIOCIDE
Silver Biocide products may contain silver in ionic, colloidal or nanoparticle form, and to complicate things further, these may either be in free or bound form.
Irrespective of the form of the Silver Biocide used, a major characteristic that will affect the bactericidal effect of the silver is the concentration of silver ions released.


Silver Biocide is based on solutions of water soluble silver salts such as silver chloride or citrate, or in the case of one manufacturer, silver chloride adsorbed onto titanium dioxide, which produces a product with greater longevity of activity.
Silver Biocide is effective at extremely low concentrations (ppb levels of silver ions) and has a very broad spectrum kill.
At the recommended use levels Silver Biocide is considered nontoxic to humans.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER BIOCIDE:
Silver Biocide is used (0.5% or approximately 140 metric tons) is still very small and the remainder of the silver is used for investment and coins (5%)
Silver Biocide is used in an ever increasing range of products, including water treatment, fibers, washing machines, dyes/paints and varnishes,
polymers, medical applications, sinks and sanitary ceramics and various ‘consumer’ applications such as disinfectants, cosmetics, cleaning agents, baby bottles, etc.


Silver Biocide is used in an ever increasing range of products, including fibers, washing machines, dyes/paints and varnishes, polymers, medical applications, sinks and sanitary ceramics and various ‘consumer’ applications such as disinfectants, cosmetics, cleaning agents, baby bottles, etc.
Silver Biocide is widely available consumer products which contain nanosilver include food contact materials (such as cups, bowls and cutting boards), cosmetics and personal care products, children’s toys and infant products and ‘health’ supplements.


Silver Biocide offers a potential advantage over iodine, the current state-of-the-art in US spacecraft disinfection technology, in that silver can be safely consumed by the crew.
As such, Silver Biocide may reduce the overall complexity and mass of future spacecraft potable water systems, particularly those used to support long duration missions.


A primary technology gap identified for the use of silver biocide is one of material compatibility.
Wetted materials of construction are required to be selected such that silver ion concentrations can be maintained at biocidally effective levels.
Preliminary data on silver biocide depletion rates in heritage spacecraft potable water system wetted materials of construction has been gathered as part of a multi-phase test project aimed at the characterization of silver based biocide technology through: development of preferred materials lists, investigation of silver biocide forms and delivery methods, down-selection of silver biocide technologies, and integrated testing.



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER BIOCIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SILVER CHLORIDE
Silver Chloride is an inorganic salt.
Silver Chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl.


CAS Number: 7783-90-6
EC Number: 232-033-3
Chemical formula: AgCl



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Silver chloride is a white crystalline chemical compound with the formula AgCl.
Silver chloride in the test tube quickly turns purplish, especially in a sunny laboratory because the silver chloride is split up into silver and chlorine.
Silver chloride is prepared when sodium chloride is added to silver nitrate solution a white precipitate of silver chloride occurs.


Silver chloride is an example of a well-known salt stain used to impart an amber colour to the glass.
Silver Chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl.
This white crystalline solid, Silver Chloride, is well known for its low solubility in water and its sensitivity to light.


Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver (and chlorine), which is signaled by grey to black or purplish coloration in some samples.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally as a mineral chlorargyrite.
Silver Chloride is produced by a metathesis reaction for use in photography and in pH meters as electrodes.


Silver chloride is a chloride of silver that occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite.
Silver is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally in its pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.


Silver chloride, AgCl, is a white crystalline solid which is well known for its low solubility in water.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite.
Silver chloride converts to silver and chlorine, when subjected to sunlight or heating.


Silver Chloride adopts the fcc NaCl structure, in which Ag+ ions are surrounded by octahedrons of six chloride ligands.
Silver chloride is a white, curdy, crystalline solid compound.
In the lab, Silver Chloride is prepared from a solution of AgNO3 by precipitation with NaCl solution.


Silver Chloride is roughly 75% silver by weight.
Silver chloride melts at a temperature of 455° C and boils at 1550° C.
Silver Chloride is one of the few chloride compounds known to be very insoluble in water.


Only PbCl2 and Hg2CL2 share this unique property, with PbCl2 being soluble in hot water.
Thus, selective precipitation of silver from a mixed metal ion solution is an ideal method.
Upon precipitating, silver chloride tends to agglomerate into larger and larger masses.


This is enhanced by mild agitation.
For improving solid settling rates and obtaining clear resultant filtrate solutions from liquid/solid separations, this agglomeration enhancement principle is important.
Electrochemically, Silver Chloride is quite noble.


The standard potential relative to hydrogen is 0.2223 V for the following reaction.
AgCl (S) + e- → Ag° + Cl-…………………………………………………(1)
As such, it may be reduced by redox couples with many less noble materials.


This knowledge has been adapted by the battery industry.
A prime example of this is the use of AgCl-Mg batteries for submarine torpedoes.
Here the redox couple and the resultant electrical energy necessary to drive the propeller is started by immersion in seawater, an excellent electrolyte.


Also, because of limited solubility and favorable electrochemical properties, silver chloride finds use as a material in the fabrication of electrochemical reference electrodes.
Compared to the calomel or hydrogen electrode, silver chloride is the preferred choice for most reference electrode applications.


Perhaps the greatest use of silver chloride exploits its photochemical properties.
This is directly related to the ability of light energy to readily reduce silver chloride to silver metal.
When exposed to light, silver chloride turns violet at first and finally black; it is decomposed to its elements.


This is represented as:
2AgCl (S) + light → 2Ag° + Cl2……………………………………………………….(2)
As such, the silver chlorides, bromides and iodides present in film form the basis for photography.


Silver Chloride is a white granular powder or cubic crystals; refractive index 2.071; darkens on exposure to light; density 5.56 g/cm3; Moh’s hardness 2.5; melts at 455°C; vaporizes at 1,547°C; vapor pressure 1 and 5 torr at 912 and 1,019°C; insoluble in water, alcohol and dilute acids; soluble in ammonia solution and concentrated sulfuric acid, alkali cyanide, ammonium carbonate; also soluble in potassium bromide and sodium thiosulfate solutions.


Silver Chloride is a chloride of silver that occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite.
Silver Chloride is used to make photographic paper and pottery glazes.
Silver Chloride is also found in stained glass colorants, bandages, and other wound healing products, and may be used as an antidote to mercury poisoning.


Silver is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally in its pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.
This white crystalline solid, Silver Chloride, is well known for its low solubility in water (this behavior being reminiscent of the chlorides of Tl+ and Pb2+).


Silver chloride is described as a white crystalline chemical compound having the formula AgCl.
Silver chloride, present in the test tube, turns purplish quickly, especially in the case of a sunny laboratory due to the silver chloride being split up into both chlorine and silver.


Silver chloride can be prepared when the sodium chloride compound is added to the silver nitrate solution; there occurs a white precipitate of silver chloride.
Silver chloride is also an example of a well-known salt stain, which is used to impart an amber colour to the glass.


Chloro silver is the other name of silver chloride.
Silver chloride, abbreviated as AgCl, is a chemical compound.
This white crystalline substance, Silver Chloride, is well recognised for its inability to dissolve in water.


Natural sources of Silver Chloride include the mineral chlorargyrite.
Because the silver chloride is divided up into silver and chlorine, the silver chloride in the test tube quickly turns purplish, especially in a sunny environment.


When sodium chloride is added to a silver nitrate solution, a white silver chloride precipitate appears.
Silver chloride is a well-known salt stain used to provide amber colour to the glass.
The Silver Chloride formula is a crystalline solid white.


Silver Chloride is insoluble in water, alcohol, and dilute acids.
Silver Chloride dissolves easily in ammonia, sulfuric acid, alkali cyanide, hydrochloric acid, and potassium bromide solution.
Silver Chloride occurs naturally as a mineral, such as chlorargyrite.


Silver Chloride may be made commercially by homogenising aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and silver nitrate.
Silver Chloride is an inorganic photosensitive substance that is commonly used in photography.
Silver Chloride has a molecular weight of 143.32 grams/mol and is a crystalline white solid.


Silver Chloride has a density of 5.56 gm/cm3.
Silver Chloride has a melting point of 455 °C.
Silver Chloride has a boiling point of 1547 °C.


Silver chloride is a prime example of a salt that cannot dissolve in water.
Silver Chloride also cannot be dissolved in dilute acids or alcohols.
Ammonia, alkali cyanides, potassium bromide, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid are used to render it soluble.


Silver chloride, chemical compound, AgCl, a white cubic crystalline solid.
Silver Chloride is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in a water solution of ammonia, potassium cyanide, or sodium thiosulfate (“hypo”).
On exposure to light Silver Chloride becomes a deep grayish blue due to its decomposition into metallic silver and atomic chlorine.


Silver Chloride is a useful material for deep IR applications where sensitivity to moisture is a problem.
This soft crystal deforms under heat and pressure and can be forged in polished dies to create IR windows and lenses.
A major use for Silver Chloride is in the manufacture of small disposable cell windows for spectroscopy, known as mini-cells.


These windows have a depression of controlled thickness pressed into the surface.
The inherent cost of Silver Chloride material is offset against ease of manufacture.
The functioning process of silver chloride is intricate, but it can be simplified into several fundamental stages.


Upon exposure to an aqueous solution, silver ions within silver chloride interact with chloride ions, resulting in the formation of silver chloride.
This reaction is reversible, allowing silver chloride to disintegrate into silver and chloride ions when subjected to an acidic or basic environment.
Additionally, silver chloride has the ability to bind to proteins and other molecules within the body, leading to modifications in their structure and function.


Furthermore, upon absorption into the body, silver chloride can engage with cells and induce alterations in their metabolism.
Silver Chloride, Granular, Reagent is a chemical compound of silver and chlorine, with a molecular formula AgCl.
Silver chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl.


This white crystalline solid, Silver Chloride, is well known for its low solubility in water.
Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver, which is signaled by grey to black or purplish coloration to some samples.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver Chloride is used to make photographic paper and pottery glazes.
Silver Chloride is also found in stained glass colorants, bandages, and other wound healing products, and may be used as an antidote to mercury poisoning.
Other photographic uses include making photographic paper, since Silver Chloride reacts with photons to form latent images via photoreduction; and in photochromic lenses, taking advantage of its reversible conversion to Ag metal.


Unlike photography, where the photoreduction is irreversible, the glass prevents the electron from being 'trapped'.
These photochromic lenses are used primarily in sunglasses.
Silver chloride's low solubility makes it a useful addition to pottery glazes for the production of "Inglaze lustre".


Silver chloride has been used as an antidote for mercury poisoning, assisting in the elimination of mercury.
Other uses of AgCl include: in bandages and wound healing products, to create yellow, amber, and brown shades in stained glass manufacture, as an infrared transmissive optical component, as it can be hot-pressed into window and lens shapes, and as an antimicrobial agent.


The most effective form of water-activated battery uses magnesium as the anode and silver chloride as the positive electrode.
Silver Chloride is used in electroplating and polishing mirrors and in making alloys.
Silver Chloride is used as an antidote that reacts with the poison to produce a harmless chemical compound.


Silver Chloride is used in medicines and silver salts are used in photographic films.
The most efficient type of water-activated battery employs magnesium as an anode and silver chloride as a positive electrode.
Silver Chloride’s used in mirror electroplating and polishing, as well as alloy manufacturing.


As an antidote, Silver Chloride interacts with the poison to form an innocuous chemical molecule.
Silver salts are utilised in photographic films and are used in pharmaceuticals.
Because of its limited solubility, silver chloride is a helpful additive to ceramic glazes for the development of “Inglaze lustre.”


Because Silver Chloride reacts with photons to form a latent picture via photoreduction, it is used to make photographic paper.
Silver chloride has a variety of applications, including: Photography, Electronics, Medicine, and Chemicals
Silver chloride is a compound made up of silver and chlorine.


Silver Chloride is a white solid that is often used in photography.
Silver chloride is also used in some types of batteries.
Silver chloride is used in silver plating and to obtain pure silver.


The salt also finds applications in photography and optics; in photochromic glass; and in electrodes and batteries.
Silver Chloride is used to make antiseptic silver solution. It occurs as the mineral cerargyrite.
Silver Chloride is used in photographic films, to coat and silver glass, as an antiseptic, and to absorb infrared light in lenses.


Silver Chloride is used employed in Silver plating.
Owing to its characteristic of reversible reduction to silver metal, Silver Chloride is used in photochromic lenses.
Silver Chloride is used as a cathode in sea water activated batteries. In electrochemistry, silver chloride electrode is used for potentiometric measurements.


Silver Chlorideserves as an antidote for mercury poisoning, and eliminates mercury from body.
Silver Chloride is used in glass manufacturing industry.
Silver Chloride is useful in the production of bandages, wound healing products and inglaze lustre, personal deodorant products, as well as for long term preservation of drinking water in water tanks; its pharmaceutical composition finds use as an antibacterial agent.


Silver Chloride is very important as a linear polarizer in the infrared region (λ: 2–23 mm).
The refractive index is almost constant in the infrared region and the polarization angle is almost independent of wavelength.
The polarization angles are 63°43' (3 mm), 63°20' (10 mm), and 63°33' (20 mm), showing the difference of angle below 18 for λ: 2–23 mm.


The polariscope is fabricated typically by arranging the six sheets of plates with the thickness of 0.5 mm in the shape of roof type.
Bakelite or plastic is good for the material of the holder case.
Silver Chloride is used in silver plating, in making antiseptic silver preparations.


Silver Chloride is found in nature as horn silver, this white powder is made by the combination of a soluble chloride and silver nitrate.
Silver bromide could also be formed by exposing metallic silver to the fumes of bromine as in the daguerreotype process.
Silver Chloride is soluble in sodium thiosulfate, potassium bromide solutions, and strong ammonia.


This silver halide was the first to be observed to darken spontaneously by exposure to light.
Silver chloride formed the basis of the photogenic drawing, salted paper print, albumen print, collodion-chloride POP, gelatin chloride POP, and gaslight paper.


Silver Chloride is used in photography,photometry and optics, batteries, photochromic glass,silver plating,production of pure silver, and as an antiseptic.
Single crystals are used for infrared absorption cells and lens elements and as a lab reagent
Silver Chloride has been used as an antidote for mercury poisoning, assisting in mercury elimination.


Silver Chloride is used as a cathode in sea water activated batteries. In electrochemistry, silver chloride electrode is used for potentiometric measurements.
Silver Chloride is used to make a photographic paper because it reacts with photons to produce a latent image via photoreduction.


Silver Chloride is used in the photochromic lenses, again taking advantage of its reversible conversion to Ag metal.
Silver Chloride is used wound healing products and in bandages.
Silver Chloride is used to create amber, brown, and yellow shades in the manufacturing of stained glass.


Silver Chloride is used as an infrared transmissive optical component since it can be hot-pressed into lens shapes and window.
Silver Chloride is used as an Antimicrobial Agent: For the long-term preservation of drinking water in water tanks, and In a few personal deodorant products.


There are many applications for Silver Chloride, including those in electrochemistry, infra-red technology, photochromic lenses, photographic paper, as well as bandages.
Silver Chloride is an analytical reagent used in some laboratory tests to determine the purity of other products and whether they can be graded pure enough for use in cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceutical or food and beverages.


This light-sensitive behavior is the basis of photographic processes.
Since silver bromide, AgBr, and silver iodide, Silver Chloride, react similarly, all three of these silver halide salts are used in making photographic films and plates.


Both the bromide and iodide are less soluble in water and more sensitive to light than the chloride.
The bromide forms light yellow cubic crystals; the iodide forms yellow hexagonal or yellow-orange cubic crystals, depending on the temperature.
Besides use in photography, silver chloride is used in silver plating, and silver iodide is used for seeding clouds.


The chloride, bromide, and iodide occur naturally as the minerals cerargyrite, bromyrite, and iodyrite, respectively.
Silver fluoride, AgF, forms colorless cubic crystals; Silver Chloride is much more soluble in water than the other silver halides.


-Use of Silver Chloride as Electrode Material
The brightness of a light emitting diode (LED) determined by the forward voltage (Vf) needed to make the LED light up.
The higher the Vf, the brighter the LED.
Therefore silver chloride has a high Vf of 2.5 volts, which makes it a good choice for an electrode material in an LED.



PHOTOGRAPHY USES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride and silver nitrate have been used in photography since it began, and are well known for their light sensitivity.
It was also a vital part of the Daguerreotype sensitization where silver plates were fumed with chlorine to produce a thin layer of silver chloride.

Another famous process that used silver chloride was the gelatin silver process where embedded silver chloride crystals in gelatin were used to produce images.
However, with advances in color photography, these methods of black-and-white photography have dwindled.
Even though color photography uses silver chloride, it only works as a mediator for transforming light into organic image dyes.



SILVER CHLORIDE ELECTRODE USES:
Silver chloride is a constituent of the silver chloride electrode which is a common reference electrode in electrochemistry.
The electrode functions as a reversible redox electrode and the equilibrium is between the solid silver metal and silver chloride in a chloride solution of a given concentration.

It is usually the internal reference electrode in pH meters and Silver Chloride is often used as a reference in reduction potential measurements.
As an example of the latter, the silver chloride electrode is the most commonly used reference electrode for testing cathodic protection corrosion control systems in seawater environments.



USE OF SILVER CHLORIDE AS ELECTRODE:
Silver Chloride is considered a convenient option to be used as a reference electrode.
In electrochemistry, the industry uses two types of electrodes to make potential measurements.

One type of electrode is called the indicator electrode which has a particular characteristic that allows the electrode to selectively respond to changes in activity of the analyte being measured.
On the other end, a reference electrode is needed in the system that possesses a characteristic which allows Silver Chloride to remain stable to the changes in the activity of the analyte being measured.

In order for potential measurements to have context, the reference electrode needs to be composed in a manner that it remains stable over time to potential changes being measured whereas the indicator electrode responds reactively.
The silver chloride reference electrode is made up of a silver wire coated with a layer of solid silver chloride submerged in a solution saturated with potassium chloride and silver chloride.



SILVER CHLORIDE AS ELECTROLYTE:
Silver chloride is considered a strong electrolyte.
Silver chloride is one of the few insoluble ionic compounds that are strong electrolytes.
There is virtually no undissociated form of the silver chloride compound in the solution as even if small amounts dissolve in water, they do so as ions only.



GET SILVER CHLORIDE FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE:
In a double displacement reaction between aqueous silver nitrate solution and aqueous sodium chloride solution, silver chloride and sodium nitrate are formed.
Silver nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution are both colourless solutions.

These solutions upon reaction with each other produce a white precipitate and a colourless solution.
The resultant solution is sodium nitrate.
The resultant precipitate is silver chloride.

Then resulting compounds, silver chloride and sodium nitrate do not react with each other.
Silver chloride can be separated from sodium nitrate by adding water to the solution to dissolve sodium nitrate because it is soluble in water whereas the silver chloride precipitate is not soluble in water.
Hence, silver chloride can be obtained through separation and filtration.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride, AgCl, is a white,granular powder that darkens on exposure to light,finally turning black.
Silver Chloride exists in several modifications differing in behavior toward light and solubility in various solvents.

Silver Chloride is soluble in ammonium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, and sodium thiosulfate and potassium bromide solutions, very slightly soluble in water, can be melted, cast, and fabricated like a metal.

Silver Chloride is derived by heating a silver nitrate solution and adding hydrochloric acid or salt solution.
The whole is boiled, then filtered.
This must take place in the dark or under a ruby-red light.

Silver Chloride is used in photography,photometry and optics, batteries, photochromic glass,silver plating,production of pure silver, and as an antiseptic.
Single crystals are used for infrared absorption cells and lens elements and as a lab reagent



PURIFICATION METHODS OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Recrystallise Silver Chloride from the conc NH3 solution by acidifying with HCl, filtering off the solid, washing it with H2O and drying it in a vacuum.
Silver Chloride is soluble in NH3 and should be kept in the dark.



CRYSTAL SYSTEM OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
The space lattice of Silver Chloride belongs to the cubic system, and its rock salt structure has a lattice constant of a=0.554 nm, Ag–Cl=0.277 nm.
Cleavage does not occur.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is prepared by slowly adding an alkali metal chloride solution to a hot solution of silver nitrate.
The solution mixture is boiled:
Ag+ (aq) + Cl¯ (aq) → AgCl (s)

The precipitate is washed with hot water.
Silver Chloride is purified by dissolving in ammonia solution, filtering out any insoluble residues, and then adding hydrochloric acid to reprecipitate silver chloride.
Preparation should be carried out in the dark in ruby red light.



IS SILVER CHLORIDE INSOLUBLE IN WATER?
No, though Silver Chloride and NaCl seem to be similar, the Ag ion's effective nuclear charge is much more compared to the Na+ ion.
Thus, according to the Fajan law, it polarizes chloride anion and forms the bond between them more covalently (in NaCl, Na holds an overall positive charge, and chloride holds a negative charge.

Hence, there is no electron present between Cl and Na, and thus it is not covalent.
Whereas in Cl and Ag, as polarization occurs, the electron residing on Cl- gets towards the Ag+ ion.
Therefore, some amount of electric charge comes between Cl- and Ag+ ion and this forms a covalent bond.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is unusual in that, unlike most chloride salts, it has very low solubility.
Silver Chloride is easily synthesized by metathesis: combining an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (which is soluble) with a soluble chloride salt, such as sodium chloride (which is used industrially as a method of producing AgCl), or cobalt(II) chloride.
The silver chloride that forms will precipitate immediately.

AgNO3+NaCl⟶AgCl↓+NaNO3
2AgNO3+CoCl2⟶2AgCl↓+Co(NO3)2

It can also be produced by the reaction of silver metal and aqua regia; however, the insolubility of silver chloride decelerates the reaction.
Silver chloride is also a by-product of the Miller process, where silver metal is reacted with chlorine gas at elevated temperatures.



HISTORY OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride has been known since ancient times.
Ancient Egyptians produced it as a method of refining silver, which was done by roasting silver ores with salt to produce silver chloride, which was subsequently decomposed to silver and chlorine.

However, Silver Chloride was later identified as a distinct compound of silver in 1566 by Georg Fabricius.
Silver chloride, historically known as luna cornea which could be translated as "horn silver" as the moon was an alchemic codename for silver, has also been an intermediate in other historical silver refining processes.

One such example is the Augustin process developed in 1843, where copper ore containing small amounts of silver is roasted in chloridizing conditions and the silver chloride produced is leached by brine, where it is more soluble.

Silver-based photographic films were first made in 1727 by Johann Heinrich Schulze with silver nitrate.
However, he was not successful in making permanent images, as they faded away.
Later in 1816, the use of silver chloride was introduced into photography by Nicéphore Niépce.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
The solid adopts the fcc NaCl structure, in which each Ag+ ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six chloride ligands. AgF and AgBr crystallize similarly.
However, the crystallography depends on the condition of crystallization, primarily free silver ion concentration, as is shown in the pictures left (greyish tint and metallic lustre are due to partly reduced silver).

Above 7.5 GPa, silver chloride transitions into a monoclinic KOH phase.
Then at 11 GPa, it undergoes another phase change to an orthorhombic TlI phase.



REACTIONS OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
AgCl dissolves in solutions containing ligands such as chloride, cyanide, triphenylphosphine, thiosulfate, thiocyanate and ammonia.
Silver chloride reacts with these ligands according to the following illustrative equations:

AgCl(s)+Cl−(aq)⟶AgCl2−(aq)
AgCl(s)+2S2O32−(aq)⟶(Ag(S2O3)2)3−(aq)+Cl−(aq)
AgCl(s)+2NH3(aq)⟶Ag(NH3)2+(aq)+Cl−(aq)

These reactions are used to leach silver chloride from silver ores, cyanidation is the most commonly used, which are later converted to silver metal.
Silver chloride does not react with nitric acid, but instead reacts with sulfuric acid to produce silver sulfate.
Then the sulfate is protonated in the presence of sulfuric acid to bisulfate, which can be reversed by dilution.
This reaction is used to separate silver from other platinum group metals.

Most complexes derived from Silver Chloride are two-, three-, and, in rare cases, four-coordinate, adopting linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral coordination geometries, respectively.
3AgCl(s)+Na3AsO3(aq)⟶Ag3AsO3(s)+3NaCl(aq)

3AgCl(s)+Na3AsO4(aq)⟶Ag3AsO4(s)+3NaCl(aq)
These two reactions are particularly important in the qualitative analysis of AgCl in labs as Silver Chloride is white, which changes to
Ag3AsO3 which is yellow, or Ag3AsO4 which is reddish brown.



CHEMISTRY OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
In one of the most famous reactions in chemistry, the addition of colorless aqueous silver nitrate to an equally colorless solution of sodium chloride produces an opaque white precipitate of AgCl:
Ag+(aq)+Cl−(aq)⟶AgCl(s)

This conversion is a common test for the presence of chloride in solution.
Due to its conspicuousness, Silver Chloride is easily used in titration, which gives the typical case of argentometry.

The solubility product, Ksp, for Silver Chloride in water is 1.77×10−10 at room temperature, which indicates that only 1.9 mg (that is,
1.77×10−10 mol of Silver Chloride will dissolve per liter of water.
The chloride content of an aqueous solution can be determined quantitatively by weighing the precipitated Silver Chloride, which conveniently is non-hygroscopic since AgCl is one of the few transition metal chlorides that are unreactive toward water.

Interfering ions for this test are bromide and iodide, as well as a variety of ligands.
For AgBr and AgI, the Ksp values are 5.2 x 10−13 and 8.3 x 10−17, respectively.
Silver bromide (slightly yellowish white) and silver iodide (bright yellow) are also significantly more photosensitive than is Silver Chloride.

AgCl quickly darkens on exposure to light by disintegrating into elemental chlorine and metallic silver.
This reaction is used in photography and film and is the following:

Cl− + hν → Cl + e− (excitation of the chloride ion, which gives up its extra electron into the conduction band)
Ag+ + e− → Ag (liberation of a silver ion, which gains an electron to become a silver atom)
The process is not reversible because the silver atom liberated is typically found at a crystal defect or an impurity site so that the electron's energy is lowered enough that it is "trapped".



NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride occurs naturally as chlorargyrite in the arid and oxidized zones in silver deposits.
If some of the chloride ions are replaced by bromide or iodide ions, the words bromian and iodian are added before the name, respectively.
This mineral is a source of silver and is leached by cyanidation, where it will produce the soluble [Ag(CN)2]– complex.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride undergos decomposition reaction in the presence of sunlight to form silver and chlorine.
The chemical reaction is as follows.
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2

Silver chloride reacts with bases like ammonia forming a complex compound called Silver diammonium ion and chloride ion.
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl–
Let us look at the chemical properties of silver chloride.

Silver chloride undergoes a decomposition reaction in the presence of sunlight to produce chlorine and silver.
The chemical reaction for the same can be given as follows:
AgCl → Ag + Cl

Silver chloride reacts with a base same as ammonia, forming a complex compound known as chloride ion and Silver diammo ion.
The chemical reaction for the same can be given as follows:
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl–



STRUCTURE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
The solid adopts the structure of fcc NaCl, where every Ag+ ion is surrounded by an octahedron of 6 chloride ligands.
Similarly, AgBr and AGF crystallize.
However, crystallography depends on the crystallization condition, majorly in the free silver ion concentration.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is given as unusual, where in that, unlike most of the chloride salts, it contains very low solubility.
Silver Chloride can be synthesized easily by the process of metathesis, which is combining an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (soluble) with a soluble chloride salt, like cobalt(II) chloride or sodium chloride.

The formed silver chloride will precipitate immediately.
In electrochemistry, the silver chloride electrode is described as a common reference electrode.
Silver chloride's low solubility makes it a useful addition to pottery glazes for the formation of "Inglaze lustre".



NATURAL OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
According to its chemical name, Silver Chloride is very corrosive to many metals located above silver in the electrochemical series.
Silver Chloride is also harmful to the environment.
When Silver Chloride comes into contact with the skin, eyes, or respiratory system, it produces irritation.
Silver Chloride is also light sensitive and is utilised in the development of photographic films.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver Chloride has the fcc NaCl structure, with each Ag+ ion surrounded by an octahedron of six chloride ligands.
AgBr and AGF crystallise in the same way.
Crystallography, on the other hand, is influenced by crystallisation circumstances, especially the concentration of free silver ions.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is unique in that, unlike most chloride salts, it is extremely insoluble.
Silver Chloride is easily produced through metathesis, which involves mixing a soluble aqueous solution of silver nitrate with a soluble chloride salt, such as sodium chloride or cobalt(II) chloride.

The silver chloride that produces will instantly precipitate.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
2AgNO3 + CoCl2 → 2AgCl + Co(NO3)2



PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver Chloride comes in the form of a white powder.
Silver Chloride has no odour.
The vapour pressure of Silver Chloride is 670/1Pa.
Silver Chloride’s not soluble in water.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
In the presence of sunlight, silver chloride decomposes to generate silver and chlorine.
The following is the chemical reaction.
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2

When silver chloride combines with a base, such as ammonia, it forms a complex molecule known as silver diamine ion and chloride ion.
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl–



SEPARATE SILVER CHLORIDE FROM WATER:
As silver chloride is a white solid compound which is not soluble in water, the two can be easily separated through the filtration technique if the mixture is passed through a filter paper.
The white precipitate stuck on the filter paper as residue is silver chloride.

The filtrate collected in the beaker at the bottom of the filter paper is water.
This water can be distilled to achieve purity.

Distillation to purify water is a process that relies on evaporation and condensation.
Contaminated water is heated to form steam, whereas molecular compounds like silver chloride do not get evaporated and are left behind.
Then, the steam cools down to condense in the form of pure water droplets collected separately.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
Silver chloride is a white crystalline substance that is very slightly soluble in water.
Silver Chloride is a weak base and can used to form salts with acids.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
The silver chloride structure composed of a silver atom surrounded by six chlorine atoms in a square.
The silver chloride molecule has a bent shape, with the silver atom at the center and the chlorine atoms at the corners.



PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE:
A solution of silver chloride can be prepared by dissolving silver metal in hydrochloric acid.



WHY IS SILVER CHLORIDE SOLUBLE IN AMMONIA AND SILVER IODIDE ID INSOLUBLE IN AMMONIA?
The difference in solubility between silver chloride and silver iodide in ammonia is due to the difference in the strength of the ammonia-silver chloride and ammonia-silver iodide bonds.
The ammonia-silver chloride bond is stronger than the ammonia-silver iodide bond, so silver chloride is more soluble in ammonia than silver iodide.



IS SILVER CHLORIDE INSOLUBLE IN WATER?
While Silver Chloride is soluble in water, it is not very soluble.
Silver Chloride has a solubility of about 2 grams per liter at room temperature.



SILVER CHLORIDE AS ELECTROLYTE:
Silver chloride is a good electrolyte because it is soluble in water and it doesn’t react with other substances in the battery.
Silver Chloride is also a good conductor of electricity, which means it can carry electrical current through the battery.

Get Silver Chloride from Sodium Chloride
The reaction between sodium chloride and silver nitrate yields silver chloride and also sodium nitrate.
2NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Separate Silver Chloride from Water
Silver chloride can separated from water by filtering the mixture through an activated charcoal filter.
The silver chloride will adsorbed to the activated charcoal while the water will flow through.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SILVER CHLORIDE:
Chemical formula: AgCl
Molar mass: 143.32 g·mol−1
Appearance: White Solid
Density: 5.56 g cm−3
Melting point: 455 °C (851 °F; 728 K)
Boiling point: 1,547 °C (2,817 °F; 1,820 K)
Solubility in water: 520 μg/100 g at 50 °C
Solubility product (Ksp): 1.77×10−10[1]
Solubility: soluble in NH3, conc. HCl, conc.
H2SO4, alkali cyanide, (NH4)2CO3, KBr, Na2S2O3;
insoluble in alcohol, dilute acids.
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −49.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 2.071
Molecular Weight: 143.32 g/mol

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 141.87394 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 141.87394 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
AgCl: Silver chloride
Density: 5.56 g/cm³
Molecular weight/ Molar mass: 143.32 g/mol

Boiling point: 1,547 °C
Melting point: 455 °C
Chemical formula: AgCl
Odour: No odour
Appearance: White powder
Complexity: 2
Vapour pressure: 670/1Pa
Covalently-bonded Unit: 1
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Physical state: solid
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 455 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 1.554 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,00188 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 912 °C
Density: 5,560 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available

Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
CAS number: 7783-90-6
EC number: 232-033-3
Hill Formula: AgCl
Chemical formula: AgCl
Molar Mass: 143.32 g/mol
HS Code: 2843 29 00
Density: 5.560 g/cm3
Melting Point: 455 °C
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (912 °C)
Solubilit: 0.00188 g/l
Melting point: 455 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 1550 °C

Density: 5.56
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 912 °C)
refractive index: 2.071
Flash point: 1550°C
storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: 0.00188g/l
form: beads
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 5.56
Water Solubility: 1.93 mg/L (25 ºC)
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,8509
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp): pKsp: 9.75
Stability: Stable, but discolours in light.
InChIKey: HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M

CAS DataBase Reference: 7783-90-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: SILVER CHLORIDE
EWG's Food Scores: 2
FDA UNII: MWB0804EO7
NIST Chemistry Reference: Silver chloride(7783-90-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Silver chloride (7783-90-6)
Pesticides Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): Silver chloride
Compound Formula: ClAg
Molecular Weight: 143.32
Appearance: White Powder
Melting Point: 480° C (860° F)
Boiling Point: 1,547° C (2,817° F)
Density: 5.6 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: 520 μg/100 g (50 °C)

Refractive Index: 2
Crystal Phase / Structure: Halite
Poisson's Ratio: 0.4
Specific Heat: 360 J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity: 1.2 W/m-K
Thermal Expansion: 31 µm/m-K
Young's Modulus: 20 GPa
Exact Mass: 141.874 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 141.873947 Da
Chemical Formula: AgCl
Molar Mass: 143.32 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Density: 5.5 g/cm3
Melting Point: 961 °C
Boiling Point: 1413 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Rresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Control parameters
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters
-Exposure controls
--Personal protective equipment
*Eye/face protection
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection
Full contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
No metal containers.
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Handle and store under inert gas.
Light sensitive.
Moisture sensitive.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B: Non-combustible,



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER CHLORIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SILVER CHLORIDE ( Chlorure d'argent )
SILVER CITRATE N° CAS : 36701-38-9 Nom INCI : SILVER CITRATE Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS) Ses fonctions (INCI) Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes Déodorant : Réduit ou masque les odeurs corporelles désagréables
SILVER CITRATE
cas no 7631-99-4 Soda Niter; Cubic Niter; Chile Saltpeter; Sodium(I) Nitrate; Nitrate of Soda; Nitrate de sodium (French); Nitric acid sodium salt; cas no 7631-99-4 Soda Niter; Cubic Niter; Chile Saltpeter; Sodium(I) Nitrate; Nitrate of Soda; Nitrate de sodium (French); Nitric acid sodium salt;
SILVER NANOPARTICLE
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver, i.e. silver particles of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoscale-sized particles composed of silver atoms.
Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their distinct characteristics and potential applications.

CAS Number: 7440-22-4
Molecular Formula: Ag
Molecular Weight: 107.87
EINECS Number: 231-131-3

7440-22-4, 7761-88-8, Silver, Silver Paste DGP80 TESM8020, Silver atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g Ag, Silver nanoparticle ink, Silver nanowires, Silver nitrate concentrate, Silver nitrate solution, Silver standard solution, Silver, dispersion, Silverjet DGH-55HTG, Silverjet DGH-55LT-25C, Silverjet DGP-40LT-15C, Silverjet DGP-40TE-20C, SunTronic® Silver

The metal Silver nanoparticle is described as a white, lustrous solid.
In Silver nanoparticle is pure form it has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity and lowest contact resistance of all metals.
With the exception of gold, silver is the most malleable metal.

A common form of Silver nanoparticle that is used to treat infections is silver nitrate.
Recent advancement in technology has introduced silver nanoparticles into the medical field.
As studies of silver nanoparticles improve, several silver nanoparticles medical applications have been developed to help prevent the onset of infection and promote faster wound healing.

Silver nanoparticles are materials with dimensions typically in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
At this scale, materials often exhibit unique and enhanced properties compared to their bulk counterparts.

Silver nanoparticle is one of the basic elements present in the earth's crust.
Silver nanoparticle is rare, but occurs naturally in the environment as a soft, “silver”-colored metal or as a white powdery compound (silver nitrate).

Metallic Silver nanoparticle and silver alloys are used to make jewelry, eating utensils, electronic equipment, and dental fillings.
Silver nanoparticles of silver have been developed into meshes, bandages, and clothing as an antibacterial.
Silver nanoparticle is used in photographic materials, electric and electronic products, brazing alloys and solders, electroplated and sterling ware, as a catalyst, and in coinage.

Silver nanoparticle is alloyed with many other metals to improve strength and hardness and to achieve corrosion resistance.
Silver nanoparticles are one of the most commonly utilized nanomaterials due to their anti-microbial properties, high electrical conductivity, and optical properties.
Silver nanoparticles (colloidal silver) have unique optical, electronic, and antibacterial properties, and are widely used in areas such as biosensing, photonics, electronics, and antimicrobial applications.

Silver nanoparticles are made wholly or partly from metallic silver, exist in various shapes, and range 1–100 nm in diameter.
Their small size and ability to induce cell death through multiple mechanisms makes them fantastic pharmacological candidates.
Silver nanoparticle is one of the earliest known metals. Silver has no known physiologic or biologic function, though colloidal silver is widely sold in health food stores.

Silver nanoparticle has high thermal and electrical conductivity and resists oxidation in air that is devoid of hydrogen sulfide.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.

Numerous shapes of Silver nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.
Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.

The properties of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver in the range of 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'Silver nanoparticle' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface-to-bulk silver atoms.

Silver nanoparticle is widely used in many consumer products due to its unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and extraordinarily efficient at absorbing and scattering light.
Silver nanoparticle has a face-centered cubic crystal structure.
Silver nanoparticle is a white metal, softer than copper and harder than gold.

When molten, Silver nanoparticle is luminescent and occludes oxygen, but the oxygen is released upon solidification.
As a conductor of heat and electricity, Silver nanoparticle is superior to all other metals.
Silver nanoparticle is soluble in HNO3 containing a trace of nitrate; soluble in hot 80% H2SO4; insoluble in HCl or acetic acid; tarnished by H2S, soluble sulfides and many sulfur-containing organic substances (e.g., proteins); not affected by air or H2O at ordinary temperatures, but at 200 C, a slight film of silver oxide is formed; not affected by alkalis, either in solution or fused.

There are two stable, naturally occurring isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag.
In addition, there are reported to be 25 less stable isotopes, ranging in half-life from 5 seconds to 253 days.
Silver nanoparticle is a white lustrous metal that is extremely ductile and malleable.

Silver nanoparticle does not oxidize in O2 by heating.
Silver nanoparticle becomes Ag2O3 in O3 and black Ag2S3 in S2 and H2S.
Silver nanoparticle is soluble in HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4 . It is not soluble in alkali.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology have now become the topic research that many developed.
Silver nanoparticle materials are developed in many applications because of their unique optical characteristic
Silver nanoparticle is a noble metal, extensively used in SERS, photocatalysis and solar cells.

The surface of Silver nanoparticle can be functionalized to attain specific properties such as biocompatibility and vapor selectivity of sensors.
Iodized Silver nanoparticle foils and thin films find potential use as SERS-active metal substrates.
Cu substrates laminated with Ag foils, have compatible coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), to be used for electronic packaging.

Porous ZnO Silver nanoparticles deposited on silver foil with tunable hydrophobicity may be fabricated.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.

Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.
Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.

The properties of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.
Most applications in biosensing and detection exploit the optical properties of silver nanoparticles, as conferred by the localized surface plasmon resonance effect.
That is, a specific wavelength (frequency) of incident light can induce collective oscillation of the surface electrons of silver nanoparticles.

The particular wavelength of the localized surface plasmon resonance is dependant on the silver nanoparticle size, shape, and agglomeration state.
Silver nanoparticles are the most common commercialized nano technological product on the market.
Due to its unique antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles have been hailed as a breakthrough germ killing agent and have been incorporated into a number of consumer products such as clothing, kitchenware, toys and cosmetics.

Many consider silver to be more toxic than other metals when in nanoscale form and that these particles have a different toxicity mechanism compared to dissolved silver.
Silver nanoparticle can be synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent and PVP as a capping agent, in a polyol synthesis reaction (vide supra).
A typical synthesis using these reagents involves adding fresh Silver nanoparticle nitrate and PVP to a solution of ethylene glycol heated at 140 °C.

This procedure can actually be modified to produce another anisotropic silver nanostructure, nanowires, by just allowing the silver nitrate solution to age before using it in the synthesis.
By allowing the silver nitrate solution to age, the initial nanostructure formed during the synthesis is slightly different than that obtained with fresh silver nitrate, which influences the growth process, and therefore, the morphology of the final product.
Silver nanopaticles are widely incorporated into wound dressings, and are used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical applications and in consumer goods.

Silver nanoparticles have a high surface area per unit mass and release a continuous level of silver ions into their environment.
The silver ions are bioactive and have broad spectrum antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacteria.
By controlling the size, shape, surface and agglomeration state of the nanoparticles, specific silver ion release profiles can be developed for a given application.

Silver nanoparticles typically have dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.
The size and shape of these particles can influence their physical, chemical, and optical properties.
One of the notable features of silver nanoparticles is their strong antibacterial and antimicrobial activity.

This property has led to their incorporation into various products, such as wound dressings, textiles, and medical devices, to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Silver nanoparticles exhibit catalytic activity, making them useful in certain chemical reactions and processes.
This property is of interest in fields such as catalysis and environmental remediation.

Silver nanoparticles display unique optical properties, including the ability to interact with light in ways that depend on their size and shape.
This has led to applications in sensors, imaging, and as components in optical devices.
Due to the conductive nature of silver, nanoparticles made from silver can exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity.

This property is advantageous in applications related to electronics and sensors.
The interaction of light with the electrons in silver nanoparticles leads to a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
This optical effect is widely exploited in sensing applications.

Silver nanoparticles have been investigated for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, imaging agents, and as components in diagnostic tools.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the formulation of conductive inks and coatings for applications in printed electronics, flexible electronics, and RFID tags.
Silver nanoparticles have been explored for their potential in water treatment and purification due to their antimicrobial properties.

Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into textiles and fabrics to impart antimicrobial properties, making them useful for applications such as antibacterial clothing and wound dressings.
Incorporation of silver particles into plastics, composites, and adhesives increases the electrical conductivity of the material.
Silver pastes and epoxies are widely utilized in the electronics industries.

Silver nanoparticle based inks are used to print flexible electronics and have the advantage that the melting point of the small silver nanoparticles in the ink is reduced by hundreds of degrees compared to bulk silver.
When scintered, these silver nanoparticle based inks have excellent conductivity.
Silver nanoparticles have attract increasing attention for the wide range of applications in biomedicine.

Silver nanoparticles, generally smaller than 100 nm and contain 20–15,000 silver atoms, have distinct physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their bulk parent materials.
The optical, thermal, and catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles are strongly influenced by their size and shape.
Additionally, owning to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial ability, silver nanoparticles have also become the most widely used sterilizing nanomaterials in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.

Silver nanoparticles are those having diameters of nanometer size. With the advent of modern technology, humans can make nano-sized particles that were not present in nature.
Manufactured nanomaterials are materials with diameters of nanometer size, while nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing sectors of the hi-tech economy.
The application of nanotechnology has recently been extended to areas in medicine, biotechnology, materials and process development, energy and the environment.

Silver nanoparticle is the 66th most abundant element on the Earth, which means it is found at about0.05 ppm in the Earth’s crust.
Mining silver requires the movement of many tons of ore torecover small amounts of the metal.
Nevertheless, Silver nanoparticle is 10 times more abundant than gold and though silver is sometimes found as a free metal in nature, mostly it is mixed with theores of other metals.

When found pure, Silver nanoparticle is referred to as “native silver.”
Silver nanoparticle’s major ores areargentite (silver sulfide, Ag2S) and horn silver (silver chloride, AgCl).
However, most Silver nanoparticle isrecovered as a by-product of the refining of copper, lead, gold, and zinc ores.

Although Silver nanoparticle is mined in many countries, including the United States, Mexico, and Canada, most silver isrecovered from the electrolytic processing of copper ores.
Silver nanoparticle can also be recovered throughthe chemical treatment of a variety of ores.
Silver nanoparticles have unique optical properties because they support surface plasmons.

At specific wavelengths of light the surface plasmons are driven into resonance and strongly absorb or scatter incident light.
This effect is so strong that it allows for individual nanoparticles as small as 20 nm in diameter to be imaged using a conventional dark field microscope.
This strong coupling of metal nanostructures with light is the basis for the new field of plasmonics.

Applications of plasmonic silver nanoparticles include biomedical labels, sensors, and detectors.
Silver nanoparticle is also the basis for analysis techniques such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescent Spectroscopy.
There are many ways silver nanoparticles can be synthesized; one method is through monosaccharides.

This includes glucose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, etc., but not sucrose.
Silver nanoparticle is also a simple method to reduce silver ions back to silver nanoparticles as it usually involves a one-step process.
There have been methods that indicated that these reducing sugars are essential to the formation of silver nanoparticles.

Many studies indicated that this method of green synthesis, specifically using Cacumen platycladi extract, enabled the reduction of silver.
Additionally, the size of the Silver nanoparticle could be controlled depending on the concentration of the extract.
The studies indicate that the higher concentrations correlated to an increased number of Silver nanoparticles.

Smaller Silver nanoparticles were formed at high pH levels due to the concentration of the monosaccharides.
Another method of silver nanoparticle synthesis includes the use of reducing sugars with alkali starch and silver nitrate.
The reducing sugars have free aldehyde and ketone groups, which enable them to be oxidized into gluconate.

The Silver nanoparticle must have a free ketone group because in order to act as a reducing agent it first undergoes tautomerization.
In addition, if the aldehydes are bound, Silver nanoparticle will be stuck in cyclic form and cannot act as a reducing agent.
For example, glucose has an aldehyde functional group that is able to reduce Silver nanoparticle cations to silver atoms and is then oxidized to gluconic acid.

The reaction for the sugars to be oxidized occurs in aqueous solutions.
The capping agent is also not present when heated.
Silver nanoparticles can become airborne easily due to their size and mass.

When inhaled, Silver nanoparticles can go deeper into the lungs reaching more sensitive areas.
The most common methods for Silver nanoparticle synthesis fall under the category of wet chemistry, or the nucleation of particles within a solution.
This nucleation occurs when a Silver nanoparticle ion complex, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, is reduced to colloidal Ag in the presence of a reducing agent.

When the concentration increases enough, dissolved metallic Silver nanoparticle ions bind together to form a stable surface.
The surface is energetically unfavorable when the cluster is small, because the energy gained by decreasing the concentration of dissolved particles is not as high as the energy lost from creating a new surface.
When the cluster reaches a certain size, known as the critical radius, it becomes energetically favorable, and thus stable enough to continue to grow.

This nucleus then remains in the system and grows as more Silver nanoparticle atoms diffuse through the solution and attach to the surface.
When the dissolved concentration of atomic Silver nanoparticle decreases enough, it is no longer possible for enough atoms to bind together to form a stable nucleus.
At this nucleation threshold, new Silver nanoparticles stop being formed, and the remaining dissolved silver is absorbed by diffusion into the growing nanoparticles in the solution.

As the particles grow, other molecules in the solution diffuse and attach to the surface.
This process stabilizes the surface energy of the particle and blocks new Silver nanoparticle ions from reaching the surface.
The attachment of these capping/stabilizing agents slows and eventually stops the growth of the particle.

The most common capping ligands are trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), but many others are also used in varying conditions to synthesize particles with particular sizes, shapes, and surface properties.
There are many different wet synthesis methods, including the use of reducing sugars, citrate reduction, reduction via sodium borohydride, the Silver nanoparticle mirror reaction, the polyol process, seed-mediated growth, and light-mediated growth.
Each of these methods, or a combination of methods, will offer differing degrees of control over the size distribution as well as distributions of geometric arrangements of the nanoparticle.

A new, very promising wet-chemical technique was found by Elsupikhe et al. (2015).
They have developed a green ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.
Under ultrasound treatment, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are synthesized with κ-carrageenan as a natural stabilizer.

The reaction is performed at ambient temperature and produces silver nanoparticles with fcc crystal structure without impurities.
The concentration of κ-carrageenan is used to influence particle size distribution of the AgNPs.

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction occurs by the following reaction:
Ag+ + BH4− + 3 H2O → Ag0 +B(OH)3 +3.5 H2
The reduced metal atoms will form nanoparticle nuclei.

Overall, this process is similar to the above reduction method using citrate.
The benefit of using sodium borohydride is increased monodispersity of the final particle population.
The reason for the increased Silver nanoparticle when using NaBH4 is that it is a stronger reducing agent than citrate.

The impact of reducing agent strength can be seen by inspecting a LaMer diagram which describes the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles.
When Silver nanoparticle nitrate (AgNO3) is reduced by a weak reducing agent like citrate, the reduction rate is lower which means that new nuclei are forming and old nuclei are growing concurrently.
This is the reason that the citrate reaction has low monodispersity.

Because NaBH4 is a much stronger reducing agent, the concentration of silver nitrate is reduced rapidly which shortens the time during which new nuclei form and grow concurrently yielding a monodispersed population of silver nanoparticles.

Particles formed by reduction must have their surfaces stabilized to prevent undesirable particle agglomeration (when multiple particles bond together), growth, or coarsening.
The driving force for these phenomena is the minimization of surface energy (nanoparticles have a large surface to volume ratio).
This tendency to reduce surface energy in the system can be counteracted by adding species which will adsorb to the surface of the nanoparticles and lowers the activity of the particle surface thus preventing particle agglomeration according to the DLVO theory and preventing growth by occupying attachment sites for metal atoms.

Chemical species that adsorb to the surface of Silver nanoparticles are called ligands.
Some of these surface stabilizing species are: NaBH4 in large amounts, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and/or dodecanethiol.
Once the particles have been formed in solution they must be separated and collected.

There are several general methods to remove nanoparticles from solution, including evaporating the solvent phase or the addition of chemicals to the solution that lower the solubility of the nanoparticles in the solution.
Both methods force the precipitation of the Silver nanoparticles.
The polyol process is a particularly useful method because it yields a high degree of control over both the size and geometry of the resulting Silver nanoparticles.

In general, the polyol synthesis begins with the heating of a polyol compound such as ethylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, or 1,2-propylene glycol7.
An Ag+ species and a capping agent are added (although the polyol itself is also often the capping agent).
The Ag+ species is then reduced by the polyol to colloidal nanoparticles.

The polyol process is highly sensitive to reaction conditions such as temperature, chemical environment, and concentration of substrates.
Therefore, by changing these variables, various sizes and geometries can be selected for such as quasi-spheres, pyramids, spheres, and wires.
Further study has examined the mechanism for this process as well as resulting geometries under various reaction conditions in greater detail.

Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized in a variety of non-spherical (anisotropic) shapes.
Because Silver nanoparticle, like other noble metals, exhibits a size and shape dependent optical effect known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the nanoscale, the ability to synthesize Ag nanoparticles in different shapes vastly increases the ability to tune their optical behavior.
For example, the wavelength at which LSPR occurs for a nanoparticle of one morphology (e.g. a sphere) will be different if that sphere is changed into a different shape.

This shape dependence allows a silver nanoparticle to experience optical enhancement at a range of different wavelengths, even by keeping the size relatively constant, just by changing its shape.
This aspect can be exploited in synthesis to promote change in shape of nanoparticles through light interaction.
The applications of this shape-exploited expansion of optical behavior range from developing more sensitive biosensors to increasing the longevity of textiles.

Silver nanoparticles have been shown to have synergistic antibacterial activity with commonly used antibiotics such as; penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin against E. coli and S. aureus.
Furthermore, synergistic antibacterial activity has been reported between silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide causing this combination to exert significantly enhanced bactericidal effect against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.
This antibacterial synergy between silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide can be possibly attributed to a Fenton-like reaction that generates highly reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals.

Silver nanoparticles can prevent bacteria from growing on or adhering to the surface.
This can be especially useful in surgical settings where all surfaces in contact with the patient must be sterile.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated on many types of surfaces including metals, plastic, and glass.

In medical equipment, it has been shown that Silver nanoparticles lower the bacterial count on devices used compared to old techniques.
However, the problem arises when the procedure is over and a new one must be done.
In the process of washing the instruments a large portion of the Silver nanoparticles become less effective due to the loss of silver ions.

They are more commonly used in skin grafts for burn victims as the Silver nanoparticles embedded with the graft provide better antimicrobial activity and result in significantly less scarring of the victim.
These new applications are direct decedents of older practices that used silver nitrate to treat conditions such as skin ulcers.
Now, silver nanoparticles are used in bandages and patches to help heal certain burns and wounds.

An alternative approach is to use AgNP to sterilise biological dressings (for example, tilapia fish skin) for burn and wound management.
In this method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water by sonication and mixed with silver colloid particles.
Active stirring ensures the PVP has adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface.

Centrifuging separates the PVP coated nanoparticles which are then transferred to a solution of ethanol to be centrifuged further and placed in a solution of ammonia, ethanol and Si(OEt4) (TES).
Stirring for twelve hours results in the silica shell being formed consisting of a surrounding layer of silicon oxide with an ether linkage available to add functionality.
Varying the amount of TES allows for different thicknesses of shells formed.

This technique is popular due to the ability to add a variety of functionality to the exposed silica surface.
Silver nanoparticle have unique physical, chemical and optical properties that are being leveraged for a wide variety of applications.
A resurgence of interest in the utility of Silver nanoparticle as a broad based antimicrobial agent has led to the development of hundreds of products that incorporate silver nanoparticles to prevent bacterial growth on surfaces and in clothing.

The optical properties of silver nanoparticles are of interest due to the strong coupling of the silver nanoparticles to specific wavelengths of incident light.
This gives them a tunable optical response, and can be utilized to develop ultra-bright reporter molecules, highly efficient thermal absorbers, and nanoscale “antennas” that amplify the strength of the local electromagnetic field to detect changes to the nanoparticle environment.
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field of science, which is particularly interesting for researchers since the early 90s of the last century.

This area has become an integral part of modern technology.
Silver nanoparticle is said to be a “key technology of the 21st century”, which is the result of its interdisciplinary nature.
Silver nanoparticles are some of the most widely used nanomaterials in commerce, with numerous uses in consumer and medical products.

Workers who produce or use Silver nanoparticles are potentially exposed to those materials in the workplace.
Previous authoritative assessments of occupational exposure to silver did not account for particle size.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) assessed potential health risk from occupational exposure to Silver nanoparticles by evaluating more than 100 studies of silver nanomaterials in animals or cells.

In studies that involved human cells, Silver nanoparticles were associated with toxicity (cell death and DNA damage) that varied according to the size of the particles.
In animals exposed to Silver nanoparticles by inhalation or other routes of exposure, silver tissue concentrations were elevated in all organs tested. Exposure to silver nanomaterials in animals was associated with decreased lung function, inflamed lung tissue, and histopathological (microscopic tissue) changes in the liver and kidney.
In the relatively few studies that compared the effects of exposure to nanoscale or microscale silver, nanoscale particles had greater uptake and toxicity than did microscale particles.

Silver nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes are synthesized through chemical, physical, and green methods.
Obtained nanoparticles are generally utilized in the medical industry, catalytic applications, sensors, and special displays.
Silver nanoparticles have been an important component of various different applications for a very long time.

Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential use in food packaging materials due to their antimicrobial properties.
They may help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in the fabrication of solar cells and other photovoltaic devices.

They can enhance light absorption and electron transport within the devices, contributing to improved efficiency.
In the field of medicine, silver nanoparticles are being investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.
When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.

Some studies suggest that silver nanoparticles may exhibit antiviral properties, making them a subject of interest in the development of antiviral drugs or materials.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into textile coatings to provide UV protection.
This is particularly useful in outdoor clothing and fabrics to shield against harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Silver nanoparticles are employed in the production of conductive inks for printed electronics and flexible displays.
Their conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles are explored for use in air and water purification systems.

They can help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into sensors for various applications, including gas sensors, biosensors, and environmental sensors.
Their unique optical and electrical properties make them suitable for sensing platforms.

Silver nanoparticles may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.
In the medical field, efforts are made to develop biocompatible silver nanoparticles for applications such as drug delivery and imaging.
These nanoparticles aim to interact safely with biological systems.

Silver nanoparticles are used in the formulation of conductive inks for printed radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.
This application is relevant in the field of logistics and inventory tracking.

Melting point: 960 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 2212 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.135 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: 5.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.05 ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.333
Flash point: 232 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: H2O: soluble
form: wool
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 10.49
Odor: Odorless
Resistivity: 1-3 * 10^-5 Ω-cm (conductive paste) &_& 1.59 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Water Solubility: insoluble
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 13,8577

Silver nanoparticle is located in group 11 (IB) of period 5, between copper (Cu) above it in period 4 andgold (Au) below it in period 6.
Thus, silver’s chemical and physical properties are somewhatsimilar to these two group 11 partners.Silver is a soft, while, lustrous metal that can be worked by pounding, drawing througha die, rolling, and so forth.
Silver nanoparticle is only slightly harder than gold. It is insoluble in water, but it will dissolve in hot concentrated acids.

Freshly exposed silver has a mirror-like shine thatslowly darkens as a thin coat of tarnish forms on its surface (from the small amount ofnatural hydrogen sulfide in the air to form silver sulfide, AgS).
Of all the metals, Silver nanoparticle isthe best conductor of heat and electricity.
This property determines much of its commercialusefulness.

Silver nanoparticle is melting point is 961.93°C, its boiling point is 2,212°C, and its density is10.50 g/cm3.
The beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles are also manifested in their action against inflammation and suppression of tumor growth.
Silver nanoparticles can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in tumor cells.

The activity of silver nanoparticles in the human body can be used for imaging of living cells and tissues, both in diagnosis and research.
Silver nanoparticles are also used in biosensors, can detect tumor cells, and have potential in phototherapy, where they absorb radiation, heat up and selectively eliminate selected cells.
Silver nanoparticles are highly commercial due to properties such as good conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic activity, and their antimicrobial activity.

Due to their properties, they are commonly used in medical and electrical applications.
Silver nanoparticles optical properties are also dependent on the nanoparticle size.
Smaller nanospheres absorb light and have peaks near to 400 nm, and larger nanoparticles have increased scattering to gives peaks that broaden and shift towards longer wavelengths.

Larger shifts into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum are achieved by changing the nanoparticles shape to rods or plates.
Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized by a variety of different techniques that are chemical, physical or biological.
The most common method for making colloidal gold is by a chemical citrate reduction method, but gold nanoparticles can also be grown by being encapsulated and immersed in polyethylene glycol dendrimers before being reduced by formaldehyde under near infra-red treatment.

Silver nanoparticles can also be produced via γ-irradiation using polysaccharide alginate as stabilizer, and photochemical reduction.
A relatively new biological method can be used to make gold Silver nanoparticles by dissolving gold in sodium chloride solution, using natural chitosan without any stabilizer and reductant.
Silver nanoparticle’s modern chemical symbol (Ag) is derived from its Latin word argentum, which means silver.

The word “silver” is from the Anglo-Saxon world “siolfor.”
Ancients who first refined and worked with Silver nanoparticle used the symbol of a crescent moon to represent the metal.
Silver nanoparticles can undergo coating techniques that offer a uniform functionalized surface to which substrates can be added.

When the Silver nanoparticle is coated, for example, in silica the surface exists as silicic acid.
Silver nanoparticles can thus be added through stable ether and ester linkages that are not degraded immediately by natural metabolic enzymes.
Recent chemotherapeutic applications have designed anti cancer drugs with a photo cleavable linker, such as an ortho-nitrobenzyl bridge, attaching it to the substrate on the nanoparticle surface.

The low toxicity Silver nanoparticle complex can remain viable under metabolic attack for the time necessary to be distributed throughout the bodies systems.
If a cancerous tumor is being targeted for treatment, ultraviolet light can be introduced over the tumor region.
The electromagnetic energy of the light causes the photo responsive linker to break between the drug and the nanoparticle substrate.

The drug is now cleaved and released in an unaltered active form to act on the cancerous tumor cells.
Advantages anticipated for this method is that the drug is transported without highly toxic compounds, the drug is released without harmful radiation or relying on a specific chemical reaction to occur and the drug can be selectively released at a target tissue.
Silver nanoparticle is somewhat rare and is considered a commercially precious metal with many uses.

Pure Silver nanoparticle is too soft and usually too expensive for many commercial uses, and thus it isalloyed with other metals, usually copper, making it not only stronger but also less expensive.
The purity of Silver nanoparticle is expressed in the term “fitness,” which describes the amount of silverin the item.
Fitness is just a multiple of 10 times the Silver nanoparticle content in an item.

For instance,sterling Silver nanoparticle should be 93% (or at least 92.5%) pure silver and 7% copper or some othermetal.
The fitness rating for pure Silver nanoparticle is 1000.
Therefore, the rating for sterling Silver nanoparticle is 930,and most sliver jewelry is rated at about 800.

This is another way of saying that most Silver nanoparticle jewelry is about 20% copper or other less valuable metal.
Many people are fooled when they buy Mexican or German silver jewelry, thinking theyare purchasing a semiprecious metal.
These forms of “Silver nanoparticle” jewelry go under many names,including Mexican silver, German silver, Afghan silver, Austrian silver, Brazilian silver, Nevadasilver, Sonara silver, Tyrol silver, Venetian silver, or just the name “silver” with quotes aroundit.

None of these jewelry items, under these names or under any other names, contain anysilver.
These metals are alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc.
A transition metal that occurs native and as the sulfide (Ag2S) and chloride (AgCl).

Silver nanoparticle is extracted as a by-product in refining copper and lead ores.
Silver nanoparticle darkens in air due to the formation of silver sulfide.
Silver nanoparticle is used in coinage alloys, tableware, and jewelry.

Silver nanoparticle compounds are used in photography symbol: Ag; m.p. 961.93°C; b.p. 2212°C; r.d. 10.5 (20°C); p.n. 47; r.a.m. 107.8682.
Synthetic protocols for silver nanoparticle production can be modified to produce silver nanoparticles with non-spherical geometries and also to functionalize nanoparticles with different materials, such as silica.
Creating silver nanoparticles of different shapes and surface coatings allows for greater control over their size-specific properties.

There are instances in which silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver are used in consumer goods.
Samsung for example claimed that the use of silver nanoparticles in washing machines would help to sterilize clothes and water during the washing and rinsing functions, and allow clothes to be cleaned without the need for hot water.
The nanoparticles in these appliances are synthesized using electrolysis.

Through electrolysis, Silver nanoparticle is extracted from metal plates and then turned into silver nanoparticles by a reduction agent.
This method avoids the drying, cleaning, and re-dispersion processes, which are generally required with alternative colloidal synthesis methods.
Importantly, the electrolysis strategy also decreases the production cost of Ag nanoparticles, making these washing machines more affordable to manufacture.

Silver nanoparticles can be very effective against fungal infections that are otherwise difficult to treat.
This is of great importance for patients with weakened immunity who are especially vulnerable to fungi.
These Silver nanoparticles not only suppress pathogenic fungi, including yeasts, but also fungi that grow in households, such as various mold species.

Silver nanoparticle reacts violently with chlorine trifluoride (in the presence of carbon) [Mellor 2 Supp. 1 1956].
Bromoazide explodes on contact with Silver foil.
Acetylene forms an insoluble acetylide with Silver [Von Schwartz 1918 p. 142 ].

When Silver nanoparticle is treated with nitric acid in the presence of ethyl alcohol, Silver fulminate, which can detonated may be formed.
Ethyleneimine forms explosive compounds with Silver nanoparticle, hence Silver solder should not be used to fabricate equipment for handling ethyleneimine.
Finely divided Silver and strong solutions of hydrogen peroxide may explode [Mellor 1:936 1946-47)].

Incompatible with oxalic acid and tartaric acid [Nav Aer. 09-01-505 1956].
Silver nanoparticle can form explosive salts with azidrine. ("Ethyleneimine" Brocure 125-521-65, Midland (Mich.), Dow Chemical Co., 1965).
Ammonia forms explosive compounds with gold, mercury, or Silver. (Eggeman, Tim. "Ammonia" Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001.).

Acetylene and ammonia can form explosive Silver salts in contact with Ag.
Dust may form explosive mixture with air.
Powders are incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.

Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides May react and/or form dangerous or explosive compounds, with acetylene, ammonia, halogens, hydrogen peroxide; bromoazide, concentrated or strong acids, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, chlorine trifluoride, ethyleneimine.
Factors contributing toward silver nanoparticles market growth include rise in demand for silver nanoparticles for anti-microbial applications and increase in demand from electronics sector.
In addition, increased demand from pharmaceutical industry as it is used in the field of biomarkers, biosensors, implant technology, tissue engineering, nanorobots & nanomedicine, and image enhancement devices.

The bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles is due to the silver cations, which have the potential to disrupt physiological activity of microbes such as bacteria. Growth in concerns regarding environmental impact and toxicity of silver nanoparticles is hindering the silver nanoparticles market.
Furthermore, high Silver nanoparticle product prices are likely to hinder market growth during the forecast period.
On the contrary, rise in trend of biological synthesis method is expected to create lucrative opportunities for the market during the forecast period.

Silver nanoparticles are investigated for their potential role in drug delivery systems.
They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.
Silver nanoparticles can exhibit photocatalytic activity, which means they can accelerate chemical reactions under light exposure.

This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.
In the field of electronics, silver nanoparticles are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films.
These films have applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.

Silver nanoparticles are integrated into textiles to impart anti-odor properties by inhibiting the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
This application is common in sportswear and undergarments.
Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into various nanocomposite materials to enhance their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.

These nanocomposites find applications in materials science and engineering.
Some studies explore the use of silver nanoparticles as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnostics.
Their unique properties can contribute to improved imaging quality.

Silver nanoparticles are investigated in the field of tissue engineering for their potential to support cell growth and enhance the properties of scaffolds used in regenerative medicine.
In marine applications, silver nanoparticles are used in anti-fouling coatings on ship hulls.
They help prevent the accumulation of marine organisms, reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency.

Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential use in pesticide formulations.
Their antimicrobial properties could be leveraged for crop protection and pest control.
Silver nanoparticles are employed in the development of electrochemical sensors for detecting various analytes.

These sensors find applications in fields such as environmental monitoring and healthcare.
Silver nanoparticles can be utilized in the fabrication of sensors for detecting hydrogen peroxide.
This application is relevant in fields such as clinical diagnostics and industrial processes.

Silver nanoparticles are studied for their potential application in energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, where their unique properties can influence performance.
An early, and very common, method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles is citrate reduction.
This method was first recorded by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a citrate-stabilized silver colloid in 1889.

Citrate reduction involves the reduction of a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, to colloidal silver using trisodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7.
The synthesis is usually performed at an elevated temperature (~100 °C) to maximize the monodispersity (uniformity in both size and shape) of the particle.
In this method, the citrate ion traditionally acts as both the reducing agent and the capping ligand, making it a useful process for AgNP production due to its relative ease and short reaction time.

However, the silver particles formed may exhibit broad size distributions and form several different particle geometries simultaneously.
The addition of stronger reducing agents to the reaction is often used to synthesize particles of a more uniform size and shape.
Silver nanoparticle mirror reaction involves the conversion of Silver nanoparticle nitrate to Ag(NH3)OH.

Ag(NH3)OH is subsequently reduced into colloidal silver using an aldehyde containing molecule such as a sugar.
The silver mirror reaction is as follows:
2(Ag(NH3)2)+ + RCHO + 2OH− → RCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3.

The size and shape of the Silver nanoparticles produced are difficult to control and often have wide distributions.
However, this method is often used to apply thin coatings of Silver nanoparticle particles onto surfaces and further study into producing more uniformly sized nanoparticles is being done.
The biological synthesis of Silver nanoparticles has provided a means for improved techniques compared to the traditional methods that call for the use of harmful reducing agents like sodium borohydride.

Many of these methods could improve their environmental footprint by replacing these relatively strong reducing agents.
The commonly used biological methods are using plant or fruit extracts, fungi, and even animal parts like insect wing extract.
The problems with the chemical production of Silver nanoparticles is usually involves high cost and the longevity of the particles is short lived due to aggregation.

The harshness of standard chemical methods has sparked the use of using biological organisms to reduce silver ions in solution into colloidal Silver nanoparticles.
Silver nanoparticles can provide a means to overcome MDR.
In general, when using a targeting agent to deliver nanocarriers to cancer cells, it is imperative that the agent binds with high selectivity to molecules that are uniquely expressed on the cell surface.

Hence NPs can be designed with proteins that specifically detect drug resistant cells with overexpressed transporter proteins on their surface.
Silver nanoparticle a pitfall of the commonly used nano-drug delivery systems is that free drugs that are released from the nanocarriers into the cytosol get exposed to the MDR transporters once again, and are exported.
To solve this, 8 nm Silver nanoparticles were modified by the addition of trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT), derived from the HIV-1 virus, which acts as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP).

Generally, AgNP effectiveness is limited due to the lack of efficient cellular uptake; however, CPP-modification has become one of the most efficient methods for improving intracellular delivery of Silver nanoparticles.
Once ingested, the export of the AgNP is prevented based on a size exclusion.

The concept is simple: the nanoparticles are too large to be effluxed by the MDR transporters, because the efflux function is strictly subjected to the size of its substrates, which is generally limited to a range of 300-2000 Da.
Thereby the Silver nanoparticles remain insusceptible to the efflux, providing a means to accumulate in high concentrations.

History:
Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate Silver nanoparticle from lead as early as 3000 B.C.
Silver nanoparticle occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources.
Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal Silver nanoparticle producers in the western hemisphere.

Silver nanoparticle is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper.
Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver.
Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially.

Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster.
Silver nanoparticle is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium.
Pure Silver nanoparticle has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance.

Silver nanoparticle is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur.
The alloys of Silver nanoparticle are important.
Sterling Silver nanoparticle is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount.

This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal.
Silver nanoparticle is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application.
Silver nanoparticle is used for dental alloys.

Silver nanoparticle is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver–zinc and silver–cadmium batteries.
Silver nanoparticle paints are used for making printed circuits.
Silver nanoparticle is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation.

When freshly deposited, Silver nanoparticle is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance.
Silver nanoparticle is a poor reflector of ultraviolet.
Silver nanoparticle fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process.

Silver nanoparticle iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain.
Silver nanoparticle chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass.
Silver nanoparticle nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography.

While Silver nanoparticle itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes.
Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known.
Silver nanoparticle compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body.

A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Silver nanoparticle has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals.
Silver nanoparticle for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world.

In recent times, however, consumption of Silver nanoparticle has at times greatly exceeded the output.
In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946.
In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized Silver nanoparticle, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins.

The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins.
This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792.
Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu.

The composition of the oneand five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn.
Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value.
Silver nanoparticle coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver.

The price of Silver nanoparticle in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago.
This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods.
Also, Silver nanoparticle has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography.

Production Methods:
Many processes are known for recovery of Silver nanoparticle from its ores.
These depend mostly on the nature of the mineral, its silver content, and recovery of other metals present in the ore.
Silver nanoparticle is usually extracted from high-grade ores by three common processes that have been known for many years.

These are amalgamation, leaching, and cyanidation.
In one amalgamation process, ore is crushed and mixed with sodium chloride, copper sulfate, sulfuric acid, and mercury, and roasted in cast iron pots.
The amalgam is separated and washed. Silver is separated from its amalgam by distillation of mercury.

In the cyanidation process the ore is crushed and roasted with sodium chloride and then treated with a solution of sodium cyanide.
Silver nanoparticle forms a stable Silver nanoparticle cyanide complex, [Ag(CN)2]–.
Adding metallic zinc to this complex solution precipitates Silver nanoparticle.

One such process, known as the Patera process, developed in the mid 19th century, involves roasting ore with sodium chloride followed by leaching with sodium thiosulfate solution.
Silver nanoparticle 834 SILVERis precipitated as silver sulfide, Ag2S, by adding sodium sulfide to the leachate.
In the Clandot process, leaching is done with ferric chloride solution.

Addition of zinc iodide precipitates Silver nanoparticle iodide, AgI.
AgI is reduced with zinc to obtain Silver nanoparticle.
The above processes are applied for extraction of Silver nanoparticle from high-grade ores.

However, with depletion of these ores, many processes were developed subsequently to extract Silver nanoparticle from low-grade ores, especially lead, copper, and zinc ores that contain very small quantities of silver.
Low grade ores are concentrated by floatation.
The concentrates are fed into smelters (copper, lead, and zinc smelters).

The concentrates are subjected to various treatments before and after smelting including sintering, calcination, and leaching.
Copper concentrates are calcined for removal of sulfur and smelted in a reverberatory furnace to convert into blister copper containing 99 wt% Cu.
The blister copper is fire-refined and cast into anodes.

The anodes are electrolytically refined in the presence of cathodes containing 99.9% copper.
Insoluble anode sludges from electrolytic refining contain silver, gold, and platinum metals.
Silver nanoparticle is recovered from the mud by treatment with sulfuric acid.

Base metals dissolve in sulfuric acid leaving Silver nanoparticle mixed with any gold present in the mud.
Silver nanoparticle is separated from gold by electrolysis.
Lead and zinc concentrates can be treated in more or less the same manner as copper concentrates.

Sintering lead concentrates removes sulfur and following that smelting with coke and flux in a blast furnace forms impure lead bullion.
The lead bullion is drossed with air and sulfur and softened with molten bullion in the presence of air to remove most impurities other than Silver nanoparticle and gold.
Copper is recovered from the dross and zinc converts to its oxide and is recovered from blast furnace slag.

The softened lead obtained above also contains some Silver nanoparticle.
The Silver nanoparticle is recovered by the Parkes Process.
The Parkes process involves adding zinc to molten lead to dissolve Silver nanoparticle at temperatures above the melting point of zinc.

On cooling, zinc-silver alloy solidifies, separating from the lead and rising to the top.
The alloy is lifted off and zinc is separated from silver by distillation leaving behind metallic Silver nanoparticle.
The unsoftened lead obtained after the softening operation contains Silver nanoparticle in small but significant quantities.

Such unsoftened lead is cast into anode and subjected to electrolytic refining.
The anode mud that is formed adhering to these anodes is removed by scraping.
Silver nanoparticle contains bismuth, silver, gold, and other impurity metals.

Silver nanoparticle is obtained from this anode mud by methods similar to the extraction of anode mud from the copper refining process discussed earlier.
If the low–grade ore is a zinc mineral, then zinc concentrate obtained from the flotation process is calcined and leached with water to remove zinc.

Silver nanoparticle and lead are left in leach residues.
Residues are treated like lead concentrates and fed into lead smelters.
Silver nanoparticle is recovered from this lead concentrate by various processes described above.

Uses:
Silver nanoparticle and its alloys and compounds have numerous applications.
As a precious metal, Silver nanoparticle is used in jewelry.
Also, one of its alloys, sterling Silver nanoparticle, containing 92.5 weight % silver and 7.5 weight % copper, is a jewelry item and is used in tableware and decorative pieces.

The metal and its copper alloys are used in coins.
Silver nanoparticle-copper brazing alloys and solders have many applications.
They are used in automotive radiators, heat exchangers, electrical contacts, steam tubes, coins, and musical instruments.

Some other uses of Silver nanoparticle metal include its applications as electrodes, catalysts, mirrors, and dental amalgam.
Silver nanoparticle is used as a catalyst in oxidation-reductions involving conversions of alcohol to aldehydes, ethylene to ethylene oxide, and ethylene glycol to glyoxal.
Silver nanoparticle has a multitude of uses and practical applications both in its elemental metallic formand as a part of its many compounds.

Silver nanoparticle is excellent electrical conductivity makes it ideal for usein electronic products, such a computer components and high-quality electronic equipment.
Silver nanoparticle would be an ideal metal for forming the wiring in homes and transmission lines, if it weremore abundant and less expensive.
Metallic Silver nanoparticle has been used for centuries as a coinage metal in many countries.

Theamount of silver now used to make coins in the United States has been reduced drastically byalloying other metals such as copper, zinc, and nickel with Silver nanoparticle.
Silver nanoparticle is used as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions, in water purification, and inspecial high-performance batteries (cells).
Silver nanoparticle is high reflectivity makes it ideal as a reflectivecoating for mirrors.

Several of its compounds were not only useful but even essential for the predigital photographicindustry.
Several of the Silver nanoparticle salts, such as silver nitrate, silver bromide, and silverchloride, are sensitive to light and, thus, when mixed with a gel-type coating on photographicfilm or paper, can be used to form light images.
Most of the Silver nanoparticle used in the United Statesis used in photography.

Photochromic (transition) eyeglasses that darken as they are exposed to sunlight have asmall amount of silver chloride imbedded in the glass that forms a thin layer of metallic silverthat darkens the lens when struck by sunlight.
This photosensitive chemical activity is thenreversed when the eyeglasses are removed from the light.
Silver nanoparticle reversal results from asmall amount of copper ions placed in the glass.

This reaction is repeated each time the lensesare exposed to sunlight.
This malleable white metal is found as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl) or in lead and copper ore.
Silver nanoparticles coated with a thin layer of elemental silver and fumed with iodine were used by Niépce and Daguerre.

Aside from the heliograph and physautotype, Silver nanoparticle halide compounds were the basis of all photographic processes used in the camera and most of the printing processes during the 19th century.
Silver nanoparticle is a precious metal, used in jewelryand ornaments Other applications includeits use in photography, electroplating, dentalalloys, high-capacity batteries, printed circuits,coins, and mirrors.
Silver nanoparticle is stable in air, and it is utilized in reflecting mirrors.

The film vacuum evaporated on a quartz plate with the thickness of 2–55 nm shows the transmittance maximum at λ: 321.5 nm and works as a narrow band filter.
The name Silver nanoparticle is derived from the Saxon word ‘siloflur’, which has been subsequently transformed into the German word ‘Silabar’ followed by ‘Silber’ and the English word ‘silver’.
Romans called the element ‘argentum’, and this is where the symbol Ag derives from.

Silver nanoparticle is widely distributed in nature.
Silver nanoparticle can be found in its native form and in various ores such as argentite (Ag2S), which is the most important ore mineral for silver, and horn silver (AgCl).
The principal sources of silver are copper, copper–nickel, gold, lead and lead–zinc ores, which can be mainly found in Peru, Mexico, China and Australia.

Silver nanoparticle has no known active biological role in the human body, and the levels of Ag+ within the body are below detection limits.
The metal has been used for thousands of years mainly as ornamental metal or for coins.
Furthermore, Silver nanoparticle has been used for medicinal purposes since 1000 BC.

Silver nanoparticle was known that water would keep fresh if it was kept in a silver pitcher; for example, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) used to transport his water supplies in Silver nanoparticle pitchers during the Persian War.
A piece of Silver nanoparticle was also used, for example, to keep milk fresh, before any household refrigeration was developed.
In 1869, Ravelin proved that Silver nanoparticle in low doses acts as an antimicrobial.

Around the same time, the Swiss botanist showed that already at very low concentration Ag+ can kill the green algae spirogyra in fresh water.
This work inspired the gynaecologist Crede to recommended use of AgNO3 drops on new born children with conjunctivitis.
Using silver nanoparticles for catalysis has been gaining attention in recent years.

Although the most common applications are for medicinal or antibacterial purposes, silver nanoparticles have been demonstrated to show catalytic redox properties for dyes, benzene, and carbon monoxide.
Other untested compounds may use silver nanoparticles for catalysis, but the field is not fully explored.
Silver nanoparticles supported on aerogel are advantageous due to the higher number of active sites.

The highest selectivity for oxidation of benzene to phenol was observed at low weight percent of silver in the aerogel matrix (1% Ag).
This better selectivity is believed to be a result of the higher monodispersity within the aerogel matrix of the 1% Ag sample.
Each weight percent solution formed different sized particles with a different width of size range.

Silver nanoparticle are one of the most fascinating, promising and widely used nano materials, particularly for their interesting antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects.
However, their potential uses are much wider.
Silver nanoparticles are used in antibacterial products, industrial production, catalysis, household products and consumer goods.

Silver nanoparticles are commonly used in biomedical and medical applications due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects.
Due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio and crystal structure, nano silver particles are a promising alternative to antibiotics.
They can penetrate bacterial walls and effectively deal with bacterial biofilms and mucous coatings, which are usually well-protected environments for bacteria.

Silver nanoparticle are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials because of their high electrical conductivity, optical properties, and anti-microbial properties.
The biological activity of silver nanoparticles depends on factors such as particle composition, size distribution, surface chemistry, size; shape, coating/capping, particle morphology, dissolution rate, agglomeration, efficiency of ion release, and particle reactivity in solution.
Silver nanoparticles have found a wide range of applications including their use as catalysts, as optical sensors of zeptomole (10−21) concentrations, in textile engineering, in electronics, in optics, as anti-reflection coatings, and most importantly in the medical field as a bactericidal and therapeutic agent.

Silver nanoparticle is used in the formulation of dental resin composites, in coatings of medical devices, as a bactericidal coating in water filters, as an antimicrobial agent in air sanitizer sprays, pillows, respirators, socks, keyboards, detergents, soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, washing machines and many other consumer products, in bone cement and in many wound dressings.
Silver nanoparticles are also commonly used in colloidal solutions to enhance Raman spectroscopy.
The size and shape of nanoparticles have been shown to affect the enhancement.

Silver nanoparticles are the most common shape of nanoparticles, but other shapes such as nanostars, nanocubes, nanorods and nanowires can be produced through a polymer-mediated polyol process.
Silver nanoparticles can also be capped or hollowed using various chemical methods. For a more accurate spread for detection, nanoparticles can be deposited or spin-coated onto multiple surfaces.
Coating is metallic silver and its salts are popularly used in medicinal purposes and in medical devices.

The larger surface area to volume ratio and greater reactivity of Silver nanoparticle are prominently used in modern biomedical applications and drug delivery.
Silver nanoparticles are widely recognized for their strong antimicrobial properties.
They are incorporated into products such as wound dressings, bandages, and medical devices to prevent bacterial and microbial growth.

In medical diagnostics, silver nanoparticles are explored for their use as contrast agents in imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Their unique properties contribute to enhanced imaging quality.
Silver nanoparticles are investigated for drug delivery applications.

They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.
Silver nanoparticles are integrated into textiles and clothing to provide antimicrobial and anti-odor properties.
This application is common in sportswear, undergarments, and fabrics used in healthcare settings.

Silver nanoparticles are used in a variety of consumer products, including socks, kitchenware, and appliances, to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria that cause odors.
Silver nanoparticles are employed in water treatment technologies to eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
They can be part of filters, coatings, or solutions used for purifying water.

Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles are explored for use in food packaging materials.
They can help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the electronics industry to create conductive inks for printed electronics, flexible displays, and sensors.

Their electrical conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Silver nanoparticles exhibit catalytic activity and are employed in various catalytic reactions.
This has implications for applications in chemical synthesis and industrial processes.

In the medical field, silver nanoparticles are investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.
When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.
Silver nanoparticles may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.

In the electronics industry, silver nanoparticles are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films, with applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.
Silver nanoparticles can exhibit photocatalytic activity, accelerating chemical reactions under light exposure.
This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.

Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles are employed in air purification systems to help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles find applications in various biomedical areas, including tissue engineering, biosensors, and the development of biocompatible materials.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in coatings for materials like glass and plastics to provide UV-blocking properties.

This is particularly important in products such as sunglasses, protective eyewear, and sunscreens.
In dentistry, silver nanoparticles are incorporated into dental materials such as composites and coatings to provide antimicrobial properties and reduce the risk of bacterial infections.
Silver nanoparticles are being studied for potential applications in cancer treatment.

Their unique properties, including their ability to generate heat under light exposure, make them candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the production of transparent conductive films for solar cells.
These films enhance light absorption and electron transport within the solar cells, contributing to improved efficiency.

In electronics manufacturing, silver nanoparticles are employed in the fabrication of flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs).
Their use supports the development of flexible and bendable electronic devices.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into coatings for eyewear and surfaces to provide anti-fog properties.

This is particularly beneficial in applications where clear visibility is essential.
Silver nanoparticles are integrated into smart textiles, enabling the development of fabrics with electronic and sensing capabilities.
These textiles find applications in wearable technology and healthcare monitoring.

Silver nanoparticles are studied for potential applications in the oil and gas industry, particularly in enhanced oil recovery processes and as additives in drilling fluids.
Silver nanoparticles are used in packaging materials for electronic components to provide a conductive barrier and protect against environmental factors such as moisture and corrosion.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in the development of photonic devices, including sensors, waveguides, and components for optical communication systems.

Silver nanoparticles are added to heat transfer fluids to enhance their thermal conductivity.
This is relevant in applications where efficient heat transfer is crucial, such as in cooling systems.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into 3D printing materials, allowing the production of conductive and functional 3D-printed objects for electronic and sensing applications.

Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential role in soil remediation, assisting in the removal of contaminants and pollutants from soil environments.
Silver nanoparticles can be added to construction materials such as concrete to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria on surfaces.

Safety Profile:
Human systemic effects by inhalation: skin effects.
Inhalation of dusts can cause argyrosis.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.

Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to flame or by chemical reaction with C2H2, NH3, bromoazide, ClF3 ethyleneimine, H2O2, oxalic acid, H2SO4, tartaric acid.
Incompatible with acetylene, acetylene compounds, aziridine, bromine azide, 3-bromopropyne, carboxylic acids, copper + ethylene glycol, electrolytes + zinc, ethanol + nitric acid, ethylene oxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, ethyleneimine, iodoform, nitric acid, ozonides, peroxomonosulfuric acid, peroxyformic acid.

Health Hazard:
The acute toxicity of silver metal is low.
The acute toxicity of soluble silver compounds depends on the counterion and must be evaluated case by case.
For example, silver nitrate is strongly corrosive and can cause burns and permanent damage to the eyes and skin.

Chronic exposure to silver or silver salts can cause a local or generalized darkening of the mucous membranes, skin, and eyes known as argyria.
The other chronic effects of silver compounds must be evaluated individually.
Although silver nanoparticles are widely used in a variety of commercial products, there has only recently been a major effort to study their effects on human health.

There have been several studies that describe the in vitro toxicity of silver nanoparticles to a variety of different organs, including the lung, liver, skin, brain, and reproductive organs.
The mechanism of the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to human cells appears to be derived from oxidative stress and inflammation that is caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulated by either the Ag NPs, Ag ions, or both.

For example, Park et al. showed that exposure of a mouse peritoneal macrophage cell line (RAW267.7) to silver nanoparticles decreased the cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
They further showed that the intracellular reduced glutathionine (GSH), which is a ROS scavenger, decreased to 81.4% of the control group of silver nanoparticles at 1.6 ppm.

Environmental Fate:
Silver nanoparticle is a rare element, which occurs naturally in its pure form.
Silver nanoparticle is a white, lustrous, relatively soft, and very malleable metal.
Silver nanoparticle has an average abundance of about 0.1 ppm in the Earth’s crust and about 0.3 ppm in soils.

Silver nanoparticle exists in four oxidation states (0,+1,+2,and +3).
Silver nanoparticle occurs primarily as sulfides with iron, lead, tellurides, and with gold.
Silver nanoparticle is found in surface waters as sulfide, bicarbonate, or sulfate salts, as part of complex ions with chlorides and sulfates and adsorbed onto particulate matter.

Silver nanoparticle is released through natural processes, for example, erosion of soils.
Sources of atmospheric contamination arise from processing of ores, steel refining, cement manufacture, fossil fuel combustion, and municipal waste incineration.
Of anthropomorphic release, over 75% was estimated to be from disposal of solid waste.

Ore smelting and fossil fuel combustion can emit fine particulates that may be transported long distances and deposited with precipitation.
The major source of release to surface waters is effluent from photographic processing.

Releases from the photographic industry and from disposal of sewage sludge and refuse are the major sources of soil contamination with silver.
Silver nanoparticle can leach into groundwater, which can be extenuated in acidic conditions. Silver can bioconcentrate in fish and invertebrates.

Toxicity evaluation:
Ag+ is the biologically active form.
Silver nanoparticle is not an essential mineral supplement and has no known physiologic function.
While specific mechanisms of toxicity are unclear, silver has high affinity for sulfhydryl groups and proteins.

The deposition of silver in tissues is the result of precipitation of insoluble silver salts, such as silver chloride and silver phosphate.
These insoluble salts appear to be transformed into soluble silver sulfide albuminates; to form complexes with amino or carboxyl groups in RNA, DNA, and proteins; or to be reduced to metallic silver by ascorbic acid or catecholamines.
These could lead to alteration of a number of cellular processes.

Since silver nanoparticles undergo dissolution releasing silver ions, which is well-documented to have toxic effects, there have been several studies that have been conducted to determine whether the toxicity of silver nanoparticles is derived from the release of silver ions or from the nanoparticle itself.
Several studies suggest that the toxicity of silver nanoparticles is attributed to their release of silver ions in cells as both silver nanoparticles and silver ions have been reported to have similar cytotoxicity.
For example, In some cases it is reported that silver nanoparticles facilitate the release of toxic free silver ions in cells via a "Trojan-horse type mechanism," where the particle enters cells and is then ionized within the cell.
SILVER NANOPARTICLES
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles, nanodots or nanopowder are spherical or nanoflake high surface area metal particles with properties and uses that include inhibiting transmission of HIV and other viruses.


CAS Number: 7440-22-4
EC Number: 231-131-3
MDL Number: MFCD00003397
Linear Formula: Ag



AgNPs, Ag NPs, Silver nanopowder, Silver nanocrystals, Silver nano-particles, Silver nano-powder, nanosilver, nano-silver, 576832, 484059, J67099, J67111, J67207, J67252



While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.
Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.


Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.
The properties of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.


Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
Nanoscale Silver Particles are available in the size range of 10-200 nm, with specific surface area (SSA) in the 30-60 m2/g range and also available as flakes with an average particle size of 2-10 micron range with a specific surface area of approximately 40-80 m2/g.


Nano Silver Particles are also available in Ultra high purity and high purity, coated, oleic oil-coated, dispersed, and polymer-dispersed forms.
Nanofluids are generally defined as suspended nanoparticles in solution either using surfactant or surface charge technology.
Other nanostructures include nanorods, nanowhiskers, nanohorns, nanopyramids and other nanocomposites.


Surface functionalized nanoparticles allow for the particles to be preferentially adsorbed at the surface interface using chemically bound polymers.
Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles, nanodots or nanopowder are spherical or nanoflake high surface area metal particles with properties and uses that include inhibiting transmission of HIV and other viruses.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are used in various consumer products including cosmetics, textiles, and health-care products owing to their strong antimicrobial activity.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in medicine, physics, material sciences, and chemistry.


Silver nanoparticles have attract increasing attention for the wide range of applications in biomedicine.
Silver nanoparticles, generally smaller than 100 nm and contain 20–15,000 silver atoms, have distinct physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their bulk parent materials.


The optical, thermal, and catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles are strongly influenced by their size and shape.
Additionally, owning to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial ability, silver nanoparticles have also become the most widely used sterilizing nanomaterials in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.


Applications of Silver Nanoparticles: Silver nanoparticles are one of the most commonly utilized nanomaterials due to their anti-microbial properties, high electrical conductivity, and optical properties.


-Catalysis uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Using silver nanoparticles for catalysis has been gaining attention in recent years.
Although the most common applications are for medicinal or antibacterial purposes, silver nanoparticles have been demonstrated to show catalytic redox properties for dyes, benzene, and carbon monoxide.
Other untested compounds may use silver nanoparticles for catalysis, but the field is not fully explored.


-Supported on silica spheres – reduction of dyes uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized on a support of inert silica spheres.
The support plays virtually no role in the catalytic ability and serves as a method of preventing coalescence of the silver nanoparticles in colloidal solution.

Thus, the silver nanoparticles were stabilized and it was possible to demonstrate the ability of them to serve as an electron relay for the reduction of dyes by sodium borohydride.
Without the silver nanoparticle catalyst, virtually no reaction occurs between sodium borohydride and the various dyes: methylene blue, eosin, and rose bengal.


-Mesoporous aerogel – selective oxidation of benzene uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles supported on aerogel are advantageous due to the higher number of active sites.
The highest selectivity for oxidation of benzene to phenol was observed at low weight percent of silver in the aerogel matrix (1% Ag).
This better selectivity is believed to be a result of the higher monodispersity within the aerogel matrix of the 1% Ag sample.
Each weight percent solution formed different sized particles with a different width of size range.


-Silver alloy – synergistic oxidation of carbon monoxide uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles have been shown to have a synergistic effect on the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO).
On its own, each pure-metal nanoparticle shows very poor catalytic activity for CO oxidation; together, the catalytic properties are greatly enhanced.

It is proposed that the gold acts as a strong binding agent for the oxygen atom and the silver serves as a strong oxidizing catalyst, although the exact mechanism is still not completely understood.
When synthesized in an Au/Ag ratio from 3:1 to 10:1, the alloyed nanoparticles showed complete conversion when 1% CO was fed in air at ambient temperature.

The size of the alloyed particles did not play a big role in the catalytic ability.
It is well known that gold nanoparticles only show catalytic properties for CO when they are ~3 nm in size, but alloyed particles up to 30 nm demonstrated excellent catalytic activity – catalytic activity better than that of gold nanoparticles on active support such as TiO2, Fe2O3, etc.


-Light-enhanced uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Plasmonic effects have been studied quite extensively.
Until recently, there have not been studies investigating the oxidative catalytic enhancement of a nanostructure via excitation of its surface plasmon resonance.

The defining feature for enhancing the oxidative catalytic ability has been identified as the ability to convert a beam of light into the form of energetic electrons that can be transferred to adsorbed molecules.
The implication of such a feature is that photochemical reactions can be driven by low-intensity continuous light coupled with thermal energy.

The coupling of low-intensity continuous light and thermal energy has been performed with silver nanocubes.
The important feature of silver nanostructures that are enabling for photocatalysis is their nature to create resonant surface plasmons from light in the visible range.

The addition of light enhancement enabled the particles to perform to the same degree as particles that were heated up to 40 K greater.
This is a profound finding when noting that a reduction in temperature of 25 K can increase the catalyst lifetime by nearly tenfold, when comparing the photothermal and thermal process.


-Sensors uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Peptide capped silver nanoparticle for colorimetric sensing has been mostly studied in past years, which focus on the nature of the peptide and silver interaction and the effect of the peptide on the formation of the silver nanoparticles.
Besides, the efficiency of silver nanoparticles based fluorescent sensors can be very high and overcome the detection limits.


-Optical probes usesof Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles are widely used as probes for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF).
Compared to other noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles exhibits more advantages for probe, such as higher extinction coefficients, sharper extinction bands, and high field enhancements.


-Antibacterial agents uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles are most widely used sterilizing nanomaterial in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.
It has been proved that the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles is due to the sustained release of free silver ions from the nanoparticles.


-Catalystuses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles have been demonstrated to present catalytic redox properties for biological agents such as dyes, as well as chemical agents such as benzene.

The chemical environment of the nanoparticle plays an important role in their catalytic properties.
In addition, Silver Nanoparticles is important to know that complicated catalysis takes place by adsorption of the reactant species to the catalytic substrate.

When polymers, complex ligands, or surfactants are used as the stabilizer or to prevent coalescence of the nanoparticles, the catalytic ability is usually decreased due to reduced adsorption ability.
In general, silver nanoparticles are mostly used with titanium dioxide as the catalyst for chemical reactions.


-MEDICAL APPLICATIONS of Silver Nanoparticles
Silver nanopaticles are widely incorporated into wound dressings, and are used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical applications and in consumer goods.
Silver nanoparticles have a high surface area per unit mass and release a continuous level of silver ions into their environment.

The silver ions are bioactive and have broad spectrum antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacteria.
By controlling the size, shape, surface and agglomeration state of the Silver Nanoparticles, specific silver ion release profiles can be developed for a given application.


-CONDUCTIVE COMPOSITES uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Incorporation of silver particles into plastics, composites, and adhesives increases the electrical conductivity of the material.
Silver pastes and epoxies are widely utilized in the electronics industries.

Silver Nanoparticles based inks are used to print flexible electronics and have the advantage that the melting point of the small silver nanoparticles in the ink is reduced by hundreds of degrees compared to bulk silver.
When scintered, these silver nanoparticle based inks have excellent conductivity.


-PLASMONICS uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles have unique optical properties because they support surface plasmons.
At specific wavelengths of light the surface plasmons are driven into resonance and strongly absorb or scatter incident light.
This effect is so strong that it allows for individual Silver Nanoparticles as small as 20 nm in diameter to be imaged using a conventional dark field microscope.

This strong coupling of metal nanostructures with light is the basis for the new field of plasmonics.
Applications of plasmonic silver nanoparticles include biomedical labels, sensors, and detectors.
Silver Nanoparticles is also the basis for analysis techniques such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescent Spectroscopy.


-PHOTOVOLTAICS uses of Silver Nanoparticles:
There is increasing interest in utilizing the large scattering and absorption cross sections of plasmonic silver nanoparticles for solar applications.
Since the Silver Nanoparticles act as efficient optical antennas, very high efficiencies can be obtained when the nanoparticles are incorporated into collectors.



HOUSEHOLD APPLICATIONS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
There are instances in which silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver are used in consumer goods.
Samsung for example claimed that the use of silver nanoparticles in washing machines would help to sterilize clothes and water during the washing and rinsing functions, and allow clothes to be cleaned without the need for hot water.

The Silver Nanoparticles in these appliances are synthesized using electrolysis.
Through electrolysis, silver is extracted from metal plates and then turned into silver nanoparticles by a reduction agent.
This method avoids the drying, cleaning, and re-dispersion processes, which are generally required with alternative colloidal synthesis methods.

Importantly, the electrolysis strategy also decreases the production cost of Silver Nanoparticles, making these washing machines more affordable to manufacture.

Samsung has described the system:
[A] grapefruit-sized device alongside the [washer] tub uses electrical currents to nanoshave two silver plates the size of large chewing gum sticks.
Resulting in positively charged silver atoms-silver ions (Ag+)-are injected into the tub during the wash cycle.

Samsung's description of the Silver Nanoparticles generating process seems to contradict its advertisement of silver nanoparticles. Instead, the statement indicates that laundry cycles.
When clothes are run through the cycle, the intended mode of action is that bacteria contained in the water are sterilized as they interact with the silver present in the washing tub.

As a result, these washing machines can provide antibacterial and sterilization benefits on top of conventional washing methods. Samsung has commented on the lifetime of these silver-containing washing machines.
The electrolysis of silver generates over 400 billion silver ions during each wash cycle.

Given the size of the silver source (two “gum-sized” plate of Ag), Samsung estimates that these plates can last up to 3000 wash cycles.
These plans by Samsung were not overlooked by regulatory agencies. Agencies investigating Silver Nanoparticles use include but are not limited to: the U.S. FDA, U.S. EPA, SIAA of Japan, and Korea's Testing and Research Institute for Chemical Industry and FITI Testing & Research Institute.

These various agencies plan to regulate silver nanoparticles in appliances.
These washing machines are some of the first cases in which the EPA has sought to regulate Silver Nanoparticles in consumer goods.
Samsung stated that the silver gets washed away in the sewer and regulatory agencies worry over what that means for wastewater treatment streams.

Currently, the EPA classifies silver nanoparticles as pesticides due to their use as antimicrobial agents in wastewater purification.
The washing machines being developed by Samsung do contain a pesticide and have to be registered and tested for safety under the law, particularly the U.S. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.

The difficulty, however behind regulating nanotechnology in this manner is that there is no distinct way to measure toxicity.
In addition to the uses described above, the European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials (EUON) has highlighted that silver nanoparticles are used in colourants in cosmetics, as well as pigments.
A recently published study by the EUON has illustrated the existence of knowledge gaps regarding the safety of Silver Nanoparticles in pigments.



PROPERTIES OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
*Optical Propertieso of Silver Nanoparticles
When silver nanoparticles are exposed to a specific wavelength of light, the oscillating electromagnetic field of the light induces a collective coherent oscillation of the free electrons, which causes a charge separation with respect to the ionic lattice, forming a dipole oscillation along the direction of the electric field of the light.

The amplitude of the oscillation reaches maximum at a specific frequency, called surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
The absorption and scattering properties of silver nanoparticles can be changed by controlling the particle size, shape and refractive index near the particle surface.

For example, smaller nanoparticles mostly absorb light and have peaks near 400 nm, while larger nanoparticles exhibit increased scattering and have peaks that broaden and shift towards longer wavelengths.
Besides, the optical properties of silver nanoparticles can also change when particles aggregate and the conduction electrons near each particle surface become delocalized.

*Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanoparticles:
The antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles have been used to control bacterial growth in a variety of applications, including dental work, surgery applications, wounds and burns treatment, and biomedical devices.
Silver Nanoparticles is well known that silver ions and silverbased compounds are highly toxic to microorganisms.

Introduction of silver nanoparticles into bacterial cells can induce a high degree of structural and morphological changes, which can lead to cell death.
Scientists have demonstrated that the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles is mostly due to the sustained release of free silver ions from the nanoparticles, which serve as a vehicle for silver ions.



PRODUCTS AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Synthetic protocols for silver nanoparticle production can be modified to produce silver nanoparticles with non-spherical geometries and also to functionalize nanoparticles with different materials, such as silica.
Creating silver nanoparticles of different shapes and surface coatings allows for greater control over their size-specific properties.

*Anisotropic structures
Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized in a variety of non-spherical (anisotropic) shapes.
Because silver, like other noble metals, exhibits a size and shape dependent optical effect known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the nanoscale, the ability to synthesize Silver Nanoparticles in different shapes vastly increases the ability to tune their optical behavior.

For example, the wavelength at which LSPR occurs for a Silver Nanoparticles of one morphology (e.g. a sphere) will be different if that sphere is changed into a different shape.
This shape dependence allows a silver nanoparticle to experience optical enhancement at a range of different wavelengths, even by keeping the size relatively constant, just by changing its shape.

This aspect can be exploited in synthesis to promote change in shape of Silver Nanoparticles through light interaction.
The applications of this shape-exploited expansion of optical behavior range from developing more sensitive biosensors to increasing the longevity of textiles.

*Triangular nanoprisms
Triangular-shaped Silver Nanoparticles are a canonical type of anisotropic morphology studied for both gold and silver.

Though many different techniques for silver nanoprism synthesis exist, several methods employ a seed-mediated approach, which involves first synthesizing small (3-5 nm diameter) silver nanoparticles that offer a template for shape-directed growth into triangular nanostructures.

The silver seeds are synthesized by mixing silver nitrate and sodium citrate in aqueous solution and then rapidly adding sodium borohydride.
Additional silver nitrate is added to the seed solution at low temperature, and the prisms are grown by slowly reducing the excess silver nitrate using ascorbic acid.

With the seed-mediated approach to silver nanoprism synthesis, selectivity of one shape over another can in part be controlled by the capping ligand.
Using essentially the same procedure above but changing citrate to poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) yields cube and rod-shaped nanostructures instead of triangular nanoprisms.

In addition to the seed mediated technique, silver nanoprisms can also be synthesized using a photo-mediated approach, in which preexisting spherical silver nanoparticles are transformed into triangular nanoprisms simply by exposing the reaction mixture to high intensities of light.


*Nanocubes
Silver nanocubes can be synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent and PVP as a capping agent, in a polyol synthesis reaction (vide supra).
A typical synthesis using these reagents involves adding fresh silver nitrate and PVP to a solution of ethylene glycol heated at 140 °C.

This procedure can actually be modified to produce another anisotropic silver nanostructure, nanowires, by just allowing the silver nitrate solution to age before using it in the synthesis.
By allowing the silver nitrate solution to age, the initial nanostructure formed during the synthesis is slightly different than that obtained with fresh silver nitrate, which influences the growth process, and therefore, the morphology of the final product.


*Coating with silica
In this method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water by sonication and mixed with silver colloid particles.
Active stirring ensures the PVP has adsorbed to the Silver Nanoparticles surface.
Centrifuging separates the PVP coated Silver Nanoparticles which are then transferred to a solution of ethanol to be centrifuged further and placed in a solution of ammonia, ethanol and Si(OEt4) (TES).

Stirring for twelve hours results in the silica shell being formed consisting of a surrounding layer of silicon oxide with an ether linkage available to add functionality.
Varying the amount of TES allows for different thicknesses of shells formed.
This technique is popular due to the ability to add a variety of functionality to the exposed silica surface.



SYNTHESIS METHODS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
***Wet chemistry:
The most common methods for nanoparticle synthesis fall under the category of wet chemistry, or the nucleation of particles within a solution.
This nucleation occurs when a silver ion complex, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, is reduced to colloidal Ag in the presence of a reducing agent. When the concentration increases enough, dissolved metallic silver ions bind together to form a stable surface.

The surface is energetically unfavorable when the cluster is small, because the energy gained by decreasing the concentration of dissolved particles is not as high as the energy lost from creating a new surface.
When the cluster reaches a certain size, known as the critical radius, it becomes energetically favorable, and thus stable enough to continue to grow.

This nucleus then remains in the system and grows as more silver atoms diffuse through the solution and attach to the surface.
When the dissolved concentration of atomic silver decreases enough, it is no longer possible for enough atoms to bind together to form a stable nucleus.
At this nucleation threshold, new nanoparticles stop being formed, and the remaining dissolved silver is absorbed by diffusion into the growing nanoparticles in the solution.

As the particles grow, other molecules in the solution diffuse and attach to the surface.
This process stabilizes the surface energy of the particle and blocks new silver ions from reaching the surface.

The attachment of these capping/stabilizing agents slows and eventually stops the growth of the particle.
The most common capping ligands are trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), but many others are also used in varying conditions to synthesize particles with particular sizes, shapes, and surface properties.

There are many different wet synthesis methods, including the use of reducing sugars, citrate reduction, reduction via sodium borohydride, the silver mirror reaction, the polyol process, seed-mediated growth, and light-mediated growth.
Each of these methods, or a combination of methods, will offer differing degrees of control over the size distribution as well as distributions of geometric arrangements of the nanoparticle.

A new, very promising wet-chemical technique was found by Elsupikhe et al. (2015).
They have developed a green ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.
Under ultrasound treatment, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are synthesized with κ-carrageenan as a natural stabilizer.
The reaction is performed at ambient temperature and produces silver nanoparticles with fcc crystal structure without impurities.
The concentration of κ-carrageenan is used to influence particle size distribution of the AgNPs


*Monosaccharide reduction
There are many ways silver nanoparticles can be synthesized; one method is through monosaccharides.
This includes glucose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, etc., but not sucrose.
It is also a simple method to reduce silver ions back to silver nanoparticles as it usually involves a one-step process.

There have been methods that indicated that these reducing sugars are essential to the formation of silver nanoparticles.
Many studies indicated that this method of green synthesis, specifically using Cacumen platycladi extract, enabled the reduction of silver.
Additionally, the size of Silver Nanoparticles could be controlled depending on the concentration of the extract.

The studies indicate that the higher concentrations correlated to an increased number of nanoparticles.
Smaller Silver Nanoparticles were formed at high pH levels due to the concentration of the monosaccharides.
Another method of silver nanoparticles synthesis includes the use of reducing sugars with alkali starch and silver nitrate.

The reducing sugars have free aldehyde and ketone groups, which enable them to be oxidized into gluconate.
The monosaccharide must have a free ketone group because in order to act as a reducing agent it first undergoes tautomerization.
In addition, if the aldehydes are bound, Silver Nanoparticles will be stuck in cyclic form and cannot act as a reducing agent.

For example, glucose has an aldehyde functional group that is able to reduce silver cations to silver atoms and is then oxidized to gluconic acid.
The reaction for the sugars to be oxidized occurs in aqueous solutions. The capping agent is also not present when heated.


*Citrate reduction
An early, and very common, method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles is citrate reduction.
This method was first recorded by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a citrate-stabilized silver colloid in 1889.
Citrate reduction involves the reduction of a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, to colloidal silver using trisodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7.

The synthesis is usually performed at an elevated temperature (~100 °C) to maximize the monodispersity (uniformity in both size and shape) of the particle.
In this method, the citrate ion traditionally acts as both the reducing agent and the capping ligand, making it a useful process for AgNP production due to its relative ease and short reaction time.
However, the silver particles formed may exhibit broad size distributions and form several different particle geometries simultaneously.
The addition of stronger reducing agents to the reaction is often used to synthesize particles of a more uniform size and shape.


*Reduction via sodium borohydride
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction occurs by the following reaction:
Ag+ + BH4− + 3 H2O → Ag0 +B(OH)3 +3.5 H2
The reduced metal atoms will form nanoparticle nuclei.

Overall, this process is similar to the above reduction method using citrate.
The benefit of using sodium borohydride is increased monodispersity of the final particle population.
The reason for the increased monodispersity when using NaBH4 is that it is a stronger reducing agent than citrate.

The impact of reducing agent strength can be seen by inspecting a LaMer diagram which describes the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles.
When silver nitrate (AgNO3) is reduced by a weak reducing agent like citrate, the reduction rate is lower which means that new nuclei are forming and old nuclei are growing concurrently.

This is the reason that the citrate reaction has low monodispersity.
Because NaBH4 is a much stronger reducing agent, the concentration of silver nitrate is reduced rapidly which shortens the time during which new nuclei form and grow concurrently yielding a monodispersed population of silver nanoparticles.

Particles formed by reduction must have their surfaces stabilized to prevent undesirable particle agglomeration (when multiple particles bond together), growth, or coarsening.
The driving force for these phenomena is the minimization of surface energy (nanoparticles have a large surface to volume ratio).

This tendency to reduce surface energy in the system can be counteracted by adding species which will adsorb to the surface of the nanoparticles and lowers the activity of the particle surface thus preventing particle agglomeration according to the DLVO theory and preventing growth by occupying attachment sites for metal atoms.

Chemical species that adsorb to the surface of nanoparticles are called ligands.
Some of these surface stabilizing species are: NaBH4 in large amounts, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and/or dodecanethiol.

Once the particles have been formed in solution they must be separated and collected.
There are several general methods to remove nanoparticles from solution, including evaporating the solvent phase or the addition of chemicals to the solution that lower the solubility of the nanoparticles in the solution.
Both methods force the precipitation of the nanoparticles.


*Polyol process
The polyol process is a particularly useful method because it yields a high degree of control over both the size and geometry of the resulting nanoparticles.
In general, the polyol synthesis begins with the heating of a polyol compound such as ethylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, or 1,2-propylene glycol7.
An Ag+ species and a capping agent are added (although the polyol itself is also often the capping agent).

The Ag+ species is then reduced by the polyol to colloidal nanoparticles.
The polyol process is highly sensitive to reaction conditions such as temperature, chemical environment, and concentration of substrates.
Therefore, by changing these variables, various sizes and geometries can be selected for such as quasi-spheres, pyramids, spheres, and wires.
Further study has examined the mechanism for this process as well as resulting geometries under various reaction conditions in greater detail


*Seed-mediated growth
Seed-mediated growth is a synthetic method in which small, stable nuclei are grown in a separate chemical environment to a desired size and shape.
Seed-mediated methods consist of two different stages: nucleation and growth.
Variation of certain factors in the synthesis (e.g. ligand, nucleation time, reducing agent, etc.), can control the final size and shape of Silver
Nanoparticles, making seed-mediated growth a popular synthetic approach to controlling morphology of nanoparticles.
The nucleation stage of seed-mediated growth consists of the reduction of metal ions in a precursor to metal atoms.
In order to control the size distribution of the seeds, the period of nucleation should be made short for monodispersity.

The LaMer model illustrates this concept.
Seeds typically consist small Silver Nanoparticles, stabilized by a ligand.
Ligands are small, usually organic molecules that bind to the surface of particles, preventing seeds from further growth.

Ligands are necessary as they increase the energy barrier of coagulation, preventing agglomeration.
The balance between attractive and repulsive forces within colloidal solutions can be modeled by DLVO theory.
Ligand binding affinity, and selectivity can be used to control shape and growth.
For seed synthesis, a ligand with medium to low binding affinity should be chosen as to allow for exchange during growth phase.

The growth of nanoseeds involves placing the seeds into a growth solution.
The growth solution requires a low concentration of a metal precursor, ligands that will readily exchange with preexisting seed ligands, and a weak or very low concentration of reducing agent.

The reducing agent must not be strong enough to reduce metal precursor in the growth solution in the absence of seeds.
Otherwise, the growth solution will form new nucleation sites instead of growing on preexisting ones (seeds).
Growth is the result of the competition between surface energy (which increases unfavorably with growth) and bulk energy (which decreases favorably with growth).

The balance between the energetics of growth and dissolution is the reason for uniform growth only on preexisting seeds (and no new nucleation).
Growth occurs by the addition of metal atoms from the growth solution to the seeds, and ligand exchange between the growth ligands (which have a higher bonding affinity) and the seed ligands.

Range and direction of growth can be controlled by nanoseed, concentration of metal precursor, ligand, and reaction conditions (heat, pressure, etc.).
Controlling stoichiometric conditions of growth solution controls ultimate size of particle.
For example, a low concentration of metal seeds to metal precursor in the growth solution will produce larger particles.

Capping agent has been shown to control direction of growth and thereby shape.
Ligands can have varying affinities for binding across a particle.
Differential binding within a particle can result in dissimilar growth across particle.
This produces anisotropic particles with nonspherical shapes including prisms, cubes, and rods.


*Light-mediated growth:
Light-mediated syntheses have also been explored where light can promote formation of various Silver Nanoparticles morphologies.


*Silver mirror reaction:
The silver mirror reaction involves the conversion of silver nitrate to Ag(NH3)OH.
Ag(NH3)OH is subsequently reduced into colloidal silver using an aldehyde containing molecule such as a sugar.
The silver mirror reaction is as follows:

2(Ag(NH3)2)+ + RCHO + 2OH− → RCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3
The size and shape of the Silver Nanoparticles produced are difficult to control and often have wide distributions.
However, this method is often used to apply thin coatings of silver particles onto surfaces and further study into producing more uniformly sized Silver Nanoparticles is being done.



***Ion implantation
Ion implantation has been used to create silver nanoparticles embedded in glass, polyurethane, silicone, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate).
Particles are embedded in the substrate by means of bombardment at high accelerating voltages.

At a fixed current density of the ion beam up to a certain value, the size of the embedded silver nanoparticles has been found to be monodisperse within the population, after which only an increase in the ion concentration is observed.

A further increase in the ion beam dose has been found to reduce both the Silver Nanoparticles size and density in the target substrate, whereas an ion beam operating at a high accelerating voltage with a gradually increasing current density has been found to result in a gradual increase in the Silver Nanoparticles size.

There are a few competing mechanisms which may result in the decrease in Silver Nanoparticles size; destruction of NPs upon collision, sputtering of the sample surface, particle fusion upon heating and dissociation.

The formation of embedded Silver Nanoparticles is complex, and all of the controlling parameters and factors have not yet been investigated.
Computer simulation is still difficult as it involves processes of diffusion and clustering, however it can be broken down into a few different sub-processes such as implantation, diffusion, and growth.

Upon implantation, silver ions will reach different depths within the substrate which approaches a Gaussian distribution with the mean centered at X depth.
High temperature conditions during the initial stages of implantation will increase the impurity diffusion in the substrate and as a result limit the impinging ion saturation, which is required for Silver Nanoparticles nucleation.

Both the implant temperature and ion beam current density are crucial to control in order to obtain a monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles size and depth distribution.
A low current density may be used to counter the thermal agitation from the ion beam and a buildup of surface charge.

After implantation on the surface, the beam currents may be raised as the surface conductivity will increase.
The rate at which impurities diffuse drops quickly after the formation of the Silver Nanoparticles, which act as a mobile ion trap.
This suggests that the beginning of the implantation process is critical for control of the spacing and depth of the resulting Silver Nanoparticles, as well as control of the substrate temperature and ion beam density.

The presence and nature of these particles can be analyzed using numerous spectroscopy and microscopy instruments.
Silver Nanoparticles synthesized in the substrate exhibit surface plasmon resonances as evidenced by characteristic absorption bands; these features undergo spectral shifts depending on the Silver Nanoparticles size and surface asperities, however the optical properties also strongly depend on the substrate material of the composite.



***Biological synthesis:
The biological synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles has provided a means for improved techniques compared to the traditional methods that call for the use of harmful reducing agents like sodium borohydride.
Many of these methods could improve their environmental footprint by replacing these relatively strong reducing agents.

The commonly used biological methods are using plant or fruit extracts, fungi, and even animal parts like insect wing extract.
The problems with the chemical production of silver Silver Nanoparticles is usually involves high cost and the longevity of the particles is short lived due to aggregation.

The harshness of standard chemical methods has sparked the use of using biological organisms to reduce silver ions in solution into colloidal Silver Nanoparticles.

In addition, precise control over shape and size is vital during Silver Nanoparticles synthesis since the NPs therapeutic properties are intimately dependent on such factors.
Hence, the primary focus of research in biogenic synthesis is in developing methods that consistently reproduce NPs with precise properties.


*Fungi and bacteria
Bacterial and fungal synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles is practical because bacteria and fungi are easy to handle and can be modified genetically with ease.
This provides a means to develop biomolecules that can synthesize AgNPs of varying shapes and sizes in high yield, which is at the forefront of current challenges in Silver Nanoparticles synthesis.

Fungal strains such as Verticillium and bacterial strains such as Klebsiella pneumoniae can be used in the synthesis of silver Silver Nanoparticles.
When the fungus/bacteria is added to solution, protein biomass is released into the solution.
Electron donating residues such as tryptophan and tyrosine reduce silver ions in solution contributed by silver nitrate.

These methods have been found to effectively create stable monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles without the use of harmful reducing agents.
A method has been found of reducing silver ions by the introduction of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum.
The Silver Nanoparticles formed in this method have a size range between 5 and 15 nm and consist of silver hydrosol.

The reduction of the Silver Nanoparticles is thought to come from an enzymatic process and Silver Nanoparticles produced are extremely stable due to interactions with proteins that are excreted by the fungi.

Bacterium found in silver mines, Pseudomonas stutzeri AG259, were able to construct silver particles in the shapes of triangles and hexagons.
The size of these Silver Nanoparticles had a large range in size and some of them reached sizes larger than the usual nanoscale with a size of 200 nm.
The Silver Nanoparticles were found in the organic matrix of the bacteria.

Lactic acid producing bacteria have been used to produce silver nanoparticles.
The bacteria Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enteroccus faeciumI, and Lactococcus garvieae have been found to be able to reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles.

The production of the Silver Nanoparticles takes place in the cell from the interactions between the silver ions and the organic compounds of the cell.
It was found that the bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum created the smallest silver nanoparticles with an average size of 11.2 nm.

It was also found that this bacterium produced the Silver Nanoparticles with the smallest size distribution and the Silver Nanoparticles were found mostly on the outside of the cells.
It was also found that there was an increase in the pH increased the rate of which the Silver Nanoparticles were produced and the amount of particles produced.


*Plants
The reduction of silver ions into silver nanoparticles has also been achieved using geranium leaves.
Silver Nanoparticles has been found that adding geranium leaf extract to silver nitrate solutions causes their silver ions to be quickly reduced and that the nanoparticles produced are particularly stable.

The silver nanoparticles produced in solution had a size range between 16 and 40 nm.
In another study different plant leaf extracts were used to reduce silver ions.
Silver Nanoparticles was found that out of Camellia sinensis (green tea), pine, persimmon, ginko, magnolia, and platanus that the magnolia leaf extract was the best at creating silver nanoparticles.

This method created particles with a disperse size range of 15 to 500 nm, but Silver Nanoparticles was also found that the particle size could be controlled by varying the reaction temperature.
The speed at which the ions were reduced by the magnolia leaf extract was comparable to those of using chemicals to reduce.

The use of plants, microbes, and fungi in the production of silver nanoparticles is leading the way to more environmentally sound production of silver nanoparticles.
A green method is available for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using Amaranthus gangeticus Linn leaf extract.



BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Researchers have explored the use of silver nanoparticles as carriers for delivering various payloads such as small drug molecules or large biomolecules to specific targets.
Once the AgNP has had sufficient time to reach its target, release of the payload could potentially be triggered by an internal or external stimulus.
The targeting and accumulation of Silver Nanoparticles may provide high payload concentrations at specific target sites and could minimize side effects.


*Chemotherapy
The introduction of nanotechnology into medicine is expected to advance diagnostic cancer imaging and the standards for therapeutic drug design.
Nanotechnology may uncover insight about the structure, function and organizational level of the biosystem at the nanoscale.
Silver nanoparticles can undergo coating techniques that offer a uniform functionalized surface to which substrates can be added.

When the Silver Nanoparticles is coated, for example, in silica the surface exists as silicic acid.
Substrates can thus be added through stable ether and ester linkages that are not degraded immediately by natural metabolic enzymes.
Recent chemotherapeutic applications have designed anti cancer drugs with a photo cleavable linker, such as an ortho-nitrobenzyl bridge, attaching it to the substrate on the Silver Nanoparticles surface.

The low toxicity Silver Nanoparticles complex can remain viable under metabolic attack for the time necessary to be distributed throughout the bodies systems.
If a cancerous tumor is being targeted for treatment, ultraviolet light can be introduced over the tumor region.
The electromagnetic energy of the light causes the photo responsive linker to break between the drug and the Silver Nanoparticles substrate.

The drug is now cleaved and released in an unaltered active form to act on the cancerous tumor cells.
Advantages anticipated for this method is that the drug is transported without highly toxic compounds, the drug is released without harmful radiation or relying on a specific chemical reaction to occur and the drug can be selectively released at a target tissue.

A second approach is to attach a chemotherapeutic drug directly to the functionalized surface of the silver nanoparticle combined with a nucelophilic species to undergo a displacement reaction.
For example, once the Silver Nanoparticles drug complex enters or is in the vicinity of the target tissue or cells, a glutathione monoester can be administered to the site.

The nucleophilic ester oxygen will attach to the functionalized surface of the Silver Nanoparticles through a new ester linkage while the drug is released to its surroundings.
The drug is now active and can exert its biological function on the cells immediate to its surroundings limiting non-desirable interactions with other tissues.


*Multiple drug resistance:
A major cause for the ineffectiveness of current chemotherapy treatments is multiple drug resistance which can arise from several mechanisms.
Nanoparticles can provide a means to overcome MDR.
In general, when using a targeting agent to deliver nanocarriers to cancer cells, it is imperative that the agent binds with high selectivity to molecules that are uniquely expressed on the cell surface.

Hence NPs can be designed with proteins that specifically detect drug resistant cells with overexpressed transporter proteins on their surface.
A pitfall of the commonly used nano-drug delivery systems is that free drugs that are released from the nanocarriers into the cytosol get exposed to the MDR transporters once again, and are exported.

To solve this, 8 nm nanocrystalline silver particles were modified by the addition of trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT), derived from the HIV-1 virus, which acts as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP).
Generally, AgNP effectiveness is limited due to the lack of efficient cellular uptake; however, CPP-modification has become one of the most efficient methods for improving intracellular delivery of nanoparticles.

Once ingested, the export of the AgNP is prevented based on a size exclusion.
The concept is simple: the nanoparticles are too large to be effluxed by the MDR transporters, because the efflux function is strictly subjected to the size of its substrates, which is generally limited to a range of 300-2000 Da.
Thereby the nanoparticulates remain insusceptible to the efflux, providing a means to accumulate in high concentrations


*Antimicrobial:
Introduction of silver into bacterial cells induces a high degree of structural and morphological changes, which can lead to cell death.
As the silver nanoparticles come in contact with the bacteria, they adhere to the cell wall and cell membrane.

Once bound, some of the silver passes through to the inside, and interacts with phosphate-containing compounds like DNA and RNA, while another portion adheres to the sulfur-containing proteins on the membrane.
The silver-sulfur interactions at the membrane cause the cell wall to undergo structural changes, like the formation of pits and pores.

Through these pores, cellular components are released into the extracellular fluid, simply due to the osmotic difference. Within the cell, the integration of silver creates a low molecular weight region where the DNA then condenses.
Having DNA in a condensed state inhibits the cell's replication proteins contact with the DNA.

Thus the introduction of silver nanoparticles inhibits replication and is sufficient to cause the death of the cell.
Further increasing their effect, when silver comes in contact with fluids, it tends to ionize which increases the Silver Nanoparticles' bactericidal activity.

This has been correlated to the suppression of enzymes and inhibited expression of proteins that relate to the cell's ability to produce ATP.
Although it varies for every type of cell proposed, as their cell membrane composition varies greatly, It has been seen that in general, silver nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm or less show electronic effects that greatly increase their bactericidal activity.
This could also be partly due to the fact that as particle size decreases, reactivity increases due to the surface area to volume ratio increasing.

Silver nanoparticles have been shown to have synergistic antibacterial activity with commonly used antibiotics such as; penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin against E. coli and S. aureus.
Furthermore, synergistic antibacterial activity has been reported between silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide causing this combination to exert significantly enhanced bactericidal effect against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.

This antibacterial synergy between silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide can be possibly attributed to a Fenton-like reaction that generates highly reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals.
Silver nanoparticles can prevent bacteria from growing on or adhering to the surface.

This can be especially useful in surgical settings where all surfaces in contact with the patient must be sterile.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated on many types of surfaces including metals, plastic, and glass.
In medical equipment, it has been shown that silver nano particles lower the bacterial count on devices used compared to old techniques.

However, the problem arises when the procedure is over and a new one must be done.
In the process of washing the instruments a large portion of the silver nano particles become less effective due to the loss of silver ions.
They are more commonly used in skin grafts for burn victims as the silver nano particles embedded with the graft provide better antimicrobial activity and result in significantly less scarring of the victim.

These new applications are direct decedents of older practices that used silver nitrate to treat conditions such as skin ulcers.
Now, silver nanoparticles are used in bandages and patches to help heal certain burns and wounds.
An alternative approach is to use AgNP to sterilise biological dressings (for example, tilapia fish skin) for burn and wound management.

They also show promising application as water treatment method to form clean potable water.
This doesn't sound like much, but water contains numerous diseases and some parts of the world do not have the luxury of clean water, or any at all.
It wasn't new to use silver for removing microbes, but this experiment used the carbonate in water to make microbes even more vulnerable to silver.

First the scientists of the experiment use the nanopaticles to remove certain pesticides from the water, ones that prove fatal to people if ingested.
Several other tests have shown that the silver nanoparticles were capable of removing certain ions in water as well, like iron, lead, and arsenic.

But that is not the only reason why the silver nanoparticles are so appealing, they do not require any external force (no electricity of hydrolics) for the reaction to occur.
Conversely, post-consumer silver nanoparticles in waste water may adversely impact biological agents used in waste water treatment



METROLOGY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
A number of reference materials are available for silver nanoparticles.
NIST RM 8017 contains 75 nm silver nanoparticles embedded in a cake of the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone to stabilize them against oxidation for a long shelf life.

They have reference values for mean particle size using dynamic light scattering, ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy; and size distribution reference values for the latter two methods.
The BAM-N001 certified reference material contains silver nanoparticles with a specified size distribution with a number-weighted median size of 12.6 nm measured by small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Molecular Weight: 107.87
Appearance: Powder
Melting Point: 961.78 °C
Boiling Point: 2162 °C
Density: N/A
Bulk Density: 0.312 g/cm3
True Density: ~10.5 g/cm3
Size Range: 80-100 nm
Average Particle Size: Specific Surface Area: 5.37 m2/g
Morphology: spherical
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Crystal Phase / Structure: cubic
Poisson's Ratio: 0.37
Thermal Expansion: (25 °C) 18.9 µm·m-1·K-1
Vickers Hardness: 251 MPa
Young's Modulus: 83 GPa
Linear Formula: Ag
MDL Number: MFCD00003397
EC No.: 231-131-3
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: N/A
IUPAC Name: N/A
SMILES: [Ag]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Ag
InchI Key: BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


SILVER NITRATE
Silver nitrate is a staining compound for identification of proteins and nucleic acids
Silver nitrate is the most important silver salt.
Silver Nitrate forms colorless heavy crystals.


CAS No: 7761-88-8
EC Number: 231-853-9
MDL Number: MFCD00003414
Molecular Formula: AgNO3



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Silver nitrate, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (AT), SR-01000944542, SR-01000944542-1, Silver nitrate, anhydrous, 99.999% trace metals basis, Silver nitrate, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99.8%, Silver nitrate, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0% (titration), Assay-isotopic standard for silver, NIST(R) SRM(R) 978a, Silver standard for ICP, for ICP, ready-to-use, in nitric acid, Silver standard for AAS, ready-to-use, traceable to BAM, in nitric acid, Silver nitrate on silica gel, extent of labeling: ~10 wt. % loading, +230 mesh, Silver nitrate, BioReagent, suitable for plant cell culture, >99% (titration), Silver nitrate, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.8-100.5%, Silver nitrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.8%, Nitric acid silver(1+) salt, Lunar caustic, Nitrate d'argent, Nitric acid silver(I) salt, Silver mononitrate, Silver(I) nitrate (1:1), Silver(1+) nitrate, Silbernitrat, UN 1493, Nitric acid silver salt, Silver saltpeter, Silver(i) nitrate, Nitric Acid Silver (+1) Salt, Lunar caustic, Nitrate d'argent, Nitric acid silver(I) salt,



Silver Nitrate is a chemical compound of silver cation and nitrate anion.
Ions are charged particles, cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged.
Silver nitrate is available as a prescription medication but is not approved by the FDA.


Silver Nitrate is an inorganic compound that is often used as a versatile precursor to other silver compounds as it is the least expensive salt of silver, is non-hygroscopic and relatively stable to light.
Silver nitrate is a common natural substance.


Silver Nitrate is used indoors to extend the useful lifetime of
commercial cut flowers by limiting their ability to make ethylene.
Because silver nitrate solutions can cause brown stains on skin, users are required to wear appropriate protective equipment.


Silver Nitrate has no harmful effects to humans or the environment are expected if users follow label directions.
Silver nitrate is the most important silver salt.
Silver Nitrate forms colorless heavy crystals.


Silver Nitrate is used in medicine for cauterization and has antibacterial properties.
Silver nitrate binds to selective amino acid residues under weakly acidic or neutral pH conditions making it suitable as a stain for identification of proteins.


Silver Nitrate is very good in treating warts.
Silver Nitrate is also preferred in darkening leather and organic materials.
Silver Nitrate's components are silver and nitric acid.


Silver Nitrate's synthesis is done according to the formula in the example:
Ag + 2 HNO3 → AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O
Silver nitrate is a versatile compound.


The nitrate ion can easily be replaced by other ligands that bind to the silver ion.
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.
In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.


Silver Nitrate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 tonnes per annum.
Silver Nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate consists of an ionic bond between the silver cation (Ag+) and the nitrate anion (NO3–).


Due to the ionic nature of this compound, Silver Nitrate readily dissolves in water and dissociates into its constituent ions.
Silver Nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography.


Silver Nitrate is far less sensitive to light than the halides.
Silver Nitrate was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by ancient alchemists who associated silver with the moon.
In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.


Silver nitrate appears as a colorless or white crystalline solid becoming black on exposure to light or organic material.
Silver(1+) nitrate is a silver salt and an inorganic nitrate salt.
Silver Nitrate has a role as an astringent.


Silver Nitrate is an inorganic chemical with antiseptic activity.
Silver nitrate is a nitrate of silver.
Silver nitrate, caustic chemical compound, important as an antiseptic, in the industrial preparation of other silver salts, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.


Silver Nitrate's chemical formula is AgNO3.
Pure silver nitrate is an intermediate in the preparation of other silver salts, including the colloidal silver compounds used in medicine and the silver halides incorporated into photographic emulsions.


Silver nitrate is made in large quantities by dissolving silver in nitric acid.
Silver Nitrate crystallizes in transparent plates that melt at 212 °C (414 °F).
The solubilityof Silver Nitrate at 20 °C (68 °F) is 222 grams per 100 grams of water.


Silver Nitrate is moderately soluble in methyl and ethyl alcohols and to a lesser extent in various other organic solvents.
When heated to about 320° C (608° F), silver nitrate loses oxygen and forms silver nitrite.
At a red heat, silver is formed.


Ingestion of silver nitrate causes violent abdominal pains, vomiting, and diarrhea, with the development of gastroenteritis.
Treatment includes oral administration of common salt solutions, milk (or white of egg and water), and soap in water to protect the mucous membranes of the esophagus and stomach and precipitate the poisonous free silver ions as silver chloride.


Silver nitrate, AgNO3, is the least expensive silver salt and is relatively stable to light.
Silver Nitrate easily dissolves in water (2150 g/L at 20 °C).
As the nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands Silver Nitrate is a versatile starting point for the synthesis of other silver compounds.


Silver nitrate can be prepared by dissolving silver in with nitric acid:
3 Ag + 4 HNO3 arrow_right.gif 3 AgNO3 + NO + 2 H2O
When a sheet of copper is put into a silver nitrate solution, the silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairlike crystals of metallic silver and a blue solution of copper nitrate:


2 AgNO3 + Cu arrow_right.gif Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
Silver Nitrate reacts with solutions of halide ions to give a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I), which are used in photographic films.
When heated, silver nitrate decomposes into metallic silver, oxygen and nitrogen oxide:


2 AgNO3 arrow_right.gif 2 Ag + O2 + 2 NO2
Silver salts have antimicrobial properties and are commonly used to disinfect drinking water.
When diluted silver nitrate is braught into contact with skin, the skin becomes brown/black after a short time due to elementary silver which is introduced into the skin according to the following reaction:


AgNO3 + H (from the skin) arrow_right.gif Ag + HNO3
Concentrated solutions of Silver Nitrate will cause burns due to the same reaction.
Silver nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.


Silver nitrate consists of an ionic bond between the silver cation i.e., Ag+ and the nitrate anion NO−3.
Due to the ionic nature of silver nitrate, it easily dissolves in water and dissociates into its constituent ions.
Silver nitrate is a precursor to many other compounds of silver, including the silver compounds that are used in photography.


When silver nitrate is compared to silver halides, which are in use in photography because of their sensitivity to light.
Silver Nitrate is stable when it is exposed to light.
The nitrate ion in silver nitrate consists of one nitrogen atom that is surrounded by three oxygen atoms.
The nitrogen-oxygen bonds are similar to each other in this ion.


The formal charge of the nitrogen atom is -1, whereas each oxygen atom holds a charge of -2/3.
The net charge of nitrate ion is -1, it is quenched by the +1 charge held by the Ag+ ion through an ionic bond in AgNO3.
The structure of the nitrate ion is stabilized due to resonance.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate is commonly used to stain protein gels for identification of proteins as it binds to selective amino acid residues under weakly acidic or neutral pH conditions, notably to lysine.
Silver Nitrate is also utilized in the staining of nucleic acids and of glycoconjugates in gels.


Silver nitrate is used in the chromatography of lipids, by HPLC and by TLC.
In analytical chemistry, silver nitrate is used for the titrimetric determination of chloride content.
Key Applications of Silver Nitrate: Stain protein gels | Nucleic acids and glycoconjugates | Chromatography of lipids | Titrimetric determination of chloride content.


Silver nitrate is a solid that dissolves in water.
Silver Nitrate is prepared commercially by dissolving elemental silver in dilute nitric acid.
Pesticide products containing silver nitrate as the active ingredient are used in the commercial cut flower industry to prevent premature shrinking or dropping of buds and blooms.


When cut stems are placed in a dilute solution of silver nitrate, the plants are inhibited from making ethylene, a gas that promotes fruit ripening and aging in plants.
Main Applications of Silver Nitrate: Silver powder, Plating of electronic parts, Decoration and other plating, Catalysts, Reagents, Antibacterial agent,

Silver mirrors, and Photosensitive material.
Silver Nitrate's uses vary from silver staining in scanning electron microscopy, coating catheters to prevent infections to confirming the presence in analytical chemistry of chloride, bromide or iodide ions.


Silver Nitrate is used Cauterization of infected tissue around skin wounds, and Removal of warts, skin tags, and granulation tissue.
Silver Nitrate is used cauterization of wounds in mucous membranes including: Small ulcers in the mouth, Infected tonsils, Vaginal or cervical ulcerations and erosions, Rectal fissures and fistulae, Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, a condition that causes chronic inflammation in the area above the cornea in the eye.


Silver salt can be used as photographic materials, preservatives and catalyst raw materials, and also can be used in silver color dyeing, mirror production, etc.
Silver Nitrate can be used for analysis reagents.


Film film, X-ray photographic film and other photographic emulsions, Silver Nitrate can be used to produce photosensitive materials.
In the field of electronics industry, Silver Nitrate can be used for conductive adhesives, gas purification agents and silvering of electronic components.
The silver material of mirror production and thermal glass lining can also be used for voltage sharing coat and electronic work gloves.


Other craftsmen's silver color can also be used.
The battery industry used it in the production of silver-zinc batteries.
Silver Nitrate can be used as sterilization, corrosive reagent in pharmaceutical field.


Daily chemical industry used Silver Nitrate in the manufacture of dyed hair shampoo.
Silver Nitrate can also be applied to other silver catalyst production.
Silver Nitrate can be used for cyanide-free silver plating, such as thiosulfate silvering, hydrochloric acid silvering, imino ammonium di-sulfonate silvering and sulfosalicylic acid silvering.


Silver Nitrate is also the source of silver ion.
The content of silver nitrate has a certain effect on the conductivity, dispersibility and sedimentation rate of the silver plating solution.
Silver nitrate is also utilized in the staining of nucleic acids and glycoconjugates in gels.


Silver nitrate is a source of silver ions in biological studies, such as in toxicological investigations on yeast and marine animals.
Silver Nitrate has been shown to induce the protein conformational condition of amyloid A amyloidosis in mice.
Silver nitrate also has powerful germicidal activity.


Silver Nitrate is far less sensitive to light than the halides.
Silver Nitrate got its name as hell stone because it darkens the skin. Since Silver Nitrate is easily soluble in water and alcohol, it is used as a primitive substance in obtaining many silver compounds.


Silver Nitrate is most commonly used in photography, inks, hair dye making and silver plating.
Silver Nitrate has many applications in many fields like biology, chemical synthesis, and medicine.
The ability of silver nitrate to form a precipitate of silver halides when treated with halide ions is in use while making photographic films.


Many silver-based explosives are prepared with a precipitation reaction of silver nitrate.
In the field of inorganic chemistry, halides are extracted with the help of silver nitrate.
The branch of chemistry i.e., analytical chemistry uses this reaction to check for the presence of halide anions like iodide, bromide, or chloride ions.


Mixtures of alkenes are separated with the help of silver nitrate as the silver cation binds with alkenes in a reversible fashion.
Silver nitrate serves as an antiseptic in many setups of medical.
Silver nitrate can be in use for the treatment and the removal of unwanted warts in human beings.


Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.
Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.


Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.
In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.
Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.


Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.
Silver nitrate is employed in Silver plating, photography, manufacturing of other silver compounds, mirrors, coloring porcelain, and staining in histology.


Silver Nitrate finds use as a stain in scanning electron microscopy, and a key ingredient in several silver-based antiseptic and antibacterial pharmaceutical compositions.
Silver Nitrate is used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption, and for deprotection and oxidation reactions in organic synthesis.


Silver Nitrate is widely used as an analytical reagent owing to its immediate reaction with halide ions forming insoluble precipitate of silver(I) halides.
Silver nitrate is a medication used for cauterization, which is a process of burning off the skin to stop bleeding or preventing a wound from becoming infected.


Silver Nitrate's also used to remove granulation tissue (pink, lumpy tissue over a healing wound) or warts on the skin.
Silver nitrate comes as an applicator stick that can be applied on the skin or mucous membranes, which is the moist, inner lining of areas like the nose or mouth.


Although silver nitrate doesn't cause many side effects, it can cause chemical burns or stains if not handled properly.
Silver Nitrate is a precursor to many compounds of silver, including the silver compounds used in photography.
When compared to silver halides, which are used in photography due to their sensitivity to light, AgNO3 is quite stable when exposed to light.


Silver nitrate has a wide range of applications in many fields such as biology, chemical synthesis, and medicine.
Silver nitrate is a very versatile compound because the nitrate ion can be replaced by other ligands that can bind to the silver ion.
Due to the ability of Silver Nitrate to form a precipitate of silver halides when treated with halide ions, it is used while making photographic films.


Many silver-based explosives can be prepared with a precipitation reaction of silver nitrate.
In the field of inorganic chemistry, halides are extracted with the help of this compound.
The branch of chemistry known as analytical chemistry uses this reaction to check for the presence of halide anions such as the iodide, bromide, or chloride ions.


Mixtures of alkenes can be separated with the help of this compound since the silver cation binds with alkenes in a reversible fashion.
When diluted with water to a concentration of 0.5%, silver nitrate can serve as an antiseptic in many medical setups.
A diluted solution of Silver Nitrate can be administered to the eyes of a baby which is born to a mother suffering from gonorrhea, which combats the gonorrhoea bacteria and protects the baby from the onset of blindness.


Silver Nitrate is also known to be used for the treatment and the removal of unwanted warts in human beings.
Silver Nitrate is used in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Silver Nitrate is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, drinking water, preservation of fibres, leather, rubber, or polymers, preservation for liquid systems.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), manufacturing of the substance and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Silver Nitrate is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Silver Nitrate can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, photo-chemicals, adhesives and sealants, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, heat transfer fluids, inks and toners, metal working fluids, paper chemicals and dyes, perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, water softeners, water treatment chemicals and welding & soldering products.


Silver Nitrate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Silver Nitrate is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products and chemicals.
Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Other release to the environment of Silver Nitrate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Silver Nitrate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Silver Nitrate is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development, building & construction work and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Silver Nitrate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), electrical, electronic and optical equipment, textile, leather or fur and pulp, paper and paper products.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other silver salts with non-coordinating anions, namely silver tetrafluoroborate and silver hexafluorophosphate are used for more demanding applications.


Similarly, this reaction is used in analytical chemistry to confirm the presence of chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.
Samples are typically acidified with dilute nitric acid to remove interfering ions, e.g. carbonate ions and sulfide ions.
This step avoids confusion of silver sulfide or silver carbonate precipitates with that of silver halides.


The color of precipitate varies with the halide: white (silver chloride), pale yellow/cream (silver bromide), yellow (silver iodide).
AgBr and especially AgI photo-decompose to the metal, as evidence by a grayish color on exposed samples.
The same reaction was used on steamships in order to determine whether or not boiler feedwater had been contaminated with seawater.


Silver Nitrate is still used to determine if moisture on formerly dry cargo is a result of condensation from humid air, or from seawater leaking through the hull.
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.


In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.
Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.
Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.


Silver nitrate can potentially be used as a cauterizing or sclerosing agent.
In analytical chemistry, aqueous solutions of silver nitrate are used in the volumetric determination of halides, cyanides, and thiocyanates, as well as for the detection of reducing agents and of the cations of various acids that form insoluble silver salts.


Silver Nitrate is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography, and is commonly used in inorganic chemistry to abstract halides.
Silver nitrate is also used in organic synthesis and for silver staining of proteins and nucleic acids, such as in PAGE gels and scanning electron microscopy.


Silver is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47.
It occurs naturally in its pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.
Nitrite is a toxic compound known to cause methemoglobinemia.


Silver Nitrate is a silver salt with powerful germicidal activity.
Silver Nitrate has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.
Applied to the skin and mucous membranes, silver nitrate is used either in stick form as lunar caustic (or caustic pencil) or in solutions of 0.01 percent to 10 percent silver nitrate in water.


The stick is used for removing warts and granulation tissue and for cauterizing wounds and ulcerations.
Very dilute solutions are astringent and mildly antiseptic.
A 1 percent or 2 percent solution is effective against gonococcal bacteria and may be applied to the eyes of newborn infants to ensure against blindness from gonorrhea.


-Silver nitrate solution is used topically as an anti-infective agent to:
*Cauterize infected wound tissue, a procedure that destroys the infected cells on wounds
*Remove warts and excess granulation tissue, a type of tissue with new blood vessels that forms in wound repair phase
*Silver nitrate can protect wounds from bacterial infection and inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the two main classifications of bacteria based on their structure.
*Silver ions react with the bacterial proteins and alter the structure of the bacterial cell wall and membrane, killing them in the process.
*Silver ions coagulate the proteins in the wound tissue forming a layer of dead tissue (eschar), which stops bleeding, facilitates wound closure and healing, and also prevents the penetration of silver nitrate into deeper tissue.


-Indelible ink uses of Silver Nitrate:
Silver nitrate produces long-lasting stain when applied to skin.
An electoral stain makes use of this to mark a finger of people who have voted in an election, allowing easy identification to prevent double-voting.


-Medicine uses of Silver Nitrate:
Silver salts have antiseptic properties.
In 1881 Credé introduced the use of dilute solutions of Silver Nitrate in newborn babies' eyes at birth to prevent contraction of gonorrhea from the mother, which could cause blindness.

Fused silver nitrate, shaped into sticks, was traditionally called "lunar caustic".
Silver Nitrate is used as a cauterizing agent, for example to remove granulation tissue around a stoma.
General Sir James Abbott noted in his journals that in India in 1827 Silver Nitrate was infused by a British surgeon into wounds in his arm resulting from the bite of a mad dog to cauterize the wounds and prevent the onset of rabies.

Silver nitrate is used to cauterize superficial blood vessels in the nose to help prevent nose bleeds.
Dentists sometimes use silver nitrate-infused swabs to heal oral ulcers.
Silver nitrate is used by some podiatrists to kill cells located in the nail bed.

The Canadian physician C. A. Douglas Ringrose researched the use of silver nitrate for sterilization procedures, believing that silver nitrate could be used to block and corrode the fallopian tubes.
The technique was ineffective.


-Disinfection uses of Silver Nitrate:
Much research has been done in evaluating the ability of the silver ion at inactivating Escherichia coli, a microorganism commonly used as an indicator for fecal contamination and as a surrogate for pathogens in drinking water treatment.

Concentrations of silver nitrate evaluated in inactivation experiments range from 10–200 micrograms per liter as Ag+.
Silver's antimicrobial activity saw many applications prior to the discovery of modern antibiotics, when it fell into near disuse.
Its association with argyria made consumers wary and led them to turn away from Silver Nitrate when given an alternative.


-Against warts uses of Silver Nitrate:
Repeated daily application of silver nitrate can induce adequate destruction of cutaneous warts, but occasionally pigmented scars may develop.
In a placebo-controlled study of 70 patients, silver nitrate given over nine days resulted in clearance of all warts in 43% and improvement in warts in 26% one month after treatment compared to 11% and 14%, respectively, in the placebo group.



PRECURSOR TO OTHER SILVER COMPOUNDS:
Silver nitrate is the least expensive salt of silver; it offers several other advantages as well.
It is non-hygroscopic, in contrast to silver fluoroborate and silver perchlorate.
In addition, Silver Nitrate is relatively stable to light, and it dissolves in numerous solvents, including water.

The nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands, rendering AgNO3 versatile.
Treatment with solutions of halide ions gives a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I).
When making photographic film, silver nitrate is treated with halide salts of sodium or potassium to form insoluble silver halide in situ in photographic gelatin, which is then applied to strips of tri-acetate or polyester.

Similarly, silver nitrate is used to prepare some silver-based explosives, such as the fulminate, azide, or acetylide, through a precipitation reaction.
Treatment of silver nitrate with base gives dark grey silver oxide:
2 AgNO3 + 2 NaOH → Ag2O + 2 NaNO3 + H2O



PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
*Colorless or white crystalline
*Very soluble in water
*Not very soluble in ethyl ether



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The molar mass of silver nitrate is 169.872 grams per mole.
Silver nitrate is colourless and odourless.
In its solid state, the density of silver nitrate is 4.35 grams per cubic centimetre.
The density of silver nitrate in the liquid state at a temperature of 210oC is 3.97 g/cm3.

The melting and boiling points of silver nitrate are 482.8 K and 713 K respectively.
Silver nitrate, like other ionic compounds, dissolves readily in water. The solubility of silver nitrate in water corresponds to 122g/100mL at 0oC and 256g/100mL at a temperature of 25oC.
The crystal structure of the silver nitrate is orthorhombic.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The reaction of silver nitrate and ethanol is highly explosive.
Silver present in silver nitrate is displaced by copper, which forms copper nitrate.
The chemical equation for this reaction is;
2AgNO3+Cu→Cu(NO3)2+2Ag
When silver nitrate is heated to 440oC, it completely decomposes to give oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, and silver.



PREPARATION OF SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate can be prepared by reacting silver, such as silver ingots or silver foil, with nitric acid, resulting in oxides of silver nitrate, water, and nitrogen.

Reaction byproducts depend on the concentration of nitric acid used.
3 Ag + 4 HNO 3 (cold and dilute) → 3 AgNO 3 + 2 H 2 O + NONE
Ag + 2 HNO 3 (hot and condensed) → AgNO 3 + H 2 O + NO 2

A typical reaction with silver nitrate is suspending a copper rod in a silver nitrate solution and leaving it for several hours.
Silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairy silver metal crystals and a blue copper nitrate solution:
2 iodine 3 + Cu → Cu (NO 3 ) 2 + 2 Ag

Silver nitrate decomposes when heated:
2 iodine 3 2 Ag (s) + → (I) O 2 (g) + 2 NO 2 (g)
Most metal nitrates thermally decompose to the corresponding oxides, but silver oxide decomposes at lower temperature than silver nitrate, so decomposition of silver nitrate yields elemental silver instead.



SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF SILVER NITRATE:
Albertus Magnus, in the 13th century, documented the ability of nitric acid to separate gold and silver by dissolving the silver.
Indeed silver nitrate can be prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid followed by evaporation of the solution.

The stoichiometry of the reaction depends upon the concentration of nitric acid used.
3 Ag + 4 HNO3 (cold and diluted) → 3 AgNO3 + 2 H2O + NO
Ag + 2 HNO3 (hot and concentrated) → AgNO3 + H2O + NO2
The structure of silver nitrate has been examined by X-ray crystallography several times.

In the common orthorhombic form stable at ordinary temperature and pressure, the silver atoms form pairs with Ag---Ag contacts of 3.227 Å.
Each Ag+ center is bonded to six oxygen centers of both uni- and bidentate nitrate ligands.
The Ag-O distances range from 2.384 to 2.702 Å.
Silver coordination environment in the crystal structure of silver nitrate



REACTIONS OF SILVER NITRATE:
A typical reaction with silver nitrate is to suspend a rod of copper in a solution of silver nitrate and leave it for a few hours.
The silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairlike crystals of silver metal and a blue solution of copper nitrate:
2 AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag

Silver nitrate decomposes when heated:
2 AgNO3(l) → 2 Ag(s) + O2(g) + 2 NO2(g)

Qualitatively, decomposition is negligible below the melting point, but becomes appreciable around 250 °C and fully decomposes at 440 °C.
Most metal nitrates thermally decompose to the respective oxides, but silver oxide decomposes at a lower temperature than silver nitrate, so the decomposition of silver nitrate yields elemental silver instead.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate is used in many ways in organic synthesis, e.g. for deprotection and oxidation.
Ag+ binds alkenes reversibly, and silver nitrate has been used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption.
The resulting adduct can be decomposed with ammonia to release the free alkene.
Silver nitrate is highly soluble in water but is poorly soluble in most organic solvents, except acetonitrile (111.8 g/100 g, 25 °C).



BIOLOGY OF SILVER NITRATE:
In histology, silver nitrate is used for silver staining, for demonstrating reticular fibers, proteins and nucleic acids.
For this reason Silver Nitrate is also used to demonstrate proteins in PAGE gels.
Silver Nitrate can be used as a stain in scanning electron microscopy.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER NITRATE:
An illustration describing the structure of the silver nitrate molecule is provided below.
Silver Nitrate can be observed that silver has an oxidation number of +1 in this compound.
The nitrate ion described above consists of one nitrogen atom which is surrounded by three oxygen atoms.

The nitrogen-oxygen bonds in this ion are similar to each other.
The formal charge assigned to the nitrogen atom is -1, whereas each oxygen atom holds a charge of -⅔.
The net charge associated with the nitrate ion is -1, which is quenched by the +1 charge held by the Ag+ ion via an ionic bond in AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate can be noted that the structure of the nitrate ion is stabilized by resonance.



PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
Some important physical and chemical properties of silver nitrate are listed in this subsection.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The molar mass of silver nitrate is 169.872 grams per mole.
Silver Nitrate has a colourless appearance in its solid-state and is odourless.

In its solid state, Silver Nitrate has a density of 4.35 grams per cubic centimetre.
Silver Nitrate's density in the liquid state at a temperature of 210 oC corresponds to 3.97 g/cm3.
The melting and boiling points of silver nitrate are 482.8 K and 713 K respectively.

However, Silver Nitrate tends to decompose at temperatures approaching its boiling point.
Silver Nitrate, like most ionic compounds, dissolves readily in water. Its solubility in water corresponds to 122 g /100mL at 0 oC and 256g / 100mL at a temperature of 25 o
The crystal structure of Silver Nitrate is orthorhombic.


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The hazards of Silver Nitrate include its toxic and corrosive nature.
The reaction between silver nitrate and ethanol is explosive.

The silver present in the silver nitrate compound is displaced by copper, which forms copper nitrate.
The chemical equation for this reaction is given by 2AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
When heated to 440 oC, this compound completely decomposes to give oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, and silver.

Silver nitrate on decomposition gives silver, oxygen gas and nitrite.
It can be noted that even though metal nitrates generally decompose to yield metal oxides, the decomposition reaction of silver nitrate gives rise to elemental silver because silver oxide decomposes at an even lower temperature than AgNO3.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SILVER NITRATE:
Chemical formula: AgNO3
Molar mass: 169.872 g·mol−1
Appearance: colorless solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 4.35 g/cm3 (24 °C)
3.97 g/cm3 (210 °C)
Melting point: 209.7 °C (409.5 °F; 482.8 K)
Boiling point: 440 °C (824 °F; 713 K)
decomposes
Solubility in water: 122 g/100 mL (0 °C)
170 g/100 mL (10 °C)
256 g/100 mL (25 °C)
373 g/100 mL (40 °C)
912 g/100 mL (100 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, ammonia, ether, glycerol
Solubility in acetic acid: 0.776 g/kg (30 °C)
1.244 g/kg (40 °C)
5.503 g/kg (93 °C)
Solubility in acetone: 0.35 g/100 g (14 °C)
0.44 g/100 g (18 °C)
Solubility in benzene: 0.22 g/kg (35 °C)
0.44 g/kg (40.5 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 3.1 g/100 g (19 °C)
Solubility in ethyl acetate: 2.7 g/100 g (20 °C)
log P: 0.19
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −45.7·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.744

Viscosity: 3.77 cP (244 °C)
3.04 cP (275 °C)
Structure:
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic, oP56
Space group: P212121, No. 19
Point group: 222
Lattice constant:
a = 6.992(2) Å,
b = 7.335(2) Å,
c = 10.125(2) Å
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°

Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 93.1 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 140.9 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −124.4 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): −33.4 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 169.873 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 168.89291 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 168.89291 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 62.9Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 18.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: solid
Color: colorless
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 212 °C - dec.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 440 °C - Decomposes on heating.

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 4,350 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available

Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: The substance or mixture is classified as oxidizing with the category 2.
Other safety information: No data available
CAS number: 7761-88-8
EC index number: 047-001-00-2
EC number: 231-853-9
Hill Formula: AgNO₃
Chemical formula: AgNO₃
Molar Mass: 169.88 g/mol
HS Code: 2843 21 00
Boiling point: 444 °C (1013 hPa) (decomposition)
Density: 4.350 g/cm3
Melting Point: 212 °C

pH value: 5.4 - 6.4 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 2350 kg/m3
Solubility: 2160 g/l
Synonyms: Citric acid trisilver salt
IUPAC Name: trisilver 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Molecular Weight: 512.7
Molecular Formula: C6H5Ag3O7
InChI Key: QUTYHQJYVDNJJA-UHFFFAOYSA-K
Boiling Point: 309.6ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 155.2ºC
Exact Mass: 295.90900
H-Bond Acceptor: 7
H-Bond Donor: 1



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER NITRATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P3
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER NITRATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
No metal containers.
Tightly closed.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Do not store near combustible materials.
Light sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER NITRATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SILVER OXIDE
SILVER SULFATE, N° CAS : 10294-26-5. Nom INCI : SILVER SULFATE. Nom chimique : Disilver(1+) sulphate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 233-653-7. Classification : Sulfate. Ses fonctions (INCI), Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes
SILVER SULFATE
CALCIUM SILICATE, N° CAS : 1344-95-2 - Silicate de calcium, Nom INCI : CALCIUM SILICATE, Nom chimique : Silicic acid, calcium salt, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 215-710-8, Additif alimentaire : E552, Agent Absorbant : Absorbe l'eau (ou l'huile) sous forme dissoute ou en fines particules, Agent de foisonnement : Réduit la densité apparente des cosmétiques, Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques, Agent nacrant : Donne une apparence nacrée aux cosmétiques, Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques